In Ethiopia, the Internet penetration rate is 25% as of January 2022, and it is currently attempting a broad expansion of access throughout the country. These efforts have been hampered by the largely rural makeup of the Ethiopian population and the government's refusal to permit any privatization of the telecommunications market. Only 360,000 people had Internet access in 2008, a penetration rate of 0.4%.  The state-owned Ethio Telecom (previously known as Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation (ETC)) is the sole Internet service provider (ISP) in the country. Ethio Telecom comes in at very high prices which makes it difficult for private users to purchase it.

Internet cafés are the main source of access in urban areas, and an active community of bloggers and online journalists now play an important role in offering alternative news sources and venues for political dialogue. However, three quarters of the country's Internet cafés are in the capital city, Addis Ababa, and even there, access is often slow and unreliable. A test conducted by a Media Ethiopia researcher in July 2007 determined that the average connectivity speed was 5 kB/s and that Internet service in most cafés was unavailable between 10 and 20 percent of the time.

Availability of Internet
In 2005, Ethiopia announced plans to spend hundreds of millions of dollars over the next three years to connect all of the country's schools, hospitals, and government offices, and most of its rural population, to broadband Internet via satellite or fiber-optic cable. Between 2005 and 2007, the government spent US$40 million to install WoredaNET and SchoolNET, two nationwide networks meant to increase connectivity. WoredaNET provides e-mail, videoconferencing and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to local governments, and SchoolNet provides streaming audio and video through a downlink-only VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) satellite. The government had pledged to dedicate 10% of its annual budget to the development and maintenance of these networks, which are managed by the government-run Ethiopian ICT Development Authority (EICTDA).

Ethiopia has made several attempts to increase available broadband by laying 4,000 kilometers of fiber-optic cable along the country's major highways, by making overtures to the East African Submarine Cable System (EASSy) and by connecting Addis Ababa to existing fiber optic networks in Port Sudan and Djibouti. These ventures have had mixed success. The domestic network is not yet operational, though the government had promised to lay 10,000 more kilometers of cable by 2010. Once the cables have been laid, it is said Ethiopia will consider opening the network to a second, private operator. EASSy has been delayed multiple times by disagreements among the member countries (though at the time of writing it was scheduled to be completed by June 2010), and the line to Djibouti was sabotaged and looted, allegedly by ONLF and OLF rebels, shortly after its completion in 2006.

Currently satellite Internet is available to some large corporations, but individuals are not permitted to have private satellite connections. The ETC also bans the use of VoIP in Internet cafés and by the general population, though its web site lists VoIP as part of the company's future broadband strategy.

In 2014, the number of Internet users in Ethiopia had increased to 1,836,035, or approximately 1.9% of the population. In 2015, it had risen to 3.7 million, or 3.7%.

Regulation and ISPs
Ethio Telecom and the Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency (ETA) have exclusive control of Internet access throughout the country. The ETA is not an independent regulatory body, and its staff and telecommunications policies are controlled by the national government. It grants Ethio Telecom a monopoly license as Ethiopia's sole ISP and seller of domain names under the country code top-level domain, ".et". Internet cafés and other resellers of Internet services must be licensed by the ETA and must purchase their access through the ETC. Individual purchasers must also apply for Internet connections through Ethio Telecom. In 2012, Ethiopia passed a law that prohibits anyone to "bypasses the telecom infrastructure established by the telecom service provider", which prevents any alternative internet service provider to be created.

Censorship

EPRDF (2012–2018)
During the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) government of Ethiopia there was strong internet control. In October 2012 the OpenNet Initiative listed Ethiopia as engaged in pervasive Internet filtering in the political area, selective filtering in the conflict/security and Internet tools areas, and there is no evidence of filtering in the social area, and  by ONI in October 2012. Blocked content was found to be blocked through the use of forged TCP RST (reset) packets, a method that is not transparent to users.

In 2012, Ethiopia remained a highly restrictive environment in which to express political dissent online. The government of Ethiopia has long filtered critical and oppositional political content. Broad application of the country's 2009 anti-terrorism proclamation has served as the basis for a number of recent convictions with bloggers and journalists convicted on terrorism charges based on their online and offline writings. Most notably, in July 2012 blogger Eskinder Nega was jailed on an 18-year sentence on charges of attempting to incite violence through his blog posts. This incident was the seventh arrest of Nega for his critical writings. Nega was accused of conspiring with Ginbot 7, an opposition political group labeled a terrorist organization by the Ethiopian government. Also convicted in absentia were Abebe Gellaw of the online news platform Addis Voice, as well as Mesfin Negash and Abiye Teklemariam, editors of the news website Addis Neger Online. A number of other journalists and opposition political figures were also simultaneously convicted of similar offenses. In January 2012, Elias Kifle, editor of Ethiopian Review, was convicted in absentia under the same anti-terrorism laws. In April 2014, a team of journalists and bloggers called Zone 9 were arrested under similar terrorism charges in Addis Ababa. Similarly, in July 2014, Zelalem Workagegnehu, the contributor of the Diaspora-based De Birhan Blog along with his two friends (Yonatan Wolde and Bahiru Degu), who applied for a Digital Security Course, were arrested and later charged with the Anti-Terror Proclamation. Bahiru and Yonatan were acquitted by the court on 15 April 2016. Eskinder Nega was freed on 14 February 2018.

The government has also passed a law restricting the use of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications such as Skype. While government representatives portrayed the law as a means of protecting domestic telecommunications providers, some critics described the new draft legislation as an attempt to criminalize the use of VoIP services to punish dissent. A 2014 report describes the "Rules for Cafe Operators", which includes making all computer screens visible to the operator and reporting any content critical of the government, or visiting sensitive political websites. Other reports describe attempts by Ethiopia's sole Internet Service Provider (ISP), Ethio telecom, to restrict the use of tools to anonymize web browsing and circumvent Internet filtering. In May 2012, developers of the Internet anonymizer software project Tor reported that the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation (ETC) / Ethio telecom had begun using deep packet inspection (DPI) to block access to the Tor service.

Abiy Ahmed (2018–present)
On 22 June 2018, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's government ordered the unblocking of over 200 websites as part of reforms that also saw banned TV channels restored and several political prisoners set free. Announcing the reforms, Abiy's Chief of Staff Fitsum Arega reaffirmed freedom of expression as a "foundational right."

On the morning of 11 June 2019, internet monitoring group NetBlocks reported a total internet shutdown across Ethiopia following the blocking of messaging applications Telegram and WhatsApp by Ethio Telecom the previous day. Interpreted as a measure to prevent cheating in nationwide exams, the disruption angered business owners and incurred an estimated $17m loss to Ethiopia's GDP. Connectivity returned briefly on two occasions during four consecutive days of national blackouts that were followed by further regional disruptions. WhatsApp was unblocked on the 17th although internet access was only fully restored on the 18th and Telegram remained blocked without explanation.

In June 2019, the internet connection has been slow down by unknown reason. It has been restored days later. The connection completely shut down again since the assassination of General Se'are Mekonnen, Ambachew Mekonnen, Ezez Wassie, and Gizae Aberra on 22 June 2019. Later, it came back with full connection after two weeks on 2 July 2019.

On June 30, 2020, internet access was heavily shutdown nationwide following the death of Hachalu Hundessa prior on 29 June. It was delayed throughout the violence. On 14 July, Wi-Fi connection has been restored when mobile data preserved as of 23 July.

Early in the morning of 4 November 2020, during the Tigray conflict, a subnational internet cutoff of about 15%, consistent with reports of a telephone and internet block on the Tigray Region, was reported by NetBlocks. After the breakup of the illegal Oromia holy synod and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Holy Synod, the government blocked various social media platforms indefinitely such as Facebook, Telegram, YouTube and TikTok on 9 February 2023 as the Orthodox Church threatened to organize wide rallies. The government then lifted a ban after five months on 17 July.

Surveillance
The Ethiopian government is engaged in extensive surveillance of Internet users both inside and outside Ethiopia. In August 2012, Ethiopia was included on a list of 10 countries that own the commercial spyware suite FinFisher. The Ethiopian government agency involved in surveillance and content blocking is called the Information Network Security Agency.

In December 2006, the Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency began requiring Internet cafés to log the names and addresses of individual customers, reportedly as part of an effort to track users who engaged in illegal activities online. The lists are to be turned over to the police, and Internet café owners who fail to register users may face prison.

Bloggers believe that their communications are being monitored, and the state maintains the right to shut down Internet access for resellers or customers who do not comply with security guidelines. The government has closed Internet cafés in the past for offering VoIP services and for other policy violations.

A 2014 study by Human Rights Watch found extensive surveillance of the Internet and other telecommunication systems in the country. Ethiopian security and intelligence agencies can use internet surveillance capabilities to access files and activity on a target's computer; to log keystrokes and passwords; and to remotely activate the device's webcam and microphone. The surveillance technology was provided by foreign firms, notably China-based ZTE, as well as FinFisher and Hacking Team.

Internet speed

As of January 2019 in Addis Ababa there are 2G/3G and 4G (Ethiopian Telecommunication) connection options. Despite the availability of 4G sim & connections speed for a mobile connection hardly reach 3 Mbit/s of download speed, and 1 Mbit/s for upload (average 1.5 Mbit/s download, 0.3 Mbit/s upload). The availability suffers a bit: on 18 January 2019 there was a daytime blackout of the Internet (an Ethio telecom operator stated that it has been for national security reason).

See also
 Communications in Ethiopia
 Telecommunications in Ethiopia
 Media in Ethiopia

References
This article was originally adapted from an OpenNet Initiative report, which is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license.


The John Cullen Award was awarded annually by the International Hockey League to the player judged to contribute the most to his team, while overcoming adversity, including injury, illness, and other setbacks. The award was originally named the Comeback Player of the Year Award until 1999, when it was renamed after John Cullen, who overcame non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Winners

References
John Cullen Award www.hockeydb.com
Comeback Player of the Year www.hockeydb.com

International Hockey League (1945–2001) trophies


The 1881 Buffalo Bisons finished the season with a 45–38 record, good for third place in the National League.

A highlight from this season occurred on September 15. In a 12-inning game against Worcester, Buffalo second baseman Davy Force recorded 12 putouts, seven assists, two unassisted double plays, participated in a triple play, and made just one error in 20 chances.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1881 Buffalo Bisons season at Baseball Reference

Buffalo Bisons (NL) seasons
Buffalo Bisons season
Buffalo


Saint-Augustin () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Josef Herrmann (20 April 1903 - 19 November 1955) was a German baritone, notable for his performances in the operas of Richard Wagner.

He was born in Darmstadt and made his professional debut at Kaiserslautern.  He subsequently sang with the opera companies at Stettin (Szczecin), Königsberg and Nuremberg before becoming principal baritone in Dresden, where, in the 1940s, he sang roles such as Scarpia in Tosca and Iago in Otello, as well as the German repertory. In 1942, he sang in the première of  Heinrich Sutermeister's literaturoper Die Zauberinsel (based on The Tempest).

In 1950, he appeared as The Wanderer and Gunther at La Scala, Milan, in performances of Der Ring des Nibelungen conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler.

Herrmann died at Hildesheim at the age of 52.

Selected recordings
Der Ring des Nibelungen: live performances from La Scala conducted by Furtwängler, 1950 (Opera d'Oro)
Lebendige Vergangenheit: Josef Herrmann (Preiser Records, 1995)

Sources
New Grove Dictionary of Opera, vol 2, .

1903 births
1955 deaths
Musicians from Darmstadt
People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse
German operatic baritones
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
20th-century German male opera singers


Jakomini () is the 6th district of  Austrian city of Graz. It is named after Kaspar Andreas Ritter von Jacomini and covers an area of 4,06 square kilometers. With a population of 33,082 in 2016 it is the most populous of the districts of Graz.
The postal codes of Jakomini are 8010, 8041 and 8042.

Points of interest
 Stadthalle Graz
 Graz University of Technology
 Grazer Herbstmesse
 Jakominiplatz

References

Districts of Graz


Saint-Crépin () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Beto Rockfeller is a Brazilian telenovela produced by TV Tupi and aired from November 4, 1968, to November 30, 1969. It was created by Cassiano Gabus Mendes, written by Bráulio Pedroso and directed by Lima Duarte and Walter Avancini.

Plot
Beto Rockfeller (played by Luiz Gustavo) is a charming, lower middle class shoes salesman who cons people into believing he is a millionaire by mixing himself with members of the high society of São Paulo.

Cast
Luis Gustavo - Beto Rockfeller
Bete Mendes - Renata
Débora Duarte - Lu
Ana Rosa - Cida
Irene Ravache - Neide
Walter Forster - Otávio
Plínio Marcos - Vitório
Maria Della Costa - Maitê
Marília Pêra - Manuela
Rodrigo Santiago - Carlucho
Yara Lins - Clô
Joffre Soares - Pedro
Eleonor Bruno - Rosa
Walderez de Barros - Mercedes
Ruy Rezende - Saldanha
Wladimir Nikolaief - Lavito
Heleno Prestes - Tavinho
Pepita Rodrigues - Bárbara
Marilda Pedroso - Mila
Renato Corte Real - Bertolo
Etty Fraser - madame Waleska
Alceu Nunez - Polidoro
Luís Ameríco - Tomás
Ester Mellingher - Tânia
Gésio Amadeu - Gésio
Zezé Motta - Zezé
Jayme Barcellos - Fernando
Lourdes Moraes - Magda
Luísa Di Franco - Bia
Lima Duarte - Domingos / Duarte / Conde Vladimir / Secundino
Felipe Donavan - Delegado Moreno
Dias Barreto - Secundino / Domingos
João Carlos "Midnight" - Vadeco
Theo De Faria - Lavinho
Francisco Trentini - Canuto
Othon Bastos

Relevance
Beto Rockfeller is often mentioned as a turning point for the telenovela format in Brazil. It abandoned the melodramatic, artificial tone of previous shows for a more naturalistic approach, with the presence of a morally ambiguous protagonist and the use of colloquial language; characters would often mention actual news and gossips of the time. It also was the first telenovela to use contemporary pop hit songs in its soundtrack, rather than purely orchestral music.

Movie
The telenovela was adapted into a 1970 motion picture directed by Olivier Perroy, with the main cast of the TV show.

Sequel
A Volta de Beto Rockfeller, a sequel, was aired from March 26, 1973, to November 9, 1973. It was not as successful as the original telenovela; yet it is noteworthy as Tupi's first telenovela produced in color.

External links

1968 telenovelas
Brazilian telenovelas
1968 Brazilian television series debuts
1969 Brazilian television series endings


The 1882 Buffalo Bisons finished the season with a 45–39 record, good for third place in the National League.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1882 Buffalo Bisons season at Baseball Reference

Buffalo Bisons (NL) seasons
Buffalo Bisons season
Buffalo


Sainte-Radegonde () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Alikovo may refer to:
Alikovo, Alikovsky District, Chuvash Republic, a village (selo) in Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia
Alikovo, Krasnochetaysky District, Chuvash Republic, a village in Krasnochetaysky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia


Stephen M. Bennett is an American businessman. From 2012 until March 20, 2014, he served as the president and chief executive officer of Symantec.

Biography

Early life
Bennett is the son of former University of Wisconsin Badgers football letterman Steve Bennett. He grew up in Wisconsin, attending Madison West High School before attending the University of Wisconsin, where he became a standout athlete in baseball. He was a two-time All-Big Ten selection and set school records for hits, doubles, and RBIs in a career. Bennett graduated from the UW-Madison in 1976 with a Bachelor’s in Business Administration.

Career
Bennett worked at General Electric for twenty-three years, where he held management roles in GE Capital e-Business, GE Capital Vendor Financial Services, GE Electrical Distribution and Control, GE Appliances, GE Medical Systems and GE Supply. He served as the CEO of Intuit from 2000 to December 2007. During his tenure at Intuit, annual revenue grew from less than $1 billion in 2000 to $2.7 billion in 2007.

Bennett joined the board of directors of Symantec in February 2010 and served as chairman from 2011 to 2013. He was named as Symantec’s chief executive officer in July 2012, replacing 19-year Symantec veteran Enrique Salem as CEO. He served until March 20, 2014, when he was fired for moving too slowly on innovation and new product development, according to The New York Times. He earned $36 million during his 20-month tenure.

He served on the board of directors of Sun Microsystems from May 2004 to December 2009.

References

American technology chief executives
General Electric people
Gen Digital people
Wisconsin School of Business alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Intuit people
American corporate directors
Madison West High School alumni


Nicky Cook (born 13 September 1979), sometimes known by his ring name Cookie, is a British retired professional boxer who competed from 1998 to 2011. He held the WBO super featherweight title from 2008 to 2009. He challenged once for the WBO featherweight title in 2007 and again for the WBO super featherweight title in 2011. At the regional level, he held the Commonwealth featherweight title from 2003 to 2005, the British featherweight title in 2005, and the EBU European featherweight title from 2004 to 2006.

Early professional career
Cook turned professional in December 1998 in Hertfordshire, England. In his debut, Cook defeated English journeyman Sean Grant with a first round knockout.

After fifteen fights in December 2001, unbeaten Cook beat Argentinian Marcelo Gabriel Ackermann for the vacant and lightly regarded WBF Intercontinental super featherweight title. He defended the strap twice before getting his chance to compete for the Commonwealth belt.

British, Commonwealth and European Champion
In February 2003, Cook fought the Zimbabwean Meshack Kondwani for the vacant Commonwealth Featherweight belt. He defended twice against Africans David Kiilu and Anyetie Laryea before taking on Cyril Thomas for the European belt also at featherweight. He won the fight with a 9th round knockout, he made one defence before taking on British champion Dazzo Williams in June 2005. The fight took place at the Goresbrook Leisure Center in Dagenham and was significant because it meant the British, Commonwealth and European titles were all on the line in a winner take all contest. Cook stopped Williams in the 2nd round thus holding all three belts at the same time.

World title challenger
Cook defended his European title once more beating Yuri Voronin on points over 12 rounds again in Dagenham. After that he decided to concentrate on his ambition to win a real 'world' title and set his sights on current holder of the WBO Featherweight belt Scott Harrison. The fight was set for December 2006 in what would have been an England vs Scotland clash for a world belt, it never happened however as Harrison pulled out and decided to vacate the title citing difficulties making the weight. It had not helped that Harrison had also spent 13 weeks in a Spanish prison prior to the bout and had only been released in November.
 Cook was left frustrated and instead of fighting for the world title on the card he ended up beating Harry Ramogoadi in an eight rounder.

In July 2007, Cook finally got his chance and took on American Steve Luevano for the now vacant World Boxing Organization's (WBO) belt. The fight took place at the O2 Arena in London and ended disappointingly for Cook as he was knocked down 5 times and finally stopped in the 11th round it was his first defeat as a professional.

WBO Champion
Cook got another opportunity to fight for the WBO belt in September 2008 when he decided to move up a weight division and challenge Alex Arthur for the WBO Super-Featherweight title. The fight took place at the MEN Arena in Manchester and was the chief support to Amir Khan's ill-fated match up with Colombian Breidis Prescott when he was knocked out within a minute. Cook beat Arthur over 12 rounds to win a unanimous decision. The parallels were striking between the fighters as Arthur was also a former British, Commonwealth and European champion at the higher weight, he had also been beaten only once before. After the fight Arthur claimed he had been "robbed" and also alleged that Cook had gone up to him after the fight and said "You're a great champion, you won the fight well done" thus compounding his sense of shock when the verdict was announced. On 14 March 2009, Cook was knocked down twice in the 4th round of his first defence against Puerto Rican boxer Román Martínez. Despite beating the count he was in no condition to continue and the referee stopped the contest, with the unbeaten Martínez becoming the new WBO super featherweight champion.

WBO Title Challenge
Román Martínez lost the WBO super featherweight title to Ricky Burns. Nicky Cook fought Ricky Burns for the WBO super featherweight title in Liverpool's Echo Arena on 16 July 2011. Less than two minutes into the fight, Cook was stretchered off suffering a career threatening injury. Sky pundits Barry McGuigan and Glenn McCrory later questioned how Cook could have completed his training camp with such a serious back complaint. He had also spoken to a member of the Sky Sports team before the bout, claiming doctors had said the injury would get no better or no worse and would be 'something he would have to live with'. (Sky Sports Saturday Fight Night 16 July 2011)

See also
 List of British featherweight boxing champions

References

External links

Professional championships

1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Stepney
English male boxers
World Boxing Organization champions
Boxers from Greater London
Featherweight boxers


The Valea Vadului is a river in Constanța County, Romania. Near the village Vadu it flows into the lagoon Balta Mare, which is connected with the Black Sea. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Constanța County
Rivers of Romania
0Valea Vadului


The 1929 college football season saw a number of unbeaten and untied teams. Purdue, Tulane, Notre Dame and Pittsburgh all finished the regular season with wins over all their opponents. Notre Dame was recognized as national champion by two of three contemporary major selectors (the Dickinson and Dunkel Systems), while the third (Houlgate) named USC (10–2). Eight of nine retrospective selectors later also named Notre Dame and USC as No. 1 teams.

Following the season, Pittsburgh traveled to Pasadena to meet USC in the Rose Bowl, at that time the only postseason college football game, where  the Trojans defeated the Panthers, 47–14. Four years later, football historian Parke Davis selected Pittsburgh as "Outstanding Nationwide Team" for 1929, the only one of 12 major selectors to do so. Pittsburgh claims a 1929 national championship on this basis.

A major change in the rules for 1929 was that a fumbled ball was dead as soon as it struck the ground.  Previously, a defending player could run with a recovered fumble, as in the case of Roy Riegels in the 1929 Rose Bowl.

Conference and program changes

Conferences
Three new conferences began play in 1929:
Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference – an NAIA conference active through the 1995 season
Big Four Conference – active through the 1932 season; replaced the newly-defunct Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference
Oklahoma Collegiate Athletic Conference –  an NAIA conference active through the 1973 season; replaced the newly-defunct Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference

Programs
The Duke Blue Devils were independent in 1928 and joined the Southern Conference in 1929.

September
September 21 In Dallas, Southern Methodist University (SMU) opened its season with a 13–3 win over North Texas State.

September 28

SMU and Howard Payne College played to a 13–13 tie, and TCU rolled over visiting Daniel Baker College, 61–0.
In Los Angeles, USC opened its season against crosstown rival UCLA, rolling over the Bruins 76–0.
Pittsburgh beat Waynesburg State, 53–0
California beat Santa Clara 27–6
Pennsylvania beat Franklin & Marshall 14–7
Tulane opened with a win over Northwestern State, 40–6

October

October 5

SMU and Nebraska played to a 0–0 tie in Nebraska.
Notre Dame opened its season with a 14–0 win at Indiana
TCU beat Hardin Simmons, 20–0
Illinois beat Kansas 25–0, and Purdue beat Kansas State, 26–14
Pittsburgh won at Duke, 52–7
USC beat Oregon State 21–7
Pennsylvania defeated Swarthmore 20–6
California and St. Mary's played to a 0–0 tie.
Tulane beat Texas A&M, 13–10

October 12

In Baltimore, Notre Dame defeated Navy, 14–7.
SMU beat Austin College, 16–0
In Shreveport, TCU registered another shutout, beating Centenary College 28–0
Nebraska won at Syracuse, 13–6
USC won at Washington, 48–0, and California beat visiting Washington State, 14–0.
Purdue beat Michigan 30–16 and Illinois beat Bradley 45–0
Pittsburgh beat West Virginia 27–7
Pennsylvania beat Virginia Tech, 14–8
Tulane beat Mississippi State, 34–0

October 19

Pittsburgh handed Nebraska its first loss, 12–7;
TCU surrendered its first points, but beat Texas A&M, 13–7.  Illinois and Iowa played to a 7–7 tie.
Purdue beat DePauw 26–7
Tulane beat Lafayette College of Louisiana, 60–0
USC scored big again, with a 64–0 win over Occidental.  At 4–0–0, the Trojans had outscored their opponents 209–7.  In Chicago, Notre Dame defeated Wisconsin 19–0

In Philadelphia, (1–0–1) California and (3–0) Pennsylvania played, with California winning 12–7

October 26 During the weekend between October 24 and October 29, 1929 (see Wall Street Crash of 1929), SMU beat visiting Ole Miss, 52–0 and TCU, with a 131–7 aggregate lead over its opponents, won its fifth straight, a 22–0 win over Texas Tech.  In Pittsburgh, the Pitt Panthers beat Allegheny 40–0 and Notre Dame defeated Carnegie Tech 7–0.  Illinois beat visiting Michigan 14–0, and Purdue won at Chicago 26–0
The USC offense was held to single digits at Stanford, winning 7–0.  California defeated the non-college Olympic Club, 21–19.  Pennsylvania beat Lehigh 10–7 and in New Orleans, Tulane beat Georgia Tech, 20–14.  Nebraska and Missouri played to a 7–7 tie.

November

November 2
In Los Angeles, USC (5–0–0) hosted California (4–0–1).  California handed the Trojans their first loss, 15–7
In Dallas, unbeaten (3–0–2) SMU and unbeaten and untied Texas (5–0–0) both stayed unbeaten, playing to 0–0 tie.
Notre Dame beat visiting Georgia Tech 26–6
In Columbus, Georgia, Tulane beat Georgia, 21–15

TCU beat North Texas State, 25–0
Nebraska beat Kansas, 12–6
Purdue won at Wisconsin 13–0, but Illinois lost at Northwestern, 7–0,
Pittsburgh beat Ohio State, 18–2
Pennsylvania defeated Navy, 7–2

November 9

SMU won at Texas A&M 12–7 and TCU beat Rice, 24–0
Illinois beat Army, 17–7 and Purdue beat Ole Miss 27–7
Pittsburgh beat Washington & Jefferson 21–0
Notre Dame defeated Drake University
Tulane beat Auburn, 52–0
USC beat visiting Nevada, 66–0 and California beat Montana 53–18

At Philadelphia, (5–1–0) Penn State defeated (5–1–0) Pennsylvania, 19–7

November 16

In Chicago, a record crowd of 123,000 turned out at Soldier Field to watch Notre Dame (6–0–0) and USC (6–1–0).  Knute Rockne, who had been hospitalized with an infected leg, guided his team from a cot set behind the Notre Dame bench.  In the third quarter, the Irish took a 13–6 lead, on—Savoldi's plunge and Frank Carideo's extra point.  On the ensuing kickoff, -- Saunders ran the ball back 95 yards for a touchdown, but the point after failed, and Notre Dame held on to win 13–12.

Nebraska and visiting Oklahoma played to a 13–13 draw; at (2–1–3), the Cornhuskers had tied more games than they had won or lost.  SMU beat Baylor, 25–6.
TCU was (7–0–0) and had outscored its opposition 193–7; Texas (5–0–2) had an aggregate 120–0 lead on its opponents, though its last two games had been scoreless ties.  When they met at Austin, Texas scored first, but Cy Leland returned the kickoff 90 yards for a TCU score.  At halftime, TCU led 13–12 on the only extra point scored that day, and finished 15–12
Illinois defeated Chicago 20–6 and Purdue beat Iowa 7–0
Pittsburgh beat Carnegie Tech, 34–13
Pennsylvania visited Columbia and won 20–0
California beat Washington 7–0

Tulane defeated Sewanee 18–0

November 23
Nebraska won at Kansas State, 10–6
SMU beat Rice, 34–0
TCU beat Baylor, 34–7
Illinois beat Ohio State, 27–0, and Purdue won at Indiana 32–0 to finish its season unbeaten.  Notre Dame won at Northwestern 26–6.
USC beat visiting Idaho, 72–0
Stanford (7–2–0) and California met in Palo Alto, with Stanford winning 21–6.

November 28, Thanksgiving Day;
Pittsburgh beat Penn State 20–7
Pennsylvania beat Cornell 17–7
Nebraska closed its season with a 31–12 win over Iowa State, to finish at 4–1–3.

November 30
In a season-ending matchup of the Southwest Conference's two best teams at Fort Worth,
Texas Christian (9–0–0) hosted Southern Methodist (6–0–3).  Although SMU took a 7–0 lead in the third quarter, and held the Frogs once at the goal line, TCU reached the one on its next possession, and scored on third down.  Hawks Green's kick staved off an upset, tied the Mustangs 7–7, and gave TCU the conference title.

Notre Dame (8–0–0) closed its season at Yankee Stadium in New York, where it faced Army (6–2–1).  The Fighting Irish won 7–0.
USC beat Washington State, 27–7
Tulane closed its season with a 21–0 win at LSU, to finish unbeaten at 9–0–0

On December 14, USC defeated Carnegie Tech, 45–13.

1930 Rose Bowl

USC had been beaten earlier in the year, at Chicago, by Notre Dame. The Trojans and the Fighting Irish were not able to agree on a rematch, and USC was given the right to invite another eastern powerhouse—the unbeaten (9–0–0) Pittsburgh Panthers. Pitt's bid for a claim to the national championship started on the first play of the game, as Toby Uansa ran 68 yards before being tackled at the 11, but the Panthers failed to reach the end zone. Six minutes into the game, Russ Saunders and --- Edelson connected on a 56-yard pass play for USC's first touchdown. By halftime, USC led 26–0. Pitt finally scored in the third quarter to trail 33–7. After seven USC touchdowns, the final score was USC 47, Pitt 14.

Conference standings
For this article, major conferences defined as those including multiple state flagship public universities.

Major conference standings

Independents

Minor conferences

Minor conference standings

Dickinson System
The AP sportswriters' poll would not begin continuously until 1936. (although, the first time was a one instance publishing in 1934)  Frank G. Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, had invented the Dickinson System to rank colleges based upon their records and the strength of their opposition.

The system was originally designed to rank teams in the Big Nine (later the Big Ten) conference.  Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack Rissman then persuaded Dickinson to rank the nation's teams under the system, and awarded the Rissman Trophy to the winning university.

The system awarded 30 points for a win over a "strong team", and 20 for a win over a "weak team".  Losses were awarded points (15 for loss to a strong team, 10 for loss to a weak team).  Ties were treated as half a win and half a loss (22.5 for a tie with a strong team, 15 for a tie with a weak team).  An average was then derived by dividing the points by games played.

Final Dickinson rankings

Notre Dame and Pittsburgh, both with nine wins and no losses or ties (9–0) were ranked first and second by Dickinson, with the Irish getting the higher rating based on their opposition. As Grantland Rice noted in his column, "There is no questioning the fact that among the unbeaten teams who were not even tied, Notre Dame fought its way through the hardest field. But when it comes to saying that Notre Dame could beat Pittsburgh or that Notre Dame could beat Purdue or that Pittsburgh could beat Purdue -- that is something else again,"

Awards and honors

All-Americans

The consensus All-America team included:

Statistical leaders
Player scoring most points: Gene McEver, Tennessee, 130
Receptions leader: Wear Schoonover, Arkansas, 33

References


The Internet in Morocco is among the more developed in the MENA region. The country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Morocco is .ma.

Access
According to the ITU, Morocco has 20,535,174 Internet users, or a 58.3% penetration rate as of June 2017. This includes 12 million Facebook users. Between 2013 and 2014, the Moroccan Internet population grew by 1 million. As of 2015, 94.1% of Moroccan netizens use mobile devices to access the Internet.

In June 2015, Meditel became the first operator in the country and in North Africa to deploy 4G, followed two days later by Inwi.

In July 2015, Maroc Telecom deployed their 4G network, few weeks after its competitors.

According to the CIA, 8 Internet service providers are located in Morocco. These include Maroc Telecom, Orange Morocco, and Inwi.

To access the internet, the following options are available: 4G, ADSL, Fibre Internet, VSAT, CDMA, and public Wi-Fi.

Censorship

In 2020, Freedom House gave Morocco an Internet Freedom Score of 54/100, labeling its Internet "Partly Free."

References

Inovat - Agence Web Rabat Maroc


Lower Green Mill is a tower mill at Lower Green, located to the north of the village of Hindringham in the English county of Norfolk. The mill stands on the east side of the lane between Hindringham and Binham and is four miles east of Walsingham. The structure is a grade II listed building.

Description
The tower is constructed from Norfolk red bricks and has five storeys. On the top of the tower there was a Norfolk clinker boat style cap with a six-bladed fantail. The cap had a gallery and a petticoat around the base of the cap. The mill had four sails with double shutters each with eight bays of three shutters. The sails powered three pairs of millstones, of which one had a diameter of five feet. The internal machinery also included a sifter and a flour mill. Also on site a bakehouse was built in 1862. In March 1860 the windmill was badly damaged in a gale which prompted a 10 horse power Garwood steam engine to be installed to act as auxiliary power.

History
The windmill was built in 1844 and is located on the site of an early post mill. In 1908, after 64 years, Hindringham Lower Green tower windmill ceased working as a mill. In 1920 the windmill was sold by the Gunthorpe Estate and by 1937 the mill had become derelict. In 1970 the mill was sold and renovation work began to turn the windmill into residential use. In 1985 renovation work was carried out again with a new clinker boat-shape cap fitted with a gallery and a window. The windmill is a private residence and is not open to the public at the present time.

References

Windmills in Norfolk
Tower mills in the United Kingdom
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Grade II listed buildings in Norfolk
Windmills completed in 1844
North Norfolk
Grade II listed windmills
1844 establishments in England


Saint-Mard () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


The Barcelona Mass is a polyphonic mass written around 1360. Together with the Messe de Nostre Dame by Guillaume de Machaut and those of Toulouse, Tournai and the Sorbonne, it is one of the earliest preserved complete polyphonic musical settings of the Ordinary of the Mass. It is believed to belong to the repertoire of the Papal court at Avignon and is also linked to the chapel of King Martin I of Aragon.

It is preserved in a single manuscript kept in the Biblioteca de Catalunya in Barcelona (ms. 971), where it was found in 1925 by the musicologist Higinio Anglés.

It consists of the usual five parts, the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus and Agnus Dei. The Agnus Dei is written in four voices, while the other movements have three. The five parts are not written according to a unifying structural pattern and may have been written by different anonymous composers. The Gloria and Credo have also been independently preserved as standalone pieces in other sources. Unlike other mass cycles of the period, the Barcelona Mass contains neither a motetus over Ite, missa est nor a setting of the Benedictus, and its movements are not based on plain chant.

Recordings
 Atrium Musicae de Madrid: Messe de Barcelone – Ars Nova du XIVe siècle. Harmonia Mundi 1972
 Pro Cantione Antiqua, London, Mark Brown (dir.): Missa Tournai. Missa Barcelona. Harmonia Mundi 1980
 Ensemble médiéval de Toulouse: La Messe de Barcelone / La Messe de Toulouse. Ariane 1988
 Linnamuusikud: AD 1994. Tallinn : Linnamuusikud, 1994
 Obsidienne: Barcelona Mass / Song of the Sibyl. Opus 111, 1995

References
Richard H. Hoppin, Medieval Music. Norton, 1978.
María del Carmen Gómez Muntané, El manuscrito M971 de la Biblioteca de Catalunya (Misa de Barcelona). Barcelona, Biblioteca de Catalunya, 1989.

External links
Mass of Barcelona, La Trobe University, Medieval Music Database
Barcelona, Biblioteca de Catalunya 971 (olim 946), La Trobe University, Medieval Music Database.
DIAMM images (login required) and manuscript description Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music

Catalan music
Masses (music)
Anonymous musical compositions
Medieval compositions


Collage is a freestyle duo, featuring vocalist Anthony Monteleone and producer/songwriter Adam Marano in 1993, who also ran the Viper Records label for which Collage recorded. Viper's parent label Metropolitan issued the Viper's Freestyle Hit Parade compilation in 1994; it helped break the Collage single "I'll Be Loving You" nationally. The song went to number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100. However, "I'll Be Loving You" received significant Top 40 airplay on the handful of radio stations across the U.S. that had not abandoned the format in the early 1990s, due to rapidly changing musical tastes. Among the radio stations playing the song at the time are WRVQ "Q94" in Richmond and WBSS "Boss 97" in Atlantic City, N.J., in addition to Rhythmic stations such as WQHT "Hot 97" in New York, Wild 107.7 in San Francisco, Q97 in San José, CA KHTN Modesto’s 104.7 FM, San Diego’s Z90, Channel 933 and WPOW "Power 96" in Miami. It is largely considered to be the final freestyle dance release to receive airplay, concluding a nearly 10-year period, in fall 1994.  Internationally, the song can be heard today on such stations as "Planet 107.5" in San Jose, Costa Rica, which played the song at 1:35pm on 28 July 2022. To this date, the song continues to be a major spin in many of the old school radio stations around the U.S.

Debut album Chapter One was released in 1994, producing the less-successful follow-up single, "Gangster of Love". It also prominently featured female backup vocalist Denine. Collage's success helped spark a renewal of interest in freestyle during the 1990s (on a more underground rather than mainstream level), and Marano went on to work with several other vocalists like Alexia Phillips, Chris Phillips, Denine, Rockell and others.

The second Collage album Chapter II, released in 1999, didn't appear for another five years. However, it still managed to produce a hit single, "Angel". Third album Chapter 3 was released in late 2001, spawning the hit single "Tonight". In 2007, a fourth album was released, Chapter 4.

Discography

Studio albums
1994: Chapter One
1999: Chapter II: 1999
2001: Collage Chapter 3: 2001
2007: Chapter 4

Compilation albums
1996: Greatest Hits
2000: The Greatest Freestyle Hits
2002: The Greatest Hits
2007: Collage & Friends: Hits Anthology

Singles

See also
Freestyle music

References

Living people
American dance musicians
Musicians from California
American freestyle musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)


Roland Park Pictures, Inc. was an independent production company founded by filmmakers Elizabeth Holder and Xan Parker.

Founding
Holder and Parker had been childhood friends who "really did get their start performing plays on the staircase landing" of Parker's childhood home". They renewed their friendship after college when, during an accidental meeting, they discovered they were both working in the film industry. Parker had worked with Albert Maysles as an associate producer and Holder, who was a production assistant on Hairspray while still a teenager, had directed for Blues Clues. In 1999 they formed the production company, naming it after the Baltimore neighborhood of Roland Park where they'd grown up.

Production
Roland Park's first film was the 2003 documentary feature Risk/Reward. The film documented the lives of four women working on Wall Street.

Roland Park also produced the documentary series The Hill and the fiction short Weekend Getaway.

References

Film production companies of the United States


The 1883 Buffalo Bisons finished the season with a 52–45 record, good for fifth place in the National League. Star slugger Dan Brouthers won his second consecutive NL batting title with a .374 average and Pud Galvin posted 46 wins.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1883 Buffalo Bisons season at Baseball Reference

Buffalo Bisons (NL) seasons
Buffalo Bisons season
Buffalo


Pirani Ameena Begum (Hindustani:  / ; born Ora Ray Baker; 8 May 1892 – 1 May 1949) was the wife of Sufi Master Inayat Khan and the mother of their four children: World War II SOE agent Noor-un-Nisa (1914–1944), Vilayat (1916–2004), Hidayat (1917–2016) and Khair-un-Nisa (Claire) (1919–2011).

Life
Baker first met Khan in New York in 1911 when her half-brother and guardian, Pierre Bernard, engaged the master musician and mystic to teach his ward Indian music. However, he forbade the marriage and Khan sailed for London. Baker found his Indian home address among Bernard's papers when cleaning his desk; the letter was forwarded and she sailed for England alone. They married in 1913 in London, at which point she took the name "Ameena Begum". After living in London and then Paris, they traveled to Moscow, where she gave birth to Noor (January 1, 1914) the new family returned to Paris in July. World War I started in August and they left for England where they remained for the duration of the war. She left a collection of 101 poems, "A Rosary of one hundred and one beads". Some poems were lost during World War II, but 54 have been preserved and were published in 1998. She was a cousin of Mary Baker Eddy, founder of the Christian Science Church in the USA.

Hidayat Inayat Khan wrote: "In 1926, Hazrat Inayat Khan gave my Mother an exceptional initiation as "Pirani", which was only to be given to her. That special initiation was not to be given to any one else in the Sufi Movement, either in  the present or in the future". Hazrat Inayat Khan said in his Autobiography that without Ameena Begum's help he would never have been able to bring his Sufi Message to the Western world..

Articles and poetry

A Mother's Revelation, by Amina Begum Inayat Khan. "The Sufi" magazine No. 1 Vol. I, Febr. 1915
Women's Seclusion in the East, by Amina Begum Inayat Khan. "The Sufi" magazine No. 3 Vol. I, Sept. 1915
The children of today, by Amina Begum Inayat Khan. "The Sufi" magazine May. 1917
Poems from Thy Rosary of a Hundred Beads, a collection of poems written by 'Sharda, Pirani Ameena Begum Ora-Ray Inayat Khan'. "Caravanseari" magazine (Canada) November 1988 pp. 31–34
Poems from Thy Rosary of a Hundred Beads by 'Sharda, Pirani Ameena Begum Ora-Ray Inayat Khan'. Published in book of Hidayat Inayat Khan "Once upon a time..." Groningen (Netherlands) 1998 pp. 53–87
Rosary of a Hundred Beads 'Sharda' to 'Daya by Pirani Ameena Begum Ora Ray Baker. Published by Petama books (Zurich) , paperback, 64 p.

References

Sources
 HJ Witteveen. Universal Sufism. Publisher: Element Books Ltd (September 1997); , pp. 36–37
 Russo-Indian Relations in 1900-1917. A Selection of Documents. (in Russian). Moscow: The Oriental Literature (Russian Academy of Science). 1999;
 Spy Princess: The Life of Noor Inayat Khan. Shrabani Basu. Publisher: Omega Publications, Inc.; 1st edition (1 August 2007);
  Encyclopedia of Hinduism / Constance A. Jones and James D. Ryan. 2007 Facts On File, Inc. New York  (pp. 70–71)

External links
 bbc.co.uk/timewatch "Noor Inayat Khan: Life of a Spy Princess", bbc.co.uk; accessed 24 September 2016.

1892 births
1949 deaths
American Sufis
American Universalists
Sufi poets
Ināyati Sufis
20th-century American poets
American emigrants to England
American emigrants to France
American women poets
20th-century American women writers


Saint-Sornin () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Saint Sornin is just off the main road between Saintes and Marennes. There is only a bar/cafe and a bakery in the village, with the closest shops in Marennes. There is a small campsite just outside the village on the road to Brue. The road to Brue is a dead end, but there are some old ruins and a small bird life museum at the end of the road.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


is a Japanese competitor in synchronized swimming.

She received five Olympic medals at the 1996, 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics. The silver medal from the 2000 Olympics was in the duet with Miya Tachibana, and they also received a silver medal at the 2004 Olympics.

Miho is a graduate of Ritsumeikan University and the wife of Governor Eikei Suzuki of Mie.

References

External links
 Miho Takeda's official page

1976 births
Living people
Asian Games medalists in artistic swimming
Japanese synchronized swimmers
Olympic bronze medalists for Japan
Olympic medalists in synchronized swimming
Olympic silver medalists for Japan
Olympic synchronized swimmers for Japan
Sportspeople from Kyoto
Ritsumeikan University alumni
Spouses of Japanese politicians
Synchronized swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Synchronized swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Synchronized swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Artistic swimmers at the 1998 Asian Games
Artistic swimmers at the 2002 Asian Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in synchronised swimming
Synchronized swimmers at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships
Synchronized swimmers at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games


The Internet in Tunisia played an important role in the dramatic events of the Arab Spring which began in Tunisia. The ouster of previous President of Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ushered in more open access and use of the Internet. Political leaders in Tunisia are making use of social media to communicate with the electorate. Restructuring the Tunisian Internet Agency under the auspices of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies is one of the items that the transition government is working on.

Access

Tunisia has one of the most developed telecommunications infrastructures in North Africa with broadband prices among the lowest in Africa. Internet access is available throughout the country using a fibre-optic backbone and international access via submarine cables, terrestrial and satellite links. Tunisia's international bandwidth reached 37.5 Gbit/s in 2010, up from 1.3 Gbit/s in 2006.

In March 2010 there were 3,600,000 Internet users, 33.9% of the population, up from 9.3% in 2006. This compares favorably with the world average of 30.2%, the African average of 11.4%, and the Middle East average of 31.7%. There were 114,000 broadband subscriptions. 84% of Internet users accessed the Internet at home, 75.8% at work, and 24% use public Internet cafés. There were 2,602,640 Facebook users in June 2011 for a 24.5% penetration rate. This compares well with the 10.3% rate for the world as a whole, 3.0% for Africa, and the 7.5% rate for the Middle East.

As of December 2019, there were 7,898,534 Tunisian users on the internet, approximately 66.8% of the country's total population.

The Ministry of Communication Technologies established the Tunisian Internet Agency (ATI) to regulate the country’s Internet and domain name system (DNS) services. The ATI is also the gateway from which all of Tunisia’s eleven Internet service providers (ISPs) lease their bandwidth. Six of these ISPs are public (ATI, INBMI, CCK, CIMSP, IRESA and Defense's ISP); the other five — 3S Global Net, HEXABYTE, TopNet, Tunisia Telecom, Ooredoo Tunisia, and Orange Tunisia — are private.

The government has energetically sought to expand internet access. The ATI reports 100% connectivity in the education sector (universities, research laboratories, primary and secondary schools). Government-brokered "free Internet" programs provide web access for the price of a local telephone call and increased competition among ISPs has lowered costs and significantly reduced economic barriers to Internet access. Those for whom personal computers remain prohibitively expensive may also access the internet from more than 300 cybercafés set up by the authorities.

Censorship

Internet censorship in Tunisia decreased significantly following the ouster of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, as the new acting government removed filters on social networking sites such as Facebook and YouTube.
Tunisia is listed on Reporters Without Borders list of Countries Under Surveillance in 2011.

Prior to the Tunisian revolution Internet censorship in Tunisia was extensive. The OpenNet Initiative classified Internet filtering as pervasive in the political, social, and Internet tools areas and as selective in the conflict/security area in August 2009.

See also
 Media of Tunisia
 Internet censorship in the Arab Spring
 Telecommunications in Tunisia

References

Communications in Tunisia


Lend () is the 4th district of the Austrian city of Graz. It is located on the west bank of the Mur and north of the district Gries and west of the district Innere Stadt and the Schloßberg.

It has a population of 28,249 (in 2011) and covers an area of 3.7 square kilometres. The postal codes of Lend are 8020 and 8051.

Points of interest
 Kalvarienbergkirche and Kalvarienberg
 Mariahilfer Kirche
 Grazer Kunsthaus
 Grazer Orpheum, a small theater built in 1899

References

Districts of Graz


Lerma is a municipality located just east of Toluca and 54 km west of Mexico City in State of Mexico, Mexico. The municipal seat city of Lerma de Villada was founded in the early colonial period and named after the Duke of Lerma in Spain. The municipal area saw two battles of the Mexican War of Independence, the Battle of Monte de las Cruces and the Battle of Lerma. For a time after independence, the city was the capital of Mexico State before it was moved to Toluca.  The municipality is in one of the most densely populated areas of Mexico and is growing. Much of this growth is occurring near the Toluca-Mexico City highway and on the floodplains of the Lerma River. The latter has caused significant problems with flooding when the river overflows its banks during the rainy season.
The Nahuatl name for the area is Cacamilhuacan, which translates to “crows in the field.” In the early colonial period, the area was called Santa Clara Cacamilhuacan. The municipality has both an Aztec glyph with a crow reflecting its Nahuatl name and a Spanish coat of arms.

History
The area was first inhabited by the Otomis, the Mazahuas and the Matlatzincas. Much of this area was marshland fed by the Lerma River. Some claim that the city was founded by the Matlatzincas before the Aztecs arrived, but this is disputed. The area was subdued in 1426 by the Aztec emperor Itzcoatl, when the main settlement was Huitzizilapan. After the Spanish Conquest, the area was divided into encomenderos with this area under the control of Isabel Moctezuma, with Martín Chimaltecatl, the indigenous leader of Ocoyocac having influence. At that time the major settlement here was San Pedro Tultepec as the city of Lerma did not exist. The city would be founded in 1616 as a village.

During the Mexican War of Independence, the most significant events to occur near here were the Battle of Monte de las Cruces in October 1810 and the Battle of Lerma in May 1812. The first was a pivotal battle in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla defeated royalist General Trujillo. The second was a battle for control of the city of Lerma.

The municipality of Lerma was created in 1826, soon after the erection of the State of Mexico. Just before the Reform War, Lerma became the sixth capital of Mexico State, until it was changed to Toluca in 1868. The municipality of San Mateo Atenco separated from Lerma in 1871, taking with it San Pedro Tultepec, This community returned to Lerma in 1874. The first railway line through here, connecting Toluca and Mexico City was built in the late 19th century.

During the Mexican Revolution, the city was mostly spared but outlying haciendas in the municipality such as Doña Rosa Santa Catarina and San Nicolas Peralta were attacked.

In 1936, the La Marquesa National Park was created, part of which is in the municipality of Lerma.
In 1940, the construction of an aqueduct called “Alto Lerma” was begun to divert water to Mexico City. The first industries located here in 1960 in what is now known as Parque Industrial Lerma. This would accelerate the growth of the city and municipality.

During restructuring of the municipality's records between 1958 and 1960, it was found that several communities actually belonged to Ocoyocac and not Lerma. The communities of Peñon, La Escondida, El Portezuelo, La Marqueza and El Zarco were then administratively handed over.

In 2005, municipality residents along the highway blocked and closed it demanding that a pedestrian bridge be built in the area. The Lerma section of the Toluca-Mexico City highway had seen a large number of car/pedestrian accidents. Demonstrators stated that they had requested the bridge for years from authorities to no avail. A short time prior to the demonstration, two minors were struck by a vehicle and one died. The demonstration backed up traffic on the westbound lanes all the way onto Paseo Tollocan in Toluca.

A station is being constructed in Lerma along the Toluca–Mexico City commuter rail that will provide commuter rail service to Toluca and Mexico City. Service will commence in 2019.

The city
The city center is located just north of the Toluca-Mexico City highway. In the center is the Parish of Santa Clara, which dates from 1693 with altarpieces from the 18th century. The Chapel of the Señor de la Caña contains an image of Christ which is locally venerated. The Temple of San Francisco dates from the 17th century. The feast of the Señor de la Caña is on 6 January and the feast for Santa Clara is on 12 August. The center has traditional markets called a tianguis, which on certain days swell to include vendors from the surrounding areas. Lerma is known for its production of cold cuts and sausages, especially chorizo.  Lerma used to have a signature dish called frog soup, but this has mostly disappeared due to the loss of marshlands here. In markets and tianguis, one can find barbacoa, tacos, tamales and other traditional central Mexican dishes. However, one can occasionally find tamales with frogs’ legs in the center.

In 2009, the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana submitted plans to build a campus in Lerma on 23 hectares that were donated to the school by the federal government. The campus is projected to be opened in September 2010.

Prior to the colonial period, the Lerma River here was an interconnected series of lagoons and wetlands that covered much of the river valley.  Drainage and other modifications have dried the marshes and left floodplains. Parts of the city and municipality of Lerma is prone to sudden and fierce flooding during the rainy season.  These floods can affect thousands of people, prompting the need for rescue and at times displacing them for as much as a week.  The floods spread the dirty and contaminated water of the river through homes and wild animals such as scorpions and snakes invade neighborhoods. This can prompt local declarations of disaster areas. The river has dikes and other water containment systems but they are insufficient, especially when garbage clogs drainage canals. The growing population of the municipality is pushing development onto what is left of the undeveloped floodplain, leading to more flooding problems.

The most evident growth of the city has taken place in the areas around the Toluca-Mexico City highway to the Toluca International Airport. This area has always been important, with two of the city's best known monuments, the Lerma Bridge, constructed between the 17th and 18th centuries and the old highway arch being in this area. The latter was built in 1942 on the old highway connecting Toluca and Mexico City and in a style called  “national Neoclassical” (neoclasico nacionalista). It is located 200 meters from the Lerma Bridge. The municipality's main industrial park is located here and accounts for about 60% of the industry in the municipality. Businesses here produce processed foods, textiles, metals, automobiles and chemical products, by companies such as Avcomex, Diconsa, Bayer, Barcel and Unilever.  About 340 businesses total are in the park. The park has over 60 hectares of subdivided land available for further expansion. Some of the enterprises located here include.

The highway has also attracted a number of commercial developments. The Las Plazas Outlet is one of the very few outlet malls in Mexico, located in the municipality on the Toluca- Mexico City highway. The mall contains over 150 stores selling a number of name brands at between 30 and 80% discount, including Zara, Massimo Dutti, Hugo Boss, Zegna, Nike, Reebok, Palacio de Hierro, Pull & Bear, Levi's, Aca Joe and Nine West. The mall was opened in 2002 and during its first year of operations it had over seven million visits. Some of these customers are wholesalers who redistribute products in other parts of the country. The Plaza Sendero Toluca is one of the newest shopping malls in the municipality, opened in 2006.  It is located in an area of the municipality experiencing growth due to its proximity to the Toluca airport and the Toluca-Mexico City highway. The mall was created by Grupo Acosta Verde with numerous stores and three hotels. Some of the businesses located here include Soriana, City Club, Cinepolis and about 150 others. The municipality also contains the first and only self-storage business, U-Storage, in Mexico. This was constructed and opened in the mid 2000s.

Attempts to build a north-south highway to serve the city  have been problematic. A highway linking the city with the southern part of Mexico State and the state of Morelos has generated significant controversy since it was proposed. Critics state that the Lerma-Tres Marias Highway threatened forests in the southern part of Mexico State. These critics have included Greenpeace and the Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental. The purpose of the highway is to provide a bypass for Mexico City for traffic to the west and south. However, critics state the highway passes through the Bosque de Agua forest, which is an important aquifer recharge area for the cities of Cuernavaca, Toluca and Mexico City.

The municipality
As municipal seat, the city of Lerma is the local governing authority for over eighty other named communities,  which together cover an area of 228.64km2. About sixteen percent of the municipality's population lives in the city proper. Many of the rest live in subdivisions called “fraccionamientos” that surround the city.  Due to its mostly urban nature, less than 4% of the population speaks an indigenous language, mostly Nahuatl and Otomi.The municipality borders the municipalities of Jilotzingo, Xonacatlan, Capulhuac, Santiago Tianguistenco, Huixquilucan, Naucalpan de Juarez, Ocoyoacac, Metepec, San Mateo Atenco and Toluca.

The municipality's territory is irregular with rolling hills leading up to the Sierra de Las Cruces mountain range, which extend from north to south on the east side of the municipality. In this range, there are a number of steep valleys, such as Salazar. Most of the residents are found in the foothills of the Sierra. The western part used to be occupied by the Lerma Lake, a marsh connected with the Lerma River. This river is the main surface water source although there are some other streams and fresh-water springs. Most of the municipality's potable water is provided by 38 deep wells. The climate is temperate and fairly moist. The warmest months are May and June with most rains occurring from June to October.  Average high temperatures are around 19C.. Lows average about 7C but freezing temperatures in winter are not uncommon. The higher elevations are covered in forests of fir and pine. In the center of the municipality there are grass areas and willow, eucalyptus and other trees. Wildlife consists mostly of small mammals and reptiles. The soils and rocks here are volcanic in origin, with the west dominated by old lake and marshbeds.

About 41% of the municipality's territory is still dedicated to agriculture. Eighty percent of what is grown is corn and the rest divided among other crops. Livestock mostly consists of domestic fowl such as chickens and turkeys.

Crafts are still practiced in a number of smaller communities in the municipality. In San Pedro Tultepec, rattles, dolls and other toys are made. San Migul Ameyalco specializes in embroidered items such as napkins and tablecloths with some fireworks made here as well. Elaborate adornments for church doors called “portadas” are made with agave, flowers and other plants in Huitzizilapan and Xochicuautla. Traditional clay comals are made in Santiago Analco, San Pedro Tultepec and San Miguel Ameyalco.
San Pedro Tultepec is known for the production of rustic and European style furniture as well as fireworks. It is one of the major producers of traditional Mexican rustic furniture in the Mexico City area. About 80% of the village's population of 15,000 is dedicated to furniture making. The community also has a Furniture Festival each year.  The town is also known for its veneration of  the Virgin of Candelaria which is celebrated every year on 2 February. The day is celebrated with traditional dance, fireworks, amusement rides and various religious activities. Food featured is mole rojo and rice. The town is surrounded by a number of lagoons, making fishing and duck hunting popular here. However, both these activities have been negatively affected by the dumping of garbage and other contaminants in the waterways.

Economy
The Mexican division of Nissin Foods has its headquarters in Lerma.

References

Populated places in the State of Mexico
Municipalities of the State of Mexico
Otomi settlements


Rosa Sonneschein (12 March 1847 – 12 May 1932) was the founder and editor of The American Jewess magazine. It was the first English-language periodical targeted to American Jewish women.

Personal life
Sonneschein was born in Prostějov, Moravia in 1847 to Fannie and Hirsch Bär Fassel. In 1864, she married Rabbi Solomon Sonneschein and moved with his congregational posts to Varaždin, Prague, New York City, and finally to St. Louis, Missouri. They had four children: Ben, Fanny, Leontine, and Monroe, who would later in his life contribute to the magazine. Sonneschein was an active rebbetzin in St. Louis and helped lead ladies' meetings, choral societies, and later founded the Pioneers, a Jewish women's literary society. Rosa and Solomon divorced in 1893. Their prominence in the community and the rarity of divorce at the time caused a sensation reported on in the New York Times. The divorce was granted to Rabbi Sonneschein on the grounds of desertion and thus she was left without alimony, leading her to enterprise on her journalistic skills to support herself. She died on March 5, 1932, in St. Louis.

Career
Sonneschein was a moderate liberal who was sympathetic to Zionism and believed in synagogal rights for women. In 1880, she wrote an essay "The Pioneers" which described her society by the same name. In May 1893, she participated on Press Congress panel at the World's Colombian Exposition in Chicago, where she spoke on "Newspaperwomen in Austria"." Here she described the need for a magazine specifically for American Jewish women. Later in the year, she attended the Jewish Women’s Congress at the same Exposition, and won support from prominent middle-class Jewish women interested in literary, philanthropic, and religious questions. This same congress formed the National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), to which Sonneschein lent her support. In April 1895, she founded and edited a new magazine called The American Jewess.

From her Editor's Desk column, Soneschein used the magazine as a platform to advocate for her political and religious views. She urged NCJW members to fight for religious equality within their synagogues, criticized the New Woman ideal, and was one of the first journalists to champion a Jewish homeland in the British Mandate of Palestine.

She was a great admirer of Theodor Herzl and he first wrote for an American audience in her magazine. She was sent as a delegate to the First Zionist Conference in Basel in 1897.

In 1898, she sold the magazine, but stayed on as editor. Over time, she grew increasingly frustrated and publicly critical of NCJW, because the organization did not take up her passion for Zionism or her religious goals. The American Jewess continued to struggle financially and its last issue was published in August 1899. Sonneschein continued to write, but she did not stay involved in the Zionist movement or Jewish women's activism.

Selected works
"The American Jewess." American Jewess (February 1898)
"The National Council of Jewish Women and Our Dream of Nationality". American Jewess (October 1896)
The Pioneers: An Historical Essay (May 1880)
"Plucked from the Grave" Jewish Messenger (Marcy 1885)
"Something About the Women's Congress in Brussles". American Jewess (October 1897)
"Three Kisses" Translated from German by Julius Wise. American Jews' Annual (1884–85)
"The Zionist Congress". American Jewess (October 1897)

References

External links
Jewish Women's Archive Twitter for Rosa Sonneschein

1847 births
1932 deaths
American people of Czech-Jewish descent
American women journalists
Jewish American writers
Jewish women writers
Writers from Prostějov
Writers from St. Louis
Moravian Jews


The Internet in Zimbabwe has seen rapid expansion in recent years. The Internet country code top-level domain is .zw. In 2009, the Mugabe-Tsvangirai Government of National Unity established a Ministry of Information and Communications Technology to focus on ICT growth and development.

History of the Internet in Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe's first internet service provider (ISP), Data Control & Systems, was established in 1994.  In 1997, the national Posts and Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) built a national Internet backbone to sell bandwidth to private ISPs.  The Postal and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe (POTRAZ) oversees ISP licensing.  As of 2009, licenses cost US$2–4 million, depending on the level of service the ISP wished to provide, plus 3.5 percent of the ISP's annual gross income. The most recent membership list on the Zimbabwe Internet Service Providers Association (ZISPA) web site, last updated in 2007, comprises 28 ISPs.

Statistics
Approximately 40 percent (5.2 million) of Zimbabwe's population were internet users as of January 2014. This contrasts with 15.7 percent in 2011  and 0.4 percent in the year 2000. Most of the users (5.16 million) access internet via mobile devices.

Operators
Liquid Telcom, a subsidiary of Econet Wireless, is the leading internet player in Zimbabwe. Their local fibre network is the largest in the country  and since early 2013 they also operate the largest fibre network in Africa. Liquid's pan-African fibre network stretches across nine countries (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Lesotho, Botswana, Zambia, DRC, Rwanda, and Uganda).

As of 2011, Zimbabwe's largest ISPs were YoAfrica and Zimbabwe Online (ZOL). Government-owned communications company TelOne is another major ISP; it provides bandwidth to most other ISPs in the country. TelOne has been plagued by financial and infrastructure problems. GISP, an ISP operating since 1998, provides internet services to the government and to parastatal organizations.

Legal and regulatory framework

The Post and Telecommunications Act of 2000 allows the government to monitor e-mail usage and requires ISPs to supply information to government officials when requested. The Supreme Court, however, ruled in 2004 that the sections of the law that permit monitoring violated the constitution. The government struck back with an initiative that requires ISPs to renew contracts with TelOne with the stipulation that they report any e-mail with “offensive or dangerous” content. In essence, this requires ISPs to do what the Supreme Court has ruled unconstitutional. The Zimbabwe Internet Service Providers Association has stated that none of its members will sign agreements with TelOne.

The government strengthened its Internet surveillance policies with the Interception of Communications Bill of 2006. Under its provisions, the government will establish a telecommunications agency called the Monitoring and Interception of Communications Center to oversee, among other things, all telecommunications and postal services. Telecommunications and Internet service providers are required to ensure that their systems are technically capable of monitoring and to cover all associated costs. The government initially withdrew the bill in November 2006 over constitutionality objections from the Parliamentary Legal Committee, but the parliament approved it in June 2007.

In June 2009, the government began discussing a new Information Communication and Technology Bill, which will take the place of the Broadcasting Services Act and the Posts and Telecommunications Act. It will also amend some sections of the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, which, among other things, governs the accreditation of journalists. If passed, the bill will consolidate ICT regulation under the proposed National Information and Communications Technology Authority of Zimbabwe, which will oversee ICT, broadcasting and postal services. The Authority will technically be an independent organization, though it will also be responsible for enacting government policies, a duty that may compromise its independence.

Surveillance and censorship

The Posts and Telecommunications Act introduced by Zimbabwe on 8 March 2000 empowers the government to intercept private e-mail traffic at its discretion. Sending or receiving disparaging comments about the country and its leadership rendered Zimbabwean nationals liable for a Z$200,000 fine. A spokesman for Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights claimed that the legislation was "designed to remind internet service providers and others that they operated only at the mercy of the president."

According to Reporters Without Borders, during the 2008 presidential elections, government forces hacked into journalists’ e-mail accounts; eight journalists were fired for allegedly failing to support Mugabe and the ZANU-PF. Employees of the Reserve Bank are not allowed to receive e-mails containing the words “Morgan Tsvangirai” or “MDC”; the bank has had an e-mail content manager installed since 2006 that prevents e-mails with political content from reaching their intended recipients. In 2005, authorities arrested 40 people in a raid on a local Internet café because an e-mail insulting Mugabe was sent from the location.

The OpenNet Initiative conducted testing on Zimbabwean ISP CABSAS in September 2008 and found no evidence of filtering.

In 2017 it was announced that a new Board Of Censors headed by Home Affairs Minister Ignatius Chombo will be commissioned to tackle the spread of information in the digital age.

See also
.zw

References

Telecommunications in Zimbabwe


The 1884 Buffalo Bisons finished the season with a 64–47 record, good for third place in the National League.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1884 Buffalo Bisons season at Baseball Reference

Buffalo Bisons (NL) seasons
Buffalo Bisons season
Buffalo


Sonnac may refer to the following places in France:

Sonnac, Aveyron, a commune in the department of Aveyron
Sonnac, Charente-Maritime, a commune in the department of Charente-Maritime
Sonnac-sur-l'Hers, a commune in the department of Aude


Sonnac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Chépica is a Chilean town and commune in Colchagua Province, O'Higgins Region.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Chépica spans an area of  and has 13,857 inhabitants (7,100 men and 6,757 women). Of these, 6,949 (50.1%) lived in urban areas and 6,908 (49.9%) in rural areas. The population fell by 1.7% (244 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Chépica is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2021-24 alcalde is Fabián Soto.

References

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Colchagua Province


Gaylord Texan Resort & Convention Center is an American hotel and convention center, opened in Grapevine, Texas 30 minutes from Dallas - Fort Worth, on April 4, 2004. It has  of meeting space and 1,814 guest rooms.

Gaylord Texan is owned by Ryman Hospitality Properties (formerly known as Gaylord Entertainment Company), and operated by Marriott International. It is a sister hotel to the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center, Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center, and Gaylord Palms Resort & Convention Center.

In 2004, 2005, 2009, 2017 and 2018 it was the location of QuakeCon, a gaming convention based in Texas.

The resort hosted the National Conference of the Technology Student Association from June 28, 2015, through July 2, 2015 and 2022 National TSA Competition.

The Glass Cactus nightclub located at the hotel was named one of Billboard magazine's 25 Hottest Clubs in North America in 2012.

Every year, starting with the second half of the NCAA Division I Football season, the College Football Playoff committee convenes at the hotel on a weekly basis to rank the top 25 teams in its weekly rankings, with their final meeting determining which four teams will advance to play for the National Championship.

Annual events
The resort features an annual event with different themes each year. The event is called ICE! and Lone Star Christmas and is sponsored by different corporations every year. Each annual exhibit is a different holiday theme such as Charlie Brown, Nutcracker, Shrek, and Frosty the Snowman.

References

External links
Gaylord Texan Official Website
Event space

Hotels in Texas
Gaylord Hotels
Buildings and structures in Tarrant County, Texas
Tourist attractions in Tarrant County, Texas


Thors may refer to the following:

Thors, a 2015 comic series featuring multiple versions of Thor (Marvel Comics)
Thors, Aube, a French commune in the department of Aube
Thors, Charente-Maritime, a French commune in the department of Charente-Maritime
Thorsborg, Minnesota, a United States ghost town in the state of Minnesota
Thors, a character from the manga Vinland Saga who serves as the father to the protagonist Thorfinn


Nancagua () is a Chilean city and commune in Colchagua Province, O'Higgins Region.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Nancagua spans an area of  and has 15,634 inhabitants (7,959 men and 7,675 women). Of these, 9,264 (59.3%) lived in urban areas and 6,370 (40.7%) in rural areas. The population grew by 8.5% (1,220 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Nancagua is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2021-2024 alcalde is Mario Bustamante.

References

External links

  Municipality of Nancagua

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Colchagua Province


Dooley is a ghost town in northeastern Sheridan County, Montana, United States. The town was established as a station stop and one of the first four depots along the Soo Line Railroad branch line to Whitehall.

History
The town began in 1912 or earlier, when the railroad was coming through and landed on the corner of W.D Dooley's property. Around 40 buildings went up at once, to become the business area. It was one of the only towns not to move since the beginning of the railroad. George Epler was the town cashier and the organizer of the Citizen State Bank. Guy Clerke and the Epler Brothers had two general stores in town. George Wright owned the hardware store, where they would hold different gatherings upstairs, until the theater was built. The Confectionery and the post office was owned by Peter Hegseth. The post office at Dooley operated from at least 1912 to 1957. He had to rebuild them after they caught in a fire. There were two saloons in town; one was owned by Hans Nelson and the other by Jim Kings.

Although the land around Dooley attracted numerous homesteaders during the first years following the railroad's completion, the region proved to be unsuited for intensive agricultural use, and by the 1920s the town was in decline. Though the railroad remains in operation, Dooley is now a ghost town. The only building that was still standing is the long-abandoned Rocky Valley Lutheran Church, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. The church collapsed on the morning of July 8, 2019.

Ted Nelson was a popular man in town and owned many of the businesses. He bought the Herman Bretzke building and started the first restaurant in Dooley. Mrs. Nelson managed the restaurant. The Racket (Variety) Store was owned by Ted. Ted also then bought and started a meat market, and had Christ Grythnes as the meat cutter. His meat market was one of the two in town. The other was caught in all three of Dooley’s fires.

The first edition of the newspaper, The Dooley Sun was dated November 7, 1913. The paper was owned and edited by W.R. Vezina. The electric plant was run by Loyal Goss. He had also bought the Feed Mill from M.E. Lerbeck and Iver Johnson. The power was turned on every evening till midnight, also on Tuesdays during the day for a few hours for the women to do the washing and ironing. The power would blink ten minutes before midnight to let everyone know that it would be turned off shortly. The blacksmith shop was owned by Ed Campell and Newt Shaw. They did very well in their business, sharpening plowshares and keeping machinery in shape. The blacksmith shop had a few owners after the original ones moved away. There were other business around the town, some of them were short lived, while others were sold to new owners. There were two doctors in town, Dr. Sells and Dr. Cooper. There were a lot of different business in the early days of Dooley. As time went on they slowly died out. The town had a Commercial Club, Fire Department, a band and a baseball team. There were two barbers in town. At one time there were four different lumber yards.

There were three elevators built, because of the large amount of grain that crossed the Canada–US border. Nels Markuson managed the elevators. Otto and Arthur Stadig built a big barn to board horses. They were able to care for over 100 horses. The mail was delivered from Plentywood in 1913–1914. The first postmaster of Dooley was Peter Hegseth, who ran the office out of his house. There were two other postmasters, Willard Markuson and Ambrose Schumacher. The post office was closed in June 1957, and a route was established out of Westby. Church was held in George Wrights Hall, and led by Rev. F.E. Henry. Then it was held by Fr. Hennssey. The Rocky Valley Lutheran Church was built in 1915. The Ladies Aid furnished it. The first minister was Rev. S.J. Fretheim, and his first serviced was held in P.T. Hegseth farm house. After 1945 the church had closed due to so many people leaving the area, and was sold to a local farmer.

In the fall of 1913, the school district was formed along with the school board that consisted of, Jim King, George Epler, and W.D. Dooley. For three years an old homestead shack was used as their classroom, where Miss Alice Murphy taught. In 1915 a school was built and the classes become more regular. Until 1931 the grade school children were taught in the large room, and then it was decided that a high school should be built. The new high school had its first graduating class in 1932, with six students. The high school also had their own newspaper, "The Dooley Dew," then later changed to fit the mascot to "The Eagle Eye." The high school tried to create a radio station, but due to the lack of power they never bought a license for it. Over time the families around moved away and the local children were bused to Plentywood for school.

Dooley suffered many different kinds of disasters. In May 1916, the west side of Main Street caught on fire, wrecking many of the businesses. Four years later the east side suffered a fire destroying many of the local businesses. Also a year before, in 1919 a smaller fire took place and wrecked a garage and two smaller businesses. In 1934 a tornado came through town, wiping out the Stadig Livery Barn. The town also suffered infestations of armyworms, grasshoppers and Mormon crickets, which harmed local agriculture. Some of the winters that the town faced were very severe and kept the train from passing through. The trains feared that they would freeze up or run out of fuel.

Over the years people moved to the surrounding areas due to the fires and infestations. The town's population slowly dwindled and the buildings were sold or torn down. The elevators were sold to Jim Syme.

See also
Rocky Valley Lutheran Church, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Notes

References

Budke (Hilyard), May and Pamla Hendrickson (Fouhy). Sheridan's Daybreak III. Sheridan County Daybreakers Genealogy Society. Plentywood, MT: Sheridan County Daybreakers Genealogy Society, 2005. Google. Web. 11 Oct. 2012.

Geography of Sheridan County, Montana
Ghost towns in Montana
Populated places established in 1913
1913 establishments in Montana


Patricia del Cármen Verdugo Aguirre (October 20, 1947 – January 13, 2008) was a Chilean journalist, writer and human rights activist. She focused much of her investigative reporting on the human rights abuses committed by the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. She was a recipient of the National Prize for Journalism and the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes.

Early life
Verdugo was born in 1947. She earned her bachelor's degree in journalism from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.

Career
She began working for a number of well known Chilean media outlets beginning in 1969. Her magazine employers included Hoy and Apsi.

Though she continued to work in magazines, Verdugo ultimately became well known for her books, many of which focused on human rights abuses during the military regime of Gen. Pinochet, which lasted from 1973 until 1990. Verdugo's own father was killed by the Chilean secret police in 1976. Through her work and investigative reporting, Verdugo became one of Pinochet's harshest critics.

Her most well known book, Los Zarpazos del Puma (Clawings of the Puma, was published in 1985, while Pinochet was still in power. The book recounts the extrajudicial murders of more than 70 members of the Chilean opposition between the months of October to November in 1973, shortly after Pinochet took power. The killings were carried out by a Chilean military unit called the "caravan of death," which was tasked with killing political prisoners and other "enemies" of Pinochet.

Los Zarpazos del Puma was banned by the Pinochet government when it was first released. However, black market copies were widely sold on the streets of major cities, such as Santiago, despite the ban. The book became, perhaps, the most widely read in Chile's history.

Nearly all of the claims that Verdugo put forth in Los Zarpazos del Puma was later verified as factual and correct as the result of an investigation by Chilean Judge Juan Guzman, who prosecuted Augusto Pinochet for the murder of opponents.

Death
Patricia Verdugo died of gallbladder cancer on January 13, 2008, at Catholic University Hospital in Santiago, Chile.

References

External links
The Guardian: Patricia Verdugo obituary

1947 births
2008 deaths
Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)
Chilean activists
Chilean women activists
Chilean political writers
Chilean women journalists
Deaths from cancer in Chile
Maria Moors Cabot Prize winners
People from Santiago
Deaths from gallbladder cancer
20th-century Chilean women writers
20th-century Chilean non-fiction writers
21st-century Chilean women writers
21st-century Chilean non-fiction writers


Thors is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Stradbally GAA (Irish: ) is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in Stradbally, County Waterford, Ireland, with teams in both Gaelic Football and Hurling. Players include Waterford county hurling captain, Michael Walsh.

Despite being so successful in the County Senior Football Championship, winning 19 times, Stradbally have never won the Munster Senior Club Championship, being losing finalists twice. Stradbally won 5 Waterford Senior championships in a row between 2001-2005. They won further titles in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015 & 2017.Despite winning the 2017 Waterford Senior Football Championship, Stradbally did not represent Waterford in the 2017 Munster Senior Club Football Championship due to the county not completing its club championship in time- the county final occurring a week after the provincial final due to the hurling having been prioritised. This meant Waterford had no team in the Munster Championship that year. This was not the first time Stradbally had been negatively affected in terms of participation in the provincial championship, having in 2015 been forced to play their Munster Quarter Final only one day after winning the County Final.

Honours
 Waterford Senior Football Championship: 19
 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1987, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2012,2015, 2017
 Runners-Up: 1936, 1939, 1945, 1961, 1977, 1990, 1991, 1999, 2006, 2011, 2013,2014
 Waterford Junior Football Championship: 5
 1932, 1957, 2006, 2016, 2022.
 Munster Senior Club Football Championship
 Runners-Up: 1980, 2004
 Waterford Minor Football Championships: 3
 1937, 1964, 2006
 Waterford Under-21 Football Championship: 2
 1997, 1999
 Waterford Intermediate Hurling Championship: 2
 1993, 1998
 Waterford Junior Hurling Championship: 1
1974

Notable players
 Michael "Brick" Walsh (All-Star winner in 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2017)

References

External links
Official Stradbally GAA Club website
Hogan Stand

Gaelic games clubs in County Waterford
Hurling clubs in County Waterford
Gaelic football clubs in County Waterford
1908 establishments in Ireland


Paul Comstive (25 November 1961 – 29 December 2013) was an English professional footballer who mainly played as a midfielder. He played in the Football League for seven different clubs and also played non-league football.

Playing career
Born in Southport, Comstive was to spend the vast majority of his career in the north-west of England, beginning as an apprentice at Blackburn Rovers in October 1979. He went on to make six league appearances for Rovers, with two loan spells with Rochdale following before a move to Wigan Athletic in August 1983.

After a three-year stint with Wrexham from 1984 to 1987, Comstive made an £8,000 switch to Burnley. This spell saw him play at Wembley Stadium in the 1988 Associate Members' Cup Final against Wolverhampton Wanderers.

Comstive moved on again in 1989 to Bolton Wanderers for £37,000, with his two seasons at Burnden Park ending in losses in the Third Division play–offs. Two of the three goals he scored for Bolton came direct from corner kicks in the 4–1 home win against Bournemouth in January 1991. Later that year he was to help Wanderers towards the divisional Play-offs where they eventually lost out to Tranmere Rovers at Wembley Stadium. In November 1991 Comstive moved to Chester City for £10,000. He scored in the first Football League match at the Deva Stadium between Chester and Burnley on 5 September 1992 but was released at the end of the 1992–93 season. Many of his appearances for Chester came at full-back.

This marked the end of Comstive's professional career. He joined hometown club Southport and went on to play for fellow non-league clubs Morecambe and Chorley. Comstive had a short spell on the coaching staff at Southport and also worked for Burscough. He later worked at Fleetwood Hesketh FC and at Royal Mail as a postman.

On 29 December 2013, he died suddenly following a heart attack.

References

External links

Bolton Wanderers career details
Burnley career details
A–Z of Wigan Athletic players

1961 births
2013 deaths
English men's footballers
Footballers from Southport
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football fullbacks
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
Morecambe F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players


The 1885 Buffalo Bisons finished the season with a 38–74 record, good for seventh place in the National League.  As things continued to implode on the field, the team ownership sold the whole franchise to the Detroit Wolverines. With all their players gone, the team finished out the season with local amateurs filling in.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1885 Buffalo Bisons season at Baseball Reference

Buffalo Bisons (NL) seasons
Buffalo Bisons season
Buffalo


Bagar is a small village in Pauri Garhwal district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The population of Bagar is around 1,275, 644 being male, and 631 being female; 247 children, ages 0 to 6, live there as of 2011. Literacy rates run around an average of 53.4%, with 66.8% for men and 40.12% for women. Bagar covers a wide geographical area of 155.22 hectares.

The main source of income is agriculture. The village has a primary and secondary school, which is common for many villages around. Few children attend the school because of migration of citizens to nearby towns and cities. Children go to Rikhnikhal / Siddhkhal for senior schooling.

There are two temples there which resemble Mata Sherawali Mandir.

References

Hindu pilgrimage sites in India
Tourism in Uttarakhand
Villages in Pauri Garhwal district


Anthony "Tony" McGuinness (born 1 January 1961) is an English-born Irish musician bassist formerly of the Irish rock band Aslan.

Career
He originally started his music career as a drummer in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but switched to bass guitar soon after being influenced by watching his cousin Steve Garvey on bass guitar for UK punk outfit The Buzzcocks. He is one of the co-founders of Aslan, and wrote many of their most popular songs including "She's So Beautiful", "Comfort Me", "Jealous Little Thing", "Sooner Or Later" and "Here Comes The Sun". He also produced some of the band's b-sides.

He is highly regarded by fellow musicians and critics as an outstanding bass player/acoustic & songwriter, with an unorthodox and unique playing style which ultimately gave Aslan's music that distinctive sound.

McGuinness has also worked with Sinéad O'Connor and co-wrote with The Script.

In February 2008, McGuinness announced that he was to move to Australia with his wife Margaret, and daughter Georgia, and would be replaced by Rodney O'Brien as bass player for Aslan.

He moved back to Ireland in 2017.

References

External links
Aslan website
Tony McGuinness official website

Irish male bass guitarists
English bass guitarists
English male guitarists
Living people
1961 births
20th-century Irish bass guitarists
21st-century Irish bass guitarists