Quinson (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

History

Prehistory
In the nearby Gorges du Verdon, there are a number of caves (known as "baumes"), which were occupied intermittently for over 400,000 years. The most significant of these caves is the "Baume Bonne", which has been studied by various archaeologists, including Henry de Lumley.

The Baume Bonne was occupied first during the end of the Lower Paleolithic, 400,000 years ago. It was occupied again 150–300,000 years ago. Tools made using the Levallois technique have been found dating from this era. Neanderthals inhabited the caves later, around 130,000 years ago. Remains of cave bears dating from this period have been found. The Neanderthals were eventually succeeded by Cro-Magnon men, who occupied the cave during the Upper Paleolithic. Finally, modern humans lived in the cave during Neolithic.

Population

See also
 Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Redortiers () is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

The territory of the municipality includes the districts of Le Contadours, Les Martins and Le Poisson. The municipality borders on Les Omergues to the northwest, Montfroc to the northeast, La Rochegiron to the east, Banon to the southeast, Montsalier to the southwest and Revest-du-Bion to the west.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Dauphiné
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Revest-des-Brousses is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
 Luberon
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Revest-du-Bion is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Revest-St-Martin (Provençal: Revèst e Sant Martin) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Robine-sur-Galabre is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Rochegiron (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rougon (; ) is a rural commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2019, it had a population of 121.

Demographics

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Roumoules (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
 Roumoules radio transmitter
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-André-les-Alpes (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Benoît (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sainte-Croix-à-Lauze (; Provençal: Santa Crotz d'Alausa) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sainte-Croix-du-Verdon (, literally Sainte-Croix of Verdon; Provençal: Santa Crotz de Verdon) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Prior to 16 September 2005, the commune was known as Sainte-Croix-de-Verdon.

Population

See also
 Lac de Sainte-Croix
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Étienne-les-Orgues (; Provençal: Sant Estève deis Òrgues) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

External links

 Official site

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sainte-Tulle (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
 Luberon
 Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Altamirano is a town in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Altamirano. As of 2010, the town of Altamirano had a population of 9,200, up from 6,155 as of 2005.

Altamirano was one of the towns occupied by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) in its January 1994 uprising.

References

Altamirano (Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México)
Altamirano, Chiapas, at GEOnet Names Server

Populated places in Chiapas


Saint-Geniez (Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Giniés) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Jacques (; Provençal: Sant Jaume) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Julien-d'Asse (; Provençal: Sant Julian d'Assa) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Geography
The village lies on the right bank of the Asse, which flows west through the southern part of the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Berkåk Station () is a railway station located in the village of Berkåk in the municipality of Rennebu in Trøndelag county, Norway.  It is located close to the European route E06 highway.

The station is located along the Dovrebanen railway line, and it is served by four daily express trains each direction to Oslo and Trondheim as well as a few commuter trains to Trondheim.  There are buses connections to the town of Orkanger by AtB.

The station was opened in 1921 as part of the Dovre Line when it was extended from Dombås to Trondheim.

References

Rennebu
Railway stations in Trøndelag
Railway stations on the Dovre Line
Railway stations opened in 1921
1921 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1920s


Saint-Julien-du-Verdon (,  "Saint Julien of the Verdon"; Provençal Occitan: Sant Julian de Verdon) is a rural commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2020, it had a population of 153.

Demographics

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Peruphasma schultei, known as the black beauty stick insect and the golden-eyed stick insect, is a species of phasmid found in the Cordillera del Condor region of northern Peru. In the wild the insect feeds on Schinus plants, but will feed on privet, Aucuba japonica and honeysuckle in captivity. In Peru they are only known to exist in a region of less than 5 hectares, usually on volcanoes or mountains, but since their discovery they have become increasingly popular as pets worldwide due to their unusual colouration and they are now bred regularly in captivity.

Description
A large and compact species, females can reach 5.5 cm and are larger than males, which measure 3.8 to 4.3 cm. They have a black body, yellow eyes and red/brownish mouth parts, with adults having bright red vestigial wings. When disturbed, adults of this species are able to spray a defensive liquid from glands at the rear of the head which can be irritating to the skin and eyes.

Habitat
P. schultei has been found in regions like the Cerro Casapita, which consists of grasslands and other vegetation the species is known to live in. The species best thrives in grassland and forest habitats, however they cannot handle pasturelands.

Conservation status
The insect is listed on the IUCN Red List as critically endangered and was last updated in May 2018. Since then, their population has been actively decreasing. While no direct conservation efforts have been made for the species themselves, they are known to inhabit at least three known protected areas that were created for the preservation of the endangered Marañon Poison Dart Frog.

Threats
Multiple threats to Peruphasma schultei are the result of human activities. These include habitat loss due to converting land for agriculture and livestock farming. There are also natural threats from wildfires.

Etymology
This species is named after Rainer Schulte, who collected the original specimens. One of its common names that is listed under the IUCN red list is the Golden-Eyed Stick Insect.

Gallery

References

External links

Phasmid Study Group: Peruphasma schultei
Aquazoo Löbbecke Museum Düsseldorf
Peruphasma schultei

Phasmatodea
Insects described in 2005
Endemic fauna of Peru
Invertebrates of Peru
Insects of South America


Saint-Jurs is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Laurent-du-Verdon (,  "Saint-Laurent of the Verdon"; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It is on the right bank of the river Verdon, which marks the departmental border with Var. As of 2019, Saint-Laurent-du-Verdon had a population of 99.

Demographics

See also
 Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Lions is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Geography
The river Asse de Clumanc flows south through the western part of the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Maime (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. It is located in the Luberon national park and is home to the 12th century chapel Chapelle Sainte-Agathe.

Geography

The village is located on a hill at an altitude of 381 metres at the eastern extremity of the Luberon national park. It is adjacent to the village of Dauphin and located halfway between Manosque and Forcalquier.

History

The earliest recorded population in Saint Maime were the Gaulish tribe known as the Sogiontiques who were spread through the southern Alps and had Sequester (modern day Sisteron) as their major city. The tribe was conquered by Roman armies led by Augustus in 14 BCE. The battle is inscribed on the Tropaeum Alpium (Victory Monument of the Alps), a tribute to Roman war victories built by Augustus in 6 BCE outside of modern-day Monaco. The only traces of habitation from this period is a necropolis that was discovered in the village that held more than 1500 skeletons.

The village was the location of a castle that was owned by Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence and his wife Beatrice of Savoy in the 12th century. Historians are divided as whether or not Ramon Berenguer IV ever spent time in this castle or whether it was merely part of the family property, but certain academics insist that at the very least Beatrice used the castle as a residence. The family's four daughters - Margaret of Provence, Eleanor of Provence, Sanchia of Provence, and Beatrice of Provence- each became queens. Margaret of Provence became the wife of King Louis IX of France, Eleanor of Provence married King Henry III of England, Sanchia of Provence married Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall who became King of Germany, and Beatrice of Provence married King Charles I of Sicily. Because of the traditional connection to these four women, there a multiple references to the 'Quatre Reinese' (Four Queens) in the village of Saint Maime and the local restaurant and hotel both carry that name. Today, only the Chapelle Sainte-Agathe and one of the castle's towers remains. The tower is unique in Provence because of its octagonal structure. The chapel is classified as an official Monument historique by a decree of March 4, 1988.

Population

Twin towns — sister cities
Saint-Maime is twinned with:

  Fontanigorda, Italy (1997)

See also
 Luberon
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

External links
"Municipal website (in French)"

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Saint-Martin-de-Brômes (; Provençal Occitan: Sant Martin de Bromes) is a commune in the southwestern part of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It is on the left bank of the Verdon River, which marks the departmental border with Var. As of 2019, Saint-Martin-de-Brômes had a population of 627.

Demographics

See also
 Coteaux de Pierrevert AOC
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Martin-les-Eaux (; Provençal: Sant Martin deis Aigas) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
 Luberon
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ignacio Manuel Altamirano is a village in Felipe Carrillo Municipality, Quintana Roo, Mexico. It has a 2010 census population of 574 inhabitants, and is situated at 21 meters (69 ft.) above sea level.

References
2010 census tables: INEGI

Populated places in Quintana Roo


Saint-Martin-lès-Seyne (, literally Saint-Martin near Seyne; Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Martin de Sèina) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. With 13 inhabitants (as of 2019), it is the second least populated commune in the department, after Majastres.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. It was the death place of 18th-century botanist Jean-Paul de Rome d'Ardène and Taos Amrouche, the French-speaking Algerian writer, singer of Kabyle music, and activist for women's causes.

Population

Observatory
Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire is the "host town" of the Haute-Provence Observatory, a nationally ranked facility. It is considered, by many astronomers, to be the best European low-altitude (400 meters) observatory in operation. There is also an astronomy center for educational purposes. It hosts students of elementary schools for brief stays (1–2 weeks) during the year and organizes theme nights of combined sky observations and expositions/debates on different themes.

St. Michael was chosen as the location of the Haute-Provence Observatory site, about 600 meters north. The village is located 543m altitude. The rock Guerin rises to 767 meters in the municipality.

The neighboring towns of Saint-Michel-Observatoire are Revest des Brousses, Mane, Dauphin, Saint-Martin-les-Eaux, Villemus, Reillane and Aubenas-les-Alpes.

The territory of the Regional Natural Park of Luberon

The village is located in the Regional Natural Park of Luberon. The town is one of the seventy-seven Member States of the Regional Natural Park of the Luberon Park, which extends from Cavaillon in the west to the east Durance, two departments and eighty-five towns and 185,145 hectares. To the south, it overlooks the Luberon Durance basin and the county of Aigues.

The town has two main villages, Saint-Michel and Lincel and several hamlets including the Craux, and quite a few differences.

International relations
The commune is twinned with:
 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy

See also
 Luberon
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department
Video about Saint-Michel Observatory, available on Paris Observatory digital library

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye (,  "Saint Paul-on-Ubaye"; Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Pau d'Ubaia) is an alpine commune on the Italian border in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2019, it had a population of 180.

Geography
With an area of 205.55 km2 (79.36 sq mi), the commune of Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye is the largest commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department by surface area.

It is located in the department's northeastern part, on the departmental border with Hautes-Alpes.

Demographics

See also
 Ubaye Valley
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Vincent-les-Forts (; Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Vincenç dei Fòrts) is a former commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department of southeastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged with the commune of La Bréole to form Ubaye-Serre-Ponçon.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Former communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2017


Saint-Vincent-sur-Jabron (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sausses (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Oliver Owen Kessing (December 6, 1890 – January 31, 1963) was a highly decorated officer in the United States Navy with the rank of Rear Admiral. A veteran of several conflicts, he rose to the rank of Commodore during World War II and commanded several Naval Bases in South Pacific area.

Following the War, Kessing retired from the Navy and assumed job as Deputy Commissioner of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) under retired Admiral Jonas H. Ingram. He succeeded Ingram in early 1949 and became the third and last commissioner of the AAFC. The AAFC folded after the 1949 season.

Early career

Oliver Owen Kessing was born on December 6, 1890, in Greensburg, Indiana, the son of engineer and contractor Edward Kessing and Rose Moffett. He was of German and Irish descent. Kessing graduated from Greensburg High School in summer 1908 and received an appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, two years later. While at the Academy, he was active in football, baseball, wrestling and boxing and earned nickname "Scrappy".

Among his classmate were several admirals, who distinguished later during World War II including Wilder D. Baker, John H. Brown Jr., Carleton F. Bryant, Robert W. Cary, Edward L. Cochrane, Richard L. Conolly, Edward Ellsberg, Joseph Redman, Theodore D. Ruddock and John B. W. Waller.

Kessing graduated with Bachelor of Science degree on June 6, 1914, and was commissioned Ensign on that date. He was subsequently attached to the armored cruiser USS Maryland and took part in the patrol cruises off the coast of Mexico during the ongoing Mexican Revolution. Kessing was later transferred to the gunboat USS Annapolis and took part in the landing at Mazatlán in June 1916.

He led the group of Marines and sailors ashore and was tasked to parley with Mexican soldiers in order to evacuate American citizens there. Although Mexicans guaranteed safety for United States personnel, Kessing and his group were immediately captured. He was searched by Mexicans who stole some money from him, but he was able to escape them and ordered the boat to return to the Annapolis. During their return to the ship, Kessing and his men came under fire from rifle and pistols, but they returned fire and left seventeen wounded Mexicans in the docks.

In November 1916, Kessing was transferred to the receiving ship USS Rainbow stationed at Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant (junior grade) on June 6, 1917. Following the United States entry into World War I, Kessing was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant on October 15, 1917, and was attached to the armored cruiser USS Huntington.

The Huntington was then stationed at Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida, where Kessing trained as a balloon observer for searching for submarines during the protection of convoys. The balloon program was later cancelled and Kessing embarked with Huntington for the Atlantic. He spent remainder of the war on convoy escort duty between England, France and New York City and was transferred to the Bureau of Navigation in Washington, D.C., in August 1918.

Interwar period

Kessing served in Washington until May 1919, when he was ordered to the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation at Quincy, Massachusetts, where he assumed duty in connection with the fitting out of the destroyer USS Meyer. The Meyer was commissioned in December that year and took part in the patrolling off the coast of California and Alaska with cruise to the Caribbean during the disorder in Haiti. Kessing was transferred to the recently commissioned destroyer USS Reuben James in November 1920 as Executive officer and took part in the voyage to the Mediterranean with the stops in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia and Le Havre, France.

In November 1921, Kessing returned to the United States and assumed duty as Officer-in-Charge, Naval Recruiting Stations Indianapolis in his native Indiana. He spent two years in that capacity and joined the destroyer USS McCormick under command of Lieutenant commander John H. Cassady in November 1923. Kessing participated in the cruise to the Mediterranean and later was transferred to the battleship USS Wyoming, operating with the Atlantic Fleet. While in this capacity, he was promoted to Lieutenant commander on June 4, 1925. During his service with Wyoming Kessing befriended with ships's executive officer and future Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey.

Scrappy Kessing was ordered back to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in July 1926 and joined the Department of Physical Training under future four-star admiral Jonas H. Ingram. He served as an instructor in that department and later became first Graduate Manager of Athletics, while Ingram served as Athletics Director. Kessing remained at Annapolis until September 1929, when he joined submarine tender USS Holland under Captain Milo F. Draemel as his navigator. While in this capacity, Holland served as supply depot for the Commander Submarine Divisions, Battle Fleet under future Fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz, who flew his flag aboard that ship. Kessing served in that capacity until June 1932 and took part in the patrols off the coast of California.

Following a tour of duty in Washington, D.C., with the Bureau of Navigation, Kessing was ordered to the Philippines in early 1934 and served as Captain of the Yard, Naval Station Olongapo until July that year, when he assumed duty as commanding officer of destroyer USS Alden. He commanded Alden during the patrols in the Pacific until January 1935, when he joined cruiser USS Augusta as ship's executive officer under then-Captain and his old superior Chester W. Nimitz. Keesing was promoted to the rank of Commander on June 30, 1935, and continued in this capacity under new ship's captain Felix X. Gygax.

Kessing then took part in the naval operations in the Chinese waters prior the Second Sino-Japanese War  until June 1937, when he returned to the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, for duty as an instructor of boxing in the physical training department. He remained there until early 1939, when he was ordered back to the Asiatic Station as executive officer aboard the transport ship USS Chaumont. Kessing then participated in the evacuation of the civilians from China and assumed command of that ship in January 1940.

World War II

Following the United States entry into World War II, Kessing was ordered to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was tasked with establishing of the first Navy Pre-Flight School. His main task was to give prospective naval aviators the proper naval indoctrination and to give them a physical education course. Kessing was responsible for 1900 Cadets, 200 officers and instructors and 125 enlisted personnel. The Kessing Pool which provided aquatic training for cadets was named in his honor. Kessing also received Legion of Merit for his service at the Chapel Hill.

Kessing served in this capacity until November 1942, when he received orders for deployment to South Pacific. He was requested by his old friend from battleship Wyoming, not Admiral William F. Halsey, who intended to appoint Kessing as Commander of the Naval Advanced base at Tulagi, Guadalcanal. The previous commander felt ill and Halsey requested Kessing as his replacement. Halsey also proposed Kessing's promotion to Captain, the rank more suitable for that position, but the Bureau of Naval Personnel in Washington, D.C., rejected both Kessing's transfer and promotion. Halsey sent another request, which was ultimately granted and Kessing was transferred by the end of November.

Following his arrival to Tulagi, Kessing was promoted to the temporary of Captain on January 20, 1943, and assumed responsibility for the Naval advanced base consisted of fleet anchorage, docks for motor torpedo boat depot, seaplane base, barracks for personnel and rest areas including baseball field and officer's club. Late during his tenure, when enemy bomb hits started a raging fire in a supply and ammunition dump, Kessing organized a fire-fighting party and made his way, under constant danger of further air attack, to the dump. Working in a blazing inferno of exploding ammunition, he finally extinguished the fire. For this act of valor, Kessing was decorated with Navy and Marine Corps Medal and also received his second Legion of Merit for his service at Tulagi.

In November 1943, Kessing was relieved of his command at Tulagi and took part in the landing at Bougainville, the main island of New Guinea. He acted informally as Chief of Staff for Naval operations for lieutenant general Oscar Griswold, commander, XIV Corps and subsequently was tasked with the establishing of the Naval Advanced Base at Torokina. Kessing then commanded the base at Torokina until September 1944, when he was transferred to the same capacity at Ulithi Atoll. He was meanwhile promoted to the temporary rank of Commodore on August 23, 1944. He was later decorated with his third Legion of Merit.

Kessing was ordered to the Philippines in May 1945 and assumed command of Naval Operating Base Subic Bay and Amphibian Task Force 31, which consisted of Seabees and other engineer units. While in this capacity, he was present aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay during the Japanese surrender on September 2, 1945. Kessing then assumed command of the United States Fleet base at Yokosuka and was responsible for general administration of the Yokosuka Naval Base, Yokosuka Marine Air Base, and Kisarazu Naval Air Base. He also held additional duty on the General Douglas MacArthur's staff in the occupation forces of Japan. For his service in the last year of the War, Kessing received Bronze Star Medal and two Navy Commendation Medals.

Postwar career

Following the War, Kessing remained in the Navy and returned to the United States in early 1946. He was subsequently appointed Commander, Naval Station Port Hueneme, California, and remained in that capacity until his retirement on April 1, 1947, when he retired at his own request after 33 years of commissioned service. Kessing was advanced to the rank of Rear admiral on the retired list for having been specially commended in combat.

The reason for his retirement in the Navy, was job offer from his old Navy friend, former Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet during World War II, Admiral Jonas H. Ingram. Kessin and Ingram knew each other from their service at the Naval Academy in late 1920s, when Ingram served as Academy's Athletics Director and Kessing as First Graduate Manager of Athletics. Ingram now worked for the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) as Commissioner and offered Kessing to be his Deputy.

While in this capacity, Kessing was responsible for the administration of AAFC until the end of January 1949, when Ingram resigned and he assumed the capacity as Commissioner of the AAFC. However, the AAFC was ultimately unable to sustain itself in longtime competition with the National Football League and AFFC was folded in December 1949.

Kessing then settled in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and died of heart attack at Bethesda Naval Hospital on January 31, 1963, aged 72. He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, with his wife, former Jane Moffett buried beside him. They had three sons: Thomas Edward, Oliver O. Jr. (retired as Commander, USN), and Jonas Warren.

Awards and decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Rear admiral Kessing:

References

1890 births
1963 deaths
People from Greensburg, Indiana
Military personnel from Indiana
Navy Midshipmen football players
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy World War II admirals
United States Navy admirals
American football executives
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Navy and Marine Corps Medal
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Naval Academy faculty
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
People from Chapel Hill, North Carolina


Selonnet (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Seyne (; Vivaro-Alpine: Sèina) is a commune in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, a department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in south-east France. It is roughly 30 km north of Digne.

The village's official name is listed under the INSEE Official Geographic Code as "Seyne". However it is known locally as "Seyne-les-Alpes", not to be confused with La Seyne-sur-Mer which is the second largest city in the Var.

The residents are traditionally referred to as "Seynois". In more recent years locals have been known to also go by "Seynard" (male) and "Seynarde" (female).

The Alpes-de-Haute-Provence tourism board listed Seyne-les-Alpes as one of their "villages and towns of character", an award given to places around the region with remarkable architecture and less than 2000 inhabitants.

Geography

The village sits at an altitude of . The Seyne Valley, known for its rich soil, is nicknamed the Swiss Provençal.

The only river to run through the village is the , a tributary of the Durance.

The local area is made up of  of woodland and forests.

Communication and transport
Seyne is situated on the D900 road, between the neighbouring communes of Le Vernet and Selonnet. The road runs from Digne in the south, all the way to the Maddalena Pass on the Italian-French border. The nearest SNCF railway station is the .

Toponymy
The name of the village, as it appeared for the first time in 1147 (in Sedena), is thought to refer to the Gallic tribe of the Adanates, or to be built on the root *Sed-, for rock, according to Charles Rostaing. According to , the name comes from a Pre-Celtic root oronym (mountain toponym), *Sed-. The municipality is named Sanha in the Vivaro-Alpine dialect and Provençal dialect of the , and Sagno in the Mistralian norm.

History

Antiquity
Before the Roman conquest, Seyne was the capital of the Adanates. It held the status of civitas under the Roman Empire.

Middle Ages
The first counts appeared in the area with the advent of c.950 of Boson, son of Rothbald. His grand-daughter later married the count of Toulose, the beginning of lengthy ties between the two cities. Seyne appeared in charters in 1146 ('in Sedena')

Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona forced the submission of Provençal barons who had revolted in the Baussenque Wars. After taking control of Arles, he summoned the lords of Haute-Provence to Seyne to renew their fealty. The Counts of Provence endowed the consulate as early as 1223 (1220 according to legal historian ), which served as a model to other consulates. Around the 1220s, a large tower was built to defend the city, which was then called Seyne-la-Grande-Tour. A regional council took place in 1267. The Saint-Jacques Hospital was founded in 1293, followed at the end of the 15th century by the Hôtel-Dieu.

The death of Joanna I of Naples opened a succession crisis at the head of the . The towns of the Union of Aix (1382-1387) supported Charles, Duke of Durazzo against Louis I, Duke of Anjou. The community supported the Durazzo side until 18 September 1385, then changed camp and joined the Angevins through the patient negotiations of Marie de Blois, Louis I's widow and regent of their son Louis II. The surrender of Seyne involved the communities of Couloubrous and Beauvillars.

The fair held in Seyne in the late Middle Ages benefitted from its crossroads location, and continued until the end of the Ancien Regime. Seyne was a baillie which subsequently became a seneschal headquarters: It included the communities of Auzet, Barles, La Bréole, Montclar, Pontis, Selonnet, Saint-Martin-lès-Seyne, Saint-Vincent, Ubaye, Verdaches, Le Vernet.

The community of Beauvillars, which had 88 feus at the enumeration of 1316, depended administratively upon Seyne. In the 15th century, the inhabitants of Beauvillars, who had wanted to secede, were massacred, the survivors were deported, and the name of Beauvillars was erased from the archives.

The community of Couloubrous (Colobrosium, cited in the 13th century), was also attached to 15th century Seyne. There were 19 feus in 1316, and it also had a .

Early modern (1483-1789)
In the middle of the 16th century, Protestantism took root in Seyne. Through the Edict of Amboise (1563), adherents of this religion were allowed to build a place of worship, but outside the municipality.

The town was captured and looted by Protestant captain  in the summer of 1560, during the Wars of Religion. The town was again attacked by Protestants in 1574, who this time held it thereafter. The  hid here in 1585, before the offensive of the Catholic League, without preventing the capture of the city by the Duke of Épernon. During the siege, the bell tower was destroyed.

At the end of the Wars of Religion, the Duke of Lesdiguières established a camp where he prepared his campaign to take Provence back from the Catholic Leaguers.

The Protestant Reformation had despite this fighting some success in Seyne, and some of the town's inhabitants remained Protestant. The Protestant community remained into the 17th century around their church, through the Edict of Nantes (1598). However, the Edict of Fontainebleau abolished the provisions of the edict of Nantes in 1688. It was fatal to the Protestant community, which disappeared, its people either emigrating or converted by force.

In 1656, the two hospitals (Hôtel-Dieu and hospital Saint-Jacques) merged into a single institution and moved to a shared building in 1734.

In 1690, the Marquis de Parelle led the Piedmontaise army of 5,000 men  down from the Ubaye Valley and besieged Seyne. The city was forced to negotiate since the medieval enclosure was insufficient to ensure its defence, and a ransom was set at 11,000 livres. However, the militia of Provence and the   succeeded in driving them back. On 24 December, funds were found and new bastions were built by Niquet. The new wall completed in August 1691 left the great tower outside of the city, but reinforced.

After a more serious alert in 1692, the entire Alpine border was reconsidered by Sebastien Vauban. In December 1692, he asked for the construction of a citadel including the great tower.  led the work from 1693 to 1699. Although not satisfied during his inspection tour in 1700, Vauban failed to modify the fortifications, in part by building redoubts of setbacks in the north. The annexation of Ubaye by the Treaty of Utrecht removed the threat sufficiently for the work to be deferred indefinitely, (except for repairs to the walls in 1786).

The city was occupied in this condition by the Austro-Sardes in 1748 during the War of the Austrian Succession and again in 1815, at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The city was almost undefended at the end of the Ancien Régime, with nine guns served by a garrison of three invalids, and an arsenal of 93 guns.

The city was the seat of a viguerie until the French Revolution and an office of the  at the end of the Ancien Régime.

French Revolution
Just before the French Revolution, unrest mounted. Several years of fiscal problems preceded a bad harvest in 1788 and a very cold winter of 1788-89. The election of the Estates-General of 1789 was prepared by elections for  in 1788 and in January 1789, which highlighted the political oppositions of class and caused some agitation. At the end of March, as the cahiers de doléances were drawn up, a wave of insurrection shook Provence. A wheat riot occurred in Seyne on 29 March. Peasants gathered, protesting with shouts and threatens against the wealthy. However, the riot went no further, and did not cause any changes, unlike others in the region.

At first, reaction consisted in gathering the Maréchaussée staff. Then lawsuits were commissioned by the Parliament of Aix-en-Provence, but sentences were not carried out because of the storming of the Bastille and  the Great Fear. In appeasement, an amnesty was announced in early August.

The fall of the Bastille was welcomed and thought to presage the end of arbitrary use of royal power, and perhaps profound changes. The advent of the new regime triggered a great phenomenon of collective fear that seized France, fear of an aristocrats conspiring to recover their privileges.

Rumours of armed soldiers devastating everything in their path spread rapidly, accompanied by gunfire, violence against nobles, and the organization of militias. The Great Fear came from Tallard, and awareness of the fear of the Mâconnais reached Seyne on the evening of 31 July 1789. The  of Turriers and Bellaffaire, warned by those at Gap that a troop of 5-6,000 brigands was headed to Haute-Provence after plundering the Dauphiné, sent word to the consuls of Seyne, who sent word to Sisteron and Digne, thereby spreading the Great Fear. They also warned all parishes within the purview of the viguerie of Seyne, and sent messengers to Gap and Embrun to ask for news. The arsenal of the citadel was requisitioned, and 93 guns and nine cannons were distributed in Seyne and the villages of Saint-Pons, Selonnet and Chardavon. Men took refuge with their furniture and livestock away from the walls of the citadel.

That night, messengers from Rochebrune and La Motte confirmed the news, and added that Romans-sur-Isère had been sacked. From the south, disquieting news arrived of the occupation of Castellane by 4,000  and the advance of 1,000 Piedmont soldiers in the Durance Valley. On 2 August, the panic declined, as the facts became clearer. However, a significant change took place. All communities Department were to be armed, organized to defend themselves and to defend their neighbours. A sense of solidarity was born within communities and between neighbouring communities, and the consuls usually decided to maintain the National Guard on foot. As soon as the fear had settled, the authorities disarmed workers and landless peasants, and kept only landowners and business owners in the National Guard.

The  of the municipality was created in the summer of 1792.

19th century
Seyne saw some industrialization in the 19th century with the development of textile industries.

As with many municipalities in this department, Seyne had schools well before the Jules Ferry laws. In 1863, it had five, one in the town proper and also in the villages of Pompiery, Bas-Chardavon, Pons and Couloubroux. These schools provided primary education for boys. In the main town, a school for girls was mandated by the Falloux Laws of 1851. The commune took advantage of subsidies from the second Duruy Law (1877) to rebuild or renovate its schools. Only the Bas-Chardavon school was not addressed.

Politics and administration

Trends in policies and results

List of mayors

Environmental policy
Seyne is classified as a flower in the towns and villages floral competition.

Administration
A brigade of the National Gendarmerie is located in the town center of Seyne.

Population and society

Demography

Demographic evolution

In 2012, Seyne had 1419 inhabitants. Its population had been stagnant since 1999. In the 21st century, communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants only have a census every five years (2004, 2009 and 2014, etc. for Seyne). Since 2004, the other figures are estimates.

In 2008, the commune was 6,862nd in size in the national rankings. It was 6,215th in 1999, and of the 200 communes in the departement it ranked 22nd.

The demographic history of Seyne, after the population losses of the 14th and 15th centuries, and the long period of growth until the beginning of the 19th century, was marked by a period of 'spread' where the population remained relatively stable at a high level. This period lasted from 1821 to 1861. The  then caused a trend of long-term demographic decline. By 1921, the town had lost more than half its population from its maximum in 1846. The drop continued until the 1970s. Since then, population growth has resumed but without returning to the level of 1911.

Age pyramid

The population of the commune is relatively old. The proportion of people over 60 (34.1%) is higher than in France as a whole (21.6%) and the department (27.3%). Like national and departmental allocations, the female population of the commune is greater than the male population. The rate (52.2%) is of a similar order of magnitude as the national rate (51.6%).

The distribution of the population of the commune by age is, in 2007, as follows:

47.8% of men (0–14 years = 18.4%, 15–29 years = 12.1%, 30-44 year olds = 17.1%, 45–59 years = 20.1%, more than 60 years = 32.3%)
52.2% of women (0–14 years = 15.7%, 15–29 years = 10.5%, 30-44 year olds = 17.2%, 45–59 years = 20.8%, more than 60 years = 35.8%)

Education
The municipality has three educational institutions:

Two schools; a primary school and a kindergarten.
The Marcel-André College.

Health
A hospital is located in the municipality.

Economy
The economy of Seyne revolves around sports activities and tourism.

Industry
Alp'entreprise, active in the  (BTP) sector, has 15 employees.

Tourism
The commune has an Alpine skiing ski station at Le Grand Puy and a Nordic skiing station at Col du Fanget. Formerly, the town had one or two ski lifts to Col Saint-Jean.

The , connecting Sainte-Foy to Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye, crosses Seyne.

Local culture and heritage

Sites and monuments

Fortifications

Medieval fortifications remain:

The fortified gate of the Rue Basse, from the 14th century.
The Tour Maubert, or great tower, a three-storey tower built outside the walls in the 12th century. This was built as a rectangle  high connected to the town. It has been reviewed as under restoration.

The rest of the city wall enclosure in fact consisted of the walls of houses, built continuously, without openings to the outside.

In 1690-1691, the engineer Niquet began construction of a new, much larger enclosure with nine bastion towers, of which six survive. These towers had two levels, the lower a pentagonal, a design innovation of Niquet. The construction was reviewed by Vauban, who requested the addition of a citadel during his visit in 1692. The  was built by , beginning in 1693, and completed in 1700. This citadel, too narrow, known as Vauban but which did not satisfy him during his inspection trip, dominates the  Valley,  long by  wide. It incorporates an old tower modified to accommodate artillery, is equipped with a barracks, and entry was barred, on the town side, by a tenaille. The wall was completed in 1705.

The , at the front line at the time of its construction, was found in the third line after the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which reunited the Ubaye Valley with France, was defended by two invalid companies to the Revolution, and a reduced garrison during the period between 1790-1815. The restoration added an advanced battery or hornwork, a rebuilt door (1821), and some casemates for rear firing and caponiers. It was decommissioned in 1866, then occupied by a single guard from 1887 to 1907, when it was sold. Passed from hand to hand, the commune bought it in 1977, and has since begun restoration work. The enclosure is a listed historic monument.

Civil architecture

Several houses on the streets of the old center date from the 17th century, including the old town hall on the main street and a house nearby from 1788, with an arched gate. Another house on the high street dates from 1605. A further house on the high street dates from 1708 and, nearby, one more dates from the end of the Middle Ages, with an overhang supported by corbels of wood mouldings. Other houses on the high street, retained in front of the arches, have characteristic medieval elements. However, these date to the 18th century.

The hospital was built in 1734. A carved bench, leather seat, and a five foot long table of beech from the 17th and the 18th centuries, currently kept at the town hall, originally came from the hospital. These items are classified as historic monument objects.

Several farms in the commune are fortified.

The Church of Our Lady of Nazareth

The  (Notre-Dame-de-Nazareth), built in Romanesque style, has completely retained its initial appearance. Legendarily attributed to Charlemagne, in fact construction of the present building can be traced back to the middle of the 12th century. The western façade is decorated with a large rose window with twelve rays and a sundial, composed on a marble slab, dating from 1878. The old porch has disappeared. Its arched portal has retained its carved capitals.

The nave,  long and  high, has three arched barrel bays, and is separated with a double-roll of a double-arch. The chancel has a flat chevet and is also barrel-vaulted. In front of the choir, two side chapels form a false transept. The portal of the south façade is Gothic, from the 13th or 14th century, notable for being framed by two separations of arches which rely on the surrounding buttresses.

The gate leaves date to 1631.

The church spire was rebuilt after the siege of the Duke of Épernon. Some renovation work (repointing, restoration of the southwestern buttresses) was done in 1967.

The capitals have carved human faces and characters with bodies twisted by torments that devils impose upon them. The baptismal fonts are  in diameter. The church has been a classified historic monument since 1862.

The Holy Family altarpiece was painted directly onto the panel of the retable, in archaic style, during the 17th century. The wooden pulpit, carved and decorated, dates to the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries and is also a listed object.

The furnishings of the church include:

Several processional crosses, one of silver decorated with Champlevé enamels, (listed, 16th century)
A wood carving in high relief of Mary Magdalene, gilt, (18th century, listed)
The altar and the tabernacle of the Dominican convent, gilded wood, 17th century, listed)
An image of the Holy Family (16th century, listed)
A marble font by Maurin (17th century, classified)
A tabernacle placed under a baldachin at six feet, from the convent of the Trinitarian Order (16th century, listed)

Finally, the priest has full vestments (chasuble, dalmatic, clevis, veil covering the chalice, purse, stole, maniple), satin brocade, with colourful ornaments, and an undecorated cross of a landscape, from the 18th century. This set is unique in the department, and is also listed as an historic object.

Dominican Church

The Church of the Dominican Order, of classic style, has a relatively complex layout. In a nave with six bays, each wide span is followed by a narrow span, all flattened and barrel-vaulted. The narrow spans are filled with an oeil-de-boeuf, while the wide aisles are square bays.

Six reliquary busts, from the 17th century, are still archaic style and are listed as historic objects. The church is decorated with a Crucifixion of Jesus from the 17th century, in which Christ is surrounded by all the instruments of the Passion, two penitents and two angels, and is also a listed object. The convent, which forms part of the church, was built in 1683 and is a registered monument. The veil of the Saint-Sacrement of the church is golden embroidered silk (67 cm by 71 cm). It represents two angels in prayer on either side of an altar on which a silver lamb has been sacrificed. This veil has been a listed object since 1908.

Chapels

The town has many surviving chapels:

Chapel of the Penitents, with a three-sided steeple, from the 17th-18th century.
The chapel of Saint-Pons, in Saint-Pons, from the beginning of the 17th century, with a nave of five bays and a Gothic bell tower from 1437). Its furnishings include a silver chalice from the 17th century, a listed historic object.
The chapels in the hamlets of Bas-Chardavonet, Haut-Chardavon, at Couloubroux, and Le Fault; at Maur, Pompiéry, Rémusats, and Haut-Savornin.

Museums

Ecomuseums: The tailor, the old school, the  and the forge.

Events
Each year, during the second weekend of August, the last horse competition in France is held at Seyne (a competition for the best mule, with categories).
During the second weekend of October, an autumn fair is organized (cattle, horses, and a few other animals)

Notable people
Antoine Laugier, born in Seyne, died in Aix in 1709, historian of the order of the Trinitarian Order.
Writer Jean Proal (1904-1969)
Jacques Clarion, born October 12, 1776, in Saint-Pons, pharmacist to the Army of Italy.
Historian Abbot Alibert
The  family
 (1728-1808), member of the Legislative Assembly, born in Seyne
 (1753-1816), Deputy to the National Convention during the French Revolution, born in Seyne
 (born June 9, 1940, in Seyne), Member of the National Assembly from the 1970s to 1990
Eugène Michel (1821-1885), born in Seyne, Member of Parliament in 1871 and Senator from 1876 to 1885
Pierre Martin Borély de la Sapie (1814-1895), born in Seyne, colonist in Algeria, farmer, first mayor of Boufarik (Algiers), mayor of Blida, officer of the Légion d'honneur, general counsel of Algiers, Chairman of the USDA of Algiers Advisory Committee, Member of many commissions. See also: Boufarik: a page of colonization of Algeria, Colonel Trumelet
Sylvain Wojak, model, writer

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

Castellane

Further reading

An article on different educational projects by both authors above:

Bibliography

 (BnF no. FRBNF35450017h)

References

External links

The internet site of Seyne-les-Alpes
The internet site of the Vallée de la Blanche
An internet site of Seyne-les-Alpes and its environs, in photos
The website of the Heritage Association of Pays du Seyne (Archive)
The website of the local hospital of Saint Jacques

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Sigonce (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Economy

Sisteron lamb
Sisteron lamb is native of the departments of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Drôme. Derived from traditional farms, the parent breeds being the Merino d'Arles and the Southern Alps Mourerous, they are kept on their mothers for at least two months in pastures of at least ten hectares, and stocked at fewer than 10 sheep per hectare. These lambs are registered under the Institut national de l’origine et de la qualité (INAO). The associated regulations end the practice of raising stock in the same conditions but from multiple regions, including all of Provence, the Massif Central, and the Piedmont.

Population

History
Some discoveries attest to an active state of this town dating to prehistoric and Roman eras.

Antiquity
In ancient times the territory of Sigonce was part of the Sogiontiques, whose territory extends south of the Baronnies à la Durance. The Sogiontiques are federated to Voconces and after the Roman conquest, they were attached with them in the Roman province of Narbonne. In the second century, they were detached from Voconces and formed a separate civitas, with its capital 'Segustero' (Sisteron).

Middle Ages
While the southeast of Gaul was a land Burgundian under King of the Ostrogoths, Theodoric the Great conquered the region between Durance, Rhone and Isere in 510. The town briefly depended once more on Italy until 526. To reconcile with the Burgundian king, Gondemar III, the regent Ostrogothic Amalasuntha gave him the territory.
The town of Sigonce was, for the first time, in charters in 1206. It was then a hunting reserve list of the counts of Forcalquier, which was given to the Ganagobie Priory. The feud is therefore within the Abbey of Cluny through Ganagobie.
The Aris community ('Arises'') reported began as early as 960, when its territory was given to the Abbey of Ganagobie, which counted 21 villages in 1315, but was heavily depopulated by the crises of the fourteenth century (Black Death and the Hundred Years' War) and annexed by that of Sigonce in the fifteenth century. The community was under the magistrature of Forcalquier.

French Revolution
During the French Revolution, the town developed a political scene, created after the end of 1792.

Since the Revolution
The coup of December 2, 1851 by Napoleon III committed against the Second Republic of France provoked an armed uprising in the Basses-Alpes, in defense of the French Constitution of 1848. After the failure of the uprising, severe repression continued for those who stood up to defend the Republic: new inhabitants of Sigonce were brought before the Joint Committee, the most common punishment of deportation to Algeria.
Like many municipalities in the department, Sigonce had a school well before the Jules Ferry laws: in 1863, they already had a primary education that provides boys, the chief town. The same instruction was given to girls, although the Falloux law (1851), which required the opening of a girls' school in municipalities had more than 800 unsupported inhabitants., (p)  The town benefits from the subsidies of the second Duruy Act (1877) to build a new school.

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sigoyer (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Simiane-la-Rotonde (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

Geography
The commune is traversed by the river Calavon.

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Soleilhas is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sourribes (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

Geography
The town is crossed by the Vançon. The village is situated 420 m above sea level. Beaudu caves.

History
Roman ruins are found to Beaudu. Several discoveries of Roman coins have been held on the common [2].

The town appears for the first time in the charters in 739.

An abbey of Benedictine nuns was founded before 1160, and remained there until 1464 and its merger with Abbey St. Clare of Sisteron. The abbey is lord of.

The common Beaudu it annexed in 1909. The medieval community had 24 fires in the enumeration of 1315, but was deserted in 1471. In 1765, she had 68 people.

A scrub is created in 1943 it was partly made up of peasants who continued to have a normal life, but who were mobilized in two hours.

Toponymy
The village's name as it appears the first time in 739 (Subtusripas), refers to its position at the foot of a rock.

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Tartonne (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

The name of the inhabitants is Tartonnais.

Geography

Site and climate
The village of Tartonne is located bottom of Valley,  altitude, greatly influencing the climate; the differences of temperatures on the same day are very important: in 2004, the mean amplitude of temperature was 27 °C.

The landscape is marked by , a sedimentary rock of black color which is very soft and crumbly to air, but which is very strong in the subsoil.

Hydrography
The river Asse de Clumanc has its source in the north of the commune.

Environment
The commune has  of woods and forests, though only 4.5% of its area.

Habitat and hamlets
Like its neighbour Clumanc, Tartonne does not correspond to a specific agglomeration, which is quite unusual. The habitat is very dispersed, and one can distinguish five groups of hamlets which are very distant from each other (up to 10 km):

Petit Défend at  altitude
Plan-de-Chaude, the main hamlet at  which constitutes the headquarters with the town hall
Maladrech at
Le Viable, Les Thourons and Les Laugiers, all at
Sauzeries-Hautes and Sauzeries-Basses at
La Pène or La Peine at

This distance is due to the poverty of the soil, and the difficulty of building: the strong gradients, the presence of numerous watercourses, and the instability of the land, means that more than 85% of the territory of the commune is unbuildable.

Major hazards
None of the 200 communes of the Department is in the zero seismic risk zone. Tartonne is in zone 1b (low seismicity) according to the deterministic classification of 1991, based on the historical earthquakes, and in zone 4 (medium risk) according to the EC8 probabilistic classification of 2011. The municipality of Tartonne is also exposed to three other natural risks:

Forest fire
Flooding
Land movement: several slopes of the municipality are covered by a medium to high hazard

The municipality of Tartonne is exposed to any of the risks of technological origin identified by the prefecture and a foreseeable natural  (PPR) for the district exists; the  has existed since 2011.

The commune was subject to orders of disaster for flooding and mudslides of mud in 1994 and 2011.

Toponymy
The name of the locality (Tortona in 1199, Tartona in 1200), would be formed on the pre-Celtic root *Tortona, of unknown origin and meaning according to Ernest Nègre, though according to Charles Rostaing rooted in *Tar, designating stone and by the Fénie couple in an oronym (mountain toponym). Negre is disputed by Raymond Sindou, who considers unlikely a lack of change of the name for 1,500 years, and offers a comparison, without a sense of moving forward, Tortona to Dertosa in Hispania Tarraconensis and Dertona in Cisalpine Gaul.

The name of the Summit of Cucuyon at , is formed on the pre-Celtic root *Kug-, another oronym, with repetition and addition of a diminutive suffix.

History

Antiquity
The first traces of occupation date back to the Gallo-Roman at the current location of the hamlet of Petit Defend. Augustus made the conquest of the Asses Valley, while that of the Alps he completed in 14 BC. It is difficult to know the name of the Gallic tribe that inhabited the valley, and the name of the civitas which Tartonne depended on in the early Empire: Eturamina (Thorame) or Sanitensium (Senez). At the end of the Roman Empire, the connection to that of Sanitensium, and its diocese, was proved with the disappearance of the bishopric of Thorame.

Middle Ages
The two communities, La Peine and Tartonne, were reported in charters in the 13th century. In 1342, the two communities of Tartonne and La Peine are attached to the Viguerie of Castellane by the Comte of Provence. It is from the 12th century that the village began to develop, where the village is located on the road from Digne-les-Bains to Colmars passing by Thorame, and that a salt water source had been found, enabling the inhabitants not to pay the gabelle. The village was mainly agricultural (crops, sheep) and the harvesting of salt through the salt source was granted by Queen Jeanne in 1402.

During the Middle Ages, the village was cut back several times. The community of La Pène (or La Peine) was heavily depopulated by the crisis of the 14th century (the Black Death and the Hundred Years' War) and was annexed by Tartonne in 15th century, but continued to be a separate fief. It consisted of civilian buildings and a monastery abandoned before the Revolution. The only trace of this monastic presence is the Saint-Gervais oratory that was installed at the entrance to the hamlet, at the square where the villagers had installed a wooden cross of the chapel of the monastery, after its dismantling. This monastery and civilian buildings belonged to the family of the famous Digne philosopher Gassendi. Tartonne is not untouched by the Wars of Religion (with looting in 1574): population increased from about 200 to 500 inhabitants. The modest Château of Maladrech was built in 1642, near the road leading to Digne.

Early Modern period
The successive Lords of Baux (13th century to 15th century), the  in the 14th and 15th centuries, the  in the 16th and 17th centuries, and finally Gassendi until the French Revolution. At the end of the Ancien Régime, the community is linked to the viguerie of Val de Barrême.

French Revolution
During the Revolution, the town had a , created after the end of 1792.

Contemporary era
The Revolution and the Empire brought many improvements, including a land value tax equal to all, and proportional to the value of the assets of each. To put it in place on specific grounds, the lifting of a cadastre is determined. The  on 15 September 1807 specified its terms, but its realisation took a long time to implement, officials of the cadastre dealing with the communes in successive geographical groups. It is only in 1837 that the  of Tartonne was completed.

In the 19th century, the drilling of the clue of La Peine allowed the passage of most important convoys, and shortened the journey (30 km instead of 55 km). This road was abandoned in the second half of the 20th century with the arrival of the car and the creation of departmental roads.

As many municipalities of the Department, Tartonne acquired a school well before the Jules Ferry laws: in 1863, it already had a school which provides primary education to the boys at the main settlement. No instruction was given to girls: nor by the Falloux law (1851), which required the opening of a girls school in the communes with more than 800 inhabitants, neither did the first  (1867), which lowered the threshold to 500 inhabitants, concern Tartonne. It was only with Ferry laws that the daughters of the municipality are regularly educated.

Tartonne was occupied during World War II by the Italian forces in 1940. In the area, many airdrops of weapons and the establishment of STO (which led many young people to come to the vicinity) allowed the resistance to carry out actions against the German army, which occupied the region from 1942. In retaliation, many houses were burned and destroyed, along with the Château of Maladrech, which served as a cache.

Heraldry

Politics and administration

Population

Sites and monuments

Our Lady of Entraigues
]
The parish church is placed under the patronage of Our Lady of Entraigues and under the patronage of Saint Michel. It is built away from the village, and surrounded by the cemetery. The bell tower dates from 1564, except for the top floor which was added in 1865. The nave, built in the 12th century, has three bays covered with a barrel vault, rebuilt in the 17th century and in 1830. The chancel, in a short span, above the rounded apse (13th century); some capitals are carved, including an Atlas. An aisle on the south side has been abandoned; on the north side, two chapels date from the 17th century. It is an historical monument since 12 April 1972. It was restored in the 1970s (particularly with the casting of a concrete slab on the roof, which tended to deform). Other works have been carried out by an association for the safeguarding of the building, including to the floor, roof, wall, and sundial.

The furniture includes a bell that dates from 1571. The Church has several paintings, including a Donation of the Rosary of Patritti (19th century), a saint Blaise of Sebaste (19th century also) and a saint Michel slaying the dragon, as well as the statue of Our Lady of Entraigues from the 18th century.

Other monuments
The Château of Maladrech, with two round pigeonniers (1644); Maladrech means bad place. A chapel had been added to it between 1764 and 1779, but fell into ruins at the end of the 19th century. The rest of the building was partially destroyed in the 19th century. Consisting of two buildings, it also has a farm. The interior decoration includes the French ceilings, fireplace plaster; from the outside, you can see a cross and a sundial from 1642.

Other places
The Clue of La Peine
The source salt of the Salaou, covered under a vault, is a historical monument since April 1, 1993
The Chapel of St-Jean-Baptiste, formerly Our Lady of the Rosary (1787), at Plan-de-Chaude in Thouron

The chapel of Sainte-Anne at Thouron, was built in the mid-17th century by the inhabitants of village, and restored in the 1830s. Small dimensions, the nave is  long,  high, and  wide.

Notable people
 (1749-1806), born in Tartonne, deputy to the Estates-General in 1789 and in 1799

See also

Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

Bibliography

References

External links

Website of the commune of Tartonne

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Thèze (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Thoard (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Thorame-Basse (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Thorame-Haute (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Geography
Thorame-Haute is a village in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, fixed on the foot of the Massif of Chamatte at an altitude of , in the valley of the High-Verdon. The culminating point is on the mountain of Grand-Coyer (). The point low corresponds to the bed of the Verdon valley. The commune is more downstream from the High-Verdon. The village of Thorame is surrounded by four mountain peaks: Chamatte (), Cheinet (), Serpeigier (), and Cordeil ().

Hydrography
 The village lies on right bank of the Verdon.
 Riou, small torrent which crosses the village,
 In the east the limits of the commune join the valley of the Vaïre.
 The lake of Sagnes, a reservoir.

Villages and localities
The commune is composed of several villages, among which are Colle-Saint-Michel and Peyresq, old communes having amalgamated in 1964, before being attached to Thorame in 1974. Peyresq is characterized by its exceptional site and its mountain architecture which was restored.

Another remarkable village is that of Ondres, which is not inhabited anymore in a permanent way and which refused modern comfort: running water, electricity, telephone; the access road is not paved. However a group of estivants required electrical installation recently; in their majority the inhabitants refused it. In summer the population of Ondres can exceed 100 inhabitants.

Villages: Thorame (chief town), Ondres, Colle-Saint-Michel, Peyresq. Other localities: Branchaï, Thorame-Haute-Gare, La Rivière, La Royère, Plan-de-Lys, Fontanil, Font-Gaillarde, l'Iscle, Plan-de-Verdon.

Some streets and districts of the village: The name of the streets take again the names which appear on the old land register of the middle of the 19th century, and which corresponded rather to names of districts such as: Saint-Pierre, Saint-Julien, Rastellone, Subret, Peyran. Riou constitutes a true suburb located at the North and the top of the historical center, it seems that it developed as from the seventeenth century to answer the rise of population, it took the name of the river which crosses the village. From its structure, it constitutes a village within the village with its ordered streets and its two fountains.

Roads
The chief town is located at the crossroads of the roads of valley of the Means the Verdon, D 955, of the valley of the Vaïre and the High Verdon D 908 and that which connects it to Saint-André-les-Alpes, passing by Thorame-Basse and the valley of the Issole, D 2. The train station is the only one in the High-Verdon, and the railway connects Digne to Nice. The tunnel, the longest of the line, connects the valley of the Verdon to that of the Vairy.

Population

The inhabitants are called Thoramiens.

Economy
Today still, the main activity remains agriculture (ovine breeding mainly, but so bovine and porcine). The cultures are especially directed towards fodder; cereals are also found. The significant number of farms, considering the remainder of the valley, is explained partly by the quality and the extent of the grounds around the village. There is an agricultural cooperative and a co-operative of distillation of lavender, which is of special interest to tourists, as the culture of the lavender having practically disappeared since the 1970s.

The tourist activity remains limited in spite of a certain development in the years 1970–1980, with the Scandinavian ski station of the Colle Saint-Michel. The cultural activities and university are particularly rich which are held each year at the village of Peyresq, conducted by various associations. The summer period offers many activities.

Trade
In spite of the disappearance of several trades in recent years, there are several hotels, restaurants, a bakery, a butchery-grocer, and a tobacconist's shop. Some craftsmen are also counted.
Thorame has a post office, a public school comprising a primary class and a nursery school. Thorame has the only station of the High-Verdon on the line Nice-Worthy of the Railroads of Provence (different from the National company of the railroads French, the SNCF). The station is located at  downstream from the village in the valley of the Verdon. Finally, it is necessary to announce the presence of the office of ONF. The commune was also the chief town of the canton, formed by the two communes of the same name circa 1811, which was undoubtedly because of the importance of the population of the two villages (more than 1500 inhabitants).

History

Etymology
The name "Thorame" comes from Latin "Turris-Amena" literally "turn agréable", undoubtedly coming at the same time from the Roman administrative position of Thorame, and its pleasant site: the valley perpendicular to the Verdon River, directed east–west, its sunning and the quality of the ground. The term "turris" does not indicate only the tower with the direction today, but more generally, an urbanized place which can fulfill various functions. Later one finds the name Toramena or Thoramena. On several charts dating from the 17th century, it is mentioned as "Thoramenes". Thorame is thus a "name moderne" adapted in French. It is still necessary to note the female kind of the name Thorame, which can appear still surprising today.

Antiquity
One frequently associates the name "Eturamina" (for Thorame) with the Roman period for the territory then indistinct of both Thorame. The village occupied a particular order in the Gallo-Roman administrative hierarchy, having the statute of "Civitas" following the example Glandeves (Entrevaux), Senensis (Senez) or Dinia (Digne-les-Bains). Eturamina is one of the first Evéchés of High Provence at the 4th century, before being transferred to Senez. An engraved tegula (Roman tile), found during drainage works in the 19th century, is preserved at the Museum of the National antiquities of German St in Bush hammer. One finds the name of the bishop Sévérianus, who left his name in several councils which attests to his presence and religious role of Eturamina. It is extremely probable that the choice of the establishment in this valley corresponds to a will of Christianization of the people living back in the alpine valleys, which would explain also its transfer soon after at the beginning of the 5th century with Senez.

Middle Ages
With the Middle Ages, there are several documents concerning the establishments of monks, in particular of Saint-Victor, who mention Thoramina as of the 13th century. The 13th century is also marked by the installation of rich person seigneuriales families. It is supposed that the scission of the territory goes back to this period with a geographical qualifier: Supériori for Top and Infériori for Bottom, from where Thoramina Supériori which will become with the wire of the century Thorame-High. This period is also marked by the appearance of a legend related to an "appearance céleste", this one is at the origin of the vault of Notre Dame of the Fleur and her pilgrimage which remains today. The history and the built inheritance remain today badly included/understood because of information often too compartmental. Fifteen seigneuriales families continue until 1789, the last being the family of Pazery on 17 June 1711 the seigniory with Balthazar of Villeneuve. Some seigneuriale family are known: Seigniory of Glandevez at the 14th century, then of Villeneuve, Gassendi and Pazery.

Renaissance
In 1574, the village is set by the Huguenots, the destruction of “Fort St George” goes back to this time. The valley of the High Verdon is impacted by the Wars of religion and several villages are destroyed; one can suppose that the village of Thorame is shaved or largely destroyed in the second half of the 16th century. The absence of lintels dated before 1555 or more probably 1605, the weak architectural traces former to the 16th century seem to support this assumption. Nothing can nevertheless be marked without a work with the Files. In 1630, an epidemic of plague is highly fatal, in the 1720, the village has a new epidemic of plague and a setting in voluntary quarantine by the inhabitants the village. Chart of Cassini: bond towards the village.

Contemporary time
In the middle of the 19th century, the village reaches its peak of population with in particular, the activity of the cloth factories, and the count is 830 inhabitants in 1840. The 19th century thus corresponds to a period of demographic apogee, as much as economic prosperity. This prosperity comes mainly from an industrial activity which strongly develops in the valley: that of draperies. However the decline is rather fast with the opening of the valley outside and the arrival of the competition of draperies of North. The factories of Thorame close before the First World War. The many modifications made to the village testify to this " news ère" who modelled more than any previous century the current face of Thorame: work of municipal administration (fountains, laundrettes, communal furnace, new town hall...), richness of the places of worships (parish church, vaults, pilgrimage of the Fleur...), and work of the particular houses (crushing it majority of the dated lintels, the rich person decorations of modénature painted on the frontages are the most visible expression).

20th century
During the First World War, the common pay a heavy tribute which accelerates the loss of population already engaged since the years 1850. Years 1960-1970 are remembered by the modernization of the village: work and health measures, roadway systems, creation of an artificial lake (reservoir) in Sagnes for the watering of the arable lands, but also for tourism. The communes obtains new equipment: village halls, posts, etc.

On 1 March 1974 the commune of Saint-Michel-Peyresq was attached, itself resulting from the fusion of the communes of the Colle-Saint-Michel and Peyresq in November 1964.

The years 1980 and 1990 are remembered by a relative tourist decline, which seems stopped today. The number of farms falls rather quickly in the years since 1990, even if there remains still important by comparison with the common neighbors. In December 2004, the intercommunity association of the High Verdon, becomes the Communauté of communes of the High Ale Verdon-Valley, which recovers a big part of the commune.

Today
Today the commune is marked by a revival of the population and its renovation, the real estate knows a " boom" without precedent, the prices increase with the request, and the real pressure should result in the agricultural disappearance of land near the village, with the profits of new allotments.

Heraldic
The blazon Thorame-High is described in the following way: "Of gold with sinople mountain on castle of gueule"; translation: "a red tower on green mountain, the whole under bottom gold (or yellow)".

Archeology
During the 20th century, several interesting discoveries were made during public works, the principal ones which one can quote are located in the middle of the village itself and in particular along the wall of the parish church, with tombs and objects clearly identified of the Roman period: vase and inscriptions on tile, preserved at the museum of the National antiquities of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer.

Certain documents of DRAC mention engraved stone fragments discovered during work on houses of the village; one notices also certain inscriptions present on the stones of the frontages or the lintels of some houses. Others discovered were done around the vault of Serret, but the objects undoubtedly disappeared, and the studies undertaken into 1982 are very summary. There is, however, still the presence of base old and pavements, without it being possible to affirm with certainty the orientation of this old building. These objects testify to an occupation older, former to the Middle Ages.

Saint-owner and Festivities
Traditionally the employers' festival of Saint-Julien is held each year Sunday after August 15. With the 18th century, Thorame-High celebrated five festivals dedicated to saints: St Clearly on January 2, and St Blaise on February 3, St Georges, owner of the commune on April 23, and St Julien the holder of the parish church on August 28. Finally Sunday of the Trinity: Sunday of Pentecost, the votive festival of N.D. of the Fleur with her procession and religious ceremonies with the sanctuary. Today remain only St Julien, festival employers' of the village (procession, various festivities - ball, quizzes of balls...). Formerly the village also organized on the great place a cattle fair which was held annually until the 1950s (on April 23 and 1 Monday of October). Nowadays, the summer period offers important programming of cultural, sporting and festive events.

Administration

Sights
Thorame-Haute has a rich history, but still rarely known, which left some interesting monuments:

 Parish church of Saint George, whose chorus is rebuilt in 1598 and the nave at the 19th century, and which shelters several old fabrics in particular of the painter Rouvier. Website of the diocese of Worthy: *Ancians parish church of the St. Lawrence (Odres), and Saint Michel (the Colle-Saint-Michel, 1750)
 Notre Dame Vault of the Fleur at Thorame-High-Station (beginning of the 20th century), Website of the diocese of Worthy: *Chapelle Notre Dame of Serret
 Vaults of Roch Saint and Saint Joseph
 Several oratories (Notre-Dame, Saint-Anthony...) with the chief town and in the variations
 Extremely ruined Trancastel
 7 fountains and laundrettes with the chief town
 Old factories and mills of the 19th century
 Bridge "of Moulin" first half of the 17th century, classified historic building
 Church of Peyresq, 13th century, classified historic building
 typical Villages of altitude: Peyresq and Ondres

Natural sites
 High valley of the Verdon and many tributary torrents.
 Circuses of high mountains.
 wooded territories.
 Source of Fontgaillarde with cave.
 Throats of Saint-Pierre.
 artificial lake of Sagnes.
 Fauna and flora (animals of altitude: chamois...)
 picturesque site of the village of the Colle-St-Michel, on an edge separating the valleys from the Verdon and the Vairy one.
 Source of Vairy in Peyresc.
 Sites and panoramas of high mountain.

Associations
There are many associations among which:
 the Association for the safeguard of the cultural heritage of Thorame-High, it is amongst other things occupied to emphasize the built inheritance (vaults, sites...)
 the Free trade union of Serpégier, this organization unclassable is the heiress of a very old organization, it is appeared as an association of owners in joint possessions on pieces of drills. Through the incomes which it generates, it takes part in the public investments or private having a collective interest carried out on the commune.
 Village of Ondres
 friends of the Colle-saint-Michel
 holy Hubert thoramienne, company of hunting
 ASBL Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc which is defined as European Association for the culture and artistic and scientific humanism
 AEP of the High Verdon, association of popular education
 Pro Peyresq ASBL.

See also
 Peyresq
 Thorame-Basse
 Verdon (river)
 Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Bibliography
 Raymond Collier : La vie en haute Provence de 1600 à 1850 (Société scientifique et littéraire des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Digne, 1973).
 Géraldine Bérard, Carte archéologique des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1997
 Chroniques du Pays de Thorame-Haute un site une histoire des hommes, Félix Jaume, published by the Association du syndicat libre de Serpégier, Juin 2001, (Archives départementales (121 pages) with Annexes Documents et transcriptions (182 pages)
 Notre Dame de la Fleur sa légende sa statue ses pèlerinages, Félix Jaume, published by Comité de gestion de Notre Dame de la Fleur (95 pages), (Archives départementales).

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Les Thuiles (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Leif Pettersen (December 23, 1950 – July 30, 2008) was a receiver who played eight seasons in the Canadian Football League for the Saskatchewan Roughriders and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He was born in Toronto, Ontario.

After playing college football at Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio, Pettersen was drafted by the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1974 and played in the CFL for eight seasons. In 1976, Pettersen's Roughriders lost one of the most memorable Grey Cups when Ottawa's Tony Gabriel caught a long touchdown pass in the last minute to give the (Ottawa) Rough Riders the win. However, even in a losing cause, that game was still a career highlight as Pettersen caught seven passes that day and received the game ball from then CFL Commissioner Jake Gaudaur. Three years later, as a member of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 1979, he won the Lew Hayman Trophy.

After retiring, he spent eighteen years as an analyst for the CFL on CTV and Friday Night Football. Pettersen joined TSN as a game analyst in 1987, when the network began televising CFL games (and after CTV ceased CFL coverage).

Pettersen also worked at RBC Sports Professionals & Private Client Group as Director of Business Development, managing banking and investments for athletes, coaches and sports executives. He was the president of a chemical manufacturing firm in Etobicoke as well. Pettersen was a founding Governor of the Etobicoke Sports Hall of Fame and was appointed as a Governor of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 2006. In 1992, he was considered for the position of commissioner of the Canadian Football League, but his asking price was too high.

Pettersen died on the evening of July 30, 2008, at the age of 57 of a heart attack in Toronto.

References

1950 births
2008 deaths
Canadian colour commentators
Canadian Football League announcers
Canadian football slotbacks
Canadian television sportscasters
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Otterbein Cardinals football players
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Sportspeople from Etobicoke
Canadian football people from Toronto


Turriers () is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.
Since 2016, it has been designated a key village in the UNESCO Geopark of Haute Provence because of its outstanding geological features, its rich biodiversity, and its historical interest.

Population

Turriers and the UNESCO Geopark of Haute Provence
In 2001 UNESCO began its Geopark program, with the purpose of identifying areas of international geological significance in order to provide management that includes protection, education, and sustainable development. The first group of UNESCO Geoparks to be designated was in 2004 and Haute Provence was one of 17 European areas selected. Because of its geological, natural and cultural heritage, in 2016 Turriers was nominated as a key or heartland village of the Haute Provence Geopark.

Residents and the press are in the process of collecting and publishing information and organizing events to bring attention to Turriers' role in the Geopark. The children at Turriers primary school are designing a virtual guidebook that visitors can use to walk around Turriers and discover the points of interest.

Geography
The village is situated at an altitude of 1,040 meters on a rocky promontory called "Les Baumelles". It presents the classic aspect of an Haute Provence hilltop village. Turriers has long been a farming community, along with its surrounding hamlets, and is the focal point of a vast basin of meadow and farmland topped by forest. The ancient farming activities are still in evidence. The meadows are enclosed by a spectacular circle of hills rising up to 850 m above Turriers. To the north, there are clear views of the High Alps.

Turriers is approached from Sisteron or Gap by the routes D951 and D1; from the east by the D1 from Seyne Alpes; from the south by the D5 from Bayons.  Other communes located near Turriers are Bellaffaire, Saint-Martin-lès-Seyne, Bayons, Faucon-du-Caire, and Gigors.

Geology
Turriers is situated in the northern section of the Digne pre-Alps on the Digne nappe, a thrust sheet with a depth of approx. 5,000 m that moved south-west during the Oligocene epoch towards the end of the period when the Alps were forming. The lobes (or scales) demark the western edge of the nappe. During the Riss glaciation, Turriers was entirely submerged under the Durance glacier. During the Würm glaciation, the glacier was less dense and came to a halt at Les Tourniquets (a series of steep hairpin bends to the south between Turriers and Bayons), at that time crossed by a tongue of the Riss glacier. These two successive glaciers shaped the Col des Sagnes, to the south of the village. In the west, they crossed the Col de Sarraut and entered the valley known as the Grand Vallon. In the Würm glaciation the height of the glacier at Forest Loin, west of Turriers, dropped to approx. 1,250 m. here the ice had a depth of 150 m, compared to over 200 m at Turriers. The successive geological eras have left dramatic traces in the landscapes around Turriers, particularly in the vertical plates of fossil-rich limestone typical of the region; the mountain called Roche Cline to the west of the village is a fine example. For a full description of the geological heritage watch the video on the website of the UNESCO Geopark de Haute Provence.

History
The documented history of Turriers goes back to the pre-Roman era when the area was inhabited by a Celtic-Ligurian tribe called the Avantici. At the time of the Roman invasion, 1st century BC, the first military road constructed by the Romans followed the River Durance, 25 km north of Turriers. Today this is the N900 from Gap (05) to Cuneo in Italy. Turriers became part of a Roman farming settlement, centered in the nearby village of Gigors. In the Middle Ages, the lands around Turriers came under the control of the Abbey of Saint-Victor in Marseille. As a result, Turriers had several churches, chapels, monasteries, convents, and shrines. Of these, only the main church at the top of the village and some rural shrines survive. Up until the 1789 French Revolution, Turriers, like its neighboring villages, was governed by a local landed family. The small chateau in the main square still bears testimony to this. After the Revolution protective walls and gates were broken down and the village expanded a little; former sheepfolds on the edge of the village became well-to-do dwellings. In the departmental system created by Napoleon, Turriers was the chef-lieu (main town) of a canton. In the 19th century, this fact justified the placement of a residential police force of 6 officers and a brigadier which is still present today. The original police accommodation, Ancienne Gendarmerie, is now one of the historic buildings in the commune. The Great War 1914 - 1918 and the ensuing flight to the cities did not decimate the population of Turriers as much as most villages in Haute Provence. The surrounding lands were rich enough to continue to feed the population. The Second World War and the German invasion of 1940 hardly impacted local life. There was some Resistance fighting but it was centered on German strongholds in Sisteron and the Ubaye Valley. Under the Fifth Republic and recent European legislation Turriers has moved from being an independent commune to a member of a larger legislative and population group, the Communauté de Communes de Sisteron-Buëch. It still, however, retains its own mayor and local council.
Turriers' most famous son is the early 16th-century surgeon Pierre Franco who worked in France and Switzerland. In an age of hacks, he was the first French surgeon to be recognized as such and also for his scholarship. The main square in Turriers is named after Pierre Franco.

Natural history
The countryside around Turriers is rich in flora and fauna. Species may be found here that are endangered or extinct in the rest of Europe. Part of the commune is included in a Natura 2000 zone.

Tourism
The good climate and clean atmosphere attract a small flow of tourists, for whom there is ample accommodation (hotel, holiday apartments, guest rooms). A restaurant, bar and village shop provide for catering needs. Entertainment (cultural and sporting events) is offered by the village committee and the local tourist office. Major international sports events such as the Monte Carlo Rally and the Tour de France also regularly pass through or near Turriers.

Buses and taxis serve the nearby towns of Sisteron (04) and Gap (05).

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

External links
 National Inventory of Natural Heritage
http://www.turriers.com/

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ubraye (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Internet monitoring may refer to:

 Network monitoring, for failures in the network
 Real user monitoring, for threat detection
 Website monitoring, for failures in the servers
 Internet surveillance, for mass surveillance


Uvernet-Fours () is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Vachères (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

Population

See also
 Luberon
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Valavoire (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Valbelle is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Val-de-Chalvagne (, literally Vale of Chalvagne; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. It was established in 1974 by the merger of the former communes Castellet-Saint-Cassien, Montblanc and Villevieille.

Population
The population data given in the table and graph below for 1968 and earlier refer to the former commune of Castellet-Saint-Cassien.

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
States and territories established in 1974