The Holmestrand–Hvittingfoss Line () or HVB is an abandoned railway between Holmestrand to Hvittingfoss in Norway. It consisted of two sections: a  line from Holmestrand to Hillestad and a  section from Hof to Hvittingfoss. The two parts were connected by a  section of the Tønsberg–Eidsfoss Line. At Holmestrand Station, the line connected to the Vestfold Line of the Norwegian State Railways. HVB was opened on 30 September 1902 and closed on 1 June 1938. The main purpose of the line was the transport of wood pulp at Hvittingfoss, although it was also used for passenger transport until 1931.

Route
The  narrow gauge railway executed a steep climb from Holmestrand to Hvittingfoss. It had a maximum gradient of 2.5 percent, a minimum curve radius of  and a track weight of 17.5 kg/m. At Holmestrand, the line followed a zig-zag pattern up the hill, forcing the trains to back into Holmestand Station. Located up from Holmestrand is a —the only on the line. From Holmestrand to Hillestad, the line is . There, it runs concurrently with the Tønsberg–Eidsfoss Line for , before splitting again at Hof and running  to Hvittingfoss.

In Holmestrand there was a spur to Nordisk Aluminium, which remained in use as a branch of the Vestfold Line until 1984.

In Holmestrand, the locomotive shed is still in use, although urban growth has removed all other remnants of the line. The right-of-way out of town is used as a suburban street. The tunnel has fallen into disuse, but from there the right-of-way is used as a trail. Towards Hillestad the railway ran in agricultural land, which has been reclaimed. The last few kilometers towards Hillestad, the route is used as a forestry road. From Hof, the right-of-way is gone, but along the last section down to Hvittingfoss, the right-of-way remains as a forestry road. The station and freight house have been preserved.

History

Planning
Proposals for a Vestfold Line arose in the late 1860s and accelerated through the 1870s. The county was split in where the line should run, with three major proposals: along the shore of the Oslofjord, along Eikeren to Eidsfoss and through an inland route to Tønsberg, and via Lågendalen to Larvik. The Eidsfoss alternative allowed the line to run through an area with good access to lumber, which the railway would aid export. The main disadvantage was that the route was  longer than via the coast. Other minor plans included a Svarstad Line which would have run from Horten via Skoppum and Svarstad to Hvittingfoss. It was mostly seen as a supplement to the Lågendal Line, should it have been built. The issue was not resolved until Parliament on 8 June 1875 voted in favor of a coastal route. The narrow gauge Vestfold Line, at the time named the Jarlsberg Line, opened in 1881.

Engineer C. F. Melby proposed during the 1890s that the Svarstad Line be built. It was proposed to branch from the Vestfold Line at Skoppum Station, the same station the Horten Line branches from. It was proposed as a minor railway with the goal of cheap construction, resulting in it being designed with sharp curves and steep gradients. The basis at Skoppum allowed the shortest distance to a coastal station. The line was proposed run along Undrumsdal, Fosaas, through Fossan, Firing, Holt, Sjuve, Vivestad and Vassås before reaching Svarstad. IT would then have run north through Lågendalen to Hvittingfoss. This gave a not too complicated construction, allowing costs to be low. The line received support in Horten, and with a single decisive vote the municipal council voted in favor of a NOK 150,000 grant of the total NOK 1.4 million in estimated construction costs. However, it met little support in other political bodies and was soon scrapped.

Instead a shorter line from Holmestrand to Hvittingfoss was favored. The main incentive to build a railway was caused by Vittingfoss Brug. The pulp mill had been established by Andrers Olai Handeborg in 1872. Although located in a good location in relation to power and access to lumber, its interior location made transport of the pulp difficult. It bought a steam tractor in 1874, but the poor road quality made it difficult to use and it was soon abandoned. The company therefore started arguing that it needed a railway. Handeborg lost most of his fortune in the stock market crash of 1899 and the mill was taken over by the banks. In 1902 they sold it to the British publisher Edward Lloyd and the company took the name Vittingfoss Bruk.

Demands for a railway to Hvittingfoss came as a response to the planning of the Tønsberg–Eidsfoss Line. From the point of view of interests from Holmestrand, they were worried that the town would lose its surrounding area to Tønsberg, and hence its basis for trade. A committee was created, consisting of Birch, N. G. Berg and Chr. Bettum. They concluded that they railway should be built as cheap as possible, and proposed that  gauge be used. This would cause a break of gauge in Holmestrand, but the committee argued that nearly all traffic would be transferred to boats at Holmestrand, so this would not incur much costs. Hvittingfoss Brug supported the narrower gauge, and offered to purchase shares forth NOK 100,000 if this was chosen. The committee further proposed shortening the line by building part of it as a rack railway, allowing for steeper gradients.

Construction
The railway was approved by Parliament on 24 July 1896, at the same time as the Tønsberg–Eidsfoss Line. The original budget was NOK 728,000. The line was to be built and operated as a private railway. Construction of the Tønsberg–Eidsfoss Line commenced in 1898, and this line was built with , the same as the Vestfold Line. Because HVB desired to have the same gauge as TEB to allow for a concurrency, HVB's gauge was therefore changed to  gauge. The alternative was to build the section with dual gauge. The issue resulted in disagreements between the parties, but in the end the pulp mill agreed to maintain their financing despite the gauge change. A proposal to electrify the railway was proposed, but the NOK 250,000 cost was not found to pay off and therefore scrapped.

The line was surveyed twice, with the latter being used for most of the construction. Two major alternatives could be chosen along the common section with TEB, with a line via Østbygden being discarded in favor of one north of Hillestadvannet. There was during the late planning stages a proposal to increase the minimum curve radius from , but this was discarded after the government would not allocate the additional necessary funding. One of the major delays during construction was the Innlofjellet Tunnel, which suffered several landslides, one which partially flooded the town.

Five alternatives were proposed in Holmestrand, which variously included sharing NSB's Holmestrand Station or building a separate station. The municipal council supported on 20 November 1900 an alternative with a separate station at the towns square, with a branch via Gausen to NSB's station. Estimated to cost NOK 43,000, this was the cheapest alternative. NSB opposed this, stating that it could cause operational problems for them at Holmestrand Station, but gave permission for the connection line on 26 August 1902.

Laying of the permanent way started on 28 September 1901. The construction cost ended at NOK 881,000, of which the state paid NOK 364,000. The rest was paid for by municipalities and private individuals and companies. With the increase to  gauge, a further NOK 100,000 was granted on 28 March 1896. The state increased its investments twice more as costs continued to increase, based on decisions in Parliament for a raise of NOK 74,000 on 29 May 1900 and a raise of NOK 30,000 on 20 May 1902. These increased fundings were met with equal increased local funding. A fatal accident occurred on 1 October 1902, when the final inspection was being carried out. The inspector had not been informed of an extra maintenance of way train, and he was run down while on the tracks. The official opening took place the following day, on 2 October 1902.

Early operational history

HVB and TEB signed an agreement concerning the operation of the concurrent section. TEB was given the operational responsibility, although both railways were free to use it. All transshipment was to take place at Hillestad Station. Both companies retained their revenue, while HVB compensated TEB for part of the operating and maintenance costs. This included that the two lines would share a sixth of TEB's administration costs, based jointly on the number of trains and the revenue from the concurrent section. Any upgrades to the section would be split between the two companies. Operational costs were split based on the ratios of the number of trains and the number of axles. If the two companies could not agree on the calculation, NSB's district chief in Drammen would arbitrate.

HVB bought tis first two steam locomotives from Krauss & Co. of Germany. They were numbered 1 and 2, and named Holmestrand and Vittingfoss. The company also bought three two-axle passenger cars and twenty-four freight cars. In 1902, Holmestrand was sold to TEB, because they had problems with their locomotives. The railway bought three passenger carriages, one which also had a second class compartment. Although it had a standard almost comparable to NSB's first class, it saw little use and nearly all passengers traveled in third class.

The railway had a mixed reception in the interior. On the one hand it provided a fast and efficient way to reach the coastal towns, but many farmers lost and important supplementary income after they were no longer needed to perform transport services for Vittingfoss Bruk. The first full operation year, in 1903, resulted in 19,446 passengers and a profit of NOK 1,556.71. The following year ridership increased dramatically, to 45,418. Also freight increased, from 10,887 to 25,820 tonnes. This caused additional rolling stock to be procured. New freight cars were built at Eidsfoss Verk and a new locomotive was built by Thune. Delivered in October 1904, it was also named Holmestrand, and was identical to a class being built for the Lier Line. Thune delivered the railway's fourth locomotive in 1909. By then the railway had 53 freight cars. The company had a profit of NOK 29,714 in 1910.

Transshipment between HVB and NSB initially cost HVB NOK 38.25 per car. The track arrangement from Gausen to Holmestrand Station caused operational difficulties for NSB, resulting in a new connection track being built. The new section also served Nordisk Aluminium. In 1907 HVB transshipped 114 tonnes of express cargo and 13,553 tonnes of regular cargo to NSB. HVB's cars drove a combined  on NSB lines. The annual amounts varied, with the express cargo following to 20 tonnes and regular cargo 878 tonnes by 1911. Then traffic rose, reaching 140 and 5,600 tonnes, respectively, in 1920. A peak cargo of 73,196 tonnes was transported in 1915.

Although HVB was profitable, TEB failed after the initial years to make money on its operation. There therefore arose a proposal for HVB to take over all operations north of Hillestad, and relegate the southern part of TEB to a suburban line for Tønsberg. The proposal came from the HVB's board, who saw the possibility of using existing crew and rolling stock to operate trains from Eidsfoss to Holmestrand. It would have increased the number of daily services from Hillestad to Holmestrand from two to four. The proposals was rejected by the municipal councils in Tønsberg, Våe and Ramnes, which had major ownership stakes in TEB.

The passenger transport from Hvittingfoss increased until the 1910s, when it stabilized at about 50,000 passengers per year, before peaking at 90,910 in 1918. However, high coal prices drew up operating costs, even though the railway in part started using wood as fuel. The company had a deficit of NOK 30,293 in 1918. The next two years the ridership fell by a third, while the company's costs for fuel increased to NOK 80,424 to NOK 156,540. The company went with a loss until 1923, when traffic started increasing again. The highest profit, of NOK 61,602, was recorded in 1925. The following year Hasestad Station burned down in a fire, and the wharfs in Holmestrand collapsed because it could not support the amount of pulp being stored there. Freight traffic continued to fall in the following years. Patronage until the late 1920s, when between 20,000 and 30,000 passengers per year were transported.

A bus service through Lågendalen started in 1910, providing services from Vittingfoss to Kongsberg and Larvik. In 1923 the government decided to take over the route, in part as a compensation for the valley not receiving a railway. The responsibility was given to NSB, whose bus division started a route from Larvik via Svarstad to Kongsberg. The main challenge was finding a suitable vehicle to operate the service during winter. The service included one daily route to Vittingfoss, which corresponded with the train. The route was not favorable for the railway company. The bus service gave little new traffic to the railway, while the railway fed considerable traffic to the bus service, although few passengers transferred between the two.

Termination of passenger services
All services on the line were mix trains, which resulted in long stops at station to load and unload cargo. Trains would be delayed, causing passengers to instead ride with unscheduled buses. HVB considered buying a railcar, and borrowed one from NSB, but found it was not powerful enough to get up the steep gradients. Instead the company bought a bus in 1925, which was to operate a single daily round service between Hvittingfoss and Holmestrand. By 1927 the company's deficit was increasing. The state guaranteed for NOK 18,000, but demanded that the remaining loss be covered by the municipalities. Costs were proposed cut by closing the workshop in Holmestrand. HVB attempted to secure a deal with NSB in which the latter would effectively subsidize the maintenance, but this was rejected by NSB. The result was that a few jobs were cut in Holmestrand and maintenance continued as before. Additional cost savings were carried out by reducing maintenance of the track to a bare minimum. HVB experienced a sharp increase of ridership to 51,442 in 1928, just to see it fall down to 25,000 the following year and to 21,157 in 1930.

HVB attempted to increase their traffic by reducing their fares, both for passengers and freight. The company also experienced that many shippers overloaded the cars. In addition to the loss of revenue, if the car was to continue with NSB, it was often required to be transshipped, at the cost of HVB. This was particularly a problem with lumber. An easy way to measure the weight at the small stations was not resolved until it was discovered that a correctly loaded car would just allow a match box to fit between the car's frame and bogie spring. The company therefore announced on 27 January 1931 that it intended to terminate all passenger trains from 1 March. This would give cost savings of NOK 30,000, as all employees who worked with expedition of passengers could be laid off, reducing the number of employees at intermediate stations from thirty to seven. The company would expand its bus service, which it expected to make a profit from. The trains could be optimized for freight timetables, giving additional cost savings. The bus was not delivered until September, postponing the termination of passenger operations to 27 September. The company was able to make a profit of NOK 157 in 1932.

The closing of the passenger train service received mixed reactions. On the one hand it was possible to reach Holmestrand up to an hour earlier, but on the other hand the ride was much less comfortable. This was in part caused by the road which had been built being  shorter than the railway, as it could allow for steeper climbs. From 1932 Hvittingfoss Bruk started a harder line in their negotiations with the railway. They contracted part of the pulp freighting to truck drivers, and demanded discounts from the railway company. This caused HVB to make a NOK 5,000 loss that year. The following year Hvittingfoss Bruk stopped sending any cargo with HVB, which had a dramatic effect on HVB. The company's board started intense negotiations to find new sources of revenue or areas to cut costs, and proposed both closing down the line and a merger with TEB.

Merger and closing

NSB carried out a survey to look into the future of HVB and TEB. The report recommended that both the branch from Eidsfoss and Hvittingfoss run to Holmestrand and that the section from Hillestad to Tønsberg. By then Hvittingfoss Bruk had been bought by Tønsberg Municipality, and to retain the transshipment jobs at the town's port, the municipal council insisted on that the pulp mill send its pulp to Tønsberg, rather than the shorter and more economical haul to Holmestrand. This was met with resistance in Holmestrand, as an estimated 44 people would lose their jobs and Viking Melk would possibly have to close down.

To rationalize operations, HVB and TEB were merged on 23 August 1934 through the creation of a new railway company, Vestfold Privatbaner. Holmestrand protested against the head office being located in Tønsberg and decided to not buy shares in the company. This further relegated their influence over the line and operations. Vestfold Privatbaner had a troubled economy, as Hvittingfoss Bruk repeatedly shut down production. The railway company's director thus in 1936 started the process of closing the segment from Hillestad to Holmestrand, and from 1936 only irregular trains ran on the segment. A youth fair resulted in several charter trains being run on 13 June 1937. The final revenue train was a series of half-completed freight trains which were being built by Eidsfoss Verk. Because of the uncertain future of the line, they decided to transfer production to Sundland in Drammen and the unfinished cars were sent via HVB.

Heritage
Norsk Privatebane Historisk Selskap was established in 1967 with the intention of establishing a heritage railway. It first attempted to establish itself at Kopstad Station, but instead settled for Kleppen Station. It was at the time intact with a full inventory, including such items as a complete storage of unused tickets. Several of the railway carriages were identified, most of them used as cabins. One person offered to donate two carriages, with original interior and coloring, but after a building permit was rejected he instead chose to burn them down. A representative traveled to Sweden, where he was able to purchase narrow-gauge rolling stock. Clearing of the line at Hillestad started in May 1968 and station building at Kleppen was attempted transported up to Hillestad. However, the truck carrying the building had an accident and the building was smashed. The heritage enthusiasm died out.

See also
 Narrow gauge railways in Norway

References

Bibliography

Private railway lines in Norway
Railway lines in Vestfold og Telemark
Railway lines in Viken
Railway lines opened in 1902
Railway lines closed in 1938
1902 establishments in Norway
1938 disestablishments in Norway
Railway companies established in 1902
Railway companies disestablished in 1934
Companies based in Vestfold og Telemark
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Norway


Fort Ruby, also known as Camp Ruby, was built in 1862 by the United States Army, during the American Civil War, in the "wilderness of eastern Nevada."  It protected the overland mail coaches and Pony Express, in order to maintain links and communication between residents of California and the Union.  It was operated 1862 to 1869, in territory dominated by bands of the Western Shoshone.  The fort was located at the east entrance to the Overland Pass from Ruby Valley, near Hobson on the west side of Ruby Lake.

To secure access and safe passage through this area, as well as to provide for construction of railroads and other needs, the US signed the Treaty of Ruby Valley with twelve chiefs of the Western Shoshone, who did not cede any territory. The US also gained permission to conduct gold mining in this territory, as it needed gold in order to wage war against the Confederacy. It promised payments of annuities of $5000 annually for 20 years to the Western Shoshone, in the form of goods and livestock, but failed to make any payments after the first year.

The site, which at the time contained several surviving log buildings, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.

Two of the four landmarked buildings on the site burned in a fire in 1992. Since  the "log structures were in poor condition when this site was designated as a Landmark, and they have been altered and deteriorated significantly since designation," continued landmark status is under review by the Department of Interior.

The site was transferred from private ownership to federal control in 2002. Since then a joint archaeological venture to explore Fort Ruby's frontier legacy has been conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Forest Service.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Nevada
National Register of Historic Places listings in White Pine County, Nevada

References

External links

Fort Ruby U.S.Forest Service
Fort Ruby 1862-1869  Great Basin National Heritage Area

Ruby
Buildings and structures in White Pine County, Nevada
Great Basin National Heritage Area
History of White Pine County, Nevada
Pony Express stations
Snake War
1862 establishments in Utah Territory
Government buildings completed in 1862
Ruby
National Historic Landmarks in Nevada
National Register of Historic Places in White Pine County, Nevada
Formerly Used Defense Sites in Nevada


Berlens (;  ) is a village and former municipality in the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1157 as Berlens, but has also been known as Berlingen (in German).

The municipality had 96 inhabitants in 1811, which increased to 131 in 1850 and 205 in 1880. It then went up and down to 171 in 1900, 178 in 1950 and 125 in 1980. It finally rose to 237 in 2000.

In 2004 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Mézières.

References

Former municipalities of the canton of Fribourg
Villages in the canton of Fribourg


The Harriers, Book Two: Blood and War is a 1993 anthology of shared world short stories, edited by Gordon R. Dickson.  The stories are set in a world created by Dickson and are original to this collection.

Contents

 "The Noble Savages", by David Drake
 "Down Among the Dead Men", by Gordon R. Dickson & Chelsea Quinn Yarbro
 "Mission of Mercy", by Christopher Stasheff

References

1993 books
Science fiction anthologies


Berny-en-Santerre (, literally Berny in Santerre; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated at the junction of the D146 and D150 roads, one mile from the junction of the A1 and A29 autoroutes, some  east of Amiens.

Population

Personalities
 Galiot Mandat de Grancey

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Israel Machado Campelo Andrade (born January 17, 1960 in Salvador), commonly known as Israel Andrade or simply Israel, is a former professional basketball player from Brazil.

Professional career
During his pro club career, Andrade won 4 Brazilian Championships, in the seasons 1982, 1985, 1986 (I), and 1986 (II), while a member of C.A. Monte Líbano.

National team career
Andrade played with the senior Brazilian national basketball team at three consecutive Summer Olympic Games, at the 1984 Summer Olympic Games, the 1988 Summer Olympic games, and the 1992 Summer Olympic Games. Andrade was also a member of the Brazilian national team that won the gold medal at the 1987 Pan American Games, where he scored 78 points in seven games during the tournament. He also played at the 1982 FIBA World Cup, the 1986 FIBA World Cup, and the 1990 FIBA World Cup.

References

External links

Italian League Profile
CBB Profile

1960 births
Living people
Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1987 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Basket Rimini Crabs players
Brazilian men's basketball players
1982 FIBA World Championship players
1990 FIBA World Championship players
Centers (basketball)
Clube Atlético Monte Líbano basketball players
Fabriano Basket players
Libertas Liburnia Basket Livorno players
Olympic basketball players for Brazil
Pallacanestro Virtus Roma players
Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista basketball players
Sportspeople from Salvador, Bahia
1986 FIBA World Championship players
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1983 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for Brazil
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Brazilian expatriate basketball people
Belarusian expatriate basketball people in Italy


Gazeta may refer to:

in Albania-language newspapers,
Gazeta 55, daily newspaper
Gazeta Rilindja Demokratike, daily newspaper
Gazeta Shqip, daily newspaper
in Polish-language newspapers,
 Gazetagazeta.com, a Polish-language daily newspaper, published in Toronto
 Gazeta Olsztyńska, a Polish-language newspaper, published 1886–1939 in Prussia
 Gazeta Polska, a Polish weekly
 Gazeta Polska (1929–1939), a newspaper of interwar Poland, published from 1929 to 1939 in Warsaw
 Gazeta Warszawska, the first newspaper published regularly in Warsaw
 Gazeta Wyborcza, a Polish newspaper

in Russian-language newspapers,
 Gazeta.ru, a Russian newspaper
 Literaturnaya Gazeta, a weekly cultural and political newspaper published in Russia
 Nezavisimaya Gazeta, a Russian-language daily newspaper
 Novaya Gazeta, a Russian newspaper
 Roman-Gazeta, a literary monthly in the Soviet Union
 Rossiyskaya Gazeta, a Russian government daily newspaper

in other newspapers,
 A Gazeta (Espírito Santo), a Brazilian newspaper published in Vitória
 Gazeta (newspaper), a Serbian newspaper
 Gazeta de Caracas, the first newspaper printed in Venezuela
 Gaceta de Puerto Rico, the first newspaper published on the island of Puerto Rico
 Gazeta de Transilvania, the first Romanian-language newspaper to be published in Transylvania
 Gazeta Express, a Kosovo newspaper published in Pristina
 Gazeta Sot, a daily newspaper published in Albania
 Gazeta Sporturilor, a daily newspaper in Romania
 Gazeta.ua, a Ukrainian newspaper

in other uses,
 Ionian gazeta, a currency formerly used in the Ionian Islands
 Rede Gazeta, (also known as TV Gazeta), a Brazilian television network

See also
 Gazette


EPNER (École du Personnel Navigant d’Essais et de Réception) is the French test pilot school, based on the Istres Le Tube Airbase, France. One of the five main test pilot schools in the western hemisphere, EPNER maintains close links with the three schools; the Empire Test Pilots' School (ETPS); the United States Air Force Test Pilot School (USAFTPS) and the United States Naval Test Pilot School (USNTPS).

History
EPNER was established in  at the French flight test centre in Brétigny-sur-Orge, to train specialist crews involved in test flying. They underwent theoretical and practical training to allow flight testing of aircraft to be conducted in the safest possible conditions.

Based on Istres since 1962, EPNER is a division of the CEV reporting directly to the Direction des Centres d’expertise et d’Essais (DCE) under the control of the procurement agency of the French Ministry of Defense, the DGA (Direction générale de l'armement). This gives the school a unique position between the armed forces and industry on the one hand and between the activities of testing military and civilian sectors on the other.

Training
EPNER provides training for test pilots, flight test engineers, flight engineers and technicians involved in flight testing and airtraffic controllers involved in control of flight tests.

Aircrew training include Class A (Experimental and Acceptance Testing) or the shorter Class B (Acceptance Testing) courses on either fixed or rotary-wing aircraft. A light aircraft test pilot course is also offered.

Aircraft

Fixed wing aircrew can expect to fly Mirage 2000, Alphajet, CASA 235 (twin turboprop), Falcon 20, PC 7,  Gliders, Airbus A320, CL415 Water Bomber, and numerous other types.
Rotary wing aircrew will fly Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin, Squirrel, Puma, Super Puma, Gazelle, Robinson R44, Bell 205, BO 105, Lynx and other types.

References

External links

See also
 François Hussenot, one of the founders of the school.
 List of test pilot schools

Air force test units and formations
Test pilot schools


Eustace de Balliol (or Eustace de Helicourt) (died c. 1209) was the cousin and successor of Bernard II de Balliol, lord of Balliol and Barnard Castle. He was the lord of Hélicourt in Picardy, an estate near the chief seat of the main Balliol line at Bailleul-en-Vimeu; after his cousin died childless, in 1190 Eustace de Helicourt took over those estates and remarried.

In 1189–95 he quitclaimed the manor of Long Newton, Durham to Hugh du Puiset, Bishop of Durham, as well as all the land that Bernard de Balliol held in the vill of Newhouse.  In 1199–1200, as heir of Bernard de Balliol, he rendered account of 60 marks for his scutage, of which he had paid 10 marks; he also owed £120 for the second and third scutages of King Richard I, which was remitted by brief of King John.  Sometime in the period, 1199–1205, he confirmed to St. Mary's, York the advowsons of the churches of Gainford and Stainton, Durham and Stokesley, Yorkshire and their tithes which Guy de Balliol previously granted them.  In 1200 he and his son, Hugh, quitclaimed by fine to Robert, Abbot of York the advowsons of the church of Gainford, Durham, and the chapels of Barnard Castle, Middleton, Denton, Houghton-le-Side, and Snow Hall (in Gainford), Durham.

He and his first wife, Petronilla FitzPiers, had four known sons, all of whom appeared in the Durham Liber Vitae: Hugh, Enguerrand (Ingram or Ingelram), Bernard, and Henry; his eldest son Hugh succeeded him, while his younger sons Enguerrand and Henry gained the patronage of the Scottish kings and founded Scottish cadet branches based at Inverkeilor (Enguerrand) and at Cavers (Henry). Eustace's son Hugh had succeeded him by around 1209.

Notes

References
 Stell, G. P., "Balliol, Bernard de (d. c.1190)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 24 Jan 2008

1209 deaths
Anglo-Normans
People from County Durham
Eustace
People from Somme (department)
Year of birth unknown
13th-century English people
12th-century English people


Leonard Rockshelter, designated 26PE14, is a prehistoric site in the U.S. state of Nevada that was discovered in 1936. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961, qualifying because its well-preserved stratigraphy revealed a long continuum of sporadic cultural occupations from 6710 BC to AD 1400. The site was named after Zenas Leonard, a member of the Bonneville-Walker expedition which passed through the Humboldt Valley in 1833. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

Description
The Leonard Rockshelter is located on a limestone outcrop in rural Pershing County, Nevada.  It is an uplifted dike, whose layers are turned sharply upward, and have since been in part covered by subsequent sedimentary deposits.  The formation yields a sheltered area facing north, with scree slopes of tufa limestone eroded from the formation below it.  Portions of the sheltered area have been obscured by rock falls from above, making archaeological excavation or analysis difficult.

The area first attracted archaeological attention in 1936, when guano miners recovered artifacts from the site, including shell beads, feathers, and wooden projectiles.  The following year, a team from the University of California at Berkeley spent two days at the site, collecting a larger number of samples.  Some of these were later radiocarbon dated to between 6710 and 5088 BCE.  Further analysis has indicated that there were at least three distinct periods of occupation in prehistory, in addition to historic artifacts from the 19th century.  One find dating to c. 3500 BCE was of an infant burial in a basket that had become complete carbonized over time.  The oldest dated finds at the site are to c. 9249 BCE, not long after the recession of prehistoric Lake Lahontan from the region.

See also
Paleo-Indians
List of National Historic Landmarks in Nevada
National Register of Historic Places listings in Pershing County, Nevada

References

Native American history of Nevada
Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in the United States
National Historic Landmarks in Nevada
Geography of Pershing County, Nevada
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada
Rock shelters in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Pershing County, Nevada


The Saints Rugby School is a Swiss rugby union team based in Zug and is the junior team of Rugby Club Zug It was formed in March 2006 and is now one of the top junior rugby teams in Switzerland.

History
The Saints were formed in September 2005 by Rugby Club Zug member and school teacher Elio Gallo and his former students Michael Schiavo and Alois Dober. Many players were from the local St. Michaels school, while others were from the local area and the international community in Zug. The team was then accepted into the North Switzerland Rugby Federation

The team played their first game against Zurich International School's Junior Varsity team in October 2005 and then played games against Zurich International School's team and Wurenlos before the end of 2005.

Their first coach Chris Wilkins left the team in early 2006 following differences with the club and the direction it was taking. Ian Fowler became the new coach of The Saints.

The Saints hosted their first tournament in October 2006 in Unterageri. They won their first game against ZIS' Junior Varsity side, and beat three other teams en route to the final. They lost to ZIS in the final 7-5.

In October 2007, the Saints travelled to Bellinzona where they won a Swiss Rugby Federation Tournament for the first time, beating Milano in the final 17-0, conceding no tries en route to the final.

Players

Some players such as Jean Omaboe and Rob McCaskill have played for the club since its inception and are the club's longest serving players.
Alois Dober, Nick Cutler and Antoine Keoltgen have represented Switzerland at youth level

Notable Past Players

2006/07 Awards

References

Rugby union in Switzerland


Bernard de Balliol may refer to:

 Bernard I de Balliol (died 1154 x 1162), Anglo-Picard baron who supposedly founded Barnard Castle
 Bernard II de Balliol (died  1190), Anglo-Picard baron who led the capture of William the Lion, King of the Scots, in 1174


Ouvrage Otterbiel forms part of the Maginot Line in the Fortified Sector of Rohrbach, Sub-sector of Bitche, and is located on the Camp de Bitche of the French Army. It is located between gros ouvrage Schiesseck and petit ouvrage  Grand Hohekirkel. Part of the Fortified Sector of Rohrbach, the petit ouvrage comprises four combat blocks and an entry block.  Due to budget restrictions, a planned flanking infantry block was never constructed. Otterbiel saw no significant action in the Battle of France, and limited action during the 1944/45 Lorraine Campaign. It was renovated for use during the Cold War. Otterbiel is used for ammunition storage by the French Army.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées (CORF), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, and was approved for construction in August 1931. The petit ouvrage was initially planned as a gros ouvrage with additional blocks for an 81mm mortar turret and two 75mm gun casemates, as well as a separate personnel entry.

Description
Otterbiel is unusual for having an artillery block in a petit ouvrage, a vestige of its original intention as a gros ouvrage. It also possesses three infantry blocks and a single entry block.
Block 1: Infantry block with one retractable twin machine gun turret and one automatic rifle cloche (GFM). Access forbidden.
Block 2: Infantry block with two GFM cloches, one grenade launcher cloche (LG), one twin machine gun cloche (JM), one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun (JM)/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47). Access forbidden.
Block 3: Infantry block with two GFM cloches, one JM cloche, one 81mm mortar turret, one twin machine gun embrasure and one JM/AC47 embrasure. Access forbidden.
Block 4: Infantry block with two GFM cloches and one observation cloche (VDP). Access forbidden.
Entry block: The entry provides for personnel and ammunition on one unit, with munitions arriving by truck. It is protected by two GFM cloches and a machine gun/47mm anti-tank gun (JM/AC47) embrasure, which was never provided due to a lack of funding; only a machine gun was provided.

Casemates and shelters
A series of detached casemates and infantry shelters are in the vicinity of Otterbiel, including
 Casemate du Champ d'Aviation Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure  and a GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Champ d'Aviation Est: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure  and a GFM cloche.
 Abri du Kindelberg: Subsurface abri-caverne with two GFM cloches
 Casemate de Rochat Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure  and a GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Rochat Est: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure  and a GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Petit-Hohékirkel: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure  and a GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Grand-Hohékirkel Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure  and a GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Grand-Hohékirkel Est: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure  and a GFM cloche.
 Abri du Camp: Surface abri with two GFM cloches.

Manning
In 1939 the garrison comprised 98 men and 7 officers of the 37th Fortress Infantry Regiment under the command of Captain Le Guanec. The units were under the umbrella of the 5th Army The Casernement de Bitche provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Otterbiel and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Rohrbach for a broader discussion of the Rohrbach sector of the Maginot Line.

1940
Otterbiel saw relatively little action in 1940 compared to its neighbors, and surrendered to the Germans with the rest of the Bitche fortifications on 30 June 1940.

1944 and 1945
At the end of November 1944 the U.S. Seventh Army under General Alexander Patch had reached the Vosges region. Otterbiel was occupied by elements of the German 25th Panzer Grenadier Division. Otterbiel was to be the next position to be attacked by the U.S. 100th Infantry Division, but the planned operation was disrupted by the Battle of the Bulge. The Seventh Army withdrew to cover areas vacated by the U.S. Third Army, which moved to confront the German offensive.

The 100th returned in March 1945 attacked the area on a broad front. Otterbiel was lightly defended, and the Americans, backed up by heavy artillery, were able to capture Otterbiel and the Ensemble de Bitche with few casualties.

Cold War
Following World War II, interest revived in the use of the Maginot Line to defend against a possible Soviet advance through southern Germany.  Funds were allocated for restoration of the gros ouvrages, but work was limited to restoration of systems and improvements to existing armament, with work completed by 1953. By 1953, Otterbiel had been designated part of the Mòle de Bitche, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack. By the late 1950s interest in fixed fortifications was waning after  France developed a nuclear deterrent.  The money needed to maintain and upgrade the fortifications was diverted for the nuclear programs. Otterbiel was not manned or maintained after the early 1970s

Present condition
Otterbiel is on military land and is not accessible to the public.  It is reportedly used for ammunition storage.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 L'ouvrage de l'Otterbiel at alsacemaginot.com .
 Ouvrage de l'Otterbiel at lignemaginot.com
 Otterbiel (petit ouvrage de l') at fortiff.be
 de l'Otterbiel at wikimaginot.eu

OTTE
Maginot Line
OTTE


Redvale may refer to:

Redvale, Colorado, United States
Redvale, New Zealand

See also
Redvales


Rāvūri Bharadvāja (1927 – 18 October 2013) was a Jnanpith award winning Telugu novelist, short-story writer, poet and critic. He wrote 37 collections of short stories, seventeen novels, four play-lets, and five radio plays. He also contributed profusely to children's literature. Paakudu Raallu, a graphic account of life behind the screen in film industry, is considered his magnum opus. Jeevana Samaram is another of his popular works.

He could not study beyond class 7 but earned fame through his short stories, poetry and critical reviews. He had done several odd jobs but later worked in weeklies and also in All India Radio.

Ravuri Bharadwaja was born as the eldest child to Ravuri Kottayya and Mallikamba in his maternal village. He was brought up in his native village, Tadikonda in Guntur district. At the age of 14, he left his house and stayed on in the village, on the banks of the village tank. He was supported by friendly and kind villagers for food, working as a farm labour, a construction worker and other menial jobs- which became subjects of his later stories.  He received honorary doctorates, a Central Sahitya Akademi award and ultimately the Jnanpith award. He was only the third Telugu writer to be honoured with the country's highest literary award. He was awarded the 48th Jnanpith award for the year 2012 which was announced on 17 April 2013 for his contribution to Telugu literature through many notable works. He died in Hyderabad on 18 October 2013.

Education
He was born in Moguluru village, Krishna District in the house of his maternal grandparents. He was educated till Class 7 only, in his native Tadikonda in Guntur district. However his books are used as course works in B.A, M.A and there have even been several PhD degrees awarded for research on his works. He got honorary doctorates from Andhra, Nagarjuna, Vignan and Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Universities for his literary prowess.

Awards
Bharadhwaja has been twice awarded the State Sahitya Academy Award for Literature and in 1983 was the winner of the Central Sahitya Academy Award. In 1968, he was the inaugural recipient of the Gopichand Literary Award. He was conferred the Rajalakshmi Award for Literature in 1987 and the Lok Nayak Foundation's Literary Award in 2009. In 2013, Ravuri Bharadhwaja became the third Telugu author to be conferred the Jnanpith award for his contribution to Telugu literature.

Works
He has  37 collections of short stories, 17 novels, six short novels for children and eight plays to his credit.
Phantomy quintette and other stories, Translator Purush, India Balaji Grandha Mala, 1970
Love's labour lost and other stories, Rāvūri Bharadvāja, Translator Purush, M. Seshachalam, 1975
Ad infinitum: featurised poetic story, Rāvūri Bharadvāja, Balaji Grandhamala, 1987
Kaumudi translated by Navnit Madrasi, 1988
Un Aankhon ki katha: (short story). Bharatiya Jnanpith, 1991
Ripple-marks: readings from Bharadwaja's Eegiac pentad

References

Sources
60 years and after: about Dr. Ravuri Bharadwaja, Purush, s.n., 1987
Telugulō smr̥ti sāhityaṃ-Bharadvāja racanalu: siddhānta vyāsaṃ, Vai. E. Viśālākṣmi, Śrīsatyasāyi Pracuraṇalu, 1998

External links
"Ravuri Bharadwaja - Drops of Light", Lokabhiramam, 30 November 2009

1927 births
2013 deaths
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu
Recipients of the Jnanpith Award
Indian male short story writers
Indian male novelists
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian male poets
Poets from Andhra Pradesh
People from Krishna district
20th-century Indian short story writers
Novelists from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian male writers


The Pegasus UAV is a solar powered unmanned aircraft developed by Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO). It is being created from the cooperation between the Flemish Institute for Technological Research and Alcatel. It aims to hook up into ESA's earth monitoring system GMES, and will also be used for disaster preparedness and environmental monitoring.

It is similar (though smaller) than the Helios, and of the same size as the DLR UAV and ESA Heliplat.

External links
 Pegasus UAV Main Website

Solar-powered aircraft


is a Japanese comedy drama series that aired on Fuji TV in Japan from 11 January to 21 March 2000.

Synopsis
Setsuko Nakatani (Takako Matsu) quit her job as a stewardess in order to marry her boyfriend at the time, Hiroshi. As it didn't work out, Setsuko's parents, worried that time is passing her by, decide to introduce her to someone using Omiai, the Japanese meeting custom for marriage prospects. She meets Kōtaro Hirose (Yūsuke Santamaria), pressured by his boss to get married before being entrusted with an important job overseas. Initially, the two are not interested, but after some funny misadventures, they grow to like each other.

Cast
 Takako Matsu as Setsuko Nakatani
 Yūsuke Santamaria as Koutaro Hirose
 Tamao Satō as Mika Kawai
 Yosuke Kubozuka as Junichi Ohata
 Ayako Kawahara as Kyoko Haneda
 Masayuki Imai as Kensuke Tanuma

Theme songs
 Opening song: First Impression by Yaen
 Ending song: Sakura no Ame, Itsuka by Takako Matsu

References

2000　Japanese television series debuts
2000　Japanese television series endings
Fuji TV dramas
Japanese comedy television series
Japanese drama television series


Năstase is a common Romanian family name. Notable people with the surname include:

Adrian Năstase (born 1950), Romanian politician
Andrei Năstase (born 1975), Moldovan activist and politician
Doru Năstase (1933–1983), Romanian film director and actor
Gheorghe Năstase (fl. 1910s), Bessarabian politician
Horațiu Năstase, Romanian physicist and professor
Ilie Năstase (born 1946), Romanian tennis player
Liliana Năstase (born 1962), Romanian heptathlete
Mihnea-Ion Năstase (born 1967), Romanian tennis player, nephew of Ilie Năstase
Valentin Năstase (born 1974),  Romanian footballer who played as a defender
Vasile Năstase (born 1962), Romanian rower
Viorel Năstase (born 1953), Romanian footballer who played as a forward

See also
 Năstase, a village in Mihălăşeni Commune, Botoşani County
 Nastasen (fl. 335–315/310 BCE), king of Kush

Romanian-language surnames


London is a surname of English origin, derived from the city of London, and a mostly male given name.

People with the surname London
Adam London (born 1988), English cricketer
Ann London Scott (1929–1975), American feminist
Artur London (1915–1986), Czechoslovakian communist politician
Bobby London (born 1950), American comic artist
Brian London (1934–2021), British boxer
Drake London (born 2001), American football player
Frank London (born 1958), American trumpeter, bandleader and composer
Fritz London (1900–1954), German physicist, brother of Heinz London
Gene London (1931–2020), American television presenter
George London (1920–1985), American operatic baritone
George London (1681–1714), English nurseryman and garden designer
Greg London (born 1966), American impressionist
Heinz London (1907–1970), German physicist, brother of Fritz London
Herbert London (1939–2018), American conservative, professor, and author
Jack London (1876–1916), American author
Jason London (born 1972), American actor
Jay London (born 1966), American comedian
Jeremy London (born 1972), American actor
Jerry London (born 1947), American film and television director and producer
Joan London (1901–1971), American writer
Joan London (born 1948), Australian fiction writer

John London (1942–2000), American musician and songwriter
Julie London (1926–2000), American singer and actress
LaCale London (born 1997), American football player
LaToya London (born 1978), American singer and actress
Lauren London (born 1984), American actress and model
Laurie London (born 1944), English singer
Meyer London (1871–1926), American congressman
Pamela London (born 1973), Guyanese boxer
Paul London (born 1980), American professional wrestler
Perry London (1931–1992), American psychologist, theorist, and academic administrator
Solomon London (1661–1748), Lithuanian author and publisher
Sondra London (born 1947), American true crime author
Stacy London (born 1969), American fashion consultant and television presenter
Stan London (1925 – 2020), doctor for the St. Louis Cardinals
Theophilus London (born 1987), American rapper
Tom London (1889–1963), American actor
Yaron London (born 1940), Israeli media personality

People with the given name London
London Breed (born 1974), American politician and current Mayor of San Francisco
London Fletcher (born 1975), American football player
London Hughes (born 1989), British comedian, television writer and presenter
London Lamar (born 1990), American politician and Member of the Tennessee House of Representatives
London Perrantes (born 1994), American basketball player for Hapoel Gilboa Galil of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
London on da Track (born 1991), birth name London Tyler Holmes, American record producer, rapper, and songwriter

Fictional characters
London Tipton, heiress of the Boston Tipton Hotel in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody

English toponymic surnames
Unisex given names


The Langport and Castle Cary Railway is a railway line from Castle Cary railway station to Cogload Junction near Taunton, Somerset, England, which reduced the length of the journey from London to Penzance by .

History

Through trains from London Paddington station to Penzance in Cornwall started running in 1867 taking a circuitous route over the Great Western Railway (GWR) to Bristol, then the Bristol and Exeter Railway through Taunton to Exeter, the South Devon Railway to Plymouth Millbay railway station, the Cornwall Railway to Truro, and finally completing their journey on the West Cornwall Railway. By 1889 the whole route was controlled by the GWR, but trains still had to take the "Great Way Round" through Bristol.

There had been several schemes to build a shorter route to Cornwall, such as the Exeter Great Western Railway, but these came to nothing. Finally in 1895 the GWR directors announced that new lines were to be constructed to enable trains to reach Exeter, Plymouth and Penzance in a shorter time. The first stage was to lay a second track on the Berks and Hants Extension Railway from Hungerford to Patney and Chirton railway station, from where a new line was opened in 1900 that reduced the distance to Westbury on the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Line by .

The first section of the Castle Cary Cut-Off was opened on 1 July 1905 from Castle Cary as far as Charlton Mackrell, then on 2 April 1906 goods trains started running east from the new Cogload Junction to Somerton and this was extended to Charton Mackrell on 20 May 1906. The route followed part of the Yeovil to Taunton Line – which was rebuilt with a second track and at a higher level to avoid flooding – from Athelney to Curry Rivel Junction near Langport East.

Passenger trains first ran through Somerton on 2 July 1906 which then became the route for express trains to Devon and Cornwall. The prestige Cornish Riviera Express could now leave London Paddington station twenty minutes later yet arrive at Penzance at the same time as before. The new lines between Patney and Chirton and Cogload reduced the distance from London to Penzance from  to  miles; Taunton was now 143 instead of  miles from London – a % reduction. Two additional short cut-off lines were opened in 1933 to allow non-stop trains to avoid sharp curves at Westbury and Frome railway stations on the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Line, but this has not resulted in a shorter published mileage.

Cogload Junction was a flat junction which meant that trains from Taunton to Castle Cary had to cross the line used by trains from Bristol to Taunton. On 15 November 1931 a flyover was brought into use to allow the down trains from Bristol to pass above the two Castle Cary lines, and from there to Taunton and Norton Fitzwarren there were now four running lines. From East to West these were: Down Bristol, Down Castle Cary, Up Castle Cary, Up Bristol, but crossovers at Cogload were added later that allowed trains to run on the adjacent line when necessary.

Current services
Trains now run non-stop between Castle Cary and Taunton. The regular service is operated by Great Western Railway but CrossCountry also use the line as a diversionary route should the main Bristol to Taunton Line be blocked, travelling over the Wessex Main Line via Bath Spa and Westbury to reach Castle Cary. Their drivers' knowledge in recent years has been maintained by running a summer Saturday service from Bristol to Paignton over this route.

Stations
The new line enabled the construction of six new stations but these all closed on 10 September 1962. Trains also served Athelney station and (from 1928) Lyng Halt on the old Yeovil branch, and Durston and Creech St Michael railway stations on the Bristol to Exeter Line, but fast trains avoided the middle two of these by using the new line from Athelney to Cogload.

Alford Halt
This small halt was opened on 21 July 1905, three weeks after the line was opened as far as Charlton Mackrell, to serve the village of Alford. A siding was opened for military goods traffic on 15 September 1940. The halt closed on 10 September 1962.
 Halt on navigable O.S. map

Keinton Mandeville
This station was the first one west of Castle Cary when the line opened on 1 July 1905 and was situated a mile south east of Keinton Mandeville. The main building was on the eastbound platform and the small goods yard was behind this platform at the east end.

Charlton Mackrell

For the first year after opening on 1 July 1905, the station at Charlton Mackrell was the terminus of the temporary branch from Castle Cary. In common with other stations between Castle Cary and Cogload Junction it was closed on 10 September 1962. The main building was on the eastbound platform and a goods shed and yard was situated behind this platform at the east end with the signal box opposite.

Somerton

This station, opened on 2 July 1906, was officially known as "Somerton (Somerset)" to avoid confusion with "Somerton (Oxon)". It was in a cutting close to the centre of Somerton. The main building was on the eastbound platform with the goods shed at the west end of this platform. The original signal box was sited opposite the goods yard but a new signal box was opened late in 1942 to control some new loop lines installed to the west of the station to allow goods trains to be overtaken.

Although passenger trains were withdrawn on 10 September 1962, goods traffic continued to be handled until 6 July 1964.

Long Sutton and Pitney

This was an additional station opened on 1 October 1907 over a year after passenger trains started running on the line. It was situated in a cutting west of Somerton Tunnel near the hamlet of Upton but named after the larger villages of Long Sutton and Pitney, both about a mile distant south and north of the line respectively. The station had small corrugated iron shelters on both platforms.

Although passenger trains were withdrawn on 10 September 1962, goods traffic continued to be handled until 6 July 1964.

Langport East

The first station at Langport was opened on 1 October 1853 on the Yeovil Branch Line. With the opening of the town's second station on 2 July 1906 it was renamed "Langport West" while the new one became "Langport East".

The new station gave access to direct trains to London but was unusual for stations on the line as the main building was on the westbound platform. Between the station and Curry Rivel Junction, where the cutoff joined the old branch line, the line crossed some moors on a low viaduct and the River Parrett on a  girder bridge. Passenger services were also withdrawn on 10 September 1962.

Athelney

Although served by local trains between Castle Cary and Taunton, the station at Athelney was also served by trains on the Yeovil to Taunton Line and so remained open until 15 June 1964.

References

Rail transport in Somerset
Railway lines constructed by the Great Western Railway
Railway lines opened in 1906
Railway lines in South West England
Railroad cutoffs
1906 establishments in England


Ultimate Human (originally titled Ultimate Hulk vs. Iron Man) is an American comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics. The limited series set in the Ultimate Universe, is written by Warren Ellis and pencilled by Cary Nord.

The series deals with a desperate Bruce Banner pleading with Tony Stark to cure him of his Hulk affliction.

Plot summary
The story begins with Bruce Banner approaching Tony Stark to assist in curing him of the failed super-soldier serum that still runs through his body. The Leader (an Ultimate amalgam of the original Leader and Pete Wisdom) is shown to be attempting to obtain both men's blood. Tony Stark and Bruce Banner travel to a Stark facility and Stark places Banner under extreme environments (simulating conditions on Venus and Mars), causing him to become the Hulk and revealing that the Hulk is inhumanly capable of adjusting to new environments and situations.

While the Hulk is on a rampage, Tony manages to get himself inside an Iron Man suit. But due to the lack of weapons, Tony must fight Hulk head on. After Tony uses an electroshock to Hulk's brain to cut off the Hulk's anger, Hulk reverts into Bruce Banner. No Iron Man suit had survived more than one punch, while this suit had received two. This amount of damage caused the suit to go into overload, causing Tony to fly off and eject midair; falling to the ground. He survives the fall due to his advanced healing. After Bruce wakes up in the hospital, Tony explains how he has disabled the Hulk using nanites to shut down any Hulk cells that form. Later, Bruce explains to Tony his true intentions for the Super Soldier formula that became the Hulk. He felt that if in the 1940s they could turn a dumb kid into Captain America, who is not only a superb physical specimen but a brilliant military strategist, then a 21st Century formula would turn Bruce Banner into the greatest mind on the planet. Tony tells Bruce to use the time away from the Hulk to work on his Super Soldier formula, and that he can use the Ironworks factory however he pleases. Just then the Leader's men attack Ironworks and kidnap Bruce and Tony.

In Issue 3, the history of The Leader is shown. In the fourth and final issue, Tony shuts down the anti-Hulk nanodes in Bruce's body and provokes the Hulk transformation to defeat the Leader, over Banner's protests and despite the knowledge that the Hulk's physiology will adapt to the nanodes and render them useless in preventing further transformations. The Hulk subsequently escapes and Tony apologizes to Banner for not being able to help him.

Collected edition

See also
 Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars
 Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk
 Ultimates

References

External links
 Ultimate Human No. 1 Official Solicitation at Marvel.com
 Ultimate Human No. 1 Review at IGN.com

2008 comics debuts
Human, Ultimate


I Want You to Know That There Is Always Hope is the only studio album by British indie rock band I Was a Cub Scout and was released on 18 February 2008. The album was produced by Hugh Padgham and released on the XL Recordings label Abeano.

Track listing
"Save Your Wishes" - 3:44
"Echoes" - 3:38
"Lucean" - 4:43
"Pink Squares" - 4:15
"Part 3" - 4:28
"We Were Made to Love" - 4:15
"Our Smallest Adventures" - 4:46
"Recommendations" - 3:44
"The Hunter's Daughter" - 4:29
"P's And Q's" - 4:56
"A Step Too Far Behind" - 5:27

Reception

The album was generally well received by critics. Gigwise.com gave it 8/10, calling it "a monument to growing up and dealing with the tribulations of life and love". The NME commenting on "positive songwriting which makes life that little more liveable". Stewart Mason of Allmusic called it "ultra-catchy synth pop", while PopMatters' Andrew Martin called it "a damn fine effort worthy of a listen". The Bournemouth Echos Nick Churchill gave it three stars, calling it "a curious blend of angular indie gritpop and infuriatingly bold beats that suggest emotional forces are at work". Drowned in Sound gave it 6/10. The Skinnys Tobias Kahn also gave it three stars. Doug Johnstone, reviewing for The List, also gave it three stars, commenting: "Whispery, sensitive vocals, sweeping guitars and minor chord choruses full of obscure wordage abound, and while it’s all nice enough, it seems a little empty at its heart." Maddy Costa, for The Guardian, gave it 3/5.

References

2008 debut albums
Albums produced by Hugh Padgham
I Was a Cub Scout albums


St. Georg (Sankt Georg; ) is a central quarter in the borough Hamburg-Mitte of Hamburg, Germany. In 2020 the population was 11,349.

History
In 1410 the articles 17 and 18 of a contract (Rezeß) between the Senate and the citizens were regulating the accommodation of the patients in the hospital St. Georg (S. Georg / Suente Juergens). This hospital still exists as the Asklepios Klinik St. Georg.

In 1868 the suburb St. Georg became official part of Hamburg, including the hospital for epidemic plague.

The murder of Morsal Obeidi occurred in 2008 in St. Georg.

Geography
St. Georg is south-east to the artificial lake Außenalster, which is the border to the borough Eimsbüttel. According to the statistical office of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, the urban quarter has a total area of 1.8 km².

Parts of the quarter St. Georg are ranked as a good address by the office of city development and environment of Hamburg. The central situation of St. Georg and many places of nightlife, street cafés and shops is the source for the gentrification in this quarter since the 1980s. The city of Hamburg and the borough Hamburg-Mitte have special programs to change this quarter.

Because of the many gay-owned and gay-friendly nightclubs, cafés and shops, St. Georg is also considered as Hamburg's main scene for gays and lesbians. In the street Lange Reihe is the starting point of Hamburg's annual Christopher Street Day parade.

Demographics
In 2006 in the quarter St. Georg were living 10,551 people. 9.2% were children under the age of 18, and 13.2% were 65 years of age or older. 31.4% were immigrants. 629 people were registered as unemployed. In 1999 there were 6,882 households and 67.8% of all households were made up of individuals.

Politics
These are the results of St. Georg in the Hamburg state election:

Religion
The Domkirche St. Marien () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in St. Georg. The present building dates from the 1890s.

Education
The main campus of the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences is at the street Berliner Tor.

There were 3 elementary schools and 6 secondary schools in St. Georg in 2006.

Culture

The Deutsches Schauspielhaus (theatre), founded in 1901, is located in St. Georg. In 2011 the Ohnsorg-Theater moved into the new theatre in the Bieberhaus next to the Hauptbahnhof. Among others the Sportverein St. Georg von 1895 is a sports club in St. Georg using the facilities in the quarter.

Infrastructure
The Honorary Consulate General of the Kingdom of Thailand established in Hamburg in 1881 is located in the street An der Alster 45 and covers affairs in the states of Bremen, Hamburg, and Schleswig-Holstein.

Health systems
The Asklepios Klinik St. Georg is a general hospital with 758 beds and 67 day-care places (e.g. for patients with AIDS). The hospital has 10 departments, including internal medicine, surgery (including urology), neurology, neurosurgery, anaesthetics and intensive care and ambulant surgery. The hospital is specialized among others for heart surgery and oncology. It also provides the capacity to dispatch emergency medical services. The hospital is located Lohmühlenstrasse.

Since 2008 the hospital also houses the Asklepios Medical School, a private medical school run by the Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg and the Hungarian Semmelweis University.

In 2006 there were 67 physicians in private practice and 9 pharmacies.

Transportation
St. Georg is serviced by the rapid transit system of the city train and the underground railway with the Lohmühlenstraße station and the Berliner Tor station. Public transport is also provided by buses.

Hamburg's central railway station is located in St. Georg, also the central bus station, for long distance buses to many cities in Europe.

According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), in St. Georg were 2,134 private cars registered (205 cars/1000 people).

Notes

References
 Statistical office Nord of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, official website Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein
 Hospitals in Hamburg 2006, Government Agency for Social Affairs, Family Affairs, Health and Environment of Hamburg website
 D. Boedecker, Die Entwicklung der Hamburgischen Hospitäler seit Gründung der Stadt bis 1800 aus ärztlicher Sicht, Hamburg 1977  Found also: JS 34 in Das virtuelle Hamburgische Urkundenbuch website Virtual Hamburg contract book

External links

Quarters of Hamburg
Gay villages in Germany
Hamburg-Mitte


Hugh de Balliol (died 1229), Lord of Bywell, Barnard Castle and Gainford, was an English nobleman. He was the son of Eustace de Balliol and Petronilla FitzPiers. Balliol was a supporter of King John of England during the Barons Wars of 1215–17.

Life
Balliol was the eldest son and successor of Eustace de Balliol of Barnard Castle and Petronilla FitzPiers. Hugh probably succeeded to his father Eustace's lordships by 1209. Hugh and his brother Bernard were staunch supporters of King John; Hugh probably named his son John, after the king. Balliol defended the northern borders of England against King Alexander II of Scotland in 1216. His castle of Barnard Castle was besieged by Alexander II, however the siege was abandoned after the death of Alexander II's brother in-law Eustace de Vesci.

After Hugh's death in 1229, his son John succeeded to the chief Balliol estates.

Marriage and issue
Balliol married Cecily, daughter of Aleaune de Fontaines and Laurette de St. Valerie, they had the following known issue:
John de Balliol (died 1268), married Dervorguilla of Galloway, had issue. Their son become King John I of Scotland.
Eustace de Balliol (died 1274), married firstly Helewise, daughter of Ranulph de Levington and Ada de Gernon. He married secondly Agnes, daughter of William de Percy and Joan Briwere.
Jocelin de Balliol
Hugh de Balliol (died 1292)
Bernard de Balliol
Ada de Balliol (died 1251), married John FitzRobert of Warkworth, had issue.

Citations

References

 Stell, G. P., "Balliol, Bernard de (d. c.1190)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 24 Jan 2008
 Stell, G. P., "Balliol , John de (b. before 1208, d. 1268)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 24 Jan 2008

1229 deaths
Anglo-Normans
People from County Durham
Hugh
People from Somme (department)
Year of birth unknown


Cojocaru, a common Romanian family name that refers to one who makes the cojoc jacket, may refer to one of the following:

Alina Cojocaru, Romanian ballet dancer
Alina Carmen Cojocaru, mathematician
Cristieana Cojocaru, Romanian athlete
Doina Cojocaru, Romanian handball player
Ido Kozikaro, Israeli basketball player
Maxim Cojocaru, Moldovan footballer
Ovidiu Cojocaru, Romanian rugby footballer
Sabina Cojocar, Romanian gymnast
Steven Cojocaru, Canadian fashion critic
Valentin Cojocaru, Romanian football player
Ziv Cojocaru, Israeli classical musician

it may also refer to:

Cojocaru River in Romania
Cojocaru, a village in Mogoșani Commune, Dâmboviţa County, Romania

See also
Cojoc

Romanian-language surnames
Occupational surnames


Stauffer (also commonly spelled "Stouffer" and "Stover" in North America) is a German surname, the origin of which derives from the Proto-German word staupa, meaning "steep." Staupa and its Middle High German descendant, stouf, evolved to mean, among other things, a steep hill or mountain. Many of these hills and mountains serve as the basis for the names of such places as Donaustauf, Hohenstaufen, Staufenberg, Regenstauf, Staufen im Breisgau, and the Staufens of Switzerland and Austria. Stauffer surnames derive from these hills. The Swiss Mennonite Stauffers common in the U.S. and Canada derive their name from a hill called Stouffe or Stauffenalp just southwest of the town of Röthenbach im Emmental in Switzerland.

Notable people with the surname include:

Brenda Stauffer (born 1961), former field hockey player
Christian Stauffer (1579–16??), Swiss Anabaptist leader
Devin Stauffer (born 1970), American philosopher and political scientist
Dietrich Stauffer (1943–2019), German professor of theoretical physics at Cologne University
Ethelbert Stauffer (1902–1979), German Protestant theologian and numismatist
Grant Stauffer (1888–1949), American coal and railroad executive
Henry Stauffer (1724–1777), German Mennonite pioneer
Jack Stauffer (born 1945), American actor of film, television, and theater
Jay Richard Stauffer Jr., American ichthyologist
Johann Georg Stauffer (1778–1853), Austrian luthier
John Stauffer (politician) (1925–2019), former Republican member of the Pennsylvania House and Senate
John Stauffer (professor), American academic
Joseph Stauffer (1874–1917), Alberta Liberal Party MLA
Jürg M. Stauffer (born 1977), Swiss politician
Nathan Stauffer (19th century), first head football coach for the Dickinson College Red Devils
Rudolph Stauffer (1836–1918), First Sergeant in the 5th US Cavalry during the Indian- and Apache wars
Serge Stauffer (1929–1989), Swiss artist art educator
S. Walter Stauffer (1888–1975), United States Representative from Pennsylvania
Teddy Stauffer (1909–1993), Swiss-Mexican Swing Musician, Mr. Acapulco
Théodore Stauffer (1901–1971), Swiss boxer
Tim Stauffer (born 1982), Major League Baseball pitcher
Todd Stauffer (21st century), co-founder and publisher of the Jackson Free Press
Walter Stauffer McIlhenny (1910–1985), president of McIlhenny Company

See also
Stauffer Chemical, chemical company of the United States which manufactured herbicides
Stauffer Communications, media company of the United States
Stauffer syndrome, constellation of signs and symptoms of liver dysfunction
Stauffer Mennonite
Hohenstaufen (disambiguation)

References

German-language surnames


Toby Love is the debut studio album by Puerto Rican-American performer Toby Love. It was released on September 5, 2006 by Sony BMG Norte. The album featured collaborations with Puerto Rican rapper Voltio and Puerto Rican duo R.K.M & Ken-Y, among others. Upon release, the album debuted at number twenty-seven on the Billboard Latin Albums chart, number forty-two on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, number three on the Mid-Atlantic area division of the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart and number eleven on Billboard Latin Rhythm Albums chart. The album spawned three singles, with the lead single, "Tengo Un Amor", becoming a success, in the Latin market, reaching number one in the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, the top three of both the Billboard Latin Songs and Billboard Tropical Songs charts, while peaking at number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States. Toby Love was awarded a Billboard Latin Music Award for "R&B/Hip-Hop Album of the Year". A remix version titled Toby Love: Reloaded was released on July 17, 2007 by Sony Music Entertainment.

Background
Toby Love was born and raised in the Bronx, New York to Puerto Rican parents. He says he fell in love with the genre of bachata, after being exposed to it as a child, explaining that is mother always listened to it. His mother remarried a Dominican and Love was raised around both cultures.  He stated that he is a big fan of R&B and found it easy to incorporate it in his music.

After spending six years with the Bachata group Aventura, first appearing on the album Generation Next at the age of 16, Love embarked on his solo career. He met with Aventura while he was still in his merengue group as teenager. Living in the same neighborhood as the group, he became close friends with the member "Mikey", who later asked Love to join.

Composition

"Tengo Un Amor" was written by Love with additional composition by Edwin Perez who also handled production for the song. The song was written with Spanglish lyrics combining crunk hip hop with bachata. In his review of the parent album, David Jefferies called the song "an incredibly smooth, lush, and glittery ballad", selecting the song as an "Allmusic Pick". Love later called "Tengo Un Amor" the "door-opener" for all of his future success.

His musical influences include Michael Jackson, Lauryn Hill, Juan Luis Guerra and Héctor Lavoe, which helped produce the mixture of R&B and bachata found on "Tengo Un Amor". According to Billboard the original version of the song is a "straightforward bachata song" while the remix with R.K.M & Ken-Y, known then as Rakim & Ken-Y provides "urban street cred". The remix also features a verse by R.K.M where he raps to a rhythm of bachata infused with reggaetón, or bachaton.

Commercial performance
"Tengo Un Amor" was released digitally on November 6, 2006 by Sony BMG Norte.  After reaching number three on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100, the song debuted and peaked at #100 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of November 18, 2006. On the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart, the song debuted for the issue week of August 5, 2006 and peaked at number two for the week of November 11, 2006. This gave R.K.M & Ken-Y their third Top 10 single following "Down" and "Me Matas". On the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay chart, the song debuted for the week of August 19, 2006 and peaked at number three for the week of November 11, 2006. On the Billboard Latin Pop Airplay chart, the song debuted for the week of October 7, 2006 and peaked at #25 for the week of October 28, 2006. In Los Angeles, the song became one of the top five most requested tracks on the Rhythmic Top 40 KXOL (96.3), the Senior Vice President of which called the song a "smash" while citing its success as an acceptance of Hispanic audiences and urban tastes.

Critical reception

"Tengo Un Amor" received three nominations at the 2007 Latin Billboard Music Awards for Best Vocal Duet or Collaboration and Tropical Airplay Song of the Year, Duo or Group for the remix version while winning the award for Tropical Airplay Song of the Year, New Artist category. He was also awarded Best Rap/Hip-Hop Album for Toby Love. The song was award an ASCAP award for Urban Song of the Year from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. According to Jon Caramanica of New York Times, "Tengo Un Amor" is Love's "biggest hit".

Track listing

Charts

Certifications

References

Toby Love albums
2006 debut albums
Spanish-language albums


The  was a postal administration established by the Meiji period Empire of Japan in late Joseon dynasty Korea.

History
The first Japanese post office in Korea was established in 1876 under the terms of the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 in Japanese consulate district within the open port of Busan. Post offices in Wonsan and Incheon (Chemulpo), ports which had also been opened to foreign trade by the treaty, were established in 1880 and 1883, respectively. A post office was also established in the capital of Seoul in 1888. Additional Japanese post offices/agencies were opened from 1896, particular from 1899, first in other treaty ports including Masan and Gunsan, then other inland places, predominantly as a political measure, as few initially made a profit.

Initially, these post offices used stamps of Japan; however, from January 1, 1900 through April 28, 1900, stamps of Japan were overprinted with the kanji for  .

Inauguration
The inauguration of a Korean postal system initially was attempted in November 1884, but soon was interrupted by the Gapsin Coup half a month later, and officially terminated.
Korea resumed its own postal service in 1895, domestic business only in the beginning. By 1 January 1900 Korea became a full member of the Universal Postal Union, with its own foreign postal service, which was able to compete against the Japanese post system. Many foreigners resident in Korea, including many Japanese, preferred to use the Korean postal service to write overseas, as the depreciated Korean silver currency resulted in somewhat cheaper postal rates.
However, following the Russo-Japanese War and the annexation of Korea in 1905, the entire Korean Empire postal services became amalgamated with the Japanese postal services, and Japanese post stamps continued to be used in Korea until the end of World War II.

See also
Postage stamps and postal history of Korea

References

Citations

Sources
 Mizuhara, Meiso. Korean Postal History 1884-1905. Tokyo: Japan Philatelic Publications, 1993.

External links
The Japanese Post In Korea - an award-winning exhibit by Dr. Kazuyuki Inoue.

Philately of Korea
Philately of Japan


The Diocese of Radom () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Radom in the Ecclesiastical province of Częstochowa in Poland.

History
 March 25, 1992: Established as Diocese of Radom from the Diocese of Sandomierz – Radom

Special churches
Minor Basilicas:
 Bazylika św. Filipa Neri i św. Jana Chrzciciela kk. Filipinów (Basilica of St. Philip Neri and St. John the Baptist) in Studzianna
 Bazylika św. Kazimierza (Basilica of St. Casimir), Radom

Leadership
 Bishops of Radom (Roman rite)
 Bishop Edward Henryk Materski (25 March 1992 – 28 June 1999)
 Bishop Jan Chrapek, C.S.M.A. (28 June 1999 – 18 October 2001)
 Bishop Zygmunt Zimowski (28 March 2002 – 18 April 2009)
 Bishop Henryk Tomasik (16 October 2009 – 4 January 2020)
 Bishop Marek Solarczyk (appointed 4 January 2021)
 Auxiliary bishops of Radom
Bishop Adam Odzimek

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
 Diocese website

Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Roman Catholic Diocese of Radom
Christian organizations established in 1992
Roman Catholic Diocese of Radom
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century


Kildare Abbey is a former monastery in County Kildare, Ireland, founded by St Brigid in the 5th century, and destroyed in the 12th century.

Originally known as Druim Criaidh, or the Ridge of Clay, Kildare came to be known as Cill-Dara, or the Church of the Oak, from the stately oak-tree loved by St. Brigid. She founded a small oratory which soon expanded into a large double monastery, one portion being for women, the other for men. She procured St. Conleth to rule and ordain the monastery, and another bishop, St. Nadfraoich, to preach and teach the Gospel.

Cogitosus, a monk of Kildare in the eighth century, and the author of what is known as the Second Life of St. Brigid, calls Kildare "the head-city of all the bishops", and Conleth and his successors "arch-bishops of the bishops of Ireland", and goes on to refer to the primacy of honour and domestic jurisdiction acknowledged in the abbess of this city by all the abbesses of Ireland. To this primacy, maintained all along, is due the unique distinction enjoyed by Kildare of having recorded by the annalists, till comparatively recent times, the succession of its abbesses in parallel columns with that of its abbots. Cogitosus also makes mention of the enormous crowds that, in his time, used to come to Kildare from "all the provinces of Erin", especially on St. Brigid's feast-day, 1 February, to pray and to have cures effected at her venerated shrine. He describes the church as very spacious and beautiful, with divisions between men and women, lavishly adorned with pictures and embroidered hangings, and with highly ornamental windows and doorways.

No portion of this church now remains, nor indeed of any of the ancient buildings, with the exception of the Round Tower. This tower - 136 feet 7 inches high - has an elaborately worked doorway. Bishop Conlaeth founded at Kildare a school in metalwork which grew and prospered as the years went on. Gerald of Wales praises the standard of illumination of manuscripts there, and in particular the Evangelistarium, or manuscript of the Four Gospels, according to the version of St. Jerome. The Book of Leinster is thought to have been copied from originals preserved in the School of Kildare, by Finn MacGorman, who became Bishop of Kildare in 1148.

Professors of this school include Cobthac, who died in 1069, and was celebrated for "his universal knowledge of ecclesiastical discipline"; and Ferdomhnach, the Blind, who was deeply versed in knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures. In 1135 Dermot MacMurrough disrupted the monastery; and in the following year Diarmaid O'Brien and his brothers sacked and set fire to the town. But the School of Brigid continued. The holy fire called the "inextinguishable", which had probably been kept alight since the days of Brigid, was put out by order of Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin, who thought the practice savoured of superstition. The fire was kindled again by the Bishop of Kildare, and it burned until the crackdown in the reign of Elizabeth I extinguished it and every other monastic light in Ireland.

References
 cites:
STOKES, Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore (Oxford, 1890);

See also
 List of abbots and abbesses of Kildare
 List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Kildare)

Religion in County Kildare
Former religious buildings and structures in the Republic of Ireland
Ruins in the Republic of Ireland
Christian organizations established in the 5th century
5th-century establishments in Ireland
12th-century disestablishments in Ireland
Christian monasteries in the Republic of Ireland


Take Flight is a musical with book by John Weidman, music by David Shire and lyrics by Richard Maltby, Jr.  The musical is inspired by the early history of aviation, interweaving the lives of the Wright Brothers, Charles Lindbergh, Amelia Earhart and her publisher George Putnam, along with such sundry luminaries as Otto Lilienthal, the German "Glider King"; Commander Richard Byrd; French flying aces Nungesser and Coli, and various others.

Productions
The musical premiered at London's Menier Chocolate Factory in July 2007, directed by Sam Buntrock.

Prior to the London premiere, private readings were held in October 2004, after a workshop. Maltby directed, with a cast that featured Kelli O'Hara as Amelia Earhart and Christian Borle as Wilbur Wright. The show was also initially presented as a concert at the Adelaide Cabaret Festival in 2004.

It received its American premiere at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey, in April 2010 running through June 6. The production was also directed by Sam Buntrock. The cast featured Jenn Colella (Amelia Earhart), Michael Cumpsty (George Putnam), Claybourne Elder (Charles Lindbergh) and Benjamin Schrader (Orville Wright).

Musical numbers

Act I
 "Take Flight" - Orville, Wilbur, Lindbergh, Amelia, Noonan and Company
 "Equilibrium" - Orville, Wilbur
 "Sky!" - Lindbergh, Company
 "Like You, Say" - Putnam, Amelia
 "Throw It to the Wind" - Amelia, Putnam
 "Pffft!" - Lilienthal, Company
 "Lady in the Aeroplane" - Amelia, Putnam, Burke, Company
 "Lady Lindy" - Reporters, Putnam, Amelia
 "Solo/Sorry, Mr Lindbergh" - Lindbergh, Bankers, Hall
 "Earthbound" - Putnam, Amelia
 "What Are We Doing Here?" - Wilbur, Orville, Lilienthal
 "Before the Dawn" - Wilbur, Orville, Lindbergh, Amelia, Putnam, Company

Act II
 "A Part of Me" - Amelia
 "Back of the Line/Before the Dawn" (Reprise) - Lindbergh, Company
 "The Funniest Thing" - Orville, Wilbur
 "The Farther You Go) Around the World/Papua" - Putnam, Amelia, Noonan
 "The Prize/The Landing" - Company
 "Finale" - Company

Original London cast (in alphabetical order)
 George Putnam - Ian Bartholomew
 Otto Lilienthal - Clive Carter
 Noonan, Byrd, others - Christopher Colley
 Ray Page, others - Ian Conningham
 Hall, others - John Conroy
 Follies Amelia, others - Helen French
 Burke, others - Edward Gower
 Amy Phipps, others - Kaisa Hammarlund
 Charles Lindbergh - Michael Jibson
 Wilbur Wright - Sam Kenyon
 Orville Wright - Elliot Levey
 Mrs. Lindbergh, others - Liza Pulman
 Amelia Earhart - Sally Ann Triplett

Cast Recording
The Original Cast Recording of the London production was released by PS Classics in 2008 (ASIN: B000XUOLLQ).  One Song, Pffft!, was made available only by digital download.

Critical response
The CurtainUp reviewer of the Menier Chocolate Factory production wrote: "In dramatic terms, the Wright Brothers are the comedians of the musical. As inventors they form a slightly barmy double act in their felt hats and tweed suits. Amelia gives us the love interest with her devoted husband George Putnam (Ian Bartholomew) torn between letting her achieve her ambition and knowing that with the risks she takes, he may lose her. Charles Lindbergh is this curiosity, a solo pilot and seemingly a loner which, in Michael Jibson's remarkable soulful portrayal, gives the audience a sense of the isolation of those long solo flights...The performances are flawless and the singing is superb... It is rather engaging to have a musical which has a theme one can engage with intellectually. I think given some investment, Take Flight could continue its journey elsewhere, but it is still a work in progress."

The reviewer in The Guardian of the Menier Chocolate Factory production wrote: "Sam Buntrock's production may be no frills, but there is nothing cut-price about David Shire and Richard Maltby's musical paean to the romance of flight... this is a grown-up musical experience... The problems stem from a book that doesn't tie the three stories together until the end."

In his review for The New York Times of the McCarter production, Charles Isherwood wrote :"...while you can admire the craft and care taken to forge a rare theme-driven musical along the lines of groundbreaking works like “Assassins” (one of Mr. Weidman's collaborations with Stephen Sondheim), the resulting show remains amiable but superficial and stubbornly unexciting, too much like a singing children's history book."

Steven Suskin reviewed the London Cast recording: "The score, as represented on the CD, works; I found myself hanging onto every word, in fact.... Shire contributes an effective eight-piece orchestration as well, under the direction of Caroline Humphris... If the future of 'Take Flight' is unclear, the work of Shire and Maltby is most welcome. There are some vestiges of Sondheim here."

Awards and nominations

Theatregoers' Choice Awards 2007/8
 Best New Musical - nominee
 Best Supporting Actor in a Musical - Michael Jibson — nominee

References

Aviation musicals
2007 musicals


Aporia is the debut studio album by English alternative metal band Forever Never. It was released in 2006 by Copro Records. The digital release is entitled Aphoria V2, and contains the original twelve tracks and four live tracks.

Track listing
All songs written by Forever Never. All lyrics by R. Carroll.

 "Aporia" – 4:47
 "This World" – 5:03
 "Better The Epic" – 4:00
 "Never" – 4:33
 "0707" – 4:17
 "As I Lie" – 4:16
 "Scared To Scarred – 3:36
 "New Arrival" – 4:20
 "Reversal" – 4:03
 "Saviour?" – 4:55
 "Drowning" – 4:14
 "Silent Elegy To The Living" – 4:41
 "Aphoria (live)" – 5:00
 "As I Lie (live)" – 5:31
 "Drowning (live)" – 4:27
 "This world (live)" – 5:15

Personnel
 Renny Carroll – vocals
 Kev Yates – bass
 Sam Machin – guitar
 George Lenox – guitar
 Mike Row – drums

References

External links
 http://www.forevernever.com/
https://web.archive.org/web/20080330231516/http://www.coprorecords.co.uk/Casket/DisplayBand.asp?ID=94

2006 debut albums
Forever Never albums


Bertangles (); Picard: Bèrtangue) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bertangles is situated on the D97 road, just off the N25,  north of Amiens. A farming area with extensive woodland and a grand chateau.

Population

Places of interest
 The 18th-century château, constructed by Louis-Joseph Clermont-Tonnerre from 1730 to 1734, replacing the medieval structure, itself rebuilt in the 16th century, after being burned by the Spaniards in 1597. An old gateway is all that remains of the older building, which gives access to the farm, to the west. In August 1930, a fire destroyed the interior of the château, particularly the woodwork. All was remade in the same style in subsequent years. The stairway and ramp of wrought iron have also been restored.

The chateau was also used as Headquarters by the Australian Corps prior to the Battle of Amiens in August 1918

Personalities
 Rittmeister Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen, the Red Baron, was buried with military honours by the Australian Flying Corps in the cemetery some distance from the village on 22 April 1918, but exhumed after the end of World War I and reburied first in the German military cemetery of Fricourt (Somme), then by his brother in Berlin. After the Second World War his remains were transferred to Wiesbaden (in 1975).

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Bibliography
 « Canton of Villers-Bocage - Châteaux et fermes - N° 182 - Coll. Itinéraires du patrimoine » - Textes de Judith Förstel - 1999 -
 « Dictionnaire historique et archéologique de Picardie - Arrondissement of Amiens - Tome III » - E. Héren et L. Ledieu - 1919
 « Dictionnaire des châteaux de France : Artois, Flandre, Hainaut, Picardie » - J. Thiebaut - 1978
 « Églises, châteaux, beffrois et hôtels-de-ville les plus remarquables de la Picardie et de l'Artois » - A. Goze - 1849
 « La décoration sculptée des façades du château de Bertangles » - François de Clermont-Tonnerre - dans Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Picardie - Tome 76 - 1976
 « Un grand artiste du fer : Vivarais » - J. Foucart-Borville - dans Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Picardie - 3e trim. 1980 (à propos de l'histoire de la grille d'honneur)

Communes of Somme (department)


John Balliol (also known as John of Scotland or John I of Scotland was King of Scots from 1292 to 1296.

John Balliol or John of Balliol or John de Balliol may also refer to:

John I de Balliol (died c. 1269), father of the king
John Balliol (play), play about the king

de:John de Balliol
fr:Jean de Bailleul


is a single by Japanese actress and recording artist Takako Matsu. Released as a single from her album Itsuka, Sakura no Ame ni..., it her most successful single recorded with Universal Music. It featured as the ending theme of the drama Omiai Kekkon, which features Matsu in the lead role.

Track listing

References

2000 singles
2000 songs
Japanese television drama theme songs
Japanese-language songs
Takako Matsu songs


Below is a list of Preston Lions FC players both past and present, ordered alphabetically.

A
  Lupce Acevski
  Nicolas Alvarez
  Les Anastasiou

B
  Antony Burlak
  Michael Burlak

C
  George Campbell (footballer)
  Frank Catalano
  Ricky Chillico
  Oscar Crino

D
  Ian Dobson
  Robbie Dunn
  Pece Dimovski
  Zoran Drogriski

E
  Isyan Erdogan
  Chris Emsovski

F

G
  Marinos Gasparis
  Blaze Georgioski
  Goce Gruevski
  Ersan Gülüm

H

I

J
  Steve Jackson
  George Jolevski

K
  Igor Kolevski

L
  Nick Lazarevski
  John Little
  Goran Lozanovski

M
  George McMillan
  Anthony Magnacca
  John Markovski
  Stephen Masalkovski
  Hrvoje Matkovic
  Bale Micovski
  Daniel Miller
  Michael Miskas
  Jonathan Munoz

N
  Robert Najdovski
Spase Najdovski

O
  Sasa Ognenovski
  Peter Ollerton
  Serkan Oksuz
  Savas Ozdemir

P
  Steven Pace
  Zoran Petrevski
  Serdar Pir
  Victor Pittito
  James Poole

Q

R

S
  John Sapazovski
  Nicholas Schwal
  Naum Sekulovski
  Pece Siveski
  Robert Spasevski
  Warren Spink
  Wayne Spiteri
  Tony Sterjovski
  Aleksandar Stojanovski
  Robert Stojcevski

T
  Gjorgji Todorovski
  Phil Traianedes
  Kris Trajanovski
  Vasco Trpcevski

U

V
  Haris Vrbovac

W

X

Y

Z
  Andrew Zinni

See also

References

External links

Preston Lions
Preston Lions players
Association football player non-biographical articles


Gustaf Eric Carlberg (5 April 1880 – 14 August 1963) was a Swedish Army officer, diplomat, sport shooter, fencer, and modern pentathlete who competed at the 1906, 1908, 1912 and 1924 Olympics alongside his twin brother Vilhelm.

Biography
Eric and Vilhelm were the youngest of four children of a veterinarian, who died when they were 12 years old. The twins became military officers in 1901 and retired in the rank of major. In 1911 they became physical education instructors. In 1924 Eric married Elsa Lindell and was stationed for three years in Iran as part of the newly established Gendarmerie corps. In 1930 he was appointed as Swedish consul general in Tehran and between 1935 and 1958 served as the Finnish consul general there.

Olympic career
1906 Athens
 25 m rapid fire pistol – eleventh place
 30 m duelling pistol – 13th place
 20 m duelling pistol – 14th place
 50 m pistol – 18th place
 25 m army pistol (1873 model) – 18th place
 25 m army pistol (standard model) – 27th place
 300 m army rifle – 28th place
 Free rifle, free position – 29th place

1908 London

Carlberg was a member of the Swedish team that won the silver medal in the team small-bore rifle competition. He also participated in the following shooting events:

 Team pistol – fifth place
 disappearing target small-bore rifle – ninth place
 moving target small-bore rifle – 15th place
 individual pistol – 33rd place

He also participated in the épée competition but was eliminated in the first round. As member of the Swedish épée team he was eliminated in the first round of the team épée event.

1912 Stockholm

At the 1912 Summer Olympics he won two gold and two silver medals in shooting. He also participated in the following shooting events:

 30 metre rapid fire pistol – sixth place
 50 metre pistol – twelfth place
 50 metre rifle, prone – 17th place
 25 metre small-bore rifle – 20th place

As member of the Swedish épée team he finished fourth in the team épée competition.

He also participated in the modern pentathlon event but retired after the first contest. This was the shooting competition where he finished eighth.

1924 Paris

In 1924 he finished ninth in the 25 metre rapid fire pistol event.

See also
 Dual sport and multi-sport Olympians

References

External links

 Eric Carlberg at Database Olympics

1880 births
1963 deaths
Swedish Army officers
Swedish twins
People from Karlskrona
Consuls-general of Sweden
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Swedish male épée fencers
Swedish male modern pentathletes
Swedish expatriates in Iran
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Olympic fencers for Sweden
Olympic modern pentathletes for Sweden
Shooters at the 1906 Intercalated Games
Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Modern pentathletes at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Iranian Gendarmerie personnel
Sportspeople from Blekinge County
Föreningen för Fäktkonstens Främjande fencers


The Belgian Health Telematics Commission (BHTC) is a Belgian government committee working on standards for exchanging and sharing of health information, between health care participants. The committee provides advice on eHealth to the Belgian government. Professor Georges De Moor is head of the committee.

The BHTC consists of several working groups:
 Data
 Hospitals
 Telemedicine
 Label: homologation of (para)medical software

Georges De Moor, together with Jos Devlies and Geert Thienpont, authored the 2006 eHealth strategy and implementation activities in Belgium report.

See also
 Belgian Medical Informatics Association
 BeHealth
 FLOW
 KMEHR
 SumEHR
 HL7
 European Institute for Health Records
 ProRec
 EUDRANET

References

Sources
 Telematics Commission
 Rcommendations
 Telematics Standards in relation to the Health Sector (PDF, advice)

Health informatics organizations
Medical and health organisations based in Belgium