The Tatev Monastery () is a 9th-century Armenian Apostolic Christian monastery located on a large basalt plateau near the village of Tatev in the Syunik Province in southeastern Armenia. The term "Tatev" usually refers to the monastery. The monastic ensemble stands on the edge of a deep gorge of the Vorotan River. Tatev is known as the bishopric seat of Syunik and played a significant role in the history of the region as a center of economic, political, spiritual and cultural activity.

The Monastery of Tatev has been described as one of the two best-known monasteries in Armenia, along with Noravank in the province of Vayots Dzor.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, the monastery hosted one of the most important Armenian medieval universities, the University of Tatev, which contributed to the advancement of science, religion and philosophy, reproduction of books and development of miniature painting. Scholars of the Tatev University contributed to the preservation of Armenian culture and creed during one of its most turbulent periods in its history.

The restoration of the monastery, re-establishing its educational legacy and reviving monastic life at Tatev is one of the main goals of Tatev Revival Program, a part of which is the Wings of Tatev aerial tramway, a cableway from Tatev to the village of Halidzor, which was opened in October 2010. It was included in the Guinness World Records as world's "longest non-stop double track cable car."

Etymology
According to tradition, Tatev Monastery is named after Eustateus, a disciple of St. Thaddeus the Apostle, who preached and was martyred in this region. His name has evolved to Tatev.

Folk etymology includes a legend telling of an event that is tied to the construction of the main church, where the builder falls down the abyss while completing the final structure of the dome, and during fall he calls "Ta Tev" meaning - give me wings. Folk legend says that he came down unharmed. where an apprentice secretly climbs to the top of its steeple intending to place a cross of his own design. However, the apprentice is spotted by his master during his descent. Shocked by his discovery, the apprentice loses his foothold and falls into the abyss as he calls upon God to grant him wings, which, in Armenian is: "Ta Tev".

History

Tatev Monastery is located in South-East Armenia, in the area of ancient Armenian Syunik, not far from the city of Goris and 280 km away from Yerevan. The Tatev plateau has been in use since pre-Christian times, hosting a pagan temple. The temple was replaced with a modest church following the Christianization of Armenia in the 4th century.

Development of the Tatev Monastery began in the 9th century when it became the seat of the bishop of Syunik. In his History of the Province of Syunik, historian Stepanos Orbelian describes the construction of a new church near the old one in 848 through the financial assistance of Prince Philip of Syunik. With the growth of economic and political importance of the centre, the aging buildings no longer suited its requirements, and thus Bishop Hovhannes (John) obtained the financial assistance of Prince Ashot of Syunik to construct the new monastery.

In the beginning of the 11th century, Tatev hosted around 1,000 monks and a large number of artisans. In 1044, armed forces of neighbouring emirates destroyed the St. Gregory Church and its surrounding buildings, which were reconstructed soon after that. In 1087, the church of St. Mary was built to the north of the complex. The monastery suffered significant damage during Seljuk invasions in the 12th century and the earthquake in 1136. In 1170, Seljuk Turks plundered the Monastery and burnt some 10,000 manuscripts. The Monastery was rebuilt through the efforts of Bishop Stepanos near the end of the 13th century.

The Monastery was granted an exemption from taxes during Mongol rule. It regained its economic strength with the assistance of the Orbelian family. Its influence grew further when, in 1286, the Orbelians assumed control of the monastery, Stepanos Orbelian was consecrated metropolitan and succeeded in reuniting a number of surrounding dioceses within its realm. With the establishment of the university in the 14th century Tatev became a principal centre of Armenian culture.

During Timur lane's campaigns into Syunik (1381–1387), Tatev was looted, burnt, and dispossessed of a significant portion of its territories. The Monastery received an additional blow during Shah Rukh's invasion in 1434.

The monastery was reborn in the 17th and 18th centuries; its structures restored and new ones were added. It was looted again during the incursions of Persian forces led by Aga Mahmet Khan in 1796. In 1836, Czarist Russia put an end to the metropolitan authorities of Tatev through the imposition of Pologenia, and Syunik became part of the Diocese of Yerevan.

On 26 April 1921, the 2nd Pan-Zangezurian congress, held in Tatev, announced the independence of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia. The state included the regions of Tatev canyon, Sisian and Gndevaz. The city of Goris became the capital of the unrecognized state with Garegin Nzhdeh as its supreme commander.

The monastery was seriously damaged after an earthquake in 1931, the dome of the Sts. Paul and Peter church and the bell tower were destroyed. In the latter years the Sts. Paul and Peter church was reconstructed, but the bell tower remains destroyed up to today.

Buildings of the monastery
The fortified Tatev monastery consists of three churches - Saints Paul and Peter Church, Saint Gregory the Illuminator's Church, and the Holy Mother of God Church, a library, refectory, bell tower, mausoleum, as well as other administrative and auxiliary buildings.

The church of Saints Paul and Peter was built between 895 and 906. An arched hall was added adjacent to the southern wall of the church in 1043. Soon after in 1087, the church of the Holy Mother of God was added along the northern fortifications. In 1295, the church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator, which had been destroyed during an earthquake, was replaced with a new one through the initiative of then bishop Stepanos Orbelian. In 1787, the mausoleum of the Armenian theologian Gregory of Tatev was built adjacent to the western wall of the Church of Saint Gregory and by the end of 19th century a vestibule and a belfry were added at the western entrance of the church of Saints Paul and Peter.

Aside from the buildings, the monastery boasts an upright pendulum, known as the Gavazan (staff). This column was built in the 10th century following the completion of the Paul and Peter church and has survived numerous invasions and earthquakes relatively unscathed.

In the 14th century, fortifications were built to the south, west and north of the monastery with buildings for habitation, administration and other purposes. In the 18th century, additions were made to house the bishop's residence, cells for the monks, storage, dining hall, kitchen, bakery and winery. Sixteen rectangular classrooms, covered with arched ceilings, were built along the main fortifications.

To the northeast of the monastery, outside of the fortifications is the olive press. It has four production rooms including two domed storage rooms and pressing chambers with arched ceilings. This mill is one of the best preserved in Armenia and is an excellent illustration of olive presses built in the region during the Middle Ages.

The school buildings of the Tatev Monastery characterize the architectural style of monastic educational architecture used in the late medieval period.

Saints Paul and Peter Church
The church of Saints Paul and Peter is dedicated to the two apostles of Christ. It is also referred to as the church of the Apostles or the cathedral. It's likely that this church was built on the location of the old church and also inherited its name. On the western wall of the Church is preserved the dedicational cross-stone installed by Bishop Hovhannes that provides important historical information regarding the construction of the Church.

The Saints Paul and Peter Church is the oldest remaining construction within the complex of the Monastery. It was built with the initiative of Bishop Hovhannes and the financial assistance of reigning Prince Ashot, his wife Princess Shushan and Princes Grigor Supan and Dzagik.

The church is a rectangular basilica that extends from west to east. The apse on the east side contains the altar, and is flanked by two depositories; one on either side. The central dome is supported by two pillars on the eastern side, while on the west, annexes act as abutments. The roof has a two tiered, inclined style covered with large tiles. The inside and outside walls are covered with hewn stones. The walls and dome have narrow windows that allow the nave to be illuminated. The eastern façade contains niches that are crowned with bas-relief portraits of its benefactors, Prince Ashot and Princess Shushan, each bordered by protective snakes.

In 930 the church walls were decorated with frescoes upon the initiative of Bishop Hakob Dvinetsi. The work was carried out by French artists invited from Constantinople working alongside local Armenian painters. The faces of the main characters have eastern features, and all inscriptions are in Armenian. The eastern apse is decorated with a throned Christ with His disciples and saints. The western wall portrays the Last Judgment, while the northern wall illustrates scenes from the Nativity of Jesus. Little of those decorations survive today.

Saint Gregory the Illuminator's Church
The Saint Gregory Church is adjacent to the southern wall of the Sts. Paul and Peter Cathedral. The church was first built between 836 and 848 with the order and financial support of Prince Philipé of Syunik. It was renovated in the 11th century immediately after the Seljuk campaigns, but was completely destroyed again during the earthquake of 1138. It remained in this condition for more than a century until its reconstruction in 1295.

The church of St. Gregory is simple in construction. It does not have a dome. It has three support pillars in its northern and southern walls that bear the arches upon which the inclined roof tiles are installed. Its entrance is decorated with fine geometric carvings.

Holy Mother of God Church
The Holy Mother of God Church or the St. Astvatsatsin Church is located along the northern fortifications of the monastic complex. It was built in 1087 as a second storey to the covered mausoleum near the entrance. It was severely damaged during the earthquake of 1931, but was restored in the late 20th century.

Gavazan (the pendulous column)
The pendulous column (called Gavazan Siun) is a monument dedicated to the Holy trinity. It is located to the south of the Cathedral. It comprises a column about eight meters tall crowned with a khachkar-type cross. The column has been dated to the 10th century; the cross is no earlier than the 18th century but its form may be based on an earlier example.

The key purpose of the column is to alert of minor earth tremors and thus giving early warning signals about possible earthquakes. The column returns to its vertical position after it moves.

Monastic Feudalism

Tatev Monastery was a feudal organization. It became a prominent and influential monastic centre soon after its foundation, possessing expansive areas of land and a large number of villages. The earliest references to its foundation are described in Stepanos Orbelian's History of the Province of Syunik, where Orbelian describes the accord through which Prince Ashot, son of Prince Philipé of Syunik delineated its borders.

Soon after the transfer of the lands, peasants of Tsouraberd (present day Svarants), Tamalek, Aveladasht and other villages, rejected the authority of the Monastery and began a prolonged struggle against it. Twice the protests transformed into open uprisings and continued, with some interruptions, until 990 when King Vasak of Syunik razed Tsouraberd and dispersed its population . Historians link the uprisings to the Tondrakian Heresy, which appeared in Armenian history at roughly the same time as the peasant uprisings (9th–11th centuries) and which was also suppressed around the same time.

The Tatev bishopric owned 47 villages and received tithes from 677 other villages. It gained such economic power that in 940–950 Bishop Hakob attempted to secede from the Mother See of Etchmiadzin. His separatist dreams were dashed when Catholicos Anania Mokatsi anathematized him. Surrounding regions benefited from Tatev's weakened position, rejected its supremacy and established their own dioceses. In 958, Bishop Vahan (later Catholicos Vahan Syunetsi) recovered some of the bishopric rights and properties. In 1006, Bishop Hovhannes V succeeded in re-establishing the metropolitan privileges of the diocese.

Tatev University
Tatev Monastery has played a notable role in the advancement of cultural life of Armenia. In his History of the Province of Syunik, Stepanos Orbelian describes how the monastery served as the repository for thousands of valuable manuscripts, monastic and official documents and contracts. The Monastery hosted a university that operated between 1390 and 1434, where instructors were educated and trained not only for the province of Syunik, but also for other regions of Armenia.

In the beginning of the 1340s, following the decline of the University of Gladzor, Hovhan Vorotnetsi departed from Vayots Dzor, and arriving in Dzghook, Vorotn, he obtained the blessing and patronage of the Orbelian princes to advance the educational system at Tatev. Vorotnetsi used his experience from Gladzor to revise the educational plan and to organize the admission and classification of students and instructors. This enabled Tatev to be transformed to a deserving university within a short period of time, attracting students from various regions of Greater Armenia and Cilicia.

Vorotnetsi organized the university into three departments – study of Armenian and foreign scriptures, the study of scriptural arts, and finally, the study of music. The first included the study of humanities and social sciences, philosophy, oration, grammar, literature and history. The second focused on calligraphy, artistic design of books and the painting of miniatures and murals. The third department included ancient music and musicology.

Following the death of Vorotnetsi in 1388, Grigor Tatevatsi assumed the role of abbot. He succeeded in raising the standard of the University to unprecedented heights. During his tenure, Tatev experienced its most dynamic and creative period. Topics of instruction included Armenian literature, interpretation and analysis of the Old and New Testaments, works of the holy fathers, works of Plato, Aristotle, Philo of Alexandria and Porphyry, and their analysis.

The University of Tatev became the leading scientific and cultural centre of the time. Its achievements appear even more significant when they are viewed in context with the turbulent political situation and endless devastations of the period, when the University was occasionally forced to migrate to avoid persecutions from invading forces.

Tatev University led the effort to combat the influence of the Fratres Unitores in Armenia. The Unitores were an Armenian branch of the Dominican order and the result of an initiative taken by Pope John XXII to extend the influence of Holy See of Rome onto Asia and to Latinize Greater Armenia. Scholars of Tatev University fought against the proselytizing of the Unitores and sought to diminish their influence on the Armenian Church and people.

Following the collapse of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1375, scholars of Tatev, led by Grigor Tatevatsi and then his followers, especially Tovma Metsobetsi and Hovhannes Hermonetsi played an important role in convincing the authorities to repatriate of the supreme patriarchal throne of the Armenian Church from Sis to Etchmiadzin, the original See of Saint Gregory the Illuminator. The effort succeeded in 1441 following the decisions of the National Congress of Etchmiadzin, proving to be one of the most significant events in Armenian history of that century.

The prominence of the University began to wane following the death of Grigor Tatevatsi. In spite of the dauntless efforts of its new leaders, the political and economic conditions, compounded with the security complications of the period led Tatev to lose its luster and finally ceased to function following the invasions of Shah Rukh in 1434.

National Heritage
In 1995, the monasteries of Tatev, Tatevi Anapat and their adjacent areas of the Vorotan Valley were added to the tentative list of World Heritage Sites of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Tatev Revival foundation
Launched in 2008, Tatev Revival foundation was founded by impact investor and entrepreneur Ruben Vardanyan. The main goal of Tatev Revival is the restoration of Tatev Monastery. Included in this objective is the creation of infrastructure around the monastery while respecting its cultural, historical and spiritual significance, as well as the concurrent development of local communities. The official start of the project is given in October 2010 by the launch of the world's longest reversible aerial tramway (5750 m long), as part of its effort to revive tourism in the area. This link, named Wings of Tatev connects the village of Halidzor with the Tatev Monastery. The project is executed by the Swiss competence center of the Doppelmayr/Garaventa group and cost US$25 million. The Wings of Tatev cableway has been used by nearly 950,000 tourists over the course of its operations. In the town Goris, more than 50 hotels and guesthouses opened after the launch of the program. In nearby villages around 50 B&B were founded by locals. The Kapan-based Ark Ecological NGO is currently building hiking trail infrastructure to connect Kapan and Tatev monastery to promote the ecotourism in the Syunik region.

Tatev Monastery restoration
The Oil Mill was one of the first architectural structures restored in 2010 as part of the Tatev Revival program and is now fully operational.

Since summer 2016, visitors have been entering the Tatev monastery complex through the restored North Entrance. In 2017, display stands were installed near the entrance retelling the monastery's restoration. The adjacent territory was also improved. The water spring reconstruction works started at the end of 2015. Research was carried out to establish the original location of the water source and how it was constructed. In the summer of 2016, the spring was restored to its historic location near the North Entrance.

The reconstruction of the Church of Surb Astvatsatsin to its original appearance was incorporated in the first stage of the Tatev monastic complex restoration. Work began in August 2016 and finished in October 2018.

Gallery

See also
 Tatevi Anapat, a nearby 17th-century Armenian monastery in the Vorotan Valley gorge directly below Tatev

References

Bibliography

External links

 About Tatev Monastery
 Wings of Tatev | developWay CJSC
 Article Armeniapedia.org: Tatev Monastery
 Seasons, weather and climate in Tatev
 Wings of Tatev, the world longest non-stop double track aerial tramway that leads to the monastery

Populated places in Armenia
Christian monasteries in Armenia
Tourist attractions in Syunik Province
Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
Oriental Orthodox congregations established in the 9th century
Buildings and structures in Syunik Province
9th-century establishments in Armenia
Religious buildings and structures completed in 895


Sainte-Agnès (Occitan: Sant Anha, Sant Anh, Santa Anhès or Santa Anh; Vivaro-Alpine: Santa Anha) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It is the highest village in the area, perched 800 metres above the level of the Mediterranean Sea. In 2018, Sainte-Agnès had a population of 1,341. It was included on the list of Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (The Most Beautiful Villages of France) in 1997.

History
The Fort Maginot de Sainte-Agnès, which was built as part of the Maginot Line in 1932, is now a museum. It was built to defend the area against possible Italian and German invasion. However, it was never used since the invaders went around it. Tourist can enter the fort which could house between 300 and 400 soldiers for up to three months. Tour schedules are irregular so tourists have to make sure to confirm before visiting.

Geography
The narrow road to the village provides views of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Menton and on to Italy. Visitors can get to Menton by train and take the bus (line 10) from the Gare Routière station to Sainte-Agnès. It is also possible to drive for 25 minutes along the scenic road. The village sits overlooking the city of Menton and the Mediterranean.

Demographics

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Plus Beaux Villages de France
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Nottinghamshire North and Chesterfield was a European Parliament constituency covering parts of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire in England.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency was created in 1994 from parts of Sheffield,  Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and Nottingham, and consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Bassetlaw, Bolsover, Chesterfield, Mansfield, Newark, North East Derbyshire and Sherwood.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Nottinghamshire
Politics of Derbyshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Nottingham and Leicestershire North West was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Bosworth, Gedling, North West Leicestershire, Nottingham East, Nottingham North, Nottingham South, and Rushcliffe.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Nottinghamshire
Politics of Leicestershire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Northamptonshire and Blaby was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Blaby, Corby, Daventry, Kettering, Northampton North, Northampton South, and Wellingborough.

MEPs

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Northamptonshire
Politics of Leicestershire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


North Yorkshire was a European Parliament constituency covering much of the county of North Yorkshire in England.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency was created in 1994, incorporating most of the former York constituency and part of Cleveland and Yorkshire North.  It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Harrogate, Ryedale, Scarborough, Selby, Skipton and Ripon and York.

The seat became part of the much larger Yorkshire and the Humber constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

|- style="background-color:#F6F6F6"
! style="background-color: " |
| colspan="2"   | New creation:  gain.
| align="right" | Swing
| align="right" | N/A
||

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of North Yorkshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


These are the international rankings of Pakistan.

Geography

Cereals, Fruits and Livestock Production
Source is Food and Agriculture Organization

Cities

Demographics

Economy

Industry

Environment

Energy

Military

Political

Communications
Following rankings involving technological advances in communication are taken from the CIA World Factbook.

Sports

Awards

See also
Lists of countries
Lists by country
List of international rankings

References

External links
 CIA World Factbook

Pakistan


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

From 1984 to 1999, the constituency of Merseyside West was one of them, following on from the previous "Liverpool" constituency which existed on different boundaries from 1979 to 1984.

When it was created in England in 1984, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Bootle, Crosby, Liverpool Broadgreen, Liverpool Mossley Hill, Liverpool Riverside, Liverpool Walton, Liverpool West Derby, Southport,  and remained broadly the same, despite the internal re-arrangement of some of these constituencies (Wavertree replacing Broadgreen and Mossley Hill, and a boundary shift for some of the others).

Ken Stewart, a left-wing and anti-Europe Labour councillor, won the seat for Labour in 1984 from the Liverpool constituency's incumbent Gloria Hooper, later Baroness Hooper. He retained it in 1989 and 1994 with increased majorities. His death in 1996 triggered a by-election, one of a number of crucial by-elections resulting in comfortable Labour victories in the closing months of John Major's Conservative government. Labour's candidate was Richard Corbett, pro-Europe (and later the Leader of the Labour MEPs, the EPLP), who held the seat until it was abolished with the introduction of the regional constituency proportional representation system in 1999. Corbett won the selection to be the Labour candidate in a ballot of all party members in the constituency, winning out against David Watts, later MP for St Helens, Margaret Wall (later Baroness Wall of New Barnet), David Martin, leader of Sefton Council and a number of other local councillors from Liverpool and Bootle.

Under the regional constituency system, Merseyside West became part of North West England.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Merseyside
1984 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Merseyside East and Wigan was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Knowsley North, Knowsley South, Leigh, Liverpool Garston, Makerfield, St Helens North, St Helens South, and Wigan.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Merseyside
Politics of Greater Manchester
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Merseyside East was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Knowsley North, Knowsley South, Leigh, Liverpool Garston, Makerfield, St Helens North, St Helens South, and Wigan.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Merseyside
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Mario Rutelli (Palermo, Sicily, 4 April 1859 – 1941) was an Italian sculptor.

Biography

From a native British family which long ago moved from France to Italy (Rudelle at first), Mario's father Giovanni Rutelli was a prominent architect in Palermo. Mario studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Palermo and then in Rome under Giulio Monteverde and Benedetto Civiletti, and Auguste Rodin in Paris.

From 1874 through 1897 Giovanni Rutelli's firm, Rutelli and Machi', was responsible for the construction of the monumental Teatro Massimo in Palermo, the 3rd largest lyric theatre in all of Europe. For his first major commission, Mario contributed a lion and allegorical group representing Lyric Poetry flanking the theater's entrance. The corresponding lion representing Tragedy is the work of Civiletti.

Rutelli's likely masterwork is the 1901 Fountain of the Naiads in Piazza della Repubblica, Rome, which Benito Mussolini called the "exaltation of eternal youth, the capital's first salute to art".  The naked figures were controversial.

From 1903 to 1923 Rutelli was a professor of sculpture at his own school, the Accademia di Belle Arti di Palermo, and he also owned a foundry in via Gaetano Daita.

By the late 1920s Rutelli, who reached age 70 in 1929, could be described as "the oldest, most established, and most traditional of all Italian commemorative sculptors" of the time. For the Anita Garibaldi Monument, one of the statues and monuments of patriots on the Janiculum, Mussolini personally selected Rutelli for the commission, after rejecting designs by sculptor Ettore Ferrari. Reportedly Mussolini visited Rutelli's studio at least once to approve the design, and ordered that Anita be holding her weapon in one hand and her infant son Menotti in the other. The statues also form Garibaldi's tomb:  the base holds her remains.

Rutelli is buried in the Cimitero di Sant'Orsola in Palermo.  His great-grandson is the Italian politician and former Mayor of Rome Francesco Rutelli.

Selected works
 Bronze quadriga on the Teatro Politeama in Palermo, with Apollo (the god of music) and Euterpe (the muse of lyric poetry) above it (1867–1874)
  Lion and allegorical group, Lyric Poetry, Teatro Massimo, Palermo (1874–1897)
 Fontana del Tritone, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele, Monreale (1881)
 Fontana delle Naiadi in Piazza della Repubblica, Rome (1901; revisions through 1912)
 Monument to Nicola Spedalieri in the Piazza Sforza Cesarini, in Rome (1903)
 Monument to Francesco Crispi, Piazza Crispi, Palermo (1905)
 One of the Victories on the Altare della Patria in Rome (inaugurated 1911)
 Marble font, Neoclassicist Church of the Annunziata, Comiso (1912)
 Peace, Tabernacle Chapel, Aberystwyth, Wales (1921)
 War memorial in Aberystwyth, Wales (1921–1923)
 Bronze statue of Edward Albert, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VIII, forecourt of Old College, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales (1923) (the only known full-length sculpture of the subject).
 Monument to Anita Garibaldi on the Janiculum, a two-figure equestrian bronze with extensive deep-relief bronze panels on the base (1929)
 The lion at the base of the Garibaldi monument in the Garibaldi garden in Palermo
 Monument to Giuseppe Gioeni (1920) on the facade of the Palazzo Gioeni Asmundo in Catania
 The equestrian monument to Umberto I in Catania
 The Fountain and commemorative monument at Agrigento
 Busts of Domenico Morelli and Giuseppe Maielli
 A bronze group of children playing in a fountain, and a bust of Edmondo De Amicis, situated in Palermo's English Garden
 Bust of Sicilian botanist Bernardino da Ucria, Orto botanico di Palermo
 Bust of Sicilian, Giuseppe Cantavespri; distinguished citizen of Bisacquino

References

Gallery

External links

1859 births
1941 deaths
19th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
20th-century Italian sculptors
20th-century Italian male artists
Artists from Palermo
19th-century Italian male artists


Argiope lobata is a species of spider belonging to the family Araneidae. It has a wide distribution encompassing the whole of Africa and stretching to southern Europe and into Asia.

The male of this species is small (body length 6 mm) but the female is large and spectacular at up to 25 mm in length. The silver abdomen is marked with black and red spots and carries deep furrows and distinctive lobes around the edge. As with other spiders in this genus, the large web is usually decorated with prominent zig-zag stabilimenta.

References

lobata
Spiders of Europe
Spiders of Africa
Spiders of Asia
Spiders described in 1772
Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of London South and Surrey East was one of them. It was merged from the London South and Surrey constituencies.

When it was created in England in 1984, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Carshalton and Wallington, Croydon Central, Croydon North East, Croydon North West, Croydon South, East Surrey, Reigate and Sutton and Cheam. In 1989, the Surrey Mirror reported that the total electorate was around 454,000.

In boundary changes which took effect at the 1994 European Election, it lost the Reigate constituency but gained Epsom and Ewell.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

London South and Surrey East
South and Surrey East
Politics of Surrey
20th century in London
1984 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


The  ran from 1971 to 1989. It was a drivers' championship in Japan and was originally for 2 litre Group B6 cars. The series was started in 1971, and all races were held at the Fuji Speedway circuit.

History

In its formative years, cars eligible to start included the March 74S, Alpine A441, Chevron, Lola and GRD.

In its fourth year of running, it had its first fatalities. At the start of the second race of the second round of the 1974 series, two cars were racing for the lead. They collided and Hiroshi Kazato and Seiichi Suzuki crashed into them, causing a fire. Both Kazato, 25, and Suzuki, 37, were killed. The race was immediately abandoned, and the circuit was reconstructed with the hairpin first corner that exists to this day, bypassing the banking.

A change in the rules in 1979 made it possible for single seat sports cars, similar to the revived Can-Am series, to race in the series.

In the second race of 1983 Famiyasu Sato was killed in practice. Later in the series, Toru Takahashi was killed when his car spun, and the aerodynamics of the car caused it to fly through the air, driver's head-first into the catch fencing, also killing a spectator.  This led to a further change in the circuit where a chicane was added in 300R (the final corner) to slow the cars.

The maximum engine size limit was increased to 3 litres in 1987. In 1988, the series changed its name from Fuji Grand Champion series to Grand Champion series because some races added into the championship were not held at Fuji.

The late 1980s saw attendance dropping, and after 1989 the series folded.

Revival
The series was revived again in 2002 as GC-21, like its predecessor; the series used Dallara GC21 cars, which were rebodied F3 cars powered by 3S-GTE engines. Like its predecessor, it raced exclusively at Fuji Speedway with the exception of 2004, when the circuit was undergoing a major renovation work. Despite running on a small field (usually five and six cars at a time), it ran on into 2006 when the series again folded. Between 2006 and 2007, it formed part of the LMP2 class in the Japan Le Mans Challenge.

Champions

See also
Fuji Long Distance Series
1999 Le Mans Fuji 1000 km
Japan Le Mans Challenge

References

Resources
Fuji Grand Champion Series results

Sports car racing series
Auto racing series in Japan


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Lincolnshire and Humberside South was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Brigg and Cleethorpes, East Lindsey, Gainsborough and Horncastle, Grantham, Great Grimsby, Holland with Boston, and Lincoln.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Lincolnshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


The Saint Joseph Parish Complex is located at 1730 South 16th Street in South Omaha, Nebraska within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha.

Description
Established in 1886, the congregation was founded "to serve Omaha's German-speaking Catholics." St. Joseph's continues with parishioners of German heritage comprising a large percentage of the church's membership.

The church was located in an area of German Catholics that was centered on South 16th Street and Center Street, and which was exclusive of Protestant Germans, who generally settled in a concentration centered on South 11th Street and Center Street where they built a German Methodist Episcopal Church in 1886.

The complex includes a church, a friary, a convent, and two school buildings. The friary, built in 1886, was planned by the same Brother who designed the convent and school in 1901. In 1928 a second school building was designed by Omaha architect Jacob Nachtigall.

See also
 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha
 List of churches in Omaha, Nebraska

References

Roman Catholic churches in Omaha, Nebraska
Convents in the United States
German-American culture in Omaha, Nebraska
Landmarks in South Omaha, Nebraska
History of South Omaha, Nebraska
National Register of Historic Places in Omaha, Nebraska
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
1886 establishments in Nebraska
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1886
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Lancashire South was one of them.

When it was created in England in 1994, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Blackburn, Bury North, Chorley, Hyndburn, Rossendale and Darwen, South Ribble, West Lancashire.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Lancashire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Itchen, Test and Avon was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Christchurch, Eastleigh, New Forest, Romsey and Waterside, Salisbury, Southampton Itchen, and Southampton Test.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Hampshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


A Tu BiShvat seder is a festive ceremony, often accompanied by a meal featuring fruits in honor of the Jewish holiday of Tu BiShvat.

During the Middle Ages or possibly a little before that, this day started to be celebrated with a minor ceremony of eating fruits, since the Mishnah called it "Rosh Hashanah" ("New Year"), and that was later understood as being a time appropriate for celebration.

History
In the 16th century in the Land of Israel, Rabbi Yitzchak Luria of Safed and his disciples created a Tu BiShvat seder, somewhat like the Passover seder, that celebrated the Tree of Life (the Kabbalistic map of the Sephirot). The earliest published version of this seder is called the P'ri Eitz Hadar, which means "The Fruit of the Beautiful Tree". The seder evokes Kabbalistic themes of restoring cosmic blessing by strengthening and repairing the Tree of Life, generally using the framework of the Four Worlds of emanation that can be roughly mapped onto the physical metaphor of a tree, that is, roots, trunk, branches and leaves.
In conjunction with this practice, some Chassidic Jews eat etrog on this day.

The traditional Tu BiShvat seder ended with a prayer which states in part, "May all the sparks scattered by our hands, or by the hands of our ancestors, or by the sin of the first human against the fruit of the tree, be returned and included in the majestic might of the Tree of Life."

Customary fruits

While some version of the Kabbalistic order is often followed in eating fruits and nuts on Tu BiShvat, it is generally customary to eat dried fruits and nuts even among those who are not following the Kabbalistic rite. Figs, dates, raisins, carob, and almonds are especially popular. Many people also incorporate into their seders the Seven Species associated with the Land of Israel in the Torah, which according to Deuteronomy 8:8 are wheat, barley, grapes, figs, pomegranates, olives and dates.

In Kabbalistic terms, the fruits that one eats, dried or fresh, can be divided up from lower or more manifest to higher or more spiritual, as follows:
Fruits and nuts with hard, inedible exteriors and soft edible insides, such as oranges, bananas, walnuts, and pistachios. Note that some count oranges and other citrus as wholly edible, in keeping with the interpretation of the etrog as being on the highest level.
Fruits and nuts with soft exteriors, but with a hard pit inside, such as dates, apricots, olives and persimmons
Fruit that is eaten whole, such as figs and berries.

Kabbalistic tradition teaches that eating fruits in this order creates a connection with the Tree of Life that God placed in the Garden of Eden, as mentioned in the Book of Genesis, where Adam and Eve had been placed after their creation, which is also represented by the Sephirot. In effect one is traveling from the most external or manifest dimension of reality, symbolized by fruits with a shell, to the most inner dimension, symbolized not even by the completely edible fruits but rather by a fourth level that may be likened to smell. At the same time, one drinks various proportions of red and white grape juice or wine, from white to red with just a drop of white in it, also corresponding to these stages.

Ecological interpretation

While the Tu BiShvat seder started as a kabbalistic way to celebrate the holiday, some ecologically-minded Jews have decided to resurrect the custom of having a Tu BiShvat seder to reflect issues and themes related to ecological or Zionist interpretations of the day. In the style of a Passover seder, some friends might be invited to the house, where various symbolic fruits and other foods are eaten, along with wine or grape juice. Many seders follow the Kabbalistic framework of the Four Worlds as well, often giving them a contemporary spin in terms of (physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual) meaning, or reinterpreting them culturally (social, cosmic, national, ecological). Seders might also concentrate on one aspect of one theme.

The ecological interpretation of Tu BiShvat seder can be dated to the 1970s, emerging to some degree out of the awareness that was engendered by a Jewish campaign of protest against U.S. use of Agent Orange called "Trees for Vietnam". One of the earlier ecologically-themed Tu BiShvat seders, created by Jonathan Wolf, incorporated information from groups like Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI) and the JNF directly into the Kabbalistic framework. More recent ecological interpretations of the seder include the idea that the Four Worlds and the types of fruit eaten represent levels of symbiosis between people and trees, or that the Tree of Life in Kabbalah can be mapped onto the evolutionary Tree of Life.

References

External links
Simple Tu Bisvhat Seder template on CustomandCraft.org
Tu Bishvat seder resources and Torah , including the original seder blessing published in the 17th century, on Neohasid.org
Materials from Torah.org
Materials from Aish haTorah
Fruit For Thought for Tu B'Shevat, the New Year for Trees chabad.org
Customs and B'rachas for Tu B'Shevat
Reb Chaim Haqoton's Holiday of Trees
Judaism 101 Description of Tu B'Shevat
Shalom Center's Tu BiShvat resources

Jewish festive meals
Judaism and environmentalism
Shevat observances


Harold "Hal" Gilson (February 9, 1942, in Los Angeles, California – June 20, 2022, in Scottsdale, Arizona) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the St. Louis Cardinals and Houston Astros in 1968.

Nicknamed "Lefty", he was originally signed by the Chicago Cubs in 1961 and was traded to the Cardinals on April 7, 1965, with Bobby Pfeil for Bob Humphreys.

He made his big league debut on April 14, 1968, against the team with which he had originally signed, the Cubs. Ernie Banks was the first batter Gilson ever faced — Banks reached base on an error. Overall, Gilson allowed a hit and walked one in two innings in his big league debut, but did not give up a single run. Overall with the Cardinals in 1968, he posted a 4.57 ERA in 13 games.

He was traded along with Dick Simpson from the Cardinals to the Astros for Ron Davis before the trade deadline on June 15, 1968. He played in only two games with the Astros, posting an ERA of 7.36.

Overall, Gilson posted an 0–2 record in 15 big league games. In 25 innings, he allowed 34 hits, one home run (to Bob Bailey) 15 runs, 14 earned runs, and 12 walks. He finished 7 games, saved 2 and he struck out 20 batters. His ERA was 4.97.

Although Gilson finished with an unimpressive ERA (especially in 1968, when the league ERA was under 3.00), he started off his career not allowing a single run in his first six appearances. His streak was blown when he allowed five runs in 2 innings against the Los Angeles Dodgers on May 21.

He played his final game on July 27, 1968, against the San Francisco Giants.

Harold Gilson died on June 20, 2022, in Scottsdale, Arizona, from a major stroke.

References

External links

1942 births
2022 deaths
African-American baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Los Angeles
St. Louis Cardinals players
Houston Astros players
Pocatello Chiefs players
St. Cloud Rox players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Wenatchee Chiefs players
Arkansas Travelers players


The following article presents a summary of the 1941 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 40th season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Corinthians declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

State championship champions

Other competition champions

Brazil national team
The Brazil national football team did not play any matches in 1941.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF
 1941 Brazil national team matches at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


John David Blake Butler (22 October 1924 – 15 April 1981) was an English actor best known for his role as the lecherous chief librarian Mr. Wainwright during the first and third series of Last of the Summer Wine in 1973 and 1976 respectively.

Background
Butler was the second son of FitzWalter Butler (1889–1979), of Grantham, Lincolnshire, and Doris Emma (d. 1950), daughter of Robert Pollok, of Cavendish Park, Barrow-in-Furness. The Butler family were Irish landed gentry; Blake Butler's line, prominent in County Clare, descended from James Butler, 10th Baron Dunboyne.

Career
In addition to his work on Last of the Summer Wine, Butler made guest appearances on such programmes as Dad's Army, Doctor at Large, Bless This House, The Good Life, Paul Temple, George and Mildred, Grange Hill and, in 1967, Crossroads playing assistant manager Maurice Raine.

Filmography

Personal life
Butler lived at 33, Bath Road, Bedford Park, London, when he died on 15 April 1981 at age 56.

References

External links

1924 births
1981 deaths
People from Barrow-in-Furness
English male television actors
20th-century English male actors
Male actors from Lancashire


Herbert H. McMillan (born May 30, 1958) is a Republican former member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing District 30 in Anne Arundel County, MD from 2003 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2019. He served alongside Democrat Michael E. Busch and Republican Ron George. In 2006 he challenged District 30 Senator John Astle, a Democrat, who defeated him 53 percent to 47 percent. In 2022, McMillan unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for Anne Arundel County executive.

Education
McMillan graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1980 with a Bachelor of Science degree in history and later completed graduate studies in public administration at Central Michigan University in 1990.

Career
McMillan served in U.S. Navy from 1980 until 1991. He received a Navy commendation medal in 1988. He has served in the U.S. Naval Reserve since leaving active duty with the Navy. McMillan has also been a pilot for American Airlines since 1991.

McMillan first started his public service by being elected as an Annapolis Alderman representing 5th Ward. He served from 1997 to 2001. In 2001 he ran for Mayor of Annapolis and was soundly defeated. The next year he ran for a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates. During his term on the city council, he was on the Economic Matters and Housing and Human Welfare Committees. He also chaired the Rules Committee during his tenure.

While in his first term in the House of Delegates, McMillan served on the Judiciary Committee. Following his first term in the House, McMillan ran for the State Senate and was defeated by incumbent John Astle. Four years later he was reelected to the House. In his second term he served on the Environmental Matters Committee, and then the Health and Government Operation Committee in 2015. McMillan was also appointed as the Chief Deputy Minority Whip, a position he held till his retirement form the House of Delegates. He was also a member of the Anne Arundel County Delegation, where he was the chair of the Capital Projects/Bond Bill Subcommittee, from 2011-2018. Finally, he was a member and founder and chair of the Maryland Taxpayers Protection Caucus, the Maryland Bicycle and Pedestrian Caucus, the Maryland Legislative Sportsmen's Caucus, and the Maryland Veterans Caucus.

Outside of his legislative work, he was president of the West Annapolis Parent-Teacher Association from 1990–91, the vice-president of the Hunt Meadow Homeowners Association from 1991 until 1996, and a board member of the Anne Arundel County Economic Opportunity Committee from 1998 until 2002.

He is also a member of the U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association, the Fleet Reserve Association, the Knights of Columbus, the St. Mary's Royal Blue and the Annapolis Touchdown Club. He received the Taxpayers Advocate Award from the Maryland Taxpayers Association in 2002.

In 2022, McMillan sought the Republican nomination for Anne Arundel County executive, finishing second to County Council member Jessica Haire in a five-person race.

Election results
2014 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 30A
Voters to choose two:
Table TBD

2010 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 30
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Ronald A. George, Rep.
|25,631
|  19.25%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem.
|23,995
|  18.02%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Herb McMillan, Rep.
|22,553
|  16.94%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Virginia P. Clagett, Dem.
|21,142
|  15.88%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Seth Howard, Rep.
|20,080
|  15.08%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Judd Legum, Dem.
|19,670
|  14.77%
|   Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|89
|  0.07%
|
|}

2006 Race for Maryland Senate – District 30
Voters to choose one:
Table TBD

2002 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 30
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem.
|22,422
|  17.7%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Virginia P. Clagett, Dem.
|21,875
|  17.3%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Herbert McMillan, Rep.
|20,972
|  16.6%
|   Won
|-
|-
|C. Richard D'Amato, Dem.
|20,545
|  16.3%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Michael Collins, Rep.
|19,140
|  15.1%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Nancy Almgren, Rep.
|18,861
|  14.9%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|David M. Gross, Green
|2,536
|  2.0%
|   Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|71
|  0.1%
|
|}

References and notes

External links

People from Anne Arundel County, Maryland
Republican Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Living people
United States Naval Academy alumni
Central Michigan University alumni
1958 births
21st-century American politicians


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Herefordshire and Shropshire was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Hereford, Leominster, Ludlow, North Shropshire, Shrewsbury and Atcham, The Wrekin, and Wyre Forest.

David Hallam of the Labour Party was the sole MEP for this constituency's entire existence.  His narrow election in 1994 over the Conservative incumbent Christopher Prout was somewhat of an upset; the area had been widely assumed to be safely Conservative.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Herefordshire
Politics of Shropshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Hampshire North and Oxford was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Aldershot, Basingstoke, Newbury, North West Hampshire, Oxford East, Oxford West and Abingdon, and Wantage.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Hampshire
Politics of Oxfordshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


was a Japanese daimyō of the Koji era of the Muromachi period.

References

Daimyo
1557 births
1610 deaths


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Hampshire Central was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Aldershot, Basingstoke, Eastleigh, North West Hampshire, Southampton Itchen, Southampton Test, and Winchester.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Hampshire
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Greater Manchester East was, from 1984 to 1999, a European Parliament constituency centred on Greater Manchester, in North West England.

From 1984 to 1994, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Ashton-under-Lyne, Cheadle, Denton and Reddish, Hazel Grove, Oldham Central and Royton, Oldham West, Stalybridge and Hyde, and Stockport.  From 1994 to 1999 it consisted of Ashton-under-Lyne, Denton and Reddish, Heywood and Middleton, Littleborough and Saddleworth, Oldham Central and Royton, Oldham West, Rochdale, and Stalybridge and Hyde.

Before its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Greater Manchester
1984 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Greater Manchester Central was, from 1984 to 1999, a European Parliament constituency centered on Greater Manchester, in North West England.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

Boundaries
1984–1994: Altrincham and Sale, Davyhulme, Manchester Blackley, Manchester Central, Manchester Gorton, Manchester Withington, Manchester Wythenshawe, Stretford.

1994–1999: Cheadle, Hazel Grove, Manchester Blackley, Manchester Central, Manchester Gorton, Manchester Withington, Stockport, Stretford.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Greater Manchester
1984 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Essex West and Hertfordshire East was a constituency of the European Parliament located in the United Kingdom, electing one Member of the European Parliament by the first-past-the-post electoral system. Created in 1994 from parts of Hertfordshire and Essex South West, it was abolished in 1999 on the adoption of proportional representation for European elections in the United Kingdom. It was succeeded by the East of England region.

Boundaries

It consisted of the parliamentary constituencies of Brentwood and Ongar, Broxbourne, Chelmsford, Epping Forest, Harlow, Hertford and Stortford and Stevenage. Broxbourne, Hertford and Stortford and Stevenage had previously been part of Hertfordshire constituency, while Brentwood and Ongar, Chelmsford, Epping Forest and Harlow had been part of Essex South West.

The entire area became part of the East of England constituency in 1999.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Hertfordshire
Politics of Essex
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Essex South was a constituency of the European Parliament located in the United Kingdom, electing one member of the European Parliament by the first-past-the-post electoral system. Created in 1994 from parts of Essex South West and Essex North East, it was abolished in 1999 on the adoption of proportional representation for European elections in the United Kingdom. It was succeeded by the East of England region.

Boundaries

It consisted of the parliamentary constituencies of Basildon, Billericay, Castle Point, Rochford, Southend East, Southend West and Thurrock. Basildon, Billericay and Thurrock had previously been part of Essex South West while Castle Point, Southend East, Southend West and much of Rochford had been part of Essex North East.

The entire area became part of the East of England constituency in 1999.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Essex
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


The Forest Hills Co-operative Houses are located on an  site at 108-03 62nd Drive on the border of the Queens neighborhoods of Forest Hills and Corona in New York City, United States.

History
Unlike the rest of the surrounding neighborhood, the block on which the Houses stand was among the last to be developed because of its soil quality. Initially it was a wetland through which Horse Brook passed on its way from Elmhurst to Flushing Meadows. Near the corner of Colonial Avenue and the future Long Island Expressway, a mill was built in 1652 damming the creek. The block was largely occupied by a reservoir. By the 1930s, surrounding development had dried up the creek and in 1938, the mill was demolished to make way for the Long Island Expressway. Nevertheless, because of the high water table, construction never took place on the block. In the postwar years, the block was used as a golf driving range.

In 1966, Mayor John V. Lindsay announced plans to build three 24-story low-income housing projects on the empty block as part of his scatter-site plan, where low-income projects would be spread out among largely middle-class white neighborhoods. Fearing that Forest Hills would decay into a minority ghetto, the local residents formed the Forest Hills Residents Association to protest the plans.

As a compromise, the height of the towers was reduced to 12 floors, and 40 percent of the residents were to be elderly. Over the years, as the population within the projects aged, it became recognized as a NORC. In addition, the income requirements were higher than for most New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) housing units. Residents were given "shares" of their units as owners, but they were forbidden from selling them to anyone but NYCHA. The Forest Hills Houses were the first co-operative public low-income housing in the city. On the site of the projects was also the Forest Hills Community House, which has programs for projects residents and neighbors of all ages.

Construction commenced in 1971 amid violent protests. In 1976, the buildings were completed. Until the early 1990s, the projects' population was largely white, elderly and Jewish. Following a 1992 investigation alleging discrimination, the white percentage of the residents has decreased, in favor of more minorities.

Tenants voted in 2017 to convert the public housing project into private rental units and leave NYCHA management. Residents then set up the Forest Hills Mutual Housing Association to manage the property and sold a portion of the site to nonprofit housing developer Phipps Houses for $8.5 million. Phipps will build two buildings, one 17-stories and the other 13-stories which would include community and parking space.

See also
New York City Housing Authority
List of New York City Housing Authority properties

References

Public housing in Queens, New York
Buildings and structures completed in 1976
Condominiums and housing cooperatives in Queens, New York
Residential buildings in Queens, New York
Forest Hills, Queens
Corona, Queens
1976 establishments in New York City


Essex North and Suffolk South was a constituency of the European Parliament located in the United Kingdom, electing one Member of the European Parliament by the first-past-the-post electoral system. Created in 1994 from parts of Essex North East and Suffolk, it was abolished in 1999 on the adoption of proportional representation for European elections in the United Kingdom. It was succeeded by the East of England region.

Boundaries

It consisted of the parliamentary constituencies of Braintree, Harwich, North Colchester, Saffron Walden, South Colchester and Maldon, and South Suffolk. Braintree, North Colchester and South Colchester and Maldon had previously been part of Essex North East, while Harwich, Saffron Walden and South Suffolk had been part of the Suffolk constituency.

The entire area became part of the East of England constituency in 1999.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Suffolk
Politics of Essex
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


"Rise Above This" is a song by South African rock band Seether. It is the second single from the band's album Finding Beauty in Negative Spaces. It is the sixth track on the album and became the band's second consecutive number-one song on the U.S. Modern Rock chart.

Background
Seether's vocalist Shaun Morgan has stated that the song is about his late brother, Eugene Welgemoed, and was written before his suicide. "Rise Above This" was written to bring Eugene out of a depression. There was also an acoustic version of this song for those who pre-ordered 2011 tour tickets. This version sounds almost the same as the iTunes Originals version, but the iTunes version has an electric guitar in the background and this version is pure acoustic, its length is 3:35. It originally appeared on Rhapsody Originals.

Music video
The music video, directed by Tony Petrossian who also directed the "Fake It" video, debuted on MTV2 and MTV2's website on April 5, 2008. During filming, the band had to try performing three times due to Morgan's difficulty from keeping himself from crying. The video's storyline revolves around a depressed boy who decides to commit suicide by jumping off a building. As he falls, his family, including Morgan, falls with him. Then, during the bridge and the rest of the song, everyone in the family bounces back up. It has a Suicide Hotline number at the end of the video on television airings in America as well as a picture of Shaun Morgan's younger brother. Shaun's brother, Eugene, actually jumped from an 8th floor window of the hotel that the band was currently staying at while on tour. Eugene was pronounced dead at the scene.

Charts

References

2007 songs
2008 singles
Seether songs
Wind-up Records singles
Music videos directed by Tony Petrossian
Song recordings produced by Howard Benson
Songs written by John Humphrey (drummer)
Songs written by Shaun Morgan
Songs written by Dale Stewart
Songs about depression


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of East Sussex and Kent South was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Bexhill and Battle, Eastbourne, Hastings and Rye, Lewes, Sevenoaks, Tunbridge Wells, and Wealden.

Sir Jack Stewart-Clark of the Conservatives was the MEP for the constituency's entire existence; he had previously represented the old constituency of Sussex East since 1979.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of East Sussex
Politics of Kent
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Dorset East and Hampshire West was a European Parliament constituency covering most of Dorset and parts of western Hampshire in England.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation for European elections in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Bournemouth East, Bournemouth West, Christchurch, New Forest, North Dorset, Poole, Romsey and Waterside and South Dorset.

The constituency replaced most of Wessex and parts of Hampshire West.  It was itself replaced by much of Dorset and East Devon and parts of Itchen, Test and Avon in 1994.  These seats became part of the much larger South West England and South East England constituencies in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

|- style="background-color:#F6F6F6"
! style="background-color: " |
| colspan="2"   | New creation:  gain.
| align="right" | Swing
| align="right" | N/A
||

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Dorset
Politics of Hampshire
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


"Can't Get Enough" is a song written by Kent Blazy, Will Rambeaux and Blair Daly, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless.  It was released in January 1999 as the first single from her compilation album Classics.

The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 21 during the week of April 17, 1999. "Can't Get Enough" became Loveless' first entry into the Billboard Hot 100, charting for four weeks, reaching number 96 during the week of April 17, 1999.

Chart positions

Year-end charts

References

1999 singles
Patty Loveless songs
Songs written by Kent Blazy
Songs written by Blair Daly
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Epic Records singles
1999 songs
Songs written by Will Rambeaux


Strikeforce: At The Dome was a mixed martial arts event promoted by Strikeforce in conjunction with Brian Halquist Productions. The event took place at the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma, Washington on Saturday, February 23, 2008.

The event marked the North American MMA debut of Bob Sapp.

Results

See also
 Strikeforce (mixed martial arts)
 List of Strikeforce champions
 List of Strikeforce events
 2008 in Strikeforce

References

External links
Strikeforce Official website

At the Dome
2008 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Washington (state)
Sports in Tacoma, Washington
2008 in sports in Washington (state)


Dorset and East Devon was a European Parliament constituency covering all of Dorset in England, with the exception of Christchurch, plus parts of eastern Devon.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Bournemouth East, Bournemouth West, Honiton, North Dorset, Poole, South Dorset, and West Dorset.

The constituency replaced parts of Devon, Somerset and West Dorset and Dorset East and Hampshire West.  It became part of the much larger South West England constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

|- style="background-color:#F6F6F6"
! style="background-color: " |
| colspan="2"   | New creation:  win.
| align="right" | Swing
| align="right" | N/A
||

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Devon
Politics of Dorset
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Devon and East Plymouth was a European Parliament constituency covering all of Devon in England, with the exception of the city of Plymouth. It was created in 1994 to replace the majority of Devon and a small part of Cornwall and Plymouth.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Exeter, Plymouth Sutton, South Hams, Teignbridge, Tiverton, Torbay and Torridge and West Devon.

The seat became part of the much larger South West England constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results
Only one election was held in the seat, in 1994. When nominations closed, it was revealed that Richard Huggett was a candidate with the description "Literal Democrat", a name very similar to that of the Liberal Democrats. The latter launched legal action in the High Court of Justice alleging that the Returning Officer had wrongly accepted a nomination which was designed to confuse voters. The Judge ruled that the nomination had to stand. Huggett won more than 10,000 votes, while Liberal Democrat candidate Adrian Sanders finished only 700 votes behind the winner. This prompted a change in the law, banning potentially confusing party descriptions.

References

External links

 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Cornwall
Politics of Plymouth, Devon
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each. The constituency of Cumbria and Lancashire North was one of them.

When it was created in England in 1984, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Barrow and Furness, Carlisle, Copeland, Lancaster, Morecambe and Lunesdale, Penrith and the Border, Westmorland and Lonsdale, Workington, and Wyre. In 1994, Wyre constituency was transferred to Lancashire Central, but otherwise the constituency's composition remained the same until its abolition in 1999.

Boundaries
1984-1994: Barrow and Furness, Carlisle, Copeland, Lancaster, Morecambe and Lunesdale, Penrith and the Border, Westmorland and Lonsdale, Workington, Wyre.

1994-1999: Barrow and Furness, Carlisle, Copeland, Lancaster, Morecambe and Lunesdale, Penrith and the Border, Westmorland and Lonsdale, Workington.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Cumbria
Politics of Lancashire
1984 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each. The constituency of Coventry and North Warwickshire was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Coventry North East, Coventry North West, Coventry South East, Coventry South West, Meriden, North Warwickshire, Nuneaton, and Solihull.

Member of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Warwickshire
Politics of Coventry
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Cornwall and West Plymouth was a European Parliament constituency covering Cornwall and Plymouth in England.  With Somerset and North Devon, it was one of the first two seats to elect a Liberal Democrat Member of the European Parliament.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The seat consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Falmouth and Camborne, North Cornwall, Plymouth Devonport, Plymouth Drake, St Ives, South East Cornwall and Truro.

Cornwall and West Plymouth was created in 1994 to replace most of Cornwall and Plymouth.  It became part of the much larger South West England constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links

 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Cornwall
Politics of Plymouth, Devon
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Cleveland and Yorkshire North was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Hartlepool, Langbaurgh, Middlesbrough, Redcar, Richmond (Yorks), Skipton and Ripon, Stockton North, and Stockton South.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in North East England (1979–1999)
Politics of North Yorkshire
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


The medial crural cutaneous branches of saphenous nerve provide cutaneous innervation to the medial leg.

Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Cleveland and Richmond was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Hartlepool, Langbaurgh, Middlesbrough, Redcar, Richmond (Yorks), Stockton North, and Stockton South.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in North East England (1979–1999)
Politics of North Yorkshire
Politics of County Durham
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Cheshire West and Wirral was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Birkenhead, City of Chester, Crewe and Nantwich, Eddisbury, Ellesmere Port and Neston, Wallasey, Wirral South, and Wirral West.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Cheshire
Politics of Merseyside
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Cambridge and Bedfordshire North was a constituency of the European Parliament located in the United Kingdom, electing one Member of the European Parliament by the first-past-the-post electoral system. Created in 1984 from parts of Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire, it was abolished in 1994 and succeeded by Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire and Milton Keynes.

Boundaries

On its creation in 1984, it consisted of the parliamentary constituencies of Cambridge, Huntingdon, Mid Bedfordshire, North Bedfordshire, North East Cambridgeshire, Peterborough, South East Cambridgeshire and South West Cambridgeshire.

When it was abolished in 1994, the parliamentary constituencies of Cambridge, Huntingdon, North East Cambridgeshire, Peterborough and South West Cambridgeshire became part of the Cambridgeshire constituency, while Mid Bedfordshire and North Bedfordshire were transferred to Bedfordshire and Milton Keynes.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Cambridgeshire
Politics of Bedfordshire
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Jennifer Carole Ledger (born 8 December 1989) is an English singer, drummer and co-vocalist for the American Christian rock band Skillet. At the age of 18, she became Skillet's drummer when Lori Peters retired.

Ledger released a solo EP in 2018 under the name Ledger. Several songs hit the Christian Rock chart and several other songs hit the Contemporary Christian music chart.

Early life
Ledger was born in Coventry and started playing the drums when she was 13. Ledger attended Coventry Blue Coat Church of England School where she passed her GCSEs. She played drums in a local band and was a finalist for the United Kingdom Drummer of the Year competition in 2006.

She relocated to the United States at age 16 to major in drums with a scholarship at Living Light School of Worship in Kenosha, Wisconsin. She joined the band The Spark; since the band already had a drummer, she played bass.

Musical career

With Skillet

Band members from Skillet discovered Ledger when they attended church services in the United States, where she was living at the time, and asked Ledger to audition for an open drummer spot in the band. She has been Skillet's drummer and female vocalist since 2008, beginning with their promotional tour for the album Comatose.

Solo
Ledger stated that she and bandmate Korey Cooper began to write music for her own pop-influenced solo-project album in about 2012.

In March 2018, it was announced that her debut EP, Ledger, was scheduled to be released on 13 April. She has signed a deal with Atlantic Records and Hear it Loud, the imprint launched by Skillet's John and Korey Cooper and manager Zachary Kelm. Ledger was produced by Korey Cooper along with writer and producer Seth Mosley. Ledger was named the opening act for Skillet's Unleashed tour. On 6 April, she released an official audio for the song "Not Dead Yet" on YouTube. In a 2018 Billboard article, Deborah Evans Price stated that “Ledger wrote “Not Dead Yet” about a difficult time in her life when she was badly struggling with anxiety, fear and panic attacks.”

On 8 October 2018, it was announced that Ledger would be performing at the 2019 Winter Jam Tour Spectacular, along with Newsboys, Danny Gokey, Mandisa and Rend Collective.

On 15 February 2019, Ledger released her non-album single, "Completely," followed by a music video published on 27 March.

On 14 February 2020, Ledger released her second non-album single, "My Arms", which was accompanied by a lyric video the same day.

Personal life

Ledger became a US citizen on 1 April 2021.

Discography

With Skillet

 Awake (2009)
 Rise (2013)
 Unleashed (2016)
 Victorious (2019)
 Dominion (2022)

As Ledger

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

As featured artist

 The Elements – "Neon Feather" remix – TobyMac featuring Ledger

Awards

Notes

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
English heavy metal drummers
English heavy metal singers
English women drummers
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers
21st-century British drummers
English rock drummers
English rock singers
Women heavy metal singers
Skillet (band) members
English Christians
Musicians from Coventry
Naturalized citizens of the United States


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire East was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Aylesbury, Banbury, Beaconsfield, Buckingham, Chesham and Amersham, Henley, and Wycombe.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Buckinghamshire
Politics of Oxfordshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Birmingham West was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Aldridge-Brownhills, Birmingham Ladywood, Birmingham Perry Barr, Sutton Coldfield, Walsall North, Walsall South, West Bromwich East, and West Bromwich West.

MEPs

Elections

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

1984 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1999
European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Birmingham, West Midlands


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Birmingham East was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham Erdington, Birmingham Hall Green, Birmingham Hodge Hill, Birmingham Northfield, Birmingham Selly Oak, Birmingham Small Heath, Birmingham Sparkbrook, and Birmingham Yardley.

MEPs

Elections

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Birmingham, West Midlands
1984 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


A cloudbook is a small-storage laptop which depends on networked storage services (the cloud), which come packaged with the device. Examples include Google ChromeOS cloudbooks ("Chromebooks") installed with Google Drive and Windows OS cloudbooks bundled with Microsoft's OneDrive.

References

Classes of computers
Laptops
Personal computers


Utricularia striata, the striped bladderwort, is a medium-sized affixed subaquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. striata is endemic to the eastern coastal plains of the United States.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Carnivorous plants of North America
Flora of the Eastern United States
striata


103rd Street–Beverly Hills is one of five Metra stations within the Beverly Hills neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, along the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District Line. The station is located at 10301 South Walden Parkway on the corner of 103rd Street,  from LaSalle Street Station, the northern terminus of the line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 103rd Street is in zone C. As of 2018, 103rd Street–Beverly Hills is the 71st busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 734 weekday boardings.

As of 2022, 103rd Street–Beverly Hills is served by 40 trains (20 in each direction) on weekdays, by 21 trains (10 inbound, 11 outbound) on Saturdays, and by 16 trains (eight in each direction) on Sundays and holidays.

Parking is available along both side of the tracks between 101st Street and 105th Street. South Walden Parkway runs along the west side of the tracks and contains parking lots between the street and the tracks. Hale Avenue runs along the east side of the tracks and also contains parking lots between the street and tracks. Hale Avenue terminates at 103rd Street, but a parking lot runs further north from there to 101st Street.

Bus connections
CTA
  103 West 103rd

References

External links

Dusk image of 103rd Street Station (Metra Railfan Photos)
Station from 103rd Street from Google Maps Street View

Metra stations in Chicago
Former Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1892


The Sesarmidae are a family of crabs, previously included in the Grapsidae by many authors. Several species, namely in Geosesarma, Metopaulias, and Sesarma, are true terrestrial crabs. They do not need to return to the sea even for breeding.

Genera
The family contains these genera:

Aratus
Armases
Bresedium
Chiromantes
Clistocoeloma
Contusarma
Cristarma
Danarma
Episesarma
Fasciarma
Geosesarma
Guinearma
Haberma
Karstarma
Labuanium
Leptarma
Manarma
Metagrapsus
Metasesarma
Metopaulias
Miersarma
Migmarma
Muradium
Namlacium
Nanosesarma
Neosarmatium
Neosesarma
Orisarma
Parasesarma
Perisesarma
Platychirarma
Pseudosesarma
Sarmatium
Scandarma
Selatium
Sesarma
Sesarmoides
Sesarmops
Stelgistra
Tiomanum
Trapezarma

Selected species
Chiromantes dehaani – kurobenkeigani (Japanese)
Chiromantes eulimene – marsh crab (east coast of southern Africa)
Chiromantes haematocheir – red-clawed crab; akategani (Japanese) dodukge (Korean)
Parasesarma erythrodactyla – red-handed shore crab
Parasesarma messa – maroon mangrove crab
Parasesarma pictum – kakubenkeigani (Japanese)

References

Grapsoidea
Decapod families


Rise to Ruin is the seventh and final studio album by Dutch death metal band Gorefest. It was released in 2007 through Nuclear Blast. The album was released on 25 September 2007 in the US.

Track listing
 "Revolt" – 5:27
 "Rise to Ruin" – 4:48
 "The War on Stupidity" – 4:14
 "A Question of Terror" – 5:35
 "Babylon's Whores" – 9:09
 "Speak When Spoken To" – 4:19
 "A Grim Charade" – 5:08
 "Murder Brigade" – 4:15
 "The End of It All" – 5:46

Bonus tracks digipak edition
"Surrealism" – 04:29
"Dehumanization" – 03:32

Band members
 Jan Chris de Koeijer – vocals, bass guitar
 Frank Harthoorn – guitar
 Boudewijn Bonebakker – guitar
 Ed Warby – drums
Jacob Bredhal – additional vocals on "Revolt" and "Speak When Spoken To"

References

2007 albums
Gorefest albums
Nuclear Blast albums


The infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve is a nerve of the lower limb.

The saphenous nerve, located about the middle of the thigh, gives off a branch which joins the subsartorial plexus.

It pierces the sartorius and fascia lata, and is distributed to the skin in front of the patella.

This nerve communicates above the knee with the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve; below the knee, with other branches of the saphenous; and, on the lateral side of the joint, with branches of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, forming a plexiform net-work, the plexus patellae.

The infrapatellar branch is occasionally small, and ends by joining the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral, which supply its place in front of the knee.

References

}

Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso


What Shadows We Pursue (2003), subtitled Ghost Stories, Volume Two, is a posthumously published collection of short stories by Russell Kirk (1918–1994). It is the second of two such hardcover collections from Ash-Tree Press, a noted contemporary publisher of classic ghost stories. Together with the previous companion volume, Off the Sand Road (2002), it contains the entire corpus of Kirk's short fiction—the only such undertaking by any publisher—including some pieces not easily categorized as ghost stories.

This limited edition book was edited and has an introduction by John Pelan. Its dust jacket front features a woodcut illustration by Kirk himself, with the same illustration reprinted on page 248 of the text. The whole volume is xiv + 254 pages long and, according to the volume's colophon, "was published on 28 March 2003 and is limited to Five Hundred copies with additional copies produced for legal deposit and contractual purposes." The texts are reprinted with Canadian/UK-style spelling and punctuation in accordance with the Canadian publisher's policy, though Kirk was an American.

The earlier companion volume, Off the Sand Road, misprinted the story, "Fate's Purse". In this volume, the story's full text is restored as an appendix. A note, on page 228 of What Shadows We Pursue, explains: "Unfortunately, a production error led to the final four paragraphs of the story being omitted from [the earlier] edition. To correct the error, we have preferred to include the full text of the story in this, the second volume."

This collection is named after one of its stories, "What Shadows We Pursue", which first appeared in the January, 1953, issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction.

Contents
The contents, listed sequentially from the text, with years of original publication noted in parentheses:
Introduction by John Pelan:
"The Wizard of Mecosta" (2003)
Short stories by Russell Kirk:
"The Invasion of the Church of the Holy Ghost" (1983)
"What Shadows We Pursue" (1953)
"The Peculiar Demesne of Archvicar Gerontion" (1980)
"Uncle Isaiah" (1951)
"The Reflex-Man of Whinnymuir Close" (1983)
"The Cellar of Little Egypt" (1962)
"Skyberia" (1952)
"Lost Lake" (1957)
"The Last God's Dream" (1979)
"Ex Tenebris" (1957)
"Watchers at the Strait Gate" (1980)
Appendix:
"Fate's Purse" (1979; a corrected reprinting of the entire story from the earlier companion volume)

References

American short story collections
Books by Russell Kirk
2003 short story collections