We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. is the third studio album by American musician Jason Mraz, released on May 12, 2008. The album peaked at number three in the Billboard 200, making it Mraz's highest-peaking album at the time. Mraz took the name of the album from a work by the artist David Shrigley.

On August 10, 2023, the album was certified 4x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association Of America.

Background and production
Progress of the recording of the album has been documented on the YouTube series "Crazy Man's Ju-ju" which contain clips from San Diego and London, where most of the album was made. "I'm Yours" was the first single from the album and was made available on iTunes, Zune Marketplace and Amazon.com on February 12, 2008. The album features collaborations with James Morrison on the track "Details in the Fabric" and with Colbie Caillat on the track "Lucky".

The album was preceded by three EPs released at monthly intervals for a limited time. We Sing. was released on March 18. We Dance. was released on April 15. The third installment, We Steal Things., was released as part of a digital bundle through iTunes, JasonMraz.com and AtlanticRecords.com on the release of the album on May 13, 2008. Up to March 17, 2010, the album had sold 1,491,736 copies in the US. In 2016, the album was certified three times Platinum by the RIAA.

On November 18, 2008, the album was re-released with the name We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. Limited Edition. The re-released album is a three disc set that includes the original 12-track CD, the second disc includes the three EPs all on one disc, and the third DVD includes an unreleased full-band concert Live at the Highline Ballroom in New York, a 30-minute documentary titled "Here We Are" and a preview to Mraz's "a thousand things." Polaroid book. The packaging also includes a 20-page CD booklet with full lyrics and additional artwork.

In honor of the album's fifteenth birthday, a deluxe version of the album, entitled We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. Deluxe Edition. was released on September 22, 2023. The version contains 14 new-to-vinyl songs, including demos and a previously unreleased song.

Critical reception

The album, overall, gained mixed to positive reviews. Commenting on the album's "pleasantly lightweight jams", "beachy guitars", "R&B horns" and "playful scat singing", Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+.
In an overall positive review, Billboard said, "Mraz emerges even bolder than before on an album loaded with strings, horns, formidable grooves and a dozen songs dripping with mantra-like positivity."

AllMusic wrote, "The nice thing about the soulful shimmer of We Sing is that it's so slick that it's easy to ignore the gibberish spilling out of Mraz's mouth and just enjoy the sunny, easy sound."

PopMatters wrote that "the album sounds great, and Mraz knows what he is up to. Less clear, I think, is whether the razzle-dazzle wordsmith who loves his Eminem records is ready to truly enter the marketplace as a serious vocalist and a sober songwriter", giving the album a positive rating of seven out of ten overall.

Giving the album two-and-a-half out of five stars, Blender concluded that whether "pondering his parents divorce or describing intricate and delicate sex acts, Mraz's tasty tenor remains a modestly classy pleasure. But he's lost crucial cool."

Even less flattering, Uncut magazine said that "listening to [the album] is like being followed home by a puppy — initially cute and guilelessly affecting, but rapidly irritating". Writing for The Big Issue, Lianne Steinberg stated that "listening to this album is akin to being woken from a comfortable deep sleep by a circus clown with a water pistol full of warm urine", singling out the "terrible lyrics and hamfisted rhymes" for their "hilarity".

Track listing

The Latin American and Spanish re-release of the album includes a Spanish version of the song "Lucky" which was recorded by Mraz and the Mexican singer Ximena Sariñana.

Personnel
 Jason Mraz – lead vocals on all tracks, guitar on all tracks

Additional personnel

 Martin Terefe – bass guitar on tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, piano on tracks 2 and 3, guitar on track 2, drums on tracks 6 and 11, choir vocals on track 8, production on all tracks
 Karl Brazil – drums on tracks 1, 4, 5 and 10
 Luke Potashnick – guitar on tracks 1, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10
 Nikolas Torp Larsen – keyboards on tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12, choir vocals on track 8
 Carlos Sosa – tenor saxophone on tracks 1, 4, 5 and 9, baritone saxophone on tracks 1, 4 and 9, flute on track 4, horn arrangements
 Fernie Castillo – trumpet on tracks 1, 4, 5, and 9, flugelhorn on track 4, horn arrangements
 Raul "Ralo" Vallejo – trombone on tracks 1, 4, 5 and 9, horn arrangements
 Noel "Toca" Rivera – backing vocals on tracks 1, 2 and 12
 Abby Scwartz – backing vocals on tracks 1 and 2
 Gianna Muir-Robinson – backing vocals on tracks 1 and 2
 Lauren De Rose – backing vocals on tracks 1 and 2
 Taylor-Tay – backing vocals on tracks 1 and 2
 Kristoffer Sonne – drums on tracks 2, 3, 8, 9 and 12
 Colbie Caillat – vocals on track 3
 David Davidson – violin on tracks 3, 6, 7, 11 and 12, string arrangements
 David Angell – violin on tracks 3, 6, 7, 11 and 12
 Kristin Wilkinson – viola on tracks 3, 6, 7, 11 and 12
 Keith Nichols – cello on tracks 3 and 12
 Judy Renea Flenoid – choir vocals on track 5
 Shardie Flenoid – choir vocals on track 5
 Karen Mills – choir vocals on track 5
 Betty Mills – choir vocals on track 5
 Chirell Warren – choir vocals on track 5
 Tanya Tolver – choir vocals on track 5
 Tanya Murphy – choir vocals on track 5
 Ida Rhem – choir vocals on track 5
 Sia Thompson – choir vocals on track 5
 Connie Corn – choir vocals on track 5
 Sacha Skarbek – piano on track 6, keyboards on track 9
 John Catchings – cello on tracks 6, 7 and 11
 James Morrison – vocals on track 7

 Bushwalla – voicemail message on track 7, backing vocals on track 12
 Andreas Olssen – synthesizer on track 8, 808 on track 10, programming on all tracks
 Aaron Leibowitz – saxophone on track 8
 Justin Kirk – trombone on track 8
 Ben Adamson – trumpet on track 8
 Noah Terefe – choir vocals on track 8
 Rita Ora – choir vocals on track 8
 Kiera McGuinness – choir vocals on track 8
 Olivia Ansah-Smith – choir vocals on track 8
 Julia Morgan – choir vocals on track 8
 Julia Cailleteau – choir vocals on track 8
 Kiera Zekra – choir vocals on track 8
 Teymor Gray – choir vocals on track 8
 Joseph Alfille-Cook – choir vocals on track 8
 Sofia Loopuit – choir vocals on track 8
 Walid Massoud – choir vocals on track 8
 Thomas Picard – choir vocals on track 8
 Hanna Terefe – choir vocals on track 8
 Tia Terefe – choir vocals on track 8
 Pete Ibsen – choir vocals on track 8
 Nick Whitecross – choir vocals on track 8
 Jon Hall – choir vocals on track 8
 Savanna Sparks – choir vocals on track 8
 Rebecca Lacey – choir vocals on track 8
 Zatac Sylwiz – choir vocals on track 8
 Xoreal Harrison – choir vocals on track 8
 Millet Oliver – choir vocals on track 8
 Jane Tomes – backing vocals on track 12
 Alexis Fedorowich – backing vocals on track 12
 Tricia Huffman – backing vocals on track 12
 Tony Maserati – mixing on all tracks
 Szyyd Drullard – mixing assistance on all tracks
 Adam Thompson – mixing assistance on all tracks
 Chris Gehringer – mastering on all tracks
 Bil Zelman – interior album photo

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links
  – contains aforementioned "Crazy Man's Ju-ju" series

Jason Mraz albums
Atlantic Records video albums
Concert films
Live video albums
2008 video albums
2008 live albums
Atlantic Records live albums
2008 albums
Atlantic Records albums


Fendeille (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fenouillet-du-Razès (; Languedocien: Fenolhet) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ferrals-les-Corbières is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Geography
The river Orbieu flows northeast through the western part of the commune and crosses the village.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Richard Earl Locher (June 4, 1929 – August 6, 2017) was an American syndicated cartoonist.

Early life and career
Locher was born in Dubuque, Iowa. After high school, he began studying art at the University of Iowa and the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. While in Chicago, he became an assistant to Rick Yager, who was drawing Buck Rogers at the time. However, he left the job after a few months to enlist in the Air Force, where he became a test pilot. While at the Air Force, he began freelancing for the Stars and Stripes.

In 1957, he began assisting Chester Gould on Dick Tracy, where he inked the figures and colored the Sunday strips. He also contributed to a story that was cited in Gould's 1959 Reuben award. He left the strip in 1961 to work on other areas, including starting an advertising company, where he worked on designing characters for McDonald's.

Locher kept in touch with Chester Gould even after leaving the strip. In 1973, an editorial cartoonist position at the Chicago Tribune opened up and Gould recommended Locher to take the position. Despite having no experience in editorial cartooning, the Tribune hired Locher. Locher retired May 1, 2013.

Locher, working with his son John, returned to work on Dick Tracy in 1983, when its previous cartoonist, Rick Fletcher, died. That same year, he won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning. In 2009, Jim Brozman took over the drawing of Dick Tracy; however Locher continued to write the storylines and contributed sketches. In 2011, Locher retired from Dick Tracy and handed the reins to the new creative team of Mike Curtis and Joe Staton. Locher's last Dick Tracy strip was published Sunday, March 13, 2011.

In 2006, Locher was inducted into the Oklahoma Cartoonists Hall of Fame in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma by Michael Vance. The Oklahoma Cartoonists Collection, created by Vance, is located in the Toy and Action Figure Museum.

In 2013, Locher helped design and make a 9.5-foot bronze statue of Naperville's founding father, Capt. Joseph Naper.

Personal life
Locher lived in Naperville, Illinois, with his wife, Mary, at the time of his passing.

Locher had three children: Stephen, who lives in the Chicago area; John, who died in 1986; and Jana, who lives in Colorado.

The new Land of Lincoln Trophy designed by Dick Locher goes to the winner of the Northwestern-Illinois college football game.

Locher died on August 6, 2017, in Naperville, Illinois, aged 88. His death was caused by complications from Parkinson's disease.

References

1929 births
2017 deaths
American comic strip cartoonists
American editorial cartoonists
Artists from Iowa
Chicago Tribune people
Dick Tracy
People from Dubuque, Iowa
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning winners
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
United States Air Force officers
University of Iowa alumni


This is a list of airports with "Executive" in the title.

List of executive airports

Canada
 Burlington Executive Airport
 Gatineau-Ottawa Executive Airport
 Oshawa Executive Airport

United Arab Emirates
 Al Bateen Executive Airport

United States
 Akron Executive Airport
 Ardmore Downtown Executive Airport
 Austin Executive Airport
 Avon Park Executive Airport
 Brunswick Executive Airport
 Calverton Executive Airpark
 Chicago Executive Airport
 Charleston Executive Airport
 Charlotte–Monroe Executive Airport
 Dallas Executive Airport
 Destin Executive Airport
 Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport
 Fresno Chandler Executive Airport
 Hampton Roads Executive Airport
 Hayward Executive Airport
 Henderson Executive Airport
 Houston Executive Airport
 Indianapolis Executive Airport
 Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport
 Johnson County Executive Airport
 Leesburg Executive Airport
 Allentown Queen City Municipal Airport (Little Lehigh Executive)
 Madison County Executive Airport (Huntsville Executive)
 Marco Island Executive Airport
 Miami Executive Airport (formerly Kendall-Tamiami Executive Airport)
 Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport
 Millville Executive Airport
 Monmouth Executive Airport
 Montgomery-Gibbs Executive Airport
 Opa-locka Executive Airport
 Orlando Executive Airport
 Raleigh Executive Jetport
 Rogers Executive Airport
 Sacramento Executive Airport
 Suffolk Executive Airport
 Tampa Executive Airport
 Toledo Executive Airport
 Triangle North Executive Airport
 Virginia Tech Montgomery Executive Airport
 Washington Executive Airport (Hyde Field)
 W.K. Kellogg Executive Airport

See also
 General aviation
 Reliever airport

References

Airports by type


Festes-et-Saint-André (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pathé Exchange, commonly known as Pathé, was an American film production and distribution company, largely of Hollywood's silent era. Known for its groundbreaking newsreel and wide array of shorts, it grew out of the American division of the major French studio Pathé Frères, which began distributing films in the United States in 1904. Ten years later, it produced the enormously successful The Perils of Pauline, a twenty-episode serial that came to define the genre. The American operation was incorporated as Pathé Exchange toward the end of 1914 and spun off as an independent entity in 1921; the Merrill Lynch investment firm acquired a controlling stake. The following year, it released Robert J. Flaherty's groundbreaking documentary Nanook of the North. Other notable feature releases included the controversial drama Sex (1920) and director/producer Cecil B. DeMille's smash-hit biblical epic The King of Kings (1927/28).  During much of the 1920s, Pathé distributed the shorts of comedy pioneers Hal Roach and Mack Sennett and innovative animator Paul Terry. For Roach and then his own production company, acclaimed comedian Harold Lloyd starred in many feature and short releases from Pathé and the closely linked Associated Exhibitors.

In late 1926, controlling interest in the studio was acquired by investment banker Elisha Walker's Blair & Co. firm, which soon allied it with the Keith-Albee and Orpheum theater chains and in 1928 brought in financier and Hollywood maestro Joseph P. Kennedy to manage it. Under Kennedy, Pathé contracted with RCA Photophone for conversion to sound film and took over the assets of Producers Distributing Corporation, DeMille's former outlet. Finally, in January 1931, the studio was acquired by the much larger RKO Pictures. It continued making features as the semiautonomous division RKO Pathé into 1932, when all feature production was subsumed under the "RKO Radio Pictures" banner; the RKO Pathé unit and brand were maintained for short subjects and the trademark newsreel. The latter was purchased in 1947 from RKO by Warner Bros., which rebranded it Warner Pathé News. RKO Pathé, which in its final decade produced industrials and TV commercials along with theatrical shorts, closed its doors in 1956; Warners ended the newsreel the same year.

Pathé Exchange had survived as a small holding company for the few assets, including an East Coast film lab and a home-movie operation, that RKO had declined to acquire; the business was subsequently reorganized, first as Pathé Film Corporation and ultimately as Pathé Industries. The company reentered the movie production and distribution business for nearly a decade beginning in 1942 with the purchase of Poverty Row studio Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC) and Pathé's subsequent establishment of Eagle-Lion Films. Among the historically significant releases from this period are the film noir Detour (1945, PRC) and the science-fiction film Destination Moon (1950, Eagle-Lion). By 1951, Pathé Industries was out of the motion picture business. In 1961, its successor company, the America Corporation, briefly revived the brand with a distribution subsidiary, Pathé-America. It was sold the following year to Astor Pictures and soon dissolved.

History

From silents to the early sound era

Pathé Frères, founded in 1895 and by the middle of the next decade France's leading film studio, began distributing its films in the United States in 1904. By October 1906, its films commanded as much as 50 percent of the entire U.S. market. In 1908, Pathé Frères was invited to join the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), created by a combine of production firms that aimed to lock up the American market completely. As a result, Pathé utilized MPPC's General Film Company distribution company to release its films. Pathé Frères established production facilities in New Jersey—first in East Bound Brook, then Jersey City—and leased an outdoor spread in Edendale, an L.A. suburb, for the shooting of Westerns. In 1911, the company launched the first ever newsreel produced in the United States, the Pathé Weekly; by early 1914, the renamed Pathé News was coming out five days a week. The year prior, alongside its General Film releases, Pathé also began distributing through the recently founded Eclectic Film Company, in which Pathé Frères was evidently a major investor.

In March 1914, from its studio in Jersey City (with many climactic scenes shot in the nearby film hub of Fort Lee), Pathé Frères entered the market for serials. Its initial such effort, The Perils of Pauline, starring Pearl White and codirected by company veteran Louis Gasnier, was a massive success, with popular demand so great that the original plan for thirteen episodes was extended to twenty and a record-breaking number of release prints were struck to supply exhibitors around the country. Several sequels followed, as the original, in the words of film historian Richard Lewis Ward, "became the hallmark for the genre". As of August 1914, Pathé's American release schedule, aside from its weekday newsreel, encompassed a Perils of Pauline chapter every other Monday, alternating with a "Cartoon Comedy or Comedy and Short Scenic Educational subjects in Natural Colors"; on Tuesdays, a one- or two-reel comedy; and on Wednesdays and Fridays, features of three reels or more. Later in the year, Pathé stopped releasing its films through General Film Company, acquired the Eclectic Film distribution exchanges, and formally incorporated an American subsidiary: Pathé Exchange. Investors Charles Merrill and Edmund Lynch, then just starting their careers, joined the company's board of directors in early 1915.

Released in April 1920, the drama Sex, starring Louise Glaum, was a hit across much of the country, though it caused controversy in some prudish precincts; the Pennsylvania Board of Censors required it be retitled Sex Crushed to Earth for distribution within the state. Pathé Frères cofounder Charles Pathé retired from the presidency of Pathé Exchange in September, and the following year the business was spun off from its French parent company, with a controlling stake acquired by Merrill Lynch. For many years, Pathé was closely associated with the distribution company Associated Exhibitors, which handled independent productions. Among Pathé's independent releases were the influential documentary feature Nanook of the North (1922), the first major commercial success in the genre. Its regular release schedule during this period revolved around its newsreel (now coming out twice a week), the "Pathéserials", cartoons by animator Paul Terry, and comedy shorts from Hal Roach and Mack Sennett. Trailblazing film comedians Laurel and Hardy (Roach), the Our Gang troupe (Roach), and Harry Langdon (Sennett) all first reached movie screens under the "Pathécomedy" banner.

By far Pathé's biggest star of this era, comedian Harold Lloyd, made many shorts for Roach, originally released by Pathé and then, beginning in May 1921, Associated Exhibitors. Lloyd shifted to features with the joint Pathé/Associated Exhibitors release A Sailor-Made Man that December. After four more full-length pictures with Roach—and a return to exclusive Pathé distribution—he launched his own production company with Girl Shy (1924). Following two further Pathé releases, including the massive hit The Freshman (1925), Lloyd departed for the major Paramount studio. Of the six feature films in Pathé Exchange history to reap $1 million or more in North American rentals, five were Lloyd vehicles. In October 1926, the ailing Associated Exhibitors was largely subsumed into Pathé. That same month, Merrill Lynch sold its controlling interest in the studio to fellow New York investment firm Blair & Co., headed by Elisha Walker.

Walker's firm proceeed to invest in Producers Distributing Corporation (PDC), known as star director Cecil B. DeMille's studio, and exchange Pathé stock interests with the Keith-Albee theater chain, which already owned 50 percent of PDC's holding company and had a national footprint through its alliance with the Orpheum circuit. In March 1927, an agreement was reached to merge Pathé and PDC under the former's aegis, with their films given preferential entrée to the Keith-Albee and Orpheum theaters; the arrangement was designed to allow the interlocked companies to compete with the production-distribution-exhibition combines that now ruled the movie industry: Paramount–Famous–Lasky, Loews–MGM, Stanley–First National–West Coast Theatres, and Fox Film and Theatres. Keith-Albee general manager John J. Murdock was named president of Pathé two months later. Hal Roach negotiated an exit from his Pathé contract and began putting out films through MGM in September, though he also produced a dozen pictures for Pathé's 1927–28 season as part of the exit deal.

Early in 1928, Walker and Murdock turned to financier Joseph P. Kennedy, head of midsized studio Film Booking Offices of America (FBO), to help reorganize the debt-ridden Pathé business. One of Kennedy's first moves was to terminate the distribution deals with all of the studio's outside producers, including Mack Sennett. PDC was dissolved and its assets, including DeMille's Culver City production facility and the long-term lease on the adjacent backlot, were folded into Pathé. For the conversion to sound film production now understood as necessary across the industry, Kennedy contracted both Pathé and FBO to RCA Photophone, run by his sometime ally David Sarnoff.

On September 30, 1928, Pathé debuted its first partial sound film: a shortened version of The King of Kings, DeMille's epic about the last weeks of Jesus. The movie had been critically lauded the previous year as a silent road-show attraction handled by PDC; now in general release with music and sound effects, about forty minutes shorter, and playing across the recently united Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO) circuit, it was a major hit at the box office. The KAO merger had been formalized in January and by May the theater chain was largely under Walker and Kennedy's control. Pathé first true feature "talkie", Strange Cargo, opened on March 31, 1929. The following month, Kennedy had himself elected as chair of the Pathé board. A fire at Pathé's New York production facility that December killed eleven people and precipitated a shift of the studio's short-comedy unit to the West Coast, joining the feature productions in Culver City. Pathé struggled through 1930, putting out just a single feature each month between June and November; the July release, Holiday, managed to garner Academy Award nominations for lead actress Ann Harding and screenwriter Horace Jackson.

Later incarnations
In late 1930, Kennedy arranged for Pathé Exchange to be acquired by RKO Pictures, which had been built by Sarnoff in part on the bones of FBO, sold off by Kennedy and dissolved early the previous year; the official merger took place on January 31, 1931. The central assets involved were Pathé Exchange's motion picture production facilities, employee contracts, and distribution exchanges; three films completed by Pathé Exchange, two already in release, were included as well. The Pathé headliners who joined the RKO roster and starred in films from the new semiautonomous RKO Pathé production unit were led by Constance Bennett, Ann Harding, Helen Twelvetrees, William Boyd, Eddie Quillan, Robert Armstrong, and James Gleason. Around the time of the takeover, Pathé's range of shorts included its twice-weekly newsreel, a weekly "audio review", three biweekly series—Grantland Rice Sportlights, Aesop's Sound Fables, and Vagabond Adventure Series—the seasonal Knute Rockne Football Series, and an array of humorous two-reelers under the banners of Manhattan Comedies, Whoopee Comedies, Rainbow Comedies, Folly Comedies, Rodeo Comedies, Melody Comedies, Checker Comedies, Campus Comedies, and Capitol Comedies.

By the beginning of 1932, feature production had been shifted almost entirely from Culver City to RKO's main Hollywood studio, and in February the company announced that as of the 1932–33 exhibition season (beginning in September 1932) all of its features would come out under the RKO Radio Pictures banner. One of the last RKO Pathé features, What Price Hollywood?, with Bennett in the lead, came out on June 24; it was the first screen version of the story that would be filmed multiple times as A Star Is Born. In fact, due to extensive reshoots and recutting, the final feature release bearing the RKO Pathé emblem—the signature Pathé rooster standing proudly atop the RKO logo's spinning globe—Rockabye, didn't reach theaters until late November. The RKO Pathé brand was thenceforth limited to newsreels and shorts (plus one feature-length documentary in 1953). In 1947, RKO sold the Pathé newsreel operation to Warner Bros., which rebranded it Warner Pathé News. RKO Pathé continued to put out a reduced roster of theatrical shorts, along with industrials and TV commercials, until early 1956, when its doors closed for good. Later that year, Warners shut down the newsreel.

Pathé Exchange Inc. continued as a small holding company for the few assets that had not been part of the RKO acquisition, including most of the studio's film library, a film processing lab in New Jersey, a 49 percent stake in DuPont's raw film manufacturing operation, and a nontheatrical division that focused on the production of shorts for retail customers with home projectors. Kennedy, who had originally aimed to sell the company's remnants and dissolve it, instead stepped down from the board in April 1931. In 1935, the company was reorganized as Pathé Film Corporation (PFC), and most of the film library was sold to Columbia Pictures, which used the accompanying remake rights to produce such classics as The Awful Truth (1937) and Holiday (1938). The following year, after the completion of a hiatus imposed in the RKO deal, PFC reentered the filmmaking field in a small way, acquiring 8 percent of the recently established Grand National Films. The venture met with little success, and Grand National was dissolved in early 1940. In 1939, Pathé Film Corporation had bought a second film processing and printing facility, in Los Angeles, and established Pathé Laboratories Inc. of California as its operating subsidiary. The following year, financier Robert Young (no relation to the actor) acquired PFC; he officially dissolved the holding company while maintaining control of its various businesses.

Pathé returned more fully to filmmaking in 1942, when Pathé Laboratories of California acquired Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC), a struggling Poverty Row studio notorious for the threadbare production values of its output. While PRC relied on independent producers for its release slate, Pathé management wanted to focus on in-house production, and a Sunset Boulevard production facility was purchased. PRC's initial "directly produced" feature, Jive Junction, was released in December 1943. Its director, Edgar G. Ulmer, already responsible for multiple PRC releases from outside producers, would make several more films at the studio, including the now renowned film noir Detour (1945). In June 1944, Young set up a new holding company, Pathé Industries, for the Pathé and PRC assets. Late the following year, Pathé Industries arranged to collaborate with British movie magnate J. Arthur Rank on the reciprocal release of Pathé and Rank productions; Pathé set up a new production subsidiary distinct from PRC, Eagle-Lion Films, while the American distribution firm Rank had established in 1944 under that name relinquished it.

The new Eagle-Lion Films was officially established in April 1946; entertainment lawyer Arthur B. Krim was brought on as studio president. An ambitious program of A-level productions was promised, although it was the former head of Warners' B unit, Bryan Foy, who was hired as studio chief. The first Eagle-Lion picture, It's a Joke, Son!, reached theaters in January 1947 and the firm soon became Pathé Industries' sole Hollywood flagship, with the announcement in August that PRC would be absorbed into Eagle-Lion. The studio's rare hits included an overachieving noir, Anthony Mann's T-Men (1947), and a Rank import, Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's The Red Shoes (1948). In late 1949, Eagle-Lion announced that it was ending in-house production, as Krim departed. N. Peter Rathvon, former president of RKO, joined the company to handle financing for the independent producers who would now provide all of its domestic output, such as George Pal, whose Destination Moon, released in June 1950, was a major success. That same month, Pathé merged Eagle-Lion with an independent distributor that focused on reissues, Film Classics, to create Eagle-Lion Classics. In October, the company sued the RKO and Loew's exhibition circuits for keeping its product out of New York theaters. With the suit still pending, in March 1951, Eagle-Lion Classics reported that 1950–51 would be its first profitable year, with the prospect that in-house production would resume. The next month, however, the studio was sold to United Artists, which had come under the control of Krim and his partner Robert Benjamin, former head of Rank's U.S. operations. Pathé was once again out of the movies. In 1953, Young replaced the Pathé Industries name with that of Chesapeake Industries. Three years later, the suit against the theater chains was dismissed.

After Young's death in 1958, Chesapeake was acquired by real estate developer William Zeckendorf. Redubbed the America Corporation, the firm revived the Pathé brand with a distribution subsidiary, Pathé-America, that handled independent productions from both the U.S. and Great Britain. During its brief 1961–62 existence, it released seven films under America Corporation ownership, including Sam Peckinpah's feature directorial debut, The Deadly Companions (1961), and Roger Corman's pathbreaking drama about racial demagoguery, The Intruder (1962). In late June 1962, Pathé-America was sold to Astor Pictures; after one more release in December, the brand was dropped.

Filmography

The List of RKO Pictures films includes all of the RKO Pathé feature releases, but does not distinguish them from the films made by RKO's main production division, then branded as "Radio Pictures". For the RKO Pathé features, see The Early Sound Films of Pathé (1931–32).

Pathé Laboratories Inc. acquired a controlling interest in PRC in early January 1942 and purchased it outright by late February.

List of Pathé-America films
 The Deadly Companions (June 1961, Carousel Productions)
 Run Across the River (November 1961, Cameo Productions)
 Fear No More (November 1961, Scaramouche Productions)
 Victim (February 1962, Allied Film Makers (AFM) [UK])
 Whistle Down the Wind (April 1962, AFM/Beaver Films [UK])
 Paradise Alley (c. April/May 1962, Sutton Pictures)
 The Intruder (May 1962, Los Altos Productions)
 Out of the Tiger's Mouth (December 1962, Ruggles-Whelan Enterprises)

References

External links

Producers Releasing Corporation Early Television Rights close analysis of PRC/Pathé rights and business history
Eagle-Lion Legal File catalog entry for Eagle-Lion/Pathé document holdings at Wisconsin Historical Society Archives

1904 establishments in New York (state)


The Gaini were an Anglo-Saxon tribe which occupied part of the kingdom of Mercia.

The Gaini are only recorded in Asser's life of King Alfred the Great, written in 893, which stated that in 868, before he became king, Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of Æthelred, known as Mucel, ealdorman of the Gaini. Mucel witnessed Mercian charters between 814 and 866, with two subscribing in the 830s and 840s. They may be father and son, with the later one being Ealhswith's father. The older was probably "Mucel son of Esne" recorded in a Mercian charter of 836. Esne attested Mercian charters in the late eighth and early ninth centuries. Ealhswith's father attested two West Saxon charters in 868, the year his daughter married Alfred.

Ealhswith's brother, Æthelwulf, was a sub-ealdorman under Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians at the end of the ninth century, controlling western and possibly central Mercia.

See also
Gainsborough, Lincolnshire

References

Peoples of Anglo-Saxon Mercia


Feuilla (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fleury ( or ; , ), unofficially Fleury-d'Aude for disambiguation, is a commune in the Aude department, in the administrative region of Occitania, southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Floure (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France. The journalist and writer Gaston Bonheur (1913–1980) is buried in Floure where he owned the castle.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fontanès-de-Sault (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fontcouverte (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

Sights
Monument Saint Régis
Fountain on the Place de la Révolution, built in the late 19th century
A column 4.40 m high with a statue of a woman symbolizing agriculture
Montagne d'Alaric

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fonters-du-Razès is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fontiers-Cabardès (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fontiès-d'Aude (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fontjoncouse (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Fontjoncouse has gained a reputation in the culinary world, as it is the location of Gilles Goujon's three-Michelin starred restaurant, L'Auberge du Vieux Puits.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ihre Hoheit die Tänzerin can refer to the following:

 Ihre Hoheit, die Tänzerin (operetta), an operetta by Walter Goetze
 Ihre Hoheit die Tänzerin (film), a 1922 German film featuring Béla Lugosi


La Force (; ) is a commune in the Aude department, southern France.

It is recognised as the smallest circulade or circular village in France.

The maire in 2020 is Jean Marc Albert Georges Estrem.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kvål Station () is a railway station in the village of Kvål in the municipality of Melhus in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The station is located on the Dovre Line, about  south of Trondheim Central Station (Trondheim S) and about  north of Oslo Central Station (Oslo S).  The station sits at an elevation of  above sea level.  It is served by local trains to Røros Station. The station was opened 1864 as part of the Trondhjem–Støren Line.

References

Railway stations in Melhus
Railway stations on the Dovre Line
Railway stations opened in 1864
1864 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1860s


Fournes-Cabardès (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Population

Its inhabitants are known as Fournois.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fourtou (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Geography
The commune is located in the Corbières Massif.

The village lies in the middle of the commune, on the left bank of the Moulin brook, a tributary of the Orbieu, which has its source in the northern part of the commune.

The church in the village has been renovated and is well maintained. Its bell comes from the 12 century church located below the village in a hamlet near the "Chemin des Héritiers" within the compound of the old cemetery. This older church has been recently renovated.

The town hall has also been renovated and is regularly the seat of local celebrations.

The city's mayor Bernard Cros initiated several improvements and the construction of self-catering cottage(s).

The main activity of the village consists in livestock farming.

Outside  the village, are several isolated domains hosting expatriate families: (Belgian, Dutch, German, British etc.)

Culture & Spirituality
4 km S-E, nearby the old church and the site 'La Mouline', you will find the Seat of "THEG-CHOG NORBU LING", a Tibetan Kagyu monastery established by Lama Gelong Sangyay Tendzin. This religious congregation hosts a community of ten residents a mix community of ordained monastics as well as and lay people, dedicating their life to the study and practice of Buddhism.

Everyday life at THEG-CHOG NORBU LING is dedicated to the development of mindfulness through 4 hours of karma yoga, as well as 4 hours of individual and group practice of Tibetan Dharma in the Karma Kamtshang tradition. During the wintertime the members accomplish a strict two-months spiritual retreat.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Jigit (also spelled as Dzhigit, yigit, zhigit or igid) is a word used in the North Caucasus and Central Asia to describe a skillful and brave equestrian, or a brave person in general. The word is of Turkic origin.

The derived term 'jigitovka' (or jigiting) means the special style of trick riding, which originated in the Turkic cultures of North Caucasus and Central Asia, and is also popular with Cossacks, who adopted it from the Circassians. When performing dzhigitovka, the riders at full gallop stand up, jump to the ground and back to the saddle, pick up objects from the ground (such as coins, hats, etc.), shoot targets with various weapons, ride hanging on the side or under the belly of the horse and do other acrobatic feats.

Since the early 19th century jigitovka has been demonstrated in the circuses and horse sport competitions, and made its way to the popular Western culture, for instance Cossacks (actually Georgian horsemen from western part of Georgia, Guria) demonstrated jigitovka as part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. Jigitovka was also used in training of cavalry forces in the Russian Empire and USSR. Modern jigitovka as a circus performance includes complex stunts usually performed by a group of riders.

Equestrian Jigitovka

In 2016 jigitovka was officially recognised as a sporting discipline in the Russian Federation.

References

External links
 Russia dzhigitovka
 Horse Training. History, training dzhigitovka Russia
 Georgian Trick Riders in American Wild West Shows, 1890s-1920s by Irakli Makharadze, Publisher: McFarland
 Official 2017 Equestrian Dzhigitovka Rules in Russian
 Russian News Report on 2017 Equestrian Dzhigitovka World Championship

Mounted games
Turkmenistan culture
Turkic culture


Fraisse-Cabardès (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fraissé-des-Corbières is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

Sports
There is a boules ground in the village.

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gaja-et-Villedieu (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gaja-la-Selve (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Galinagues (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Che Sudaka is a four-piece band, composed of Argentines and Colombians living in Barcelona, Spain. The band defines itself as punk reggae party while using rhythms inspired by hip-hop and ska.

Name
The name comes from putting together the words "che", that in Mapuche language means "people", and "sudaca", which is a derogatory term used in Spain to refer to South Americans.

Music

At the outset of the 2000s, a group of Hispanic American immigrants established Che Sudaka in Barcelona. The group play "mestizaje music" (Latin Alternative), a style combining traditional South American and Spanish styles with influences from ska, reggae, rock and world music. They have collaborated on projects with Manu Chao and Amparanoia.

Discography
Trippie Town (2003)
Alerta Bihotza (2005)
Mirando El Mundo Al Revès (2007)
 Tudo é Possible (2009)
 Cavernicola Recording Vol.1 (2010)
 10 (2011)
 1111 Lives (2013)
 Hoy (2014)
 Almas Rebeldes (2017)
 20 Años (2022)

Festivals
The band performed at:

 WOMAD Festival, England (2009)
 Fuji Rock Festival, Japan (2012)
 Nilüfer Müzik Festivali, Türkiye (2015)
 Pol'and'Rock Festival, Poland (2016)
 Czad Festival, Poland (2017)
  Street Mode Festival, Thessaloniki, Greece (2019)

External links
 chesudaka.com - Official website

References

Spanish world music groups
Rock en Español music groups


Gardie (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Geography
It is a small hilltop village on the edge of the Barris stream valley. It is in the Canton of St Hilaire, 4 km away.

History
The village has Roman origins and was named Gardiaco. It was probably built as a guardpost for the nearby St Hilaire Abbey.

The centre of the village has a Circulade, a circle of old houses that would have originally been built around the perimeter of the now missing chateau as a defensive feature. It was possible to circumvent the village through the attics of these houses. The church has a small tower topped by a cast iron frame cap and bells.

Population

Economy
Gardie is a farming village with the main crop being grapes.  Most of the grapes go to produce the famous Blanquette de Limoux or Limoux A.O.C. red wine.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Generville (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gincla (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ginoles (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France. It lies immediately to the west of Quillan. Both of these communes are known for their luxurious holiday homes.

The origins of Ginoles are definitely very old and certainly predate the Gallo-Roman era. There are references in ancient texts to Castrum Ginolis, and its thermal springs. The presence of these natural hot springs almost certainly attracted people to this region, which in turn brought agriculture. Due to the sunny climate, since Roman times the cultivation of Olives was an important activity, and many retaining walls called 'terraces' were built on the mountainsides and are still visible especially when one is in the village.

Ginoles is also known for its orchards. In the nearby locality named “Prat Fa” it is said that once there was a “Fanum” there which is a small rural temple of antiquity.

Ginoles had a successful period, with the opening of the Spa which had two hot springs named Prosper and Rosita, located down the hill at Ginoles Les Bains; these have since closed.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gourvieille (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gramazie (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Granès (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Greffeil (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gruissan (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France. The historian Émile Raunié (1854–1911) was born in Gruissan.

Population

The Town
Situated on the Mediterranean coast of Southern France, Gruissan is situated in the Parc naturel régional de la Narbonnaise en Méditerranée. Traditionally a fishing village, the circular town is built around the former castle; a 10th-century château of which only the Tour Barberousse (Redbeard Tower) remains.

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gueytes-et-Labastide (; Languedocien: Guèitas e La Bastida) is a former commune in the Aude department in southern France. On 1 January 2016 it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Lambronne.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Former communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Homps (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Homps Lock
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hounoux (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Trisha Donnelly (born April 22, 1974, in San Francisco) is a contemporary artist who is particularly well known as a conceptual artist. Donnelly works with various media including photography, drawing, audio, video, sculpture and performance. Donnelly is also a Clinical Associate Professor of Studio Art at New York University. She currently lives and works in San Francisco, California.

Early life
Trisha Donnelly was born on April 22, 1974, in San Francisco, California. In 1995 Donnelly received a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts from the University of California in Los Angeles. In 2000 she attained a Masters in Fine Arts from Yale University.

Career
Donnelly has been on the faculty at New York University's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development since 2008. She is a Clinical Associate Professor of Studio Art.

In 2012, Donnelly was the tenth artist to curate Artist's Choice, an exhibition curated by artists of artworks from the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art. In the exhibition, "she was after 'striking voices'" she couldn't let go of, "'paths of encounters and building poetic structures... images that go beyond images themselves."' The exhibition included works by artists such as Eliot Porter, Joe Goode, Gertrude Kasebier, Wendy Carlos, and John Whitney. The audio guide provided for the show was art historian Robert Rosenblum discussing MoMA's 1989 Picasso retrospective. Donnelly explained, "The feeling when listening to these audio guides was, this was a great work of art... or work of whatever, work of another entity, or another state and dimension, existing... [They] are so beautiful... It's like the Taj Mahal of languages, building it himself. By the end, I don't need the exhibition at all. I'm awash in this ocean of his funny, brilliant voice."

Select solo exhibitions
Casey Kaplan gallery, New York, USA (2002)
Air de Paris, Paris, France (2002)
Casey Kaplan gallery, New York, USA (2004)
The Wrong Gallery, New York, USA (2004)
Kölnischer Kunstverein, Cologne, Germany (2005)
Art Pace, San Antonio, USA (2005)
Kunsthalle Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland (2005)
Trisha Donnelly, Modern Art Oxford, Oxford, UK (2007)
Trisha Donnelly, Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia, USA (2008)
The Renaissance Society, Chicago, USA (2008)
Bologna Museum of Modern Art, Bologna, Italy (2009)
 Portikus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (2010)
Casey Kaplan gallery, New York, USA (2010)
Air de Paris, Paris, France (2010)
 Les Rencontres d'Arles, France. Exhibition and Discovery Award laureate (2010)
Galerie Eva Presenhuber, Zurich, Switzerland (2013)
Artist's Choice, Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA (2013)
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, USA (2013)
Serpentine Galleries (2014)
Matthew Marks Gallery, Los Angeles, USA (2015)
Serralves Museum of Contemporary Art, Porto, Portugal (2016)
2017 Wolfgang Hahn Prize, Museum Ludwig, Cologne (2017)
Galerie Buchholz, Cologne (2018)
The Shed, NYC (2019)

Select group exhibitions
The World as a Stage (2007)
Venice Biennale (2011 and 2013)
Documenta 13 (2012)
One on One (2012 and 2013)
Life Itself: On the question of what it essentially is; its materialities, its characteristics…, Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden (2016)
Less Than One, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, USA (2016)
Galerie Buchholz, Berlin (2017)
In Tune with the World, Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris, France (2018)
Other Mechanisms, Secession, Vienna, Austria (2018)

Public collections
Donnelly's work can be found in a number of public collections, including:

Museum of Modern Art, New York
Tate
Walker Art Center
Marciano Art Foundation (private collection open to public)
Julia Stoschek Collection (private collection open to public)
Pinault Collection at the Palazzo Grassi (private collection open to public)
Fondation Louis Vuitton

Recognition
In 2017 Donnelly was awarded the Wolfgang Hahn Prize by the Museum Ludwig. Suzanne Cotter, director of Mudam Luxembourg, said of Donnelly in recognition of the award: “Trisha Donnelly is without doubt one of the most compelling artists of our time whose work offers entirely new ways of experiencing and thinking about form, at once synaesthesic and disruptively transporting."

In 2012 Donnelly was awarded the inaugural Faber-Castell International Drawing Award by the Neues Museum.

In 2010 Donnelly was awarded with the LUMA Foundation Photography Prize. In his 2012 Review "The Best of the Basement", critic Jerry Saltz recognized Donnelly as "a rare case of artistic love at first sight".

References

External links
 Trisha Donnelly at NYU

1974 births
Living people
21st-century American women artists
American conceptual artists
Women conceptual artists
UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture alumni
Yale School of Art alumni
San Francisco Art Institute faculty
New York University faculty
Artists from Los Angeles
American women academics


Les Ilhes (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Joucou (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Labastide-d'Anjou (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitania region in Southern France. In 2019, it had a population of 1,284.

Demographics

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Labastide-Esparbairenque (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

The artist colony in the village, La Muse, was set up 16 years ago, by the writers John Fanning and Kerry Eielson.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Nukapu is one of the islands of the nation of Solomon Islands. It is in the Reef Islands group in Temotu Province; the easternmost province of the Solomons. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 15 metres.

The island contains a memorial to Bishop John Patteson who was murdered on Nukapu in 1871.

Population
As of 2009, the local population was 100 people. The language spoken on Nukapu is Pileni, a member of the Polynesian language family. Pileni is also spoken on the islands of Pileni, Nupani, Nifiloli, Aua and Matema Island of the Reef Islands, as well as in the Taumako Islands (also known as the Duff Islands), some 200 miles to the east. Speakers are thought to be descendants of people from Tuvalu.

See also
 Nukapu Expedition

References

External links
Nukapu on the Solomon Islands

Islands of the Solomon Islands
Polynesian outliers


Labécède-Lauragais (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lacombe (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dean Smith is a former winner of the Walter Byers Award as the National Collegiate Athletic Association's annual winner of its highest academic honor in recognition of being the nation's top scholar-athlete.  He is an engineer specializing in chemical warfare agent detection.  The University of Maine has renamed its top scholar-athlete award the M Club Dean Smith Award.

Notes

Living people
21st-century American engineers
Basketball players from Maine
American men's basketball players
Maine Black Bears baseball players
Maine Black Bears men's basketball players
Foxcroft Academy alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Engineers from Maine


Lafage (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lairière (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lanet is a commune in the Aude department in south-western France.

Geography
The commune is located in the Corbières Massif.

The village lies in the middle of the commune, on the right bank of the Orbieu, which flows northwest through the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


(Her Highness the Dancer) is a 1922 German silent film directed by Richard Eichberg and featuring Bela Lugosi.

The film was originally banned by the Film Review Office for quite some time: it was not permitted to be shown in the Weimar Republic. The filmmakers appealed, but the Office considered the film "corruptive" and the appeal was rejected A shortened version was again not approved. Finally on 16 January 1923 a version of the film, now retitled  (The Ordeal of Eva Grunwald) was approved, considered suitable for adults only. This approved version consisted of five acts and totaled 1,887 meters of film, compared to the original's six acts and 1,995 meters.

Lugosi left Germany for the United States in October, 1920, so if he was indeed in this film, it had to have been filmed in 1920, but most sources list it as a 1922 film, probably because it took so long for the film to be approved by the German censors.

Cast
 Lee Parry as Eva Grunwald
 Eduard Rothauser as Herrmann Grunwald, glockner of St Mary's
 Aruth Wartan as Gadvan
 Syme Delmar as Ruth Irving
 Rudolf Zolling as Organist of St Mary's
  as Wolfgang Tautlingen
 Walter Steinbeck as Lord Cecil Gloster
 Paul Ludwig as Coppers, Lord Cecil's secretary
 Robert Scholz
 Violetta Napierska
 Bela Lugosi
 Chief Tahachee as German Man (uncredited)

See also
 Béla Lugosi filmography

Notes and references

External links

1922 films
German black-and-white films
German silent feature films
Films of the Weimar Republic
Films directed by Richard Eichberg
1920s German films


Laprade (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Laroque-de-Fa (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lasbordes (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France. The village is known for its church : Saint-Christophe, classed as historical monument since July 26, 1988.

The Terreal company has a plant in the center of Lasbordes for the fabrication of bricks.

The village provides some infrastructures to its population with a public school, a small market, a soccer field and a city stadium.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Condemned is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.

Plot
In Manchester, 2008, the Doctor and his new companion Charley become embroiled in a murder mystery at Ackley House.

Cast
The Doctor — Colin Baker
Charley Pollard – India Fisher
D.I. Patricia Menzies – Anna Hope
Sam – Will Ash
Maxine – Sara De Freitas
Dr Joseph Aldrich – Lennox Greaves
Slater – James George
Antonia Bailey – Diana Morrison
Jane – Diana Morrison
D.C.I. Turnbull – Stephen Aintree
P.C. Blackstock – Steve Hansell

Cast notes
Anna Hope previously appeared as Novice Hame in the television episodes "New Earth" and "Gridlock".
Will Ash previously appeared in the television episode "42" as Riley.

Continuity
Charley Pollard previously left the Eighth Doctor at the end of The Girl Who Never Was.
D.I. Menzies reappears in The Raincloud Man and The Crimes of Thomas Brewster.
The Doctor is later revealed to be pretending he has never met Menzies before in this story, but actually he first met her in The Crimes of Thomas Brewster (produced later). For Menzies, The Condemned is the first time she has met the Doctor.
The fact that a tablet of aspirin could kill him is something the Third Doctor mentioned in The Mind of Evil.

External links
Big Finish Productions – The Condemned

Condemned
Condemned
Condemned, The
Fiction set in 2008


Lasserre-de-Prouille (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Laurabuc (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Laurac (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Injury of axillary nerve (axillary neuropathy) is a condition that can be associated with a surgical neck of the humerus fracture.

It can also be associated with a dislocated shoulder or with traction injury to the nerve, which may be caused by over-aggressive stretching or blunt trauma that does not result in fracture or dislocation. One form of this injury is referred to as axillary nerve palsy.

Injury most commonly occurs proximal to the quadrangular space.

Injury in this nerve causes paralysis (as always) to the muscles innervated by it, most importantly deltoid muscle. This muscle is the main abductor of the shoulder joint from 18 to 90 degrees (from 0 to 18 by supraspinatus). Injury can result in a reduction in shoulder abduction. So a test can be applied to a patient with injury of axillary nerve by trying to abduct the injured shoulder against resistance.

The pain from axillary neuropathy is usually dull and aching rather than sharp, and increases with increasing range of motion. Many people notice only mild pain but considerable weakness when they try to use the affected shoulder.

References

External links

Injuries of shoulder and upper arm


Lauraguel (; Languedocien: Lauraguèl) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Laure-Minervois is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lavalette (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lespinassière (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Leuc () is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ler Station () is a railway station in the village of Ler in the municipality of Melhus in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The station is located on the Dovre Line, about  south of Trondheim Central Station (Trondheim S) and about  north of Oslo Central Station (Oslo S).  The station sits at an elevation of  above sea level.  It is served by local trains to Røros Station. The station was opened 1864 as part of the Trondhjem–Støren Line.

References

Railway stations in Melhus
Railway stations on the Dovre Line
Railway stations opened in 1864
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1860s


Lignairolles (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Limousis is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The 1998 AFF Championship, officially known as the 1998 Tiger Cup, was the second edition of the AFF Championship. It was held in Vietnam from 26 August to 5 September 1998.

Thailand had been the defending champions, but lost to Vietnam in the semi-finals. Singapore won the tournament by a 1–0 victory against Vietnam in the finals to take their first title.

Qualification

Four teams qualified directly to the finals.
  (1996 fourth placed)
  (1996 runner-up)
  (defending champions)
  (Hosts, Third Placed)
Four teams qualified via the qualification process.
  (Winner Qualification Group A)
  (Winner Qualification Group B)
  (Runner-up Qualification Group A)
  (Runner-up Qualification Group B)

Venues

Squads

Final tournament
 All times are UTC+7.

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Semi-finals

Third place play-off

Final

Award

Goalscorers
4 goals
  Myo Hlaing Win

3 goals

  Aji Santoso
  Miro Baldo Bento
  Aung Khine
  Alfredo Razon Gonzalez
  Ahmad Latiff Khamaruddin
  Worrawoot Srimaka
  Nguyễn Hồng Sơn

2 goals

  Bima Sakti
  Widodo Cahyono Putro
  Rafi Ali
  Kritsada Piandit
  Lê Huỳnh Đức

1 goal

  Kurniawan Dwi Yulianto
  Uston Nawawi
  Yusuf Ekodono
  Keolakhone Channiphone
  Kholadeth Phonephachanh
  Win Htike
  Nazri Nasir
  Rudy Khairon Daiman
  R. Sasikumar
  Zulkarnaen Zainal
  Chaichan Knewsen
  Kairung Threjagsang
  Kowit Foythong
  Therdsak Chaiman
  Nguyễn Văn Sỹ
  Trương Việt Hoàng
  Văn Sỹ Hùng

1 own goal

  Mursyid Effendi (playing against Thailand)
  Min Aung (playing against Indonesia)
  Min Thu (playing against Indonesia)

Team statistics
This table will show the ranking of teams throughout the tournament.

Controversy
This tournament was marred by unsportsmanlike conduct in a match between Thailand and Indonesia during the group stage.

Indonesia was already assured of qualification for the semi-finals, while Thailand would also advance if they did not lose and the Philippines lost to Myanmar by enough for Myanmar to steal the runners up spot. However, both teams also knew that the winners of the match would face hosts Vietnam in the semi-finals, while the losing team would face surprise group winners Singapore, who were perceived to be easier opposition, and would also avoid the inconvenience of moving their team's training base from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi for the semi-finals.

The first half saw little action, with both teams barely making any attempt to score. During the second half both teams managed to score, resulting in a 2–2 score after 90 minutes: during injury time and despite two Thai attackers attempting to stop him, Indonesian defender Mursyid Effendi deliberately scored an own goal, thus handing Thailand a 3–2 victory. FIFA subsequently fined both teams $40,000 for , while Mursyid was banned from domestic football for one year and from international football for life.

In the semi-finals, Thailand lost to Vietnam, and Indonesia lost to Singapore: in the final, Singapore won their match against Vietnam, with a score of 1–0.

References

Further reading
 Courteny, Barrie. "Tiger Cup 1998 – Details". RSSSF. Retrieved 2 March 2010.

AFF Championship
AFF Championship tournaments
International association football competitions hosted by Vietnam
AFF Championship, 1998


Glutamate flavoring is the generic name for flavor-enhancing compounds based on glutamic acid and its salts (glutamates). These compounds provide an umami (savory) taste to food.

Glutamic acid and glutamates are natural constituents of many fermented or aged foods, including soy sauce, fermented bean paste, and cheese. They can also be found in hydrolyzed proteins such as yeast extract. The sodium salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate (MSG), is manufactured on a large scale and widely used in the food industry.

Glutamic acid versus glutamates
When glutamic acid or any of its salts are dissolved in water, they form a solution of separate negative ions, called glutamates, and positive ions like  or . The result is actually a chemical equilibrium among several ionized forms, including zwitterions, that depends on the pH (acidity) of the solution. Within the common pH range of foods, the prevailing ion can be described as −OOC-C()-()2-COO−, which has an electric charge of −1.

Only the glutamate ion is responsible for the umami flavor, so the effect does not depend significantly on the starting compound. However, some crystalline salts such as monosodium glutamate dissolve much better and faster than crystalline glutamic acid. This has proven to be an important factor in the implementation of substances as flavor enhancers.

Discovery
Although they occur naturally in many foods, glutamic acid and other amino acid flavor contributions were not scientifically identified until early in the twentieth century. In 1866, the German chemist Karl Heinrich Ritthausen discovered and identified the compound. In 1907, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of kombu broth as glutamic acid. These crystals, when tasted, reproduced the ineffable but undeniable flavor detected in many foods, especially seaweed. Professor Ikeda coined the term umami for this flavor. He then patented a method of mass-producing the crystalline salt of glutamic acid known as monosodium glutamate.

Isomers
Further research into the compound has found that only the L-glutamate enantiomer has flavor-enhancing properties. Manufactured monosodium glutamate consists to over 99.6% of the naturally predominant L-glutamate form, which is a higher proportion of L-glutamate than can be found in the free glutamate ions of fermented naturally occurring foods. Fermented products such as soy sauce, steak sauce, and Worcestershire sauce have levels of glutamate similar to those in foods with added monosodium glutamate. However, 5% or more of the glutamate may be the D-enantiomer. Nonfermented naturally occurring foods have lower relative levels of D-glutamate than fermented products do.

Taste perception
Glutamic acid stimulates specific receptors located in taste buds such as the amino acid receptor T1R1/T1R3 or other glutamate receptors like the metabotropic receptors (mGluR4 and mGluR1), which induce the flavor known as umami. This is classified as one of the five basic tastes (the word "umami" is a loanword from Japanese; it is also referred to as "savory" or "meaty").

The flavoring effect of glutamate comes from its free form, in which it is not bound to other amino acids in protein. Nonetheless, glutamate by itself does not elicit an intense umami taste. The mixing of glutamate with nucleotides inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) or guanosine-5'-monophosphate (GMP) enhances the taste of umami; T1R1 and T1R3 respond primarily to mixtures of glutamate and nucleotides. While research has shown that this synergism occurs in some animal species with other amino acids, studies of human taste receptors show that the same reaction only occurs between glutamate and the selected nucleotides. Moreover, sodium in monosodium glutamate may activate glutamate to produce a stronger umami taste.

Two hypotheses for the explanation of umami taste transduction have been introduced: the first posits that the umami taste is transduced by an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate ion channel receptor; the second posits that the taste is transduced by a metabotropic type glutamate receptor (taste-mGluR4). The metabotropic glutamate receptors such as mGluR4 and mGluR1 can be easily activated at glutamate concentration levels found in food.

Sources

Natural occurrence
Glutamate is ubiquitous in biological life. It is found naturally in all living cells, primarily in the bound form as a constituent of proteins. Only a fraction of the glutamate in foods is in its "free" form, and only free glutamate produces an umami flavor in foods. The savory flavor of tomatoes, fermented soy products, yeast extracts, certain sharp cheeses, and fermented or hydrolyzed protein products (such as soy sauce and fermented bean paste) is partially due to the presence of free glutamate ions.

Asia
Japanese cuisine originally used broth made from kombu (kelp) to produce the umami taste in soups.

Rome
In the Roman Empire glutamic acid was found in a sauce called garum, made from fermenting fish in saltwater. The flavor enhancing properties of glutamic acid allowed Romans to reduce the use of expensive salt.

Concentration in foods
The following table illustrates the glutamate content of some selected common foods. Free glutamate is the form directly tasted and absorbed whereas glutamate bound in protein is not available until further breakdown by digestion or cooking. In general, vegetables contain more free glutamate but less protein-bound glutamate.

Hydrolyzed protein
Hydrolyzed proteins, or protein hydrolysates, are acid- or enzymatically treated proteins from certain foods. One example is yeast extract. Hydrolyzed protein contains free amino acids, such as glutamate, at levels of 5% to 20%. Hydrolyzed protein is used in the same manner as monosodium glutamate in many foods, such as canned vegetables, soups, and processed meats.

Pure salts
Manufacturers, such as Ajinomoto, use selected strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum bacteria in a nutrient-rich medium. The bacteria are selected for their ability to excrete glutamic acid, which is then separated from the nutrient medium and processed into its sodium salt, monosodium glutamate.

Safety as a flavor enhancer

Studies
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is regarded as safe for consumption. An association between MSG consumption and a constellation of symptoms has not been demonstrated under rigorously controlled conditions. Techniques used to adequately control for experimental bias include a placebo-controlled double-blinded experimental design and the use of capsules to deliver the compound to mask the strong and unique after-taste of glutamates. Even though there are also reports of MSG sensitivity among a subset of the population, this has not been demonstrated in placebo‐controlled trials.

Chinese restaurant syndrome

Origin
The controversy surrounding the safety of MSG started on 4 April 1968, when Dr. Robert Ho Man Kwok wrote a correspondence letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, coining the term "Chinese restaurant syndrome". In his letter, Kwok suggested several possible causes before he nominated MSG for his symptoms. This letter was initially met with insider satirical responses, often using race as prop for humorous effect, within the medical community. Some claimed that during the discursive uptake in media, the conversations were recontextualized as legitimate while the supposed race-based motivations of the humor were not parsed.

In January 2018, Dr. Howard Steel claimed that it was actually a prank submission by him under a pseudonym. However, it turned out that there was a Dr. Robert Ho Man Kwok who worked at the National Biomedical Research Foundation, both names Steel claimed to have invented. Kwok's children, his colleague at the research foundation, and the son of his boss there confirmed that Dr. Robert Ho Man Kwok, who had died in 2014, wrote this letter. After hearing about Kwok's family, Steel's daughter Anna came to believe that the admission that the letter was a prank was itself one of the last pranks by her late father.

The claims of 'Chinese restaurant syndrome' have the same symptoms as hypernatremia, so it may actually be salt poisoning.

Reactions
Some authors and activists have attributed the negative perceptions around MSG to xenophobic or racist biases towards East Asians and East Asian cuisine, criticising the classification of alleged MSG-related symptoms as "Chinese Restaurant Syndrome".

In 2020, Ajinomoto, the leading manufacturer of MSG, launched the #RedefineCRS campaign to combat what it said was the myth that MSG is harmful to people's health. Following the #RedefineCRS campaign, Merriam-Webster announced it will be "reviewing" the term, which was added to the dictionary in 1993.

Regulations

Regulation timeline
In 1959, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classified monosodium glutamate as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). This action stemmed from the 1958 Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that required premarket approval for new food additives and led the FDA to promulgate regulations listing substances, such as monosodium glutamate, which have a history of safe use or are otherwise GRAS.

Since 1970, FDA has sponsored extensive reviews on the safety of monosodium glutamate, other glutamates, and hydrolyzed proteins, as part of an ongoing review of safety data on GRAS substances used in processed foods. One such review was by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Select Committee on GRAS Substances. In 1980, the committee concluded that monosodium glutamate was safe at current levels of use but recommended additional evaluation to determine monosodium glutamate's safety at significantly higher levels of consumption. Additional reports attempted to look at this.

In 1986, FDA's Advisory Committee on Hypersensitivity to Food Constituents concluded that monosodium glutamate poses no threat to the general public but that reactions of brief duration might occur in some people. Other reports have given the following findings:
 The 1987 Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization placed monosodium glutamate in the safest category of food ingredients.
 A 1991 report by the European Community's (EC) Scientific Committee for Foods reaffirmed monosodium glutamate's safety and classified its "acceptable daily intake" as "not specified", the most favorable designation for a food ingredient. In addition, the EC Committee said, "Infants, including prematures, have been shown to metabolize glutamate as efficiently as adults and therefore do not display any special susceptibility to elevated oral intakes of glutamate." Legislation in effect since June 2013 classifies glutamic acid and glutamates as salt substitutes, seasonings, and condiments with a maximum level of consumption of 10g/kg expressed as glutamic acid.

European Union
Following the compulsory EU-food labeling law the use of glutamic acid and its salts has to be declared, and the name or E number of the salt has to be listed. Glutamic acid and its salts as food additives have the following E numbers: glutamic acid: E620, monosodium glutamate: E621, monopotassium glutamate: E622, calcium diglutamate: E623, monoammonium glutamate: E624, and magnesium diglutamate: E625. In the European Union, these substances are regarded as "flavor enhancers" and are not allowed to be added to milk, emulsified fat and oil, pasta, cocoa/chocolate products and fruit juice. The EU has not yet published an official NOAEL (no observable adverse effect level) for glutamate, but a 2006 consensus statement of a group of German experts drawing from animal studies was that a daily intake of glutamic acid of 6 grams per kilogram of body weight (6 g/kg/day) is safe. From human studies, the experts noted that doses as high as 147g/day produced no adverse effects in males when given for 30 days; in a  male, this amount corresponds to 2.1 g per kg of body weight.

United States
In 1959, the Food and Drug Administration classified MSG as a "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) food ingredient under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In 1986, FDA's Advisory Committee on Hypersensitivity to Food Constituents also found that MSG was generally safe, but that short-term reactions may occur in some people. To further investigate this matter, in 1992 the FDA contracted the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) to produce a detailed report, which was published in 1995. The FASEB report reaffirmed the safety of MSG when it is consumed at usual levels by the general population, and found no evidence of any connection between MSG and any serious long-term reactions.

Under 2003 U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations, when monosodium glutamate is added to a food, it must be identified as "monosodium glutamate" in the label's ingredient list. Because glutamate is commonly found in food, primarily from protein sources, the FDA does not require foods and ingredients that contain glutamate as an inherent component to list it on the label. Examples include tomatoes, cheeses, meats, hydrolyzed protein products such as soy sauce, and autolyzed yeast extracts. These ingredients are to be declared on the label by their common or usual names. The term 'natural flavor' is now used by the food industry when using glutamic acid. Because of lack of regulation, it is impossible to determine what percentage of 'natural flavor' is actually glutamic acid.

The food additives disodium inosinate and disodium guanylate are usually used in synergy with monosodium glutamate-containing ingredients, and provide a likely indicator of the addition of glutamate to a product.

As of 2002 the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes had not set a NOAEL or LOAEL for glutamate.

Australia and New Zealand
Standard 1.2.4 of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code requires the presence of monosodium glutamate as a food additive to be labeled. The label must bear the food additive class name (such as "flavor enhancer"), followed by either the name of the food additive (such as "MSG") or its International Numbering System (INS) number (e.g., "621").

Canada
The Canada Food Inspection Agency considers claims of "no MSG" or "MSG free" to be misleading and deceptive when other sources of free glutamates are present.

Ingredients
Forms of glutamic acid that can be added to food include:
 Monosodium glutamate
 Glutamic acid (E620), glutamate (E620)
 Monopotassium glutamate (E622)
 Calcium glutamate (E623)
 Monoammonium glutamate (E624)
 Magnesium glutamate (E625)
 Sodium glutamate (E621)

The following are also rich sources of glutamic acid, and may be added for umami flavor:
 Hydrolyzed vegetable protein
 Autolyzed yeast, yeast extract, yeast food, and nutritional yeast
 Cheese products, e.g. parmesan (1200 mg / 100 g)
 Various savory fermented seasonings, including soy sauce and worcestershire sauce
 (See  for more examples.)

See also

Notes

References

 Jordan Sand, "A Short History of MSG: Good Science, Bad Science, and Taste Cultures", Gastronomica '5''':4 (Fall 2005). History of MSG and its marketing in Japan, Taiwan (under the Japanese), China, and the U.S.
 Federal Register, Dec. 4, 1992 (FR 57467)
 Federal Register'', Jan. 6, 1993 (FR 2950)
 FDA Consumer, December 1993, "Food Allergies: When Eating is Risky".

External links
  See the segments "Prologue" and "Humor Is Not the Best Medicine" for the story behind "Chinese restaurant syndrome".

Condiments
Flavor enhancers
Food additives
Glutamates
Umami enhancers


Loupia (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Louvière-Lauragais (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Luc-sur-Aude (, literally Luc on Aude; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Luc-sur-Orbieu (, literally Luc on Orbieu; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Geography
The village lies on the right bank of the Orbieu, which forms most of the commune's western border, then flows east through the northern part of the commune.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Magrie (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Maisons () is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Malras (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

The British military illustrator and author Michael Chappell lived in the village.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Malves-en-Minervois is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Malviès (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rock My World is the fifth music album by rock artist, Poison vocalist and reality television star Bret Michaels. This album is a greatest hits compilation featuring songs from his last two studio albums and also features three new tracks plus a remixed track. All the music heard during his reality television shows Rock of Love (2007) and Rock of Love 2 (2008) is on the album.

Release and promotion
The album was originally expected to be released following the first season of Rock of Love but held back due to the second season. The album was released in June 2008 following the completion of the second season. The sold out solo tour began in April 2008.

The album charted at #40 on the Billboard 200, #4 on the Top Independent Albums, #4 on the Top Hard Rock Albums and #16 on the Top Rock Albums chart.

Content
The first single, "Go That Far", is the theme song for the Rock of Love series and is included in the game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock as the only song with a four-note chord at the time, on the rhythm guitar part at bridge 2 solo. It also features a music video  which reached #1 on VH1. The music video features 3 different versions, Standard, with Rock of Love clips and with live concert clips.

The second single, "Fallen", was also heard on Rock of Love and features a music video with 2 different versions, one with clips from the Rock of Love series and another with no clips, the song was also released as a maxi single with piano, acoustic and Piano with acoustic versions.

The song "Start Again" was released as the third single of the album which also features a remixed version of the track "It's My Party" originally released on the Songs of Life album.

"Driven" which was originally released on Freedom of Sound, was also released as a single for the album, to promote the 3rd season of Rock of Love called Rock of Love Bus, which started in early 2009, following the album's release. The song also features a music video with clips from Rock of Love's third season. The single is a remixed version (Rock mix) of the track that features on the album.

A second alternate music video was also released for the song "All I Ever Needed" which features Bret Michaels in Iraq footage.

Rock of Love
Rock of Love is an American reality television dating game show starring Bret Michaels and featured three seasons on VH1. The series was VH1's highest rated reality TV series.

"You rock my world" was the famous phrase Bret would say to the contestants that he really liked and this eventually became the title of the album. The new songs from the album were written and recorded during the Rock of Love series and the album has been referred to as the "Rock of Love Soundtrack".

Track listing
 "Go That Far" (Rock of Love Theme) - 2:53
 "Driven" (from the album Freedom of Sound) - 3:03
 "Fallen" - 3:43
 "Raine" (from the album Songs of Life) - 3:54
 "Bittersweet" (from the album Songs of Life) - 3:23
 "Start Again" - 3:17
 "Songs of Life" (from the album Songs of Life) - 3:14
 "Strange Sensation" (from the album Songs of Life) - 2:57
 "All I Ever Needed" (from the album Freedom of Sound) - 3:31
 "Menace to Society" (from the album Songs of Life) - 2:49
 "Right Now, Right Here" (from the album Freedom of Sound) - 3:24
 "It's My Party"  (2008 Mix) - 3:00

Chart performance

References

External links
 Bret Michaels official website
 Bret Michaels at Myspace
 Official Poison website
 Rock of Love cast photo

2008 compilation albums
Bret Michaels albums


Marcorignan () is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Geography
The river Orbieu forms most of the commune's western border, then flows into the Aude, which forms all of its northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links

http://www.marcorignan.fr/

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Marquein (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Marsa (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Marseillette (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lundamo Station () is a railway station in the village of Lundamo in the municipality of Melhus in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The station is located on the Dovre Line, about  south of Trondheim Central Station (Trondheim S) and about  north of Oslo Central Station (Oslo S).  The station sits at an elevation of  above sea level.  It is served by local trains to Røros Station. The station was opened 1864 as part of the Trondhjem–Støren Line.

References

Railway stations in Melhus
Railway stations on the Dovre Line
Railway stations opened in 1864
1864 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1860s


Mas-Cabardès (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References
Water quality in Mas-Cabardès

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mas-des-Cours is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The following list of urban transit advocacy organisations indicates citizen-based interest groups which focus on urban transit service in their respective cities.

Canada
 Montreal: Transport 2000
 Toronto:  TTCriders
Toronto: CodeRedTO
 Vancouver: Bus Riders Union
 Winnipeg: Functional Transit Winnipeg
Winnipeg: TRU Winnipeg [Defunct]

New Zealand
 Auckland: Campaign for Better Transport

United States
 Atlanta: Citizens for Progressive Transit
 Atlanta: MARTA Army
 Boston: T Rider's Union
 Boston: TransitMatters
 Buffalo: Citizens Regional Transit Corporation
 Chicago: Active Transportation Alliance
 Chicago: Commuters Take Action
 Cincinnati: Better Bus Coalition
 Cleveland: Clevelanders for Public Transit
 Colorado Springs: Be United Servants
 Columbus, Ohio: Transit Columbus
 Detroit: Motor City Freedom Riders
 Houston: LINK Houston
Iowa City: Community Transportation Committee
 Los Angeles: Bus Riders Union
 Massachusetts: Transportation for Massachusetts
 Miami: Transit Alliance Miami
 Miami: Miami Riders Alliance
 Milwaukee: Transit Riders Union
 New Orleans: Ride New Orleans (formerly Transport for NOLA)
 New York metropolitan area: Passengers United
 New York City: Riders Alliance
 New York City: TransitCenter
 New York City: Straphangers Campaign
 New York City: Transportation Alternatives
 New York City: Tri-State Transportation Campaign
 New York metropolitan area: Empire State Transportation Alliance
 Orlando: Central Floridians for Public Transit
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Transit Forward Philadelphia, Philly Transit Riders Union, 5th Square
 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Pittsburghers for Public Transit
Providence, Rhode Island: RI Transit Riders
 San Diego, California: Circulate San Diego
 San Francisco: San Francisco Transit Riders
 Seattle: Transportation Choices Coalition
 Seattle: Transit Riders Union
 Utah: Utah Transit Riders Union
 Washington, DC: WMATA Riders' Union (defunct)
 Wisconsin: 1000 Friends of Wisconsin

United Kingdom
Campaign for Better Transport (United Kingdom)
Light Rail Transit Association

See also
 Transit watchdog

Advocacy groups
Public transport
Transport organizations


Go Away White is the fifth and final studio album by English gothic rock band, Bauhaus and was internationally released on 3 March 2008 by record labels Cooking Vinyl in the UK and Bauhaus Music. It was the band's first album of new material since Burning from the Inside in 1983.

Shortly after the release, the band announced this would be their final record and the end of the band, and that there would be no tour to support the album. However, the band did play the song "Adrenalin" on some dates of their 2022 tour.

Recording

Go Away White was recorded in 2006 in 18 days at Zircon Skye in Ojai, California. The band played together in one room, taking first takes as final cuts. Drummer Kevin Haskins said in an interview that they "were getting along really well, but there was an incident that occurred". As a result, "some of us just felt that we didn't want to carry on as a working unit". No details on the incident were given.

Bassist David J later described the incident as "a big fight in the studio. We weren't going to carry on, and we were just going to dump the album. We were waiting for Peter [Murphy] to turn up. Our beef was with him. So he comes in, and he does this shocking and brilliant thing. Pure zen. He comes in, and he just spits rose petals in our faces. It just cut through everything. We couldn't argue with that. So we just went in and continued recording."

Peter Murphy described the album as "spontaneous", and while it doesn't sound much like what they did in the past, it has some "positives" and "playfulness" to it.

Cover art

The front cover is a photo by Dominique Duplaa of the Bethesda Terrace, called "Bethesda, Angel of the Healing Waters".

Critical reception
{{Music ratings
| MC = 68/100
| rev1 = AllMusic
| rev1Score =
| rev2 = Drowned in Sound
| rev2score = 6/10
| rev3 = Entertainment Weekly
| rev3score = C+
| rev4 = Filter
| rev4score = <ref>{{cite journal |date=March 2008 |title=[Go Away White review] |journal=Filter |page=94}}</ref>
| rev5 = Mojo| rev5score =
| rev6 = Pitchfork
| rev6score = 7.5/10
| rev7 = Q| rev7score =
| rev8 = Rolling Stone| rev8score =
| rev9 = Spin| rev9score = 7/10
| rev10 = Uncut| rev10score =
}}

Ned Raggett of AllMusic wrote, "perhaps the best and most surprising thing about Go Away White is that it doesn't resemble Burning from the Inside or any other Bauhaus album – rather than trying to recapture the past, the four members sought to meet in the middle where they had ended up, at least in part". D. Shawn Bosler of Pitchfork called it an "impressive and surprisingly true-to-form swan song". Jason Heller of The A.V. Club wrote, "While many cult bands can't make a dignified comeback to save their lives, the raw, slithering, true-to-its-roots Go Away White is more than a swansong. It's a minor masterpiece that proves Bauhaus has been nicely preserved."

On the other hand, Drowned in Sound wrote, "There's indisputable evidence that the sonic territory they forged was vital at the time and has remained influential, but in the year 2007 we have gatekeepers to dramatic, fearless rock twice as vital. Nick Cave, for one, cannot be killed... Bauhaus are a stone mausoleum by comparison, standing stately, but of another time." Under the Radar'' wrote, "It's disappointing that this epilogue couldn't have been crafted with more care."

Barry Walters of Spin observed, "Bauhaus may have godfathered goth at the end of the 1970s, but their combustive early dance singles like “Kick in the Eye” could give most current disco-rock trendies a smackdown. For their first studio disc in 25 years, the English quartet flit from riff-fueled social criticism to anguished balladry, often sounding more like a cross between singer Peter Murphy’s brooding solo efforts and splinter group Love and Rockets’ buzzing groove rock than the dubbed-up glampunk band that birthed both. Yet even a tastefully matured Bauhaus produce enough fractured guitar and howling melodrama to wake the undead."

Track listing

Personnel

 Peter Murphy – vocals
 Daniel Ash – guitars
 David J – bass
 Kevin Haskins – drums
 Ken Eros – engineer (recording, mixing)
 Jeff Evans – engineer (recording, mixing)
 Doug Sax – engineer (mastering)

References

External links

2008 albums
Bauhaus (band) albums
Cooking Vinyl albums


Sierra Sky Park may refer to:
Sierra Sky Park, California
Sierra Sky Park Airport


Massac () is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mas-Saintes-Puelles (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia