With regard to a mobile network operator (MNO, or operator), the term dumb pipe, or dumb network, refers to a simple network that, with a high enough bandwidth to transfer bytes between the customer's device and the Internet without the need to prioritize content, can afford to be completely neutral with regard to the services and applications the customer accesses. The use of the term "dumb" refers to the fact that the network operator does not affect the customer's accessibility of the Internet such as by either limiting the available services or applications to its own proprietary portal (like a walled garden) or offer additional capabilities and services beyond simple connectivity (like a smart pipe, the term with which it contrasts). A dumb pipe primarily provides simple bandwidth and network speeds greater than the maximum network loads expected thus avoiding the need to discriminate between data types.

Among the commonly understood operational models for a MNO are the dumb pipe, the smart pipe, and the walled garden.

Description

A dumb network is marked by using intelligent devices (i.e. PCs) at the periphery that make use of a network that does not interfere with or manage an application's operation / communication. The dumb network concept is the natural outcome of the end to end principle. The Internet was originally designed to operate as a dumb network.

In some circles the dumb network is regarded as a natural culmination of technological progress in network technology. With the justification that the dumb network uniquely satisfies the requirements of the end to end principle for application creation, supporters see the dumb network as uniquely qualified for this purpose, as – by design – it is not sensitive to the needs of applications. The dumb network model can, in some ways, allow for flexibility and ease of innovation in the development of applications that is not matched by other models.

Examples
One widely regarded example of the operator "dumb pipe" scenario is Apple's iPhone. The iPhone enables its users to directly surf the Internet with its mobile Safari browser and connects to Apple's iTunes Store for purchasing ringtones and music instead of the operator's own portal. Operators such as AT&T Mobility cannot offer their traditional services (such as downloads of wallpapers, ringtones, games, applications, etc.) as Apple controls the total iPhone user experience. Operators must be content to provide only the network connectivity and bandwidth which the iPhone has tripled in some cities. In addition to losing valuable revenue opportunities with the customer, operators are rumored to pay Apple a percentage of the customer's monthly bill as well. While the iPhone is a good example of the dumb pipe, not everyone believes it will ultimately be bad for operators.

Another example of the operator dumb pipe / smart pipe dilemma is the upcoming deployment of WiMAX technology. Companies such as Sprint Nextel and Clearwire are looking into ways to deploy WiMAX with additional services to keep them from becoming dumb pipes.

Opinions

Criticism

Critics of dumb network architecture posit two arguments in favor of "intelligent" networks. The first, that certain users and transmission needs of certain applications are more important than others and thus should be granted greater network priority or quality of service. An example is that of real time video applications that are more time sensitive than say, text applications. Thus video transmissions would receive network priority to prevent picture skips, while text transmissions could be delayed without significantly affecting its application performance. The second is that networks should be able to defend against attacks by malware and other bad actors.

Support

Advocates of dumb networks  counter the first argument by pointing out that prioritizing network traffic is very expensive in monetary, technology, and network performance. Dumb networks advocates also consider the real purpose for prioritizing network traffic is to overcome insufficient bandwidth to handle traffic and not a network protocol issue.  The security argument is that malware is an end-to-end problem and thus should be dealt with at the endpoints, and that attempting to adapt the network to counterattacks is both cumbersome and inefficient.

See also
 walled garden
 Smart pipe
 Series of tubes

References

External links
 The Operators vs. the Media Brands
 The Pipe Is Only Dumb If You Make It That Way
 Juniper Research Report: Business Models for Mobile Content Players, Strategic Options & Scenarios 2007-2012 (Paywall)
 Study About MNOs Share of Mobile Content Market
 Rise of the Stupid Network, original release May 1997, by David S. Isenberg of AT&T Labs Research that explains several dumb network concepts.

Mobile technology
Net neutrality
Network architecture


Ernie Kim (1918–1997) was an Asian-American ceramics artist. His work is in the collections on the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse New York.

Early life and education
Kim was born in Manteca, California. He attended Los Angeles City College (1940-1942) and had planned to become dentist.

World War II
When United States entered World War II, Kim joined U.S. Army to serve as a Parachute Lieutenant at the Battle of the Bulge. Kim was the only survivor of his unit. He was captured and imprisoned at the German POW camp in Heppenheim where he received no medical care and very little food. When he was rescued, Kim weighed only 65 pounds and suffered from severe depression. He also has endured extreme isolation during his incarceration as a prisoner of war.

Artist life
After the war, Kim attended occupational therapy through the Veterans Administration. He attended ceramics classes about which he said, “I realized I could serve myself and the community by becoming a ceramic artist.”

Kim was manager at Ceramic Craft Studio in Mt. View, California and became a ceramics teacher and taught Ceramics in the Palo Alto Unified School District in 1952. He served as the head of the ceramics department at the San Francisco Art Institute in 1956 and Director of the Richmond Art Center from 1970 to 1980.

As an artist, he was praised for creating “quietly beautiful” vessels featuring “subtle manipulation of surfaces”. He followed sgraffito and wax resist techniques to decorate his ceramics. It is noted that his work had an influence from the Swedish designer Stig Lindberg and the American artist Peter Voulkos.

His works are in notable museums including the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Everson Museum of Art.

Death
After Ernie's death, In 1998, the Richmond Art Center instituted an annual prize for artists in craft media that bears his name. The Richmond Art Center created the annual Ernie Kim Award in his honor.

References

1918 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American artists
Artists from California
People from Manteca, California


James (Jim) H. Merrill was a Republican politician. He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from the 99th District, serving from 2001 to 2017.

He was suspended from office in 2016 after being indicted on ethics charges and resigned his position on August 31, 2017. He ultimately pleaded guilty to one count for not reporting income.
He now lobbies in the state and runs campaigns, the most notable being President Donald Trump’s successful primary in the state of South Carolina in 2016. He also was involved in the largest state settlement in the history of South Carolina, earning 200 million dollars for the state from the federal government.

References

External links
South Carolina Legislature - Majority Leader James H. Merrill official SC Legislature website
Project Vote Smart - Representative James H. Merrill (SC) profile
Follow the Money - James H. Merrill
2006 2004 2002 2000 campaign contributions

 James Merrill at Ballotpedia

Republican Party members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians
1967 births
Living people
American lobbyists
South Carolina politicians convicted of crimes


Park Si-yeon (born Park Mi-seon on March 29, 1979) is a South Korean actress. She joined the Miss Korea pageant in 2000, and used that as a springboard to an acting career, she made her acting debut in China in 2004, appeared in minor roles in several CCTV dramas. In 2005 Park was cast in her first starring role in the Korean drama My Girl, though at the time she was more known for dating actor-singer Eric Mun. As she built her filmography in the following years, Park overcame early criticism of her acting skills and eventually gained respect as an actress in TV series such as Bitter Sweet Life, Coffee House and The Innocent Man, as well as the films The Fox Family, A Love, and The Scent.

Early life
Park Mi-seon was born in Busan, South Korea. As a child, Park displayed a talent for singing, saying, "When I was young, I used to be so shy that I cried when I was told to sing in front of my dad on the Lunar New Year. My mom ended up sending me to a singing academy, hoping it would help me get over my shyness, but the strange thing is that I couldn't sing in front of my mom but I wasn't nervous at all on stage." In 1990, the fifth grader won the top prize in a children's music contest on KBS.

Park began attending college in the United States in 1998, majoring in journalism at Long Island University. In 2000, she took a leave of absence from school and entered in the regional Miss Seoul beauty pageant, placing third, followed by the Miss Korea pageant.

Career
Though her parents initially opposed her pursuing acting, Park took profile pictures of herself and went to various talent agencies. Her profile photos were eventually handed over to a Chinese agency, and several auditions later, this led to Park making her acting debut in China. Using the stage name Park Si-yeon, she appeared in small roles in three CCTV dramas, and also landed an advertising contract with cosmetics company Enprani.

In 2005, Park made her acting debut in her native country of South Korea with the SBS TV drama My Girl, for which she received unanimously bad reviews. But Park continued to work, appearing in more dramas and making her film debut in the 2006 quirky comedy-horror-musical The Fox Family; gradually her acting showed marked improvement. At first constantly struggling to memorize her lines, Park has admitted that she became more relaxed in her approach to acting, and is able to "feel" her characters better. She became known for playing women who drove men to their destruction and misfortune: In the gangster film A Love, the lover of Park's character goes to prison after defending her, in the MBC drama Bitter Sweet Life, she was a gold-digging mistress with a lonely soul, in spy film parody Dachimawa Lee, she was a sexy agent, and in the KBS drama The Slingshot, she sacrifices herself and becomes the enemy's possession in exchange for her boyfriend's freedom. Park smilingly said, "I personally don't like femme fatales. Men should be happy because of women, not unhappy."

For the revival of Drama Special, Park played a bookstore employee who falls in love with a married man in Red Candy. Despite the difficulty of taking part in a one-act drama, Park took it on with her devoted trust in screenwriter Noh Hee-kyung, of whom she is a big fan. "I felt that I had to be in whatever she writes."

In 2009, she joined the variety/reality show Family Outing, which features comedians and entertainers dealing with various aspects of rural life. But Park had to leave after six months due to a recurring injury she sustained while filming a previous project.

The series Coffee House was a welcome change for her; after having mainly taken on serious or dark characters, Park said she had been "dying to be in a romantic comedy." Describing Park as "extremely kind," director Pyo Min-soo said he incorporated her real-life personality in writing her character: a bright, cheerful, and caring career woman who at the same time is hardworking, frank and confident. Park said, "Honestly, this is the first time working has been this fun."

In 2010, U.S.-based Korean fashion company Moeim Style announced that Park would be the creative director for U.S. fashion brand TOUCH. As creative director, she oversaw the entire planning process, from design to distribution to production, of the brand's celebrity fashion line. The "celeb line" that she handled included the brands Tulle, Line & Dot, 213 and MK2K.

For Christmas 2011, eight actors and actresses from Park's agency Didim531 (then known as Eyagi Entertainment) - including herself, Park Si-hoo, Cho Yeo-jeong and Nam Gyu-ri - recorded a song with no help from professional singers. The track, titled "Winter Story," is a cheerful tune based on the emotions that arise before a love confession, which is made against a winter backdrop. The song was released for sale online on December 5, 2011, and all profits from the song's sales went to charity.

Park made her comeback to the big screen after a two-year hiatus (her last film had been Marine Boy) in 2012's The Scent. She played a seductive woman who is the sole witness to the deaths of her husband and his mistress, whom the detective suspects is the killer yet is drawn to her mystique. Mesmerized while reading the script for the movie, Park said, "I am really excited that I get to play a character that is cool on the outside but is hurt and sad on the inside."

She then starred in the melodrama The Innocent Man, playing a woman who betrays her lover to serve her own ambition and puts him on the path to destructive revenge. Critics have credited Park's mature performance, saying she mastered the character's complicated nature in a way that heightened the tension of the story, and was not overshadowed by leading actors Song Joong-ki and Moon Chae-won.

After giving birth and being indicted for propofol use in 2013, Park returned to television with the 2014 cable drama The Greatest Marriage, in which her character struggles to balance single motherhood and a successful career as an anchorwoman.

In 2015, she made her Hollywood debut in Last Knights, an action film set in medieval times about a band of warriors who seek revenge on a corrupt emperor. She starred alongside Clive Owen, Morgan Freeman, and Korean veteran actor Ahn Sung-ki. With Japanese director Kazuaki Kiriya at the helm, filming took place in the Czech Republic.

In January 2022, it was reported that Park's contract with agency Mystic Story had ended.

Personal life
Park first became known to the Korean public not through her acting roles, but as the girlfriend of popular singer-actor Eric Mun (from K-pop boy band Shinhwa), whom she began dating in 2004. Her relationship with Mun overshadowed her acting career during her early years, with the public commonly identifying her as "Eric's girlfriend". In an interview with The Korea Herald, Park said it took about 10 different roles before the tag of "Eric's girlfriend" vanished from the public's perception of her, adding that the only positive of the tag was that she loved him. The couple broke up in 2007.

In an August 2010 interview with Cosmopolitan, Park said, "These days the thing I most think about is, 'Have I lived well?' I'm happy when I film dramas or movies, but in this kind of life you should turn back and take stock of your life at least once, and I think that time has come. I want to love. I want to marry soon and live boisterously."

On November 19, 2011, at the Seoul Hyatt Hotel, Park married Park Sang-hun, an office worker at a small company. She gave birth to their first child, a daughter, on September 24, 2013. Their second child, also a daughter, was born on November 14, 2015. In May 2016, it was announced that the couple filed for divorce.

In early 2013, Park was among the celebrities investigated then indicted for illegal use of propofol; Park's agency denied the allegations, saying she took the drug for medical reasons after she injured her back doing action scenes for the films Marine Boy and Dachimawa Lee. During the trial, her doctor testified that she had been taking the drug to treat avascular necrosis at the head of her femur. In October 2013, the Seoul Central District Court found Park guilty of taking propofol 400-500 times over four-and-a-half years (or 8.2 times a month), and she was sentenced to eight months in prison, suspended for two years.

On January 19, 2021, Park was booked by the police for driving under influence when the car she was driving hit the back bumper of another vehicle.

Filmography

Television

Film

Variety show

Music video

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Miss Korea delegates
South Korean television actresses
South Korean film actresses
South Korean female models
Actresses from Busan
South Korean people convicted of drug offenses


The  University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor, founded in 1978, recognizes University of Michigan athletes, coaches, and administrators who have made significant contributions to the university's athletic programs. To qualify for induction into the Hall of Honor, an individual must have been an All-American, set an NCAA, U.S., or world record, won an NCAA title, or made significant contributions to the university's athletic department as a coach or administrator. The nomination and selection process is conducted by the Letterwinners M Club executive board.

Hall of Honor firsts
The first group inducted into the Hall of Honor in 1978 was Gerald R. Ford, Bill Freehan, Tom Harmon, Ron Kramer, Bennie Oosterbaan, Cazzie Russell, and Bob Ufer.  The second induction class in 1979 consisted of Fritz Crisler, DeHart Hubbard, Ray Fisher, Charlie Fonville, Willie Heston, Chuck Kocsis, George Sisler, Germany Schulz, Rudy Tomjanovich and Fielding H. Yost.

The first women inducted into the Hall of Honor were Olympic diving gold medalist Micki King in 1986 and athletic administrator Marie Hartwig in 1989.  The first African-American athletes inducted were Cazzie Russell (1978), Charlie Fonville (1979) and DeHart Hubbard (1979).

The first players inducted by sport are:
 Baseball – Bill Freehan (1978) and George Sisler (1979)
 Men's Basketball – Cazzie Russell (1978) and Rudy Tomjanovich (1979)
 Women's Basketball – Diane Dietz
 Cross country – Sue Foster (2004) and Melanie Weaver-Barnett  (2007)
 Diving (men's) – Richard Degener (1980) and Dick Kimball (1985)
 Diving (women's) – Micki King (1986) and Chris Seufert-Sholtis (2007)
 Field hockey – Mary (Callam) Brandes (2006)
 Football – Gerald R. Ford, Tom Harmon and Ron Kramer (1978)
 Golf – Chuck Kocsis (1979) and Johnny Fischer (1980)
 Gymnastics (men's) – Newt Loken (coach, 1981) and Ed Gagnier (1992)
 Gymnastics (women's) – Beth Wymer
 Ice hockey – Vic Heyliger (1980) and John Sherf (1981)
 Softball – Penny Neer (2002) and Vicki Morrow (2004)
 Swimming (men's) – Matt Mann (coach, 1980) and Harry Holiday (1981)
 Swimming (women's) – Melinda (Copp) Harrison (2006) and Ann Colloton (2007)
 Synchronised swimming – Ruth Pickett Thompson (2008)
 Tennis – Barry MacKay (1980) and William Murphy (coach, 1983)
 Track & field (men's) – Bob Ufer (1978), DeHart Hubbard (1979) and Charlie Fonville (1979)
 Track & field (women's) – Francie Kraker Goodridge (1994)
 Volleyball – Diane Ratnik (2009)
 Wrestling – Cliff Keen (coach, 1980) and Ed Don George (1981)

Sortable list of inductees
For alphabetical listing of inductees, see footnote
For listing of inductees by induction year, see footnote

See also
Michigan Wolverines

References

External links
 University of Michigan Hall of Honor. GoBlue (University of Michigan Athletics official website)
 Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor. Bentley Historical Library (archives of the University of Michigan and the Michigan Athletic Department) website

Michigan
Hall of Honor
Awards established in 1978
Halls of fame in Michigan
1978 establishments in Michigan


Google Mashup Editor was an online mashup creation service created by Google that has been discontinued. It used CodePress, as its syntax highlighting code editor, which also has been discontinued.

History

On January 15, 2009, Vic Gundotra, Google's VP of Engineering, announced that the Mashup Editor would be migrated to the Google App Engine: "Existing Mashup Editor applications will stop receiving traffic in six months, and we hope you will join our team in making the exciting transition to App Engine."

References

Mashup Editor


Colm Byrne (born 1966) is an Irish playwright. He was born in Limerick and lives in Galway. His plays have been noted as political, lively
 and poetic. He is a recipient of a Bay Area Critics Circle award and is a writer in residence with the LA Writer's Center.

Works

Theatre
 Himself (2003) - Off-Broadway
 Bed Time for Bali (2005)
 Choke Point- The Downfall of Jayson Blair (2007) - Edinburgh Festival
 FreeFall:Heroes (2011)- Druid Theatre, Galway
 State of Limn (2010) - Flatlake Festival
 The Sum of All Things (2012) - Electric Picnic

Novels
 Jesus Wife (2014)

Film
Losing Ground

References

Sources

External links

General
 Choke Point, images

21st-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
1971 births
Living people
Writers from County Galway
Writers from County Limerick
21st-century Irish male writers


Harry L. Ott Jr. (born October 2, 1952) is an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, Ott was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives, representing the 93rd District. He represented the district from 1998 through June 30, 2013. He served as the Minority Leader. Ott resigned to serve in the Farm Service Agency.

External links
South Carolina Legislature – Minority Leader Harry L. Ott, Jr. official SC Legislature website

Follow the Money – Harry L. Ott, Jr.
2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 campaign contributions

1952 births
Living people
Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives


James, Jim, or Jimmy Love may refer to:

Politics
 James Love (Kentucky politician) (1795–1874), U.S. Representative from Kentucky
 Jimmy L. Love Sr., American politician, member of the North Carolina General Assembly

Sport
 Jimmy Love (footballer) (1858–1882), Scottish footballer
 Jim Love (rugby league), Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1910s and 1920s
 Jimmy Love (Australian soccer) (fl. 1921–1923), Australian soccer player
 Jim Love (rugby union) (born 1953), New Zealand rugby union footballer and coach
 Jim Love (cricketer) (born 1955), English cricketer
 James Love (rugby union, born 1987), English rugby union footballer

Others
 James Love (poet) (1721–1774), British actor, playwright and poet
 Sir James Frederick Love (1789–1866), British general
 James M. Love (1820–1891), United States federal judge
 James Robinson Love (1836–1914), Australian merchant and founder of J. R. Love & Co Ltd and Kinkara Tea
 James Robert Beattie Love (1889–1947), Presbyterian clergyman and authority on the Worrorra people of Western Australia
 Jim Love (artist) (1927–2005), American modernist sculptor
 James Love (NGO director) (born 1950), American NGO director in field of intellectual property
 James Love, Canadian guitarist and member of Men Without Hats
 James Love, American guitarist and member of The Dillinger Escape Plan

See also
Jamie Love (disambiguation)


Paramount Television International Studios (formerly The Independent Studios, Estudios TeleMéxico and TeleColombia) is a Colombian company dedicated to the production of television and programming on the channels of  Inravisión, born in 1996 under the name of Bernardo Romero Pereiro Productions, in honor of its founder, renowned librettist of Colombian dramatizations and soap operas.

In 2007, News Corporation's Fox International Channels bought a 51% share in the company, thus subsequently giving ownership to The Walt Disney Company Latin America after The Walt Disney Company acquired 21st Century Fox on March 20, 2019. With sister station with Disney Channel.

In 2009 Fox produced Mental, the first American TV series produced in Latin America for international markets. The series was filmed at the Fox Telecolombia complex in Bogotá.

As of January 18, 2021, The Walt Disney Company changed the company's name to TeleColombia as part of Disney phasing out the "Fox" brand to avoid confusion with Fox Corporation.

On October 28, 2021, ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global) announced that it is acquiring a majority stake in TeleColombia S.A. from Disney, with the acquisition closed on November 23 of that year,making it a sister station to Nickelodeon.

On October 22, 2022, Paramount Global changed the company's name to TIS along with Estudios TeleMexico being absorbed with the rebrand.

References

External links

Television production companies of Colombia
Former News Corporation subsidiaries

Former subsidiaries of The Walt Disney Company
Paramount Global subsidiaries
Paramount International Networks
2021 mergers and acquisitions


State Route 110 (SR 110) is a  state route that runs between Napoleon and north of McClure in the US state of Ohio. Most of the route is a rural two-lane highway and passes through both farmland and commercial properties. For much of its path, SR 110 runs generally parallel to the south of the Maumee River.

The highway was first signed in 1923 on much the same alignment as today, bur got as far northeast as Perrysburg. SR 110 was moved to the north side of the Maumee River in 1927. In 1931, the eastern terminus of the route was moved to Grand Rapids. The route was moved back to the south side of the river and the route was extended to Bowling Green in 1942. The eastern terminus of SR 110 was moved to the intersection with SR 65 in 1958.

Route description

SR 110 begins at the intersection of Riverview Avenue (former SR 424) and Perry Street (SR 108) in downtown Napoleon. SR 110 heads southeast from here concurrent with SR 108. The road passes through commercial properties as a four-lane undivided highway. The highway crosses over the Maumee River and has an intersection with the southern end of the SR 108 concurrency. SR 110 turns northeast, passing commercial properties as a four-lane undivided highway. At a traffic signal with Appian Avenue the route narrows to a two-lane highway and parallels the Maumee River, passes through residential properties. The residential properties end and the highway passes through industrial type properties. The road curves towards the east, still parallel to the river, and passes through farmland, with some woodland. The highway has an interchange with U.S. Route 6 (US 6) in rural Henry County. East of the interchange is an intersection with SR 109, this interchange is the western end of a concurrency with SR 109. The concurrency heads east passing under railroad tracks owned by Indiana and Ohio Railway. After the tracks the road curve southeast and SR 109 leaves SR 110 heading north over the Maumee River. The highway continues southeast, before curving northeast passing through a wooded area. The route turns due east and passes through farmland, before its eastern terminus at an intersection with SR 65.

SR 110 is not part of the National Highway System, a system of routes important to the nation's economy, mobility and defense. The highway is maintained by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT). ODOT's 2011 annual average daily traffic (AADT) calculations showed that the lowest traffic levels were present on the section that is between SR 109 and SR 65, where only 1,500 vehicles used the highway daily; the peak traffic volume was 6,960 vehicles AADT along a section that is concurrent with SR 108.

History
SR 110 was originally signed in 1923. At that time SR 110 ran along its current route from Napoleon to Grand Rapids and along current SR 65 from Grand Rapids to Perrysburg. The current route of SR 110 was paved by 1926. In 1927, SR 110 was moved to run along the north bank of the Maumee River from Napoleon to Grand Rapids, with US 24 taking the south bank of the river.  In 1931, its eastern terminus was moved to Grand Rapids. In 1942, the eastern terminus was extended to Bowling Green, replacing SR 184. Also in that year the route was flipped US 24, once again putting SR 110 on the south banks of the Maumee.  In 1958, SR 110 was truncated to its current terminus, leaving the road between SR 65 and SR 64 unnumbered. No significant changes have taken place to this state route since 1958.

Major intersections

References

External links

State Route 110 Endpoint Photos

110


Karl Ritter von Stremayr (30 October 1823, Graz - 22 June 1904, Pottschach) was an Austrian statesman. He served as the 9th Minister-President of Cisleithania.

Political career
Born in Graz, where he also studied law, he entered the government service, and subsequently was Attorney-General and docent at the University.

In 1848-49 he was a member of the Frankfurt Parliament. In 1868 he was appointed councilor in the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1870-79 was Minister of Public Instruction when he brought about the repeal of the Concordat of 1855.

He was president of the council as the 9th Minister-President of Cisleithania after the going out of the Auersperg ministry in 1879. Afterwards, he entered the cabinet of his successor Eduard Taaffe, 11th Viscount Taaffe, 10th Minister-President of Cisleithania, as Minister of Justice, but resigned in 1880.

He then was appointed vice president of the Austrian Supreme Court before succeeding Anton von Schmerling as president after Schmerling's resignation in 1891.

He retired in 1899. He was called to a seat in the Austrian House of Lords in 1889. Anton Bruckner dedicated to him his Fifth Symphony.

References

1823 births
1904 deaths
Politicians from Graz
People from the Duchy of Styria
Ministers-President of Austria
Government ministers of Austria
Members of the Frankfurt Parliament
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1867–1870)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1870–1871)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1871–1873)
Members of the House of Lords (Austria)
19th-century Ministers-President of Austria
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary


This is a list of trolleybus systems in Brazil by Estado. It includes all trolleybus systems, past and present.

Bahia

Ceará

Minas Gerais

Pernambuco

Rio de Janeiro

Rio Grande do Sul

São Paulo

See also

 List of trolleybus systems, for all other countries
 List of town tramway systems in Brazil
 List of light-rail transit systems
 List of rapid transit systems
 Trolleybus usage by country

Sources

Books and periodicals
 Murray, Alan. 2000. World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia (). Reading, Berkshire, UK: Trolleybooks.
 Peschkes, Robert. 1980. World Gazetteer of Tram, Trolleybus, and Rapid Transit Systems - Part One, Latin America (). Exeter, UK: Quail Map Company.
 Trolleybus Magazine (ISSN 0266-7452). National Trolleybus Association (UK). Bimonthly.

Website
 Morrison, Allen  (November 2007).  Latin American Trolleybus Installations  Retrieved on 2010-04-05.

References

External links

Trolleybus systems
Brazil
Trolleybus transport in Brazil


William Douglas "Doug" Smith is a Republican and former member of the South Carolina House of Representatives, representing the 32nd District since 1992, and serving as the Speaker Pro Tempore from 2000 until retirement in 2008.

External links
South Carolina Legislature - Speaker Pro Tempore W. Douglas Smith official SC Legislature website
Project Vote Smart - Representative W. Douglas Smith (SC) profile
Follow the Money - W. Douglas Smith
2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 campaign contributions

1958 births
Living people
Speakers of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Politicians from Spartanburg, South Carolina


This is a list of trolley bus systems in Canada by province.  It includes all trolley bus systems, past and present.  Use of boldface for a city name and color highlighting indicates systems that still exist; in the case of Canada, there is only one such system, that of Vancouver.

Alberta

British Columbia

Note:  There was also a demonstration trolley bus line in Victoria in 1945, operated by the British Columbia Electric Railway, from 19 to 30 November 1945.

Manitoba

Nova Scotia

Ontario

Quebec

Saskatchewan

See also

 List of trolley bus systems, for all other countries
 Trolley bus usage by country
 List of street railways in Canada
 List of tram and light rail transit systems
 Lists of rapid transit systems
 Public transport in Canada

Notes

Sources

Books and periodicals
 Murray, Alan. 2000. World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia (). Reading,  Berkshire, UK: Trolleybooks.
 Porter, Harry; and Stanley F.X. Worris. 1979. Trolleybus Bulletin No. 109: Databook II.  North American Trackless Trolley Association (defunct).
 Sebree, Mac; and Paul Ward. 1974. The Trolley Coach in  North America (Interurbans Special 59).  Los Angeles, US: Interurbans. LCCN 74-20367.
 Trolleybus Magazine (ISSN 0266-7452). National Trolleybus Association (UK). Bimonthly.

References

Further reading
 Baker, John E. 1982. Winnipeg's Electric Transit: The Story of Winnipeg's Streetcars and Trolley Buses (). Toronto, Ontario: Railfare Enterprises Ltd.
 Hatcher, Colin K.; and Tom Schwarzkopf. 1983. Edmonton's Electric Transit: The Story of Edmonton's Streetcars and Trolley Buses ().  Toronto, Ontario: Railfare.
 Kelly, Brian; and Daniel Francis. 1990.  Transit in British Columbia: The First Hundred Years (). Madeira Park (BC), Canada: Harbour Publishing.
 Leger, Paul A.; and Loring M. Lawrence. 1994. Halifax - City of Trolley Coaches (). Windsor, Ontario:  Bus History Association.
 Saitta, Joseph P. Traction Yearbook '81; also '82, '83, '84, '85, '86, '87.  Merrick (NY), US: Traction Slides International.
 Sebree, Mac; and Paul Ward. 1973. Transit's Stepchild, The Trolley Coach (Interurbans Special 58). Los Angeles: Interurbans. LCCN 73-84356.
 Hatcher, Colin K.; and Tom Schwarzkopf. 2009. Calgary's Electric Transit: an illustrated history of electrified public transportation in Canada's oil capital () Toronto, Ontario: Railfare.

External links

 All-Time List of North American Trolleybus Systems
 Tom's North American Trolley Bus Pictures
 Bibliography of the Electric Trolleybus (Richard DeArmond)

Canada

Trolleybus


This is a list of trolleybus systems in the United States by state. It includes all trolleybus systems, past and present.  About 65 trolleybus systems have existed in the U.S. at one time or another. In this list, boldface type in the "location" column and blue background colored row indicates one of the four U.S. trolleybus systems still in operation.

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Georgia

Hawaii

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Missouri

Nevada

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

Dual-mode (diesel-trolley) buses operated 15 September 1990 – 24 January 2005 on routes using the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel. The overhead wire system in the tunnel was not connected to that used by surface trolleybus services.

Wisconsin

Notes

See also

 List of trolleybus systems, for all other countries
 Trolleybus
 Trolleybus usage by country
 List of streetcar systems in the United States
 List of tram and light rail transit systems
 List of metro systems

Sources

References

Books and periodicals

 Trolleybus Magazine (ISSN 0266-7452). National Trolleybus Association (UK). Bimonthly.

Further reading
 McKane, John, and Anthony Perles.  1982. "Inside Muni" ().  Glendale (CA), US: Interurban Press.
 Perles, Anthony. 1981.  "The People's Railway" (San Francisco) ().  Glendale (CA): Interurban Press.
 Saitta, Joseph P. "Traction Yearbook '81", '82, '83, '84, '85, '86, '87.  Merrick (NY): Traction Slides International.
 Schultz, Russell E. 1980.  "A Milwaukee Transport Era: The Trackless Trolley Years" ().  Glendale: Interurban Press.
 Sebree, Mac, and Paul Ward. 1973. Transit's Stepchild, The Trolley Coach (Interurbans Special 58). Los Angeles: Interurbans. LCCN 73-84356.
 Wonson, Richard L. 1983. "Trackless Trolleys of Rhode Island, The" (). Cambridge (MA): Boston Street Railway Assn., Inc. (Bulletin 18).

External links

 All-Time List of North American Trolleybus Systems

United States


Anthony Shane Massey (born June 28, 1975) is a Republican member of the South Carolina Senate, representing the 25th District since 2007. Massey became the Republican Majority Leader for the Senate on April 6, 2016.

On March 20, 2009, Massey announced that he would be a Republican candidate for the US House of Representatives South Carolina's 3rd congressional district, but quickly pulled out, citing a desire to keep his family in South Carolina.

Massey was named a 2014 Aspen Institute Rodel Fellow.

During the 2020 election, which took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, Massey voted to prevent ballot drop boxes from being used during the election in South Carolina.

In June 2023, Massey endorsed Tim Scott in the 2024 United States presidential election.

References

External links
Congressional Campaign Website
Official State Senate Webpage
Project Vote Smart - Senator A. Shane Massey (SC)

1975 births
21st-century American politicians
Living people
People from Greeneville, Tennessee
Republican Party South Carolina state senators


David P. Hobbs (born September 23, 1963), also known by his stage name  Mr. Mixx, is a co-founder of the controversial rap group 2 Live Crew, along with being a scratch DJ and music producer of the group. In 1986, the group released the single "Throw The 'D'"; it is now considered the blueprint of Miami bass.

Later in 1986, 2 Live Crew released their debut album, The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are. The album established the group's signature style of comical sexually explicit lyrics. After a slew of successful releases, the group met with considerable controversy as a U.S. district court ruled the album legally obscene. They were prosecuted but acquitted.

Hobbs produced popular 2 Live Crew singles such as "Throw the D", "Me So Horny", "Hoochie Mama", and other titles in the group's Miami bass musical catalog. Currently, Hobbs continues to DJ and produce other artists

Early life
Hobbs was born on September 23, 1963, and raised in Santa Ana, California.

In 1981, Hobbs graduated from Corona High School in nearby Corona, California, and enlisted in the United States Air Force shortly afterward.

Career

1984:  Military service and founding of 2 Live Crew

In 1984, while stationed at March Air Force Base near Riverside, California, Hobbs met fellow musicians and United States Air Force Airmen Amazing Vee (Yuri Vielot) and Fresh Kid Ice (Christopher Wong Won). The trio, with Hobbs as DJ and Wong Won and Vielot as rappers, went on to form 2 Live Crew and would perform in small venues near the base, eventually releasing the group's first singles "The Revelation" and "2 Live Beat Box", on their own label independent label Fresh Beat Records, that same year.

"The Revelation" and "2 Live Beat Box" became popular in Florida, so much so that, following their discharge from the United States Air Force, Hobbs and Wong Won eventually relocated to Miami at the behest of local concert promoter Luther Campbell, who helped cultivate the momentum the group was establishing in the area. Hobbs DJing skills and prowess on the Roland 808 drum machine were instrumental in the group's overall growth.

1985–1986:  Miami Bass DJ and 2 Live Crew success

In 1985, 2 Live Crew released their follow up single, "What I Like" on Fresh Beat Records.  That same year, the group entered into a joint venture with Campbell and formed Luke Skyywalker Records. Shortly after forming the record label, Campbell joined 2 Live Crew as a hype man.  In April, 1986, rapper Brother Marquis (Mark D. Ross) joined 2 Live Crew, replacing Vielot, who left the group shortly after its relocation to Miami .

In January 1987, 2 Live Crew released the EP "Throw the D" with "Ghetto Bass" on the B-side, with Hobbs as DJ and producer on both tracks."Throw the D" became an influential  blueprint as to how future Miami bass songs were written and produced. Hobbs' performances on these releases made him the first Miami Bass scratch DJ.

The reconfigured group, featuring their most well known lineup (Hobbs, Campbell, Wong Won and Ross) became popular locally and nationally with the release of their Gold-certified debut album, The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are on January 25, 1987.  Notorious for sexually explicit lyrics, the album made Hobbs and his bandmates rap superstars.

1988–1991:  Continued 2 Live Crew success and attendant controversy

In 1988, 2 Live Crew released their second album, Move Somethin' It was also certified Gold and featured the singles "Move Somethin'" and "Do Wah Diddy Diddy". The album improved on the charts from the previous album, making in to #68 on the Billboard 200 and #20 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums charts.  A separate ”clean” version of the album, suitable for radio play, was released in addition to the explicit version.

2 Live Crew’s third album As Nasty As They Wanna Be (1989), became the group’s most successful commercial studio album and was certified double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album’s lead single "Me So Horny" peaked at 26 of the Billboard Top 100 chart.  A clean version of the album, As Clean As They Wanna Be was released concurrently with the explicit version.

In 1990, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ruled  As Nasty As They Wanna Be to be legally obscene, becoming the first album in history to be so declared by a federal court; this ruling was later overturned by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. An obscenity trial followed, where all of the defendants, including Hobbs, were eventually acquitted of all charges.

In late 1990, following the verdict in the obscenity trial, 2 Live Crew released their fourth studio album, Banned in the U.S.A.. The album included the hits "Do the Bart" and the title track which peaked at 20 on the Billboard Top 100 chart. The eponymous title single referred to the earlier federal court obscenity ruling regarding the group's previous album As Nasty As They Wanna Be.  Bruce Springsteen granted the group permission to interpolate his song "Born in the U.S.A." for the single. Banned in the U.S.A. was also the first album to bear the RIAA-standard Parental Advisory warning sticker.

Live in Concert, 2 Live Crew's fifth album and only live album, was also released in 1990. The album peaked at number 46 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

Sports Weekend: As Nasty as They Wanna Be, Pt. 2, featuring the single "Pop That Coochie," which reached 58 on the Hot 100 chart, was released by 2 Live Crew in 1991. The group's sixth album was a sequel of sorts to As Nasty As They Wanna Be, and was also accompanied by a clean version, Sports Weekend: As Clean As They Wanna Be, Pt. 2.

Sports Weekend: As Nasty as They Wanna Be, Pt. 2 would be the last studio album to include all of the most well known members of the group, Hobbs, Wong Won, Ross, and Campbell.

1993–1999:  Final albums with the most well known 2 Live crew line up, solo projects and 2 Live Crew reunion

In 1994, Hobbs formed a group, Mr. Mixx and Da Roughneck Posse, which released the studio album One Monkey Don't Stop No Show. That same year, with a group called Bass Poets, Hobbs released the album Bass-Boom-Booty.

In 1995, Hobbs, Wong Won, and Ross reunited to release the single "Hoochie Mama" for the soundtrack of the popular 1995 movie Friday. The soundtrack reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart, where it held its position for two weeks, and remained on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart for six weeks.

Also in 1995, Hobbs teamed up with producer Billy Vidal to release several Miami Bass compilations from 1995 through 1997.

In 1996, Hobbs again reunited with Wong Won and Ross as the 2 Live Crew, to perform, produce and release the group's seventh studio album Shake a Lil' Somethin' whose hit song of the same name, peaked at #72 on the Top 100 chart and #11 on the Hot Rap Songs|Hot Rap Singles chart. Two of the album's singles charted:  "Do the Damn Thing", which made it to #24 on the Hot Rap Singles chart, and "Be My Private Dancer", which peaked at #34. Shake A Lil' Somethin''' would be the last 2 Live Crew album to feature Hobbs.

In 1998, Hobbs released his first solo album The Sex Files.

 2000-present: Solo albums and current projects
In 2002, Hobbs released his second solo studio album Nasty Controversial & Unauthorized Part 1.

In 2005, Hobbs released his third solo album Vgnl Minded on his own independent label, Mr. Mixx Recordings.

From 2008 to 2011, Hobbs created and ran his own website, Collegepeepshowtv.com.

In 2009, Hobbs released his fourth solo album The Money And The Booty .

In 2010, Hobbs briefly reunited with former bandmates Wong Won, Ross, and Campbell as 2 Live Crew, and were honored at the 2010 VH1 Hip-Hop Honors: The Dirty South Edition awards show where they also performed.

In 2016, Hobbs reunited with Ross to reform 2 Live Crew shortly before Wong Won's death in 2017.  The duo subsequently released two singles How Bout Dem Cowboys (2016) and One Horse Sleigh'' (2016), and continue to tour nationally as 2 Live Crew.

Hobbs also currently tours nationally with Afroman as his tour DJ, and continues to work with and produce other hip hop artists.

References

External links
 Official Myspace Page
 2016 Red Bull Music Academy article/interview: "2 Live Crew’s DJ and Producer Mr. Mixx On the Roots of Miami Bass"
https://www.mixxintl.com/
https://www.mixcloud.com/MRMIXX808/
https://distrokid.com/hyperfollow/beatsbymixxanddjdmc/dwWt

1963 births
Living people
People from Santa Ana, California
African-American DJs
American DJs
American hip hop DJs
American hip hop record producers
East Coast hip hop musicians
Southern hip hop musicians
West Coast hip hop musicians
United States Air Force airmen
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people