Pleaux (; Auvergnat: Pleus) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Geography
The Maronne river forms the commune's southern border, with the Enchanet reservoir.

Population

Sights
 Château de Branzac, 15th century ruined castle
 The Enchanet dam on the Maronne is on the border with the commune of Arnac

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Auvergne
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Polminhac () is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Pradiers (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


In capital markets, low latency is the use of algorithmic trading to react to market events faster than the competition to increase profitability of trades. For example, when executing arbitrage strategies the opportunity to "arb" the market may only present itself for a few milliseconds before parity is achieved. To demonstrate the value that clients put on latency, in 2007 a large global investment bank has stated that every millisecond lost results in $100m per annum in lost opportunity.

What is considered "low" is therefore relative but also a self-fulfilling prophecy. Many organisations and companies are using the words "ultra low latency" to describe latencies of under 1 millisecond, but it is an evolving definition, with the amount of time considered "low" ever-shrinking.

There are many technical factors which impact on the time it takes a trading system to detect an opportunity and to successfully exploit that opportunity.  Firms engaged in low latency trading are willing to invest considerable effort and resources to increase the speed of their trading technology as the gains can be significant.  This is often done in the context of high-frequency trading.

Factors
There are many factors which impact on the time it takes a trading system to detect an opportunity and to successfully exploit that opportunity, including:
 Distance between the exchange and the trading system
 Distance between two trading venues, in the case of for example arbitrage
 Efficiency of the trading system architecture:
 Network adaptors
 Choice of operating system
 Efficiency of the code / logic
 Choice of the programming language
 Traditional CPU vs FPGA
 Cabling choices: Copper vs fibre vs microwave,

From a networking perspective, the speed of light "c" dictates one theoretical latency limit: a trading engine just 150 km (93 miles) down the road from the exchange can never achieve better than 1ms return times to the exchange before one even considers the internal latency of the exchange and the trading system. This theoretical limit assumes light is travelling in a straight line in a vacuum which in practice is unlikely to happen: Firstly achieving and maintaining a vacuum over a long distance is difficult and secondly, light cannot easily be beamed and received over long distances due to many factors, including the curvature of the Earth, interference by particles in the air, etc. Light travelling within dark fibre cables does not travel at the speed of light – "c" – since there is no vacuum and the light is constantly reflected off the walls of the cable, lengthening the effective path travelled in comparison to the length of the cable and hence slowing it down. There are also in practice several routers, switches, other cable links and protocol changes between an exchange and a trading system. As a result, most low latency trading engines will be found physically close to the exchanges, even in the same building as the exchange (co-location) to further reduce latency.

To further reduce latency, new technologies are being employed. Wireless data transmission technology can offer speed advantages over the best cabling options, as signals can travel faster through air than fiber. Wireless transmission can also allow data to move in a straighter, more direct path than cabling routes.

A crucial factor in determining the latency of a data channel is its throughput. Data rates are increasing exponentially which has a direct relation to the speed at which messages can be processed. Also, low-latency systems need not only to be able to get a message from A to B as quickly as possible, but also need to be able to process millions of messages per second. See comparison of latency and throughput for a more in-depth discussion.

Where latency occurs

Latency from event to execution
When talking about latency in the context of capital markets, consider the round trip between event and trade:
Event occurs at a particular venue
Information about that event is placed in a message on the wire
Message reaches the decision-making application
Application makes a trade decision based upon that event
Order is sent to the trading venue
Venue executes the order
Order confirmation is sent back to application

We also need to consider how latency is assembled in this chain of events:
Processing—the time taken to process a message (which could be as simple as a network switch forwarding a packet)
Propagation—the time taken for a bit of data to get from A to B (limited by the speed of light)
Packet size divided by bandwidth, total message size (payload + headers), available bandwidth, number of messages being sent across the link.

There are a series of steps that contribute to the total latency of a trade:

Event occurrence to being on the wire
The systems at a particular venue need to handle events, such as order placement, and get them onto the wire as quickly as possible to be competitive within the market place.  Some venues offer premium services for clients needing the quickest solutions.

Exchange to application
This is one of the areas where most delay can be added, due to the distances involved, amount of processing by internal routing engines, hand off between different networks and the sheer amount of data which is being sent, received and processed from various data venues.

Latency is largely a function of the speed of light, which is 299,792,458 meters/second (186,000 miles/second)(671,000,000 miles/hour) in a scientifically controlled environment; this would equate to a latency of 3 microseconds for every kilometer. However, when measuring latency of data we need to account for the fiber optic cable. Although it seems "pure", it is not a vacuum and therefore refraction of light needs to be accounted for. For measuring latency in long-haul networks, the calculated latency is actually 4.9 microseconds for every kilometer. In shorter metro networks, the latency performance rises a bit more due to building risers and cross-connects that can make the latency as high as 5 microseconds per kilometer.

It follows that to calculate latency of a connection, one needs to know the full distance travelled by the fiber, which is rarely a straight line, since it has to traverse geographic contours and obstacles, such as roads and railway tracks, as well as other rights-of-way.

Due to imperfections in the fiber, light degrades as it is transmitted through it. For distances greater than 100 kilometers, either amplifiers or regenerators need to be deployed. Accepted wisdom has it that amplifiers add less latency than regenerators, though in both cases the added latency can be highly variable, which needs to be taken into account. In particular, legacy spans are more likely to make use of higher latency regenerators.

Propagation between the location of the execution venue and the location of the application
Delays in data aggregation networks such as Refinitiv Elektron, Bloomberg, IDC and others
Propagation within internal networks
Processing within internal networks
Processing by internal routing systems
Bandwidth of extranet and internal networks
Message packet sizes
Amount of data being sent and received

Application decision making
This area doesn't strictly belong under the umbrella of "low-latency", rather it is the ability of the trading firm to take advantage of High Performance Computing technologies to process data quickly.  However, it is included for completeness.
Processing by APIs
Processing by Applications
Propagation between internal systems
Network processing/bandwidth/packet size/propagation between internal systems

Sending the order to the venue
As with delays between Exchange and Application, many trades will involve a brokerage firm's systems. The competitiveness of the brokerage firm in many cases is directly related to the performance of their order placement and management systems.
Processing by internal order management systems
Processing by Broker systems
Propagation between Application and Broker
Propagation between Broker and Execution Venue

Order execution
The amount of time it takes for the execution venue to process and match the order.

Latency measurement

Terminology

Average latency
Average latency is the mean average time for a message to be passed from one point to another – the lower the better. Times under 1 millisecond are typical for a market data system.

Co-Location
Co-location is the act of locating high frequency trading firms' and proprietary traders' computers in the same premises where an exchange's computer servers are located. This gives traders access to stock prices slightly before other investors. Many exchanges have turned co-location into a significant moneymaker by charging trading firms for "low latency access" privileges. Increasing demand for co-location has led many stock exchanges to expand their data centers.

Latency Jitter
There are many use cases where predictability of latency in message delivery is just as important, if not more important than achieving a low average latency.  This latency predictability is also referred to as "Low Latency Jitter" and describes a deviation of latencies around the mean latency measurement.

Throughput
Throughput can be defined as amount of data processed per unit of time.
Throughput refers to the number of messages being received, sent and processed by the system and is usually measured in updates per second.  Throughput has a correlation to latency measurements and typically as the message rate increases so do the latency figures. To give an indication of the number of messages we are dealing with the "Options Price Reporting Authority" (OPRA) is predicting peak message rates of 907,000 updates per second (ups) on its network by July 2008.  This is just a single venue – most firms will be taking updates from several venues.

Testing procedure nuances

Timestamping/clocks
Clock accuracy is paramount when testing the latency between systems. Any discrepancies will give inaccurate results.  Many tests involve locating the publishing node and the receiving node on the same machine to ensure the same clock time is being used.  This isn't always possible, however, so clocks on different machines need to be kept in sync using some sort of time protocol:
NTP is limited to milliseconds, so is not accurate enough for today's low-latency applications
CDMA time accuracy is in tens of microseconds. It is US based only. Accuracy is affected by the distance from the transmission source.
GPS is the most accurate time protocol in terms of synchronisation.  It is, however, the most expensive.

Reducing latency in the order chain
Reducing latency in the order chain involves attacking the problem from many angles.  Amdahl's Law, commonly used to calculate performance gains of throwing more CPUs at a problem, can be applied more generally to improving latency – that is, improving a portion of a system which is already fairly inconsequential (with respect to latency) will result in minimal improvement in the overall performance. Another strategy for reducing latency involves pushing the decision making on trades to a Network Interface Card. This can alleviate the need to involve the system's main processor, which can create undesirable delays in response time. Known as network-side processing, because the processing involved takes place as close to the network interface as possible, this practice is a design factor for "ultra-low latency systems."

See also

Algorithmic trading
Comparison of latency and throughput
Latency (engineering)
Throughput
Ultra-low latency direct market access

References

Financial markets


Quézac (; ) is a French commune in the department of Cantal, located in the south-eastern region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Population

History
During the 10th century, it was the seat of a Benedictine abbey.

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Rageade (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Whitegate () is a small village in East Cork on the eastern shore of Cork Harbour in County Cork, Ireland. It lies within the townlands of Ballincarroonig and Corkbeg. Whitegate is within the Cork East Dáil constituency.

The ruins of a 14th-century or 15th-century church lie in the grounds of Corkbeg churchyard close to Whitegate village. The current Church of Ireland parish church was built within the same churchyard in 1881.

Once a fishing port and known for lace-making, during the 20th-century Whitegate became the location for Ireland's only oil refinery. This facility, Whitegate refinery, was built on Corkbeg Island on one side of Whitegate Bay and has been owned by Irving Oil since 2016. Aghada Power Generating plant lies on the other side of the bay.

The writer William Wall grew up here, though his home, then vacant, was destroyed in a fire in 2008 in a suspected arson attack. Trabolgan Holiday Village is located nearby.

Historic estates
The Hiberno-Norman FitzGerald family (a sub-branch of the Desmond Geraldines that owned Corkbeg and Lisquinlan), were landowners in the area. Following a marriage between the FitzGerald and Uniacke families, ownership of lands at Corkbeg and Whitegate transferred to Col Robert Uniacke. After marrying Helena FitzGerald, Robert Uniacke assumed the name and arms of the FitzGeralds. Ultimately Uniacke Fitzgerald's nephew, another Col Robert Uniacke Fitzgerald, built a great house on the estate lands. The Corkbeg and Lisquinlan estates were later willed to Sir Robert Uniacke-Penrose-FitzGerald 1st Bt of Corkbeg and Lisquinlan who died 1919 without issue. Whitegate House, dating from c.1780, still stands at Whitegate.

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

Towns and villages in County Cork


Raulhac is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Reilhac (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

Administration

List of mayors from the French Revolution to the Liberation (1790-1944)

List of mayors since the Liberation (1944-Today)

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rézentières (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Riom-ès-Montagnes (; Occitan: Riòm de las Montanhas) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Geography

Location
Main town of the "Pays Gentiane", the city is located northwest of the department of Cantal, in the heart of the regional natural park of Auvergne Volcanoes.

Located between the Monts Dore and the Mounts of Cantal at an altitude of 840 meters, Riom-ès-Montagnes accounts 2 591 inhabitants.

Hydrography
The Véronne river crosses Riom-ès-Montagnes. It flows into Petite Rhue, which marks the boundary between Riom-ès-Montagnes and the neighboring towns of Marchastel and Saint-Amandin.

The dam of Journiac is partly on the town, on the Petite Rhue at the limit with Saint-Amandin.

Other rivers crisscross the town as the brook of Grolle, the brook of Cheylat, the Soulou...

Climate
The climate is a mountain climate where there is a frequent presence of frost and snow in winter and in the summer days can be hot and sunny followed by cooler nights. Spring and autumn are characterized by an abundance of rainy days and the frequent presence of fog.

Transports
Once very used, rail transport is still active thanks to the Gentian express, touristic train that circulates in Haute-Auvergne, stops in Riom-ès-Montagnes station and partially takes the old line of Bort-les-Orgues to Neussargues . This line was inaugurated on July 5, 1908.

Louis Bonnet, creator of the "Auvergnat de Paris" was a forerunner in what is nowadays called "organized trips". In 1904, he created the trains that bear his name. Until 1939, they drove, at a reduced price, every spring and summer, compatriots in the country. A special atmosphere prevails in these wagons, as it should be between Auvergnats: Cabrette and snack, Bourrée on the platform at each stop. These trips will pass to Riom-ès-Montagnes in 1923.

Two axes intersect in the city, the axis Mauriac / Condat and the axis Bort-les-Orgues / Murat / Saint-Flour.

The national road 678 which went from Laguenne to La Sauvetat, through Mauriac, Riom-ès-Montagnes and Condat  is downgraded to "departmental road 678" on the department of Cantal.

Toponymy
The name originates from Gallic “rigomagos” meaning the king's market. From the Gallic word Rix or rig, the local "king", the one who probably perceived the market rights, accompanied by the Gallic word magos. The Gallic word “magos” first designated a field, then a fairground, a market and finally the village or city that develops around this market.

History
Its creation dates back to the ancient Gallo-Roman era as evidenced by the very name of the city, the Gaulish "rigomagos" meaning the king's market.

 • February 1790: the Arbres and Châteauneuf are erected in common but are attached to Riom in 1836
 • 1836: the municipality of Riom changes its name to Riom-ès-Montagnes.
 • June 7, 1908: electrification of the town by Mr. Gratacap, engineer at Maurs
 • May 26, 1912: First tourist guide of the city
 • February 1920: creation of an initiative syndicate
 • 1924: revival of fairs thanks to the railway. The most famous is that of St. Michael.
 • 1925: industrial production of Auvergne Gentiane by Émile Refouvelet, ancestor of the Avèze.
 • 1938: the extension of the city causes problems of water supply and makes it necessary to give names to the streets.
 • May 30, 1970: creation of the Haut Cantal clinic. Currently rest home and postoperative care.
 • 1998: Creation of the Geneviève Champsaur center (reception of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis)
 • 2006: creation of a home and care facility for Alzheimer's
 • 2009: creation of a functional rehabilitation center for the rehabilitation of respiratory patients.

Population and Society

Demography

Cultural events and celebrations
In 2015, the municipality had 2,591 inhabitants, down 3.97% compared to 2010 (Cantal: -1.31%, France excluding Mayotte: + 2.44%).

Cultural Manifesations:

• Rally Gentiane, May

• Green Axis Festival, May

• Patronal Feast, 3rd weekend of June

• Festival Between Heaven and Earth, July

• Feast of gentian, July

• Book Fair, August

• Fête de la Rosière, weekend of August 15

• Festival of Bleu d'Auvergne, penultimate weekend of August

• Mycological days in Haute-Auvergne, October

• Christmas market, December

The Community of Communes of the Gentian Country, the Cultural Office of the Gentian Country, the Tourist Office of the Pays Gentiane, the municipal library and the community in general also organize several cultural events from September to June (concerts, theater, dance, exhibitions, sports competitions ...).

Economy
The service sector employed 1335 people in 2012. Healthcare is the biggest employment sector (around 450 people). The town accounts above 100 merchants and artisans and the central administration employs around 100 people as well (Post office, Public Finance...)

Agriculture
Riom has about fifty farmers. Cattle breeding of the local Salers breed plays an important role.

Agri-food Sector
The production of Cantal and Bleu d'Auvergne is the main activity of the agri-food sector. The Riom Cheese Company is the leading company in this field which employs 180 people. More than half of Bleu d'Auvergne's production comes from Riom. The first dairy was opened in 1900 by Charles Seroude and from 1949 to 1958, The Laughing Cow will be manufactured there. The plant has about 1,000 farmers in the CFCU.

A brand of Gentiana Liquor, Avèze is produced locally and employs a few people.

Chemviron, has one of the three diatomite processing sites in France in Riom. This one is extracted from a quarry located on the territory of the commune of Virargues. The company of diatomites was created in 1923. In 1949, new development of this plant with its purchase by the ECSC. The company employs around fifty people in Riom.

See also

Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Auvergne
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Roannes-Saint-Mary (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Roffiac (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Rouffiac (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Geography
The Maronne river forms part of the commune's northwestern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Le Rouget (; Languedocien: Lo Roget) is a former commune in the département of Cantal in south-central France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Le Rouget-Pers.

Le Rouget, having grown from a hamlet as a result of coming of the railway, will not be found on many 19th-century maps. It was not granted commune status (and, with it, the right to elect a mayor of its own) until September 1945, but is today a more important commercial and employment centre than the nearby historic cantonal centres of Saint-Mamet-la-Salvetat and Laroquebrou, although it lacks their architectural and historical interest.

A market is held every Sunday morning.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Former communes of Cantal
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Roumégoux (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Rouziers (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Ruynes-en-Margeride is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Saignes (; ) is a commune in the département of Cantal in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Amandin (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Geography
The river Rhue forms all of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Antoine (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Bonnet-de-Condat (; Auvergnat: Sant Bonet de Condat) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Bonnet-de-Salers (, literally Saint-Bonnet of Salers; Auvergnat: Sant Bonet de Salèrn) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Cernin (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Chamant (; Auvergnat: Sanch Amanç) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Cirgues-de-Jordanne (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Cirgues-de-Malbert (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Constant (; Languedocien: Sant Constant) is a former commune in the Cantal department in south-central France. On 1st January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Constant-Fournoulès.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Former communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Sainte-Marie (; Auvergnat: Senta Mària) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Waylors, later Waymore's Outlaws,  is a country music band, best known as the backing and recording band of country music singer Waylon Jennings.  Jennings formed the band in 1961, consisting of Jerry Gropp on the guitar and
Richie Albright on the drums after moving to Phoenix, Arizona. The band earned a local fan base during its appearances on the night club JD's.

In 1965 RCA Records signed Jennings to a contract. The conservative restrictions of the producers of the label did not allow him to record with the Waylors, due to the Nashville custom of the time using session musicians instead of a performer's backup band. In 1972 he renegotiated his contract, and he included the Waylors for the first time on a RCA album in Honky Tonk Heroes. The lineup was expanded during the next decade, they backed Jennings until his death in 2002.

Reformed in 2008, the group performs on its own with Tommy Townsend as their lead vocalist, with occasional performances as the band for Albright's namesake, Waylon Albright "Shooter" Jennings, the son of Waylon Jennings and Jessi Colter.

Background
Waylon Jennings was managed at the beginning of his career by Buddy Holly's first manager, 'Hi-Pockets' Duncan. On Duncan's recommendation, Holly hired Jennings to play electric bass for him during his "Winter Dance Party Tour" in 1959.
After a show in Clear Lake, Iowa, Holly chartered a plane for himself, Allsup and Jennings to avoid a long bus trip to  Fargo, North Dakota. This is because the tour organizers provided very inadequate transportation & the buses broke down in freezing weather. Jennings gave up his seat to J. P. Richardson, who was suffering from a cold and complaining about how uncomfortable a long bus trip was for a man of his size.  During the early morning hours of February 3, 1959, later known as The Day the Music Died, the charter crashed outside Clear Lake, killing all on board.  Jennings and Allsup continued the tour for two more weeks, featuring Jennings as the lead singer. When the tour ended, he returned to his DJ spot on KLLL and performed regionally.

Phoenix and the Nashville sound
In 1961, Jennings lived briefly in Coolidge, Arizona working in radio, before moving to Phoenix, where he formed The Waylors, consisting of Jerry Gropp on the guitar and Richie Albright on the drums.
Jennings and his band performed at a newly opened nightspot called JD's. The band earned a small fan base, eventually signing with the independent label Trend Records. In 1963, Jennings signed a contract with A&M Records. Jennings and The Waylors recorded an album on BAT called Waylon at JD's. Singer Bobby Bare, who covered Ian Tyson's "Four Strong Winds" and Jennings' "Just To Satisfy You", recommended Jennings to producer Chet Atkins, who signed Jennings to RCA Victor in 1965.

Jennings was accustomed to performing and recording with his own band, The Waylors, a practice that was discouraged or forbidden by powerful Nashville producers. Over time, however, Jennings felt limited by the Nashville sound's lack of artistic freedom. The music style publicized as "Countrypolitan" was characterized by orchestral arrangements, and the absence (or minor use) of traditional country music instruments. By 1972 he renegotiated his contract with RCA, that gave him complete creative control over his works.  For the recording session, Jennings replaced the typical studio musicians of Nashville sessions with his band.

Later years
By the 1980s the lineup included the additions of Ralph Mooney from The Strangers, Johnny Gimble, Rance Wasson, Gordon Payne, Jerry Bridges, Barney Robertson and Carter Robertson.

Mooney retired in 1996 and was initially replaced by Fred Newell, an established Nashville studio player, followed by Robby Turner, who Waylon first worked with as part of the Highwaymen touring band.  The band backed Jennings until 1999 when he formed a short-time project, The Waymore Blues Band, which was Jennings' "hand-picked dream team." Waymore Blues Band backed him until his death.

 Now known as Waymore's Outlaws, the band continues today, with Tommy Townsend as lead guitar and vocalist.  In 2014, the Outlaws came full circle by playing with Waylon's son and Richie Albright's namesake Waylon Albright "Shooter" Jennings for the first time on tour.

References

Bibliography

External links
Official website of the current band

American country music groups
1961 establishments in Arizona
Musical groups from Phoenix, Arizona
American musical quartets


Saint-Étienne-Cantalès (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bougainville (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bougainville is situated on the D141 road, some  west of Amiens.

Population

Places of interest
 Church of Saint-Arnould (18th century)
 Traces of a Gallo-Roman villa.

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Photo
Memorial of the Somme

Communes of Somme (department)


The Huff-Daland LB-1 was an American biplane light bomber aircraft operated by the United States Army Air Service in the 1920s.

Derived from the XLB-1 prototype bought by the Army in 1923, the LB-1 development aircraft was powered by a single Packard 2A-2500 engine and carried an extra crewman. It proved underpowered in service trials, and was replaced by the twin-engined XLB-3.

Variants
XLB-1 Prototype aircraft, powered by an 800-hp (597-kW) Packard 1A-2500 piston engine; one built (S/N 23-1250).
LB-1 Single-engine light bomber biplane, powered by an 800-hp (597-kW) Packard 2A-2500 piston engine; nine built (S/N 26-377/385).

Operators

United States Army Air Service
11th Bomb Squadron

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, ON: Prospero Books, 1997. .
 Swanborough, F.G. and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963.
 Huff Daland LB-1 – National Museum of the United States Air Force

Biplanes
LB-01
Light bombers
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Huff-Daland LB-01


Saint-Étienne-de-Carlat (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Étienne-de-Chomeil (; Auvergnat: Sent Estèfe de Chaumelh) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France. It belongs to the Parc Naturel Régional des Volcans d'Auvergne.

Geography
The river Rhue forms all of the commune's northern border.

Population

Sites of interest

 The Church

Dedicated to Saint-Étienne — French for Saint Stephen — this church takes elements from both Roman and Gothic architectures. Built during the 11th and 12th centuries, it is a Monument Historique since 1993.
One of its most characteristic features is its south-west capital, supporting a Sagittarius and two faces, one of which — the right one on the picture below — features an enormous tongue.

 The Castle

Saint-Étienne's castle was built during the 14th century, then heavily modified from the 17th century onwards.

 Rocher d'Urlande (Rock of Urlande)

Witness of the volcanic history of the department, the Rocher d'Urlande is now a renowned rock-climbing site.

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Étienne-de-Maurs (, literally Saint-Étienne of Maurs; Languedocien: Sant Estève de Maurs) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Georges (; Auvergnat: Sant Georges) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Gérons is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Hippolyte (; Auvergnat: Sanch Ipòlit) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


#1 is the first album by Hungarian singer Linda Király. Though it includes songs both in English and Hungarian, it was released only in Hungary, where it reached #19 on the official albums chart. It includes two of her previous hits, "Szerelem utolsó vérig" (the theme song of the movie of the same title) and "Clubsong" (feat. Pain), the theme song of a reality show.

Track listing

Singles with positions and track listings
Szerelem utolsó vérig
(music video only)
Clubsong
(#2 on MAHASZ Single Top 10, #7 on Top 40 Airplay)
 Clubsong 3:46
 Clubsong (4U remix) 4:07
 Clubsong (instrumental version) 3:46

Holla
(music video & digital download only)
És mégis
(#25 on Top 40 Airplay)
 És mégis
 És mégis (Sun radio mix)
 És mégis (Shane 54 unleashed remix)
 És mégis (Shane 54 radio edit)

Sources

Linda Király albums
2003 albums


Saint-Illide is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lassy (; ; Gallo: Laczic) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Lassy are called in French Lasséens.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Pedro Kamata (born 6 September 1981) is a former professional footballer who played as a winger. Born in Angola, he represented France at youth level before making his DR Congo national team debut in 2010.

Club career
Kamata was born in Luanda, Angola. He started his career at Auxerre. He then joined FC Groningen in the summer of 2002, only to return to Ligue 2 in order to join Clermont Foot in January 2003. He then kept playing in Ligue 2 until he was signed by Legnano of Serie C2 in 2005. He helped the club to win promotion to Serie C1 in the summer of 2007. During the 2007–08 Serie C1 season, he was signed by Bari of Serie B, and went on to make his debut at Serie A level in 2009.

In 2010, he was sold to A.C. Siena in co-ownership deal for €500,000. Siena also signed Filippo Carobbio for €500,000. The deals was part of Abdelkader Ghezzal's transfer to Bari.

In June 2011 Siena and Bari made a pure player swap, which Carobbio, Kamata and Nicola Belmonte joined Siena outright, and Ghezzal joined Bari outright.

In August 2011 he mutually terminated the contract with Siena. He joined AS Yzeure in September 2011

International career
Between 1996 and 2000, he played 29 matches and scored 6 goals for France U16, U17, U18 and U19 teams.

In 2001, he played one game for the France national under-20 team in a friendly match against Finland.

In 2004, he was named in DR Congo squad for 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification. But at that time he was too old to switch nationality. Instead, Makiadi Kamata played his first and last match for DR Congo, which there is unknown connection with the two "Kamata".

In 2006, he was named by Angola coach Luís Gonçalves for the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations held in Egypt, but was unable to obtain the necessary clearance from FIFA for a switch in national allegiance.

However, in 2010, he was able to play for DR Congo in a friendly match against Saudi Arabia. It is because FIFA abolished the age limit of age 21 for nationality switch for multi-nationality holders in 2009.

References

External links

gazzetta.it

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Luanda
Democratic Republic of the Congo men's footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo men's international footballers
French men's footballers
France men's youth international footballers
Angolan men's footballers
Angolan emigrants to France
Angolan people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
French sportspeople of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
French sportspeople of Angolan descent
Citizens of the Democratic Republic of the Congo through descent
Men's association football midfielders
Eredivisie players
Serie A players
Serie B players
AJ Auxerre players
FC Groningen players
Clermont Foot players
LB Châteauroux players
AC Legnano players
SSC Bari players
ACR Siena 1904 players
Moulins Yzeure Foot players
AS Moulins players
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate men's footballers
Angolan expatriate men's footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Black French sportspeople


Saint-Jacques-des-Blats  (; Auvergnat: Sant Jaume dels Blats) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Julien-de-Toursac (; Languedocien: Sant Julien de Toursac) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Just (; Auvergnat: Sant Just) is a former commune in the Cantal department in south-central France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Val-d'Arcomie.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Former communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Lanrigan (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Lanrigan are called Lanriganais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Saint-Mamet-la-Salvetat (; Languedocien: Sant Mamet e La Salvetat) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Martial (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lanhélin (; ) is a former commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Mesnil-Roc'h.

Population
The inhabitants of Lanhélin are known as Lanhélinois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

Former communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


No. 616 (South Yorkshire) Squadron is an active Reserve unit of the  Royal Auxiliary Air Force (RAuxAF) assigned to the RAF ISTAR Force at RAF Waddington. It was originally formed as a unit of the British Auxiliary Air Force in 1938, active throughout World War 2 as a fighter unit, becoming the 1st operational RAF unit to fly jets and disbanded in 1957. The unit reformed in its current guise in April 2019 as 616 (South Yorkshire) Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force.

History and Operations

Formation
No. 616 Squadron was formed on 1 November 1938 at RAF Doncaster and was at first allotted the bomber role, receiving Hawker Hinds for that role. The role soon changed however and the squadron's first operational fighter aircraft were Gloster Gauntlet biplane fighters received in January 1939. Fairey Battle monoplane light bombers were delivered in May 1939 for training duties to assist the squadron in preparing for re-equipment with Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Is in October 1939. During that month No. 616 moved to RAF Leconfield and by the end of November conversion to the modern fighter was complete.

The squadron's first operational sorties were over the Dunkirk withdrawal in late May 1940. During the first phase of the Battle of Britain No. 616 was based at Leconfield, moving south to RAF Kenley on 19 August to be nearer the front line.
The improved Spitfire Mk.II was received in February 1941 and was used from April on sweeps over occupied France from RAF Tangmere, continuing until October. Further periodic updating with Spitfire Mks.V, VI and VII continued through the mid-war years. From March 1943 onwards, No. 616 was stationed in southwest England.

First on Meteors

On 12 July 1944 the unit became the first RAF squadron to receive jet equipment in the form of Gloster Meteor Mk.I fighters, testing them at RAF Culmhead. The first Meteor operational sortie was on 27 July from RAF Manston when it intercepted V-1 flying bombs launched against southern England. The first victories came on 4 August when one V1 was tipped over after a pilot's cannon jammed and another was shot down. The loss rate of the still unproven Meteor Mk.I was high, with three being written off in non-combat incidents between 15 and 29 August. Re-equipment with improved Meteor Mk.IIIs began in January 1945 and in February a detachment was deployed to Melsbroek near Brussels in Belgium. It was intended as a defence against Me 262s but in the event they did not ever face them. In early April the complete squadron moved to Gilze-Rijen in the Netherlands, commencing ground attack sorties on 16 April. The squadron was disbanded at Lübeck, Germany on 29 August 1945 by being renumbered to No. 263 Squadron RAF.

Post-war
No. 616 squadron was officially reformed at RAF Finningley as the South Yorkshire Squadron on 10 May 1946, with volunteers being recruited over the following few months till embodied on 11 July 1946. It was allocated the night fighter role within Reserve Command and the first Mosquito T.3 trainers were received in October, but it was not until January 1948 that the operational Mosquito NF.30s were delivered to Finningley.

At the end of 1948 No. 616 was redesignated as a day fighter squadron and began to receive Meteor F.3s in January 1949. Conversion to the updated Meteor F.8 took place in December 1951, which wore the distinctive Green and Gold Diamond markings of 616 Sqn on the rear fuselage. The squadron moved base to RAF Worksop on 23 May 1955, where it either disbanded on 10 March 1957 (per Halley and Jefford or Pitchfork), together with all RAuxAF flying units, or disbanded on 15 January 1957 according to Rawlings in Fighter Squadrons of the Royal Air Force, at RAF Finningley.

Re-Activation & Current Role
In April 2019, the unit reformed as 616 (South Yorkshire) Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force (RAuxAF) at RAF Waddington to augment the RAF’s Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) Force and delivering a Combat Air capability.
Personnel assigned to 616 Sqn are former Regular RAF specialists, providing expertise, experience and mentoring to augment the RAF's Front Line ISTAR Squadrons.

Aircraft operated

Squadron bases

Commanding officers

Notable Members of 616 Squadron
Air Vice Marshal James Edgar 'Johnnie' Johnson CB CBE DSO & Two Bars DFC & Bar
Group Captain Sir Hugh Dundas CBE DSO & Bar DFC
Group Captain Denys Gillam DSO & Two Bars DFC & Bar AFC
Group Captain Sir Douglas Bader CBE DSO & Bar DFC & Bar DL FRAeS

See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Squadron histories for Nos. 611–620 Squadrons
 Squadron History 616 Sqn

616
Fighter squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
RAF squadrons involved in the Battle of Britain
Military units and formations established in 1938


Saint-Martin-Cantalès (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Geography
The Maronne river forms the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Martin-sous-Vigouroux (; Auvergnat: Sant Martin jos Vigron) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

It is located at the southern tip of the 'Parc naturel régional des Volcans d'Auvergne' (Auvergne regional natural park).

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Martin-Valmeroux (；) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Geography
The Maronne river flows through the middle of the commune and crosses the village of Saint-Martin-Valmeroux.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Mary-le-Plain (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Paul-de-Salers (, literally Saint-Paul of Salers; Auvergnat: Sant Pau de Salèrn) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Geography
The Maronne river has its source in the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Paul-des-Landes (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Pierre (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Poncy (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Projet-de-Salers (, literally Saint-Projet of Salers; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Rémy-de-Chaudes-Aigues (,  "Saint-Rémy of Chaudes-Aigues"; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-central France. In 2020, it had a population of 123.

Demographics

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Santin-Cantalès (; Auvergnat: Sent Santin de Cantalés) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Santin-de-Maurs (, literally Saint-Santin of Maurs; Languedocien: Sant Santin de Maurs) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Since the French revolution, the town of Saint-Santin has been split in two communes in two different departments, Saint-Santin d'Aveyron in the department of Aveyron and Saint-Santin-de-Maurs.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Saury (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Simon (; Auvergnat: Sant Simon) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

The medieval town of Belliac, located near the present-day Saint-Simon, was the birthplace (in 946) of the prolific scholar Gerbert d'Aurillac, who became Pope Sylvester II, the first of the French popes.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Urcize (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Auvergne
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Victor (; Auvergnat: Sant Victor) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Vincent-de-Salers (, literally Saint-Vincent of Salers; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Langouet (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Langouet are called Langouëtiens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association ;

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Salins is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Sansac-de-Marmiesse (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Langan (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in north-western France.

Population
Inhabitants of Langan are called in French Langanais.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Sansac-Veinazès (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


William Albert Fairhurst  (21 August 1903 – 13 March 1982) was a British bridge designer and international chess master. He was highly accomplished in both disciplines and for many years successfully divided his time between two careers. He was appointed a CBE for his services to engineering, and in chess he was several times champion of Scotland, gaining the title of International Master in 1951.

Chess player
Born in Alderley Edge, Cheshire, Fairhurst was thirteen when he taught himself to play chess from a collection of books at the family home. During this developmental stage, he was inspired by the teachings of Siegbert Tarrasch and consequently his playing style was based, for the most part, on dogmatic strategic concepts. By eighteen, he was Cheshire County Champion and a little later, moved to Lancashire, where he established a reputation as one of the leading players in the North of England. As an amateur, he had little opportunity to play in international tournaments, but he did compete at Scarborough in 1927, finishing second, tied with Frederick Yates, ahead of several recognised masters including Efim Bogoljubov, Sir George Thomas and Victor Buerger. He defeated not only the hugely experienced Bogoljubov, but also the first-prize winner, Edgard Colle. It was around this time, in his twenties, that he edited a well-respected games section in the magazine Chess Amateur.

In 1931, he went to live in Scotland and laid the foundations for a chess boom north of the border, winning the Scottish championship a record eleven times between 1932 and 1962. A gifted blindfold player, he held a twelve-board simultaneous blindfold exhibition in 1932 at the Glasgow Polytechnic Club, winning nine games and drawing three. A year later, he drew a six-game match with the then Austrian master Erich Eliskases, a player of noted strength and very much a rising star in world chess. In 1937, Fairhurst won a fiercely contested British Championship in Blackpool.

Playing team chess, he represented Great Britain many times, in a series of matches with Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands and Russia, held between 1937 and 1954. Playing board one, he spearheaded the Scottish Chess Olympiad team on six occasions between 1933 and 1968; his victims included the Danish champion and future world championship contender Bent Larsen, who was close to his peak. In 1947, he played in a radio match with Australia and at the end of the year, achieved a creditable fifth place at the Hastings International Chess Congress of 1947/48. His next performance at Hastings was similarly praiseworthy, finishing the 1948/49 event in a tie for fourth place.

In 1950, chess organisers took advantage of the fact that the leading players of England, Scotland, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa were all gathered in Britain at the same time. An impromptu first (unofficial) Commonwealth Chess Championship was arranged and held in Oxford. Fairhurst won the event, ahead of Daniel Yanofsky, Robert Wade and Wolfgang Heidenfeld, among others.  He later lost a match to Wade in Glasgow in 1953.

As the best of his playing days drew to a close, Fairhurst continued to give generously of his time and money, for the furtherance of Scottish Chess. He was made President of the Scottish Chess Association (SCA) from 1956 and forged new links with the British Chess Federation. At the end of his allotted tenure, he took control of the SCA, appointed himself President and retained the right to choose who joined him on the board. For a while, this was an improvement over the muddled state that the SCA had previously endured. Later however, his influence became overbearing and following a controversy about team selection for the Lugano 1968 Olympiad, where he tried to block the inclusion of a player, he was deposed and asked to appoint a successor.

His business interests caused him to move to New Zealand around 1970. While there, he played in the New Zealand Chess Championship and decided that he liked the country so much, it would make an ideal venue for his retirement. He competed at the Nice 1974 Olympiad for his new adopted country, playing board one and registering a 40% score; an outstanding result for a seventy-year-old.

Bridge designer
After building a career and reputation for himself in civil and structural engineering, Fairhurst became the senior partner in his own engineering consultancy, W. A. Fairhurst and Partners. Specialising in bridge design, the largest and most prestigious of his projects was the design of the new Tay Road Bridge, which crosses the Tay estuary and links north-east Fife with the city of Dundee. It was, at the time, the longest river crossing in Europe, measuring approximately 1.4 miles. Costing £6 million, the bridge was opened in 1966 at a ceremony performed by the Queen Mother. Other notable projects included the Kingston Bridge, Glasgow (1970) and the Queen Elizabeth II Metro Bridge (1980) in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There were many other bridges in Scotland and also in New Zealand, where he was lured to advise on a particularly difficult structure in the early 1970s, and where he made a home for his retirement.

For his engineering achievements, he received a doctorate, and through The Queen's honours list, a CBE. At the pinnacle of his profession, Fairhurst was honoured with the Presidency of the Scottish Branch of the Institution of Structural Engineers. In his time, he was the author of the text Arch Design Simplified and a member of the Royal Fine Art Commission for Scotland.

His engineering company continues to thrive today, working out of 15 principal offices and employing 500 staff. Today it is one of the largest private consultancy companies in the UK, trading since 1 January 2012 under the name Fairhurst.

References

Further reading

Olimpbase – Olympiads and other Team event information
CHESS magazine Vol. 47 Nos. 877–8, May/June 1982 – Obituary by B. H. Wood
Extract from The Scotsman, 10 April 2001

External links
Tay Road Bridge Website
Fairhurst Consulting Structural and Civil Engineers website

1903 births
1982 deaths
English chess players
Scottish chess players
New Zealand chess players
Chess International Masters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Bridge engineers
British structural engineers
English civil engineers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People from Alderley Edge
Sportspeople from Cheshire


A Touchstone file was originally a proprietary file format for the eponymous frequency-domain linear circuit simulator from EEsof, launched in 1984 and acquired by HP. The simulator has been called HP/EEsof, then its engine has been successively included in the jOmega and ADS software suites and it is now owned by Keysight.

The Touchstone simulator has long since been superseded, but its file format lives on.

A Touchstone file (also known as an SnP file after its set of file extensions) is an ASCII text file used for documenting the n-port network parameter data and noise data of linear active devices, passive filters, passive devices, or interconnect networks. An example of the format of the S-parameter section is given in the article about S-parameters. In addition to S-parameters, other representations such as Y-parameters and Z-parameters can be recorded.

It later became a de facto industry-standard file format not only for circuit simulators but also for measurement equipment (e.g. vector network analyzers, or VNAs), then later still an EIA standard as part of the Input/output Buffer Information Specification (IBIS) project. On April 24, 2009, the IBIS Open Forum ratified version 2.0, superseding Version 1.1. Version 2.0 adds IBIS-style keywords such as [Reference], which permits per-port definition of the reference environment.

Several further enhancements to the file format that allow description of the non-linear behavior of the component have been developed under the P2D and S2D pair of formats, but these two have been superseded by the X-parameters functionality.

Notes

Electronic design automation
EDA file formats


Sauvat () is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


La Ségalassière (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Landujan (; ; Gallo: Landujan) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Landujan are called Landujannais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Ségur-les-Villas is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Sénezergues (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Sériers (; Auvergnat: Cerièrs) is a former commune in the Cantal department in south-central France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Neuvéglise-sur-Truyère.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Former communes of Cantal
Populated places disestablished in 2017


William James Johnston, Sr., (August 15, 1918 – May 29, 1990) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Johnston joined the Army from  Colchester, Connecticut, and by February 17, 1944, was serving as a private first class in Company G, 180th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division. On that day and the following day, near Padiglione, Italy, he manned his machine gun without rest, twice staying behind to cover his unit's withdrawal. Although seriously wounded on February 18, he continued to man his gun until being overrun by German forces. He was able to make his way back to friendly lines on the 19th and provided valuable information on German positions. For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor seven months later, on September 6, 1944.

Johnston left the Army while still a private first class. He died at age 71 and was buried in the State Veterans Cemetery, Middletown, Connecticut. A section of Connecticut Route 16 between Colchester and Lebanon is named in his honor, as is Colchester's public middle school.

Medal of Honor citation
Private First Class Johnston's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. On 17 February 1944, near Padiglione, Italy, he observed and fired upon an attacking force of approximately 80 Germans, causing at least 25 casualties and forcing withdrawal of the remainder. All that day he manned his gun without relief, subject to mortar, artillery, and sniper fire. Two Germans individually worked so close to his position that his machinegun was ineffective, whereupon he killed 1 with his pistol, the second with a rifle taken from another soldier. When a rifleman protecting his gun position was killed by a sniper, he immediately moved the body and relocated the machinegun in that spot in order to obtain a better field of fire. He volunteered to cover the platoon's withdrawal and was the last man to leave that night. In his new position he maintained an all-night vigil, the next day causing 7 German casualties. On the afternoon of the 18th, the organization on the left flank having been forced to withdraw, he again covered the withdrawal of his own organization. Shortly thereafter, he was seriously wounded over the heart, and a passing soldier saw him trying to crawl up the embankment. The soldier aided him to resume his position behind the machinegun which was soon heard in action for about 10 minutes. Though reported killed, Pfc. Johnston was seen returning to the American lines on the morning of 19 February slowly and painfully working his way back from his overrun position through enemy lines. He gave valuable information of new enemy dispositions. His heroic determination to destroy the enemy and his disregard of his own safety aided immeasurably in halting a strong enemy attack, caused an enormous amount of enemy casualties, and so inspired his fellow soldiers that they fought for and held a vitally important position against greatly superior forces.

Military decorations awarded

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1918 births
1990 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Colchester, Connecticut
Military personnel from Trenton, New Jersey
United States Army soldiers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Connecticut
Burials in Connecticut


Soulages (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Sourniac (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Landéan (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Landéan are called in French landéanais .

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Talizat (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Tanavelle (; ) is a commune in the département of Cantal in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Bouillancourt-en-Séry (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated by the banks of the river Bresle, the border with the Seine-Maritime département, on the D67 road, some  southwest of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Landavran (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Landavran are called Landavranais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Teissières-de-Cornet (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Teissières-lès-Bouliès (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Les Ternes (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Lalleu (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Geography
The stream de la Couyère forms all of the commune's eastern border, then flows into the Semnon, which forms all of its southern border.

Population
Inhabitants of Lalleu are called Allodiens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Thiézac (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Tiviers (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Cantal


Laillé (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Laillé joined the intercommunality Rennes Métropole on 1 July 2012.

Population
Inhabitants of Laillé are called Lailléens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Trémouille (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Geography
The river Rhue forms most of the commune's southwestern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department
Trémouille-Saint-Loup

References

Communes of Cantal


La Trinitat () is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Trioulou () is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Trizac (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Tourism carrying capacity  (TCC) is an imperfect but useful approach to managing visitors in vulnerable areas.   The TCC concept evolved out of the fields of range, habitat and wildlife management. In these fields, managers attempted to determine the largest population of a particular species that could be supported by a habitat over a long period of time.

"Tourism Carrying Capacity" is defined by the World Tourism Organization as “The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction”.   Whereas Middleton and Hawkins Chamberlain (1997) define it as “the level of human activity an area can accommodate without the area deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected or the quality of visitors experience declining” what both these definitions pick up on is that the carrying capacity is the point at which a destination or attraction starts experiencing adverse effects as a result of the number of visitors.

Although it is challenging to pinpoint a specific number of visitors beyond which damage begins, even an imperfect estimate of the TCC can guide policies that cap the number of visitors and reduce the environmental impact of tourism. For example, the government of Peru limits the number of hikers on the Inca Trail to 500 per day, because geologists warned that a larger number could cause serious erosion.

At the extreme, in areas where the objective is to maintain pristine conditions, any level of visitor use creates adverse or negative impacts, suggesting that the carrying capacity is zero. The acceptable level of damage is a matter of human judgment. Understanding what is acceptable is the focus of the limits of acceptable change planning process referred to later in this article.

There are numerous forms of carrying capacity relevant to tourism. This article will focus on the four most commonly used.

Physical carrying capacity
This is the maximum number of tourists that an area is actually able to support. In the case of an individual tourist attraction it is the maximum number that can fit on the site at any given time and still allow people to be able to move. This is normally assumed to be around 1m per person.
“PCC per a day = area (in metres squared) x visitors per metre x daily duration"  (Mowforth and Munt)
This is a formula which has been used to calculate the physical carrying capacity.

Economic carrying capacity
This relates to a level of acceptable change within the local economy of a tourist destination, it is the extent to which a tourist destination is able to accommodate tourist functions without the loss of local activities, take for example a souvenir store taking the place of a shop selling essential items to the local community. Economic carrying capacity can also be used to describe the point at which the increased revenue brought by tourism development is overtaken by the inflation caused by tourism.

Social carrying capacity
This relates to the negative socio-cultural impacts associated with tourism development. The indicators of when the social carrying capacity has been exceeded are a reduced local tolerance for tourism as described by Doxey’s Index of irritation. Reduced visitor enjoyment and increased crime are also indicators of when the social carrying capacity has been exceeded.

Biophysical carrying capacity
This relates to the extent to which the natural environment is able to tolerate interference from tourists. This is made more complicated by the fact that because it deals with ecology which is able to regenerate to some extent so in this case, the carrying capacity is when the damage exceeds the habitat's ability to regenerate.

Environmental carrying capacity is also used with reference to ecological and physical parameters, capacity of resources, ecosystems and infrastructure.

Weaknesses of carrying capacity
Authors such as Buckley, Wagar, Washburne, McCool, and Stankey have critiqued the concept as being flawed in both the conceptual assumptions made and its practical application. For example, the notion of a carrying capacity assumes that various elements, such as the social-ecological systems in which tourism destinations are situated, are stable. But some situations are dynamically complex and some outcomes are impossible to predict. To implement a carrying capacity flawlessly would require either a stable situation or the ability to adjust entry limits based on changing conditions. Implementation also requires a means of monitoring entry, and when demand exceeds a limit, the ways in which scarce opportunities are allocated are contentious. For example, the trail capacity limits on entries into the Hardrock 100 running race in Colorado result in many disappointed runners. Nonetheless, the benefits of limiting the entries to a number that avoids harm to surrounding wilderness arguably exceed the costs.

The main criticism of carrying capacity on a practical level is that it is difficult to calculate. A safe solution is to set the limit at a conservative estimate of the capacity. The maximum number of visitors depends on how the tourists behave: ‘a large group of bird watchers moving through a landscape will have a different impact compared to a similar sized group of school children.’ The carrying capacity also depends on changing conditions at the site. In the case of national parks, visitor impacts change with seasons.

UNESCO (the organization responsible for administrating the World Heritage list) has expressed a concern that the use of carrying capacity can give the impression that a site is better protected than it actually is, it points out that although the whole site may be below carrying capacity part of the site may still be crowded.

In the context of tourism in wildlife sanctuaries, Singh (2013) writes, ‘carrying capacity’ is a concept to be thought about when we intend for ‘sustainable versus full harvest/utilization of resource for a purpose’. In wildlife sanctuaries ‘full utilization of infrastructure or resources for tourism’ is a remote mandate. Hence, instead of ‘carrying capacity,’ some people recommend guidelines or regulations that prevent tourism from disturbing wildlife in ways other than limiting the volume of tourism. In cases where such regulations are easier to establish and implement than policies based on carrying capacity, regulations will perhaps be sustainable for both wildlife conservation and the tourism industry. In many other cases, limits based on estimates of the tourism carrying capacity are implemented with beneficial effects.

Limits of acceptable change
Limits of acceptable change was the first of the post-carrying-capacity visitor management frameworks developed to respond to the practical and conceptual challenges of carrying capacity. The framework was developed by The U.S. Forest Service in the 1980s. It is based on the idea that, rather than there being a threshold of visitor numbers, in fact any tourist activity has an impact and therefore management should be based on constant monitoring of the site as well as the objectives established for it. A maximum number of visitors can be established within the limits of acceptable change framework, but such maximums are only one tool among many that are available. The framework is frequently summarized into a nine step process.
1. Identify area concerns and issues.
2. Define and describe opportunity classes (based on the concept of ROS).
3. Select indicators of resource and social conditions.
4. Inventory existing resource and social conditions.
5. Specify standards for resource and social indicators for each opportunity class.
6. Identify alternative opportunity class allocations.
7. Identify management actions for each alternative.
8. Evaluate and select preferred alternatives.
9. Implement actions and monitor conditions.
There is a difference of LAC as a concept and LAC as a planning framework..

Visitor experience and resource protection
This framework is based on the idea that not enough attention has been given to the experience of tourists and their views on environmental quality. This framework is similar in origin to LAC, but was originally designed to meet the legislative, policy and administrative needs of the US National Park Service.

Descriptive and evaluative
The process of estimating Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) has been described as having a descriptive and evaluative part. It follows (in principle) the conceptual framework for TCC as described by Shelby and Heberlein (1986), and these parts are described as follows:

Descriptive part (A): Describes how the system (tourist destination) under study works, including physical, ecological, social, political and economic aspects of tourist development. Within this context of particular importance is the identification of:
 Constraints: limiting factors that cannot be easily managed. They are inflexible, in the sense that the application of organisational, planning, and management approaches, or the development of appropriate infrastructure does not alter the thresholds associated with such constraints.
 Bottlenecks: limiting factors of the system which managers can manipulate (number of visitors at a particular place).
 Impacts: elements of the system affected by the intensity and type of use. The type of impact determines the type of capacity (ecological-physical, social, etc.). Emphasis should be placed on significant impacts.

Evaluative part (B): Describes how an area should be managed and the level of acceptable environmental impacts. This part of the process starts with the identification (if it does not already exist) of the desirable condition or preferable type of development. Within this context, goals and management objectives need to be defined, alternative fields of actions evaluated and a strategy for tourist development formulated. On the basis of this, Tourism Carrying Capacity can be defined. Within this context, of particular importance is the identification of:
 Goals and/or objectives: (i.e. to define the type of experience or other outcomes which a recreational setting should provide).

Differing definitions

First of all, the carrying capacity can be the motivation to attract tourists visit the destination. The tourism industry, especially in national parks and protected areas, is subject to the concept of carrying capacity so as to determine the scale of tourist activities which can be sustained at specific times in different places. Various scholar over the years have developed several arguments developed about the definition of carrying capacity. Middleton and Hawkins defined carrying capacity as a measure of the tolerance of a site or building which is open to tourist activities, and the limit beyond which an area may suffer from the adverse impacts of tourism (Middleton & Hawkins, 1998). Chamberlain defined it as the level of human activity which an area can accommodate without either it deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected or the quality of visitors' experience declining (Chamberlain, 1997).  Clark defined carrying capacity as a certain threshold (level) of tourism activity, beyond which there will be damage to the environment and its natural inhabitants (Clark, 1997).

The World Tourism Organization argues that carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic and socio-cultural environment and/or an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/tcca_material.pdf. Date assessed 08/03/07).    In the publication, ‘Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Venture: towards environmentally sustainable development’, the Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization.

As part of a planning system
The definitions of carrying capacity need to be considered as processes within a planning process for tourism development which involves:
 Setting capacity limits for sustaining tourism activities in an area. This involves a vision about local development & decisions about managing tourism.
 Overall measuring of tourism carrying capacity does not have to lead to a single number, like the number of visitors (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/tcca_material.pdf. Date assessed 08/03/07).
 In addition, carrying capacity may contain various limits in respect to the three components (physical-ecological, socio-demographic and political–economic).

“Carrying capacity is not just a scientific concept or formula of obtaining a number beyond which development should cease, but a process where the eventual limits must be considered as guidance. They should be carefully assessed and monitored, complemented with other standards, etc. Carrying capacity is not fixed. It develops with time and the growth of tourism and can be affected by management techniques and controls” (Saveriades, 2000).

The reason for considering carrying capacity as a process, rather than a means of protection of various areas is in spite of the fact that carrying capacity was once a guiding concept in recreation and tourism management literature. Because of its conceptual elusiveness, lack of management utility and inconsistent effectiveness in minimizing visitors' impacts, carrying capacity has been largely re-conceptualized into management by objectives approaches, namely: the limits of acceptable change (LAC), and the visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) as the two planning and management decision-making processes based on the new understanding of carrying capacity (Lindberg and McCool, 1998). These two have been deemed more appropriate in the tourism planning processes of protected areas, especially in the United States, and have over the years been adapted and modified for use in sustainable tourism and ecotourism contexts (Wallace, 1993; McCool, 1994; Harroun and Boo, 1995).

See also
 Ecotourism

Notes

References
 Bournemouth University. 2007. The Purbeck Section of the Dorset & East Devon World Heritage Site Carrying Capacity Evaluation Report
 Mathieson and Wall, 1982, Tourism; economic, physical and social impacts, Longman, Harlow
 McCool, S.F., G.H.Stankey, and R.N.Clark. 2007. An assessment of frameworks useful for public land recreation planning. Gen. Tech. Report GTR-705. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 125 p.
 Mexa, A. & Coccossis, H. 2004, Tourism carrying capacity assessment, Ashgate
 Mowforth, M. Munt, I. Tourism and sustainability; Development and new tourism in the third world, Routledge, London
 Net Coast
 Pedersen A, Managing tourism at world heritage sites, UNESCO, Paris
 Shaw, G. & Williams, A.; 1997, Critical issues in tourism: a geographical perspective, Blackwell

Tourism geography
Ecological economics


Ussel (; ) is a commune in the département of Cantal in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Laignelet (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in north-western France.

Population
Inhabitants of Laignelet are called Agnelais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Valette (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Valjouze (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Valuéjols (; ) is a commune in the département of Cantal in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Le Vaulmier () is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Vebret (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Geography
The river Rhue forms all of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Védrines-Saint-Loup (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Velzic () is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Vernols (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Veyrières (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Javené (; ; Gallo: Javenaé) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
The inhabitants of Javené are known as Javenéens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Vézac (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


The Commonwealth Heritage List is a heritage register established in 2003, which lists places under the control of the Australian government, on land or in waters directly owned by the Crown (in Australia, the Crown in right of the Commonwealth of Australia). Such places must have importance in relation to the natural or historic heritage of Australia, including those of cultural significance to Indigenous Australians. National heritage sites on the list are protected by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).

The Commonwealth Heritage List, together with the Australian National Heritage List, replaced the former Register of the National Estate in 2003. Under the EPBC Act, the National Heritage List includes places of outstanding heritage value to the nation, and the Commonwealth Heritage List includes heritage places owned or controlled by the Commonwealth.

Places protected under the Act include federally owned telegraph stations, defence sites, migration centres, customs houses, lighthouses, national institutions such as Parliament and High Court buildings, memorials, islands and marine areas.

All places on this list can be found on the online Australian Heritage Database, along with other places on other Australian and world heritage listings.

History
In 2004, a new heritage management system was introduced by the Australian Government to protect Australia’s heritage places.  Key elements are amendments to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwth), which include explicit requirements for cultural heritage protection, the creation of an Australian National Heritage List and a Commonwealth Heritage List and the establishment of the Australian Heritage Council under the Australian Heritage Council Act 2003.  The Register of the National Estate was retained but lost its statutory power.

The National Heritage List is to include a small number of places of outstanding heritage significance to Australia.

Criteria
The Commonwealth Heritage criteria for a place are any or all of the following:

(a) the place has significant heritage value because of the place's importance in the course, or pattern, of Australia's natural or cultural history

(b) the place has significant heritage value because of the place's possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Australia's natural or cultural history

(c) the place has significant heritage value because of the place's potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Australia's natural or cultural history

(d) the place has significant heritage value because of the place's importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of:

(i) a class of Australia's natural or cultural places; or

(ii) a class of Australia's natural or cultural environments;

(e) the place has significant heritage value because of the place's importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group;

(f) the place has significant heritage value because of the place's importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period;

(g) the place has significant heritage value because of the place's strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons;

(h) the place has significant heritage value because of the place's special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in Australia's natural or cultural history;

(i) the place has significant heritage value because of the place's importance as part of Indigenous tradition.

Composition
, the Commonwealth Heritage List comprised 388 heritage places as follows:

List

See also
 Cultural heritage
 Natural heritage
 Commonwealth Heritage

References

Attribution

External links

 Official site

Historic preservation in Australia
Australia history-related lists
Australian historic places


Vèze (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Vezels-Roussy is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Vic-sur-Cère (, literally Vic on Cère; Auvergnat: Vic de Cera or Vic de Carladés) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Minibrix were construction kits manufactured from 1935 to 1976 in the UK. Developed in 1935, they enabled children to build their own miniature houses. Like the later and more famous construction toy, Lego, Minibrix consisted primarily of interlocking bricks with moulded studs on the surface, but being invented before the availability of modern plastics they were made of hard rubber which had the necessary ability to deform under pressure to allow firm interlocking of studs and holes.

Minibrix were made by the Premo Rubber Company which traditionally made rubber shoe heels. Premo was a subsidiary of the I.T.S. Rubber Company, which had been founded in 1919 by Arnold Levy, and was located at Sandringham Road, Petersfield, Hampshire, England.

The origin of the Minibrix idea is unclear but Arnold may have seen the fibre-interlocking toy bricks of the early 1930s introduced by the Erector Company in America and the rubber interlocking bricks, called 'Bild-O-Brik' made in Pennsylvania, in 1934.  However, the actual design of the British bricks and the other elements of the Minibrix system are thought to have been the work of a Mr Gilbert, an ITS engineer, and patents for the product were applied for on 5 July 1935 in the names of the Premo Rubber Company and Arnold Levy.

Two series of kits were available in different styles for making Tudor and Modern buildings, and the bases, roofs and lintels were all, like the bricks, made of rubber.

See also
 Kiddicraft
 Erector set
 Lego
 Bayko
 Meccano

References

External links
 Fred Smallbone and Malcolm Hanson's "Minibrix.com" pages - extensive history and reference
 Museum of Childhood site
 Jackie's Architectural Pages
 Bricks that Interlock - Jackie's Architectural Pages
 Powerhouse museum in-depth article full of details
 Hampshire County Council, Museums Service, Childhood Collection

Construction toys
Products introduced in 1935
Toy brands
Toy companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct toy manufacturers


Vieillespesse is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Vieillevie (; ) is a commune in the department of Cantal in south-central France. The village stands on the north (right) bank of the River Lot, approximately 12 km west of Entraygues. The river here is the boundary between the departments of Cantal and Aveyron, and a bridge takes you from the village into Aveyron. The village is 32 km south of the large town of Aurillac and 35 km north of the large town of Rodez.

In the village are a castle, a church, a hotel with an excellent restaurant (Hotel de la Terrasse), and a shop/cafe which offers many services.

Population

Monuments
The Château de Vieillevie, a mediaeval castle modified in the 16th century, is in the centre of the village next to the Mairie. It is a monument historique.

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal