Victor Hernández Cruz (born February 6, 1949) is a Puerto Rican poet. In 1981, Life magazine named him one of America's greatest poets.

Biography

Early years
Hernández Cruz was born in Aguas Buenas, Puerto Rico. In 1954, his family moved to New York City and lived in Spanish Harlem. There he received his primary and secondary education. He began to write poetry while attending Benjamin Franklin High School.

Poetry career
During his high school years, he wrote various poems, including "Snaps". In 1969, Random House published his collection Snaps and the following year his poetry began to appear in various publications including Evergreen Review and the New York Review of Books.

In 1970, Hernández Cruz worked with New York's "Poetry-in-the-school" program. He moved to San Francisco in 1973 and served as a visiting poet in various colleges. From 1973 to 1975, he read and performed his works as a traveling troubadour, covering much of the United States.

Hernández Cruz received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

In 1981, the April issue of Life magazine proclaimed Hernández Cruz a National Treasure when they included his name among the greatest American poets. He is the first Hispanic in the US to have this honor bestowed on him.

Memberships
Hernández Cruz is a distinguished member of the famed Nuyorican school of poets (also referred to as the Nuyorican Movement). He tweaks syntactic conventions of English and Spanish to communicate his own voice.

He was Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.

Awards
 International Griffin Poetry Prize
 Guggenheim Foundation
 National Endowment for the Arts fellowships

Works
 Papo Got His Gun, 1966 (chapbook).
 Snaps, Random House, 1969. 135 pp.

  (shortlisted for the 2002 International Griffin Poetry Prize)

Reviews
Allen Ginsberg wrote about Snaps:
Poesy news from space anxiety police age inner city, spontaneous urban American language as Williams wished, high school street consciousness transparent, original soul looking out intelligent Bronx windows.

See also

 Before Columbus Foundation
 List of Puerto Rican writers
 List of Puerto Ricans
 Puerto Rican literature
 Latino literature

References

External links
Griffin Poetry Prize biography
Griffin Poetry Prize reading, including video clip
Online interview with author on Letras Latinas Oral History Project.

1949 births
American male poets
Living people
People from Aguas Buenas, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican poets
Puerto Rican male writers
20th-century Puerto Rican poets
20th-century American poets
21st-century Puerto Rican poets
21st-century American poets
People from East Harlem


The 2008 Budweiser Shootout was the first official, non-points paying event of the 2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.  The race was run on Saturday, February 9, 2008 at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida and was restricted to those who were the fastest qualifiers in the 2007 season as well as past winners of the event. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the event, his second shootout, and his first win with Hendrick Motorsports. Fox televised the race starting at 8 PM US EST.

Eligible drivers
There were two ways to become eligible for the Budweiser Shootout: win a pole or win the Budweiser Shootout. For 2008, there were 23 eligible drivers: nine drivers being past winners with lifetime exemptions into the race as long as they remain active in the series, and 15 who were fastest in qualifying for NEXTEL Cup races in 2007.

Past active winners (9)
Bill Elliott
Ken Schrader
Jeff Gordon (who also won pole positions in 2007)
Mark Martin
Dale Jarrett (This will be his last Shootout as he has announced his retirement from racing)
Tony Stewart
Jimmie Johnson (also won at least one pole in 2007)
Denny Hamlin (also was a pole sitter in 2007)
Dale Earnhardt Jr. (also was a pole sitter in 2007)

2007 season pole sitters (14)
David Gilliland
Jamie McMurray
Kasey Kahne
Ryan Newman
Clint Bowyer
Carl Edwards
J. J. Yeley
Casey Mears
Reed Sorenson
Michael Waltrip
Martin Truex Jr.
Greg Biffle
Dave Blaney
Kurt Busch

Starting lineup
The Budweiser Shootout lineup was determined by a draw of positions on Thursday, February 7, 2008 and aired live on Speed Channel.

1. (2) Kurt Busch°
3. (55) Michael Waltrip
5. (38) David Gilliland°
7. (88) Dale Earnhardt Jr.
9. (1) Martin Truex Jr.
11. (96) J. J Yeley
13. (49) Ken Schrader
15. (44) Dale Jarrett°
17. (16) Greg Biffle
19. (22) Dave Blaney
21. (07) Clint Bowyer
23. (12) Ryan Newman°

2. (8) Mark Martin
4. (26) Jamie McMurray
6. (41) Reed Sorenson
8. (9) Kasey Kahne
10. (20) Tony Stewart
12. (11) Denny Hamlin
14. (21) Bill Elliott°
16. (5) Casey Mears°
18. (48) Jimmie Johnson°
20. (99) Carl Edwards
22. (24) Jeff Gordon°

° — Because of the wrecks in Happy Hour, or other reasons, these drivers went to the rear of the field.

Practice
The final practice session, commonly known as "Happy Hour" was anything but for many drivers as two separate incidents turned into a wreckfest thanks to the restrictor plate style of racing. The first, known as in the restrictor plate races as "The Big One", involved among others, Clint Bowyer, Ryan Newman, Jeff Gordon, David Gilliland and Jimmie Johnson, forcing them to backup rides.  The second incident was more notable, with tensions boiling over from an incident during the Autism Speaks 400 the previous June at Dover, Tony Stewart accidentally brushed Kurt Busch, then slammed into the wall.  The driver of the #2 Dodge retaliated en route to the garage area by bumping Stewart's #20 Toyota three times preventing en route to pit road getting to the garage area.  Busch was forced into a backup car and forfeited his pole position, and both drivers were ordered to visit the NASCAR Sprint Cup trailer to discuss the incident, and ordered to stay away from one another before the race. It had been reported that Stewart punched out Busch after he was called as "fat" in the trailer.  On February 12, 2008, both were placed on probation for six races.

Race

The race was broken down into two segments: The first segment, which was 20 laps, followed by a ten-minute intermission, followed by a 50-lap segment, during which teams are required to make a green flag pit stop to change a minimum of two tires. Unlike points-paying races, all restarts are double-file with lead lap cars in the front, and work can be done during red flag periods.  When all was said and done, Dale Earnhardt Jr. led an event record 46 of the 70 laps to win his first race with Hendrick Motorsports.

In a post-race inspection, Casey Mears' #5 Chevrolet was deemed to be too low.

Budweiser Shootout
Budweiser Shootout
NASCAR races at Daytona International Speedway


Samuel Johnson Howard (born ) is the eighth and current bishop of the Diocese of Florida in the U.S. Episcopal Church. Howard was elected bishop coadjutor on May 16, 2003, and entered office on January 29, 2004. He intends to retire in late 2023.

Early career
Howard was born on September 8, 1951, and is a North Carolina native. He is a 1973 graduate of Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, and has been married to his wife, Martha Marie, since 1974. They have two grown sons, Augustus and Charles.

Howard graduated from the Wake Forest University School of Law in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in 1976. He practiced law in Raleigh, North Carolina, from 1976 to 1986. He also worked on the staff of the Commerce Committee of the United States Senate.

Religious career
Howard radically changed his career by returning to school and graduating from Virginia Theological Seminary in Alexandria, Virginia, with a Master of Divinity degree. He was ordained as a deacon in June 1989 and a year later was ordained as a priest. His first position was assistant to the rector of the Church of the Holy Comforter in Charlotte, North Carolina, then rector of St. James' Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina.

Howard served as vicar of Trinity Church Wall Street from December 1997 until going to Florida in 2003.

See also

 List of Episcopal bishops of the United States
 Historical list of the Episcopal bishops of the United States

References

External links
Episcopal Diocese of Florida website
St. John's Cathedral website

1951 births
Living people
American Episcopalians
American Episcopal priests
Religious leaders from North Carolina
Williams College alumni
Wake Forest University School of Law alumni
Virginia Theological Seminary alumni
Episcopal bishops of Florida


In architecture, a transom is a transverse horizontal structural beam or bar, or a crosspiece separating a door from a window above it. This contrasts with a mullion, a vertical structural member. Transom or transom window is also the customary U.S. word used for a transom light, the window over this crosspiece. In Britain, the transom light is usually referred to as a fanlight, often with a semi-circular shape, especially when the window is segmented like the slats of a folding hand fan. A prominent example of this is at the main entrance of 10 Downing Street, the official residence of the British prime minister.

History
In early Gothic ecclesiastical work, transoms are found only in belfry unglazed windows or spire lights, where they were deemed necessary to strengthen the mullions in the absence of the iron stay bars, which in glazed windows served a similar purpose. In the later Gothic, and more especially the Perpendicular Period, the introduction of transoms became common in windows of all kinds.

Function

Transom windows which could be opened to provide cross-ventilation while maintaining security and privacy (due to their small size and height above floor level) were a common feature of apartments, homes, office buildings, schools, and other buildings before central air conditioning and heating became common beginning in the early-to-mid 20th century.

In order to operate opening transom windows, they were generally fitted with transom operators, a sort of wand assembly. In industrial buildings, transom operators could use a variety of mechanical arrangements.

Idiomatic usage
The phrase "over the transom" refers to works submitted for publication without being solicited. The image evoked is of a writer tossing a manuscript through the open window over the door of the publisher's office.

Similarly, the phrase is used to describe the means by which confidential documents, information or tips were delivered anonymously to someone who is not officially supposed to have them.

Some such phrases may refer instead to the transom of a ship - large waves from behind can bring water over the transom.

"Like pushing a piano through a transom" is a folk idiom used to describe something exceedingly difficult; its application to childbirth (and possibly its origin) has been attributed to Alice Roosevelt Longworth and Fannie Brice.

France
In French, transom windows are called  (previously spelled ), from the German ; lit. “what is that?”.

Japan
Architectural details called  are often found above doors in traditional Japanese buildings.

These details can be anything from simple shōji-style dividers to elaborate wooden carvings, and they serve as a traditional welcome to visitors of the head of the household.

See also

 Roof lantern
 Sidelight
 Skylight
 Fortochka

References

Architectural elements
Windows


Egemen Bağış () (born 23 April 1970) is a former Turkish politician of, former member of the Turkish parliament, and the former minister for EU Affairs and chief negotiator of Turkey in accession talks with the European Union. Currently, he serves as ambassador of Turkey to the Czech Republic.

Early life
Bağış was born in Bingöl, Turkey, in 1970 into a family which originated from Siirt. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Human Resources Management as well as a Master of Public Administration, both from the Baruch College of City University of New York.

Official responsibilities
 Turkish ambassador to the Czech Republic (Since November 2019)
 Member of the Turkish Parliament, representing Istanbul
 Chairman, Turkey-USA Inter Parliamentary Friendship Caucus of the Turkish Parliament
 Advisory Board Chairman, Istanbul 2010 European Capital of Culture Initiative.
 Honorary board member of the Siirt Solidarity Foundation.

As a top adviser to the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Bağış played a key role in the Justice and Development Party's (AKP) policies.

Federation of Turkish American Associations
Bağış formerly served as the president of the Federation of Turkish American Associations, the New York-based umbrella organization of Turkish-Americans that sponsored his green card petition in the United States. He has also served as a member of the advisory board on Turkish Citizens Abroad, a government body. He was the manager of the Antik Bar at the Jolly Madison Hotel serving the Turkish American community. He also founded the Turkish Link, a New York-based translation agency specialized in the Turkish and English languages.

Controversies

Protests of 2013

During the 2013 protests in Turkey, Bağış attracted criticism for his comments that "Everyone who enters Taksim Square will be treated like a terrorist." In an officially published statement, and despite claims and evidence presented by organizations such as Amnesty International, Bağış claimed that "There is no state violence in Turkey". In the same statement, he claimed that "Turkey has the most reformist and strongest government in Europe and the most charismatic and strongest leader in the world. Should anyone have a problem with this, then I am truly sorry. Only for those who feel overwhelmed is the leadership of Prime Minister Erdoğan a problem."

Germany's Foreign Ministry summoned the Turkish ambassador to protest after Bağış accused German Chancellor Angela Merkel of "picking on" Turkey for domestic political gain before German elections, after Merkel criticized the crackdown as "much too strong". The accusation came after Germany blocked a decision to move forward the membership negotiations after the crackdown. Bağış said that if Merkel is looking for "internal political material" ahead of Germany's September elections, "this should not be Turkey". He also pointed to the election defeat last year of then-French President Nicolas Sarkozy, a fellow opponent of Turkish EU membership.

"Masturbation" remark
In January 2013 Bağış compared the campaign to recognize the Assyrian genocide and Armenian genocide in Sweden to "masturbation" . He later apologised for his remark.

Corruption scandal

As part of claims that Bağış, along with 3 other ministers, engaged in severely corrupt conduct, Bağış was the only one out of the four charged ministers who had not resigned on 25 December 2013. Despite Bağış claiming innocence, that evening, Prime Minister Erdoğan announced a major cabinet reshuffle, removing Bağış from his post as the Minister for European Union through his publicly unannounced official resignation.

Mocking the Quran
Voice recordings of Bağış mocking the Quran, particularly Surah Al-Baqarah, were leaked. This caused major controversy. Bağış claimed that he never said such things, but the voice recordings were later proven to be authentic. Turkish religious leader Ahmet Mahmut Ünlü criticised Bağış, stating "He mocked Surah Al Baqarah, they [Ak Party] still talk with him, sit and laugh with him. I wouldn't even look at his face, even if they gave me the whole world."

Ambassador
Bağış was appointed ambassador of Turkey to the Czech Republic by September 2019, replacing Ahmet Necati Bigalı.

See also
 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey

References

External links

21st-century Turkish diplomats
1970 births
Living people
People from Bingöl
Justice and Development Party (Turkey) politicians
Baruch College alumni
Deputies of Istanbul
Members of the 24th Parliament of Turkey
Members of the 23rd Parliament of Turkey
Members of the 22nd Parliament of Turkey
Ministers of European Union Affairs of Turkey
Ministers of State of Turkey
Members of the 60th government of Turkey
Ambassadors of Turkey to the Czech Republic


Luis Otero Sánchez-Encinas (22 October 1893 – 20 January 1955) was a Spanish footballer who played as a defender and who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics, being a member of the Spanish team that won the silver medal at the tournament.

Otero is recognized as one of the most outstanding Galician footballers in history. He was part of the first teams of both Celta de Vigo and the Spanish team, and along with Moncho Gil, he is the first Galician Olympic medalist.

In his memory, the Luis Otero Trophy has been held in Pontevedra since 1959.

Club career
Born in Pontevedra, he began playing football at the age of 16 at his hometown club, Pontevedra Sporting Club in 1909, and two years later he moved to Real Vigo Sporting. After playing with Sporting for almost a decade, winning four Galician Championships and reaching the semifinals of the Copa del Rey twice (in 1919 and 1920), he left the club shortly after it merged with Fortuna de Vigo to form Celta de Vigo in 1923. Although he seemed destined to be one of the mainstays of Celta de Vigo, Luis Otero, along with two other players - Chiarroni and González -, not satisfied with the discipline of the new club, left the entity before the start of the 1923 Galician Championship to sign for Deportivo de La Coruña, which ultimately proved to be one of the triggers of the historical rivalry between the Vigo and Coruña teams. Celta sued Deportivo for bribery and these protests led the Galician Federation to suspend the three "runaway" footballers for a season, accusing them of professionalism, while Deportivo was forbidden of lining them up in the Galician Championship. However, Deportivo appealed to the Royal Spanish Football Federation, which ruled in favor of Deportivo and annulled the sanction against the club on the understanding that there had been no bribery, urging the Galician Federation to readmit Deportivo to the championship, although it mantained the sanction on the three players for having duplicate records. The Galician Federation agreed by majority to accept the verdict of the Spanish Federation. At the end of his suspension, he returned to Deportivo, where he played six seasons, winning two more Galician Championships.

International career
On 28 August 1920, Otero went down in history as one of the eleven footballers who played in the first game of the Spanish national team at the 1920 Summer Olympics, in an eventual 1–0 victory over Denmark. He also featured in the second round of the repechage tournament against Italy which Spain won 2-0, winning the silver medal three days later after beating the Netherlands 3-1, making Otero and Moncho Gil the first Galician Olympic medalists in history. In total, he earned four caps for Spain, two at the 1920 Olympics and two in friendlies, the last of which was on 21 December 1924 at Les Corts in a 2-1 win over Austria.

Being a player of Real Vigo Sporting, he was summoned to play for the Galicia national team, and he was one of the eleven footballers that played in the first game of the team's history, a 4-1 win over a Castile/Madrid XI in the quarter-finals of the 1922-23 Prince of Asturias Cup, an inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF. Otero was a member of the Galacian team that reached that tournament's final, in which they lost 1-3 to Asturias national team, courtesy of a second-half brace from José Luis Zabala.

Honours

Club
Real Vigo Sporting

Galician Championship:
Winners (4) 1914, 1919, 1920 and 1923

Deportivo de La Coruña

Galician Championship:
Winners (2) 1926-1927 and 1927–28

International
Spain
Olympic Games Silver medal: 1920

Asturias
Prince of Asturias Cup:
Runner-up (1): 1922-23

References

External links

1893 births
1955 deaths
Spanish men's footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
RC Celta de Vigo players
Deportivo de La Coruña players
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Men's association football defenders


Andricus kollari, also known as the marble gall wasp, is a parthenogenetic species of wasp which causes the formation of marble galls on oak trees. Synonyms for the species include Cynips kollari, Andricus quercusgemmae, A. minor, A. indigenus and A. circulans.

Description
Adult Andricus kollari are dark brown, and about  in length. It has alternating sexual and asexual generations, each often taking two years to complete. Like all gall wasps, it causes the formation of parasitic galls on trees in which it lays its larvae.

In May or June, a sexual female lays her eggs in the developing buds of susceptible oak trees using her ovipositor. Chemicals produced by both the adult and developing wasps cause the formation of a gall. Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), sessile oak (Q. petraea) and the hybrid Quercus × rosacea can all be parasitized. The host trees are often immature or retarded specimens; galls are rarer on older, healthier trees. The Turkey oak (Q. cerris), introduced into Britain in 1735, is required for the completion of the wasp's life cycle. The oak marble gall is frequently conflated with the oak apple gall, caused by another gall wasp, Biorhiza pallida. Oak marble galls are also known as the bullet gall, oak nut or Devonshire gall.

The developing spherical galls are green at first, brown later, and mature in August. Each gall contains a central chamber, with a single female wasp larva of the asexual generation, which emerges through a 'woodworm-like' hole as an adult winged gall-wasp in September. These asexual (agamic) females lay unfertilized eggs in the embryonic bud leaves of the Turkey oak, with galls slowly developing during winter, and are visible in March and April as small oval structures between the bud scales, looking like ant's eggs or pupae. The emerging adult gall-wasps in spring are the sexual generation, producing both males and females, which fly to the common oaks to initiate the formation of the summer marble gall.

The abnormal buds develop during the summer and the bud is wholly replaced by the growing gall. Marble galls may remain attached to the tree for several years. The level of attack by the insect varies greatly from year to year.

A. hispanicus was previously included in A. kollari, but the two are genetically distinct and require different hosts to complete their life cycle, the sexual generation of A. hispanicus developing on the cork oak (Quercus suber) instead of the Turkey oak (Quercus cerris).

Oak marble gall

The gall growth first appears as a rounded mass of green plant tissue on the leaf buds of the oak, later becoming hard and brown, being up to approximately  in diameter. Although nearly spherical, the galls often have a number of little flattened nodules. The rounded growths are filled with a spongy mass and a single wasp larva is located in a hard, seed-like cell in the centre. The word 'marble' derives from the gall's shape, which is a marble-like rounded structure. As stated, although normally distinctive the oak marble gall can, under some growth conditions, be mistaken for the oak apple gall, caused by a number of gall wasps, such as Biorhiza pallida. This may be due to the observer's unfamiliarity with the true oak apple gall which grows to be somewhat larger, has red markings, but does also grow on the axillary or terminal buds. The galls sometimes coalesce. The non-parasitised specimens are at the largest end of the size range.

Fused and/or stunted specimens can be confused with A. lignicola (Hartig), the "Cola-nut gall".

Predators, inquilines, parasitoids and fungi
Mature galls are sometimes broken open by vertebrate predators to recover the larva or pupa. Woodpeckers, such as the lesser spotted woodpecker, as well as other birds or squirrels have been suggested. In the territory of former Czechoslovakia, both bank voles and yellow-necked mice feed on larvae and pupae extracted from oak marble galls.

A number of insect inquilines live harmlessly within the oak marble gall. Some of these, as well as Andricus itself, are parasitised by insects referred to as parasitoids. The chalcid wasp Torymus nitens is an example of a parasitoid in oak marble galls. The presence of these inquilines and parasites is often visible on older galls by the presence of fine exit-holes, smaller than that of the gall wasp itself.

A gall can contain the cynipid wasp as the host that made the gall; up to five species of inquilines (Ceroptres clavicornis, Synergus gallaepomiformis, S. pallidipennis, S. reinhardi and S. umbraculus) eating the hosts food; as well as up to thirteen parasitoid species (Eurytoma brunniventris, Sycophila biguttata, S. variegata, Megastigmus dorsalis, M. stigmatizans, Torymus geranii, T. auratus, Caenacis lauta, Hobbya stenonota, Mesopolobus amaenus, M. fasciiventris, M. sericeus, Eupelmus urozonus) living on the host, inquilines and each other.

Many old galls bear numerous dark brown excrescences, due to the fungus Phoma gallorum.

Uses of oak marble galls
The galls contain large amounts of tannic acid, which was used for making iron gall ink and for dyeing cloth. According to recent research, traces of iron-gall ink have been found on the Dead Sea scrolls and on the 'lost' Gospel of Judas. Iron-gall ink may have been used for 1,800 years, but it does not withstand the test of time well. Over the course of centuries, the ink fades, and discolours and damages the paper. Other waterproof formulae, better suited for writing on paper, became available in the 20th century. Iron gall ink is manufactured chiefly by artists enthusiastic about reviving old methods or possibly forgers of old documents.

British galls have too little tannic acid (about 17%) for the best results; Aleppo galls have three times as much.

Powdered galls mixed with hog's lard and applied to the posterior were said to be good for curing piles.

Oak marble gall extract is used in deodorants because of tannic acid's anti-bacterial properties.

Infestations of oak marble galls
Removing and destroying galls before they dry and the wasps emerge from a hole may help to reduce the infestation. While fairly large, spectacular, and sometimes present in quite large numbers, they cause no measurable harm. The galls were the subject of considerable press controversy in the mid-nineteenth century when it was thought that the acorn crop would be ruined and its rapid spread would deprive farmers of valuable pannage (fodder) for their pigs.

Gallery

See also
 Andricus grossulariae
 Cola-nut gall
 Knopper gall
 Oak artichoke gall
 Rose bedeguar gall

References

External links

 A photograph of a Marble Gall
 A photograph of Andricus kollari
 Iron gall Ink
 A recipe for Iron Gall ink

Oak galls
Gall-inducing insects
Cynipidae
Insects described in 1843
Taxa named by Theodor Hartig


is a Japanese manga series written by Shinji Makari and illustrated by Akana Shu, serialized in Kodansha's Afternoon magazine from 1994 to 2004. The series transferred to Kodansha's Evening magazine wherein the subtitle "the Negotiator" is added in. Subsequent compilations of the original manga also add this phrase.

The manga was adapted into an anime television series in 2004 as Yugo the Negotiator. The anime comprises the manga's first two major arcs, which fit within 13 episodes. The series follows Yugo Beppu, a hostage negotiator, in various cases around the world. Having both a very tough body and determination, and his keen insight, Yugo often goes to great length to rescue those he was asked to.

Plot

Media

Manga
Yugo, written by Shinji Makari and illustrated by Shuu Akana, was serialized in Kodansha's Monthly Afternoon magazine between 1994 and 2004. The chapters were compiled into 22 tankōbon volumes and published in the Kodansha's Afternoon KC line between June 23, 1994, and September 22, 2004. From 2004 it started to be published as Yugo the Negotiator in Evening. The first volume was published on September 22, 2004, in the Evening KC line, with subsequent volumes published in the KC Delux line.

Anime
First announced in November 2003, a 13-episode anime adaptation titled  was created. Produced in two parts,  and , it had two animation studios, two directors, and two writers. G&G Direction produced the Pakistan Chapter with Seiji Kishi as director, and Kazuharu Sato as writer. Artland produced the Russia Chapter with Shinya Hanai as director and Kenichi Kanemaki as writer. It was originally broadcast between February 24, and March 25, 2004, on Kids Station. Six DVD volumes were released from May 25, to October 29, 2004, by Ken Media.

ADV Films licensed the series for a North American release in March 2005, releasing the first volume in both a regular edition and an edition with a box on July 26. After releasing the last volume on March 21, 2006, ADV released the complete series in a DVD box set on October 2, 2007, and on March 24, 2009. The first three episodes of Yugo the Negotiator were screened at the Barbican Centre on February 26, 2008, in London; Helen McCarthy, an anime expert, did an introduction of the show for the audience.

Reception

Anime News Network's Theron Martin elected Yugo the "Best New Hero/Heroine" along with Kei Kurono of Gantz and Pacifica of Scrapped Princess. Martin declared he is "the most original hero: he deals with 'opponents' though his attention to understanding them and the sometimes-extreme actions he undertakes so that he can negotiate with them on their terms. A very slick, and very tough, individual."

References

External links

1994 manga
2004 anime television series debuts
ADV Films
Artland (company)
Kodansha manga
Political thriller anime and manga
Seinen manga


The Diocese of Prato () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Tuscany, that has existed as an independent entity since 1954. Its see is Prato Cathedral, some 10 miles (17 km) northwest of Florence, on the Bisenzio River. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Florence.

History

The earliest reference to the place occurs in a diploma of the Emperor Otto III in 998, but the earliest use of the word "Prato" occurs in a bull of the bishop of Pistoia, dated 1035.

The church of S. Stefano del borgo Cornio in Prato was already in existence by the 10th century, and was the easternmost parish in the diocese of Pistoia, bordering on the diocese of Florence. It had become a collegiate church, ruled by a provost and a college of canons, by the beginning of the 11th century. Its relationship to the bishops of Pistoia was always difficult.

On 21 May 1123, Pope Innocent II issued a bull in which the papacy took the church of S. Stefano de Prato under its protection, and granted it various privileges, including the right to the 10% income, the privilege of not having any other church inside its boundaries, the right of burial of its parishioners, and the right not to be subjected to interdict or excommunication without just and reasonable cause. The pope did, however, emphasize in a letter of 21 December 1133 that the collegiate church was still subject to the bishop of Pistoria, and owed him obedience and reverence, their privileges notwithstanding.

Pope Celestine III, following the example of his predecessors Pope Innocent II and Pope Lucius III, on 31 August 1191 took the provostship of S. Stefano under the protection of the papacy. The fee was 1 aureus per annum.

In 1239, the community of Prato, which had been staunchly Guelph in consideration of the many favors obtained from the popes, among them a measure of protection from both Pistoia and Florence, experienced a Ghibbeline revolution and joined the party of the Emperor Frederick II. In 1351, Florence acquired the territory of Prato, and built a new and much larger fortress over that of Frederick.

Pope Alexander V was resident in Prato from the end of October 1409 until January 1410, and apparently had in mind to create new dioceses at Prato and at San Miniato. His death in Bologna on 3 May 1410 put an end to his plans.

On 3 September 1460, Pope Pius II removed the Provostship of S. Stefano from the diocese of Pistoria and made it nullius dioecesis (not belonging to any diocese), directly dependent on the Holy See.

Creation of diocese
The diocese of Prato was created on 22 September 1653, by Pope Innocent X in the bull "Redemptoris Nostri". It was permanently attached, aeque personaliter, to the diocese of Pistoia. The collegiate church of S. Stefano and its Chapter of Canons was suppressed, and in its place the cathedral of S. Stefano was established, administered and served by a corporation called the Chapter, consisting of the Provost, five dignities (the Primicerius, the Archpriest, the Archdeacon, the Dean, and the Treasurer) and nineteen canons. The motive forces behind the promotion were Cardinal Carlo de'Medici, Bishop of Ostia, Dean of the College of Cardinals, and Provost Commendatory of S. Stefano di Prato; and his nephew, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Duke Ferdinand raised the oppidum of Prato to the rank of civitas in recognition of its greater importance.

The diocese became independent when the Diocese of Pistoia e Prato was split by Pope Pius XII on 25 January 1954. The seat of the bishop was to be in the cathedral of S. Stefano, which had been a cathedral since 1653. The cathedral was named a minor basilica on 31 July 1996, by Pope John Paul II.

Churches
Santa Maria Assunta in Filettole
Santa Maria delle Carceri, Prato, named a minor basilica in 1939 by Pope Pius XII.
Santi Vicenzo e Caterina de' Ricci, Prato, named a minor basilica in 1947 by Pope Pius XII.

Bishops
Pietro Fiordelli (7 July 1954  – 1991)
Gastone Simoni (1991 – 2012)
Franco Agostinelli (2012 – 15 May 2019)
Giovanni Nerbini (15 May 2019 – present)

See also
Roman Catholic Diocese of Pistoia

References

Sources

Carlesi, Ferdinando (1904). Origini della città e del comune di Prato. Prato: Alberghetti 1904.
Fantappiè, Renzo (ed.) (2022). Le carte della propositura di S. Stefano di Prato. II. 1201-1300. Florence: Società Editrice Fiorentina 2022.
Guasti, Cesare (1846). Della chiesa cattedrale di Prato. Descrizione corredata di notizie storiche e di documenti inediti. Prato 1846.

Lamberti, Claudia (2005). "Il castello dell’Imperatore a Prato," , in: Prato, storia ed arte, 97, N.S. 4, 2005, pp. 105-118.
Papini, Pietro (1871). Notizie storiche intorno all'origine di Prato: alla sua chiesa cattedrale.... Prato: Vincenzo Galli, 1871.

External links
David M. Cheney, Catholic-hierarchy.org, "Diocese of Prato"
Diocesi di Prato (Official diocesan website)

Prato
Christian organizations established in 1954
Prato


Vincent Chancey (born February 4, 1950) is an American jazz hornist.

Early life and education
Chancey was born and raised in Chicago. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in music from the SIUC School of Music in 1973 and studied under Julius Watkins in New York City.

Career
Chancey began playing professionally in the 1970s, mostly with large ensembles such as the Sun Ra Arkestra, Lester Bowie's Brass Fantasy, David Murray Big Band, Carla Bley Big Band, and the Richard Abrams orchestra. He later performed and recorded with the Mingus Orchestra, Dave Douglas, Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock, Shirley Horn, Diana Krall, Elvis Costello, Mose Allison, Aretha Franklin, and Cassandra Wilson.

Discography

As leader
Welcome Mr. Chancey (1993)
Next Mode (1998, DIW Records)

As sideman
With Ahmed Abdullah
 Life's Force (About Time, 1979)
 Live at Ali's Alley (Cadence, 1980)
With Muhal Richard Abrams
Mama and Daddy (Black Saint, 1980)
Blues Forever (Black Saint, 1982)
Rejoicing with the Light (Black Saint, 1983)
With Carla Bley
Live! (Watt, 1981)
I Hate to Sing (Watt, 1981–83)
With Lester Bowie
I Only have Eyes for You (ECM, 1985)
Avant Pop (ECM, 1986)
Twilight Dreams (Venture, 1988)
Serious Fun (DIW, 1989)
Live at the 6th Tokyo Music Joy (DIW, 1990)
The Fire This Time (In & Out, 1992)
The Odyssey Of Funk & Popular Music (Atlantic, 1998)
With Dave Douglas
Spirit Moves (Greenleaf, 2009)
United Front: Brass Ecstasy at Newport (Greenleaf, 2011)
Rare Metal (Greenleaf, 2011)
With Charlie Haden Liberation Music Orchestra
Time/Life (Impulse!, 2011-2015 [2016])
With David Murray
Live at Sweet Basil Volume 1 (Black Saint, 1984)
Live at Sweet Basil Volume 2 (Black Saint, 1984)
David Murray Big Band (DIW/Columbia, 1991)
South of the Border (DIW, 1993)
With Herb Robertson
Shades of Bud Powell (JMT, 1988)
With Sun Ra
Live at Montreux (Inner City, 1976)
Cosmos (Cobra, 1976)
Unity (Horo, 1977)
Sleeping Beauty (El Saturn, 1979)
Live from Soundscape (DIW, 1979)

References

External links
Official website

American jazz horn players
Living people
CIMP artists
DIW Records artists
1950 births
Jazzhole members
Jazz musicians from Chicago
American male jazz musicians
Southern Illinois University Carbondale alumni


Storace is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Bernardo Storace ( 1664), Italian composer
 Francesco Storace (born 1959), Italian politician
 Guillermo Storace (born 1974), a forward of the Uruguay national rugby union team
 Marc Storace (born 1951), Maltese rock vocalist (lives in Switzerland)
 Nancy Storace (1765–1817), operatic singer
 Patricia Storace, American poet and essayist
 Stephen Storace (1762–1796), English composer


Arrête ton char... bidasse! is a 1977 French comedy film directed by Michel Gérard.

Plot
Four young Frenchmen have to do their military service in Germany. The strict discipline isn't to their liking. Each time they are allowed to leave the barracks they relish it and go out for adventures.

Cast and roles
 Darry Cowl – Colonel Lessard
 Pierre Tornade – Capitaine Marcus
 Robert Castel – Rodriguez
 Stéphane Hillel – Raoul
 Rémi Laurent – Francis
 Michel Bonnet – Adjudant Boutain
 Frédéric Duru – Caporal Benoît
 Anton Duschek – Bourgmestre
 Angelika Hauff – Maria's mother (credited as Angelica Hauff)
 Jacques Faber – Lieutenant Finclair
 Evelyne Kraft – Karin (credited as Evelyn Kraft)
 Michel Melki – Joël
 Olivia Pascal – Maria
 Philippe Ricci – Luc
 Hubert Berger

References

External links

1977 films
1977 comedy films
French comedy films
1970s French-language films
West German films
Films shot in Germany
Military humor in film
1970s French films


During the 1980s and 1990s a moral panic about alleged Satanic ritual abuse (SRA) occurred, mainly in parts of the English-speaking world. This was propagated by certain psychotherapists, social workers, Christian fundamentalists and law enforcement officials.

Some of the cases ended in prosecution and imprisonment.  Many but not all of those imprisoned have been released.  Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States have had several incidents of alleged SRA which received national and international news coverage. Other countries have also had isolated events in which abuse or murder took place with Satanic ritual elements, including Argentina and Brazil.

Australia

Perth, Western Australia
In 1991, police in Perth linked Scott Gozenton, a self-professed Satanist, with organised child sexual abuse. His lawyer claimed 13 Satanic covens existed in the area, holding bizarre orgies involving children, and that Gozenton had been followed and threatened by "coven" members throughout the court proceedings.

Melbourne, Victoria
In 2001, the Melbourne diocese of the Catholic Church acknowledged as "substantially true" allegations that a Melbourne priest took part in Satanic ritual abuse in which a number of deaths occurred in the 1960s, and paid compensation to a surviving victim.

Central Coast, New South Wales
In 1999, two journalists from the The Sun-Herald claimed to have seen evidence of the ritual abuse of children. They interviewed six mothers whose children had disclosed experiences of SRA and organised abuse in New South Wales. The children's disclosures were corroborating, although they had never met one another, and they had been able to draw representations of "Satanic" ritual sites which were similar to ritual sites uncovered by police on the central coast of New South Wales.

One mother stated that her sons remembered being drugged and hypnotised. "He said they dressed in black robes and had eye and mouth pieces cut out," she said. "I know they're dangerous people. I have had warnings outside the house telling me to stop investigations. We're fearful for our lives. The boys never want me out of their sight."

Belgium

During the investigation of the Belgian serial killer Marc Dutroux, a number of women approached police claiming to be adult survivors of a network of sexual offenders. One witness described satanic ceremonies with a goal of disorienting new victims, causing them to doubt the reality of their memories and prevent disclosure.

Brazil

In the early 1990s, Superior Universal Alignment, an Argentinian-based international cult, was implicated in the ritualistic murders of several children.

A number of prominent citizens were arrested in relation to the murders, and it later emerged that they had paid the cult to conduct the murderous ceremonies. A search of cult member's houses turned up cult registers, guns, hooded cloaks, 100 videotapes of cult ceremonies and satanist publications, including a 200-page book by cult leader Valentina de Andrade called God, the Great Farce. Brazilian authorities suggested that the cult was connected to Satanic groups internationally.

In 2003, five members of the Superior Universal Alignment cult in the Amazonian town of Altamira were convicted for the ritualistic murders of three children and the castration of two others. The victims were aged between eight and thirteen years, and they were kidnapped, tortured or killed between 1989 and 1993. Their genitals were removed and used in Satanic rituals by 75-year old village clairvoyant, Valentina de Andrade, the leader of the Superior Universal Alignment cult. De Andrade had previously been sought by police in Argentina and Uruguay prior to her arrest in Brazil on suspicion of involvement in other satanic ritual killings.

Following the castration of victims, two doctors involved in the sect removed the victim's other organs for sale on the international black market. Other people sentenced in relation to the murders included a former police officer, a businessman and the son of an influential landowner. The charges related to the murders of three young children and the attempted murder of another, however, victim's families say that there were at least nineteen other murdered children. The cult is based in Argentina and has branches in Holland.

Canada

One of the earliest claims of SRA was made in the book Michelle Remembers co-written by Canadian psychiatrist Lawrence Pazder and Michelle Smith, later Pazder's wife. The book detailed a Satanic cult that allegedly operated in Victoria, British Columbia.

A protracted child custody case contested in family court in Hamilton, Ontario, from 1985 to 1987, centred on allegations of Satanic ritual abuse; it was later documented in a book written by a Globe and Mail reporter who was assigned to cover the case.

The Martensville Satanic sex scandal occurred in Martensville, Saskatchewan in 1992, where an allegation of day care sexual abuse hysteria escalated into claims of satanic ritual abuse.

Ireland
In 2007, a jury at Dublin Country Coroner's court unanimously ruled that an infant found stabbed to death over three decades ago was the daughter of Cynthia Owen (then 'Sindy Murphy'). The infant was alleged to have been murdered by the infant's grandmother.  The Minister of Justice had previously rejected a request by Cynthia Owen to have the body of the child exhumed, a decision Ms. Owen did not contest. The inquest was prohibited from assigning blame due to the Coroners Act of 1962 and therefore returned an open verdict. Also, the jury was instructed that the standard of proof was not the "beyond a reasonable doubt" benchmark of criminal trials, but rather the lesser standard of determining whether Owen's claims were true based "on the balance of probabilities". Ms. Owen made claims about a stillborn second child buried in the family garden, but police found no human remains after digging up the plot.  Owen's parents, as well as her older siblings, denied her allegations of abuse.

During the trial, Owen provided her account of incest, organised abuse, and satanic ritual abuse orchestrated by her parents involving at least nine other men and her account was supported by her psychologist. She claimed that her brother, Michael, and sister, Theresa, were also abused, a charge that was denied by her older brother and father. One of the alleged abusers is Cynthia Owen's older brother, Peter Murphy Junior, while the father, Peter Murphy Senior, is also an alleged abuser.  One brother, Martin, committed suicide in 1995 after revealing he had been sodomised in his family home, while another brother, Michael, disappeared in 2002 and sister Theresa committed suicide shortly after the discovery of his body in 2005; Theresa's detailed 37-paged suicide note corroborated Cynthia's account. A friend of Theresa's testified at the trial, stating that Theresa had spoken to him at length about her sexual abuse in childhood. Theresa Murphy committed suicide on February 24, 2005, as a result of childhood sexual abuse, a finding that was supported by police evidence. Theresa was the child of her older sister, Margaret Murphy.

Following the findings of the Coroner's Court, Owen has raised questions regarding the disposal of her daughter's body and the failure of the police to investigate the murder. In particular, she has highlighted the fact that no blood or tissue samples were kept, that the bag and sanitary towels found alongside the murdered child have gone missing, that the records of the first inquest into the murder have gone missing, and that her daughter was buried in a mass grave alongside other infants. Owen claimed that the police knew about the murder and did nothing. She also stated that she felt robbed of justice by her mother's natural and peaceful death.

Owen's father, Peter Murphy Senior, and three of her sisters won the right to appeal the findings of the inquest from the High Court. The family claimed that the coroner was biased toward Owen, shielded her when giving evidence and was selective in the evidence presented to the jury. The case of the murdered child was reported in 2008, and in 2013, to be the subject of an ongoing investigation by the Garda Síochána.
 A petition calling for further investigation received 10,256 signatures, and was submitted to government authorities on April 3, 2014.

Peter Murphy Senior has since died.

Italy
In 1998, six adults in Emilia-Romagna were arrested with allegations of prostituting their children and the production of child pornography. The children were also reported to be involved in Satanic rituals. In 2002, four people were arrested for "Satanism and paedophilia" in Pescara. Police believed that the group may have abused dozens of children in rituals involving bodies stolen from ceremonies.  In April 2007, six people were arrested for sexually abusing fifteen children in Rignano Flaminio. The suspects were accused of filming the children engaged in sexual acts with 'Satanic' overtones.
In 2012 a woman in Catania (Sicily) was charged for sexually abusing her daughter dressed as a nun. She used crosses and sacred object to perform sexual violence, which was carried out in churches of the area.

New Zealand

In September 1991, a conference in Christchurch included a workshop on Satanic Ritual Abuse run by a member of the Ritual Action Group. Immediately after the conference, the print and TV media started a moral panic about alleged ritual abuse of children. Repeated newsmedia articles on satanic abuse and a report that police were searching for a near-mythical pornography-paedophile ring that was never found but supposedly involved high-profile people in Christchurch, preceded the arrest of Peter Ellis, a child-care worker at the Christchurch Civic Crèche in March 1992. He was found guilty in June 1993 on 16 counts of sexual abuse against children and served seven years in jail. Four female co-workers were also arrested on 15 charges of abuse but were released after the charges were dropped. Peter Ellis consistently denied any abuse until his death in 2019. The case is still considered controversial by many New Zealanders and remains on appeal to the Supreme Court.

In 1994, Wellington Hospital worker Geoffrey David Scott was jailed on eight of 20 charges of child sexual abuse and sentenced to seven years. The allegations were made 1991–1992. The case had none of the bizarre allegations of the Ellis case but was based on now-unacceptable repeated questioning of children and the testimony of Karen Zelas, the controversial psychiatrist who testified in the Ellis trial.

Netherlands
In 1989 a group of parents published allegations in a conservative magazine that their children had witnessed SRA and had been ritually abused from May, 1987 until October 1988 in Oude Pekela, a city in the north-eastern province of Groningen, the Netherlands.  During the initial investigation, only the non-ritual aspects were reported in the press and investigated by the authorities and the allegations were unconfirmed.

In 1989 the conservative Christian news program Tijdsein reported allegations that included Satanic ritual abuse, to which there was no official response. After attending a conference in which the concept of satanic ritual abuse was discussed, Oude Pekela general practitioners Fred Jonker and Ietje Jonker-Bakker alleged that several children had been abused by unknown men in the context of Satanic rituals. This was first reported in a lecture at the Institute of Education of London University and later published in several academic journals in both English and Dutch, but their findings were heavily criticised by American and Dutch scholars.

National authorities were informed in 1991 and 1992 of the allegations, though no action was taken until the press was informed. The State Secretary of Justice responded to the allegations by appointing the Werkgroep Ritueel Misbruik multidisciplinary workgroup to study SRA in the Netherlands, which produced a report in 1994. The report concluded that it was unlikely SRA had occurred or the allegations were factually true, suggested the allegations were a defence mechanism produced in part by suggestive questioning by 'believing' therapists, and that the stories were contemporary legends dispersed through a network of therapists and patients who were concerned with dissociative identity disorder.

South Africa

Van Rooyen case
In 1990, Gert van Rooyen and his accomplice were accused of murdering several young girls, ultimately committing suicide while running from the police. One of the accused's sons was later himself accused of murdering a Zimbabwean girl in 1991; the same son claimed his father's victims were involved in international child pornography rings, slavery and Satanism rituals, but no evidence of this was found. The case was so similar to crimes committed by Marc Dutroux that multiple agencies investigated a possible international smuggling ring in prostituted children and body parts.

United Kingdom
There have been a number of cases in the United Kingdom in which SRA has been alleged. Some of these cases have garnered significant media attention, and they are listed below.

The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children documented allegations of ritual abuse in 1990, with the publication of survey findings that, of 66 child protection teams in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 14 teams had received reports of ritual abuse from children and seven of them were working directly with children who had been ritually abused, sometimes in groups of 20.  An investigation into SRA allegations by the British government produced over two hundred reports, of which only three were substantiated and proved to be examples of pseudosatanic, in which sexual abuse was the actual motivation and the rituals were incidental.

Cleveland

In 1987 a wave of child sexual abuse allegations occurred in Cleveland, Yorkshire following the use of a new and  controversial diagnostic test by paediatricians at the Middlesbrough Hospital. A total of 121 children were removed from their parents; 94 were subsequently returned. Anthropologist Jean La Fontaine has stated the scandal featured allegations of satanic ritual abuse.

Rochdale
In 1990 there was a case in Rochdale in which around twenty children were removed from their homes by social services, who alleged the existence of SRA after discovering 'Satanic indicators'. No evidence was found of Satanic apparatus, and charges were dismissed when a court ruled the allegations were untrue. The children who were removed from their homes sued the city council in 2006 for compensation and an apology. Richard Scorer acted for five of the families.

Orkney

In 1990-1991 nine children suspected of being sexually abused by their families and an alleged child abuse ring were removed by social services in Orkney. The abuse was also alleged to involve "ritualistic elements".  The parents approached the media and made the case national and international news. In April 1991, a sheriff ruled that the evidence was seriously flawed and the children were returned home.

In June, social services appealed the sheriff's ruling but the appeal was overturned and an official inquiry was established in August 1991, which after 9 months' investigation at a cost of £6 million, published its report in October 1992. It described the dismissal of the first judgment as "most unfortunate" and criticized all those involved, including the social workers, the police, and the Orkney Islands Council. Social workers' training, methods, and judgment were given special condemnation, and the report stated that the concept of "ritual abuse" was "not only unwarrantable at present but may affect the objectivity of practitioners and parents". A 1994 government report based on three years of research found that there was no foundation to any of the Satanic abuse claims.

Broxtowe
In October 1987 children were removed from their families in Nottingham, and in February 1989 a Broxtowe family was charged with multigenerational child sexual abuse and neglect. A 600-page report on the incident concluded that there was no evidence of the SRA claims made by children or corroborating adults. Though the children may have been 'sadistically terrorized', allegations of organized Satanic abuse were found to be baseless and the indicators used by the Social Services department were without validity.

Lewis
In 2003 allegations by three children in Lewis, Scotland resulted in the arrest of eight people for sexual abuse occurring between 1990 and 2000. A 2005 investigation by the Social Work Inspection Agency found extensive evidence of sexual, physical and emotional abuse and neglect.  Police investigation resulted in allegations of an island-wide "Satanic paedophile ring", though charges were dropped nine months later following an inconclusive investigation.

A key witness who had implicated her family in the abuse and whose evidence was "vital" to the case of satanic abuse recanted her testimony in 2006 and the media raised questions about the nature of the police interviewing techniques, with a police spokesperson replying that the witness was questioned appropriately and that allegations were made by numerous witnesses.

Kidwelly

In March 2011, four adults who lived in a cul-de-sac in the Welsh town of Kidwelly were convicted of multiple sex offences against children and young adults. The group led by Colin Batley was described by the media as a "Satanic sex cult", a "quasi-religious sex cult" and a "paedophile cult" however the group members were not followers of Satanism.   The prosecution said they practised "free sex" and were influenced by Aleister Crowley, a practitioner of ceremonial magic who founded the belief system of Thelema. They dressed in hoods and read from Crowley's The Book of the Law, the central text of Thelema and some victims were made to wear inverted crosses.  Members of the cult were initiated in a ceremony involving sex with an adult, and they were threatened with being killed if they did not take part in the ceremony. Some of the victims were forced into prostitution.

United States

In the United States, major allegations of Satanic ritual abuse occurred in the Kern County child abuse cases, McMartin preschool trial and the West Memphis 3, which garnered world-wide media coverage. It was eventually determined that no satanic abuse ever took place in these cases due to false testimony and police misconduct.  But no governor ever pardoned a prisoner falsely accused of ritual abuse, and Frank Fuster remains imprisoned on such charges.  One of the most recent debunked allegations of SRA in the United States was the Pizzagate conspiracy theory.

Minnesota
The first such case occurred in Jordan, Minnesota, in 1983, where several children made allegations against an unrelated man and their parents. The man confessed and then identified a number of the children's parents as perpetrators. Ultimately twenty-four adults were charged with child abuse though only three went to trial with two acquittals and one conviction. Despite strong medical findings of sexual assault, all other charges were dropped after the young child witnesses decompensated under the duress of the criminal trial.

During the investigation, the children made allegations regarding the manufacturing of child pornography, ritualistic animal sacrifice, coprophagia, urophagia and infanticide, at which point the Federal Bureau of Investigation was alerted.  No criminal charges resulted from the FBI investigation, and in his review of the case, the Attorney General noted that the initial investigation by the local police and county attorney was so poor that it had destroyed the opportunity to fully investigate the children's allegations.

Judge Antonin Scalia referred to the Minnesota case in his summation on a later case, and stated, "[t]here is no doubt that some sexual abuse took place in Jordan, but there is no reason to believe it was as widespread as charged," and cited the repeated, well-intentioned but coercive techniques used by the investigators as damaging to the investigation.  The bizarre allegations of the children, the ambiguities of the investigation and the unsuccessful prosecutions were widely covered by the media. A number of accused parents confessed to sexually abusing their children, received immunity, and underwent treatment for sexual abuse, while parental rights for six other children in the case were terminated.

Louisiana
In December 2007, Austin Trey Bernard was found guilty of raping his son and daughter, convicted on the basis of three previous confessions and a detailed diary of his actions although he pleaded not guilty. The allegations came to light upon the confession of one of the defendants. Bernard confessed the sexual abuse of his children as well as claiming to have participated in satanically themed ritualistic abuse including the use of animal parts and blood.

See also
 Medicine murder
 List of wrongful convictions in the United States
Religious abuse

References

List of satanic ritual abuse allegations
Allegations
Child abuse incidents and cases
Crime-related lists
Religion-related lists
Wrongful convictions

fr:Abus sexuel ritualisé sataniste#Accusations


Sheffield Elite is an English basketball club and academy from Sheffield, South Yorkshire. Elite compete in the English Basketball League, Division 3 North and the team's head coach is Peter Scantlebury.

History

Sabres (2001–2021)
The Sabres entered NBL Division 2 North in 2001, effectively as a "spin off" second team for the Sheffield Sharks.who played in the BBL. The team initially struggled, finishing bottom of the league twice. With close links to Sheffield Hallam University, they had problems with matches near the start and end of terms, and during busy periods such as exams. They failed to complete all their matches in both their first and third seasons, and in 2003-4 they also forfeited no less than five games through late cancellation, thus playing only 15 of their 22 scheduled matches.

2004–5 proved much better for the Sabres, with a completed schedule and a fifth-place finish in Division 3 North, they built on this the following season as the Sharks junior programme became an integral part of the tie-up between the clubs. This enabled younger players to gain experience at Senior level, with several of the Juniors regularly playing for the Sabres.

This policy paid dividends in 2006, with a third-placed finish, and an appearance in the Division 3 Championship Final, and they remained competitive, finishing third again in 2010.

Elite (2021–present)
In 2021, the Sabres merged with the academy at Sheffield College to form Sheffield Elite.

Season-by-season records

References

Basketball teams in England


Stefan Schröder (born 17 July 1981 in Schwerin) is a German team handball player. He is the World Champion of 2007 playing with the German national team. He participated on the German team that finished 4th at the 2008 European Men's Handball Championship.

Club player
Schröder won the EHF Cup Winner's Cup in 2007 with the German club HSV Hamburg.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
German male handball players
Sportspeople from Hamburg


The 1952–53 FA Cup was the 72nd season of the world's oldest football cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup. Blackpool won the competition for the first time, beating Bolton Wanderers 4–3 in the final at Wembley.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. Some matches, however, might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar

First round proper

At this stage clubs from the Football League Third Division North and South joined those non-league clubs having come through the qualifying rounds (except Walthamstow Avenue and Leyton who given byes to this round). Matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 22 November 1952. Fourteen were drawn and went to replays, with two of these going to second replays.

Second round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 6 December 1952, with Finchley and Crystal Palace competing instead on the 10th. Five matches were drawn, with replays taking place later the same week.

Third round proper
The 44 First and Second Division clubs entered the competition at this stage. The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 10 January 1953, although two matches were postponed until the mid-week fixtures. Six matches were drawn and went to replays.

Fourth round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 31 January 1953. Seven matches were drawn and went to replays, which were all played in the following midweek match. Two matches then went to a second replay, with the Chelsea–West Bromwich Albion game going to a third replay before it was settled.

Fifth round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 14 February 1953. The Blackpool–Southampton game went to a replay.

Sixth round proper
The four quarter-final ties were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 28 February 1953. The Birmingham City–Tottenham Hotspur game went to two replays before it was settled.

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 21 March 1953. Blackpool and Bolton Wanderers won their ties to meet in the final at Wembley.

Final

The 1953 FA Cup Final, known as the "Matthews Final" due to Stanley Matthews' dribbling in the last 30 minutes of the game, was contested by Blackpool and Bolton Wanderers at Wembley. Blackpool won 4–3, with Stan Mortensen the third player to score an FA Cup Final hat-trick.

See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872—

References
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1952-53 FA Cup at rssf.com
1952-53 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

FA Cup seasons


Francisco Pagazaurtundua González-Murrieta (22 October 1894 – 18 November 1958), better known as Pagaza, was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward. He was a member of the Spanish team that won the silver medal in the 1920 Summer Olympics as well as a Copa del Rey winner with Arenas Club de Getxo.

Club career
Born in Santurtzi to an architect and a piano teacher, Pagaza began playing football at Colegio Orduña and during his time as a student in England. He began his career with Arenas Club in 1912, where he stood as a phenomenal winger, so he was signed by Athletic Club de Madrid in 1916. After two years he returned to Arenas in 1918, where he played a pivotal role in helping the club win the Biscay Championship and the Copa del Rey in 1919, starting in the final as Arenas defeated the powerful FC Barcelona 5-2. At that time living exclusively out of football wasn't easy, and therefore he had a second job, working in the harbor of Santander, which is why he signed for Real Racing Club de Santander in 1920. He also spent a season at Gimnástica de Torrelavega and Racing Club de Madrid, finishing his career with the latter in 1928.

International career
Being an Arenas Club player, he was eligible to play for the Biscay representative team, and he was one of the eleven footballers that played in the team's first-ever game on 13 December 1914 against fellow Basques Gipuzkoa, held at San Mamés, and Pagaza scored the winning goal in a 2-1 victory. During this time he was also summoned to play for the Norte team, a side consisting of Basque players including Cantabria, but usually featured only players from the Basque provinces of Biscay and Gipuzkoa, each of which also organized their own representative matches occasionally such as the one mentioned before. Pagaza was one of the eleven footballers that played in Norte's first-ever game on 3 January 1915 against Catalonia, and once again he scored in a 6-3 win.

In May of 1915, he was selected to represent the Norte team in the first edition of the Prince of Asturias Cup, an inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF. He played both games as the Basque team secured the first-ever trophy of the competition with a win over Catalonia and a draw with the Centro team (a Castile/Madrid XI).

He also represented Spain in the nation's international debut at the 1920 Summer Olympics, being one of the eleven footballers who participated in Spain's first-ever victory (1-0) over Denmark on 28 August 1920. He featured in all of Spain's first four internationals at the Summer Olympics, but missed the decisive game against the Netherlands, which saw Spain win 3-1 to win the silver medal. In total, he earned seven caps for Spain, four at the 1920 Olympics and three in friendlies, the last of which was on 17 December 1922 at Estádio do Lumiar in Lisbon in a 2-1 win over Portugal.

When he joined Racing de Santander, he become eligible to play for the Cantabria representative team, and he was one of the eleven footballers that played in the team's first-ever game on 9 March 1924, but this time he failed to score in a 3–0 win over Aragon. This means he was a member of the first-ever line-ups of four different teams, Biscay, Norte (Basque Country), Cantabria and Spain.

As a manager
After his retirement as a player, he began a career as a coach. He coached Racing de Santander thrice, as well as the likes of Osasuna (1930-1931), Real Sporting de Gijón (1933-1934), Mallorca (1939-1941), Hércules CF (1944-1945) and Elche CF (1945-1946).

Honours

Club
Arenas Club
Biscay Championship
Winners (1): 1918–19

Copa del Rey
Champions (1): 1919

Racing de Santander
Cantabrian Championship
Champions (4): 1922–23, 1924–25, 1925–26 and 1926–27

International
Spain
Summer Olympics:
Silver medal (1): 1920

Basque Country
Prince of Asturias Cup:
Champions (1) 1915

References

External links

1894 births
1958 deaths
Spanish men's footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Arenas Club de Getxo footballers
Atlético Madrid footballers
Racing de Santander players
Spanish football managers
Racing de Santander managers
CA Osasuna managers
RCD Mallorca managers
Hércules CF managers
Elche CF managers
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Men's association football forwards
Basque Country men's international footballers
Footballers from Biscay
People from Santurtzi


Sanātana Dharma (Devanagari: , meaning "eternal dharma", or "eternal order") is an alternative name for Hinduism used in Sanskrit and other Indian languages alongside the more common Hindu Dharma.

The term denotes the “eternal” or absolute set of duties or religiously ordained practices incumbent upon all Hindus, regardless of class, caste, or sect.

Etymology
In Sanskrit, Sanātana Dharma translates approximately to "eternal law" or, less literally, "eternal way." In Pali, the equivalent term is Dhammo Sanātano (धम्मो सनन्तनो). In Hindi, the Sanskrit tatsama dharma (धर्म) is being used as "religion". Sanātana Dharma (सनातन धर्म) roughly translates to "eternal religion".

Dharma is often translated as "duty", "religion" or "religious duty", but has a deeper meaning. The word comes from the Sanskrit root "dhri" which means "to sustain" or "that which is integral to something" (e.g. dharma of sugar is to be sweet, fire to be hot). A person's dharma consists of duties that sustain them according to their innate characteristics which are both spiritual and material, generating two corresponding types:

 Sanatana-dharma – duties performed according to one's spiritual (constitutional) identity as atman (Self) and are thus the same for everyone. General duties include virtues such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings, purity, goodwill, mercy, patience, forbearance, self-restraint, generosity, and asceticism.
 Varnashrama-dharma ( Svadharma) – duties performed according to one's material (conditional) nature and are specific to the individual at that particular time. One's "own duty" according to his or her class or varna and stage of life should win when in conflict with Sanatana-dharma (e.g. A warrior injuring others as explained in Bhagavad Gita).

According to the notion of sanatana-dharma, the eternal and intrinsic inclination of the living entity (atman) is to perform seva (service). Sanatana-dharma, being transcendental, refers to universal and axiomatic laws that are beyond our temporary belief systems.

History
The phrase dharma sanātana occurs in classical Sanskrit literature, for example, in the  Manusmrti (4-138) ( 1st3rd century CE) and in the Bhagavata Purana ( 8th10th century CE).

In the late 19th century, the term was revived during the Hindu revivalism movement as a name for Hinduism as a religion in order to avoid having to use the term "Hindu" which is of non-native Persian origin.

Today, Sanatana Dharma is associated only with Hinduism. In current-day usage, the term sanatana dharma is diminished and used to emphasize a "traditional” or sanatani ("eternalist") outlook in contrast to the socio-political Hinduism embraced by movements such as the Arya Samaj. In sharp contrast to the efforts by Lahore Sanatana Dharma Sabha to preserve the Hindu tradition against the onslaught of reform, now it is being stressed that Sanatana Dharma cannot be rigid, it has to be inclusive without excluding the best and totality of knowledge to guide the karmic process, especially as Sanatana has no beginning and no end.

Ārṣha Dharma
Sanskrit word Arsha is related to or belongs to Rishis. The things related to Rishis (more precisely "of Rishis") are called Arsha like Arsha Grantha, Arsha Vakya etc.

In similar way, as Sanatana Dharma is based on Vedas and called Vedic Dharma. Vedas are handed down by Rishis who are the Drashta (seer) of Vedic hymns. So, Vedic Dharma laid down by Rishis is called Arsha Dharma.

Competition with other denominations
Sanatanis and reformists (such as the Arya Samaj, the Radha Soamis and the Ramakrishna Mission) have competed for adherents for more than a century, sometimes creating deep schisms in Hindu society, as in the case of South African Hindus who were split between the Arya Samaj and Sanatanis. While the reformist groups were better organized initially, by the 1860s, a process of internal counter-reform was underway in Sanatani groups as well, and societies to propagate orthodox beliefs along modern lines emerged, such as Sanatana Dharma Rakshini Sabha in 1873. Some religious commentators have compared the Sanatani-Samaji dichotomy within Hinduism as similar to the Catholic-Protestant division in Christianity.

See also

Hindu idealism
Neo-Vedanta
Hindu revivalism

References

External links
 What is Sanatan Dharma?

Hindu philosophical concepts
Sanskrit words and phrases
Indigenous Aryanism
Hinduism


The World Group play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group first round and the winning nations of the World Group II. Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 2009 World Group, while losing nations joined the 2009 World Group II.

Israel vs. Czech Republic

Argentina vs. Germany

Japan vs. France

Italy vs. Ukraine

References

See also
Fed Cup structure

World Group play-offs


The Hipódromo de Monterrico is a Thoroughbred horse racing facility opened in 1960 in Lima, Peru. Operated by the Jockey Club del Peru,  it has a one and one-eight mile dirt racetrack with a one-mile inside track for turf racing.

Major races at Hipódromo de Monterrico include the four Group One races that comprise the Peruvian Quadruple Crown:
1.a) :es:Polla de Potrillos (Perú) - September, 1,600 metres
1.b) :es:Polla de potrancas - September, 1,600 metres
2.a)Clasico Ricardo Ortiz de Zevallos - October,  2000 metres
2.b) Clasico Enrique Ayulo Pardo - October, 2000 metres
3) Derby Nacional - November, 2400 metres
4) Gran Premio Nacional Augusto B. Leguia - February, 2600 metres

References
 Hipódromo de Monterrico official website (Spanish language)

Horse racing venues in Peru
Sports venues in Lima


Research in 2018 suggested that Protestants represent 11-13% of the population of Chile. Figures in 2022 note that Protestants represented 2.5% of Chilean people in 2022.

Protestants first arrived in Chile in 1812, when missionaries from the British and Foreign Bible Society travelled the country on foot.

In 1848, the first Anglican Church was established in Valparaíso. This was three years after the arrival of the American Congregationalist (later, Presbyterian) missionary David Trumbull. Lutheran German immigrants arrived at the same time. Later members of the Anglican, Presbyterian, Seventh-day Adventists, Methodist, Pentecostal, and other Protestant Churches also came to Chile.

The first Seventh-Day Adventist missionaries first arrived in 1895. There are estimated to be 126,814 Adventists in Chile.

Changes in the Constitution in 1925 led to numbers of citizens falling away from the Catholic Church and becoming Protestants.

See also
Religion in Chile
Christianity in Chile
Catholic Church in Chile

References

Chile


Agustín Sancho Agustina (18 July 1896 – 25 August 1960) was a Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder for FC Barcelona in the 1920s.

Club career
Born in Benlloc (province of Castellon, Valencia), he moved to Sants in Barcelona as a child, and there he played for various clubs in the neighborhood such as Gladiator de Sants, who was later effectively relaunched as the CE Sants. His good performance with Sants aroused the interest of the main Barcelona clubs and, although he had a pre-agreement with RCD Espanyol, he joined Barcelona in 1916, for whom he played in the next 12 seasons (Sept 1922-23, because he returned to Sants to defend the newly founded UE Sants). He was a member of the legendary FC Barcelona team, coached by Jack Greenwell, that also included Paulino Alcántara, Sagibarba, Ricardo Zamora and Josep Samitier, and together with them, he helped Barcelona to win 9 Catalan championships and four Copa del Rey titles in 1920, 1922, 1925 and 1926. In the 1925 final, Sancho scored Barça's second goal of the night in a 2-0 win over Arenas Club de Getxo.

Annoyed after receiving criticism, especially for his overweight, Sancho asked to leave Barcelona in June 1922, returning to his origins, Sants, where he signed for UE Sants, a new-born club from the merger of FC Internacional and his former club, Unió Esportiva Sants. The Sansense club also offered him a job as a construction contractor for the City Council of Barcelona, because throughout his career, Sancho had combined football with his work as a bricklayer, since professionalism was not recognized in Spain until the end of the 1920s. Sancho spent only a season at Sants as the leaders of FC Barcelona convinced him to rejoin Barça in June 1923.

International career
He appeared in the Spain national team for the 1920 Summer Olympics, featuring in two matches against Belgium and Italy; Spain won the silver medal. He earned a third and last cap on 16 December 1923 in a friendly against Portugal.

As a Barcelona player, he was summoned to play for the Catalonia national team, being a member of the team that won the 1923-24 Prince of Asturias Cup, an inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF. Sancho was a starter in both games of the infamous final against a Castile/Madrid XI, helping Catalonia to a 3-2 win in the replay to assure the team's second title of the competition.

Managerial career
In the summer of 1922, Sancho was on holiday in Castellón at the same time as the local football team was being founded: CE Castellón. Since he was the most experienced and representative footballer in the province, he was offered to lead the first matches of the newly founded. In the following year, he also led some matches in Valencia. Once retired from football, he was José Planas assistant in the technical management of FC Barcelona.

Honours
FC Barcelona
 Copa del Rey: 4 1920, 1922, 1925 and 1926
 Catalan Championship: 9 1918-19, 1919-20, 1920-21, 1921-22, 1923-24, 1924-25, 1925-26, 1926-27, 1927-28

Spain
  Olympic Games: Silver medallist 1920

References

External links

1896 births
1960 deaths
Spanish men's footballers
FC Barcelona players
Spanish football managers
CE Sabadell FC managers
Valencia CF managers
Spain men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Men's association football midfielders
Catalonia men's international footballers
Footballers from the Valencian Community
Footballers from Barcelona
CF Reus Deportiu managers


Formby Power Station railway station was a railway station on the Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway, situated south of Hogshill Lane and just north of the River Alt.

History
The railway station opened circa 1917 as a small halt for employees of the nearby power station at Formby, a railway installation generating electric current for the Liverpool–Southport line. The halt was closed in around 1944 and the power station closed down in 1946, though the line remains open and is used by trains on the Merseyrail Northern Line.

The power station building was later used by Metal Closures Rosslite Limited as a factory producing expanded polystyrene packaging and insulation products, and then as a business centre. The site eventually became derelict but plans were later announced to convert it for residential use.

The power station was demolished in 2016, the whole site was levelled and work started on a new housing development, leaving no trace of the original buildings. Development of the site was completed in August 2016, including a new access road connecting the site with Park Road. The roads on the new development were named after some of the pioneers in the field of electricity: Callan Crescent, Edison Close, Gilbert Close, Tesla Way, and Wheatstone Road. In February 2017, a gate was installed on Hoggs Hill Lane to prevent vehicular access to the site via the original route.

References

Sources
  and Avon Anglia Publications, .

External links
Formby Power Station - Formby Civic Society
Science and Society Picture Library - Search for "Formby Power Station".

Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1917
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1944


Cho Hee-il (born October 13, 1940) is a prominent Korean-American master of taekwondo, holding the rank of 9th dan in the martial art. He has written 11 martial art books, produced 70 martial art training videos, and has appeared on more than 70 martial arts magazine covers. Cho won several national and international competitions as a taekwondo competitor, and has appeared in several films, including Fight to Win, Best of the Best, Bloodsport II, and Bloodsport III. He founded the Action International Martial Arts Association (AIMAA) in 1980, and is its President. Cho is a member of both Black Belt magazine's Hall of Fame and Tae Kwon Do Times magazine's Hall of Fame.

Early life
Cho was born in Pohang, Korea, on 13 October 1940, during the period of Japanese occupation. He was the eldest of three brothers. He began training in the martial arts when he was around 10 years old. In an interview, he commented on his childhood in Pohang, Korea: "Although they were not really gang members, young people used to roam from town to town and beat up kids and take away their toys. One time, I was beaten up by some boys around 12 or 13 years old. At the time I thought it was pretty bad, so I wanted to protect myself." Cho attained the rank of 1st dan black belt by the age of 13, and had reached 4th dan by the age of 21. In addition to taekwondo, he also trained in boxing for two years.

Career
In 1962, at the age of 22, Cho entered the Korean army for compulsory military service; during that time, he taught taekwondo to special forces in the Korean, Indian, and US armies. In 1968, Cho emigrated from South Korea to the United States of America. At the time, he held the rank of 6th dan. He initially moved to Chicago, but did not stay for long, moving through South Bend, Milwaukee, and Providence, before settling in Los Angeles in 1975. Cho was based in Los Angeles for around 25 years, before moving to Albuquerque, and a few years later, to Hawaii.

During the early days of teaching in the US, there were at least two incidents in which challengers attacked Cho, and in one of these incidents, the challenger later sued Cho for injuries he received as a result of attacking Cho. Cho later commented in an interview: "All this has created a great conflict within me, for if I cannot use my skill to protect myself from any person who walks in off the street and demands a fight, how can I hope my students will retain confidence in my ability to teach them this skill? And yet, if I use my skill and hurt someone, even in self-defense, have I not betrayed the spirit of what martial arts are all about?"

Cho's books include Man of Contrasts (1981), The Complete Martial Artist (1981; two volumes), The Complete Tae Kwon Do Hyung (1984; three volumes covering the Chang Hon patterns), The Complete Tae Geuk Hyung WTF (1988), and The Complete One & Three Step Sparring (1988).

During the late 1980s, Cho was also Senior Grading Examiner of the Tae Kwon-Do Association of Great Britain and of Ireland, and was subsequently involved in Global Tae Kwon-Do International in the early 1990s.

Action International Martial Arts Association

Cho founded the Action International Martial Arts Association in 1980. This martial arts organization specializes in taekwondo, with schools in cities throughout the United States and Europe. The association sponsors various championships in Europe. Notable students include Philip Ameris and John D'arcy.

Personal life
Cho has two brothers, Kuy-ha Cho (Vice-President of AIMAA) and In-kyu Cho (Chairman of AIMAA), who are also martial art masters. Cho's first wife was Sally Walsh, who demonstrates self-defence techniques in the second volume of Cho's Complete Martial Artist books. His second wife is named Mihyun. Cho has one son and one daughter: Jacob, 2nd dan, based in Laguna Beach, California  and Jasmine, who also trains in taekwondo.  Cho underwent open-heart surgery in 2006, and currently lives and teaches in Honolulu, Hawaii.

See also
 International Taekwon-Do Federation
 Korea Taekwondo Association
 List of taekwondo grandmasters

References

External links
 Action International Martial Arts Association

Living people
People from Pohang
1940 births
Martial arts school founders
Martial arts writers
Sportspeople from Honolulu
South Korean male taekwondo practitioners
South Korean emigrants to the United States


Ballard Park is a public park located at 924 Thomas Barbour Drive, Melbourne, Florida and is situated on the Indian River Lagoon and the Eau Gallie River in what was historically Eau Gallie, FL.  It contains diverse recreational facilities and amenities, including boat ramps, lighted tennis courts and a pavilion.  The park also contains a memorial to naturalist and author Thomas Barbour, who frequented the shell mounds on the park grounds as a boy.

Two archeologists have speculated that the park is on the site of the former Ais Indian town of Pentoaya, where they spent their summers.

The Melbourne High School rowing team bases their training here.

References

Gallery

Melbourne, Florida
Parks in Brevard County, Florida
Indian River Lagoon


The 2008 World Group II play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group II and four nations from the three Zonal Group I competitions. Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 2009 World Group II, while losing nations joined their respective zonal groups.

Croatia vs. Serbia

Slovakia vs. Uzbekistan

Belgium vs. Colombia

Austria vs. Switzerland

References

See also
Fed Cup structure

World Group II play-offs


Pedro Vicente Saturnino Vallana Jeanguenat (29 November 1897 – 4 July 1980) was a Spanish footballer, referee and manager in Spain in the 1920s. He was of Italian and Swiss descent. He spent all 12 seasons of his playing career with Arenas de Getxo, during the club's golden age, thus being a historical player of the club and part of the so-called one-club men group. He was a member of the Spain national team which won the silver medal in the football tournament of the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. He participated in a further two Olympic Games (1924 and 1928) for a total of three, a record that no other Spanish footballer has broken. Once retired, he was a prestigious referee in Spain in La Liga and during the Spanish Civil War, he coached the Basque Country national team, a fact that led to his exile in Uruguay after the war, living there until his death in 1980.

Club career
Vallana was born in Getxo to an Italian father who worked as a machinist in Bilbao, and a Swiss mother. He was loyal to his hometown club in his entire career as a footballer, the Arenas Club de Getxo, which he arrived in 1912, three years after its founding, while still a teenager and where he remained until his retirement 17 years later in 1929. In his first year Arenas in 1912, at only 15 years old, he combined playing football with work as a secretary. First, as a midfielder, and later as a defender, he formed a historic defensive partnership with Domingo Careaga, another man from Getxo like himself, with whom he shared the team's defense for many years. Together with Careaga, he was one of the main architects of the team's football power in the Basque Country, competing head-to-head against the likes of Athletic Club and Real Unión, being crucial in the club's five Biscay Championships in 1916–17, 1918–19, 1921–22, 1924–25 and 1926–27, and he also was pivotal in helping Arenas reach four Copa del Rey finals (1917, 1919, 1925, and 1927), only missed the one in 1927 and only winning the one in 1919, which still stands as the only Copa del Rey title in the club's history. The highlight of his club career was helping Arenas win the 1919 Copa del Rey after defeating the powerful FC Barcelona by a score of 5–2.

He stood out for his great speed, which he used to help him easily snatch the ball from the opponent. As a talented sprinter, he achieved a silver medal in the 200 metres event and a bronze in the long jump at the 1918 edition of the Spanish Athletics Championships. He was also a good athlete, who practiced athletics in parallel with his career as a footballer, and in fact, he held the Vizcaya record for the 100 metres dash between 1922 and 1928. He also practiced mountaineering, cycling, and swimming. He was an athlete with capital letters. The RFEF awarded him the gold medal for sporting merit.

In 1928 he was one of the members of the Arenas de Getxo team that played in the first-ever season of the Spanish Football League. However, he was already an aged player, and only got to play one game with Arenas in the First Division, on the second day of the 1929 La Liga season, at the CE Europa stadium in Barcelona.

International career
He earned 12 caps for Spain between 1920 and 1928, half of which in Olympic football tournaments. In the 1920 Summer Olympics, he did not play in the first game of the tournament against Denmark, which marked the historic debut of the Spain national team, but he then featured in all of the remaining four matches against Belgium, Sweden, Italy, and the Netherlands, contributing decisively to help Spain win the silver medal. His other two caps in the Olympics came in the 1924 and 1928 editions, which is a record since no other Spanish player has been in three Olympic events. However, except for the 1920 silver medal, his Olympic appearances were not favored by fortune. In 1924 he netted an own goal past Ricardo Zamora with 12 minutes to go, which led to the elimination of the Spanish team from the tournament in the preliminary round in a 0–1 loss to Italy. In 1928 he was injured in the first game against Mexico, which was to be his last for the national team.

Like many other Arenas de Getxo players of that time, he played a few games for the Biscay national team, participating in both the 1922–23 and the 1923–24 Prince of Asturias Cups, an official inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF. Both campaigns ended in narrow defeats to Asturias (3–4) and Catalonia (0–1).

Refereeing career
In 1928, when still a player, he began his career as a referee, making his debut in the Spanish First Division that same season. Thus, Vallana holds the peculiar distinction of being one of the few to have participated in the same La Liga season both as a player and as a referee. He belonged to the Colegio Vizcaíno, of which he ended up being president. Apart from three sporadic appearances in 1922 in the Copa del Rey, he whistled in the cup uninterruptedly from 1928 until 1936. In his first season as a referee, he oversaw his first and only final, the 1928 Copa del Rey Final between FC Barcelona and Real Sociedad, a final that needed 3 matches to decide the winners as the first two ended in 1–1 draws, and Vallana refereed the first of them. Barcelona won in the end with a 3–1 victory in the third match. His career in the world of refereeing in Spain lasted until 1936. Vallana refereed 33 matches in the First Division during those years.

Sports journalist
He later reported on the Olympics as a sports journalist for the newspaper El Mundo Deportivo. He also acted as a sports commentator in the Bilbao sports newspaper Excelsior. In 1933 Vallana wrote in the sports magazine Campeón a memory of fellow Spanish legend, rival, and companion, Rafael Moreno, better known as Pichichi, called Pichichi inenarrable.

Managerial career
In 1936 the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War temporarily put an end to sports competitions in Spain. At the beginning of 1937, the Basque Government arranged for the Basque Country national team to make a tour in Europe and play friendly matches, in order to raise funds in Europe for Basque refugees and carry out propaganda work in favor of the Basque Government and the Spanish Republic, and Vallana enlisted as the team's coach. After Bilbao fell into Franco's hands, the Basque National Team went to South America to continue the tour. When the economic, political, and sports difficulties overwhelmed this errant team, Vallana decided to abandon it and leave his coaching position when they passed through Argentina, before emigrating to Montevideo, Uruguay, arriving in 1938.

Death
Vallana went into exile in Uruguay in 1938, a country he had known since 1922 when he played a series of friendlies there with a team of Basque players. Vallana brought his wife and daughters from the Basque Country later. In Montevideo, he continued to work as a football referee and a sports journalist and reporter in a newspaper in the Uruguayan capital.

For his exemplary performance, his regularity and his tenacity in defending the colors of Spain, he received the Medal of Sports Merit, awarded by the Spanish Federation.

He died in Montevideo on 4 July 1980, at the age of 83.

Honours

Club
Arenas Club
 North Championship (5): 1916–17, 1918–19, 1921–22, 1924–25, and 1926–27

 Copa del Rey
 Champions (1): 1919
 Runner-up (3): 1917, 1925, 1927

International
Spain
Olympic Games Silver medal: 1920

References

External links

1897 births
1980 deaths
Spanish men's footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Arenas Club de Getxo footballers
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Getxo
Basque Country men's international footballers
Spanish male long jumpers
Spanish male sprinters
Spanish people of Italian descent
Spanish people of Swiss descent
Spanish emigrants to Uruguay
Spanish football managers
Spanish football referees
La Liga managers
Arenas Club de Getxo managers
Athletes from the Basque Country (autonomous community)


Havant Hockey Club is a field hockey club based in Havant, Hampshire,  England.  The club was established in 1907.

The men's 1st XI play in the National Men's Division One South.  The club fields men's teams and ladies' teams as well as a junior section teams. Many of the club's players have gone on to earn international caps at both senior and junior level.

History
Havant Hockey Club came into existence in 1907. The club took to the field at least two seasons earlier, and therefore 2004/5 was the club's centenary season. The home ground, Havant Park, was originally named The Recreation Ground, and in 1905, the club were tenants of an almost new pavilion, which they shared with Havant Cricket Club, Havant Rovers F.C, The Lawn Tennis Club, Athletics, and Bowls.

From the 1950s the club fielded five sides and other grounds had to be found. A ladies section was formed in the early 50s and a mixed hockey team in the mid 60s. The 1960s and 70s saw a large expansion of the club.

Havant won their first National League title in 1974. The club contributed several players to the British Olympic gold medal-winning side of 1988. In the 1990s Havant became one of the best known clubs in the country, when they were National League Champions again, three times in four years, hosting the B Division of the European Cup, and representing England in the European Cup A Division twice in Spain, and once in the Netherlands. Mini hockey was introduced to Havant one of the first clubs to do so in England.

In 1998 the club installed a Water-Based astroturf pitch at Havant College that met FIH international standards, and funding was aided by the National Lottery Fund.

Havant also achieved success from 2005-2008 when the club won back-to-back league titles, and once again found themselves competing in the England Hockey League Men's Premier Division.  In the Men's National South Division 2005/2006 they scored 116 goals, in the Men's Division One 2006/2007 they scored 90, and in the Men's Premier Division 2007/2008 they scored 73.

In the 2018/2019 season, Havant were crowned champions of the National Conference West but unfortunately missed out on promotion to the England Hockey League Men's Premier Division via the playoffs.

Honours
Men's England Hockey League
 Winners (3): 1990-91, 1991–92, 1993–94
 Runners-up (1): 1988-89
England Hockey Men's Championship Cup
 Winners (1): 1989-90
 Runners-up (1): 1990-91
Men's EuroHockey Club Trophy I
 Winners (1): 1993

Notable players
Calum Giles
David Faulkner
Thornton McDade
Rob Moore
Russell Garcia
Jimi Lewis
Sandeep Singh

References

Field hockey clubs in England
Field hockey clubs established in 1907
Havant
1907 establishments in England