The Boreal Cordillera Ecozone, as defined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), is a Canadian terrestrial ecozone occupying most of the northern third of British Columbia and southern half of Yukon. Within it is found Kluane National Park and Reserve, and a small portion of the southern range of Nahanni National Park Reserve. Most of the area's population is based in the city of Whitehorse, and it contains most of Yukon's population. The portion in British Columbia is barely populated.

The main economic activity is mining, particularly of gold, which discovery in the region led to the Klondike Gold Rush. In addition to the area's rich mineral deposits, active industries exist in forestry and tourism.

Geography
This mountainous ecozone is between the Montane Cordillera Ecozone to the south-east and the Taiga Cordillera Ecozone to the north. The three zones contain the Canadian Rockies. To the east are the Taiga Plains, and to the west is Alaska, though the ecozone is also adjacent to narrow strips of the Pacific Maritime. It is characterized by tall peaks and extensive plateau. The northern plateaux within the ecozone have a fairly gentle terrain, broken by numerous watercourses running through them, and are separated by wide valleys and their lowlands.

Just over 15% of the Boreal Cordillera, or roughly 73,320 km² consists of wetlands, of which 92% is treed wetland. It covers a total area of 471,400 km², with 241,240 km² of forest cover, of which 78.6% is softwood, 17.8% is mixedwood, and 3.6 is hardwood. The spruce beetle has been proliferating since the 1990s, and has destroyed vast areas of the spruce forest. The ecozone contains four forest regions - tundra, sub-alpine, coast, and boreal. There is also concern that the softwood harvest in southeastern Yukon does not have adequate natural regeneration.

Ecoprovinces
This ecozone can be further subdivided into four ecoprovinces:
Northern Boreal Cordillera
Southern Boreal Cordillera
Western Boreal Cordillera
Wrangel Mountains

Climate
The interior intermontane plateau receive about 400 mm of annual precipitation, much less than the 1000 to 1500 mm levels in the eastern mountains, and the even higher levels in the western mountains. Snowfall accounts for 35 to 60% of all precipitation. Winters are long and cold, with January mean temperatures between -15 °C and -27 °C. Summers are warm but short, with July mean temperatures between 12 °C and 15 °C.

Alpine weather is more typical beyond the tree line at elevations above 1000 m, where frost can develop year-round. Average temperatures here remain below freezing for most of the year, and snowfall accounts for at least 70% of precipitation. Permafrost is typical in these regions, allowing for the growth of only shrubs, mosses and lichens.

Sudden violent storms may occur in the area during the summer, usually due to moist air masses arriving from the Pacific Ocean. Usually, however, the Pacific moderates the climate in this ecozone.

Conservation
A number of protected areas have been established to protect representative and/or significant portions of this ecozone. These include Asi Keyi Territorial Park, Kluane National Park and Reserve, Mount Edziza Provincial Park, Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Provincial Park, and Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park.

References

Ecozones and ecoregions of British Columbia
Geography of Yukon


Father Brian Kolodiejchuk, MC is a Canadian Catholic priest who served as the advocate for Mother Teresa of Calcutta in the cause for her canonization, and director of the Mother Teresa Center.

He edited and wrote the commentary for the book Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light, published by Doubleday, on September 4, 2007.

Biography

Career
Father Kolodiejchuk's 20-year association with Mother Teresa began in 1977 when he joined a new group of contemplative brothers she was then starting. He later joined the priestly branch of Mother Teresa's religious family, the Missionaries of Charity Fathers, at the time of their foundation in 1984.
He was ordained to the priesthood in June 1985 in the Ukrainian Catholic Church of St. John the Baptist in Newark, New Jersey, USA, by the late Metropolitan-Archbishop of Winnipeg, Maxim Hermaniuk, C.Ss.R.  In March 1999 he served as Mother Teresa's advocate in advancing the cause of her beatification and canonization. He was appointed director of the Mother Teresa Center.

Books

Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light (editor),  Doubleday, 2007

References

External links
Mother Teresa Center

20th-century Canadian Roman Catholic priests
People from Winnipeg
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian Roman Catholic priests


Ghenadie Ochincă (born 1 March 1984) is a Moldovan footballer who plays as a defender for Dacia Buiucani in the Moldovan National Division.

He previously played for numerous Moldovan top-division clubs, and for Gloria Buzău in the Romanian Liga I. He was capped for Moldova at under-16 and under-21 level.

Club career
Ochincă was born in Kishinev, then in the Moldovan SSR, Soviet Union, which is now Chișinău, Moldova.

He played football for Politehnica Chişinău from 2005 until the 2007–08 season winter break.

After a trial with Universitatea Cluj where he impressed, but whose sporting director felt they needed more established players to assist their fight against relegation, Ochincă signed a four-and-a-half-year contract with Romanian Liga I side Gloria Buzău for a salary reported as €20,000 per season. The move was completed on 28 February 2008 after a delay in obtaining international clearance. He said he dreamt of playing for a big European club, and was making an important move by coming to a much stronger league than in Moldova. However, he made only one league appearance in six months with the club, playing the whole of the 2–0 away defeat at Unirea Urziceni on 20 March, before being transfer-listed. If he was unable to find another top-flight club in Romania, he was expected to return home to Moldova.

He had a trial with Romanian Liga II club Unirea Alba Iulia in August 2008, but ended up back home in Moldova with Iskra-Stal. He played ten league games, and made two substitute appearances in the second qualifying round of the Europa League, before Iskra-Stal released him during the 2009–10 winter break.

He then played for FC Rapid Ghidighici.

After a trial with Sfîntul Gheorghe in January 2011, he joined Academia UTM. He made 11 appearances in the top division before leaving at the end of the season.

In June 2011, he signed a two-year contract with Milsami, and went straight into the squad for the club's first ever match in European competition, the Europa League first qualifying round away to Dinamo Tbilisi four days later. He had an eventful debut: within seven minutes of replacing Adrian Grigoruță in the second half, he made an error that led to Dinamo's second goal and then received a yellow card for fouling the goalscorer. He played only a few league games before completing the season with Sfîntul Gheorghe.

In June 2012 he joined Speranţa Crihana Veche, newly promoted to the National Division.

International career
Ochincă represented Moldova under-16 team during the qualification campaign for the 2001 UEFA Under-16 Championships. He made his debut in a 2–2 draw against Israel on 5 March 2001. In February 2005, he was capped for the under-21 team, coming on as a late substitute in a friendly match away to Romania under-21 which Moldova lost 2–1.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Moldovan men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Politehnica Chișinău players
FC Gloria Buzău players
FC Iskra-Stal players
FC Rapid Ghidighici players
FC Academia Chișinău players
FC Milsami Orhei players
FC Sfîntul Gheorghe players
FC Speranța Crihana Veche players
Speranța Nisporeni players
FC Codru Lozova players
Dacia Buiucani players
Moldovan Super Liga players
Liga I players
Moldovan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Romania


The Archdiocese of Matera-Irsina () is a Latin archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Basilicata, Italy. It has existed under this name since 1986. The archbishop is seated at Matera Cathedral. (Irsina Cathedral is a co-cathedral). It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo.

On Monday, October 5, 2015, Archbishop Salvatore Ligorio was elevated by Pope Francis to be Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo (in Potenza, Italy), to whose province the Archdiocese of Matera-Irsina (in Matera, Italy, and Irsina, Italy) belongs. It is not the norm, but by no means irregular to have a non-metropolitan archdiocese under a metropolitan archdiocese.

History
The Diocese of Matera was originally a separate diocese. Its origins are not well documented. Giuseppe Cappelletti collected a list of five alleged bishops of Matera between 484 and 998, but all were actually bishops elsewhere whose cities were confused with Matera. The earliest surviving evidence of the bishops in Matera dates from 968, according to Bishop Liutprand of Cremona, when the Patriarch of Constantinople, at the command of the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas, ordered the diocese of Matera, with several other dioceses of the region, to be subordinated to the Archdiocese of Otranto and to conduct the liturgy exclusively according to the Byzantine Rite.

On 13 April 1068, Pope Alexander II issued a bull, granted the pallium to Archbishop Arnaldus of Acerenza and confirming him in the archbishopric of Acerenza, including all of the parishes and towns belonging to it, including Tricarico, Montepiloso, Gravina, and Materia. Matera, it seems, was not an independent town or bishopric yet.

The diocese of Matera was combined by a papal bull of Pope Innocent III of 4 May 1203 with the Archdiocese of Acerenza to form the Archdiocese of Acerenza and Matera, and the building of the present Matera Cathedral on the site of the church of Saint Eustace began in the same year. The archbishop of Acerenza was at the same time the bishop of Matera, aeque personaliter.

On 2 July 1954, Pope Pius XII issued the bull Acheronta et Matera, in which he revived the diocese of Matera as a metropolitan archbishopric, separate from the metropolitan archdiocese of Acerenza, with its own ecclesiastical province including the dioceses of Anglona-Turso and Tricarico as its suffragans.

Pope Paul VI ordered a reorganization of the ecclesiastical provinces in southern Italy by the bull Quo aptius of 21 August 1976. The ecclesiastical provinces of Acerenza and of Matera were abolished, and a new province, that of Potenza, was created, to which both Acerenza and Matera were assigned as suffragan bishops. The episcopal authority in Matera was allowed to retain the honorary title of "archbishop".

Following the Second Vatican Council, and in accordance with the norms laid out in the council's decree, Christus Dominus chapter 40, Pope Paul VI ordered a reorganization of the ecclesiastical provinces in southern Italy. The decree "Eo quod spirituales" of 12 September 1976 created a new episcopal conference in the region called "Basilicata", to which were assigned all of the dioceses that belonged to the ecclesiastical province of Potenza, including Materana and Mons Pelusii; they had formerly belonged to the episcopal conference of "Apulia".

Matera was united on 11 October 1976 with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gravina-Montepeloso to form the Diocese of Matera e Irsina. The diocese of Gravina maintained its own integrity, and became a suffragan of the archdiocese of Bari-Bitonto.

On 3 December 1977 however the diocese was elevated to the rank of archdiocese.

The diocese, in its current configuration, was established in order to conform to Italian civil law which was embodied in the Concordat between the Vatican and the Italian Republic of 18 February 1984. After extensive consultations, Pope John Paul II decreed that the status of the bishop governing several dioceses aeque personaliter was abolished, and that the Diocese of Matera was therefore merged with the Diocese of Monte Pelosii to form a single diocese. The changes were embodied in a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops in the Roman Curia, promulgated on 30 September 1986. The seat of the merged dioceses was to be in Matera, and the official name of the diocese was to be "Archidioecesis Materanensis-Montis Pelusii". The diocesan offices (curia) was to be in Matera, as was the diocesan tribunal, the diocesan seminary, the College of Consultors, the Priests' Council, unless otherwise directed by the bishop.

Archbishops

Archbishops of Acerenza and Matera

Archbishops of Matera
 Giacomo Palombella (1954–1974)
 Michele Giordano (1974 – 21 Aug 1976)

Bishop of Matera
 Michele Giordano (21 Aug – 11 Oct 1976)

Bishop of Matera e Irsina
 Michele Giordano (11 Oct 1976 – 3 Dec 1977)

Archbishop of Matera e Irsina
 Michele Giordano (3 Dec 1977 – 30 Dec 1986)

Archbishops of Matera-Irsina
 Michele Giordano (30 September 1986 – 9 May 1987, when he became Archbishop of Naples)
 Ennio Appignanesi (21 January 1988 – 19 January 1993, when he became Archbishop of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo)
 Antonio Ciliberti (6 May 1993 – 31 January 2003, when he became Archbishop of Catanzaro-Squillace)
 Salvatore Ligorio (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2015, when he became Archbishop of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo)
 Antonio Giuseppe Caiazzo (12 February 2016 – )

See also
Matera Cathedral
Irsina Cathedral

References

Bibliography

Mariani, Maria Stella Calò (1978). La cattedrale di Matera nel mediovea e nel rinascimento.  Istituto per l'Automazione delle Casse di Risparmio Italiane - Amilcare Pizzi, Cinisello Balsamo 1978.

External links
 Catholic Hierarchy: Matera
 Webdiocesi: Diocesi di Matera-Irsina

Matera-Irsina
Christian organizations established in 1954
Matera-Irsina
Archdiocese of Matera-Irsina


The 1994 Grand Prix Hassan II men's singles competition. Renzo Furlan was the champion, defeating Karim Alami 6–2, 6–2. Guillermo Pérez Roldán was the defending champion.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Section 1

Section 2

References

External links
 Main draw

Singles


The Scottish Theatre Forum is a blog dedicated to the performing arts in Scotland and designed for use by anyone interested in amateur or professional theatre in the country. It was founded in February 2006 and is owned by Mark Grieve. The blog has not been active since 2007.

Charity work
The forum and its members have been involved in charity work, including organizing a production of We Will Rock You in 2007 to raise money for Edinburgh's Royal Hospital for Sick Children, and helping with the fundraising appeal for Dunfermline's Alhambra Theatre.

References

External links
 Facebook page

Theatre information and review websites
Entertainment Internet forums
Internet properties established in 2006
Scottish websites
Theatre in Scotland
2006 establishments in Scotland


Dernancourt (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Dernancourt is situated on the D52 road, some  northeast of Amiens.

Population

Places and monuments
The commune was considerably affected by World War I. The First and Second Battles of Dernancourt were fought there. 127 Commonwealth soldiers are buried in the Dernancourt Communal Cemetery and 2167 are buried in the Dernancourt Communal Cemetery Extension.

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 The Commonwealth cemetery
 South Africans buried in Dernancourt Communal Cemetery Extension

Communes of Somme (department)


Reconstruction in architectural conservation is the returning of a place to a known earlier state by the introduction of new materials. It is related to the architectural concepts of restoration (repairing existing building fabric) and preservation (the prevention of further decay), wherein the most extensive form of reconstruction is creating a replica of a destroyed building.

More narrowly, such as under the Secretary of Interior's Standards in the United States, "reconstruction" is "the act or process of depicting, by means of new construction, the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific period of time and in its historic location".

Reconstruction of buildings and structures

There may be several reasons for the construction of a building or creation of a replica building or structure.

Sometimes, it is the result of destruction of landmark monuments that is experienced as traumatic by inhabitants of the region, such as through war, planning errors and politically motivated destruction, other times, merely the result of natural disaster. Examples include Yongdingmen (former Peking city gate temporarily sacrificed to traffic considerations), St Mark's Campanile in Venice (collapsed in 1902), House of the Blackheads (Riga), Iberian Gate and Chapel and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow (destroyed by order of Joseph Stalin), Dresden Frauenkirche and Semperoper in Dresden (bombed at the end of World War II). A specifically well-known example is the rebuilding of the historic city center of Warsaw  after 1945. The Old Town and the Royal Castle had been badly damaged already at the outset of World War II. It was systematically razed to the ground by German troops after the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. The reconstruction of Warsaw's historic center (e.g., St. John's Cathedral, St. Kazimierz Church, Ujazdów Castle) and, e.g.,  the replica of the Stari Most built in Mostar (Bosnia Herzegovina) have met with official approval by UNESCO.

Other times, reconstructions are made in the case of sites where the historic and cultural significance was not recognized until long after its destruction, common in North America, especially with respect to its early history. Examples include the reconstruction of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia, the rebuilding of numerous structures in Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, and Fort William Historical Park in Ontario, Canada.

Types of reconstruction
There are different approaches to reconstruction, which differ in the degree of fidelity to the original and in the sensitivity to implementation. In architecture, Georg Mörsch describes reconstruction as a "scientific method of extracting sources to rebuild things that have gone under, regardless of the time that has passed since then".

 True-to-the-original reconstruction is a reconstruction carried out using the same materials and the same methods as possible after extensive source research. Often existing original components are used. This type of reconstruction can be found above all in culturally and historically significant buildings, which then serve as objects for viewing and are used as museums. An example of this is the completion of Cologne Cathedral, which was finally completed in the late 19th century when the original construction plans were discovered and these were followed.
 Modelled reconstruction is one that does not meet the requirements for fidelity to the original due to a lack of sources. Typical examples are, for example, when only façade plans or image documentation of buildings are preserved - the rest of the necessary information is "reinvented" as much as possible by comparing it with similar contemporary objects. This type of "new creative" reconstruction, combined with a lot of imagination, had its heyday especially in historicism (with neo-Romanesque, neo-Gothic, neo-renaissance and neo-baroque). Many neo-Gothic castles have been created from the remains of medieval castles, such as Hohenschwangau Castle, Eilean Donan Castle, Scotland, Hohenzollern Castle and numerous others into the first third of the 20th century.
 Replicative reconstruction is a form of reconstruction which, for functionalist reasons, serves to imitate (not: interpret), preserve or produce a (historicized) style, but with a different use and no longer has anything to do with the original or old building. (Example: Nikolaiviertel built in Berlin during the GDR era).
 Interpretive reconstruction creates a new design based on historical sources. Buildings or parts of buildings are created that correspond to the character and overall impression of the original, without attempting a one-to-one copy. Examples are the Prinzipalmarkt in Münster or the additions to the Frankfurt Römerberg. The facades and gables of the houses were partly redesigned, but the overall impression of the market was to be retained. This method is derived from the neutral retouching as a modern restoration. This fulfils the desires of a reconstruction by restoring the overall impression of a place without the concerns over authenticity around replicas.
 Didactic reconstructions: In connection with the development of archaeological excavation sites into didactic theme parks, reconstructions of striking ancient structures such as city walls, city gates, temples, villas or forts.
 Experimental reconstructions are part of experimental archaeology. An example of this is the Guédelon Castle which has been under construction since 1997 using only the techniques and materials of the 13th century in order to research the construction method and duration. The Campus Galli is another construction project to build a medieval monastery town based on the St. Gallen monastery plan. These are previously non-existent buildings, the focus is on the research aspect.

Challenges with reconstructions
Regardless of what type of reconstruction is done, there are some recurring challenges and questions.
 Original structures are often incompletely documented, so the missing parts have to be imagined, inferred or made in a different way to the original.
 Building materials or construction techniques used to build the original are barely or not at all available or not financially affordable. The same applies to craftspeople who still (or again) master the historical techniques and materials.
 The original would not correspond to the space requirements that the new use of the building will make. The inside of the building will be restructured and subdivided.
 The replica would not meet today's static safety requirements , so you have to change the structure.
 The original or replica with the same interior structure would not comply with the statutory safety regulations , such as in fire protection or escape routes.
The original or replica would not meet today's legal requirements
If implemented exactly, the original would no longer meet today's comfort requirements (air conditioning, electrical engineering, sanitary installations), so the original design is adapted accordingly.

Reasons for and against reconstructions

Since the end of the Second World War, the reconstruction of buildings has been the subject of controversy, especially in cities destroyed by the war.

In the public debate around reconstruction it is mostly assumed that historical or historicising architecture is perceived by the average citizen as more appealing than contemporary architecture. The loss of the "beautiful old" is seen as an aesthetic diminution, historically created and poorly closed building gaps are experienced as a permanent "flaw in the cityscape".

The reconstruction of buildings is often controversial among architects and preservationists . There are different motives and values. Overall, the question of the reconstruction of prominent urban locations in the context of the cityscape proves to be significantly more conflict-prone than is the case with remote buildings or in the open, for example with experimental or didactic reconstructions.

Many reconstructions are new buildings with a historical façade design, but modern construction technology and with completely new uses. The original building fabric is often hardly preserved and architects in particular argue against this approach, saying that it merely creates a historical impression in order to appeal to a certain groups of buyers.

However, there are also prominent examples of reconstructions with missing original substance. The reconstruction of completely destroyed Warsaw's Old Town is a reconstruction even in the UNESCO list of World Heritage. Reconstructed buildings are generally not perceived as such by those who are unfamiliar with them, which makes the cityscape more attractive in the eyes of the beholder. Even in the awareness of the residents, the fact of the reconstruction of a building is mostly forgotten after a while, the buildings are perceived again as an organic part of their environment. The desire for the original substance, which is usually put forward by monument conservationists, cannot be met in many old buildings either; one speaks of the Theseus paradox .

A crucial question in monument protection today is that of whether the value and originality is in the materials, or in the design. This does not only refer to the material erected at the time of construction, but also to the various later layers that are evidence of their times. The practice of both architectural and art history does not regard a certain version of an object as "the original", neither the first version nor the most splendid or most popular at the time, nor the last one that has been remembered.

The Venice Charter of 1964 was an international guideline for dealing with the original building fabric for the preservation of monuments; it is the most important monument conservation text of the 20th century and defines central values and procedures for the conservation and restoration of monuments .

Opponents of reconstruction often point out that rebuilding could contribute to the transfiguration of the past. Reconstruction critics from the architectural profession and related professions assume that modern urban design and contemporary architecture are an expression of social identity that is continuously developing. According to this, it is important for a society to maintain its architecture, which meets its living conditions and needs and whose expression it is, through building projects, and not, on the other hand, to recreate old architecture. This consensus on what is contemporary is questioned by those in favor of reconstruction. From cultural and historical Critics see reconstruction as a phenomenon of the 19th and 20th centuries that had hardly any role models in history and is now outdated. Reconstruction can thus only be historically legitimized to a limited extent. On the other hand, the term cityscape  - as an architectural unit extending beyond the individual building - only came into the field of vision of architecture in the course of modernity. Proponents of the reconstruction, on the other hand, have little fear of contact with the harmonistic architectural conceptions of the 19th century and also point to the lasting popularity of the domes that were "then completed" according to the principles that are not permitted today. However, it is precisely the free access to the formal language of all earlier epochs that is considered one of the essential features of historicism as seen in postmodernism . In a different sense, the reconstruction fulfils the demand for an answer to the needs of the time and in this sense is an expression of contemporary building activity. How later historical epochs will judge the contemporary phase of architecture and its peculiarities cannot be said.

For architects it is often not desirable to create replicas instead of creating something new. In this sense, every new building is "more historically accurate" because the destroyed objects were an expression of their own time. On the one hand, the "idea of a building" is the actual work of an architect and a reconstruction would represent an appreciation in this sense. On the other hand, every architect works in some way with the history of the building site. This reference to the previous buildings is to be seen as an appreciation, even if it is in explicit contrast. Building solutions by the architects of the historical compete with a new project. The fundamental question that remains is why something should be created again instead of a new building.

Prominent individual examples of reconstruction projects and executions show that architecture is a factor in the public that can still polarize just as much as that from the history of architecture known all time. From a global perspective, the entire discussion about the pros and cons of reconstruction is a problem rooted in Eurocentric sensitivities. Other cultures, both the Anglo-American region and Asia, deal with the topic differently: The regular, complete rebuilding of a Buddhist temple is part of the centuries-old tradition in Asian architecture, the European concept of "true to the original" plays in this culture, which has everything in the philosophical core Material regarded as worthless shell, until today a subordinate role. The 2000 year old Ise-jingū-Shrines in Japan are ritually rebuilt every 20 years according to exactly the same plans made of wood. In China, for example, while entire historic cities and city centers are being sacrificed to major urban and economic planning projects ( Shanghai , 3 Gorges Dam ), conversely, historicizing projects are also being implemented - such as the old town project of Datong, a city in the Ming style, or the restoration of the one in the cultural revolution destroyed sacred buildings. In the USA, too, the monument concept plays only a subordinate role today and relates much more to historic monuments that are significant in terms of time and culture than to those of architectural history.

Acceptance of reconstructions
In a representative survey by the Forsa Institute on behalf of the German Federal Building Culture Foundation , 80% of all participants were in favor of the reconstruction of historic buildings and 15% were against. The approval of reconstructions was particularly high among women (83%) and 18 to 29 year olds (86%). When asked whether historical buildings should also be rebuilt for other uses, 80% of all participants answered with "yes" and 16% with "no".

Examples of reconstructions

Prominent examples with worldwide attention that illuminate the diversity of reconstructive intentions and methods:

Before 1945
 Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome: destroyed in a fire in 1823, rebuilt true to the original by 1840
 St Mark's Campanile in Venice: The largely true-to-original copy of the building, which collapsed in 1902, was a trend-setting project for the beginning of the 20th century - the late Wilhelminian era was still completely entangled with the idea of complete urban redesign with the welcome removal of all outdated structures.
 Ypres Cloth Hall: destroyed in 1918, reconstructed until 1967, UNESCO World Heritage since 1999
 Stonehenge in southern England: Megalithic structures that were largely preserved in the 16th century, most of which were overturned by the 19th century, were re-erected by William Gowland around 1900. The altered positions of the structures from the reconstruction obscure the original alignment and intended purpose which may have been astro-chronological in nature.
 Alcázar of Toledo: The fortress, which was destroyed in the Spanish Civil War 1936-39, was subsequently rebuilt largely true to the original.
 Church of the Flagellation in Jerusalem: Duke Max Joseph in Bavaria financed the purchase of the long-dilapidated chapel by the Custody of the Holy Land and its restoration for worship in 1838. 1927–1929, the building, which still exists today, was built in the style of the Middle Ages under the architect Antonio Barluzzi.
 Governor's Palace in Williamsburg, Virginia: The governor's palace , which was destroyed by fire in 1781, was rebuilt in 1927–1934 from the perspective of completing the tourist-museum cityscape of Colonial Williamsburg according to old models.

After 1945

Australia
 St Kilda Pavilion (2006)

Belgium
 Ypres Cloth Hall (after 1918)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Stari Most, rebuilt with original materials (2004)

Canada

 Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec (1923)
 Montreal Biosphère (1995)
 Ontario Legislative Building (1912)
 Saint-Joachim de Pointe-Claire Church (1885)

China
 Pavilion of Prince Teng (1989)
 Yellow Crane Tower (1981)
 Yongdingmen Gate, Beijing (2005)
 Porcelain Tower of Nanjing (2015)

Croatia
 Church of Pentecost, Vinkovci

Czech Republic
 Bethlehem Chapel, Prague, Czech Republic (1953)

France
 Soissons Cathedral, Soissons (after 1918)
 Vendôme Column, Paris

Germany

 Berlin Palace
 Leibnizhaus, Hannover (1981)
 Falkenhaus, Würzburg
 Town Hall, Osnabrück
 St. Michael's Church, Hamburg
 Semperoper, Dresden
 Schloss Johannisburg, Aschaffenburg
 Roman limes
 Heilig-Geist-Spital, Nuremberg
 Hildesheim Cathedral
 Buddenbrookhaus, Lübeck
 Bauakademie, Berlin
 City Palace, Potsdam
 Münster Cathedral
 Butchers' Guild Hall, Hildesheim (1989)
 Old Castle (Stuttgart)
 Dresden Castle
 Dresden Cathedral
 Dresden Frauenkirche
 Munich Residence
 Munich Frauenkirche
 Dom-Römer Project, Frankfurt am Main
 Saarbrücken, Ludwigskirche

Greece

 Stoa of Attalos, Athens (1956)

Hungary
 Matthias Church, Budapest (1896)
 Buda Castle, Budapest (1952-1985: not true-to-original reconstruction of the building destroyed in 1944; since 2019: true-to-original reconstruction of some parts of the building)
 Royal Palace, Gödöllő (since 1994)

India

 Daksheswara Mahadev Temple (1963)
 Tabo Monastery (1983)

Iraq
 Babylon (1983)

Israel
 Hurva Synagogue, Jerusalem (2010)

Italy

 Abbey of Monte Cassino (1964)
 Opera house La Fenice, Venice (2003)
 St Mark's Campanile, Venice (1912)
 Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, Rome (1840)

Japan

Heijō Palace, Nara, Nara Prefecture.

Latvia
 House of the Blackheads, Riga, Latvia

Lithuania
 Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (2002-2009)
 Trakai Island Castle

Malta

 Chapel of St Anthony of Padua in Fort Manoel (2009)
 Chapel of St Roche on St Michael's Counterguard (2014)
 Wignacourt Arch (2015)

Plans are also being made for reconstructing the Birgu Clock Tower, which was destroyed in 1942.

Poland

 Warsaw Old Town, Warsaw
 Sigismund's Column, Warsaw
 St. Kazimierz Church, Warsaw (1947-1953)
 Green Gate, Gdańsk, Poland
 Warsaw Barbican (1952–1954)
 St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw (1949-1952)
 Holy Cross Church, Warsaw (1953)
 Church of the Holy Spirit in Warsaw (1956)
 Malbork Castle (1960-1993)
 Royal Castle, Warsaw (1971-1974)
 St. Hyacinth's Church, Warsaw
 St. John's Archcathedral (Warsaw)
 St. Florian's Cathedral, Warsaw (1972)

Russia

 Königsberg Cathedral
 King's Gate (Kaliningrad)
 Kazan Cathedral, Moscow (1993)
 Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow (2000)

Slovakia
 Trenčín Castle

Serbia
 Avala Tower

Ukraine

 Golden Gate, Kiev (1982)
 St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, Kiev (1999)

United Kingdom

 Arbeia Roman Fort, South Shields, England
 Butser Ancient Farm, England
 Shakespeare's Globe, London
 Lunt Roman Fort, England

United States

 Blennerhassett Mansion
 Colonial Williamsburg (mostly since 1920s)
 Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia) (1931–34)
 Nauvoo Temple (2002)
 Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco (1965)
 White House Reconstruction (1949–52)

Planned or under construction reconstructions
 Buddhas of Bamiyan: After the destruction of the UNESCO World Heritage Site by the Taliban in 2001, there are vague plans to reconstruct the monumental statues of gods. Work has since begun on restoring the Buddhas using the process of anastylosis, where original elements are combined with modern material. The restoration of the caves and Buddhas has also involved training and employing local people as stone carvers. The work has come under some criticism.
 Palmyra: Nalmyra: After the destruction of the UNESCO World Heritage by the Islamic State, there are vague plans to restore the ancient oasis city and many other destroyed temples, churches and mosques in Syria and Iraq.
 Old town hall in Halle: considered one of the most important secular buildings in Central Germany, badly damaged in an air raid in 1945, completely demolished by 1950. Currently collecting donations for the reconstruction of the baroque entrance way.
 Saxon Palace in Warsaw: former residence of the kings of Poland, part of the Saxon Axis , redesigned in a classicist style in 1842, destroyed in 1944 under German occupation. In 2018 the Polish government announced that it would reconstruct the palace as a senate building.
 Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris: After the cathedral was partially destroyed by a major fire in 2019, the French Parliament decided to reconstruct Notre-Dame true to the original. Reconstruction will begin in 2021 with the aim of completion by Spring 2024, in time for the opening of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.
 Mercator House in Duisburg: home of the cartographer Gerhard Mercator (1512–1594), destroyed in World War II, foundations uncovered during archaeological excavations in 2012, reconstruction as an educational facility by 2021
 Town hall towers in Frankfurt am Main: colloquially known as "Langer Franz" and "Kleiner Cohn", destroyed in an air raid in 1944, then covered with emergency roofs. Currently fundraising for the reconstruction of the tower roofs.
 Garrison church in Potsdam: considered a major work of the European Baroque, built by Philipp Gerlach from 1730 to 1735, burned out in an air raid in 1945, blown up in 1968 for ideological reasons. The tower has been under reconstruction since 2017.
 Old Market Square, Potsdam: once considered to be one of the most beautiful squares in Europe, especially in the time of Frederick the Great when many copies of Italian palaces were built there. Burned in an air raid in 1945, and then was demolished for ideological reasons in East Germany. Reconstruction of individual facades has taken place since 2013, including the Barberini Museum.
 Berliner Bauakademie: was considered the original building of modern architecture, erected from 1832 to 1836 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, burned out in an air raid in 1945 and was demolished in 1962. The building has been sold by the state of Berlin to the federal government which had a resolution in 2016 to reconstruct the building.
The Temple of Bel, the Temple of Baalshamin and the Monumental Arch in Palmyra, Syria, will be reconstructed using a anastylosis technique involving incorporating the original materials. The temples had been destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in 2015. Following the recapture of Palmyra by the Syrian Army in March 2016, director of antiquities Maamoun Abdelkarim announced the plans for their reconstruction.
The Acropolis of Athens project began in 1975 with the goal to reverse the decay of centuries of attrition, pollution, destruction from military actions, and misguided past restorations. The project included collection and identification of all stone fragments, even small ones, from the Acropolis and its slopes and the attempt was made to restore as much as possible using reassembled original material (anastylosis), with new marble from Mount Pentelicus used sparingly.
 Shuri Castle, the 5th reconstruction of the former Ryukyu Royal Castle is underway after the 2019 fire.
 Lighthouse of Alexandria, since 1978 a number of proposals have been made to replace the lighthouse with a modern reconstruction. In 2015, the Egyptian government and the Alexandria governorate suggested building a skyscraper on the site of the lighthouse as part of the regeneration of the eastern harbour of Alexandria Port.

See also
Historic preservation
Building restoration
Anastylosis, the reconstruction of a ruined building using the original elements to the greatest degree possible
New Classical Architecture, a movement in architecture that continues the practice of classical architecture to go along with reconstructions
Ise Grand Shrine in Japan, (which is ceremonially rebuilt every 20 years)
Ship replica
Deconstructivism (architecture)

References

External links

"Additions to historic buildings: between parasite and prosthetic architecture"
"Addition to historic building: A hermeneutic interpretation"
Architectural conservation


Lesley Hazleton (born 1945) is a British-American author whose work focuses on the intersection and interactions between politics and religion.

Biography and career
Hazleton has reported from Jerusalem for Time, and has written on the Middle East for numerous publications including The New York Times, The New York Review of Books, Harper's, The Nation, and The New Republic.

Born in England, she was based in Jerusalem from 1966 to 1979 and in New York City from 1979 to 1992, when she moved to a floating home in Seattle, originally to get her pilot's license, and became a U.S. citizen. She has two degrees in psychology (B.A. Manchester University, M.A. Hebrew University of Jerusalem).

Hazleton has described herself as "a Jew who once seriously considered becoming a rabbi, a former convent schoolgirl who daydreamed about being a nun, an agnostic with a deep sense of religious mystery though no affinity for organized religion".  "Everything is paradox," she has said. "The danger is one-dimensional thinking".

In April 2010, she launched The Accidental Theologist, a blog casting "an agnostic eye on religion, politics, and existence."  In September 2011, she received The Stranger'''s Genius Award in Literature  and in fall 2012, she was the Inaugural Scholar-in-Residence at Town Hall Seattle.

Her latest book, Agnostic: A Spirited Manifesto, a Publishers Weekly most-anticipated book of spring 2016, was praised by The New York Times as "vital and mischievous" and as "wide-ranging... yet intimately grounded in our human, day-to-day life."

TED talks
TEDGlobal 2013: The Doubt Essential to Faith. Thumbnail: "When Lesley Hazleton was writing a biography of Prophet Muhammad, she was struck by something: The night he received the revelation of the Koran, according to early accounts, his first reaction was doubt, awe, even fear. And yet this experience became the bedrock of his belief. Hazleton calls for a new appreciation of doubt and questioning as the foundation of faith — and an end to fundamentalism of all kinds."

TEDxRainier 2010: On Reading the Koran. Thumbnail: "Lesley Hazleton sat down one day to read the Qur'an. And what she found — as a non-Muslim, a self-identified "tourist" in the Islamic holy book — wasn't what she expected. With serious scholarship and warm humor, Hazleton shares the grace, flexibility and mystery she found, in this myth-debunking talk."

TEDSummit 2016: "What we talk about when we talk about soul."

TEDxSeattle: "What's wrong with dying?"

Books
On religion and politics:
 Agnostic: A Spirited Manifesto  2016 (New York Times Editors' Choice)
 The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad (2013)  (New York Times Editors' Choice)
 After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Hero Split (2009)  (Finalist:  2010 PEN-USA book award.)
 Jezebel: The Untold Story of the Bible's Harlot Queen (2007)  (Finalist: 2008 Washington Book Award.)
 Mary: A Flesh-and-Blood Biography(2008)  (Winner: 2005 Washington Book Award.)
 Jerusalem, Jerusalem: A Memoir of War and Peace, Passion and Politics  (Winner: 1987 American Jewish Committee/Present Tense Book Award).
 Where Mountains Roar: a Personal Report from the Sinai
 Israeli Women: The Reality Behind the Myths

Her other books include:
 England, Bloody England: An Expatriate's Return
 Confessions of a Fast Woman (1986)
 Driving to Detroit: An Automotive Odyssey''

References

External links
 Who is the AT? The Accidental Theologist.

 "The doubt essential to faith" (TEDGlobal 2013)
 "On reading the Koran" (TEDxRainier 2010)

1945 births
Living people
American people of English-Jewish descent
English agnostics
Jewish scholars of Islam
Jewish agnostics
American women writers
English Jewish writers
Women scholars of Islam
American scholars of Islam


Manuela Gretkowska (6 October 1964) is a Polish writer, screenwriter, feminist and politician. She is the foundress of the Feminist Initiative.

Biography

Manuela Gretkowska was born in Łódź and studied philosophy at Jagiellonian University in Kraków. In 1988, she left Poland to live in Paris, where she studied anthropology at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales.  In the early 1990s, she returned to her country, where she was deputy editor-in-chief and then literary director at Elle.  She wrote columns for Elle, Cosmopolitan, Wprost, Polityka, Machina, and Cogito.

Gretkowska's literary debut was the novel We Are Immigrants Here (My zdies' emigranty) (1991), in which she described the experiences of the young generation leaving Poland.  The work of the young artist was favorably reviewed by Czesław Miłosz, whose preface appeared in the first edition.  Gretkowska's next three books described the life of a modern artistic-intellectual bohemian living in France: Paris Tarot (1993), Metaphysical Cabaret (1994), and Textbook for people. Skull: The First and Last Volume (1996) connects gnosis, kabbala, the character of Mary Magdalene and the skull motif in global culture.  In this period, the writer earned the title of "scandalist" and "postmodernist."  Manuela Gretkowski's prose eschewed grandiose language, more similar to the ease and austerity of the essay.  In 1996, Gretkowska wrote a screenplay for the Andrzej Żuławski film Szamanka (She-Shaman).

In 1997, Gretkowska moved to Sweden, where she published several collected stories in the book Namiętnik (The Passionate One) (1998), notes from her world travels in Światowidz (World-View) (1998), and her columns, under the collective title Silikon (Silicon) (2000).  She also co-wrote the screenplay for the first season of the TV series Miasteczko (Small Town) (2000).

Gretkowska's newest work is more personal, almost intimate prose.  Polka (Polish woman) (2001) was the writer's pregnancy journal, while Europejka (European Woman) (2004) presents a humorous view of a changing Poland through the eyes of Gretkowska the intellectual.  In 2003 the author, together with her partner Piotr Pietucha wrote Scenes from Extramarital Life. Three years later, Gretkowska wrote a column for the monthly magazine Success that was highly critical of the Kaczyński brothers (twins who at the time held the positions of Poland's President and Prime Minister).  The issue hit stands with this text cut out (literally) of every copy.

She lives in Ustanow (near Warsaw) with her daughter Pola and the writer and psychotherapist Piotr Pietucha.

Women's Party
In 2007, Gretkowska transformed the social movement "Poland is a Woman" into a new Political party - the Women's Party (Partia Kobiet), from which she ran a failed campaign in the Polish and European parliaments.  In October 2007, after the party's defeat in the parliamentary elections, she resigned the party's leadership but remains an "honorary leader".

Works

Books
 We Are Immigrants Here (1991)
 Paris Tarot (1993)
 Metaphysical Cabaret (1994)
 Textbook for People (1996)
 The Passionate One (1998)
 World-View (1998)
 Silicon (2000)
 Polish Woman (2001)
 Scenes from Extramarital Life (2003)
 European Woman (2004)
 Woman and Men (2007)
 Heaven's Day (2007)
 Citizen (2008)
 Love in Polish (Miłość po polsku) (2010)
 Trans (2011)
 Agent (2012)

Screenplays
 She-Shaman (1996)
 Egoists (1999)
 Small Town (TV series)

External links

 Polish bibliography 1988 - 2001
 at Cultura.PL

1964 births
Jagiellonian University alumni
Living people
Polish feminists
Writers from Łódź
21st-century Polish women politicians
Polish women writers


Alexander Movsesi Atabekian (; 2 February 1868 – 4 December 1933) was a prominent Armenian anarchist, author and publisher of anarchist literature in Russian.

Biography
Alexander Movsesi Atabekian was born on February 2, 1868, into an Armenian aristocratic (princely - melik) family of a doctor, in Shusha. Atabekian initially studied in a college in his native town, graduating in 1886, and then went on to study medicine at the University of Geneva (1889–96) and at Lyon. From 1888 to 1890, during his early years in Geneva, Atabekian participated in the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, contributing to the typesetting of its periodical Hinchak (Sound of the Bell), which was published by Avetis Nazarbekian.

He left the party and became an anarchist in 1890 through reading Words of a Rebel, a series of essays written by Peter Kropotkin in 1879 for the paper Le Revolt later collected for publication in 1885 by Élisée Reclus. Thereafter he published Armenian and Russian translations of Kropotkin and other anarchist authors, and established relations with the militants and anarchists in the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. He also founded the Anarchist Library of Geneva.

His university studies impeded the publication of revolutionary propaganda, in 1893 the idea arose to transfer his printing equipment to the Free Russian Press in London, which printed and distributed literature that was banned in Russia - both revolutionary and liberal. Along with Bulgarian anarchist Paraskev Stoyanov, Atabekian met Kropotkin, who asked Atabekyan to keep his printing equipment, rather than give it to people whose views were very far from anarchism. The group instead used Atabekian's printing press to issue 4 brochures in Russian, including the beginning of Kropotkin's Words of a Rebel. In 1894 he edited Community (), the only Armenian anarchist periodical, which ran for five issues.

After graduating from the university in 1896, Atabekyan settled in Bulgaria (as he was banned from entering Russia), and gradually abandoned political activities. Between 1896 and 1917 he worked as a doctor in Northern Persia; from 1914 to 1917 in the Imperial Russian Army as head of a field hospital on the Caucasian front. Upon the dissolution of the imperial army following the February Revolution, he again met Kropotkin and became an active anarchist in Moscow. He served as the editor of the anarchist periodical Pocin from 1919 to 1923, representing the anarcho-cooperative trend in the libertarian movement.

In October, as part of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups, he participated in a discussion on the attitude of anarchists to specific actions of the Russian Provisional Government. In the article "Be consistent!" (Anarchy, October 16, 1917) Atabekian criticized the Socialist-Revolutionary members of the Moscow City Duma, who prevented the allocation of 60 million rubles to improve the situation of workers. In the essay "They want to spend!" (ibid., October 23) he expressed his approval of the planned strike of Moscow's workers.

On the eve of the October Revolution, he published an “Open Letter to P. A. Kropotkin”, in which he pointed out the aggressive nature of the war, not only from Germany and Austria-Hungary, but also from Russia; criticized Kropotkin for his “defencist” views, and called for the leadership of anarchists in the social revolution, which should protect workers from both the fierce class struggle and from “street Bolshevism”.

He viewed the October Revolution incredibly negatively. In the pamphlet "Bloody Week in Moscow" (Moscow, 1917) he described it as “a fratricidal massacre caused by strife between two different kinds of socialists” (p. 4). According to Atabekian, the reason for the October Revolution was the struggle between socialists and statesmen of different shades for power, for ministerial seats and other “warm places”. The brochure emphasized the indifference of the population of Moscow to the events. Touching on the first decrees of Soviet power, he pointed to their utopianism and impracticability. Subsequently, Atabekian constantly collaborated on the Anarchy newspaper, publishing in April–July 1918 more than 30 articles devoted to criticism of the actions of the Bolsheviks and the problems of the Russian anarchist movement.

In the spring of 1918, he organized the Pochin publishing house, which in its lifetime issued 24 brochures, as well as the Pochin magazine - which published a number of Kropotkin's letters. In 1920, he was arrested by the Cheka. In January–February 1921, he was at the bedside of the dying Kropotkin, in Dmitrov. Atabekian participated in the organization and work of the All-Russian Public Committee for the Perpetuation of the Memory of Kropotkin (VOK), and the creation of the Kropotkin Museum. After the closure of the Pochin Publishing House in 1922, he returned to the medical practice. On May 10, 1925, in Moscow, together with the majority of the members of the Anarchist Section of the VOK, he announced his withdrawal from the organization in protest against the persecution of anarchists in the USSR and the refusal of the VOK leadership to transfer the Kropotkin Museum to the exclusive responsibility of the anarchists.

Atabekian was arrested in the 1930s and is thought to have died in the gulag.

Works

(in Russian)
Возможна ли анархическая социальная революция?, М., 1918;
Вопросы теории и практики, М., 1918;
Против власти. Сборник статей, М., 1918.

References

External links
Ալեկսանդր Աթաբեկյան (in armenian)
Atabekian Articles from "Hamaynq" (in Armenian)

1868 births
1933 deaths
Writers from Shusha
Armenian anarchists
Soviet anarchists
Anarchists from the Russian Empire
Anarcho-communists
Armenian physicians
Armenian people from the Russian Empire
Soviet Armenians
Social Democrat Hunchakian Party politicians
Year of death unknown
Writers from the Russian Empire


Lissotesta ambigua is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

ambigua
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1956


Rock It to the Moon is the debut album by English rock group Electrelane. It was released on compact disc in the UK in 2001 by Let's Rock!, and issued by Mr. Lady Records in the US in 2002. Too Pure, the record label Electrelane signed with for their follow up album, The Power Out (2004), reissued  Rock It to the Moon in 2005.

The album was mostly instrumental. Verity Susman explained, "Way way back, when we first started, we always had a lot of singing. But it never worked that well. When we did instrumental it was always more interesting. More completely we felt like we were doing something good, while the songs with the singing ended up quite bog-standard, boring, not very interesting." NME rated the album an 8 out of 10, saying Rock It to the Moon was "just the way a debut album should be... utterly focused [and] stripped of all extraneous flab."

Track listing
 "The Invisible Dog" (Debbie Ball, Rachel Dalley, Emma Gaze, Verity Susman) – 4:20
 "Long Dark" (Ball, Mia Clarke, Dalley, Gaze, Susman) – 9:20
 "Gabriel" (Ball, Dalley, Gaze, Susman) – 4:25
 "Film Music" (Ball, Gaze, Tracy Houdek, Rupert Noble, Susman) – 3:57
 "Blue Straggler" (Ball, Dalley, Gaze, Susman) – 6:49
 "Many Peaks" (Ball, Dalley, Gaze, Susman) – 4:01
 "Le Song" (Ball, Dalley, Gaze, Susman) – 3:25
 "Spartakiade" (Ball, Dalley, Gaze, Susman) – 1:41
 "U.O.R." (Ball, Gaze, Noble, Susman) – 8:42
 "The Boat" (Dalley) – 4:25
 "Mother" (Clarke, Dalley, Gaze, Susman) – 22:24

Personnel
Verity Susman – clarinet, guitar, piano, glockenspiel, saxophone, vocals, handclapping, Farfisa organ, string arrangements
Emma Gaze – percussion, drums, tambourine, vocals, handclapping, radio
Rachel Dalley – bass, conga, vocals
Mia Clarke – guitar
Katie Spafford – cello
Roland Susman – trumpet
Marianne Vaughan – violin
Polly Benians – handclapping
Christelle Breedt – handclapping
Electrelane – producer, mixing
Jake Rousham – engineer
Matthew Ryan – producer, engineer, mixing
Sarah Feltham Chesshire - Viola

Release history

References

2001 debut albums
Electrelane albums


The Government of Shadow (Hukumat al-zill : riwayah) () is an Arabic novel written by Saudi novel writer Mundhir al-Qabbani () (also known as Munther Kabbani) and published in 2007. The book was praised by many critics for its groundbreaking style in Arabic literature which was dubbed as the first Arabic intellectual thriller.

The author, Mundhir al-Qabbani has been nicknamed by readers as "the Dan Brown" of the Arab world.

References

External links
Author website

2007 novels
Saudi Arabian novels
Thriller novels
Arabic-language novels


This is a list of bays of Florida.

Atlantic Coast
Biscayne Bay
Palm Bay

Gulf Coast
Apalachee Bay
Apalachicola Bay
Boca Ciega Bay
Charlotte Harbor
Choctawhatchee Bay
East Bay
Escambia Bay
Estero Bay
Florida Bay
Pensacola Bay
Ponce de Leon Bay
Sarasota Bay
St. Andrews Bay
St. Joseph Bay
Tampa Bay
Whitewater Bay

Bays
Florida


Gary Callander (5 July 1959 – 5 December 2021) was a Scottish international rugby union player who made six international appearances for the Scotland national team between 1984 and 1988. He played in the Hooker position. He coached Haddington, Gala, Watsonians and Kelso.

Rugby Union career

Amateur career

Callander began his rugby career playing for Kelso at the age of 16; and at the age of 18 collected his first coveted Melrose Sevens winner's medals.

While captain of Kelso Rugby Club (1984–85 and 1987–88) he led the team to become Border League winners in 1984–85 and to then win the Division 1 Championships in 1987–88.

He won the Melrose Sevens five times in total.

His Sevens career also took him twice to the final of the Hong Kong Sevens Cup competition, playing for the Co-Optimists and the Scottish Borderers.

Provincial career

Callander played for South of Scotland District. He was part of the squad that won the Scottish Inter-District Championship in 1984–85 season.

He played for Combined Scottish Districts on 1 March 1986 against South of Scotland and captained the side.

International career

Callander was capped by Scotland 'B' in 1982 to play against France 'B'.

He won six caps playing hooker for the Scotland national team between 1984 and 1988. He was captain of the Scottish team for five matches, including a 24–11 win over France at Murrayfield Stadium in 1988.

In 1985 a knee injury led to him missing the 1985 Scotland rugby union tour of North America. In 1986 he captained Scotland for a tour of France and Spain during which Scotland won two out of five matches and drew one.

Coaching career

Callander coached at Haddington from 1990.

In 1993, together with Simon Scott, he began coaching the Scottish students team.

He has successfully coached a wide range of teams across Scotland between 1991 and 2007 including Gala, Watsonians and Kelso. He joined Watsonians in 2001 and left in 2004.

He later offered help to Merchiston Castle School in Edinburgh.

Personal life

Callander died from pancreatic cancer in Melrose, on 5 December 2021, at the age of 62.

References

External links

profile on ESPN
profile on www.sporting-heroes.net

1959 births
2021 deaths
Scottish rugby union players
Scottish rugby union coaches
Rugby union players from Kelso
Scotland international rugby union players
Kelso RFC players
Scotland 'B' international rugby union players
Co-Optimist Rugby Club players
South of Scotland District (rugby union) players
Rugby union hookers
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from cancer in Scotland
Scottish Districts (combined) players
1987 Rugby World Cup players


The 311th Airlift Squadron is part of the 375th Airlift Wing at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado.  It operated Learjet C-21 aircraft providing executive airlift for Combatant Commanders.

History

World War II
The 311th Troop Carrier Squadron trained in the United States from 1943 to 1944 and later flew cargo and personnel missions.  It transferred to Hawaii in February 1945 and flew cargo in the Hawaiian Islands.  When Lieutenant General Millard Harmon crashed in the Pacific, the squadron participated in an intensive air search for survivors.  In August 1945 it moved to Okinawa and continued its airlift mission until May 1946.

Air Force reserve
The 311th trained in C-46 aircraft from June 1949 – April 1951.

Vietnam War
In Vietnam, the 311th flew cargo and passengers in support of I and II Corps.  In addition, the unit flew flare, communications cover, air evacuation, and search and rescue missions for downed aircraft.

On 10 May 1968, The special forces camp at Kham Duc in the central highlands near Laos came under heavy mortar fire and was ordered to be evacuated.  On 12 May, during evacuation efforts, an Army Boeing CH-47 Chinook and two division C-130s were disabled by enemy fire. One C-130 burst into flames at the end of the runway, killing all aboard.  The final C-130 took off thinking it had boarded the last of the men on the ground.  As the Viet Cong overran the forward outpost and established gun positions on the airstrip, eight aircraft were destroyed and the C-130 on the runway reduced its usable length to only about 2,200 feet. However, the three-man combat control team, in charge of directing the evacuation, was still on the ground searching for survivors.

Informed that three men remained behind, Lt Col Joe M. Jackson of the 311th Air Commando Squadron (834th Air Division) dove his Fairchild C-123K Provider from 9,000 to land at the field. Unable to slow by reversing his propellers (Reversing the propellers on the C-123K shut off the two jet engines.  They would have to be restarted before the aircraft could begin to take off again.) he jammed on the brakes and skidded halfway down the runway. The three combat controllers jumped from a culvert next to the runway and leaped into the open rear cargo door. A 122 mm rocket, fired from just outside the perimeter stopped only 10 meters from the plane. It did not explode. Jackson taxied around the shell and took off under heavy fire from the hills on either side of the camp.  For this rescue, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

Operational support airlift
The squadron was redesignated the 311th Airlift Flight and activated at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska in April 1997, assuming the mission, personnel and Learjet C-21 aircraft of the inactivating 11th Airlift Flight, when Air Force operational support airlift in the United States was centralized under the 375th Air Mobility Wing.  It supported the Commander, United States Strategic Command, providing passenger airlift for Department of Defense officials throughout the US.  In June 2005, the flight became the 311th Airlift Squadron and moved to Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, absorbing the resources of the 84th Airlift Flight, which was inactivated. It was inactivated in June 2014, leaving the 200th Airlift Squadron of the Colorado Air National Guard to continue its mission at Peterson.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 311th Troop Carrier Squadron on 23 October 1943
 Activated on 1 November 1943
 Inactivated on 15 May 1946
 Redesignated 311th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 10 May 1949
 Activated in the reserve on 27 June 1949
 Ordered to active service on 1 April 1951
 Inactivated on 2 April 1951
 Redesignated 311th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault and activated on 24 May 1963 (not organized)
 Organized on 8 July 1963
 Redesignated 311th Air Commando Squadron, Troop Carrier on 8 March 1965
 Redesignated 311th Air Commando Squadron, Tactical Airlift on 1 August 1967
 Redesignated 311th Special Operations Squadron on 1 August 1968
 Redesignated 311th Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1970
 Inactivated on 5 October 1971
 Redesignated 311th Airlift Flight on 27 March 1997
 Activated on 1 April 1997
 Redesignated 311th Airlift Squadron on 15 June 2005
 Inavtivated on 1 June 2014

Assignments
 349th Troop Carrier Group, 1 November 1943
 I Troop Carrier Command, 1 December 1944
 VI Air Service Area Command, 9 February 1945
 Seventh Air Force, 22 July 1945
 U.S. Army Forces, Middle Pacific, 31 July 1945
 VIII Air Force Service Command, 1 September 1945
 54th Troop Carrier Wing, 15 February–15 May 1946
 349th Troop Carrier Group, 27 June 1949 – 2 April 1951
 315th Troop Carrier Group (later 315 Air Commando Group), 8 July 1963
 315th Air Commando Wing (later 315 Special Operations Wing, 315 Tactical Airlift Wing), 8 March 1966 – 5 October 1971
 458th Airlift Squadron, 1 April 1997
 375th Operations Group, 15 June 2005 – 1 June 2014

Stations

 Sedalia Army Air Field, Missouri, 1 November 1943
 Alliance Army Air Field, Nebraska, 19 January 1944
 Pope Field, North Carolina, 8 March 1944
 Baer Field, Indiana, 8 January 1945
 Fort Lawton, Washington, 24 January–1 February 1945
 Kahuku Army Air Base, Hawaii, 9 February 1945
 Bellows Field, Hawaii, 15 February–22 July 1945

 Okinawa, Ryuku Islands, 22 August 1945 – 15 May 1946
 Hamilton Air Force Base, California, 27 June 1949 – 2 April 1951
 Da Nang Air Base, South Vietnam, 8 July 1963
 Phan Rang Air Base, South Vietnam, 21 July 1967 – 5 October 1971
 Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, 1 April 1997
 Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, 15 June 2005 – 1 June 2014

Aircraft
 Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1943–1945)
 Douglas C-53 Skytrooper (1943–1944)
 Curtiss C-46 Commando (1945–1946, 1949–1951)
 Fairchild C-123 Provider (1963–1971)
 Learjet C-21 (1997–2014)

References

Bibliography

External links
375th Operations Group Fact Sheet

0311
Military units and formations in Colorado


Lissotesta benthicola is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

benthicola
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1927


"Falling Down" is the third track and single from Atreyu's fourth album Lead Sails Paper Anchor. Due to "Doomsday" only being released in the UK, it is known as their second US single. Unlike most of Atreyu's music, which features primarily a metalcore style, "Falling Down" features a style reminiscent of pop punk. The song was featured on the music video game, Guitar Hero On Tour: Modern Hits.

Chart performance
"Falling Down" was a huge radio hit for Atreyu, peaking at No. 3 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart and No. 5 on Billboards Mainstream Rock Songs chart. To date, it remains their highest peaking song on the Alternative Songs chart and tied with "Becoming the Bull" for their highest peaking song on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart.

Certifications

Footnotes

Atreyu (band) songs
Hollywood Records singles
2007 songs
Song recordings produced by John Feldmann


Local elections were held in Sierra Leone on 5 July 2008 for the first time since the Sierra Leonean Civil War. Following this election, the United Nations political mission UNIOSIL planned to withdraw. According to early results, the ruling All People's Congress is leading the Sierra Leone People's Party, with the People's Movement for Democratic Change clearly behind in third place.

References

Sierra
Local
Elections in Sierra Leone


Tumbes is a district in the middle Tumbes Province in Peru. It is bordered by Corrales District on the west, Pacific Ocean on the north,  Zarumilla Province on the east, and San Juan de la Virgen District on the south.

External links
  Municipalidad Provincial de Tumbes
  Tumbes Tour
 Manglares (mangrovie) di Tumbes (foto 2009 orellana)

pl:Tumbes


The Programa Pueblos Mágicos  (; "Magical Towns Programme") is an initiative led by Mexico's Secretariat of Tourism, with support from other federal agencies, to promote a series of towns around the country that offer visitors special experiences because of their natural beauty, cultural richness, traditions, folklore, historical relevance, cuisine, art crafts, and great hospitality. It is intended to increase tourism to more localities, especially smaller towns in rural areas.

The program promotes visiting small, rural towns, where visitors may see indigenous crafts, spectacular landscapes and other attractions. The Government created the 'Pueblos Mágicos' program to recognize places across the country that have certain characteristics and traditions that make them unique, and historically significant, offering magical experiences to visitors. A "Magical Village" is a place with symbolism, legends, history, important events, festivals, traditions, great food, and enjoyable shopping, day-to-day life – in other words, "magic" in its social and cultural manifestations, with great opportunities for tourism. Every Pueblo Magico offers a special experience to the visitor.The programme was launched in 2001. After 9 years and 32 towns having been selected, it was improved and relaunched in 2010. The government added resources to support local efforts and made it a priority under Secretary Guevara. Every town was assigned a budget to continue improving its infrastructure, image, product offering, and experience, while making sure they were maintaining their traditions and their festivals were promoted. By 2012 a total of 83 towns and villages in all 31 states have been awarded the title or nomination of Pueblo Mágico. The program created pride, recognition for its local citizens, and a diversification strategy to promote culture and Mexican traditions.

The program has offered opportunities to more citizens to make a living from tourism. This has contributed significantly to the economies of not only the pueblos, but also entire regions. Visitors' spending has stimulated the development of jobs, highly important in the towns with the most economic needs. Towns with more than five thousand residents are receiving more than 20 thousand visitors during the weekends.

In late 2018 it was reported that the program would be canceled and would not continue for 2019 due to the lack of support of the president Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO). However, in February 2019 Humberto Hernández, Under-secretary of Development and Tourist Regulation in the Ministry of Tourism, said that the program would continue "more strongly than ever." Under the new decentralized strategy, while the tourism ministry will continue to handle qualification of prospective pueblos mágicos and promotion and branding of the program, state governors will handle the allocation of government funds to projects in the towns.

A new class of 11 Pueblos Mágicos was inducted into the program on 1 December 2020, bringing the total to 132. This included the reinstatement of Mexcaltitán, one of the original Pueblos Mágicos, after it lost the designation in 2009. As of August 1, 2023, there are 177 Pueblos Mágicos, located in each of the 31 Mexican states.

 Objectives
The objectives of this program are:
  To structure a supplementary and diversified touristic supply within the interior of the country for locations that contain important historical and cultural attributes.
 To diversify the country's tourism offerings.
 To create and promote craftsmanship and support traditional festivals.
 To preserve local traditions, culture, ethnic customs and the unique cuisine.
 To create tourist products like adventures, extreme sports, ecotourism, festivals, local itineraries, wine and food activities and sport fishing.
 To reassess, consolidate and reinforce touristic attractions of these towns in the country which represent fresh and different alternatives to meet the rising demand of national and international visitors.
 To create jobs and reduce poverty.
 This program was also developed with the purpose of recognizing the labor of its residents who have kept their cultural and historical riches of their home towns.

 Criteria
In order to qualify for the program, towns should have a population of at least 5000, and be located no more than 300 km, or the equivalent of traveling three hours by land, from a city with a well-resourced market or good connectivity. The town's municipal and state authorities must request incorporation from the Secretariat of Tourism so that assessment visits can be arranged to evaluate the potential of the site. In addition, towns had to meet specific requirements in order to be considered.

The criteria included some of the following:

I.  A formally constituted "Pueblo Mágico committee", citizens who represent the pueblo or local community. If the town is accepted into the program, they are responsible for maintaining the designation by working with the local citizens. Their job is to represent the residents of the town and their interests to make sure that the declaration will benefit all and by working together to maximise the opportunities. This group has to be diverse, with no more than 15 people who are willing to contribute their work pro-bono. Group members should rotate periodically.

II. A town council accord, which states an agreement to apply for admittance into the program. The local authorities have to support inclusion in the program, as their support is essential for success. This document affirms the formal support.

III. Agreement of the state congress; state support is needed to assign resources, mainly for infrastructure.

IV.  Direct economic contribution towards touristic development in projects, action plans and programs. Each town must try to differentiate from other towns. The plans should relate to the unique features of the town and why it should be considered.

V. An updated municipal touristic development program, with a time frame of at least three years. A long-term plan should be for 3 years to make sure the declaration is maintained, and that the town is working to improve conditions for tourists. The program should be updated every three years.

VI.  Rules and local regulations should be updated to have a touristic focus during the current administration of the Municipality. This is to support and protect visitors and people dedicated to tourism activities.

VII. Evidence of the symbolic attraction of the aspiring community, or what makes the town unique.

VIII. Availability of health and public security services for tourists in case of an emergency.

IX.  Documentation of private and social investment in touristic development and quality, including hotel rooms, restaurants, tours, museums, activities, etc.

X. Other elements that the committee considers relevant for touristic activity.

 Process
 The Pueblo's citizens committee and relevant stakeholders create the file containing all documents, details fulfilling all the requirements, and the request of candidacy to the Secretary of Tourism and the evaluation committee.
 A formal presentation with examples and details is made to the evaluation committee during a scheduled appointment in Mexico City.
 The formal committee has representation from Secretariats of Tourism, Culture, Environment and several other government officials.
 The evaluation committee reviews the file, ensures that all the requirements were met, conducts a physical inspection in the town, and reports back by documenting findings.
 If 100% of the requirements are met then they approve the nomination and turn matters over to the Secretary of Tourism who is responsible to visit the Pueblo, invite the local authorities and local residents, and give the new "nomination" or declaration at the same time that it has to take the oath to the local committee representing the citizens of the town.
 The local citizens and the committee are responsible to maintain the declaration and the town's "magic" standing. Nominations are not permanent, with annual revisions and audits for some towns.
 If an applying pueblo doesn't meet the requirements, the details are shared back to the committee, and the pueblo will be asked to provide any requested missing information.
 If the Pueblo doesn't qualify due to inability to meet the required attributes, a formal response is provided to the committee.

Mexico has more than 2500 municipalities; hundreds apply annually to this program with very few of them being selected. This is a very successful and prestigious program that provides benefits to local residents who benefit from the resulting economic activity bringing prosperity and various tangible and intangible benefits to their communities.

 List

 Towns removed from the program

Below is the list of sites that were enrolled in the program, but had their titles revoked for failure to meet standards during the re-evaluation or audit. One of them received enhanced recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage Site; the other two were subsequently brought into compliance and reinstated as Pueblos Mágicos.

 Other
Some governments have tried to eliminate the program for political reasons but because this model is a citizen-based program focusing on empowering communities, these efforts have been unsuccessful. According to statistics from INEGI, the Pueblo Mágico program has provided great economic value, and created jobs for its participating communities. The program has been recognised by several countries around the world, as a role model domestically and internationally.

See also
Barrios Mágicos of Mexico City
Pueblo Patrimonio (Colombia)
Pueblos Mágicos (Ecuador)
Pueblos Pintorescos (Guatemala)

References

External links

Secretariat of Tourism — Pueblos Mágicos — official website'' (Spanish).
Visitmexico.com: The Pueblos Mágicos—Magical Towns — (Spanish).
Pueblos Mágico de Jerez — (Spanish).
Valle de Bravo - locale Pueblos Mágicos — (Spanish).
Map with all the Magical Towns of Mexico - (English)

Populated places in Mexico
Tourism in Mexico
Tourist attractions in Mexico

Mexico


Lissotesta conoidea is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 A.W.B. Powell,  New species of marine mollusca from New Zealand, Discovery Report, National Institute of Oceanography of Great Britain, v. 15, 1937

conoidea
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1937


The Diocese of Matera (Latin: Archidioecesis Materanensis) was a Roman Catholic archdiocese located in the town of Matera in the Province of Matera in the region of Basilicata, in Southern Italy. In 1203, it was united with the Archdiocese of Acerenza to form the Archdiocese of Acerenza e Matera.

See also
Catholic Church in Italy

References

Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy


Devise () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Devise is situated on the D45 road, on the banks of the Omignon, a tributary of the river Somme, some  west of Saint-Quentin.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


is a Japanese equestrian rider.

Biography
He competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics, finishing 40th in show jumping. Hoketsu also qualified for the 1988 Summer Olympics, but was unable to compete when his horse was quarantined.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics on August 13, 2008, he finished 9th in the Dressage Team Grand Prix and 35th in the Dressage Individual Grand Prix.  In 2012, at the age of 70, Hoketsu won a berth for Japanese representation for the 2012 Summer Olympics in individual dressage and in competition of equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage he finished 40th.

In his 70s, the 1968 graduate of Duke University is regarded as the "hope for old men". He was the oldest athlete in the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. Hoketsu is the oldest Olympian to ever compete for Japan, and is the third oldest Olympian to compete ever, next to shooter Oscar Swahn of Sweden, who won a silver in the 1920 Summer Olympics and Arthur von Pongracz, who competed at age 72 in Dressage in 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

References

External links

Equestrians at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Dressage riders
Show jumping riders
Living people
1941 births
Japanese male equestrians
Olympic equestrians for Japan
Equestrians at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in equestrian
Equestrians at the 1986 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games
Japanese dressage riders


Lissotesta decipiens is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

decipiens
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1940


Richard Challoner School is an all boys secondary school with a mixed sixth form that is federated with Holy Cross School, New Malden. It has an academy status and is located in Surrey, England. The school is named after Bishop Richard Challoner.

Headmasters
The Headmasters of the school since its founding in 1959 are:

Arts

The Richard Challoner Studio Theatre was officially opened by the Hungarian Ambassador in 2008. Various productions were first performed there, including Oliver, The Government Inspector, Antigone, Robin Hood, Sherlock Holmes: And the Pearls of Death, Chaplin: The Early Years and Romeo and Juliet, and then performed, on tour, in various theatres in Hungary, such as the Kolibri Theatre in Budapest. Many of the plays are written by drama teacher Mr. Neil Zoladkiewicz, who retired at the end of the 2016–17 school year.

The school also performs musicals. The most recent was A Slice Of Saturday Night in 2017, with the previous performance of Grease Lightning having happened in partnership with Willson Academy of Performing Arts in 2016.

Notable former pupils

Jérémie Boga - professional footballer who plays for Chelsea
Jimmy Glass - former professional goalkeeper known for last minute winner for Carlisle United in 1999 that kept them in the Football League
Ben Hawkey - actor who starred in the HBO series Game of Thrones amongst other titles
Tom Holland - actor who starred as Spider-Man in the Marvel cinematic universe
Charly Musonda - professional footballer who plays for Chelsea
Steven Reid - former professional and international footballer who last played for Burnley F.C.
Archie Renaux - actor who starred in Netflix Shadow and Bone and model
Ryan Sweeney (footballer) - Professional footballer who currently plays for Dundee FC

References

External links
Official School Website

Boys' schools in London
Academies in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames
Catholic secondary schools in the Archdiocese of Southwark
Secondary schools in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames


Jean-Marie du Lau d'Allemans (30 October 1738, Biras – 2 September 1792, Paris) was the last Archbishop of Arles, and was one of the Catholic Martyrs of September 1792, killed in the course of the September Massacres which occurred during the French Revolution. He was beatified on 17 October 1926 by Pope Pius XI.

Early life

Lau was born on 30 October 1738 at the Château de la Côte at Biras, then in the Province of Perigord, of an aristocratic family which had provided many members to the higher ranks of the clergy. His father was Armand du Lau, Lord of La Coste, and his mother Françoise de Salleton.

Churchman
After studies at the Collège de Navarre, Lau gained a Licentiate of Theology at the Sorbonne and then embarked on his ecclesiastical career, aided by his uncle, the Abbé Jean du Lau, parish priest of the Church of Saint-Sulpice in Paris since 1750. As was the system, he passed from one diocese to another in a rising curve of authority and prestige: canon and treasurer at Pamiers, Vicar General of the Diocese of Bordeaux, Prior of Gabillon and in 1770 attained the notable rank of Agent General of the Clergy of France. On 1 October 1775, he was promoted by King Louis XVI to the office of Archbishop of Arles, the youngest of the king's episcopal appointments.

Archbishop of Arles
Starting in 1777, Lau embarked on a pastoral visitation of the diocese and, in 1779, he had a report on the state of the diocese drawn up by the Abbé Laurent Bonnemant with a view to introducing reforms. Like that of many reforming bishops, the archbishop's interest extended to the preparation of midwives and catechism of children. He also undertook building works, such as the imposing facade of the archbishop's palace, which he had rebuilt in 1786.

With the convocation of the Estates-General of 1789, Lau was chosen as one of the representatives of the clergy. As the revolutionary situation developed, the archbishop began a bitter conflict with the newly elected mayor of Arles, Pierre-Antoine Antonelle, an aristocrat who had sided with radical wing of the Revolution.

The conflict was short-lived for, on 12 July 1790, the National Assembly voted for measures that included the abolition of the Archdiocese of Arles. Jean-Marie du Lau d'Allemans was in fact the last Archbishop of Arles.

Martyrdom

Lau died a violent death on 2 September 1792 in an improvised prison inside the closed priory of the Carmelite Friars in central Paris, where he was being held with two priests of his archdiocese, Armand de Foucauld de Pontbriand and Pierre François Pazery de Thorame, and a large number of other clergy and religious. Those killed included two other bishops, Francois-Joseph de la Rochefoucauld and Pierre-Louis de la Rochefoucauld, priests, clerics and Brothers of the Christian Schools, for a total of 94 men, who were beatified as a group by Pope Pius XI.

Lau's remains, along with those of his fellow victims, are entombed in the cemetery of the former Carmelite priory, 70 rue de Vaugirard, Paris.

See also
 September Massacres
 Salomone Leclercq

References

Reading

 Gérard Cholvy (ed.), Jean Marie du Lau, archevêque d’Arles, et ses compagnons martyrs, 1792–1992. Colloque du IIe centenaire tenu à Arles les 2–4 octobre 1992, Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, 1995.

1738 births
1792 deaths
People from Dordogne
College of Navarre alumni
College of Sorbonne alumni
18th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in France
Archbishops of Arles
People murdered in Paris
French clergy killed in the French Revolution
Beatifications by Pope Pius XI
Martyred Roman Catholic bishops
French beatified people
18th-century venerated Christians


Patrick Vincent Ahern (March 8, 1919 – March 19, 2011) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New York from 1970 to 1994.

Biography
Ahern was born in New York City, and attended Manhattan College and Cathedral College in the same city. He began his studies for the priesthood at St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers, and also studied at St. Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri, and at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana.

Ahern was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of New York on January 27, 1945. His first assignment was as a curate at St. Helena's Church in The Bronx. He then worked with the Archdiocesan Mission Band until 1955, when he became a curate at St. Patrick's Cathedral. He taught at St. Joseph's Seminary before serving as secretary to Cardinal Francis Spellman from 1958 to 1967. He afterwards became pastor of Our Lady of Angels Church in the Bronx.

On February 3, 1970, Ahern was named an auxiliary bishop for New York and titular Bishop of Naiera by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 19 from Cardinal Terence Cooke, with Archbishop John Joseph Maguire and Bishop Edwin Broderick serving as co-consecrators, at St. Patrick's Cathedral. As an auxiliary bishop, he continued to serve at Our Lady of Angels Church and was also episcopal vicar for the Bronx. He served as episcopal vicar for Staten Island and pastor of Blessed Sacrament Church from 1980 to 1990. He then became archdiocesan vicar for development.

After reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75, Ahern resigned as an auxiliary bishop on April 26, 1994.

He was widely regarded as one of the foremost experts on the spirituality of Saint Thérèse de Lisieux.

Published works
Maurice and Therese: The Story of Love, Doubleday, 2001.

Awards
2007: Eleanor and Paul Proske Memorial Award for Distinguished Service to the Poor

References

1919 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops
Manhattan College alumni
People of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York


The 1986–87 season was the 78th year of football played by Dundee United, and covers the period from 1 July 1986 to 30 June 1987. United finished in third place, securing UEFA Cup football for the following season.  They reached the Scottish Cup final, only to lose after extra-time to St Mirren.  The season is most notable for the club's run to the UEFA Cup Final, knocking out Barcelona, Borussia Mönchengladbach and Universitatea Craiova en route.  United lost 2–1 on aggregate to IFK Gothenburg in the final.

Match results
Dundee United played a total of 67 competitive matches during the 1986–87 season. The team finished third in the Scottish Premier Division.

In the cup competitions, United lost in the final of the Scottish Cup to St Mirren and lost in the Skol Cup semi-finals. Swedish side Gothenburg defeated United in the final of the UEFA Cup over two legs.

Legend

All results are written with Dundee United's score first.

Premier Division

Scottish Cup

Skol Cup

UEFA Cup

Player details
During the 1986–87 season, United used 29 different players comprising four nationalities. Billy Thomson was the only player to feature in every match of United's UEFA Cup run. The table below shows the number of appearances and goals scored by each player.

|}

Goalscorers
United had 15 players score with the team scoring 97 goals in total. The top goalscorer was Iain Ferguson, who finished the season with 28 goals.

Discipline
During the 1986–87 season, one United players was sent off. Statistics for cautions are unavailable.

Team statistics

League table

Transfers

In
The club signed five players during the season with a total public cost of at least £300,000 (some figures unknown). Two other players joined before the following season.

*Dave Bowman and Jim McInally were signed in a joint £140,000 deal

Out
Four players were sold by the club during the season with a public total of nearly £1,000,000. One player retired due to injury.

Loans out

Playing kit

The shirts were sponsored by future chairman Eddie Thompson's VG Foodstores for a second season.

See also
1986–87 in Scottish football

References

External links
BBC's 'A Sporting Nation' review of the UEFA Cup run
Glenrothes Arabs 1986–87 season review

1986-87
Scottish football clubs 1986–87 season


The Hudson River Region AVA is an American Viticultural Area around the Hudson River in eastern New York.  The region is home to the oldest continuously operating winery in North America, the Brotherhood Winery, established in  1839.  The oldest continuously cultivated vineyard in North America is also located in the Hudson River Region AVA, and is today operated by Benmarl Winery.

Most vineyards in the region are located within  of the river.  The Hudson River flows from north to south, and most vineyards are planted on hills on the western side of the river, where early morning sunshine can rapidly warm the vines.  Ocean breezes channeled north up the river help to moderate the climate in the region, making it cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter than surrounding areas. The hardiness zone ranges from 7a to 6a.

The most important grape varieties in the area are French hybrids and cool-climate Vitis vinifera varieties.

References

External links
 Survey of Hudson Valley Wine and Winemaking

American Viticultural Areas
Hudson Valley
New York (state) wine
1982 establishments in New York (state)