Li Lykke Timotej Zachrisson (born 18 March 1986), known as Lykke Li (), is a Swedish singer, songwriter, model and actress. Her music often blends elements of indie pop, dream pop and electronic. Her debut studio album, Youth Novels, was released in 2008, and has been followed by Wounded Rhymes (2011), I Never Learn (2014), So Sad So Sexy (2018), and Eyeye (2022).

Early life
Li Lykke Timotej Zachrisson was born in Ystad, Skåne; her mother, , was a photographer, and her father,  (stage name Zilverzurfarn), is a member of the Swedish punk-reggae band Dag Vag. Her younger brother, Zacharias Zachrisson ( Vacation Forever), is also a musician. The family moved to Stockholm when Zachrisson was a toddler and when she was six moved to a mountaintop in Portugal where they lived for five years. The family also spent time in Lisbon and Morocco, and winters in Nepal and India. She moved to Brooklyn, New York City, for three months when she was 19. She returned when she was 21 to record her album.

Career

2007–2010: Career beginnings and Youth Novels

Lykke Li released her first EP, Little Bit, in 2007. Stereogum named her an artist to watch in October 2007 and described her music as a mix of soul, electro and "powdered-sugar pop".
Li's debut album, Youth Novels, was released on LL Recordings in the Nordic region on 30January 2008 and received a wider European release in June 2008. The album was produced by Björn Yttling of Peter Bjorn and John and Lasse Mårtén and was reportedly inspired by a previous relationship of three years. It was released in the United States on 19August 2008. The album was released in the United Kingdom in June 2008, promoted by a performance of "Little Bit" on Later... with Jools Holland on 25May 2008.

Lykke Li performed live with a pared-down drum kit, a necklace made out of percussive instruments, a guitar, a bass and a microphone. Youth Novels was placed on many of the year's Best Of lists and saw Lykke Li sell out tours, including sets at festivals Glastonbury, Coachella and Lollapalooza. She appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien.

She appeared on Swedish musician Kleerup's self-titled album, contributing vocals to the track "Until We Bleed". She also worked with Norwegian electronic duo Röyksopp on their 2009 album Junior, contributing vocals to "Miss It So Much" and "Were You Ever Wanted". Lykke Li appeared on Last Call with Carson Daly on 18February 2009. She covered "Knocked Up", originally recorded by Kings of Leon who had approached Lykke to cover a song of her choice, and "Gifted" in which she performs with Kanye West. Lykke Li performed at the 2009 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on 19April and the 2009 Lollapalooza festival on 8August as part of the promotional tour for Youth Novels.

Her song "I'm Good, I'm Gone" featured in the game FIFA 09, whilst a remixed version was featured in the 2009 horror film Sorority Row. The song "Possibility" was written for the 2009 film The Twilight Saga: New Moon. Lykke Li had been asked to write a song to the film soundtrack but was reluctant to commit to the project. It was after she had seen an early screening of the film that she decided she wanted to contribute to the soundtrack. The soundtrack was released on 16October 2009.

2011–2013: Wounded Rhymes

The song "Get Some" was featured in the 15th episode of the first season of Hawaii Five-0 titled "Kai e'e" which aired 23January 2011. The song was also used in ABC Family's drama Pretty Little Liars in the 18th episode of the second season which was titled "A Kiss Before Lying" which aired 30January 2012. The song was also used in the 19th episode of the second season of The CW's The Vampire Diaries, titled "Klaus" and originally aired 21April 2011, and in the show Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 as well as the sixth episode of the first season of Teen Wolf, titled "Heart Monitor" and originally aired 4July 2011. The song was also used in the film Premium Rush as one of its soundtracks. The song "Unrequited Love" was used in episode 19 ("The Wheels of Justice"), season four of The Good Wife.

Li's song "Melodies and Desires" was featured in the 2010 Australian film Griff the Invisible and an edited version of "Get Some" was featured in the Catwoman trailer for the video game, Batman: Arkham City. She collaborated with singer Kleerup on the song "Until We Bleed", which was featured on an episode of UK TV series Misfits and an episode of the television series Ringer.

Her second album Wounded Rhymes was released in 2011. The album was featured on several lists of 2011's best albums, including Q, Mojo, The Observer, The New York Times, The Huffington Post and Rolling Stone. The 19April 2011 episode of Glee (titled "A Night of Neglect") featured student Tina singing a version of Li's "I Follow Rivers". On 30April 2011, she performed on Later... with Jools Holland in the UK, playing "Get Some", "Sadness Is a Blessing" and "I Follow Rivers". Lykke Li played at the 2011 Latitude Festival, held between 14 and 18July 2011 at Henham Park in Suffolk, England. She appeared with her band on US late night talk show The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in August 2011 and on the Late Show with David Letterman in November 2011.

Belgian DJ/producer The Magician's remix of "I Follow Rivers" is featured in Jacques Audiard's 2012 film Rust and Bone and the 2013 Palme d'Or-winning Blue Is the Warmest Colour. Lykke  contributed to the 2012 compilation "Volym 1" with the track "Come Near" released by the Swedish artist collective and record label INGRID where she is a founding member. She also contributed a cover of "Silver Springs" to a 2012 Fleetwood Mac tribute album, which included renditions from Best Coast, Marianne Faithfull, and MGMT.

In 2013, she was featured as a guest musician on David Lynch's second studio album, The Big Dream, performing vocals on the lead single, "I'm Waiting Here".

2014–2017: I Never Learn, acting debut and Liv

On 27February 2014, Lykke Li released the video for the title track of her third studio album, I Never Learn. Following the release, Lykke Li released the video for the single "Love Me Like I'm Not Made of Stone" on 4March 2014. On 10April 2014, she released a video for the lead single, "No Rest for the Wicked". On 15 July 2014, she also released a video for the single "Gunshot".

Lykke Li officially released I Never Learn on 2May 2014. Once again her album was featured on several lists of 2014's best albums, including Billboard, Complex, and Pitchfork, among others. In United States, I Never Learn debuted at number 29 on the Billboard 200, making it Li's highest-peaking album on the chart. Prior to the release, Lykke Li released a remix of "No Rest for the Wicked", featuring ASAP Rocky, on 21 April 2014. On 30 May 2014, Lykke Li released a remix EP of "No Rest for the Wicked". German electronic DJ Robin Schulz remixed "No Rest for the Wicked" and the edit was featured in Schulz's debut album Prayer.

Lykke Li made her acting debut in the 2014 Swedish crime film Tommy, directed by Tarik Saleh, and recorded a song for the film, "Du är den ende". She wrote "No One Ever Loved" for the soundtrack to The Fault in Our Stars, which was released on 19May 2014. Lykke Li was also featured as a guest musician on U2's album Songs of Innocence, performing vocals on the last track "The Troubles".

On 14November 2014, Lykke Li gained considerable attention from Internet music publications regarding her cover of Drake's "Hold On, We're Going Home", performed the night prior at London's Eventim Apollo. On 5January 2015, Lykke Li posted a picture on her Instagram account, in which she announced her temporary retirement.

In 2015, Lykke Li was featured on Emile Haynie's debut album We Fall on the track "Come Find Me", which also features Romy Madley Croft from The xx. She also teamed up with Woodkid to create a song for the Divergent Series: Insurgent – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. The song, "Never Let You Down", was released as a single on 9March 2015.

On 6April 2015, she released a video for "Never Gonna Love Again", directed by Philippe Tempelman. In September 2016, supergroup Liv, featuring Lykke Li, released their first single "Wings of Love". The music video was directed by Lykke Li.

2018–2019: So Sad So Sexy

Lykke Li released her fourth studio album, So Sad So Sexy, on 8 June 2018 through RCA. Along with the announcement, Lykke Li released the first two singles, "Deep End" and "Hard Rain".

In April 2019, she sang lead vocals and appeared in the video for Mark Ronson's "Late Night Feelings", the title track from the album of the same name.

In July 2019, Lykke Li released the EP Still Sad Still Sexy, featuring four remixes from So Sad So Sexy and two new songs.

2020–present: Eyeye

In a 2019 interview speaking about her fifth studio album, Lykke Li told NME: "I think, maybe to everyone's disappointment, I'm going to really scale it down and back and slow it down. [...] It'll be more like soul music. It'll still be sad, and still be sexy."

Lykke Li made her return to music releasing "BRON", a song sung entirely in Swedish, in October 2020.

Lykke Li released "No Hotel", the lead single from her fifth studio album, Eyeye, on 23 March 2022. The album was released on 20 May 2022.

In July 2022, it was announced that Li would partner with creative director Theo Lindquist and artist Nick Verstandpresent to present an immersive installation, entitled Ü & EYEYE, at Los Angeles' The Broad Museum. The project intends "to transform the Broad’s Oculus Hall into a hyper-sensory cathedral of female romantic fantasy", says a statement released about the installation. The opening night will feature a special performance by Li and her band in the Broad's lobby and third floor galleries.

Other ventures
In September 2010, Lykke Li was announced as the official face of the Levi's Curve ID Collection, alongside Pixie Geldof and Miss Nine. In January 2012 she signed with the VIVA Model Management agency.

Lykke Li made her acting debut in the 2014 Swedish crime film Tommy directed by Tarik Saleh. The film was released in cinemas in Scandinavia in March 2014. Lykke Li also appeared in Terrence Malick's 2017 film Song to Song, playing BV's (Ryan Gosling) girlfriend.

The song "Gunshot" was used in the television commercial for the Peugeot 108, which stars Li. She also stars in a short film for Gucci's Spring/Summer 2015 collection, which features the song "Just Like a Dream" and debuted on 2March 2015.

Artistry
Lykke Li has cited Neil Young, the Shangri-Las, This Mortal Coil, the Beatles, and the Rolling Stones as influences, stating, "They aren't pop anymore by today's standards, but they were." Other influences include the Velvet Underground, Leonard Cohen, and Beach House.

Lykke Li possesses the vocal range of a soprano.

Personal life
Of her practice of transcendental meditation, Lykke Li said in 2014: "It's really interesting from a creative point of view. Before, I could only write a few sentences and I'd have to take a break for a few days before I could go back to it. All of a sudden, I could write and finish a song in one go – verse, verse, verse, chorus, the lot. And that would happen with song after song. Finally, I unlocked the gate."

On 30October 2015, Lykke Li posted a photo on Instagram announcing her pregnancy. On 12 February 2016, she announced the birth of her son Dion, whose father is musician Jeff Bhasker, on Facebook. Her mother died three weeks after Dion was born; she says that her album So Sad So Sexy was born out of this difficult time in her life.

Lykke Li revealed she was pregnant with her second child on April 12th 2023, via Instagram.

Discography

 Youth Novels (2008)
 Wounded Rhymes (2011)
 I Never Learn (2014)
 So Sad So Sexy (2018)
 Eyeye (2022)

Filmography

 Tommy (2014)
 Song to Song (2017)

Awards and nominations
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5|Antville Music Video Awards
| rowspan=3|2008
| rowspan=3|"I'm Good, I'm Gone"
| Best Performance Video
|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| Best Choreography
|
|-
| Best Art Direction
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2011
| rowspan=2|"Sadness Is a Blessing"
| Best Narrative
|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| Best Cinematography
|
|-
!scope="row"|BT Digital Music Awards
| 2011
| Wounded Rhymes Google Earth Moon gig
| Best Artist Promotion
|
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2|Camerimage
|2018
| "Hard Rain"
| rowspan=2|Best Music Video
|
|
|-
| 2022
| "5D"
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|ECHO Awards
| 2012
| "I Follow Rivers"
| Hit of the Year
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|European Border Breakers Awards
| 2009
| Youth Novels
| Album of the Year
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|European Festivals Awards
| 2012
| "I Follow Rivers"
| Festival Anthem of the Year
|
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2|GAFFA Awards (Denmark)
| rowspan=2|2019
| Herself
| Best International Artist
|
|-
| So Sad So Sexy
| Best International Album
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3|GAFFA Awards (Sweden)
| rowspan=3|2019
| rowspan=1|Herself
| Best Solo Artist
|
|-
| "Deep End"
| Best Hit
|
|-
| So Sad So Sexy
| Best Album
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=10|Grammis
| 2009
| rowspan=5|Herself
| Best Newcomer
|
|
|-
| rowspan=5|2012
| Best Pop
|
| rowspan=5|
|-
| Best Composer
|
|-
| Best International Success
|
|-
| Best Artist
|
|-
| Wounded Rhymes
| Best Album
|
|-
| 2015
| rowspan=3|Herself
| Best Pop
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2019
| Best Alternative Pop
|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| Best Composer
|
|-
| So Sad So Sexy
| Best Album
|
|-
!scope="row"|mtvU Woodie Awards
| 2008
| Herself
| The Breaking Woodie
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|Meteor Music Awards
| 2009
| Herself
| Best International Female
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|NME Awards
| 2009
| Herself
| Hottest Female
|
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2|Nordic Music Prize
| 2011
| Wounded Rhymes
| rowspan=2|Album of the Year
|
|
|-
| 2014
| I Never Learn
|
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3|P3 Guld Music Awards
| rowspan=2|2009
| rowspan=3|Herself
| rowspan=1|Best New Artist
|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| rowspan=2|Best Pop
|
|-
| 2015
|
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=6|Rober Awards Music Prize
| rowspan=2|2008
| rowspan=5|Herself
| Best European Artist
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|Best Female Artist
|
|
|-
| 2011
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2014
|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| Best Pop Artist
|
|-
| "Du är den ende"
| Best Cover Version
|
|-
!scope="row"|Studio8 Media International Music Awards
| 2009
| Herself
| Female Voice of February 2009
|
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2|UK Music Video Awards
| 2019
| "Late Night Feelings"
| Best Styling in a Video
|
|
|-
| 2022
| Eyeye
| Best Special Video Project
|
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=4|World Music Awards
| rowspan=4|2014
| rowspan=3|Herself
| World's Best Female Artist
|
| rowspan=1|
|-
|World's Best Live Act
|
|
|-
| World's Best Entertainer of the Year
|
|
|-
| "I Follow Rivers"
| World's Best Song
|
|

References

External links

1986 births
21st-century Swedish women singers
Art pop musicians
Atlantic Records artists
Dance-pop musicians
Electropop musicians
English-language singers from Sweden
Living people
Musicians from Stockholm
People from Ystad Municipality
RCA Records artists
Swedish expatriates in Portugal
Swedish expatriates in the United States
Swedish female models
Swedish film actresses
Swedish indie pop musicians
Swedish people of Baltic German descent
Swedish people of Scottish descent
Swedish pop singers
Swedish sopranos
Swedish women in electronic music
Swedish women singer-songwriters
Swedish singer-songwriters


Frank Edgington Fenton (February 13, 1903 – August 23, 1971) was an American writer of screenplays, short stories, magazine articles, and novels.

Working writer
In the fall of 1934, Fenton co-wrote an original story, “Dinky,” with John Fante, which they soon sold to Warner Bros. Studios on the strength of the latter's exaggerated resume. Within five years, Fenton's partner would write the classic novel, Ask the Dust, but at the time he was just another fledgling screenwriter and novelist. In 1935, Fenton began working with another friend with writing ambitions. Lynn Root, an acting protégé of Antoinette Perry, had four Broadway roles under his belt, and the two chose to collaborate on a play of their own.

“Stork Mad” premiered at Broadway's Ambassador Theater on September 30, 1936. The show, which starred the comically taciturn Percy Kilbride, met with tepid reviews and closed after five performances. The two wrote one other play, “It’s a Cinch,” which remained un-produced. But the ever-resilient pair reworked “Stork Mad” and shopped it to Twentieth Century-Fox, who bought it as a vehicle for child-star Jane Withers.

Following their initial success on juvenile scripts for Withers and others, the two expanded into screwball comedy (Woman Chases Man, Keep Smiling), intrigue (International Settlement and While New York Sleeps) and happy hokum (Down on the Farm). They also provided two scripts for both the Saint (The Saint in London and The Saint Takes Over) and Falcon (The Gay Falcon and A Date with the Falcon) series pictures. Both series starred George Sanders.

From 1937 to 1946, Fenton and Root partnered on twenty-one film projects for Twentieth Century-Fox, Goldwyn, RKO and MGM.

In 1938, Fenton branched out into magazine writing, penning a total of nine short stories for Collier's in just over a two-year period (see "Short Stories" in "Selected bibliography" below). He also wrote what many consider to be a classic (and satirically biting) look at the way "original stories" and screenplays were produced in Hollywood in an article for The American Mercury. During these years, Fenton could be found in one of three primary places: behind his typewriter, out on the town with his writer friends (often in the back room of Musso & Frank's restaurant on Hollywood Boulevard), or on a golf course.

Novelist
On July 29, 1942, Fenton's debut novel, “A Place in the Sun,” was published by Random House to positive reaction on both coasts. This from The New York Times:

Fenton’s [book] is notable for its sensitive portrayal of a young man who lived with the inferiority of a physical handicap. [He] does a masterly job of balancing the forces which molded the character of Rob Andrews…[and] he succeeds in giving the story the glow of human fulfillment.

Out west, the Los Angeles Times critic had this to say:

Rob Andrews is a cripple, but he is also an everyman struggling to find his role in living. But the symbol never obscures the story. This does not follow a pat pattern. It is a strange and powerful tale, with deep tragedy, groping for meaning, and many scenes of lyrical beauty. There’s humor in it too…Mr. Fenton’s narrative is as absorbing as it is meaningful.

Over the next few years, others continued to champion the novel. San Francisco book critic Joseph Henry Jackson included a chapter from the novel in Continent’s End, his 1944 anthology of California writing. In 1946, Carey McWilliams, one of the most prolific, talented and influential of all western writers of non-fiction, placed Fenton's novel in high company in his remarkable (and still in print) Southern California Country: An Island on the Land:

No region in the United States has been more extensively and intensively reported, of recent years, than Southern California...And yet, offhand, I can think of only four novels that suggest what Southern California is really like: The Day of the Locust by Nathanael West, Ask the Dust by John Fante, A Place in the Sun by Frank Fenton, and The Boosters by Mark Lee Luther.

Fenton's second novel, titled What Way My Journey Lies, arrived in late April, 1946 to similar acclaim. It's the story of a war-weary WWII veteran returning home to a life filled with changing worldviews and difficult choices. Again, The Los Angeles Times:

Fenton has a deft facility in that most difficult of all the novel’s techniques—the overlaying, underlying and intertwining of the many moods that go to make up life…The dialogue is marvelous, more right than Parker or Hemingway and more human.

More recently, historian Kevin Starr used Fenton's "tightly written, highly philosophical second novel" as a good example of the challenges faced by returning WWII veterans in Embattled Dreams, the sixth volume in his Americans and the California Dream series.

But despite the positive reaction to his work, Fenton didn't write another novel, returning instead to the frustrating but lucrative world of screenwriting. The remainder of his print work may be summed up as follows: one short story in each of two early ‘50s science fiction anthologies, two magazine articles and an introduction to a quiz book.

From film to television
By 1950, Fenton was divorced from June Martel, had two children (a boy, Mark, and a daughter, Joyce) with his second wife, actress Mary Jane Hodge (whom he'd married on February 10, 1945, in Las Vegas, Nevada) and was living in a two-story rural English home in the Cheviot Hills section of Los Angeles, just down the street from his home golf links, The California Country Club.

On the studio front, he'd graduated to "A" pictures by the mid-1940s, and was now writing bigger scripts with longer development periods for the likes of James Stewart & Spencer Tracy (Malaya), Robert Mitchum (His Kind of Woman), Stewart Granger (The Wild North), Robert Taylor (Ride, Vaquero!), William Holden (Escape from Fort Bravo), Mitchum, Marilyn Monroe & Rory Calhoun (River of No Return), Gary Cooper & Richard Widmark (Garden of Evil), Tyrone Power & Susan Hayward (Untamed), James Cagney & Barbara Stanwyck (These Wilder Years) and John Wayne (The Wings of Eagles). His final produced screenplay was for the Paramount release, The Jayhawkers! (1959), starring Jeff Chandler and Fess Parker.

By the end of the decade, however, things had become less steady. Mary Jane Fenton filed for divorce in 1957, and the near-constant shake-ups and re-organizations in the studio world had led to several announced writing projects being put on the back burner or simply being cancelled. Fortunately for Fenton, the early 1960s brought him steady work in the voracious television market, where he successfully adapted some of his unproduced screenplays for the small screen programs Kraft Mystery Theater and Kraft Suspense Theater. Another project originally developed by MGM for the big screen, The Dangerous Days of Kiowa Jones, was instead released in 1966 through their television arm.

After completing several assignments for episodic series dramas (including six for The Virginian), Fenton's final script — the well-regarded Something for a Lonely Man — came in collaboration with an old friend: John Fante. The two had last worked together in 1940 (along with Lynn Root on MGM's The Golden Fleecing), but it was clear that much time had passed, and neither was in good health. Fante would eventually lose both his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and Fenton's fondness for nightlife and the 19th hole (bourbon, rum and gin rocks) had taken a toll as well. Neither man would receive another screen credit in their lifetimes.

On Monday, August 23, 1971, Frank Edgington Fenton died, a week after suffering a stroke.

In popular culture
In John Fante's Dreams of Bunker Hill, the final installment of The Saga of Arturo Bandini, the author partially based a character on Fenton, a screenwriter named "Frank Edgington".

He is often confused—in print and online—with film and stage actor Frank Fenton Moran (April 9, 1906 – July 24, 1957). Even his own obituary had an incorrect age based on the actor's birthdate of 1906.

Selected bibliography

Novels
A Place in the Sun (New York: Random House, 1942).
What Way My Journey Lies (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946).

Anthologized work
Continent’s End: A Collection of California Writing edited by Joseph Henry Jackson (New York: Whittlesey House, 1944) Contains: “Breathe In—Breathe Out” (Chapter 11 of A Place in the Sun)
New Tales of Space and Time edited by Raymond J. Healy (New York: Holt, 1951) Contains: “Tolliver’s Travels” An original short story by Fenton and fellow screenwriter Joseph Petracca.
9 Tales of Space and Time edited by Raymond J. Healy (New York: Holt, 1954) Contains: “The Chicken and the Egg-head,” an original short story

Contributions
I Knew It All the Time by Raymond J. Healy and John V. Cooper, (New York: Holt, 1953) A hardcover quiz book (74 quizzes/1600 Questions). Fenton wrote the book's introduction.

Short stories
“Jitterbug” Collier’s 102:14-15, December 3, 1938
“Boy Meets Gorilla” Collier’s 102:16-18, December 31, 1938
“Interrupted Honeymoon” Collier’s 104:20-21, September 23, 1939
“Respectable Woman” Collier’s 104:12-13, October 21, 1939
“Pie-Eyed Piper of Hollywood” Collier’s 105:21-22, April 13, 1940
“Beautiful People” Collier’s 105:14, April 20, 1940
“Flying Dutchman” Collier’s 106:9-10, October 20, 1940
“High Cost of Love” Collier’s 106:14-15, November 2, 1940
“Actor in the Family” Collier’s 107:16, January 18, 1941

Magazine articles
“Hollywood Literary Life” American Mercury 45:280-86 (November 1938)
“Hollywood’s Message” Nation 179:424 (November 13, 1954)
“Why is it All So Lousy?” Esquire 59:46, 48, 50 (February 1963)

Citations

Works cited

1903 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers
British emigrants to the United States


In chemical analysis, matrix refers to the components of a sample other than the analyte of interest. The matrix can have a considerable effect on the way the analysis is conducted and the quality of the results are obtained; such effects are called matrix effects. For example, the ionic strength of the solution can have an effect on the activity coefficients of the analytes. The most common approach for accounting for matrix effects is to build a calibration curve using standard samples with known analyte concentration and which try to approximate the matrix of the sample as much as possible. This is especially important for solid samples where there is a strong matrix influence. In cases with complex or unknown matrices, the standard addition method can be used. In this technique, the response of the sample is measured and recorded, for example, using an electrode selective for the analyte. Then, a small volume of standard solution is added and the response is measured again. Ideally, the standard addition should increase the analyte concentration by a factor of 1.5 to 3, and several additions should be averaged. The volume of standard solution should be small enough to disturb the matrix as little as possible.

Matrix effect

Matrix enhancement and suppression is frequently observed in modern analytical routines, such as GC, HPLC, and ICP.

Matrix effect is quantitated by the use of the following formula:

where

A(extract) is the peak area of analyte, when diluted with matrix extract.

A(standard) is the peak area of analyte in the absence of matrix.

The concentration of analyte in both standards should be the same. A matrix effect value close to 100 indicates absence of matrix influence. A matrix effect value of less than 100 indicates suppression, while a value larger than 100 is a sign of matrix enhancement.

An alternative definition of matrix effect utilizes the formula:

The advantages of this definition are that negative values indicates suppression, while positive values are a sign of matrix enhancement. Ideally, a value of 0 is related to the absence of matrix effect.

See also
 Extraction (chemistry)

References

Analytical chemistry


This article contains information on Toronto FCs supporters groups. The club capped their 2007 season tickets sales at 14,000 on March 15, 2007, setting a league record.

Toronto FC currently has many supporters groups throughout the stadium. Groups recognized by the club on their official website include; Kings in the North, the Original 109, the Red Patch Boys, the Tribal Rhythm Nation, and U-Sector.

Supporters' groups

Inebriatti

Originally branded as SG111, then SG114, Inebriatti was formed in 2013 with the intent of energizing the atmosphere for Toronto FC. The group spent their first season in the lower rows of section 111. In 2014 they relocated to section 114 at BMO Field. Their goal is to bring an intense style of support to the stands including the use of constant flag waving, singing, and smoke. The group requires strong member participation, and everyone actively involved in support. Members of Inebriatti believe human interaction is an important part of membership, and therefore they are not an internet based group. Their unofficial motto is "We are not a fan club." For the 2015 season, they started to use their nickname, the Inebriatti, as their proper name. On August 23, 2018, Toronto FC permanently terminated Inebriatti's supporter status for a fire they started at TD Place Stadium in Ottawa during their match-up with Toronto FC in the Canadian Championship earlier that year on July 18. However it was later overturned and they started participating again for the 2019 season. On March 10, 2023 the Inebriatti Instagram account's name was changed to "Blockcxiv". alongside a logo presenting "Block 114", The section in which the Inebriatti occupied.

Original 109
The Original 109 was originally formed in the upper rows of section 109.  A growing group of committed supporters, dedicated to supporting the club (TFC) through thick and thin, at home and at away games each year.

Kings In The North
Kings In The North is a TFC supporters group that was originally founded in 2012 at the top of section 127. They relocated to section 116 in 2014, joining the other supporter groups in the south end of the stadium.

Red Patch Boys
The Red Patch Boys is a TFC Supporters Group based in sections 111 and 112 of BMO Field which they have termed "The Bunker." The goal of the Red Patch Boys (RPBs) is to support and promote Toronto FC throughout Canada and to help contribute to the atmosphere at all TFC home games, in addition to away games including Columbus, Chicago, Los Angeles and Dallas. The group's logo is based on the Canadian Maple Leaf and its name is derived from "Red Patch Devils", a nickname for the 1st Canadian Infantry Division mobilized at the outbreak of World War II.

Tribal Rhythm Nation
The Tribal Rhythm Nation was created to bring a multi-cultural presence to Toronto FC games. The TRN represent African, Caribbean and Latin communities in the GTA. Their stated goal is to help create an energetic atmosphere at Toronto FC games through the use of drums and chanting.

U-Sector
The U-Sector sits in section 113 of BMO Field. The group was created in 2000 as a supporters group for the Toronto Lynx. Originally known as the Toronto Ultras, the U-Sector got its name because the group was always in Section 'U' at the old Varsity Stadium during Lynx matches. The group also provides travelling support for the team to nearby MLS cities such as Boston, Chicago, New York City and Columbus.  It also made its presence felt at a friendly match between the U20 teams of Canada and the United States at the Rogers Centre on July 7, 2006.

Independent website

GoTFC
GoTFC is a volunteer coordinated website of Toronto FC fans, not affiliated with any supporters group. On February 11, 2007, GoTFC donated a trophy to the winners of the inaugural Toronto FC Supporters' Cup tournament.  Originally held indoors at a futsal centre in Don Mills, the tournament was expanded upon and moved to BMO Field in the fall of 2007.  It was an annual event from 2007-2010.

Footnotes

Major League Soccer fan clubs
Toronto FC


Johne Murphy (born 10 November 1984) is a retired Irish rugby union player who played wing, fullback or centre. On 27 August 2015, Murphy announced his retirement from rugby.

Family
Johne Murphy was born Rathangan, County Kildare to John and Mary Murphy and attended Newbridge College. The -e in Johne was to distinguish him from his father.

Leicester
Murphy played for Leicester Tigers from 2006 to 2010. The highlight of his time there was starting the 2009 Premiership final as Leicester defeated London Irish, despite being replaced by Matt Smith after 20 minutes.

Munster
Murphy left Leicester to join Munster for the 2010–11 season. He made his full debut for Munster in the opening league fixture against Aironi on 4 September 2010.

He won the 2010–11 Magners League in his first season at the province. Murphy signed a two-year contract extension with Munster in March 2012.

Murphy signed a one-year contract extension with Munster in April 2014, which will see him remain with the province until at least June 2015. In June 2015, it was announced that Murphy would be leaving Munster.

Ireland
Murphy played for the Ireland A side that was defeated by England Saxons on 1 February 2008.
He joined the Ireland squad for their 2010 Summer Tour as a replacement for Shane Horgan and played against the Barbarians in June 2010. He was called up to Ireland's senior training squad for the 2011 Six Nations Championship. Murphy was selected in the Emerging Ireland squad on 26 May 2014. He started against Russia in their first 2014 IRB Nations Cup match on 13 June 2014. He captained the team in their second game against Uruguay on 18 June 2014. Murphy started in the 31–10 win Romania on 22 June 2014, a win that secured the 2014 IRB Nations Cup for Emerging Ireland.

Honours

Leicester Tigers
English Premiership
Winner (3): 2006-07, 2008-09, 2009-10
Runner-Up (1): 2007-08
Anglo-Welsh Cup
Winner (1): 2006-07
Runner-Up (1): 2007-08
European Rugby Champions Cup
Runner-Up (2): 2006-07, 2008-09

Munster
Celtic League
Winner (1): 2010–11

Ireland A
Churchill Cup:
Winner (1): 2009

Emerging Ireland
IRB Nations Cup
Winner (1): (2014)

References

External links
Leicester Profile
Munster Profile
ESPN Profile
Ireland Wolfhounds Profile

1984 births
Living people
People educated at Newbridge College
Rugby union players from County Kildare
Irish rugby union players
Leicester Tigers players
Munster Rugby players
Lansdowne Football Club players
Rugby union wings
Rugby union fullbacks
Rugby union centres


The Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui, also known as the Hong Kong Anglican Church (Episcopal), an Anglican Church in Hong Kong and Macau, has its own calendar of saints.

History

Characteristics

See also

 Calendar of saints (Anglican Church of Korea)

Further reading

Hong Kong
Anglicanism


Chris Roebuck is a British economist, focusing on leadership and organisational performance. He is an honorary visiting professor of transformational leadership at Cass Business School in London, a position he has held since 2009. He advises organisations on maximising performance through effective leadership, in particular developing entrepreneurial leadership.

Roebuck has held senior human resource and organisational transformation roles at London Underground, KPMG, HSBC, and UBS. In 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017,  2018, 2019 and 2021 he was nominated by HR Magazine as one of HRs Most Influential Thinkers. Roebuck advises the Chartered Management Institute, and the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, business groups such as the Corporate Leadership Council, and the media, writing for Newsweek and being quoted in major publications such as The Times, Wall Street Journal and he is interviewed on leadership and business issues by the BBC and other television channels.

Education

Roebuck studied economics and geography at University College London where he chaired the Students Union commercial enterprises committee, whose operations turned over in excess of £1m in 1976 and employed 32 staff. He later chaired the Union Council, overseeing the constitutional governance process, elections, and negotiations with the UCL senior leadership team and provost. Roebuck graduated in 1977.

Military service

Roebuck served with the Royal Engineer sub unit of the University of London Officers' Training Corps and was commissioned into the Territorial Army. During this period he led the team that blew up the 150 ft high chimney at the old pottery at Sandford near Wareham in Dorset to make way for a new housing estate. Roebuck was subsequently commissioned into the regular Army Royal Engineers via the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He was the Best Young Officer on his Course at the Royal School of Military Engineering. During his service in Germany, Roebuck developed the modern pipe fascine, now used by the British Army in operations globally to rapidly cross small gaps and obstacles that restrict the mobility of armoured and other units.

Career

After leaving the Army, Roebuck used his knowledge of leadership to help SMEs (small and medium enterprises) develop their leadership capability as he found they often lack resources or knowledge to achieve this. He frequently worked with entrepreneurs, helping them develop better leadership skills. This later fed into his work with larger organisations, particularly UBS, around developing entrepreneurial leadership.

In 1992 he received his MBA from Cass Business School in London. His dissertation on organisational communication was featured in The Times, on BBC Television and was published worldwide in the International Journal of Strategic Management.

In 1999, Roebuck was invited to be a member of an expert panel on improving leadership in British business in order to enhance competitiveness, reporting to the UK government.

At UBS, Roebuck and colleagues led the delivery of a new development and leadership strategy for the bank's top 500 leaders. They subsequently co-ordinated the strategy via the business divisions for the other 70,000 employees. This underpinned a new corporate alignment, culture and brand, improving the bottom line and the position of UBS in the global banking rankings through entrepreneurial leadership. In 2004, he was appointed global head of talent and leadership. The project at UBS progressed well with top management support and, as a result, in 2005 UBS won the title "Best Company for Leaders Europe" and the "Best New Corporate University" awards, the "Corporate University Best Practice" and "Excellence" awards in 2006/2007, and was ranked one of the top 10 best companies in Europe in 2007.

The UBS talent and leadership initiative now forms a key part of a Harvard Business School case study "UBS: Towards the Integrated Firm" on supporting strategic business change, realignment and improvement via talent and leadership activity. This case is also reviewed from the organisational culture and performance perspective.

Roebuck was part of the expert group developing the 2009 report on Employee Engagement "Engaging for Success" for the UK government to improve performance in British business. He also subsequently worked on its implementation. In 2011 he was commissioned by the King's Fund, the UKs leading health sector think tank, to deliver a report and recommendations on developing leadership in the NHS to enhance patient care for their commission to the UK government.

Public speaking and masterclasses

Roebuck presents at corporate leadership and strategy events, international conferences, business schools and to professional and management groups such as NHS chief executives, the Institute of Directors CEO Summit, Confederation of British Industry and the All Party Parliamentary Committee on Management.

Roebuck is asked to present and run masterclasses on leadership and organisational performance focused on his new approach to leadership at international conferences, business schools and to professional and management groups such as NHS chief executives, the Institute of Directors CEO Summit, Confederation of British Industry, the All Party Parliamentary Committee on Management

Publications

Roebuck has written books on leadership, communication and delegation. His book on "hands-on" leadership was a global bestseller, translated into 11 languages and was used as a best practice guide by the American Management Association.

He had regular columns in CEO and HR magazines for a number of years and has written for publications such as Health Service Journal, Governance magazine, Management Today, The Law Society Gazette, Chartered Institute of Management Accountants Magazine, and other business titles.

His work has been quoted globally, for example in the UK national press, Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Time, Chicago Tribune, Huffington Post, Le Monde, Times of India, Vancouver Sun and more than 50 other business titles.

In May 2014, Roebuck published a combined guide to both organisational and individual leadership introducing a new model of leadership in his new book Lead to Succeed - The Only Leadership Book You Need.

Honours
In December 2011, Roebuck became a Freeman of the City of London.

References

Living people
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of Bayes Business School
Academics of Bayes Business School
Human resource management people
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Year of birth missing (living people)


Harold James "Dribbler" Hawke (26 August 1909 – 16 June 1995) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

Hawke was a centre half forward and first played with North Adelaide in the 1927 season. The next year he moved to a farm on the Yorke Peninsula to work and over the coming years only played for North Adelaide on occasions, such as playing finals football in 1930 and 1931. He managed a full season in 1937 and ended up winning the Magarey Medal. Despite playing in eleven different seasons he finished his SANFL career with just 70 games, as well as representing South Australia at two interstate carnivals. He is a half forward flanker in North Adelaide's official Team of the Century.

He later served in the 13th Field Regiment of the Australian Army during World War II.

References

External links

Magarey Medal winners
North Adelaide Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Australian Army personnel of World War II
1909 births
1995 deaths
Australian Army soldiers


"Te Voy A Perder" (English: I Am Going To Lose You) is a song written by Áureo Baqueiro and Leonel García, recorded by Mexican performer Alejandro Fernández, and released as second single from Viento a Favor (2007), It was released on April 16, 2007 (see 2007 in music). A version Mexican singer Leonel García featuring American duo Ha*Ash was released on August 20, 2013.

Song information
According to the singer's official website , the song is "a love declaration about the imminent break-up from the person you love"
. The track was nominated for "Song of the Year" at the "Oye Awards" in Mexico, which was awarded to "Te Lo Agradezco, Pero No" by Alejandro Sanz and Shakira.

Music video
The music video for this single was directed by Simon Brand, who directed another two videos for the artist ("Me Dediqué a Perderte" and "Que Lástima"). The shooting took place in Mexico City and Tampico, Tamaulipas, on May 12 to 14, 2007. The plot is about a love story (starred by Jaidy Michel) and also includes Fernández making a performance on a crane ship.

The main performance of the song (with Alejandro and his band) is on the ship's helipad. This ship was built in Russia in 1994 and originally was the drillship Arktikshelf and starting in 2005 was reconstructed to the crane vessel Garzprom 2. The aerial shot captures the size of the ship. For this video a crew of 200 people was needed.

Along with the performance, a couple is shown with romantic attitudes, but as the history develops it is also shown that he does not trust her and tries to find evidence of infidelity, only to find out that she was not cheating on him and loses her.

The video received a nomination for the "Oye Award" for Video of the Year, losing to "Me Muero" by Spanish band La Quinta Estación.

Chart performance
In the United States, on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks the single entered at number 49 in the week of June 9, 2007, climbing to number 24 the following week and eight weeks later (August 11) peaking at number 9. The track spent 20 weeks on this chart, and ranked at number 38 in the year-end chart of 2007.

Leonel García and Ha*Ash version

"Te Voy A Perder" is a song by Mexican singer Leonel García featuring American duo Ha*Ash. It was released on August 20, 2013 as the third single from his studio album Todas Mías (2013).

A music video for "Te Voy A Perder" was released on August 20, 2013. It currently has over 24 million views. The track peaked at number 9 in the Mexico Airplay and at number 22 in the Mexico Espanol Airplay charts in the México.

Chart performance

See also

 List of number-one songs of 2007 (Mexico)

References

2007 singles
2007 songs
2013 singles
Songs written by Leonel García
Songs written by Áureo Baqueiro
Song recordings produced by Áureo Baqueiro
Alejandro Fernández songs
Ha*Ash songs
Monitor Latino Top General number-one singles
Music videos directed by Simon Brand
Sony BMG Norte singles
2000s ballads
Pop ballads


Balaruc is a former commune of the Hérault department in southern France. It was suppressed in 1886 and split into two new separate communes:
 Baillargues-et-Colombier, renamed Balaruc-les-Bains in 1908, and
 Balaruc-le-Vieux

Geography of Hérault


The Diocese of Anagni-Alatri () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Lazio, Italy. It has existed in its current form since 1986. In that year the Diocese of Alatri was united to the historical Diocese of Anagni. The diocese is immediately exempt to the Holy See.

History

Despite the usual claims of foundation in the apostolic age, there is no evidence of Christianity in Anagni until the 4th century, and, as a bishopric, the diocese first appears in history in the fifth century. Felix, Bishop of Anagni, was present at the Lateran Synod of Pope Felix III held in 487.

In a later century the Bishopric of Anagni obtained some attention because its occupant received special consideration from the popes. Zacharias of Anagni was one of the legates of Pope Nicholas I at the Council of Constantinople in 861, to deal with the election of Photius to the patriarchate of Constantinople. Zacharias disobeyed his instructions, however, and entered into communion with the excommunicated schismatic Photius, and was therefore excommunicated himself and deposed from his bishopric of Anagni by Pope Nicholas, in his fourth Roman synod of 863.

Stephen, a native of Rome and son of a Roman priest named Joannes, became Bishop of Anagni, and was consecrated by Pope Formosus (891–896). On the death of Formosus, and after the fifteen-day reign of Boniface VI (April 896), Stephen became Pope. He summoned and presided over the notorious "Cadaver synod", which put the dead body of Pope Formosus on trial, convicted him, and ordered his body thrown into the Tiber River. Pope Stephen ruled for one year, three months, and eighteen days, and was then deposed, imprisoned, and strangled.

Four natives of Anagni, all members of the same family, became popes: Innocent III (1198-1216); Gregory IX (1227–1241); Alexander IV (1254–1261); and Boniface VIII (1294-1303). Numerous popes made Anagni their summer residence, or their refuge from Romans and emperors.

According to a local legend of Anagni, Thomas Becket in his exile from England, was received in 1169 at Anagni by the canons, and a chapel, which had once been a Mithraeum, was consecrated in his honor in the crypt of the cathedral, apparently at the request of Henry II of England.

Pope Boniface VIII was violently attacked at Anagni by Guillaume de Nogaret, the chancellor of Philippe le Bel, and Sciarra Colonna. He was so badly treated that he died two weeks later, after having fled to Rome.

Chapter
In 1244, Pope Innocent IV intervened in a jurisdictional dispute between Bishop Pandulfus and the cathedral Chapter, deciding that the bishop should not have the exclusive right to name the rectors of the city churches, but that the assent of the Chapter was required for all of the bishop's nominations.

On 28 February 1251, Pope Innocent IV wrote to Bishop Pandulfus about the staffing of the cathedral Chapter; he had found that there was only one priest, and no deacons or subdeacons, actually seeing to services, and he authorized the bishop and the Canons to appoint two canons and two priests who were willing to reside at the cathedral. A few years later, Pope Alexander IV (1254–1261) fixed the number of dignities in the Cathedral Chapter at three: the Primicerius, the Archpriest and the Vicedominus; the number of Canons was limited to twenty-four. The right to elect the Archpriest belonged to the Canons, not to the bishop. The dignity of Provost was instituted by Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303). In 1708, the Chapter of the cathedral of S. Maria Annunziata had one dignity, the Provost, and twenty Canons. The right of the Canons to elect a bishop was usurped by Pope John XXII in 1316.

Diocesan synods

The Fourth Lateran Council (1216) decreed that provincial synods should be held annually in each ecclesiastical province, and that each diocese should hold annual diocesan synods.

A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

A diocesan synod was held by Bishop Gaspare Viviani (1579–1605) on 4–5 March 1596.

In 1630, Bishop Giovanni Gaspare Melis (1626–1642) presided over a diocesan synod, and in 1645, Bishop Sebastiano Gentile (1642–1646) held a diocesan synod. Bishop Bernardino Masseri (1681–1695) held a diocesan synod in Anagni on 21–22 May 1685.

Bishop Giovanni Battista Bassi (1708–1736) presided over a diocesan synod, held in Anagni on 25–27 June 1713. Bishop Cirillo Antonini (1778–1789) held a diocesan synod on 22–25 October 1780.

On 1–3 September 1805, Bishop Gioacchino Tosi (1804–1815) presided at a diocesan synod in the Basilica Cathedral of S. Maria in Anagni.

Bishops

Diocese of Anagni

to 1200

...
Felix (attested 487)
...
Fortunatus (attested 499, 501, 502)
...
[Petrus (593) forgery]
Pelagius (attested 595)
[Dominicus (595)]
...
Opportunus (attested 649)
...
Mauritius (attested 680)
...
Gregorius (attested 721)
...
Cesarius (attested 743)
...
Constantinus (attested 757, 761)
Nigortius (attested 769)
...
Romualdus (attested 826)
Sebastianus (before 853)
Nicholas (attested 853)
Zacharias (attested 860–863)
Alboinus (Albinus) (attested 863–869)
Zacharias (c. 872 – after 887) (second term)
Stephanus (c. 891–896)
...
Joannes (attested 963–967)
...
Joannes (attested 993–997)
[Luitardus]
Trasmundus (attested 1008)
...
Rumaldus (11th cent.)
...
Benedictus (attested 1026–1027)
...
Petrus (1062–1105)
Oddo (attested 1111)
Petrus
Ojolinus
Raone (attested 1133)
...
Lotarius (attested 1155)
...
Nuclerius (attested 1161)
Asahel (attested 1179)
Joannes (attested 1180–1185)
Joannes (1196–1220)

1200 to 1700

Joannes (1196–1220)
Joannes (1221– ? )
Albertus (1224–1237)
Pandulfus (attested 1237–1255)
[Nicolaus]
Joannes Compatre (attested 1257)
Landulfus
Petrus Gaetani (1276–1278)
Petrus
Gerardus Pigoletti (1289–1290)
Petrus, O.Cist. (1290–1295)
Petrus Torrita (1295–1299)
Leonardus (1299–1320)
Petrus Ferri (1320–1327)
Alamannus de Galgano (1327–1330)
Giovanni Pagnotta, O.S.A. (5 Nov 1330 – Mar 1341 Died)
Joannes de Scrofanis (1342–1348)
Petrus de Grassinis (1348–1363)
Joannes Jacobi Modeli (1363–1382) Avignon Obedience
Thomas Morganti, O.Cist. (1382–1398) Roman Obedience
Jacobus de Trebis, O.E.S.A. (1399–1401)
Angelo Afflitti (1401–1418)
Angelotto Fosco (1418–1426)
Sede vacante (1426–1429)
Oddo Potii de Variis (1426–1429) Apostolic Administrator
Francesco da Genazzano (1429–1451)
Salvatore da Genazzano (1451– ? )
Giovanni da Cremona (1478)
Francesco Muscambruni (1484–1502?)
Ferdinando di Lanciano (1502–1515)
Giacomo Bongalli (1515–1516)
Cardinal Francesco Soderini (1517–1523 Resigned) Administrator
Corrado Cerbaria (7 Jun 1525 – 1534 Died)
Cardinal Gianvincenzo Carafa (1534–1541 Resigned) Administrator
Cardinal Pedro Sarmiento (1541 Resigned) Administrator
Miguel Torcella (6 Apr 1541 – 1572 Died)
Benedetto Lomellini (17 Mar 1572 – 24 Jul 1579 Died)
Gaspare Viviani (3 Aug 1579 – 25 Jan 1605 Died)
Vittorio Guarini (1605–1607)
Antonio Seneca (1607–1626)
Gian Gaspare Melis (16 Sep 1626 – Jan 1642 Died)
Sebastiano Gentili (24 Mar 1642 – 3 Dec 1646 Resigned)
Pier Francesco Filonardi (3 Dec 1646 – 1662 Died)
Gian Lorenzo Castiglioni (13 Mar 1662 –1680)
Bernardino Masseri (23 Jun 1681 – Aug 1695 Died)

from 1700 to 1987

Pietro Paolo Gerardi (21 May 1696 – 31 May 1708 Died)
Giovanni Battista Bassi (3 Oct 1708 – 19 Dec 1736 Died)
Bartolomeo de Vulsinio, O.F.M.Observ. (1729–1736)
Giovanni Antonio Bacchetoni (1737–1749)
Domenico Monti (19 Jan 1750 –1766
Giovanni Battista Filipponi Tenderini (14 Apr 1766 – 11 Sep 1778 Resigned)
Cirillo Antonini (28 Sep 1778 – 20 Jan 1789 Died)
Giovanni Devoti (30 Mar 1789 – 26 Mar 1804 Resigned)
Gioacchino Tosi (26 Mar 1804 – 21 Mar 1815 Resigned)
Sede vacante (1815–1838)
Luca Amici, Bishop of Ferentino (1815) Administrator
Francesco Maria Biordi, titular Bishop of Dulma (1816) Administrator
Giuseppe Maria Lais, titular Bishop of Hippo (1817-1834) Administrator
Pier Francesco Muccioli, O.F.M.Conv., titular Bishop of Messene (1834–1838) Administrator
Vincenzo Annovazzi (15 Feb 1838 – 12 Sep 1846 Resigned)
Pietro Paolo Trucchi, C.M. (1846–1857)
Clemente Pagliaro (21 Dec 1857 – 9 Mar 1875)
Domenico Pietromarchi (31 Mar 1875 – 7 Feb 1894)
Antonino Sardi (18 May 1894 – 8 Jul 1912 Resigned)
Silvio Gasperini (2 Dec 1912 – 24 Oct 1923)
Luigi Mazzini (9 Nov 1923 – 24 Jun 1926 Resigned)
Gaudenzio Manuelli (8 Jul 1927 –1931)
Attilio Adinolfi (5 May 1931 – 1 Sep 1945)
Giovanni Battista Piasentini, C.S.Ch. (18 Feb 1946 –1952)
Enrico Romolo Compagnone, O.C.D. (10 Mar 1953 –1972)
Vittorio Ottaviani (30 Nov 1972 –1973)
Umberto Florenzani (21 Dec 1973 – 23 Feb 1987 Died)

Diocese of Anagni-Alatri

30 September 1986 United with the Diocese of Alatri

Luigi Belloli (7 December 1987 – 6 March 1999 Retired)
Francesco Lambiasi (6 March 1999 – 28 June 2002 Resigned)
Lorenzo Loppa (28 June 2002 – 10 November 2022)
Ambrogio Spreafico (10 November 2022 – present)

References

Sources

Sources for lists of bishops

Studies

 Lanzoni, Francesco (1927). Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega, pp.  166–167.
Schwartz, Gerhard (1907). Die Besetzung der Bistümer Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern: mit den Listen der Bischöfe, 951-1122. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 268–269.

Anagni
Bishops of Anagni
Anagni


This is a list of the currently recognized species in the genus Ptilotus. All species are native to continental Australia, mostly in the arid regions, though one species also occurs in Tasmania and another in Malesia.

Ptilotus actinocladus T.Hammer & R.W.Davis
Ptilotus aervoides (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
Ptilotus albidus (C.A.Gardner) Benl
Ptilotus alexandri Benl
Ptilotus andersonii R.W.Davis
Ptilotus angustifolius (Benl) T.Hammer
Ptilotus aphyllus Benl
Ptilotus appendiculatus Benl
Ptilotus aristatus Benl
Ptilotus arthrolasius F.Muell.
Ptilotus astrolasius F.Muell.
Ptilotus auriculifolius (Moq.) F.Muell.
Ptilotus axillaris (Benth.) F.Muell.
Ptilotus barkeri Benl
Ptilotus beardii Benl
Ptilotus beckerianus (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex J.M.Black
Ptilotus blackii Benl
Ptilotus brachyanthus (Benth.) F.Muell.
Ptilotus caespitulosus F.Muell.  (Salt Lake Mulla-Mulla)
Ptilotus calostachyus (F.Muell.) F.Muell.  (Weeping Mulla Mulla )
Ptilotus capensis (Benl) A.R.Bean
Ptilotus capitatus (F.Muell.) C.A.Gardner
Ptilotus carinatus Benl
Ptilotus carlsonii F.Muell.
Ptilotus chamaecladus Diels
Ptilotus chippendalei Benl
Ptilotus chortophytus (Diels) Schinz
Ptilotus chrysocomus R.W.Davis
Ptilotus clementii (Farmar) Benl  (Tassel Top)
Ptilotus clivicola R.W.Davis & T.Hammer
Ptilotus comatus Benl
Ptilotus conicus R.Br.
Ptilotus corymbosus R.Br.
Ptilotus crispus Benl
Ptilotus crosslandii (F.Muell.) Benl
Ptilotus daphne Lally
Ptilotus decalvatus Benl
Ptilotus decipiens (Benth.) C.A.Gardner ex A.W.Hill
Ptilotus declinatus Nees  (Curved Mulla Mulla)
Ptilotus disparilis Lally
Ptilotus dissitiflorus (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
Ptilotus distans (R.Br.) Poir.
Ptilotus divaricatus (Gaudich.) F.Muell.  (Climbing Mulla Mulla)
Ptilotus drummondii (Moq.) F.Muell.  (Narrowleaf Mulla Mulla)
Ptilotus eremita T.Hammer & R.W.Davis
Ptilotus eriotrichus (Ewart & J.White) P.S.Short
Ptilotus erubescens Schltdl.
Ptilotus esquamatus (Benth.) F.Muell
Ptilotus exaltatus Nees (Tall Mulla Mulla, Showy Foxtail)
Ptilotus exiliflorus R.W.Davis
Ptilotus extenuatus Benl
Ptilotus falcatus R.W.Davis & T.Hammer
Ptilotus fasciculatus W.Fitzg.
Ptilotus fusiformis (R.Br.) Poir.
Ptilotus gardneri Benl
Ptilotus gaudichaudii (Steud.) J.M.Black
Ptilotus giganteus (A.Cunn. ex Moq.) R.W.Davis & R.Butcher
Ptilotus gomphrenoides F. Muell. ex Benth.
Ptilotus grandiflorus F.Muell.
Ptilotus halophilus R.W.Davis
Ptilotus helichrysoides (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
Ptilotus helipteroides (F.Muell.) F.Muell.  (Hairy Mulla Mulla)
Ptilotus holosericeus (Moq.) F.Muell.
Ptilotus humilis (Nees) F.Muell.
Ptilotus incanus (R.Br.) Poir.
Ptilotus indivisus Benl
Ptilotus johnstonianus W.Fitzg.
Ptilotus kenneallyanus Benl
Ptilotus lanatus Moq.
Ptilotus latifolius R.Br. (Tangled Mulla Mulla)
Ptilotus lazaridis Benl
Ptilotus leucocoma (Moq.) F.Muell. ( Small Purple Foxtail)
Ptilotus lophotrichus Benl
Ptilotus luteolus (Benl & H.Eichler) R.W.Davis
Ptilotus maconochiei Benl
Ptilotus macrocephalus (R.Br.) Poir.  (Green Pussytails, Featherheads)
Ptilotus manglesii (Lindl.) F.Muell  (Pom Poms)
Ptilotus marduguru Benl
Ptilotus mitchellii Benl
Ptilotus modestus T.Hammer
Ptilotus mollis Benl
Ptilotus murrayi F.Muell.
Ptilotus nobilis (Lindl.) F.Muell.  (Yellowtails, Regal Foxtail)
Ptilotus obovatus (Gaudich.)  F.Muell.  (Smoke Bush, Cotton Bush)
Ptilotus parvifolius (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
Ptilotus pedleyanus Benl & H.Eichler
Ptilotus polakii F.Muell.
Ptilotus polystachyus (Gaudich.) F.Muell.  (Prince of Wales Feather)
Ptilotus procumbens Benl
Ptilotus propinquus Lally
Ptilotus pseudohelipteroides Benl
Ptilotus psilorhachis T.Hammer & R.W.Davis
Ptilotus pyramidatus (Moq.) F.Muell.
Ptilotus remotiflorus Benl
Ptilotus rigidus Lally
Ptilotus robynsianus Benl
Ptilotus roei (Benth.) F.Muell.
Ptilotus rotundatus Benl
Ptilotus rotundifolius (F.Muell.) F.Muell.  (Royal Mulla Mulla)
Ptilotus royceanus Benl
Ptilotus schwartzii Tate
Ptilotus semilanatus (Lindl.) J.M.Black
Ptilotus seminudus (J.M.Black) J.M.Black
Ptilotus senarius A.R.Bean
Ptilotus sericostachyus (Nees) F.Muell.
Ptilotus sessilifolius (Lindl.) Benl
Ptilotus spathulatus (R.Br.) Poir.  (Pussy Tails)
Ptilotus spicatus Benth.
Ptilotus stirlingii (Lindl.) F.Muell.  (Stirling's Mulla Mulla)
Ptilotus subspinescens R.W.Davis
Ptilotus symonii Benl
Ptilotus tetrandrus Benl
Ptilotus trichocephalus Benl
Ptilotus unguiculatus T.Hammer
Ptilotus villosiflorus F.Muell.
Ptilotus whitei (J.M.Black) Lally
Ptilotus wilsonii Benl
Ptilotus xerophilus T.Hammer & R.W.Davis
Ptilotus yapukaratja R.W.Davis & T.Hammer

Further reading

References

Ptilotus species
Ptilotus


Cerisy-Buleux (; Picard: Çrisin-Buleux) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D190 road, some  southwest of Abbeville.

Population

Places of interest
 The old railway line:
The railway, opened in 1872, was closed on 10 November 1993. Mostly freight trains for the many farming cooperatives, there were also a few passenger trains.

Personality
 Jean Tagault (circa 1499–1546), anatomist and surgeon.

See also
Communes of the Somme department
Réseau des Bains de Mer

References

External links

 The old railway

Communes of Somme (department)


The Rats of Tobruk is a 1944 Australian film directed by Charles Chauvel. An abridged version was released in the United States in 1951 as The Fighting Rats of Tobruk. The film follows three drover friends who enlist in the Australian Army together during World War II.  Their story is based on the siege of the Libyan city of Tobruk in North Africa by Rommel's Afrika Korps. The partly Australian defenders held the city for 250 days before being relieved by British forces.

Plot
Three friends are droving cattle in Australia in 1939: the restless Bluey Donkin, easy-going Milo Trent and English writer Peter Linton, who is in the country on a working holiday.  Kate Carmody, a homesteader's daughter, is in love with Bluey, but she turned down his marriage proposal two years before because he is wild and restless and a womanizer, even though he admits he loves her too.

When war breaks out, the three men enlist in the Australian army and are assigned to the 9th Division. They ship out to Africa. After early successes against the poorly led Italians, the army is besieged in Tobruk by the Germans. In between attacks, the men have comic encounters with a barber and Peter falls for a nurse, Sister Mary, after being wounded. There are several subsequent attacks in which all three soldiers are wounded. Peter Linton is killed but the others manage to repel the Germans. Bluey and Milo are then transferred to New Guinea, where Bluey is injured and Milo killed by a sniper. Bluey manages to kill the sniper and returns to Australia, where he is reunited with Kate.

Cast
Grant Taylor as Bluey Donkin
Peter Finch as Peter Linton
Chips Rafferty as Milo Trent
George Wallace as the barber of Tobruk
Pauline Garrick as Kate Carmody
Mary Gay as Sister Mary Ellis
Joe Valli as the Northumberland Fusilier
John Sherwood
Walter Pym
Norman Blackler
Gilbert Ellis
Robert Carlyle
Joe Anderson
Toni Villa as Japanese soldier
Edward Esau as British officer who falls asleep in barber's chair

Development
Chauvel made the film as a follow-up to his enormously popular Forty Thousand Horsemen (1940). Like that movie, it follows three friends overseas to war, and starred Grant Taylor and Chips Rafferty.

In September 1941 Chauvel announced his follow-up movie would have the background of the wool industry. That seemed to change and in November 1942 Chauvel announced plans to make a film about the Rats of Tobruk. He spent a year researching and writing, and securing government cooperation.

In July 1943 Variety reported Charles Munro would help finance two films of Chauvel, Rats of Tobruk and Fuzzy-wuzzies.

Financing was obtained from Hoyts, RKO-Radio, and Commonwealth Film Laboratories. Production of the movie was even announced in The New York Times.

Casting
In October 1943 it was announced the lead roles would be played by Grant Taylor, Peter Finch and Chips Rafferty. They were all serving in the Australian army and played their parts on leave.

Mary Gay was working as a clerk in a department store when discovered in a talent quest and cast in the role of the nurse who romances Peter Finch.

Shooting
Shooting took place starting in November 1943 with the first scenes shot at Cronulla Beach, standing in for the permiter of Tobruk.

A set representing the town of Tobruk was constructed in a field near Camden. Underground firing posts and dugouts were reconstructed in the studio of Commonwealth Film Laboratories. The Cronulla sandhills stood in for the African desert, and battle scenes were shot there at nighttime. Watson's Bay was used to shoot scenes of Australian soldiers embarking by boat.

The New Guinea sequences were shot at Lamington Plateau, near the crash site of the 1937 Stinson plane. (That wreck had been discovered by Bernard O'Reilly who inspired Chauvel's later film, Sons of Matthew.) Army photographers also shot real-life footage in Papua for use in the movie. Filipino boxer Tony Villa plays the Japanese soldier who fights Grant Taylor at the end.

Captured German and Italian weaponry was used throughout filming. In 1943, the 3rd Army Tank Battalion was equipped with a squadron of Australian built Sentinel AC1 tanks which had been modified to resemble German tanks. The army provided advisers who had served in Tobruk.

Filming ended in June 1944.

Reception

Critical
The film received mixed reviews. The critic from the Argus thought it was better than Forty Thousand Horsemen but the one from the  Sydney Morning Herald claimed that:
The fictional background is dull and uninventive, the characterisation often stilted and self-consciously patterned to arbitrary types, and the editing loose and jumpy as the story which, in its amateurish nature, is a dead-weight on the entire production. The chief merits of the film, which was made in the face of great difficulties that may explain, but do not excuse, its weaknesses for a commercial market, are its reconstruction of Tobruk and the fidelity of its action scenes to historic fact. Yet, while these action scenes are truthful, their interpretation by the aim leaves their outlines and purposes vague so that an audience has to guess too much about who's fighting who and what the strategy is.
Filmink magazine later wrote "I’m not quite sure what Taylor did during his war service, but it was having its impact already by the time of this film – Taylor looks puffier, more balder, less enthusiastic. He’s still pretty good, just not as good as in Horseman – like the film itself really, which was a commercial disappointment."

Box office
Early box office response was encouraging but the movie was not as popular as Forty Thousand Horsemen.

US release
It was not released in the US until 1951. The critic from The New York Times called the movie "one of the most harrowing bores in years from anywhere... most of the eighty five minutes is crawling agony... it's a toss up as to which is more primeval, Mr Chauvel's direction or the acting of the entire cast."

See also
The Desert Rats
Cinema of Australia

References

External links
The Rats of Tobruk  at the National Film and Sound Archive

The Rats of Tobruk at Australian Screen Online
US Trailer at Internet Archive
Original treatment  at National Archives of Australia
The Rats of Tobruk at Oz Movies
Review of film at Variety
Documentary footage of shooting in New Guinea the concluding scenes for Mr Charles Chauvel's film Rats of Tobruk at Australian War Memorial

1944 films
1940s war drama films
Australian war drama films
Australian World War II propaganda films
North African campaign films
Films directed by Charles Chauvel
Films set in Libya
Films set in Papua New Guinea
Siege films
Films set in 1939
Films set in 1941
Films set in 1942
Australian black-and-white films
1944 drama films
1940s Australian films


Pierre Monneret (12 January 1931 – 3 March 2010) was a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from France. His best year was in 1956 when he finished in fourth place in the 500cc world championship. Monneret won two Grand Prix races during his career.

References

1931 births
French motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders
350cc World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders
2010 deaths


Andrew "Andy" Dunne born 18 October 1979 in Castleknock Dublin, Ireland is a former professional rugby union player for Leinster Rugby, NEC Harlequins, Bath Rugby and Connacht.
He retired in 2009 following a ten-year career.
He was educated at Belvedere College in Dublin where he won Schoolboy International caps in both rugby and cricket. He progressed to a Commerce degree in UCD on a sports scholarship, winning a Colours match in 1999 playing with Brian O'Driscoll. He later returned to his home club by joining Old Belvedere RFC, where he won 2 Leinster Senior Cups, and three All Ireland League titles - Division 2 (2006/7), Division 1B (2009/10) and finally was captain for the Dublin 4 club's All Ireland triumph of 2011.

The flyhalf represented Ireland in the 2001 Rugby Sevens World Cup in Mar Del Plata in Argentina, scoring the tournament's fastest try (7 seconds).
In his first season of Premiership rugby in the UK the young Irish man won the Daily Telegraph Try of the Season. In the same season he went on to score the winning conversion in the 2004 European Challenge Cup vs Aurelien Rougerie's Clermont.
His career did not progress significantly in the following years as expected due to a combination of injuries, club transfers and non selection.

He was a member of the 2008 Six Nations training squad and won two caps with the Ireland A team that season.

Retirement
Following knee surgery Dunne, retired in 2009 aged 29.

He qualified as a Chartered Physiotherapist soon afterwards and went on to work with Cricket Ireland in the 2014 Cricket World Cup in Bangladesh.

He is currently a member of the ISCP based in Dublin.

References

External links
Connacht profile
Leinster sign Le Roux and Gomez
Information for Andrew Dunne

1979 births
Living people
Rugby union fly-halves
Irish rugby union players
Leinster Rugby players
Connacht Rugby players
Bath Rugby players
Old Belvedere R.F.C. players
Ireland international rugby sevens players
Rugby union players from County Dublin
People educated at Belvedere College
Alumni of University College Dublin
Alumni of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
People from Castleknock
Sportspeople from Fingal


In Riemannian geometry, Gauss's lemma asserts that any sufficiently small sphere centered at a point in a Riemannian manifold is perpendicular to every geodesic through the point.  More formally, let M be a Riemannian manifold, equipped with its Levi-Civita connection, and p a point of M.  The exponential map is a mapping from the tangent space at p to M:

which is a diffeomorphism in a neighborhood of zero.  Gauss' lemma asserts that the image of a sphere of sufficiently small radius in TpM under the exponential map is perpendicular to all geodesics originating at p. The lemma allows the exponential map to be understood as a radial isometry, and is of fundamental importance in the study of geodesic convexity and normal coordinates.

Introduction
We define the exponential map at  by

where  is the  unique geodesic with  and tangent  and  is chosen small enough so that for every  the geodesic  is defined. So, if  is complete, then, by the Hopf–Rinow theorem,  is defined on the whole tangent space.

Let  be a curve differentiable in  such that  and . Since , it is clear that we can choose . In this case, by the definition of the differential of the exponential in  applied over , we obtain:

So (with the right identification ) the differential of  is the identity. By the implicit function theorem,  is a diffeomorphism on a neighborhood of . The Gauss Lemma now tells that  is also a radial isometry.

The exponential map is a radial isometry
Let . In what follows, we make the identification .

Gauss's Lemma states:
Let  and . Then,

For , this lemma means that  is a radial isometry in the following sense: let , i.e. such that  is well defined.
And let . Then the exponential  remains an isometry in , and, more generally, all along the geodesic  (in so far as  is well defined)! Then, radially, in all the directions permitted by the domain of definition of , it remains an isometry.

Proof

Recall that

We proceed in three steps:
  : let us construct a curve
 such that  and . Since , we can put .
Therefore,

where  is the parallel transport operator and . The last equality is true because  is a geodesic, therefore  is parallel.

Now let us calculate the scalar product .

We separate  into a component  parallel to  and a component  normal to . In particular, we put , .

The preceding step implies directly:

We must therefore show that the second term is null, because, according to Gauss's Lemma, we must have:

  :

Let us define the curve

Note that

Let us put:

and we calculate:

and

Hence

We can now verify that this scalar product is actually independent of the variable , and therefore that, for example:

because, according to what has been given above:

being given that the differential is a linear map. This will therefore prove the lemma.
 We verify that : this is a direct calculation. Since the maps  are geodesics,

Since the maps  are geodesics,
the function  is constant. Thus,

See also

 Riemannian geometry
 Metric tensor

References

Articles containing proofs
Lemmas
Riemannian geometry
Riemannian manifolds
Theorems in Riemannian geometry


Ptilotus R.Br. is a genus of approximately 120 species of annual and perennial herbs and shrubs in the family Amaranthaceae. All species are native to mainland Australia, although one species, Ptilotus spathulatus (R.Br.) Poir., also occurs in Tasmania and another, Ptilotus conicus R.Br., in Malesia on the islands of Flores and Timor. Most of the diversity is in Western Australia, particularly in the Pilbara. Common names for species in this genus include mulla mulla, foxtails, pussy tails and lamb's tails. The genus was first formally described by botanist Robert Brown in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae in 1810. In family-level phylogenetic studies, Ptilotus has been placed within a clade informally known as the 'aervoids'. It has been resolved as monophyletic and is closely related to Aerva Forssk. An interactive key to the species of Ptilotus is available at KeyBase.

Species

Conservation status
A number of Ptilotus species are listed as threatened or priority flora in Western Australia:
 Ptilotus actinocladus T.Hammer & R.W.Davis, Priority 1
 Ptilotus alexandri Benl, Priority 2
 Ptilotus andersonii R.W.Davis, Priority 1
 Ptilotus beardii Benl, Priority 3
 Ptilotus blackii Benl, Priority 3
 Ptilotus caespitulosus F.Muell., Presumed Extinct
 Ptilotus chortophytus (Diels) Schinz, Priority 1
 Ptilotus chrysocomus R.W.Davis, Priority 1
 Ptilotus clivicola R.W.Davis & T.Hammer, Priority 2
 Ptilotus crispus Benl, Priority 1
 Ptilotus crosslandii (F.Muell.) Benl, Priority 3
 Ptilotus daphne Lally, Priority 1
 Ptilotus falcatus R.W.Davis & T.Hammer, Priority 1
 Ptilotus fasciculatus W.Fitzg., Priority 4
 Ptilotus lazaridis Benl, Priority 3
 Ptilotus luteolus (Benl & H.Eichler) R.W.Davis, Priority 3
 Ptilotus marduguru Benl, Priority 2
 Ptilotus mitchellii Benl, Priority 1
 Ptilotus mollis Benl, Priority 4
 Ptilotus procumbens Benl, Priority 1
 Ptilotus pyramidatus (Moq.) F.Muell., Threatened (Declared Rare)
 Ptilotus rigidus Lally, Priority 1
 Ptilotus sericostachyus subsp. roseus (Moq.) Benl, Priority 1
 Ptilotus subspinescens R.W.Davis, Priority 3
 Ptilotus tetrandrus Benl, Priority 1
 Ptilotus trichocephalus Benl, Priority 4
 Ptilotus wilsonii Benl, Priority 1
 Ptilotus yapukaratja R.W.Davis & T.Hammer, Priority 1

Gallery

References

Amaranthaceae genera


Carers' rights are rights of unpaid carers or caregivers to public recognition and assistance in preventing and alleviating problems arising from caring for relatives or friends with disabilities. The carers' rights movement  draws attention to issues of low income, social exclusion, damage to mental and physical health identified by research into unpaid caregiving. In social policy and campaigning the movement distinguishes such people's situation from that of paid careworkers, who in most developed countries have the benefit of legal employment protection and rights at work. With an increasingly ageing population in all developed societies, the role of carer has been increasingly recognized as an important one, both functionally and economically. Many organizations which provide support for persons with disabilities have developed various forms of support for carers/caregivers as well.

Unpaid carers are also referred to as "voluntary caregivers" or "informal carers"; classifications which have been criticized as a misnomer since caring for a relative or friend is normally neither voluntary nor informal. An accepted definition of a carer is, "Someone whose life is in some way restricted by the need to be responsible for the care of someone who is mentally ill, mentally handicapped, physically disabled or whose health is impaired by sickness or old age." Carers UK defines carers as people who "provide unpaid care by looking after an ill, frail or disabled family member, friend or partner".
Around half of all carers are effectively excluded from paid employment through the heavy demands and responsibilities of caring for a vulnerable relative or friend. Their work has huge economic and social impact, being valued at over £87 billion in the UK alone.

International organizations
On February 27, 2004, the International Alliance of Carers Organizations (IACO) was launched by family caregiving organizations from Australia, the UK, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the U.S. The mission of the organization is threefold:
  to increase visibility of family caregiving across the lifespan as an international issue;
  to promote the sharing of best practices in caregiving programs between countries; and
  to encourage and provide assistance to countries interested in developing family carer organizations.

IACO is headquartered in London. Initial IACO projects included promotion of a United Nations Day for Carers and a presentation on the IACO as part of a half-day workshop at the International Federation on Ageing conference in Singapore on August 4, 2004. National family carer organizations in all countries are encouraged to join the alliance.

Australia
Australia has a population of over 22 million people.  Of these 2.5 million are carers.

In Australia, carers are defined as people, usually family members, who provide support to children or adults who have a disability, mental health problem, chronic condition, who are frail aged or have drug or alcohol dependencies. Carers can be parents, partners, brothers, sisters, friends or children of any age. They may care for a few hours a week or all day every day. In Australia, many carers are eligible for government benefits, while others are employed or have a private income.

Carers in Australia receive recognition and support in a number of ways:
 Each of the six states and two territories have a non-government, non-profit organisation that advocates on behalf of carers through the Network of Carers Associations. They also provide information and support programs for carers.
 The Australian Government has supported carers since 1983 by providing carer income support and later pensions.
 Australian governments at all levels provide funding for carer-specific programs including carer support groups, respite, counselling for carers and in-home care for the person being cared for.  Other programs assist specific groups of carers like young carers and ageing parent carers of adult children.  Parent carers of children with disabilities have received financial support since 1998.
 In October 2010, the Australian Parliament passed the Carer Recognition Act. For an analysis of the legislation, visit the Australian Parliamentary Library's Bills Digest.
 Many states have carer recognition laws mandating the consideration of carers in all state policy.  New South Wales, for instance, enacted the Carers (Recognition) Act in May 2010.
 Carers Australia, as part of its support for young people established the Australian National Young Carers Action Team (ANYCAT) in 2007, and following the formation held the "BringIT" conference in 2008.
 Carers Queensland started its "Young Carers Action Committee" in October 2009, however at its first formal meeting in November 2009 the members changed its name to "Young Carers Action Board Queensland" (YCABQ) – however some board members had reservations over the use of its initials believing that some people may get it confused with Yellow Cabs.
 In the latter part of 2010 the Australian Government conducted consultations with the Australian community to formulate a National Carer Strategy which was released in August 2011 and formally acknowledges the vital role of carers.  The National Carer Recognition legislation and the National Carer Strategy forms part of the Government's response to the 2009 inquiry into better support for carers. See below.
 During the latter part of 2011, the Australian Government Productivity Commission finalised two reports of interest to carers in Australia – Caring for older Australians and the Disability care and support report.  Anticipation is now building as the community prepares for aged care and disability reform in Australia.

The future for carers in Australia
Australia has one of the lowest population densities in the world.  It has a land mass the size of the United States of America, but a population which is a fraction of the size. Providing services to carers in remote locations continues to beset the carer community in Australia. Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) carers and culturally diverse carers have poor access to carer support services.  The remoteness of many Aboriginal communities and their cultural approach to caring plays a part in low access rates to these services.  Carer advocates work to try to address this situation.

In May 2009, the Australian Government completed an inquiry into better support for carers leading to the expectation that more will be achieved for carers in the future. It initiated a feasibility study into a national social insurance scheme to replace an inadequate network of existing support for people living with disability and their carers. The draft report was completed in early 2011.  National carer recognition legislation was introduced into the Australian Parliament in March 2010 and passed after the national elections in August 2010.  Schedule 1 of the legislation contains The Statement for Australia's Carers.

Caring is now seen as a community responsibility in Australia as evidenced by the comments of those surveyed on the issue. The formerly private world of carers is becoming a public concern as Australia, like other ageing populations, feels a shortage of carers.  Further information on Australia's carers can be found at the websites of Carers Australia and Carers NSW.

Europe
EUROFAMCARE aims to provide a European review of the situation of family carers of elderly people in relation to the existence, familiarity, availability, use and acceptability of supporting services.
In 2003 six countries (Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom) formed a trans-European group, systematically representing the different types of welfare-states in Europe and started a comparative study. The Pan-European Group consists of 23 countries (including the six countries, which are represented by the members of the Consortium).

The last step is a feedback research action phase based both on the study results and on the pan-European expertise. A European Carers' Charter in progress will be further developed by the new European network organization EUROCARERS in order to stimulate further activities both on national and European policy levels.

EUROCARERS was formally launched in June 2007 to provide a united voice at European level and influence policy both nationally and within the European Union. Eurocarers currently comprises representatives of 18 organisations and research bodies from nine countries. Members have come together to influence policy within the European Institutions to ensure that the invaluable contribution of carers is recognised across Europe.

Finland
There are over 300,000 (estimate) family carers in Finland
 Of them some 29,000 receive family carer's allowance from their respective municipalities under The Act on Family Caregiving
 The municipality may arrange various social and healthcare services to backup family caring. The main types of services are home help and home nursing; meals on wheels; rehabilitation, short-term care etc.
 The law ensures a minimum caregiver allowance of EUR 310.Caregivers in heavy caring situations will receive a minimum of EUR 620 a month (taxable).
 Time off for the carer: at least 3 days / month
 When the carer is continuously or with only minor interruptions tied up to caring.
 The Municipality has to ensure that the care for the care recipient is appropriate during the family carer's time-off. Taking days-off or recreational time do not reduce the amount of family carer allowance.

Scotland
Policy and legislation in relation to caregivers living in Scotland is somewhat different from that in England, Wales and Ireland.  Carers are defined by the Scottish Census as being "individuals who look after, or give any help or support to family members, friends, neighbours and others because of long-term physical or mental ill health or disability or problems related to old age" (Scotland's Census Results Online [SCROL]. Estimates from the 2001 census put the numbers of carers in Scotland at 481,579.  Of these, 175,969 are reported to provide more than 20 hours of care a week, and 24% provide more than 50 hours of care.

Carers who provide care for 20 hours a week or more are regarded as at the 'heavy end' of caring (Parker 1990). This assumes that they are the most involved carers, providing both personal and physical care, resulting in high levels of stress and most in need of support services.  Many of these carers however, continue to provide care without support from social work or health services and because of this they remain hidden or invisible (Scottish Executive 2006, Cavaye 2006).

Carers are viewed by the government as an important resource and in recent years have been given increasing recognition in health and social care policy.  Since devolution in 1999 legislation and policy for caregivers has been developed by the former Scottish Executive (now Scottish Government).

Carers in Scotland are regarded as 'partners' in the provision of care. As a result, support services provided to carers are regarded as part of the overall package of care to the person being looked after. This means that carers are not seen as service users and are therefore not responsible for the cost of any service provided.  The exception to this is when a carer is looking after their partner; in that situation their income may be taken into account during a financial assessment.

This situation is different from that which exists in England where carers are viewed as services users in their own right and as such are liable for the cost of services provided.  Yet, in many cases, it is not the carer who actually needs the service; it is the person being cared for who needs it because of their illness or disability.

Legislation
Strategy for Carers in Scotland 1999
This was a package of measures put in place by the Scottish Executive (became The Scottish Government in 2007) after devolution in 1999. The aim was to commit resources in order to improve service provision for carers. The Strategy comprised three elements: information, support and care for carers. Central to the Strategy was a number of assumptions including a carer's right to choose to care, to be adequately prepared to do so, to receive relevant help at an appropriate stage, and to be enabled to care without it adversely affecting their health or inclusion in society. An important aspect of the Strategy was its emphasis on the provision of services for carers in their own right. This issue built on the provisions of the 1995 Carers (Services and Recognition) Act, which accorded carers the right to an assessment of their needs only if the person they were caring for was being assessed. This measure however, limited carers entitlement to services, undervalued their role and their needs.

Community Care and Health Scotland Act 2002
This legislation introduced new rights for carers in Scotland. The Act made provision for the right to a carer's assessment which was independent of the person being cared for.  It also placed a duty on local authorities and the NHS to inform carers of their rights. Local authorities are also required to recognise the care being provided by a carer and to take into account the views of a carer when deciding what services to offer to the person being cared for. Underpinning this legislation is the principle that informal unpaid family carers are to be treated as 'key partners' in providing care.

The other important policy introduced by this legislation which impacts upon carers is that of Free Personal and Nursing Care for Older People. This policy is unique to Scotland.  The definition of personal care contained within the Act does not include 'board and lodging' or 'hotel' costs. The definition is mainly based on the one used by the Royal Commission on Long Term Care (1999) except that it takes account of the needs arising from cognitive impairment and behavioural problems as well as physical frailty. Thus the definition of is different from that used by social services in England. The definition is important because it is used as a basis for community care assessments and describes the range of tasks that might be undertaken by home carers employed by social work departments. It is also an accurate reflection of the activities undertaken by informal, unpaid family carers.  This policy has been found to be very effective in supporting carers to continue providing care for longer and the researchers found that the volume of care being provided at home had actually increased in recent years (Bell & Bowes 2006)

United Kingdom
According to Carers UK, and based on the 2011 census around 6.5 million people in the UK provide care on an unpaid basis for a relative, friend or neighbour in need of support due to old age, disability, frailty or illness. The population of carers is dynamic: at least a third of all people will fulfil a caring role at some point in their lives.

Research has shown that becoming a carer can have many impacts on a person's life. These include financial costs, exclusion and discrimination at work, social isolation and poor health through stress and physical injury.

At least half of all carers are in full or part-time employment and some care for more than one person. Carers save the UK economy an estimated £119 billion per year, and economic considerations form a key element in government policy to support carers.

The importance given to carers rights and legislation is evidenced by the record of parliamentary speeches, with 4,118 debates including some mention of carers at the end of March 2008.

On 22 April 2009, carers took to the streets of London and Edinburgh for the first time to complain about poverty and seek improvements in welfare benefits and respite care. Around 400 carers took part altogether, presenting a 3000 signature petition to No 10 Downing St, and lobbying MP's MSP's and government ministers.

History and legislation
Since the 1950s, UK carers have become increasingly well organized in seeking recognition, improved social care services and human rights.

In 1965 the National Council for the Single Woman and her Dependants was formed following a letter to The Times newspaper by a carer, the Reverend Mary Webster, concerning the difficulties that confronted single women when they faced the complex task of earning the family living and caring for the home, the sick and the elderly. She began writing to newspapers, journals, MPs and peers drawing attention to the isolation and financial hardship that women carers were suffering. Her letters received a huge response from hundreds of women in similar situations.

Baroness Seear, then a lecturer in the London School of Economics was an early supporter. Due to her intervention, a meeting was held in the Grand Committee Room of the House of Commons. As a result of this meeting, The National Council for the Single Woman and Her Dependants was born, and the carers movement can be said to have begun. Early supporters and fundraisers included Sir Keith Joseph, MP.

During the 1960s and 70's The National Council for the Single Woman and Her Dependants won tax concessions and pension credits for women obliged to give up work to care. In 1971 the Attendance Allowance was brought in for those needing constant care at home.

In 1976 Invalid Care Allowance was introduced – the first benefit for carers and still the only benefit specifically for carers.  It was renamed Carer's Allowance in April 2003.  It is officially described as “a non-contributory, non means-tested, income-maintenance benefit, not intended to be a wage for caring, nor a payment for the services of caring.”

1978 saw the introduction of Home Responsibilities Protection to protect carers' basic state pension.

In 1981 the UK Association of Carers was formed by Judith Oliver, Sandra Leventon and others, aided by a grant of £9,879 from the Equal Opportunities Commission. It was initially refused registration as a charity, as helping carers was not at that time regarded as a proper charitable object by the Charities Commission, finally being registered in 1984. The group campaigned fiercely for Invalid Care Allowance to be extended to married women. Following a test case brought to the European Court on behalf of Jackie Drake, in June 1986 the government capitulated.

In 1982 The National Council for the Single Woman and Her Dependants was renamed "The National Council for Carers and their Elderly Dependants" in an attempt to be more inclusive and gain ground lost to other carers groups. They had opposed the extension of ICA probably because of reports that Norman Fowler had said that he would abolish ICA rather than extend it.
Carers National Association was formed by the merger of the two existing voluntary organizations on May 14, 1988, and was renamed Carers UK in 2001.

Carers (Recognition and Services) Act 1995
The Carers (Recognition and Services) Act 1995 was the first piece of UK legislation which formally recognised the role of unpaid carers and provides for the assessment of the ability of carers to provide care.

Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000
This Act, which does not cover Scotland, makes provision about the assessment of carers' needs; to provide for services to help carers; to provide for the making of payments to carers and disabled children aged 16 or 17 in lieu of the provision of services to them and for connected purposes.

Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004

This came into force in England on April 1, 2005, and in Wales on April 18, 2005.
The Act gives carers new rights to information – Section 1 of the Act places a duty on local authorities to inform Carers of their right to a Carers Assessment. Ensures that work, lifelong learning and leisure are considered when a carer is assessed – Section 2 means that when a Carer's Assessment is being completed it must take into account whether the carer works or wishes to work, any courses the carer is taking or wishes to take, and any other leisure activities the carer undertakes or wishes to undertake. Gives local authorities new powers to gain the help of housing, health, education and other local authorities in providing support to carers – Section 3 states that if the local authority requests another authority to plan services, that authority must give that request due consideration.

Government legislation affecting the care of children with disabilities includes:
 Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001
 The Children Act 1989
 Convention on the Rights of the Child

Work and Families Act 2006
The Work and Families Act 2006, which came into force in England in October 2006, makes provision for improved maternity and adoption leave for women. It also extends the right to request flexible working for Carers.

Care Act 2014
The Care Act 2014, which received Royal Assent on the 14th of May 2014, and will be ready for implementation in April 2015, strengthens the rights and recognition of carers in the social care system; including, for the first time, giving carers a clear right to receive services. These are by far the strongest rights for carers yet.

Part 1 of the new Act consolidates and modernises the framework of social care law.

The Care Act brings those funding their own care into the care system with obligations on local authorities relating to information and advice, universal services, assessments and market shaping among others all applying to self-funders. It also sets out a new model of paying for care, putting in place a cap on the care costs which an individual is liable for.

Carer’s Leave Act 2022
The Carer’s Leave Bill was introduced into the House of Commons in September 2022 by Wendy Chamberlain MP.  It was supported by the government and passed on 21 October 2022.

It gives a new right for UK employees with caring responsibilities to have up to one week of unpaid Carer’s Leave each year.  About 2.4 million employees are estimated to be eligible.

United States
The National Family Caregivers Association was founded in 1993. According to the United States National Family Caregivers Association, "more than 50 million people provide care for a chronically ill, disabled or aged family member or friend during any given year." The vast majority of these are unpaid caregivers.

See also
 Caregiver

References
General
 CAREgiver Magazines
 Elderly care
 Alzheimer's Caregiver Support Online
 AARP
 Caregiver.com Magazine
 National Family Caregivers Association
 Well Spouse Association
 American Heart Association's Heart of Caregiving site
 Strength for Caring online resources for caregivers
Specific

Further reading
 Arnold, Roxane and Chandler, Olive. National Council for the Single Woman and Her Dependants. Feminine Singular: Triumphs and Tribulations of the Single Woman: An Anthology. London: Femina Books, 1974.
 Bell, D and Bowes, A (Financial Care Models in Scotland and the UK, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York)
 Cavaye, J.  (2006) Hidden Carers, Dunedin Press, Edinburgh
 Cook, Tim. The History of the Carers' Movement. Carers UK, 2007.
 Parker, G. (1990) With This Body: Caring and Disability in Marriage, Buckingham, Open University Press.
 Scottish Executive (2006) The Future of Unpaid Care in Scotland, Edinburgh, Scottish Executive.

External links
Australia
 Carers Australia
Scotland
 " Strategy for Carers in Scotland – The Scottish Executive's Carers' Strategy
 " Caring About Carers – the national strategy of carers.  – The UK strategy from the Department of Health.
 " National Care Standards  – Gateway to National Care Standards legislation.
 " Five Steps – A guide to local authorities implementing direct payments

United Kingdom
 Carers UK
United States
 Family Caregiver Alliance (U.S.)
 Well Spouse Association (U.S.)
 National Alliance for Caregiving (U.S.)
Other
 LOT(Dutch Carers Association)

Caregiving
Patient advocacy
Health campaigns


Aaron Shaw or Shore may refer to:

Aaron Shaw (representative) (1811–1887), U.S. Representative from Illinois
 Aaron Shaw, American bagpipe player in the Wicked Tinkers
Aaron Grady Shaw, actor sometimes credited as Aaron Shaw, in Dirty Laundry (2006 film)
Aaron Shore, fictional character in Designated Survivor (TV series)
Aaron Shaw, fictional character in NCIS (TV series) (Season 17, episode 7)

See also
Aaron Shure, TV writer