The Khitan people (Khitan small script: ; ) were a historical nomadic people from Northeast Asia who, from the 4th century, inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East.

As a people descended from the proto-Mongols through the Xianbei, Khitans spoke the now-extinct Khitan language, a Para-Mongolic language related to the Mongolic languages. The Khitan people founded and led the Liao dynasty (916–1125), which dominated a vast area of Siberia, Mongolia and Northern China. The Khitans of the Liao dynasty used two independent writing systems for their language: Khitan small script and Khitan large script.

After the fall of the Liao dynasty in 1125 following the Jurchen invasion, many Khitans followed Yelü Dashi's group westward to establish the Qara Khitai or Western Liao dynasty, in Central Asia, which lasted nearly a century before falling to the Mongol Empire in 1218. Other regimes founded by the Khitans included the Northern Liao, Eastern Liao and Later Liao in China, as well as the Qutlugh-Khanid dynasty in Persia. The modern-day Daur people, a recognized minority ethnic group in Northeast China, are the genetic descendants of Khitans.

The historical name for China, Cathay, originates from the word Khitan.

Etymology

There is no consensus on the etymology of the name of Khitan. There are basically three speculations. Feng Jiasheng argues that it comes from the Yuwen chieftains' names. Zhao Zhenji thinks that the term originated from Xianbei and means "a place where Xianbei had resided". Japanese scholar Otagi Matsuo believes that Khitan's original name was "Xidan", which means "the people who are similar to the Xi people" or "the people who inhabit among the Xi people".

In Slavic languages such as Russian and Ukrainian, "China" is called "". These names are derived from the Chinese Liao dynasty, which was established by the Khitan in northern China.

China
Due to the dominance of the Khitans during the Liao dynasty in Manchuria and Mongolia and later the Qara Khitai in Central Asia where they were seen as Chinese, the term "Khitai" came to mean "China" to people near them in Central Asia, Russia and northwestern China. The name was then introduced to medieval Europe via Islamic and Russian sources, and became "Cathay". In the modern era, words related to Khitay are still used as a name for China by Turkic peoples, such as the Uyghurs in China's Xinjiang region and the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan and areas adjoining it, and by some Slavic peoples, such as the Russians and Bulgarians. The Han Chinese consider the ethnonym derived from Khitay as applied to them by the Uyghurs to be pejorative and the Chinese government has tried to ban its use.

History

Origin myth
According to the History of Liao compiled in the 14th century, a "sacred man" (shen-ren) on a white horse had eight sons with a "heavenly woman" (tiannü) who rode in a cart pulled by a grey ox. The man came from the Tu River (Lao Ha river in modern-day Jilin, Manchuria) and the woman from the Huang River (modern-day Xar Moron river in Inner Mongolia). The pair met where the two rivers join, and the eight sons born of their union became eight tribes.

Pre-dynastic

The earliest written reference to the Khitan is from an official history of the Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty dating to the period of the Six Dynasties. Most scholars believe the Khitan tribe splintered from the Xianbei, and some scholars believe they may have been a mixed group who also included former members of the Xiongnu tribal confederation. The Khitan shaved their heads, leaving hair on their temples which grew down to the chest, in a similar fashion to the related Kumo Xi, Shiwei, and Xianbei whom they are believed to be descended from.

During their early history the Khitan were composed of eight tribes. Their territory was between the present-day Xar Moron River and Chaoyang, Liaoning. The Khitan's territory bordered Goguryeo, the Central Plains, and the lands of the Eastern Turks.

Between the 6th and 9th centuries, they were successively dominated by the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Khaganate, and the Tang dynasty. The Khitans were less politically united than the Turkic tribes, but often found themselves involved in the power games between the Turks and the Sui and Tang dynasties. It is estimated the Khitans had only around 43,000 soldiersa fraction of the Turkic Khaganates. In 605, the Khitans raided the Sui dynasty, but the Emperor Yang of Sui was able to convince the Turks to send 20,000 horsemen to aid Sui against the Khitans. In 628, under the leadership of tribal chief Dahe Moui, the Khitan submitted to the Tang dynasty, as they had earlier submitted to the Eastern Turks. The Khagan of the Eastern Turks, Jiali Khan, offered to exchange the rebel Liang Shidu for the Khitans, but Emperor Taizong would not agree to the exchange.

During the reign of Empress Wu, nearly one century later, the Second Turkic Khaganate raided along northern China's borderlands. The Tang Empress, in what scholars consider a major strategic error, formed an ill-fated alliance with the Turkic leader Qapaghan Qaghan to punish the Khitan for raiding Hebei province. Khitan territory was much closer to northern China proper than Turkic lands, and the Turks used it to launch their own raids into Hebei.

Like the Tuyuhun and Tangut, the Khitan remained an intermediate power along the borderlands through the 7th and 8th centuries. The Khitans rose to prominence in a power vacuum that developed in the wake of the Kyrgyz takeover of the Uyghur Khaganate, and the collapse of the Tang dynasty.

Liao dynasty

Abaoji, who had been successful in uniting the Khitan tribes, founded the Liao dynasty in 907. The Liao territory included modern day northern and northeastern China, Mongolia, and parts of Central Asia and Siberia. Although transition to an imperial social and political organization was a significant change for the Khitans, the Khitan language, origin myth, shamanic religion and nomadic lifestyle endured.

China was in chaos after the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. Known as the Wudai Shiguo period, Five Dynasties ruled northern China in rapid succession with only nominal support from the Ten Kingdoms of southern China. The Tang dynasty had been supported by Shatuo Turks until Zhu Wen murdered the last Tang emperor and founded the Later Liang dynasty. The Shatuo Turks, who had been allied with the Khitans since 905, defeated the Later Liang and founded the Later Tang dynasty in 923, but by 926 the former allies had grown apart.  In 934 Yelü Bei, Abaoji's son, wrote to his brother Emperor Taizong of Liao from the Later Tang court: "Li Cong Ke has slain his liege-lord, why not attack him?" In 936, the Khitans supported Shi Jing Tangs rebellion against the Later Tang Emperor Li Cong Ke. Shi Jing Tang became emperor of the Later Jin dynasty and, in exchange for their support, the Khitans gained sixteen new prefectures.

The Later Jin dynasty remained a vassal of the Khitans until the death of Shi Jing Tang in 942, but when the new emperor ascended, he indicated that he would not honor his predecessor's arrangement. The Khitans launched a military invasion against the Later Jin in 944. In January 947, the Emperor of the Later Jin dynasty surrendered to the Khitans. The Khitan emperor left the conquered city of Kaifeng and unexpectedly died from an illness while travelling in May 947.

Relations between Goryeo and the Khitans were hostile after the Khitans destroyed Balhae. Goryeo would not recognize the Liao dynasty and supported the fledgling Song dynasty, which had formed south of the Khitans' territory. Though the Khitans would have preferred to attack China, they invaded Goryeo in 993. Khitan forces failed to advance beyond the Chongchon River and were persuaded to withdraw, though Khitan dissatisfaction with Goryeo's conquest of the Jurchen prompted a second invasion in 1010. This time the Khitans, led by their emperor, sacked the capital city Kaesong. A third and final invasion in 1018 was repelled by Goryeo's forces, bringing an end to 30 years of war between the rivals.

The Liao dynasty proved to be a significant power north of the Chinese plain, continuously moving south and west, gaining control over former Chinese and Turk-Uyghur territories. In 1005 Chanyuan Treaty was signed, and peace remained between the Liao dynasty and the Song dynasty for the next 120 years. During the reign of the Emperor Daozong of Liao, corruption was a major problem and prompted dissatisfaction among many people, including the Jurchens. The Liao dynasty eventually fell to the Jin dynasty of the Jurchen in 1125, who defeated and absorbed the Khitans to their military benefit. The Khitans considered the Khamag Mongols as their last hope when the Liao dynasty was invaded by the Jin, Song dynasty and Western Xia Empires.

To defend against the Jurchens and Khitans, a Long Wall was built by Goryeo in 1033–1034, along with many border forts.

One of the causes of the Jurchen rebellion and the fall of the Liao was the custom of raping married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls by Khitan envoys, which caused resentment from the Jurchens. The custom of having sex with unmarried girls by Khitan was itself not a problem, since the practice of guest prostitution – giving female companions, food and shelter to guests – was common among Jurchens. Unmarried daughters of Jurchen families of lower and middle classes in Jurchen villages were provided to Khitan messengers for sex, as recorded by Hong Hao. Song envoys among the Jin were similarly entertained by singing girls in Guide, Henan. There is no evidence that guest prostitution of unmarried Jurchen girls to Khitan men was resented by the Jurchens. It was only when the Khitans forced aristocratic Jurchen families to give up their beautiful wives as guest prostitutes to Khitan messengers that the Jurchens became resentful. This suggests that in Jurchen upper classes, only a husband had the right to his married wife while among lower class Jurchens, the virginity of unmarried girls and sex with Khitan men did not impede their ability to marry later. The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants had Khitan linguistic and grammatical elements in their personal names like suffixes. Many Khitan names had a "ju" suffix.

Following the fall of the Liao dynasty, a number of the Khitan nobility escaped the area westwards towards Western Regions, establishing the short-lived Qara Khitai or Western Liao dynasty. After its fall, a small part under Buraq Hajib established a local dynasty in the southern Persian province of Kirman. These Khitans were absorbed by the local Turkic and Iranian populations, Islamized and left no influence behind them. As the Khitan language is still almost completely unintelligible, it is difficult to create a detailed history of their movements.

During the 13th century, the Mongol invasions and conquests had a large impact on shifting ethnic identities in the region. Most people of the Eurasian Steppe did not retain their pre-Mongol identities after the conquests. The Khitans were scattered across Eurasia and assimilated into the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century.

Fleeing from the Mongols, in 1216 the Khitans invaded Goryeo and won several battles, even reaching the gates of the capital, but were defeated by Goryeo General Kim Chwi-ryeo who pushed them back north to Pyongan, where the remaining Khitans were finished off by Goryeo forces in 1219.

Language and writing systems

The Khitan language is now extinct. Some scholars believe that Khitan is Proto-Mongolic, while others have suggested that it is a Para-Mongolic language.  Khitan has loanwords borrowed from the Turkic Old Uyghur language and Koreanic languages.

There were two writing systems for the Khitan language, known as the large script and the small script. These were functionally independent and appear to have been used simultaneously in the Liao dynasty. They were in use for some time after the fall of that dynasty. Examples of the scripts appeared most often on epitaphs and monuments, although other fragments sometimes surface. The Khitan scripts have not been fully deciphered and more research and discoveries will be necessary for a proficient understanding of them.

Economy

As nomadic Khitans originally engaged in stockbreeding, fishing, and hunting. Looting Chinese villages and towns as well as neighboring tribes was also a helpful source of slaves, Chinese handcraft, and food, especially in times of famine. Under the influence of China, and following the administrative need for a sedentary administration, the Khitans began to engage in farming, crop cultivation and the building of cities. Different from the Chinese and Balhae farmers, who cultivated wheat and sorghum millet, the Khitan farmers cultivated panicled millet. The ruling class of the Liao dynasty still undertook hunting campaigns in late summer in the tradition of their ancestors. After the fall of the Liao dynasty, the Khitans returned to a more nomadic life.

Religion

The Khitans practiced shamanism in which animals played an important role. Hunters offered a sacrifice to the spirit of the animal they were hunting and wore a pelt from the same animal during the hunt. There were festivals to mark the catching of the first fish and wild goose, and annual sacrifices of animals to the sky, earth, ancestors, mountains, rivers, and others. Every male member of the Khitan would sacrifice a white horse, white sheep, and white goose during the Winter solstice.

When a Khitan nobleman died, burnt offerings were sacrificed at the full and new moons. The body was exposed for three years in the mountains, after which the bones would be cremated. The Khitan believed that the souls of the dead rested at a place called the Black Mountain, near Rehe Province.

Khitan tents always faced east, and they revered the sun, but the moon did not have a large role in their religion. They also practiced a form of divination where they went to war if the shoulder blade of a white sheep cracked while being heated (scapulimancy).

Women
Khitan women hunted, rode horses and practiced archery. They did not practice foot binding, which started becoming popular among the Han during the Song dynasty. The Khitan practiced polygamy and generally preferred marriage within the tribe, but it was not unknown for an Emperor to take wives from other groups, such as the Han, Koreans, and Turkic tribes.

Genetics

A 2015 study postulated that elite Khitan males may have belonged to haplogroups C3c or N1, based on the distribution of these haplogroups in modern-day Eastern and Central Asian populations.

A 2020 study published in Cell analyzed the DNA of 3 Khitan elite burials from Bulgan Province, located in Northern Mongolia. The Khitan burials were found to be of predominantly Northeast Asian origin, with less than 10% West Eurasian ancestry. The two male specimens belonged to the West Eurasian paternal haplogroup J2. All three specimens carried maternal haplogroups associated with Northeast Asia, including haplogroups A24, D4 and haplogroup Y1. During the Khitan and Mongol empires, a male bias for East-Asian related ancestry is observed in the eastern steppe region.

Two studies found evidence of Khitan mtDNA ancestry in modern-day people of the Daur ethnicity. This was one of the most significant findings of ethnic studies in China. Another group of 100,000 descendants are found in some Blang people and Yi people in Baoshan and Ruili in southwestern Yunnan province, near Myanmar. These people with surnames of A., Mang and Jiang claim to be descendants of Khitans rather than Blang people or Yi people.

Gallery

See also

 History of the Khitans
 List of Khitan rulers
 Yelü
 Liao dynasty
 Northern Liao
 Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty)
 Eastern Liao
 Later Liao
 Qutlugh-Khanids
 Cathay
 Mongol mythology

References

Citations

Sources

 Works cited

 Other webpages
 Khitans
 Khitans on scholar.google.com
 Exhibition of Khitan artifacts
 Khitan gers

Ancient peoples of China


Peter Joseph Handcock (17 February 1868 – 27 February 1902) was an Australian-born Veterinary Lieutenant and convicted war criminal who served in the Bushveldt Carbineers during the Boer War in South Africa.

After a court martial, Handcock (along with Harry "Breaker" Morant) was convicted and executed for the murders of nine Boer POWs and three other civilians.

His execution, "which had been carried out without the knowledge and consent of the Australian government", was and remains a controversial issue in Australia.

Life
Peter Joseph Handcock was born at Peel, near Bathurst, New South Wales to William Handcock (1830–1874), and Bridget Handcock, née Martin (1830–1881) on 17 February 1868

He was apprenticed to a blacksmith at age 12, and later worked as a blacksmith with the Railways Department.

He married his 17-year-old cousin Bridget Alice Mary Martin on 15 July 1888, and they had two sons and a daughter.

Military service
He served in South Africa with the 1st New South Wales Mounted Rifles, and was promoted to Farrier-Sergeant.

When the NSWMR returned home he obtained a commission in the Bushveldt Carbineers as Veterinary and Transport Officer.
In early August 1901, Handcock executed an unarmed, wounded Boer prisoner, Floris Visser. Two weeks later, he fatally shot a South African missionary, Reverend Daniel Heese, possibly out of the fear that he would report his crimes.

Handcock also organized and participated in the executions of 8 surrendering Boers. "We are justified in shooting everything in sight," Handcock said to a fellow trooper.

On 7 September 1901, Hancock and Morant heard that three Boers were approaching their camp. They met the three with two other soldiers. The Boers were Roelf van Staden and his two sons, 16-year-old Roelf Jr. and 12-year-old Chris, who was very sick from a fever.

Morant quietly told his men that when the Stadens reached a clearing, to wait until he said “lay down your arms,” then shoot the three after they calmed down. When Handcock and the two other soldiers pointed their rifles at the Stadens ready to fire, the family looked at them confused and scared. They calmed down after Morant gave his command, and were then suddenly shot as he had planned.

Execution
Handcock and Morant were court-martialled, convicted, and executed in Pretoria by a firing squad drawn from the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders on 27 February 1902 on murder charges for shooting nine Boer POWs. Handcock was also found guilty of manslaughter for his role in the illegal execution of Visser.

While the defendants were found guilty of killing these POWs and civilians, they were acquitted of murdering Daniel Heese. However, in 1929, it was revealed by George Witton in a letter to James Francis Thomas that Handcock had confessed to Witton of murdering Heese shortly after he was acquitted.

Petitions for review of convictions and sentences

In 2010, petitions were submitted for the review of the convictions of Handcock and his colleagues.

See also
 Court martial of Breaker Morant
 Breaker Morant (play)
 Breaker Morant (film)
 Pardons for Morant, Handcock and Witton

Footnotes

References
 Probate Jurisdiction, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Thursday, 23 June 1904), p.8.
 The Bushveldt Carbineers and the Pietersburg Light Horse by William (Bill) Woolmore (2002, Slouch Hat Publications Australia)
 Unkles, James, Ready, Aim, Fire : Major James Francis Thomas, the Fourth Victim in the Execution of Lieutenant Harry "Breaker" Morant, Sid Harta Publishers, (Glen Waverley), 2018.
 The Australian Boer War Memorial: Lieutenant Peter Handcock.
 Wallace, R.L., "Handcock, Peter Joseph (1868–1902)", pp.185-185 in B. Nairn, G. Serle, and C. Cunneen (eds), Australian Dictionary of Biography: Volume 9: 1891-1939, Gil-Las, Melbourne University Press, (Carlton), 1983.

External links
 For an Australian War Memorial: Peter Handcock
 Lieutenant Peter Handcock

1868 births
1902 deaths
20th-century executions by the United Kingdom
Australian Army soldiers
Australian mass murderers
Australian military personnel of the Second Boer War
Australian murderers of children
Australian people convicted of manslaughter
Australian people convicted of murder
Australian people convicted of war crimes
Australian people executed abroad
British Army personnel who were court-martialled
British colonial army officers
Deaths by firearm in South Africa
Executed mass murderers
Executed military personnel
People convicted of murder by the British military
People executed by the British military by firing squad
People executed for war crimes
Military personnel from New South Wales


"When You and I Were Young, Maggie" is a folk song, popular song, and standard written by George W. Johnson and James Austin Butterfield.

Origin
Although Springtown, Tennessee, has a small monument outside an old mill claiming the song was written by a local "George Johnson", in 1864, for his Maggie, the truth is that its lyrics were written as a poem by the Canadian school teacher George Washington Johnson from Hamilton, Ontario. Margaret "Maggie" Clark, three years his junior, was his pupil. They fell in love and during a period of illness, George walked to the edge of the Niagara escarpment, overlooking what is now downtown Hamilton, and composed the poem. The general tone is perhaps one of melancholy and consolation over lost youth rather than mere sentimentality or a fear of aging. It was published in 1864 in a collection of his poems entitled Maple Leaves. They were married October 21, 1864, but Maggie's health deteriorated and she died on May 12, 1865. James Austin Butterfield set the poem to music and it became popular all over the world.  George Washington Johnson died in 1917. The house where the two lovers met still stands on the escarpment above Hamilton, and a plaque bearing the name of the song had been erected in front of the old building but is now inside the Township of Glanbrook building on Binbrook Road (Road 52) just east of Fletcher Road (Road 614).  In 2005, the song was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Recordings

Some claim that the song was first sung by Frank Dumont "as the Duprez & Benedict's Minstrels programs, dated, will show" in 1870. The song was first recorded by Corinne Morgan and Frank C. Stanley in 1905, and has been recorded since by many famous artists including opera tenors John McCormack in 1920 and Jan Peerce, early country singers Fiddlin' John Carson and Riley Puckett, country singer Slim Whitman, bluegrass musicians Stanley Brothers, Reno and Smiley, Mac Wiseman, David Grisman and James Alan Shelton, crooners Perry Como and Gene Autry and popular singers such as Will Oakland, Henry Burr, Harry MacDonough and Frank Dunn. Instrumental recordings of Butterfield's melody are also numerous, and date as far back as the 1930s. Notable recordings include those of  jazzmen Benny Goodman, Fats Waller, Teddy Wilson and Sidney Bechet and ragtime pianist Johnny Maddox.

"Maggie" has been re-scored as "When You and I Were Young, Maggie Blues", by Jack Frost and Jimmy McHugh.  Mills Music Inc. published this edition in 1922, and again in 1949 with Guy Lombardo's picture on the cover. This was a 1951 hit for father and son Bing Crosby and Gary Crosby reaching the No. 8 spot in the Billboard charts and for the duet team of Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely. John W. Schaum arranged "When you and I were young Maggie Boogie"  and had it published by Belwin Inc. in 1952. The song is also considered as a standard of dixieland.

The song was used by Seán O'Casey in his 1926 play The Plough and the Stars, but the name "Maggie" was changed to "Nora" because the character, Jack Clitheroe, was singing it to his wife Nora. Johnny McEvoy recorded it as "Nora" in 1968 and had a number one hit in Ireland.

In 1983, Irish duo Foster and Allen reached number one in New Zealand, number six in Ireland, 27 in the UK singles chart and 17 in Australia with their version.

It was also recorded by De Dannan on the album Star-Spangled Molly by Josef Locke on Let there be Peace, and by James Galway and The Chieftains on In Ireland. The Statler Brothers also recorded their harmonious rendition. In addition to Henry Burr and Harry MacDonough, other Canadian performers such as Hank Snow, The Climax Jazz Band and Murray McLaughlin have also recorded it. Tom Rush recorded a version on his CBS release Ladies Love Outlaws in 1974. American psychedelic rock band Magic Fern from Seattle (who wrote and performed together in the mid to late 1960s) recorded a version of this song entitled "Maggie" which is on the soundtrack for Adam Sandler's film Strange Wilderness. The Hot Sardines included it on their debut album, released in 2014. Irish band The Fureys & Davey Arthur also released "Maggie" as the eleventh track on their album Golden Days in 1984.

References

External links
  John McCormack singing "When you and I were young" on Youtube
  Images of the original sheet music from the Levy collection at Johns Hopkins University.
  Mudcat discussion on the history of the characters in the words of the poem/song
  Mudcat discussion on various versions of the song

Benny Goodman songs
Gene Autry songs
Perry Como songs
Canadian folk songs
American folk songs
Bluegrass songs
Jazz songs
Margaret Whiting songs
Jimmy Wakely songs
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Songs about nostalgia
Songs about old age


Wang Lei (; born February 4, 1975) is a Chinese chess player holding the title of Woman Grandmaster. She was in the FIDE Top 50 Women rating list from 2000 to 2003. Wang is a four-time Chinese women's champion (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001). In 1996 she won the Women's World University Chess Championship in León, Spain.

Wang competed for the China national chess team four times at the Women's Chess Olympiads (1990, 1996, 1998, 2000) with an overall record of 32 games played (+21, =8, -3), and once at the Women's Asian Team Chess Championship (1999) with an overall record of 4 games played (+3, =0, -1). She was also on the Chinese women's team in the first China - Russia Chess Summit.

References

External links
Wang Lei - New in Chess NICBase Online Info
Wang Lei chess games at 365Chess.com

Wang Lei at Chessmetrics
Wang Lei FIDE rating history at benoni.de

1975 births
Living people
Chess woman grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Chinese female chess players
Chinese chess players
Chess players from Shanghai


Corynne Charby (born 12 July 1960) is a French actress, pop singer and model.

Career

Modeling

Born Corinne Charbit in Paris, Charby grew up in France, and left school after the troisième (form 3). In the late 1970s, she began a successful career as a model. She appeared on the cover of major magazines such as Elle and Lui and participated in several runway shows for large fashion houses.

Cinema

In the early 80s, she began a brief career in cinema. Her first and probably best known role was in the 1981 film, La Chèvre, where she played the part of a young woman sought by Pierre Richard and Gérard Depardieu. In 1982, she appeared in Plus beau que moi tu meurs with Aldo Maccione, and then in Rebelote the following year. Finally, in 1984, she played a prostitute in Un Été d'enfer with Thierry Lhermitte. Her career as an actress effectively ended after this film, and she struggled to find another important role.

Music

In 1984, she began singing under the name of Corynne Charby. Her first 7 inch, "À cause de toi", was written by Didier Barbelivien. It was followed the same year by the track "Ma Génération", and a mini album of the same name composed of six songs. In 1985, Charby released her third single, "J't'oublie pas", which did not appear on any album.

These first productions passed almost unnoticed. Charby didn't really gain popularity until 1986 with her summer hit "Boule de flipper", a song composed by the French singer Christophe. This was followed by other hits such as "Pile ou face" in 1987, another song of hers that dominated the French SNEP Singles Chart (Top 50). Staples of French popular music, these two songs are now available on many compilations of 80s hits.

On 17 June 1987, Charby teamed up with Johnny Hallyday to perform "Elle était toute seule" on the variety television show Embarquement immédiat pour l'Irlande on FR3.

In 1987, Charby released her second album, titled Toi. The album featured the hits "Boule de flipper" and "Pile ou face", the "Pile ou face" B-side "Elle part (dans ses rêves)" and eight new songs, three of which would be released as singles: "Pas vu, pas pris", "Elle sortait tard le soir" and "Même". Of those three, only "Pas vu, pas plus" obtained relative success.

Subsequently, Charby's artistic career came to an end. She married the head of a record company, and decided to devote herself to her family. According to various rumours, she additionally worked as a writer for sitcoms and TV dramas.

Charby's musical career was recapitulated in a Greatest Hits compilation released in 2001. In addition to her most well known songs from the 1980s (in extended versions), the disc contains a megamix. A new compilation named Boule de flipper was released in 2003 by Sony Music Entertainment.

Covers of her songs

In 2007, the French singer Leslie covered the song "Boule de flipper" on her album. This song was also briefly parodied in a sketch by the comedians Gad Elmaleh and Djamel Debbouze, part of which went: "Qui c'est qu'a mangé un bout du flipper? C'est pas cool!".

In addition, the actress Emmanuelle Béart performed an uptempo rendition of "Pile ou face" for the soundtrack of the 2002 film, 8 Femmes.

Discography

Studio albums
1984: Ma Génération
1987: Toi

Compilation albums
2001: Greatest Hits
2003: Boule de flipper

Singles
With peak positions in French Singles Chart:

1984: "À cause de toi"
1984: "Ma Génération"
1985: "J't'oublie pas"
1986: "Boule de flipper"  (#17 in France)
1987: "Pile ou face" (#5 in France, certified Silver)
1987: "Pas vu pas pris" (#39 in France)
1987: "Elle sortait tard le soir"
1987: "Même"

Filmography
1981: La Chèvre
1982: Plus beau que moi, tu meurs
1983: Rebelote
1984: Un Été d'enfer

References

External links
 Corynne Charby Internet Movie Database
 Corynne Charby on Bide et Musique

1960 births
Living people
French women singers
French film actresses
French female models
Actresses from Paris
Singers from Paris
20th-century French actresses


Ekaterina Valeryevna Iourieva (; born June 11, 1983, in Chaykovsky, Perm Krai) is a Russian former biathlete and 2008 World Champion in the 15 km individual. She was disqualified for 10 years for doping violations.

Doping cases
On February 13, 2009, IBU announced Iourieva, as well as two other Russian team members, Olympic champion Albina Akhatova and world champion Dmitri Yaroshenko, tested positive for EPO during the World Cup in Östersund. Iourieva has been banned for two years.

In January 2014, she was reported to fail the doping test again. In February 2014, in her blog Iourieva announced her retirement. On July 14, 2014, she was formally disqualified for eight years, and all her results after December 23, 2013, were made void.

Career

2004/2005

Made her World Cup debut in January 2005 in 15 km individual race at Antholtz-Anterselva finishing 43rd. In the other four races of the season scored points only once in the 7.5 km pursuit at Pokljuka.

2005/2006

Did not compete at the World Cup.

2006/2007

Starting with the World Championships finished in top-8 in 8 out of 11 races including first three podiums at Lahti and Oslo-Holmenkollen. Ranked 13th in the World Cup Total.

2007/2008

Won her first World Cup race as well as collected full set of medals at the World Championships. After back-to-back 2nd-place finishes at Hochfilzen won 15 km individual race at Pokljuka. During the World Championships at Östersund shot flawlessly in both 15 km individual race claiming gold medal and 10 km pursuit earning silver medal, missed only two targets in 12.5 km mass start winning her third, bronze, medal of the Championships. Skipped two World Cup stages due to illness and fatigue. Finished 6th in the World Cup Total.

2008/2009

Missed flower ceremony in only 3 out of 14 races. Won career first 7.5 km sprint at Oberhof and 12.5 km mass start at Antholz. Four more podium finishes : twice in a 10 km pursuit, once in each of 7.5 km sprint and 15 km individual races. Took part in all three relay races Russian team won this season. Going into 2009 World Championships Iourieva was the World Cup leader. However, she was stripped of all results of the season following revelation of the positive doping test taken in December at Östersund.

2010/2011
Iourieva's disqualification term expired on December 4, 2010, and she revealed plans to return to the sport and to start her career in biathlon anew.

Results

World Championships

Winner - 2.

2nd place - 4.

3rd place - 3.

4th-8th places - 11.

Total races - 50.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
People from Chaykovsky, Perm Krai
Russian female biathletes
Doping cases in biathlon
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Sportspeople from Perm Krai


The following lists events that happened during 1996 in Pakistan.

Incumbents

Federal government
President: Farooq Leghari
Prime Minister: Benazir Bhutto (until 5 November), Malik Meraj Khalid (starting 5 November)
Chief Justice: Sajjad Ali Shah

Governors
Governor of Balochistan – Imran Ullah Khan
Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa –
 until 5 November: Khurshid Ali Khan
 5 November-11 November: Said Ibne Ali
 starting 11 November: Arif Bangash
Governor of Punjab –
 until 6 November: Raja Saroop Khan
 6 November-11 November: Khalilur Rehman
 starting 11 November: Khawaja Tariq Rahim
Governor of Sindh – Kamaluddin Azfar

Events
  Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto is dismissed for a second time on charges of corruption.

March
 17 March – Sri Lanka defeat Australia in Lahore in the finals of the cricket world cup.

Births

 Benazir Bhutto was born in June 21, 1953, in Karachi the biggest city of Pakistan. Bhutto was born at Pinto's Nursing Home in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Her father name is Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and He was the politician and her mother was Begum Nusrat Ispahani.
 Syed Ali Mujtaba Shah Bokhari was born in April 5, 1996 in Lahore and is a professional squash player who represented Pakistan. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 133 in April 2013.
 Ahmed Siddiqui was born in 1996 and He is an American of Pakistani descent who described being kidnapped with his mother and two younger siblings in March 2003.

The repeated bomb blasts in major cities of Punjab during 1995-1996 terrorized people. During the year 1995–96, this state was in great curse and the government was in several dilemmas. The opposition party of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif made the situation of law and order. This resulted in dissolution of the assemblies.

Deaths
In 1996, 2,000 people were killed in Karachi. The PPP, with its own government in Sindh, had the unique opportunity to heal the wounds of ethnic violence in Karachi.

 September 20; Murtaza Bhutto, (born 1954), leader of the opposition party Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto) killed during a gunfight with police.
 November 21; Abdus Salam, (born 1926), Pakistani Nobel physicist dies in Oxford.

References

Pakistan
Pakistan
1990s in Pakistan
Years of the 20th century in Pakistan


Unio Bernhard Sarlin (6 January 1893 – 19 March 1981) was a Finnish sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was also a member of the Jäger Movement and an important army officer. In 1924 he finished seventh in the 25 m rapid fire pistol competition.

References

External links
Biography (in Finnish)

1893 births
1981 deaths
Finnish male sport shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Olympic shooters for Finland
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Finnish Army personnel
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
Sportspeople from Helsinki
Jägers of the Jäger Movement


José Guillermo Santiago Guzmán (September 4, 1928 – October 9, 2018), better known by the nickname "Pantalones", was a Puerto Rican professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball between 1954 and 1956 for the Cleveland Indians (–) and Kansas City Athletics (). In the Negro leagues, he played for the New York Cubans from 1947 to 1948.

Playing career
Born in Coamo, he was listed at  tall and , he batted and threw right-handed. During his three MLB trials, Santiago posted a 3–2 record with 29 strikeouts and a 4.66 ERA in 27 appearances, including five starts and 56 innings of work, allowing 67 hits and 33 bases on balls. His entire pro career encompassed 13 years, 1947–1959, with two years in the Negro leagues and 11 in minor league baseball.

In 2003, Santiago was inducted into the Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame.

After baseball
In the 1970s, Santiago became a boxing promoter in Puerto Rico. A believer in Puerto Rican Independence, Santiago, like his friend Fufi Santori, owned a technically possible, Puerto Rican passport, in his case numbered #001261, since 1997.

See also
 List of Negro league baseball players who played in Major League Baseball
1957 Caribbean Series
Players from Puerto Rico in Major League Baseball

References

Rene A. Santiago Fuentes (Son)
 Jose Santiago baseball statistics by Baseball Almanac

External links
 and Seamheads
Retrosheet

1928 births
2018 deaths
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cleveland Indians players
Columbus Jets players
Dallas Eagles players
Dayton Indians players
Havana Sugar Kings players
Indianapolis Indians players
Kansas City Athletics players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
New York Cubans players
People from Coamo, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican independence activists
San Antonio Missions players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Wilkes-Barre Indians players
Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Cuba


Andrezinho may refer to:
Andrezinho (footballer, born 1975), Azerbaijan international footballer
Andrezinho (footballer, born 1981), Brazilian footballer
Andrezinho (footballer, born 1982), Brazilian footballer
Andrezinho (footballer, born 1983), Brazilian footballer
Andrezinho (footballer, born 1985), Brazilian footballer
Andrezinho (footballer, born 1986), Brazilian footballer
Andrezinho (footballer, born 1995), Portuguese footballer
Andrezinho, Brazilian musician formerly with the band Molejo


Klemm L 25, later Klemm Kl 25 was a successful German light leisure, sports and training monoplane aircraft, developed in 1928. More than 600 aircraft were built, and manufacturing licenses were sold to the United Kingdom and the United States.

Design and construction
With a low cantilever wing, fixed landing gear, and two open cockpits, the aircraft was developed by Hanns Klemm, who used his previous design, the Daimler L20, as a starting point. It first flew on a  Daimler F7502 engine. About 30 different versions of the Kl 25 were made, and these were equipped with engines ranging from . The fuselage was covered with plywood.

Depending on the model, the aircraft's weight was , and it had a  wingspan. Takeoff was achieved at only  and the maximum speed was between .

In relation to similar aircraft of the time, assembly was very easy, and this made it a very popular aircraft. According to the sales brochures, only 25% of the engine's power was needed to keep the aircraft flying, compared to biplanes of the period, which required 50% engine power.

About 600 were built in Germany between 1929 and 1936, serving with various flight training organizations, with either wheels, skis, or floats. 15 were sold to Britain before the Second World War, being fitted with a variety of domestic engines, while 28 more were built by British Klemm Aeroplane Company as the B.A. Swallow. Production in the United States was carried out by the Aeromarine-Klemm Company which enjoyed moderate success, as well as developing models for the American market, in isolation from the parent company, with about 120 built of all models.

Operation
Klemm L 25s took part in many competitions, among others in International Touring Aircraft Competitions (Europa Rundflug) in 1929 (best 4th place) and in 1930 (best 2nd and 3rd places, L 25E variant).

Variants
NB, list not complete

L 25 a Built between 1927 and 1929, equipped with a  Daimler F 7502 engine
L 25 I Built between 1928 and 1929, equipped with a  Salmson AD.9 engine
L 25 Ia
L 25 IWFloatplane version of the Ia, with two wooden floats supported by steel-tube struts in inverted 'W' configuration
L 25 b Built in 1931, equipped with a  Daimler F 7502 engine
L 25 b VII Built in 1931, equipped with a  Hirth HM 60 engine
L 25 d II Built in 1933, equipped with an  Siemens-Halske Sh 13a engine

L 25 d VII Equipped with a  Hirth HM 60R engine
L 25 IVa Equipped with Armstrong Siddeley Genet engine
VL 25 Va Three-seater variant, with a closed canopy, equipped with  Argus As 8 straight engine
L 25 Ve (see L 25E) For Europa Rundflug 1930
L 25E (L 25 Ve) Special competition variant (E for Europa Rundflug 1930), with a closed canopy, smaller span, equipped with a  Argus As 8

British Klemm Aeroplane Company B.K. Swallow
British Aircraft Manufacturing Co. B.A. Swallow II

Aeromarine-Klemm AKL-25
Aeromarine-Klemm AKL-70
Aeromarine-Klemm Model 70 Trainer

Operators

Bolivian Air Force

Royal Hungarian Air Force

Peruvian Air Force

Royal Romanian Air Force

South African Air Force

Specifications (L 25.Ia)

See also

References

Bibliography
 Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982. pp. 61–76. .

External links

 Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's Aeromarine-Klemm AKL-26 page

1920s German civil trainer aircraft
1920s German sport aircraft
Klemm aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928


La Balme-d'Épy () is a former commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the commune of Val-d'Épy.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)


La Barre () is a commune in the Jura department and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

In fiction
The fictional character Jean-Luc Picard – who features in the American TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation (and subsequent films based upon it) as captain of the 24th-century starships USS Enterprise-D and USS Enterprise-E – is described as having been born in "La Barre" on 13 July 2305. The location of Picard's family village was indicated as being in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of France on wine bottle labels seen in the trailer for Star Trek: Picard, released on May 23, 2019.  However, as there are two La Barres in this region of France, it is not firmly established that this La Barre is Picard's home village  it could be La Barre, Haute-Saône.

In the tenth episode of the second season of Star Trek: Picard, Picard explains that his ancestors hid weapons in the tunnels of Château Picard during World War II. The La Barre in Jura was closer to the demarcation line between the zone libre of Vichy France and its occupied territory. La Barre, Haute-Saône is further south and well past the demarcation line. The Jura town is also closer to the center of the view in the opening scene of the second episode of the same season, a descent from space towards western France that eventually cuts to the château.

References

Communes of Jura (department)


La Boissière () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Events from the year 1998 in Pakistan.

Incumbents

Federal government
President: Wasim Sajjad (acting) (until 1 January), Muhammad Rafiq Tarar (starting 1 January)
Prime Minister: Nawaz Sharif
Chief Justice: Ajmal Mian

Governors
Governor of Balochistan – Miangul Aurangzeb
Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Arif Bangash
Governor of Punjab – Shahid Hamid
Governor of Sindh – Moinuddin Haider

Events
The fifth census of Pakistan is compiled.
The Australian cricket team begin their first successful tour
 May 28 – The first nuclear test — Codename Chagai-I —  was conducted and supervised by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) on May 28, 1998 Ras Koh Chaghi, Baluchistan.
 May 30 – The second nuclear test — Codename Chagai-II — was conducted and supervised by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) on May 30, 1998.
 Japan and other nations to impose economic sanctions.
 Pakistan celebrates Youm-e-Takbir annually.

Movie
 Choorian - one of the highest grossing film of all times in Pakistan was released.
 Pakistani films of 1998

Music
 Azadi album was released in India in February 1998 by EMI.
 Dosti was released by Junoon in Pakistan.

Births
 10 August - Azam Khan, cricketer.
 4 October - Shadab Khan, cricketer.

Deaths

References

Pakistan
Pakistan
1990s in Pakistan
Years of the 20th century in Pakistan


La Bretenière is the name of the following communes in France:
La Bretenière, Doubs, in the Doubs department
La Bretenière, Jura, in the Jura department


Katri Rosendahl (born November 1984), is a Finnish endurance rider from Hyvinkää in southern Finland. She has been an endurance rider since the late 1990s and competed at the international level since 2003. She reached the top position in 2007 when she became the national champion for endurance riding in Finland.

References

1984 births
People from Hyvinkää
Living people
Female jockeys
Finnish jockeys
Finnish sportswomen
Sportspeople from Uusimaa


A cabinet (also known by other terms) was a private room in the houses and palaces of early modern Europe serving as a study or retreat, usually for a man. The cabinet would be furnished with books and works of art, and sited adjacent to his bedchamber, the equivalent of the Italian Renaissance studiolo. In the Late Medieval period, such newly perceived requirements for privacy had been served by the solar of the English gentry house, and a similar, less secular purpose had been served by a private oratory.

Such a room might be used as a study or office, or just a sitting room. Heating the main rooms in large palaces or mansions in the winter was difficult, and small rooms were more comfortable. They also offered more privacy from servants, other household members, and visitors. Typically such a room would be for the use of a single individual, so that a house might have at least two (his and hers) and often more. Names varied: cabinet, closet, study (from the Italian studiolo), office, and a range of more specifically female equivalents, such as a boudoir.

Studiolo
With its origins in requirements for increased privacy for reading and meditation engendered by the humanist avocation of many of the Italian noble and mercantile elite in the Quattrocento, the studiolo provided a retreat often reachable only through the, comparatively public, bedroom. This was true for the elaborate Studiolo of Francesco I de' Medici located in Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.

The standard fittings of the late medieval and early modern study can be inventoried among the conventional trappings in portrayals of Saint Jerome in illuminated manuscripts, in paintings, or in engravings like those of Albrecht Dürer (illustration): a chair; perhaps a footstool to lift the feet from the draughty floor; a portable desk with a slanted surface for writing; and a table, bearing a book-rest, perhaps with a weighted ribbon to hold a book open at a place, and a candlestick (to supplement the light from the window, which is often shuttered but also which often has a window seat in the depth of the wall). In Domenico Ghirlandaio's Saint Jerome in his Study, shelving runs around the room at the level of the frieze, on it are curious objects, containers of various types, and large volumes lying on their sides.

Studioli entirely inlaid in intarsia for the ducal palaces of Urbino (in situ) and Gubbio (remounted at the Metropolitan Museum of Art) with simulated shelves and built-in cabinets filled with books, scientific instruments and examples of geometric solids, all rendered in striking trompe-l'œil evoke the character of the pursuits of the cabinet.  For Ferdinando Gonzaga's studiolo at Mantua, in about 1619, Domenico Fetti painted a series of New Testament parables, suitable for private contemplation; they proved very popular, and Fetti and his studio, and Fetti's imitators, repeated them for other similar retreats. Isabella d'Este called her room with paintings commissioned from Andrea Mantegna, Perugino and others a studiolo.

A studiolo would often have a Latin motto painted or inlaid round the frieze. Heraldry and personal devices and emblems would remind the occupant of his station in life. Series of portraits of exemplary figures were popular, whether the Nine Worthies or the classical philosophers, in imaginary ideal portrait heads.

Perhaps the grandest studiolo was the Camerino ("little room") of Alfonso d'Este in Ferrara, for which the greatest painters of the day were commissioned from about 1512-1525 to paint mythological canvases, very large by the standards of the time. Fra Bartolommeo died before starting work, and Raphael got no further than a drawing, but Giovanni Bellini completed The Feast of the Gods (NGA, Washington) in 1514. Titian was then brought in and added three of his finest works: Bacchus and Ariadne (National Gallery, London), The Andrians and The Worship of Venus (both Prado, Madrid), as well as repainting the background of the Bellini to match his own works better. Dosso Dossi, Alphonso's court painter, completed the room with a large painting (now lost) and ten small oblong subjects to go as a frieze above the others.

Closet
In Elizabethan England, such a private retreat would most likely be termed a closet, the most recent in a series of developments in which people of means found ways to withdraw by degrees from the public life of the household as it was lived in the late medieval great hall.
This sense of "closet" has continued use in the term "closet drama", which is a literary work in the form of theatre, intended not to be mounted nor publicly presented, but to be read and visualised in privacy. Two people in intimate private conversation were until recently said to be "closetted". In his closet at Christ Church, Oxford, Robert Burton wrote The Anatomie of Melancholy (1621).

Cabinet in English was often used for strongrooms, or treasure-stores - the tiny but exquisite Elizabethan tower strongroom at Lacock Abbey might have been so called - but also in the wider sense. David Rizzio was murdered when dining with his putative lover Mary, Queen of Scots in "a cabinet abowte xii footes square, in the same a little low reposinge bedde, and a table".

A rare surviving cabinet, or closet, with its contents probably little changed since the early 18th century, is at Ham House in Richmond, London, England. It is less than  square, and leads off from the Long Gallery, which is well over  long by  wide, giving a rather startling change in scale and atmosphere. As is often the case (at Chatsworth House, for example), it has an excellent view of the front entrance to the house, so that comings and goings can be discreetly observed. Most surviving large houses or palaces, especially from before 1700, have such rooms, but (again as at Chatsworth) they are very often not displayed to visitors.

Since the reign of King George I, the Cabinet – derived from the room – has been the principal executive group of British government, and the term has been adopted in most English-speaking countries. Phrases such as "cabinet counsel", meaning advice given in private to the monarch, occur from the late 16th century, and, given the non-standardized spelling of the day, it is often hard to distinguish whether "council" or "counsel" is meant. The OED credits Francis Bacon in his Essays (1605) with the first use of "Cabinet council", where it is described as a foreign habit, of which he disapproves: "For which inconveniences, the doctrine of Italy, and practice of France, in some kings’ times, hath introduced cabinet counsels; a remedy worse than the disease."

Charles I began a formal "Cabinet Council" from his accession in 1625, as his Privy Council, or "private council", was evidently not private enough, and the first recorded use of "cabinet" by itself for such a body comes from 1644, and is again hostile and associates the term with dubious foreign practices. The process has repeated itself in recent times, as leaders have felt the need to have a Kitchen Cabinet. Figurative uses of Closet have developed in a different direction.

Cabinet

In the cabinet as it evolved in French Baroque architecture, the last in the standardised series of rooms that constituted a Baroque apartment, the walls would be hung with rich textiles as a background for cabinet pictures, those small works, often on copper or wood panel, that required intimate study for appreciation, among which would also be devotional pictures. Especially wealthy or aristocratic people may have had a series of cabinets in a suite.

At Vaux-le-Vicomte, the architect Le Vau contrived a jewel-like private cabinet for the king's minister of finance Nicolas Fouquet that was entirely hung with panels of Venetian looking-glass; later, Louis XIV's Grand Cabinet at Versailles (swept away in 18th-century revisions in the name of even more private royal spaces) was similarly mirror-lined: "the king's self-directed gaze was at once religious and narcissistic" as Orest Ranum has observed.

Versailles has a large assortment of cabinets en filade for the king located behind and adjacent to his formal bedchamber, the Petit appartement du roi. The cabinet is the male equivalent of a boudoir, and at Versailles and the baroque palaces and great country houses that echoed it, a parallel apartment would be provided for the royal or noble consort, at the Versailles the Petit appartement de la reine. Even in the cramped confines of a London house, Samuel Pepys and his wife each had a bedchamber and a "closet"; with a common sitting room, or "drawing room", these were the minimum that genteel baroque arrangements required.

The meaning of "cabinet" began to be extended to the contents of the cabinet; thus we see the 16th-century cabinet of curiosities, often combined with a library. The sense of cabinet as a piece of furniture is actually older in English than the meaning as a room, but originally meant more a strong-box or jewel-chest than a display-case.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
The Gubbio Studiolo and its conservation, volumes 1 & 2, from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF)
Period Rooms in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF)

Rooms
Castle architecture


The Getaway is an action-adventure video game developed by Team Soho and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. The Getaway is inspired by British gangster films, most notably Get Carter and Snatch. Initially, the release of the game was to coincide with the launch of the PlayStation 2 in 2000, but was delayed by 27 months due to the difficulty of re-creating large areas of London in high resolution.

The game focuses on two characters each with their own plot settings, Mark Hammond, an ex-bank robber, and Detective Constable Frank Carter, a police officer in service with the Flying Squad, with both plots running parallel and intersecting before concluding in the finale of the game. A sequel, entitled The Getaway: Black Monday, was released in 2004, while a spin-off, Gangs of London, was released in 2006, which in turn spawned a 2020 Sky Atlantic/AMC television series adaptation, and a graphic novel, released in 2022.

Gameplay
The Getaway is designed as a third-person sandbox game in which the player controls the two lead characters as they carry out their missions for game progression. Both of the two characters can perform a series of physical tasks, such as walking, sprinting, rolling, shooting, and taking cover during a gunfight. Once Mark Hammond's missions are completed free-roaming is unlocked for his character, which allows roaming around the City district and Central London without mission objectives or time-limits. Due to similarities to the Grand Theft Auto series, it is often labeled as a Grand Theft Auto clone.

The game features a number of licensed vehicles from real automobile manufacturers that the player can control; unlike those seen in Grand Theft Auto, which are fictional. The majority of the vehicles in the game are made by MG Rover Group, Jensen Motors, Saab, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Fiat, and Lexus, along with a number of others. Firearms and weapons available to the player include the Glock 17 pistol, the AK-47 assault rifle, Remington 870 pump action shotgun, and the Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun; other weapons include a cleaver and crowbar, among others.

A major feature in the game was its approach to immersion and being "movie-like", achieved mostly by not including the typical HUD, such as with car chases being done by using the vehicle's indicators to direct the player, rather than a large arrow above the car, or the player characters limping or bleeding profusely to represent low health instead of a health bar/meter.

Plot
The entirety of the game takes place in London, during the span of a single day, and is played through the perspectives of two characters: ex-convict Mark Hammond and Detective Constable Frank Carter of the Flying Squad.

Mark Hammond

Former Soho based Collins gang member Mark Hammond witnesses the kidnapping of his son, Alex and the unintentional murder of his wife, Susie before pursuing his son's kidnappers toward Bethnal Green. Mark is confronted by Charlie Jolson, the head of the Bethnal Green mob and informs Mark that he is to Charlie's bidding under threat of killing Alex. Mark is sent across London on increasingly dangerous tasks; such as such as ambushing a prison transfer to free Charlie's nephew, "Crazy" Jake Jolson, as well as instigating a gang war between the Yardies and the Triads. Due to Mark's criminal history, any possibility of police assistance to him unlikely, which was exacerbated by Mark unintentionally touching the gun that shot Susie, leading to the police believing he killed her and kidnapped Alex.

Mark is sent on his most dangerous mission yet; the execution of corrupt Detective Chief Inspector Clive McCormack, who arrested Mark five years prior, who was also in Charlie's pocket. Mark spares his other target, Yasmin, in return for information on Alex as she was present at his kidnapping and Susie's murder. Having grown wary of Charlie's intentions, Mark steals £300,000 worth of Yardie drug money, but secretly stashes it with Liam, his close friend. Mark's suspicions are later confirmed at a cash drop-off with Jake but he is captured before he can flee. Charlie later reveals to Mark and Yasmin that his ultimate plan is to wipe out his rivals and take over London in their absence, with Mark acting as the scapegoat.

Frank Carter

Detectives Frank Carter and Joe Fielding identify and arrest Jake at a safe house, though Joe is wounded in the siege. Frank then follows up on the chaos instigated by Mark across London, before he is unexpectedly placed on escort duty when Jake is moved. Arriving too late to prevent Jake's escape, McCormack suspends Frank on trumped up charges. Frank, having been already suspicious of his boss follows him to one of Charlie's depots where he discovers a hoard of seized evidence being repatriated to the Jolsons. Before Frank can clear his name however, Mark executes McCormack. Frank then moves to the hospital Joe is recovering in, who points in the direction of another one of Charlie's warehouses where he finds the captured Mark and Yasmin. Left with no other real options for assistance, Frank agrees to assist Mark and Yasmin in bringing the Jolson's down.

Finale

Mark, Yasmin, and Frank converge on the Sol Vita, berthed at St Saviour's Dock, where Charlie has taken Alex and where he intends on wiping out the rivaling gangs with a bomb. Following a shootout, Mark and Yasmin rescue Alex and are able to escape the ship mere moments before the bomb detonates, while Frank fights his way out, leaving Charlie and several gang affiliates to die in the explosion.

Development

The game originally began life on the 32-bit PlayStation, off the back of Porsche Challenge. After having made an acclaimed circuit driving game, Brendan McNamara – like many other developers at the time – felt that a free-roaming vehicle game was an interesting concept worth exploring. The title was prototyped and playable missions were made, but it then evolved into a PlayStation 2 project. However, the original code was kept and there was talk of including it on the finished game, which would ultimately not happen.  Apart from several screenshots printed in the Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine, the original version would never see release.

In moving over to vastly more capable hardware, the scope of the title expanded, as did its ambitions. Bizarre Creations were generating a lot attention due to their successful result in reproducing the streets of central London for their Sega Dreamcast racer Metropolis Street Racer (MSR). As MSR was being hyped and primed for release as one of the Dreamcast's so-called "killer applications", Sony Computer Entertainment Europe felt compelled to attempt to steal Sega's thunder by promising the creation of a PlayStation 2 title which would re-create a massive 113 square kilometers (70 square miles) of London, displaying the ferocity with which Sony Computer Entertainment Europe was willing to attempt to challenge its veteran competitor. The final creation actually only yielded an area of 16 square kilometers (10 square miles).

Re-creating even 16 square kilometers proved a daunting task and a technical nightmare, factors which may have delayed the release of The Getaway by several years. In the case of the latter, the programmers had to perfect an engine that could constantly stream three-dimensional geometry and texture data; of the areas of London the player was currently in close proximity to. At no point was the entire city loaded into memory, as it simply wouldn't fit. Unlike Rockstar's Grand Theft Auto III, it was not an acceptable option for the Team Soho developers to break the city up into separate regions and impose a loading time delay when crossing between areas.

The hype surrounding the project began in earnest just before E3 2000, when a series of screenshots were published online. They revealed an amazing level of detail, clearly showing the very identifiable streets near Team Soho's studio. Though it has been argued that these shots were actually mock-up pre-renders, it is possible they were taken from actual code that received further detailed vehicle and character models, higher resolution textures and also anti-aliased the final output.

Although the prototype game was constantly shown behind closed doors, the public was not privy to its results for at least another year. It was only finally made playable at E3 2002. By then, the project had ballooned, exceeding its development budget many times over. Sony Computer Entertainment Europe had a range of other titles in development; however, the decision was taken by Phil Harrison to can many of them, perhaps to allow yet more funds to be poured into The Getaway.  As a result of this, the axe was to fall on two of its studios, Sony Computer Entertainment Europe Manchester and Sony Computer Entertainment Europe Leeds.

When the game was launched in December 2002 it was a huge seller across Europe, especially in the United Kingdom. Worldwide and particularly in the United States, the game received mixed reviews and sales. The fact that it was released around the same time as the hugely-popular Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (to which the game was often compared) also hurt sales, despite a large marketing campaign in the United States.

Soundtrack
The game's soundtrack is complemented by a title song and cutscene soundtrack, performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra. The game's soundtrack was chiefly composed by Andrew Hale, while portions of the soundtrack were written by Shawn Lee, who would later compose music for another sandbox-style game, Bully.

Controversy
One alteration that Team Soho had to make was the removal of a vehicle and phone box logos which appeared in the initial release of the game. During one of Hammond's missions, a British Telecommunications (BT) van is used in a mission in which Hammond must kill the driver and take the van to assassinate a corrupt police officer. BT complained that it "did not want [its] name and livery associated with the violent scenes" in the game, and was worried that it "might incite attacks on [its] engineers". Although the initial release of the game was not recalled, subsequent production was amended to remove the offending details.

Ban in Australia
Originally passed with an MA 15+ rating for the uncut version on 22 November 2002, it was resubmitted and banned 5 days later due to a scene of detailed torture. A censored version, omitting this scene, was released on 13 December the same year, with the identical rating.

Reception

The Getaway received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

Maxim gave the game a score of eight out of ten and wrote: "If the ensuing police brutality doesn't mold you into the model Wheelman, then having to endure those whiny English cop sirens surely will". FHM also gave it a score of four stars out of five and said: "Not just a little similar to GTA III in look, feel, and gameplay, it's nonetheless worth sleeping in front of the game store for this one". However, The Cincinnati Enquirer gave the game a score of three-and-a-half stars out of five, saying that "the biggest hindrance in The Getaway involves its user interface - or lack thereof - as the development team attempted to make the game look and play out like a movie". Entertainment Weekly was very negative of the game, giving it a D and stating: "The level of detail is extraordinary; even the facial expressions are motion captured. But the slickest graphic presentation can't cover for Getaways flawed script. [...] In a game infused with more humor and less pretentious aspirations, these flaws would be more forgivable".

Sales of The Getaway reached 300,000 copies within two weeks of the game's release. It received a "Double Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom. By July 2006, The Getaway had sold 1 million copies and earned $36 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 53rd highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. According to Mike Rouse, a former Sony developer who worked on The Getaway, it sold almost 4 million copies in total.

During the 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated The Getaway for "Outstanding Achievement in Character Performance - Female" for Anna Edwards' vocal performance as Yasmin.

In a retrospective article from 2014, Den of Geek made the game number 23 in their top 50 underappreciated PlayStation 2 games list. In 2020, Push Square included the game and its sequel in a list of games they would like to see released on the PlayStation 4.

Franchise

The Getaway: Black Monday (2004)

The Getaway: Black Monday is the second game in the series and was again developed for the PlayStation 2 in 2004. The game's story is based on such films as The Long Good Friday and Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels.

Gangs of London (2006)

Gangs of London is the third game in the series and was again developed for the PlayStation Portable in 2006. A spin-off, the game's story follows five different gangs in London, with different ethnicities and outfits, as they battle for control of the city.

Development of The Getaway 3
The Getaway 3 was to be the fourth installment of Sony's The Getaway series for the PlayStation 3 console and the third main installment in the franchise. The title was reported as cancelled on 4 June 2008, along with Eight Days. In October 2009, the games were reported as not being cancelled, but "on hold".

A technical demo featuring Piccadilly Circus was demonstrated in May 2005 at E3, but this was not directly from the game. It was confirmed that the game would again be set in London.

Information regarding The Getaway 3 was released on 7 March 2008 by screenplay writer Katie Ellwood, who affirmed the action title was still in the works. No estimated release date was given, but Ellwood did say that Sony executives were making deals with film companies about the possibility of a future film adaptation of The Getaway 3.

Nicolas Doucet said: "I would not say they have been abandoned, just put to one side. Much work had been done. The studio just wanted to focus on its strengths, EyeToy and SingStar. Given the potential of EyePet, priorities have been changed, but the other projects aren't dead yet. Ultimately, the decision [to put those games to one side] has benefited everyone".

Richard Bunn, a former developer, had noted the game was cancelled shortly after Phil Harrison was replaced by Shuhei Yoshida as president of SCE Worldwide Studios.

Gangs of London (2020–present)

Gareth Evans and Matt Flannery created a television adaptation of Gangs of London starring Joe Cole, Sope Dirisu, and an ensemble cast, which debuted on Sky Atlantic and AMC in April 2020, with Dirisu portraying Elliot Carter / Finch, a character loosely based on The Getaways Frank Carter, and Colm Meaney portraying Finn Wallace, a character loosely based on Gangs of Londons Andy Steele.

In an interview with Sky News in April 2020, Evans stated that while initially hired to "make a film franchise" of Gangs of London, he had felt like if we were going to do a film franchise, we would have two-thirds of our running time focused purely on our central characters, and then only a third left to explore the side characters that populate that world", and so on deciding that "we wouldn't do justice to the myriad of different diverse cultures and ethnicities that make up the city [I then] pitched it back saying this should be a TV show because you can afford to go off and detour for 10 to 15 minutes and spend time with other characters, and learn about them in more detail."

Ghosts (2022)
In December 2022, a Gangs of London graphic novel, set between the first and second series of the television adaptation and titled A Gangs of London Story: Ghosts, written by Corin Hardy and Rowan Athale and illustrated by Ferenc Nothof, was released digitally to the news aggregator Den of Geek, ahead of a physical release.

References

External links
 Official website

The Getaway (franchise)
2002 video games
Action-adventure games
Censored video games
Child abduction in fiction
Obscenity controversies in video games
Open-world video games
Organized crime video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Single-player video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment franchises
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games adapted into television shows
Video games about police officers
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in 2002
Video games set in London
Video games set in the 2000s
Team Soho games


Constantina (; c. 560 – c. 605) was the Empress consort of Maurice of the Byzantine Empire. She was a daughter of Tiberius II Constantine and Ino Anastasia. Her parentage was recorded in the chronicles of Theophylact Simocatta, Paul the Deacon and John of Biclaro.

The Georgian Chronicle identifies Constantina as a daughter of Khosrau II. However the Chronicle was compiled in the 13th century and so the contradictory parentage is considered a mistake. Other later accounts make Constantina his mother in law through her - most likely fictional - daughter Miriam/Maria.

Caesar's daughter
Her father Tiberius was Comes Excubitorum (Commander of the Excubitors) under Justin II. Justin reportedly suffered from temporary fits of insanity and was unable to perform his duties as early as the fall of Dara to Khosrau I of the Sassanid Empire in November 573. According to Gregory of Tours, sole power of the Empire at this point was assumed by Sophia, a niece of Theodora and Empress consort of Justin II. Evagrius Scholasticus reports that Sophia managed to conclude a three-year truce with Khosrau by her own. But as a regent she would require supporters and she picked Tiberius as her colleague in power.

According to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, Tiberius was officially appointed Caesar by Justin on 7 December 574. He was also adopted by Justin and thus became his appointed heir. At this point Ino emerged as Caesarissa, the second-ranking lady in the Empire, and Constantina and her sister Charito became members of the imperial family.

The Ecclesiastic history of John of Ephesus and the chronicle of Theophanes both consider Sophia planning to marry Tiberius herself. His current marriage seen as an offense to her. Ino and her daughters were not allowed to enter the Great Palace of Constantinople and were instead settled in the palace of Hormisdas, residence of Justinian I prior to his elevation to the throne. According to John of Ephesus, Tiberius joined them every evening and returned to the Great Palace every morning. Sophia also refused to let the ladies at court visit Ino and her daughters as a token of respect to them.

Ino eventually left Constantinople in favor of Daphnudium, her previous residence. According to John of Ephesus, Tiberius left Constantinople to visit Ino when she fell sick. Her daughters are assumed to have joined her in her departure from the capital.

Imperial daughter
In September 578 Justin II appointed Tiberius as his co-emperor. On 5 October 578 Justin was dead and Tiberius became the sole Emperor. According to John of Ephesus, Sophia sent Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople to Tiberius to convince him to divorce Ino. Offering both herself and her adult daughter Arabia as prospective brides for the new Emperor. Tiberius refused.

Tiberius apparently feared for the safety of his wife and daughters. John of Ephesus reports the three women secretly smuggled into Constantinople by boat, late at night. Ino was proclaimed Empress in a public ceremony and received the rank of Augusta. Sophia also retained her rank and continued to hold a section of the palace to herself. Constantina had now become one of two imperial daughters.

The reign of her father as Emperor was relatively short. In 582 Tiberius fell ill and the matter of succession became urgent. As before, Sophia was asked to choose a successor for the dying Emperor and chose Maurice, a general who had accomplished a number of victories over Hormizd IV, son and successor of Khosrau I. According to Gregory of Tours, she was planning to marry the new imperial heir.

Marriage
John of Ephesus and Gregory of Tours both present the marriages of Constantina and Charito as Tiberius outmaneuvering Sophia in securing the loyalties of his sons-in-law. On August 5, 582, Constantina was betrothed to Maurice and Charito to Germanus. Both men were named Caesars and became likely successors.

Germanus was a patrician and governor of Africa Province. He is tentatively identified with the posthumous son of Germanus Justinus and Matasuntha mentioned by Jordanes. Matasuntha was a daughter of Amalasuntha and Eutharic. Eutharic is given by Jordanes as a son of Vetericus, grandson of Berimud and great-grandson of Thorismund.

A historical interpretation for the dual marriage was that Tiberius intended to appoint two co-emperors as his successors. Possibly with a division of provinces between them. Whether there were such plans, they never took form. According to John of Nikiû, Germanus was Tiberius' favored candidate for the throne but declined out of humility.

On 13 August Tiberius was already on his deathbed and civilian, military and ecclesiastical dignitaries awaited the appointment of his successor. Tiberius had reportedly prepared a speech on the matter but at this point was too weak to speak. The quaestor sacri palatii read it for him. The speech proclaimed Maurice an Augustus and sole successor to the throne. On 14 August Tiberius died and Maurice became sole emperor. Constantina remained his betrothed.

Empress
The marriage of Constantina and Maurice took place in autumn 582. The ceremony was performed by Patriarch John IV and is described in detail by Theophylact Simocatta. The bridal attendant was the eunuch Margarites. Constantina was proclaimed an Augusta while both Sophia and Anastasia also kept the same title. John of Ephesus mentions all three Augustas residing in the Great Palace.

Anastasia was the first of the three ladies to die. Theophanes places her death in 593. Constantina seems to have enjoyed better relations with Sophia than her mother did. Theophanes records them to have jointly offered a precious crown as an Easter present to Maurice in 601. He accepted their gift but then ordered it hang over the altar of Hagia Sophia as his own tribute to the church, which according to Theophanes was taken an insult by both Augustas and caused a rift in the marriage.

Deposition
On 22 November 602, Maurice, Constantina and their children left Constantinople in a warship. Citywide riots had started due to a famine, the Green chariot racing club had turned against them and a mutinous army under Phocas had arrived outside the gates. Phocas was proclaimed an emperor on 23 November.

The warship faced a winter storm at sea and sought refuge at the Asian coast of the Sea of Marmara, not far from Nicomedia. Maurice suffered from arthritis and was incapacitated by severe pain after his flight at sea. Troops loyal to Phocas captured the deposed imperial family days later and brought them to Chalcedon. On 27 November, all five sons were executed before the eyes of their father. Then Maurice himself was executed. Constantina survived as a widow.

In 603, Constantina and her three daughters were exiled to a monastery, known as "House of Leo". The monastery has been tentatively identified with the Monastery of St. Mamas, founded and run by their relative Theoctista, a sister of Maurice.

Theophanes records that Constantina maintained contact with Germanus,  and that both were conspiring against Phocas. Their messages were entrusted to Petronia, a maidservant under Constantina. Petronia proved disloyal and reported the conspiracy to Phocas. Constantina was arrested and placed in the custody of Theopemptus, prefect of Constantinople. Her interrogation included torture and she was forced to give the name of her fellow conspirators.

Constantina and all three of her daughters were executed at Chalcedon. Germanus and an unnamed daughter of his were also executed. The daughter had been the widow of Theodosius. Theophanes places the deaths in 605/606 but the exact date is in doubt.

The Patria of Constantinople, attributed to George Codinus, mentions Constantina was decapitated and her corpse thrown in the Bosporus; however, De Ceremoniis by Constantine VII mentions Maurice, Constantina and their children buried at the monastery of St. Mamas.

Family and children
The marriage was fertile and produced nine known children:
Theodosius (4 August 583/585 – after 27 November 602). According to John of Ephesus, he was the first heir born to a reigning emperor since the reign of Theodosius II (408–450). He was appointed Caesar in 587 and co-emperor on 26 March 590.
Tiberius (d. 27 November 602).
Petrus (d. 27 November 602).
Paulus (d. 27 November 602).
Justin (d. 27 November 602).
Justinian (d. 27 November 602).
Anastasia (d. c. 605).
Theoctista (d. c. 605).
Cleopatra (d. c. 605).

A daughter Miriam/Maria is recorded by the 12th-century chronicler Michael the Syrian as married to Khosrau II, but her existence is most likely fictional as she is not mentioned by any Byzantine source. If real, she would have been born soon after Constantina's marriage to Maurice in 582.

References

Sources

 Continuité des élites à Byzance durante les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle, 2006

External links
 -The listing of her mother in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
 -The page of "Maurice and his historian" dealing with her marriage

560s births
600s deaths
Justinian dynasty
Executed royalty
Executed Byzantine people
People executed by decapitation
7th-century executions by the Byzantine Empire
Augustae
Daughters of Byzantine emperors
6th-century Byzantine empresses
7th-century Byzantine empresses


Lissotestella is a genus of minute sea snails or micromolluscs, marine gastropod molluscs, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Species
Species within the genus Lissotestella include:
 † Lissotestella alpha (Laws, 1939)
 † Lissotestella basispiralis Maxwell, 1992
 Lissotestella caelata (Powell, 1937)
 Lissotestella consobrina (Powell, 1940)
 Lissotestella cookiana Dell, 1956
 Lissotestella rissoaformis (Powell, 1931)
 Lissotestella tenuilirata (Powell, 1931)
 Lissotestella tryphenensis (Powell, 1937)
 † Lissotestella waimamakuensis Laws, 1948

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
  Kano Y., Chikyu, E. & Warén, A. (2009) Morphological, ecological and molecular characterization of the enigmatic planispiral snail genus Adeuomphalus (Vetigastropoda: Seguenzioidea). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 75:397-418.

Gastropods of New Zealand
Extant Miocene first appearances


La Bretenière () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


L'Aubépin () is a former commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 April 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Trois-Châteaux.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)


Les Bouchoux () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


The World Chess Championship 1896–1897 was a match for the World Chess Championship, contested between Emanuel Lasker and Wilhelm Steinitz. It was played in Moscow between November 6, 1896, and January 14, 1897. Lasker won by a score of 10 wins to 2 (with 5 draws), thus retaining his title.

Background
Lasker had won the world title from Steinitz in 1894, and this was his first time defending the world title. At the Saint Petersburg 1895–96 chess tournament, Steinitz came second behind Lasker, ahead of other potential challengers Harry Nelson Pillsbury and Mikhail Chigorin. This allowed Steinitz to raise support for a rematch.

Results
The first player to win 10 games would be champion. Lasker won by 10 games to 2, with 5 draws.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+World Chess Championship Match 1897
|-
! !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! Wins !! Total
|-
| align=left |
| 0 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || 0 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || = ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || =||style="background:black; color:white"| =|| =||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || 0 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 1 || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || =||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || 0 || 2 || 4½
|-
| align=left |
|style="background:black; color:white"| 1 || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 1 || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| =|| 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| =|| =||style="background:black; color:white"| =|| 1 || style="background:black; color:white"| 1 || 0 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 0 || 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| =|| 1 ||style="background:black; color:white"| 1 || 10 || 12½
|}

References

External links
 Games of the match at Chessgames.com

1897
1897 in chess
1897 in the Russian Empire
Chess in Russia
19th century in Moscow
1897 in sports
January 1897 events