Marc Leon Nerlove (born 12 October 1933) is an American agricultural economist and econometrician and a distinguished university professor emeritus in agricultural and resource economics at the University of Maryland. He was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal from the American Economic Association (AEA) in 1969 and held appointments at eight different universities from 1958–2016. The Clark Medal is awarded to an economist under the age of 40 who “is judged to have made the most significant contribution to economic thought and knowledge”, and when the AEA appointed him as a distinguished fellow in 2012, they cited his development of widely used econometric methods across a range of subjects, including supply and demand, time series analysis, production functions, panel analysis, and family demography.

A widely known contribution by Nerlove in econometrics is the estimator for the random effects model in panel data analysis, which is implemented in most econometric software packages.

Personal life
Marc Leon Nerlove was born on 12 October 1933 in Chicago, Illinois to Dr. S. H. (Samuel Henry; 1902–1972) and Evelyn (1907–1987) Nerlove. S. H. Nerlove was born in Vitebsk, Russia (now Belarus) and brought to the US by his parents in 1904 and became a professor of business economics at the University of Chicago (c. 1922–1965) then the University of California, Los Angeles (1962–1969). Evelyn Nerlove was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts and worked at the University of Chicago hospital and taught in the School of Social Service Administration until a university nepotism policy forced her to  resign after their marriage in 1932 (although she “returned to her profession” in the 1950s). S. H. and Evelyn Nerlove had two other children: Harriet Nerlove (c. 1937–2019), who became a clinical psychologist at Stanford University then in New York City, and Sara  “Sally” Nerlove (born c. 1942), who became an anthropologist before spending most of her working life as a program officer at the National Science Foundation (NSF).

Nerlove credits his father for his interest in economics. In addition to being a business economist at Chicago and an early member of the Econometric Society, S. H. Nerlove “inadvertently” became the trustee of Security Life Insurance Company of America Trust (a large, bankrupt midwestern life insurance company) in 1933 during the Great Depression. This company “held mostly foreclosed farm mortgages,” with the farms now being “operated by their former owners as tenants”. S. H. would share stories around the dinner table of his visits to these farms, since the family did not have one of their own in Hyde Park.

Nerlove married Mary Ellen Lieberman (d. 2011) in the 1950s and they had two daughters, Susan Nerlove (born c. 1958) and Miriam Nerlove (born c. 1960). Miriam  Nerlove become an author and illustrator of children’s books, including Who Is David with Evelyn Nerlove in 1985. Marc and Mary Ellen Nerlove divorced in the 1970s, then he married Dr. Anke Meyer (born 1955), a German environmental economist who spent 23 years at the World Bank (1991–2014) and collaborated with him on some of his writings during this time.

Education
Nerlove attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools from 1939-49, earned a BA with honors in mathematics and general honors in 1952, and was a research assistant at the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics in 1953. He then earned a MA in 1955 and a PhD in economics with distinction in 1956 from the Johns Hopkins University (JHU), where his dissertation was supervised by Carl Christ. Nerlove’s other teachers included Milton Friedman, Theodore Schultz, Ta-Chung Liu, Fritz Machlup, and Jacob Marschak.

Nerlove's MA thesis is The Predictive Test as a Tool for Research: The Demand for Meat in the United States and his PhD dissertation is Estimates of the Elasticities of Supply of Corn, Cotton, and Wheat, which was expanded and published in 1958 as The Dynamics of Supply: Estimation of Farmers' Response to Price.

Teaching
Nerlove’s teaching career began in 1958 as a visiting lecturer then lecturer at JHU before being appointed to his first professorship in 1959 at the University of Minnesota. From there, he made stops at Stanford University (1960–1965), Yale University (1965–1969), the University of Chicago (1969–1975), Northwestern University (1974–1982), and the University of Pennsylvania (1982–1993) before retiring from the University of Maryland (1993–2016). He also held many visiting appointments, including at Harvard University (1967–1968), four universities and research centers in Germany (University of Mannheim (1968), University of Bonn (1989), Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (1997), and IZA Institute of Labor Economics (2002)), the University of British Columbia (1971), Fundação Getulio Vargas in Brazil (1974–1978), and Australian National University (1982).

Other employment
Nerlove’s employment history also includes federal service. First, as an Analytical Statistician in the Agricultural Marketing Service at the United States Department of Agriculture (1956–1957), then, as a Lieutenant in the United States Army (1957–1959); he was drafted in 1957 then on loan from the Chemical Corps to the (US) Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly in 1958 as an economist at the request of Chairman Estes Kefauver. In addition, Nerlove consulted for the RAND Corporation (1959–1989), Southern Pacific Company (1961), (US) President's Committee to Appraise Employment and Unemployment Statistics (1962), World Bank (1979–1985), and International Food Policy Research Institute (1981–1986).

Professional service
Nerlove's history of professional service includes the Econometric Society (President, 1981), American Economic Association (Executive Committee, 1977–1979), American Statistical Association (advisory committees to the Bureau of the Census, 1964–1969, and Civil Aeronautics Board, 1966–1968), International Economic Association (Chair, Econometrics Section, 1989), National Academy of Sciences (National Research Council Committee on Social Sciences in the NSFn, 1975–1976), NSF (proposal reviewer, 1960–1974), and Social Sciences Research Council (Director, Mathematical Social Science Board Summer Workshop on Lags in Economic Behavior, 1970).

Awards and honors
Nerlove’s awards include the John Bates Clark Medal (1969), a Fulbright Research Grant (1962–1963), and two Guggenheim Fellowships (1962–1963; 1978–1979), and he is a distinguished fellow of the American Agricultural Economics Association (1993) and American Economic Association (2012).

Selected publications

Articles

Books

References

1933 births
Living people
Economists from Illinois
Time series econometricians
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Presidents of the Econometric Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Earhart Foundation Fellows


Vicente Pérez Rosales (; 5 April 1807 – 6 September 1886) was a politician, traveller, merchant, miner and Chilean diplomat that organised the colonisation by Germans and Chileans of the Llanquihue area. Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park is named after him.

See also
Carlos Anwandter
Chan Chan (forest)
Bernhard Eunom Philippi
German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue

Sources
Memoria chilena

1807 births
1886 deaths
Politicians from Santiago
Chilean people of Cantabrian descent
Chilean people of Spanish descent
National Party (Chile, 1857) politicians
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile
Deputies of the XIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the XVIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the XIX Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Chilean diplomats
Chilean memoirists
19th-century memoirists
People of the California Gold Rush


The 27th Battalion (City of Winnipeg), CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.  The battalion was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 17 May 1915. It disembarked in France on 18 September 1915, where it fought as part of the 6th Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920.

The 27th Battalion recruited in Brandon, Portage la Prairie and Winnipeg, Manitoba and Kenora and Rainy River, Ontario and was mobilized at Winnipeg.

History

The 27th City of Winnipeg Battalion was the first independent battalion to be raised in Manitoba in the First World War.  Officially it was not given a name and fell among the many nameless Canadian battalions raised to conform with the new numbering system introduced by Col. Sam Hughes, Canada's defence minister in 1914.

The battalion was raised as part of a response to the demand for fresh reinforcements early in 1915, as Canada struggled overseas with its single division.  It became part of the 2nd Division, 6th Infantry Brigade along with its sister 28th Battalion, 29th, and 31st Calgary Battalions.  A common private of the 27th Battalion during the First World War could expect to earn between $1.00 and $1.10 a day, or around $30 a month.

The 27th Battalion, with the 2nd Division, arrived in France in September, 1915, and met up with the 1st Division by mid-month.  Together these two divisions formed the Canadian Corps and were led by General Alderson. The Canadian Corps, including the 27th, would not participate in any major offensive for almost a full year, when the battalion would receive its "baptism of fire" at the Battle of St. Eloi, 5 kilometres from Ypres.

It was reported the officers of the 27th had not slept for over 100 hours, this was most apparent with the commander, Irvine R. Snider, a veteran of the North-West Rebellion of 1885 and the South African War, of the 27th Battalion who, during the Battle of St. Eloi, stayed awake for six straight days trying to relieve the strain "on his beloved boys".  After the battle he broke down and cried, he was removed from command "being diagnosed with shell shock".  The Battle of St. Eloi had claimed 40 of his men's lives and wounded another 189.

The Somme Valley became the new objective of the Canadian Corps.  When the Canadians arrived in the Somme Valley the British had been fighting for 3 months and they had traded 250,000 men for 8 kilometres of German trenches.  On the opening day of the Somme offensive alone, July 1, 1916, around 20,000 British, Canadian and Commonwealth soldiers died and another 40,000 were wounded; it was the single heaviest day of casualties in history.

One of the most notable battles of Somme the 27th Battalion participated in was the Battle of Courcelette on September 15, 1916.  This battle marked the first time tanks were used in warfare.  However, all six tanks that used that day were knocked out; they were incredibly unreliable.  The Canadians suffered around 7,000 casualties during the battle which lasted until the 22nd of September.  Despite all this the Canadians, more specifically the 27th, were successful as they were at the Battle of Thiepval Ridge, September 26, 1916; in fact the Canadians did not lose a single battle in the First World War.

Battalions wanted to ensure they received the glory and credit for their captures. One way of doing this was marking the prisoners with the battalion's insignia or the unit's designation.  For example, at the Battle of Courcelette some of the men of the 27th brought green paint forward and marked the 250 prisoners they took with a rectangle and a circle above it as they sent back to the rear.

According to historian Tim Cook, the Germans ranked the Canadian 1st and 2nd Divisions among the top eight deadliest and dangerous divisions.  The 2nd Division came overseas following the 1st Division and consequently had big expectations riding on them.  At the Second Battle of Ypres in the spring of 1915, only arriving on the battlefield a week before with little experience in warfare, the 1st Canadian Division was the only division that held its ground against the German's gas attack.  Neither the British nor the French could hold their ground and had to fall back.  It was largely due to the stubbornness of the Canadians that the Allies were able to repulse the attack.

27th Battalion (City of Winnipeg), CEF, is perpetuated by The Royal Winnipeg Rifles and The Manitoba Regiment. The Manitoba Regiment was disbanded in 1936.

Commanding officers
The 27th Battalion had three commanding officers during the war:

Lieutenant-Colonel Irvine R. Snider, 17 May 1915 – 15 April 1916
Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick J. Daley, CMG, DSO, 15 April 1916 – 4 April 1918
Lieutenant-Colonel H.J. Riley, DSO, 4 April 1918 – Demobilization

Victoria Crosses
Two members of the 27th Battalion were awarded the Victoria Cross. Lt. Robert Grierson Combe was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions near Acheville, France on 3 May 1917. Pte. James Peter Robertson was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at Passchendaele on 6 November 1917.

Battle honours
The 27th Battalion was awarded the following battle honours:

MOUNT SORREL
SOMME, 1916, '18
Flers-Courcelette
Thiepval
Ancre Heights
ARRAS, 1917, '18
Vimy, 1917
Arleux
Scarpe, 1917, '18
HILL 70
Ypres 1917
Passchendaele
AMIENS
HINDENBURG LINE
Drocourt-Quéant
Canal du Nord
Cambrai, 1918
PURSUIT TO MONS
FRANCE AND FLANDERS, 1915–18

See also

 List of infantry battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force

References

Citations

Sources

027
Military units and formations of Manitoba
Royal Winnipeg Rifles


Abdul Latif, FRSA (; 15 December 1954 – 20 January 2008) was a Bangladeshi-born British restaurateur and curry chef in Newcastle upon-Tyne who became famous nationwide because of his regular appearances in Viz magazine.  He was well known for his dish "Curry Hell" introduced in 1987 a curry reputedly so hot (Latif claimed it was "the world's hottest") that it was offered for free to patrons of his Newcastle restaurant who could finish the entire meal. The dish contained four times the amount of chilli found in a typical vindaloo.

Early life
Latif was born near the city of Sylhet, Sylhet District, East Bengal, Pakistan (now Bangladesh). In 1969, he arrived in the United Kingdom and settled in Manchester; a racist incident one night persuaded Latif to move north to Newcastle. He was married to Neawarun, with whom he had four daughters and two sons.

Career
Latif's first job on Tyneside was as a waiter in a restaurant owned by a relative in Whitley Bay. In 1977, Latif established his restaurant, the Rupali, in the city centre of Newcastle upon Tyne. The restaurant was later renamed Curry Capital.

Latif offered free curry for five years to all service men and women who had served in Iraq, and free curry for life to rugby star Jonny Wilkinson and football manager Graeme Souness.

In 2004, his restaurant was also listed in Guinness World Records, for the world's longest-distance curry delivery when he delivered frozen vegetable biryani and peshwari naan bread from Newcastle to Sydney, Australia. The delivery was made by motorcycle courier and aircraft and took four days. He featured regularly in the cult adult comic Viz, providing the staff with free curries and relishing the publicity, despite their portrayal of him as a "curry mentalist".

Latif purchased the deed to the honorary title of the Lord of Harpole for £5,000 in 1994, and proudly branded himself as Britain's first Bangladeshi Lord of the Manor. He ran a website called The New Lord, where he offered souvenir merchandise, seasonal messages to his fans, publicity services and a motivational DVD. In 2003, he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of the Arts for "his efforts to make a difference in society".

Death
On 20 January 2008, Latif died of a heart attack at his home in Newcastle's Gosforth area.

An early day motion in Parliament proposed by Tim Farron Liberal Democrat MP was tabled on 24 January 2008 to offer condolences to his family and to celebrate "his enormous contribution to the City of Newcastle, the Liberal Democrats and Viz magazine."

On 2 March 2008, a well-attended memorial event was held at Newcastle Civic Centre.

See also
British Bangladeshi
Business of British Bangladeshis
List of British Bangladeshis

References

External links
Rupali Indian restaurant website
The Times obituary

1954 births
2008 deaths
British Muslims
Bangladeshi emigrants to England
British chefs
Chefs of Indian cuisine
British restaurateurs
20th-century Bangladeshi businesspeople
People from Sylhet
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
20th-century British businesspeople


To Tell the Truth is a Canadian version of the original 1956 American game show To Tell the Truth. It was broadcast on CTV between 1962 and 1964. The show was hosted by Don Cameron and the panelists included Toby Tarnow, Robert Hall, Dorothy Cameron and Stan Helleur. It aired at 10 PM on Thursdays.

External links
 To Tell the Truth at Canadian Communications Foundation
 Game Show Forum messageboard

1962 Canadian television series debuts
1964 Canadian television series endings
1960s Canadian game shows
CTV Television Network original programming


The  xenia motif in Roman mosaic is a still life motif consisting of a grouping of various items, mostly edible, representing a generous offering (a xenia) from a wealthy host to guests. The items are often spread across different compartments in floor mosaic schemes. No doubt there were once paintings, but these have been lost.

Typical elements of a xenia motif include game hanging from hooks, fish, baskets of fruit (often overturned), and the like. Vitruvius lists specifically "poultry, eggs, vegetables, and other country produce".

Xenia motifs are typically found in reception rooms.

The word xenia is Greek, and means hospitality; in Latin, it came to mean presents for guests, and later presents in general. It also came to include xenia epigrams.

A xenia epigram is an epigram commemorating hospitality or attached to a gift, sometimes represented in a xenia mosaic. Originally found in Latin literature, it was revived in the nineteenth century.

The 13th book of Martial's epigrams is entitled Xenia, and catalogs the foods that might be given to a departing guest at the Saturnalia.

A Xenia epigram

Accept and wear this constant flower,
Thus copied out by art.
It blooms in Nature but its hour,--
For ever in the heart.

Affections into habits grown,--
Lives fastened in one lot,--
The flower has strengthened into stone
We name "Forget me not."

Notes

References

 Katherine M.D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World, Cambridge: 1999.
 Stella Grobel Miller, "A Mosaic floor from a Roman villa at Anaploga", Hesperia 41:3:332 (July 1972).

Mosaic
Visual motifs
Ancient Roman art
Iconography
Genres of poetry
Latin-language literature


{{Drugbox
| IUPAC_name = (RS)-''N-{3-Acetyl-4-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]phenyl}-N,N-diethylurea
| image = Celiprolol.svg
| width = 200px
| chirality = Racemic mixture

| tradename =
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| pregnancy_category =
| legal_status =
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| bioavailability = 30-70%
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life = 5 hours
| excretion =

| CAS_number = 56980-93-9
| ATC_prefix = C07
| ATC_suffix = AB08
| PubChem = 2663
| DrugBank_Ref =
| DrugBank = DB04846
| ChemSpiderID = 2563
| UNII_Ref =
| UNII = DRB57K47QC
| KEGG = D07660
| ChEMBL = 27810

| C=20 | H=33 | N=3 | O=4
| smiles = O=C(N(CC)CC)Nc1ccc(OCC(O)CNC(C)(C)C)c(c1)C(=O)C
}}Celiprolol''' is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure. It has a unique pharmacology: it is a selective β1 receptor antagonist, but a β2 receptor partial agonist.  It is also a weak α2 receptor antagonist.

It was patented in 1973 and approved for medical use in 1982.

Medical use
Celiprolol is believed to provide clinical benefit for people with vascular Ehlers–Danlos syndrome by promoting normal collagen synthesis in the blood vessels, and by shifting the pressure load away from the vessels most prone to dissection and rupture. In 2019, a new drug application (NDA) for celiprolol was denied by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), instead calling for an “adequate and well-controlled” trial to determine whether celiprolol reduced the risk of clinical events in patients with vEDS.

Brand names
Brand names include Cardem, Selectol, Celipres, Celipro, Celol, Cordiax, Dilanorm

References

External links
 Selectol Summary of Product Characteristics (from the IPHA Medicines Compendium)
 Celiprolol data sheet for New Zealand

Beta blockers
Ureas
Aromatic ketones
N-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamines


Pyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata.

This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gastropod superfamily.

Pyramidelloidea has both fossil and recent members. They live as ectoparasites on bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms, and have a sharp, piercing stylet instead of a radula.

Distribution
This taxon is found worldwide.

Taxonomy

1999 taxonomy
Taxonomy by Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999):

Superfamily Pyramidelloidea Gray, 1840
Family Amathinidae Ponder, 1987
Family Ebalidae Warén, 1994 - synonym: Anisocyclidae van Aartsen, 1995
Family Odostomiidae Pelseneer, 1928
Subfamily Odostomiinae Pelseneer, 1928
Subfamily Chrysallidinae Saurin, 1958
Subfamily Odostomellinae Saurin, 1958
Subfamily Cyclostremellinae Moore, 1966
Family Pyramidellidae J. E. Gray, 1840
Subfamily Pyramidellinae J.E. Gray, 1840
Subfamily Sayellinae Wise, 1996
Family Syrnolidae Saurin, 1958
Subfamily Syrnolinae Saurin, 1958
Subfamily Tiberiinae Saurin, 1958
Family Turbonillidae Bronn, 1849
Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849
Subfamily Eulimellinae Saurin, 1958
Subfamily Cingulininae Saurin, 1959

2005 taxonomy
Pyramidelloidea has been classified within the informal group Lower Heterobranchia in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).

Taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005:
Superfamily Pyramidelloidea
Family Pyramidellidae
Family Amathinidae
 † Family Heteroneritidae
Family Murchisonellidae

2010 taxonomy
Jörger et al. (2010) have redefined major groups within the Heterobranchia and they moved Pyramidelloidea to Panpulmonata.

Pyramidelloidean genera of uncertain familial position
 Bidentata de Castellanos, 1982
 Calyptopolyptychia Gougerot, 1968
 Laeviselica Gougerot & Le Renard, 1977
 Lysacme Dall & Bartsch, 1904
 Microthyca A. Adams, 1863
 Oopyramis Thiele, 1930
 Sulcorinella Dall & Bartsch, 1904

References

Panpulmonata
Ectoparasites
Marine gastropods
Taxa named by John Edward Gray


Moacir Santos (26 July 1926 – 6 August 2006) was a Brazilian composer, multi-instrumentalist and music educator. Musicians such as Baden Powell, Bola Sete and Wilson das Neves studied under him. As a composer, Santos worked with Nara Leão, Roberto Menescal, Sérgio Mendes and Lynda Laurence, among others. His music was highly respected by musicians in Brazil and the United States, despite never achieving wider recognition.

Mark Levine, Anat Cohen, and Muiza Adnet have all released albums consisting entirely of Santos' music.

Life and career
Moacir Santos was born in Flores do Pajeú, Pernambuco in 1926. His mother died when he was two years old, and as his father had already left the family, he was taken in by another family. He grew up in poverty but his adoptive family assisted him with attending school and music lessons. By age 14, he could play the saxophone, banjo, guitar and mandolin. As a teenager, he played in the band of the Military Police of Parabia and later became the band's conductor. He eventually ran away from home, becoming an itinerant musician moving around Pernambuco looking for employment and even, for a time, working in a travelling circus.

By the 1950s, Santos was living in Rio de Janeiro and worked for Rádio Nacional as a composer. Recognising the artistic value of popular music, Santos began to study big-band composers, taking lessons from Hans-Joachim Koelreutter. Ultimately, he would become the radio station's music director. During the 1950s and 1960s, Santos privately taught a number of young Bossa Nova musicians such as Nara Leao, Baden Powell, Carlos Lyra and Roberto Menescal.

In 1965, Santos released the album Coisas (translating to "things" in Portuguese) on the Forma record label. The album was a fusion of Afro-Brazilian rhythms and the sounds of big-band jazz. Although at the time the album did not garner much attention, it has gone on to receive praise with the New York Times describing it as "one of the great accomplishments of modern Brazilian music". Larry Blumenfeld, in The Village Voice, wrote that the album represented "the best of Brazilian jazz".

After composing a number of scores for Brazilian films throughout the 1960s, Santos had the opportunity to move to the United States. In 1967, Santos and his wife, Cleonice, moved to Pasadena, California, with the intent of breaking into the film industry. He continued to give music lessons from his home, through which he met Horace Silver. Most of his work in Hollywood was uncredited, with Final Justice being his only film credit.

Santos recorded three albums for Blue Note in the 1970s. His 1972 release, Maestro, was nominated for a Grammy award. Santos, however, did not receive the wider acclaim he sought and continued to write and teach music in Southern California.

In 2001, fellow Brazilians Zé Nogueira and Mario Adnet arranged sessions to re-record some of Santos' compositions. These recordings would form the 2004 album Ouro Negro which featured performances from Milton Nascimento, Joao Donato and Gilberto Gil. The album revived Santos' reputation in Brazil and around the world. His final album, Choros & Alegria, was released in 2005. It was made up entirely of new material and featured a performance from Wynton Marsalis.

In 2006, Santos died due to complications from an earlier stroke at an assisted living facility in Pasadena, California. Shortly before dying, Santos was awarded the Shell Music and Premio Tim awards.

Discography

As Leader
 Coisas (Forma, 1965)
 Maestro  (Blue Note, 1972)
 Saudade (Blue Note, 1974)
 Carnival of the Spirits (Blue Note, 1975)
 Opus 3 No. 1 (Discovery, 1979)
 Ouro Negro (Universal, 2001)
 Choros & Alegria (Adventure Music, 2005)

As Sideman
 Kenny Burrell, Both Feet on the Ground (Fantasy, 1973)
 Kenny Burrell, Heritage (AudioSource, 1980)
 Raul de Souza, Til Tomorrow Comes (Capitol, 1979)
 Cass Elliot, Cass Elliot (RCA Victor, 1972)
 Shelly Manne, Hot Coles (RCA Victor/Flying Dutchman, 1975)
 Sergio Mendes, Sergio Mendes' Favorite Things (Atlantic, 1968)
 Joao Nogueira, Boca Do Povo (Polydor, 1981)
 Baden Powell, Baden Powell Swings with Jimmy Pratt (Elenco, 1963)
 Benny Powell, Ya Betcha B.P.!! (Los Angeles Phonograph, 1979)

As Musical Arranger
  Luiza,Luiza,  (RCA Victor Brasil , 1964 )
  Vinicius de Moraes , Vinicius & Odette Lara ,(Discos Elenco LTDA, 1963)

References

External links
Clique Music

Brazilian composers
People from Pernambuco
1926 births
2006 deaths
Blue Note Records artists
Brazilian saxophonists
Male saxophonists
20th-century saxophonists
20th-century male musicians


Auto Shanghai (), officially known as the Shanghai International Automobile Industry Exhibition (), is a biennial international automobile show that alternates with the Beijing Auto Show (Auto China) as China's yearly international automotive exhibition. First held in 1985, Auto Shanghai is the nation's oldest auto exhibition, and is considered as an important major international auto show.

Due to the greatly expanding presence of foreign brands in the Chinese markets, Auto Shanghai has become one of the premier international auto shows alongside Detroit, Frankfurt, Paris and Tokyo, and was also the first Chinese auto show to join the Union des Foires Internationales (UFI). Since 2015, the show is hosted at the National Center for Exhibition and Convention, located next to the Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.

2023
The 2023 show ran from 18 April to 27 April. As many as 1,200 models and 1,413 vehicles were displayed at the show, with 93 global debuts, 64 concept cars and 271 new energy vehicles, 186 of which were from indigenous Chinese brands.
 18–19 April — Press day
 20–27 April — Open to the public

Introductions

 Arcfox α-S
 Arcfox α-T
 BMW i7 M70 xDrive
 Denza N7
 Denza D9
 BYD Destroyer 07
 BYD Seagull
 BYD Song L
 Chery Arrizo 8 C-DM
 Chery Arrizo Star
 Chery TJ-1C-DM
 Chery Sterra ES
 Chery Sterra ET
 Chery Tiggo 9 C-DM
 Deepal S7
 GWM Shanhai Cannon HEV
 GWM Shanhai Cannon PHEV
 Haval Xiaolong
 Haval Xiaolong Max
 Honda e：NP2
 Honda e：NS2
 Honda e：N SUV
 Hycan V09
 Hyundai Elantra N facelift
 Hyundai Mufasa
 JAC QX PHEV
 JMC Da Dao
 Jetta VS7 ABT
 Maxus GST concept
 MG Cyberster
 Maserati Grecale Folgore
 Mercedes-Maybach EQS SUV
 Neta GT
 Nio ES6
 Nissan Pathfinder Concept
 Nissan Arizon
 Ora Ballet Cat
 Peugeot Inception Concept EV
 Polestar 4
 Porsche Cayenne facelift
 Skyworth EV6 II
 Skyworth HT-i II
 Smart 3
 Tank 400 PHEV
 Lexus LM
 Lexus RX Outdoor Concept
 Lexus ROV 2 Concept
 Lexus RZ Outdoor Concept
 Volkswagen ID.7
 Volvo EX90 Excellence
 Wey Lanshan DHT-PHEV
 Wey Gaoshan DHT-PHEV
 XPeng G6
 Yangwang U8
 Yangwang U9
 Zeekr X

2021
The 2021 show ran from 19 April to 28 April. It was the first major auto show to be held since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
 19–20 April — Press day
 21–28 April — Open to the public

Introductions

 Aeolus Yixuan Max
 Arcfox Alpha-S
 Audi A6 e-tron concept
 Audi A7L
 Audi Q2L and Audi Q2L e-tron facelift
 Audi Q5L facelift
 Baojun Valli
 Bestune T55
 Buick Envision Plus
 Buick Verano Pro
 Cadillac Lyriq concept (public debut)
 Changan CS55 Plus
 Citroën C5 X
 Exeed Stellar Concept
 Ford Equator
 Ford Evos
 Ford Mustang Mach-E (Changan Ford version)
 Geely Emgrand S (Geely Emgrand GS facelift)
 Geely Xingyue L
 Genesis G80
 Genesis Electrified G80
 Genesis GV80
 Genesis X
 Haval X Dog Concept
 Haval XY Concept
 Honda Breeze plug-in hybrid
 Honda SUV e: Prototype
 Hongqi L-Concept
 Hongqi S9 production version
 Hyundai Ioniq 5
 Kia EV6 (public debut)
 Kia Carnival
 Kia Sportage Ace
 Kia K3 EV
 Lexus ES (facelift)
 Lexus LF-Z Electrified concept
 Lincoln Corsair PHEV (Asian debut)
 Lincoln Zephyr Reflection concept
 Lynk & Co 02 Sport increased horsepower version of the 02
 Maserati Levante Hybrid
 Mazda CX-30 EV
 Mercedes-Benz C-Class L extended wheelbase version of the new C-class
 Mercedes-Benz EQB
 Mercedes-Benz EQS 450+ and 580 4MATIC
 MG Cyberster concept
 Modern Auto in, first model of a BAW sub-brand
 ORA ORA Big Cat
 ORA Lightning Cat prototype
 ORA Punk Cat prototype
 Roewe i5 / Ei5 facelift
 Roewe Jing
 Škoda Octavia Pro extended wheelbase version of the 2020 Octavia
 TANK 300
 TANK 300 Cybertank concept
 Tank 700
 Tank 800
 Toyota bZ4X
 Toyota Highlander IV / Crown Kluger
 Volkswagen ID.6 Crozz (FAW-Volkswagen) / X (SAIC-Volkswagen version)
 Volkswagen Passat SAIC-VW version facelift
 Volkswagen Talagon
 Weltmeister W6
 Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Cabrio concept
 Wuling Xingchen
 Xpeng P5
 Zeekr 001, production version based on the Lynk & Co zero concept
 IM Airo concept
 IM L7
 IM LS7 concept
 ZX Auto ZTE G9

2019
The 2019 show ran from 16 April to 25 April.
 16–17 April — Press day
 18–25 April — Open to the public

Introductions

 Aion LX
 Aiways U5
 Aiways U7 Ion Concept
 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio NRING
 Alfa Romeo Stelvio Quadrifoglio NRING
 Aston Martin Lagonda All-Terrain Concept (Asian debut)
 Aston Martin AM-RB 003 Concept (Asian debut)
 Aston Martin Rapide E
 Audi AI:me Concept
 Audi Q2 L e-tron
 Audi Q3 (Asian debut)
 BAIC Arcfox ECF
 BAIC Arcfox-GT Race Edition
 Baojun RM-C Concept
 Baojun RS-5
 Bentley Continental GT Convertible (Asian debut)
 Bentley Mulsanne W.O. Edition by Mulliner (Asian debut)
 BMW 3 Series Li (G28)
 BMW 745e, 745Le & 745Le xDrive
 BMW M850i xDrive Coupé
 BMW X1 xDrive25Le (F49)
 BMW X3 M Competition
 BMW X4 M Competition
 BMW X7 (Asian debut)
 BMW Vision iNext Concept (Asian debut)
 Bordrin iV7
 Brabus 800G
 Buick Encore
 Buick Encore GX
 Buick GL8 Avenir Concept
 Buick LaCrosse (facelift)
 Buick Velite 6 EV
 BYD e2
 BYD e-Seed GT Concept
 BYD Song Pro
 Cadillac XT6 (Asian debut)
 Changan CS75 Plus
 Chevrolet Onix
 Chevrolet Tracker
 Chevrolet Trailblazer
 Ciimo X-NV Concept
 Citroën C3-XR (facelift)
 Enovate ME7
 Enovate ME-S Concept
 Ford Escape CN-Spec.
 Geely Jia Ji MPV
 Geely Preface Concept
 Geely Xingyue
 Grove Granite
 Gumpert Nathalie Race
 Gyon Matchless Concept
 HanTeng Red 01 Concept
 Hezhong Eureka 02 Concept
 Honda Odyssey Sport Hybrid
 Hongqi E-HS3
 Hongqi H5 FCEV
 Hongqi H5 Sports
 Hongqi HS7
 Hyundai ix25
 Hyundai Sonata
 Hyundai Veloster N
 Icona Nucleus Concept (Asian debut)
 Infiniti Qs Inspiration Concept
 JAC iEV S4
 Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy
 Jeep Gladiator (Asian debut)
 Jeep Grand Commander PHEV
 Jetta VA3
 Jetta VS5
 Jetta VS7
 Karma Revero GT
 Karma Pininfarina GT Concept
 Karma SC1 Vision Concept
 Kia K3
 Lamborghini Huracán Evo (Asian debut)
 Lamborghini Urus
 Landwind Xiaoyao
 Leapmotor C-More concept
 Lexus LM
 Lotus Evora GT4 Concept
 Lynk & Co 01 (facelift)
 Maserati Levante GTS
 Maserati Levante Trofeo
 Maxus D60e
 Maxus G50
 Maxus T70
 Mazda MX-5 RF
 McLaren 600LT Spider (Asian debut)
 McLaren 720S Spider (Asian debut)
 Mercedes-AMG A35 L Sedan
 Mercedes-AMG E53 Coupé 4Matic
 Mercedes-AMG GT50 4-door Coupé
 Mercedes-Benz EQC (Asian debut)
 Mercedes-Benz Concept GLB
 Mercedes-Benz GLE (Asian debut)
 MG 6 (facelift)
 MG 6 XPower TCR Racecar Concept
 Mini Clubman (facelift)
 Mitsubishi e-Yi Concept
 Nissan IMQ Concept
 Nissan IMs Concept
 Nissan Sylphy
 Nio ES6
 Nio ET Preview Concept
 Ora R1
 Peugeot 508L
 Porsche 911 Carrera 4S Coupé & Cabriolet (Asian debut)
 Porsche Cayenne Coupé
 Qiantu Concept 2
 Qiantu K20
 Qiantu K25 Concept
 Qiantu K50 Spyder Concept
 Qoros Mile II Concept
 Range Rover Evoque II (Asian debut)
 Renault City K-ZE electric
 Renault Kadjar
 Roewe Marvel X Pro
 Roewe Vision-i Concept
 Rolls-Royce Cullinan
 Seres SF5
 Škoda Vision iV Concept (Asian debut)
 Toyota C-HR EV
 Toyota IZOA EV
 Toyota RAV4 Hybrid
 Volkswagen e-Lavida
 Volkswagen Polo Plus
 Volkswagen I.D. Roomzz Concept
 Volkswagen SMV Concept
 Volkswagen SUV Coupé Concept
 Volkswagen Teramont X
 W Motors MUSE Concept
 WEY VV5
 WEY X Concept
 Xpeng P7
 Zedriv GT3 EV Concept
 Zedriv GX5

2017
The 2017 show ran from 19 April to 28 April.
 19–20 April — Press & VIPs preview
 21–23 April — Trade visitors preview
 24–28 April — Open to the public

Introductions

 Acura TLX-L
 Aston Martin V8 Vantage S GB Edition
 Aston Martin Vanquish S Volante (Asian debut)
 Audi RS 3 LMS
 Audi RS5 Coupe (Asian debut)
 Audi R8 LMS Cup
 Audi E-Tron Sportback Concept
 BMW 5 Series LWB
 BMW M4 CS
 BMW Concept X2 (Asian debut)
 BYD Dynasty Concept
 Chery Tiggo Sport Coupe Concept
 Chevrolet FNR-X Concept
 Chrysler Portal Concept
 Citroën C5 Aircross
 Ferrari 812 Superfast (Asian debut)
 Geely MPV Concept
 Honda CR-V Hybrid
 Hyundai ix35 (Chinese market facelift)
 Icona Vulcano Titanium
 Jaguar I-Pace Concept (Asian debut)
 Jeep Yuntu Concept
 Kia K2 Cross
 Kia Pegas
 Lamborghini Huracán Performante (Asian debut)
 Lexus NX (facelift)
 Lynk & Co 01 SUV
 Lynk & Co 03 Sedan Concept
 McLaren 720S (Asian debut)
 MG E-Motion Concept
 Mercedes-Benz Concept A Sedan
 Mercedes-Benz GLA 260 Sport
 Mercedes-AMG S63
 Mercedes-Benz S-Class (facelift)
 Mercedes-Maybach S680
 Mini Countryman JCW (Asian debut)
 NIO EP9
 NIO ES8
 NIO Eve Concept
 Nissan Kicks
 Pininfarina Hybrid Kinetic K550/ K750
 Porsche Panamera Sport Turismo (Asian debut)
 Qiantu K50
 Qoros K-EV Concept
 Renault R.S. 2027 Vision Concept Formula One
 Škoda Vision E Concept
 Tesla Motors Model 3
 Toyota Fun Sedan Concept
 VLF Force 1 V10 Roadster
 Volkswagen Phideon PHEV
 Volkswagen I.D. Crozz Concept
 Volkswagen C-Trek

2015

Introductions

 Aston Martin Lagonda Taraf (Asian debut)
 Audi Prologue Allroad Concept
 Cadillac CT6 Plug-in Hybrid
 Chevrolet FNR Concept
 Ford Taurus
 Honda Concept D
 Hyundai Tucson Concept
 Hyundai County Chinese Spec - Later inspired to Hyundai County  facelift in 2020.
 Lexus ES
 McLaren 540C Coupe
 Mercedes-Benz Concept GLC Coupe
 Nissan Lannia
 Peugeot 308 R Hybrid
 Qoros 2 SUV Concept
 Rolls-Royce Phantom Limelight Collection
 Volkswagen C Coupe GTE Concept
 Volvo XC90 Excellence
 W Motors Lykan Hypersport

2013

Introductions

 Acura SUV-X Concept
 Audi A6L
 BAIC Concept 900
 BMW X4 Concept
 Buick Riviera Concept
 Chery B13/M14
 Chevrolet Aveo and 'Aveo Xtreme'
 Detroit Electric SP:01
 Citroën DS Wild Rubis Concept
 Ford Mondeo
 Honda Concept M
 Honda Jade
 Hongqi HQD concept
 Hyundai Mistra
 Icona Vulcano Concept (Asian debut)
 KIA Cub Concept
 Lamborghini Aventador LP720-4 50° Anniversario
 Maserati Ghibli
 Mercedes-Benz GLA Concept
 MG CS Concept
 Nissan Friend-Me Concept
 Peugeot 301
 Spyker 'La Turbie
 Suzuki Authentics Concept
 Volkswagen CrossBlue Coupe Concept

2011

Introductions

 Audi A3 e-tron Concept
 BMW Concept M5
 Buick Envision Concept
 Mercedes-Benz A-Class Concept
 Peugeot SXC Concept
 Subaru XV Concept
 Volvo Concept Universe

See also
Auto China

References

External links

 Auto Shanghai at Auto Fairs

Auto shows in China
Automotive industry in China
1985 establishments in China
Recurring events established in 1985
Pudong
Events in Shanghai
Biennial events


The Roman Catholic Diocese of Miarinarivo () is a diocese located in the city of Miarinarivo in the Ecclesiastical province of Antananarivo in Madagascar.

History
 December 13, 1933: Established as Mission “sui iuris” of Miarinarivo
 May 25, 1939: Promoted as Apostolic Vicariate of Miarinarivo
 September 14, 1955: Promoted as Diocese of Miarinarivo

Bishops
 Vicar Apostolic of Miarinarivo (Roman rite)
 Bishop Ignazio Ramarosandratana (1939.05.25 – 1955.09.14); see below
 Bishops of Miarinarivo (Roman rite)
 Bishop Ignazio Ramarosandratana (1955.09.14 – 1957);  see above
 Bishop Édouard Ranaivo (1958.06.24 – 1959.04.30)
 Bishop François Xavier Rajaonarivo (1960.04.05 – 1985.11.15)
 Bishop Armand Toasy (1987.07.03 – 1993.10.18)
 Archbishop Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra (Apostolic Administrator 1994.07 – 1998.02.14) (Cardinal later in 1994)
 Bishop Raymond Razakarinvony (1998.02.14 – 2007.02.15)
 Bishop Jean Claude Randrianarisoa (since 2007.02.15)

Other priest of this diocese who became bishop
Roger Victor Rakotondrajao, appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Mahajanga in 2008

See also
Roman Catholicism in Madagascar

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

Roman Catholic dioceses in Madagascar
Christian organizations established in 1933
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Antananarivo
1933 establishments in Madagascar


Knockbride is a parish in County Cavan, Ireland located outside the town of Bailieborough. There are two Roman Catholic churches namely West Knockbride and East Knockbride. There is also a Church of Ireland church and parish and a Presbyterian Church in Corraneary.  There is one shop, McCabes. Knockbride has two pubs, "The Bridge Tavern" and "The Hideout".

Notable people
John Tierney: Former Cavan Gaelic footballer
Michael, Peter & Larry Reilly: Brothers & Former Cavan Gaelic footballers
 Fifteen to One and Countdown contestant John Clarke is from Knockbride. He is famous for saying the word "wanker" on the Countdown show.
 Sir Edward Lucas, poet, politician, and agent for South Australia in London from 1918 to 1921, son of Adams Lucas, was born in Gallon Etra townland, Knockbride, in 1857. (Reference: Australian Dictionary of National Biography)
 Chris Noth, actor, whose ancestors emigrated from Knockbride in the 1840s

References

Civil parishes of County Cavan


British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I began from its initial roots in the late-19th century and ultimately came to span in extent from Asia through Europe to the West Coast of the United States and Canada. It was effective in thwarting a number of attempts for insurrection in British India during World War I and ultimately  in controlling the Indian revolutionary movement both at home and abroad.

Background

During World War I, although Indian political bodies and populace largely came to support the British war effort, Bengal and Punjab remained hotbeds of anti colonial activities. Revolution in Bengal, increasingly closely linked with the unrests in Punjab, was significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration. Also from the beginning of the war, expatriate Indian population, notably from United States, Canada, and Germany, headed by the Berlin Committee and the Ghadar Party, attempted to trigger insurrections in India on the lines of the 1857 uprising with Irish Republican, German and Turkish help in a massive conspiracy that has since come to be called the Hindu–German Conspiracy This conspiracy also attempted to rally Afghanistan against British India.  A number of failed attempts were made at mutiny, of which the February mutiny plan and the Singapore Mutiny remains most notable. This movement was suppressed by means of a massive international counter-intelligence operation and draconian political acts (including the Defence of India Act 1915) that lasted nearly ten years.

Counter-intelligence

Beginnings

Outlines and nascent ideas of the conspiracy began to be noted and tracked by British intelligence as early as 1911. Incidents like the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy and the Komagata Maru incident had already alerted the CID of the existence of a large-scale network and plans for pan-Indian militant unrest. Measures were taken which focussed on Bengal—the seat of the most intense revolutionary terrorism at the time—and on Punjab, which was uncovered as a strong and militant base in the wake of Komagata Maru. Har Dayal's extant group was found to have strong links with Rash Behari Bose, and were "cleaned up" in the wake of the Delhi bomb case.

In Asia

At the outbreak of the war, Punjab CID sent teams to Hong Kong to intercept and infiltrate the returning Ghadarites, who often made little efforts to hide their plans and objectives. These teams were successful in uncovering details of the full scale of the conspiracy, as well as discovering Har Dayal's whereabouts. Immigrants returning to India were double checked against a list of revolutionaries.

In Punjab, the CID, although aware of possible plans for unrest, was not successful in infiltrating the conspiracy for the mutiny until February 1915. A dedicated force was formed, headed by the Chief of Punjab CID, and including amongst its members Liaqat Hayat Khan (later head of Punjab CID himself). In February that year, the CID was successful in recruiting the services of one Kirpal Singh to infiltrate the plan. Singh, who had a Ghadarite cousin serving in the 23rd Cavalry, was able to infiltrate the leadership, being assigned to work in his cousin's regiment. Singh was soon under suspicion of being a spy, but was able to pass on the information regarding the date and scale of the uprising to British Indian intelligence. As the date for the mutiny approached, a desperate Rash Behari Bose brought forward the D-day to the evening of 19 February, which was discovered by Kirpal Singh on the very day. No attempts were made by the Ghadarites to restrain him, and he rushed to inform Liaqat Khan of the change of plans. Ordered back to his station to signal when the revolutionaries had assembled, Singh was detained by the would-be mutineers, but managed to make good his escape under the cover of answering the call of nature.

In Bengal, counter-intelligence, especially against the activities of Jugantar was led by Charles Tegart while the role of German or Baltic-German double-agents, especially the agent named Oren,  was also important in infiltrating and preempting the plans for Autumn rebellions in Bengal in 1915 as well as scuttling Bagha Jatin's plans in winter that year. Jatin is believed to be personally shot by Tegart in his final battle on the banks of the river Burha Balang. Another source was the German double agent Vincent Kraft, a planter from Batavia, who passed information about arms shipments from Shanghai to British agents after being captured. Kraft later fled through Mexico to Japan where he was last known to be at the end of the war. Also arrested in November was a Javanese revolutionary by the name of Dekker while he travelled under the directions of the Berlin committee from Europe to Siam. He intended to work on publishing German war news and Indian revolutionary material to be smuggled into India via Burma. Later efforts by Mahendra Pratap's Provisional Government in Kabul were also compromised by Herambalal Gupta after he defected in 1918 and passed on information to Indian intelligence.

In Europe

British efforts against the Indian revolutionary movement and against German spy networks involved both the Special Branch as well as the MI5. A branch of the MI5 was formed early in the war to address the war time espionage operations  The MI5 itself, working under Vernon Kell, had a number of India experts at the beginning of the war. In September 1916, a special section, the MI5(d), section was formed to operate counter-espionage networks throughout the British empire. Another subsection, the MI5(b), was formed in January 1917 to deal specifically with Indians and "other oriental races". The MI5(g) subsection was formed through renaming the MO5(g) in 1916.  The MI5(g) had 27 officers in its staff, eight of whom had served in India before the war. Among them were ex-Indian civil servants including Robert Nathan and H.L. Stephenson. Nathan began his work for British intelligence against Indian revolutionaries in October 1914. After retiring from the ICS in 1915, Nathan joined the MI5(g). Nathan's fellow officer at the time was another ex-Indian police official by the name of HL Stephenson. He headed at the time the political branch of the Secret service,  and along with Basil Thomson who headed the Special Branch of the Scotland Yard, Nathan was closely involved in the interrogation of Indians who worked along with the Germans during the war.  The main emphasis of this counter-espionage network was to prevent the subversion of Indian troops in the European theatre. The organisation, especially under Nathan, worked closely with the Special Branch of the Scotland Yard in Britain and with the Indian Political Intelligence Office headed by John Wallinger, which operated a network of spies in neutral Switzerland which a number of the Indian revolutionaries and members of the Berlin Committee used as a base.

By the time the war broke out an Indian Intelligence office, headed by John Wallinger, had been opened in Europe. In scale this office was larger than those operated by the British War Office, approaching the European intelligence network of the Secret Service Bureau. This network already had agents in Switzerland against possible German intrigues. After the outbreak of the war Wallinger, under the cover of an officer of the British General Headquarters, proceeded to France where he operated out of Paris, working with the French Political Police, the Sûreté. Among other enterprises, the European intelligence network attempted to eliminate some of the Indian leaders in Europe. A British agent called Donald Gullick was dispatched to assassinate Virendranath Chattopadhaya while the latter was on his way to Geneva to meet Mahendra Pratap to offer Kaiser Wilhelm II's invitation. It is said that Somerset Maugham, who was in the British Secret Service in Europe during the war, based a number of his stories on his first-hand experiences, modelling the character of John Ashenden after himself and Chandra Lal after Virendranath. The short story of Giulia Lazzari is a blend of Gullick's attempts to assassinate Virendranath and Mata Hari's story. Winston Churchill reportedly advised Maugham to burn 14 other stories. MI5(g)'s work at the time identified the plans by Ghadar Party and the Berlin Committee to assassinate Lord Kitchener in 1915 through an associate of Har Dayal, Gobind Behari Lal. It was also responsible at this time, along with Basil Thomson, for the capture of Harish Chandra (who was associated with the Berlin Committee) and turning him into a double agent. Through Harish Chandra was also identified plans for obtaining information of Ghadarite intrigues in Japan and China. Among other works, Nathan was responsible for the plans made by British intelligence in late 1915 to assassinate Virendranath Chattopadhyaya through an agent by the name of Donald Gullick.

Nathan's efforts, along with those of John Wallinger's Indian Political Intelligence Office (who Nathan worked closely with), were key in the British counter-espionage work. Nathan's work at the time identified the plans by Ghadar Party and the Berlin Committee to assassinate Lord Kitchener in 1915 through an associate of Har Dayal, Gobind Behari Lal. He was also responsible at this time, along with Basil Thomson, to turn Harish Chandra (who was associated with the Berlin Committee) into a double agent.
Among other works, Nathan was responsible for the plans made by British intelligence in late 1915 to assassinate Virendranath Chattopadhyaya through an agent by the name of Donald Gullick.

Middle East

In the Middle East, British counter-intelligence was directed at preserving the loyalty of the Indian sepoy in the face of Turkish propaganda and the concept of The Caliph's Jihad, while a particularly significant effort was directed at intercepting the Kabul Mission. The East Persian Cordon was established in July 1915 in the Sistan province of Persia to prevent the Germans from crossing into Afghanistan and to protect British supply caravans in Sarhad from the Damani, Reki and Kurdish Baluchi tribal raiders who might be tempted by German gold. Among the commanders of the Sistan force was Reginald Dyer who led it between March and October 1916.

In the United States

In the United States, the conspiracy was successfully infiltrated by British intelligence through both Irish as well as Indian channels. The activities of Ghadar on the Pacific coast were noted by W. C. Hopkinson, who had grown up in India and spoke fluent Hindi. Initially W.C.H. had been despatched from Calcutta to keep the Indian Police informed about the doings of Taraknath Das.
The Home department of the British Indian government had begun the task of actively tracking Indian seditionists on the East Coast as early as 1910. Francis Cunliffe Owen, the officer heading the Home Office agency in New York City, had become thoroughly acquainted with George Freeman alias Fitzgerald and Myron Phelps, the famous New York advocate, as members of the Clan-na-Gael. Owens' efforts were successful in thwarting the SS Moraitis plan. The Ghadar Party was incidentally established after Irish Republicans, sensing infiltration, encouraged formation of an exclusively Indian society. Following this, a number of approaches were adopted, including infiltration through a "Native" Indian intelligence officer by the name of Bela Singh who successfully set up a network of agents passing on information to British intelligence, as well as the use of the famous American Pinkerton's detective agency. W. C. Hopkinson himself was assassinated in a court in Victoria by a Ghadarite named Mewa Singh in October 1914.

Later, on instructions from British secret service, Robert Nathan transferred his work to the Pacific coast North America where the Ghadar Party worked closely with the German consulate at San Francisco to obtain arms and men for what came to be known as the Ghadar Conspiracy. Working with Thomas J Tunney, the head of New York Bomb Squad, Nathan's works successfully brought the Ghadarites and staff at the German consulate to trial following the Annie Larsen arms plot. He organised the Hindu-German conspiracy trial, which at the time was the longest in merican legal history. He was responsible for the arrest of Chandra Kanta Chakraverty and his subsequent interrogation, along with that Ernst Sekunna. Through March 1917, Nathan worked closely with William Wiseman, and negotiated with the US State Department the details of the case against the Indian conspirators. He strongly supported granting the guarantee to the United States of not being held responsible for violation  of neutrality. An Irish double agent by the name of Charles Lamb is said to have passed on the majority of the information that compromised the Annie Larsen and ultimately helped the construction of the prosecution. An Indian operative, codenamed "C" and described most likely to have been the adventurous Chandra Kanta Chakravarty (later the chief prosecution witness in the trial), also passed on the details of the conspiracy to British and American intelligence.

The Czech revolutionary network in Europe also had a role in the uncovering of Bagha Jatin's plans. The network was in touch with the members in the United States, and may have also been aware of and involved in the uncovering of the earlier plots. The American network, headed by E.V. Voska, was a counter-espionage network of nearly 80 members who, as Habsburg subjects, were presumed to be German supporters but were involved in spying on German and Austrian diplomats. Voska had begun working with Guy Gaunt, who headed Courtenay Bennett's intelligence network, at the outbreak of the war and on learning of the plot from the Czech European network, passed on the information to Gaunt and to Tomáš Masaryk who further passed on the information the American authorities.

Impact
The British counter-intelligence operations effectively thwarted attempts within and from outside India, and ultimately was able to bring the Ghadar Party into the attention of American intelligence, while its counter-subversion within the Berlin committee and the Indian movement effectively broke the groups up and prevented a cohesive plan for being put into place.

Notes

References

World War I espionage
World War I
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence


Two-time defending champion Esther Vergeer defeated Korie Homan in the final, 6–3, 6–3 to win the women's singles wheelchair tennis title at the 2008 Australian Open.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Wheelchair women's singles
2008 Women's Singles


Ernesto Civardi (21 October 1906 – 28 November 1989) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops from 1967 to 1979, and was made a cardinal in 1979.

Biography
Civardi was born in Fossarmato, Pavia, and studied at the seminary in Pavia before being ordained to the priesthood on 29 June 1930. He then entered the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, from where he obtained his doctorate in canon law. He became a lawyer of the legal section of the Roman Rota as well. His elder brother Luigi (1886–1971) became a bishop in 1962.

Civardi served as vice-rector of the Pontifical Lombard Seminary in Rome from 1932 to 1934, when he began pastoral work in Rome and became an official of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation. He was raised to the rank of domestic prelate of his holiness on 15 July 1950, and was substitute (1953–1965) and undersecretary (1965–1967) of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation. Civardi was also named commissary of the Sacred Congregation for the Discipline of the Sacraments and promoter of justice on the Vatican City Tribunal in 1953. He later became a referendary (18 November 1958) and voting prelate (10 October 1962) of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, and served as a peritus, or theological expert, at the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). From 1965 to 1967, he was counselor of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith.

On 17 May 1967, Civardi was appointed secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops by Pope Paul VI, and later Titular Archbishop of Serdica on 26 June of that year. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 16 July from Pope Paul with Bishops Augusto Gianfranceschi and Jacques-Paul Martin as co-consecrators. As secretary, Civardi served as the second-highest official of that dicastery, successively under Cardinals Carlo Confalonieri and Sebastiano Baggio. In January 1968, Civardi visited Cardinal Giacomo Lercaro, and informed him of the Pope Paul's decision to accept his resignation as Archbishop of Bologna.

On the day of his consecration he was named secretary of the Sacred College of Cardinals, in addition to his duties in the Congregation for Bishops. As such, he acted as secretary of the papal conclaves of August and October 1978, although, not being a cardinal, he could not vote. When the newly elected Pope John Paul I's private secretary, Fr. Diego Lorenzi, accidentally entered the Apostolic Palace whilst it was still sealed for the conclave and encountered Civardi, the latter jokingly said, "You realize you are excommunicated." Lorenzi, rather unfamiliar with Vatican protocol, replied, "If I am, the Pope will restore me to the Communion of Saints."

Pope John Paul II created him Cardinal-Deacon of  in the consistory of 30 June 1979, whereupon he ceased to serve as secretary of the Congregation for Bishops. Civardi lost the right to participate in any future papal conclaves upon reaching the age of eighty on 21 October 1986. He was a self-proclaimed "man of the Curia".

The cardinal died in Rome at age 83. Following a funeral Mass celebrated by John Paul II at the altar of the Chair of St. Peter, he was buried in the chapel of the Confraternita dei Lombardi at the Campo Verano cemetery.

Notes

References

External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

1906 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Italian cardinals
Members of the Congregation for Bishops
Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II
People from Pavia


{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name= 416 Tactical Fighter Squadron
|image=No._416_Squadron_RCAF_badge.jpg
|caption=
|dates= November 18, 1941–July 6, 2006
|country=
|branch=  Royal Canadian Air Force
|type= Aviation squadron
|size=
|motto= Ad Saltum paratus (Ready for the leap)
|battle_honours=Defence of Britain 1942-44;  English Channel and North Sea 1943;  Fortress Europe 1942-44;  Dieppe;  France and Germany 1944-45;  Normandy 1944;  Arnhem;  Rhine;  Gulf and Kuwait.

|aircraft_fighter= CF-18 Hornet
}}

416 "City of Oshawa" Tactical Fighter Squadron (416 TFS) was a unit of the Canadian Forces and the Royal Canadian Air Force. The squadron operated the CF-18 Hornet fighter jet from CFB Cold Lake in Alberta, Canada. In 2006, 416 TFS stood down and was amalgamated with 441 Tactical Fighter Squadron to form 409 Tactical Fighter Squadron.

The unit was originally formed during the Second World War as a unit of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF).

History
No. 416 Squadron RCAF was formed at RAF Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland in 1941 as a fighter squadron for service during the Second World War and was based at various RAF stations in Scotland, England and continental Europe. The squadron was disbanded in March 1946.
The squadron was reformed in 1952 at RCAF Uplands in Ottawa, Ontario for operations in Europe as part of Canada's Cold War presence. The squadron was located at Grostenquin, France. By 1957, the squadron was relocated to Canada at RCAF St Hubert near Montreal as an air defence squadron flying Avro Canada CF-100 all weather fighters.  In 1962, the CF-100s were replaced with the CF-101 Voodoo and the squadron was moved to RCAF Chatham, New Brunswick, where they flew the interceptor until the end of 1984.  416 Squadron thus became the world's last front-line unit flying Voodoos.

In 1988 the squadron relocated to CFB Cold Lake as a Tactical Fighter Squadron flying CF-188s, and later merged with 441 Tactical Fighter Squadron to reform 409 Tactical Fighter Squadron in 2006.

The squadron's nickname was City of Oshawa, Lynx.

Battle honours
 Defence of Britain 1942-44
 English Channel and North Sea 1943
 Fortress Europe 1942-44
 Dieppe
 France and Germany 1944-45
 Normandy 1944
 Arnhem
 Rhine
 Gulf and Kuwait

Aircraft
 Supermarine Spitfire
 North American P-51 Mustang
 Canadair CT-133 Silver Star
 Canadair Sabre (Mk.2, Mk.5 and Mk.6)
 Avro Canada CF-100 Avro Canada CF-100
 McDonnell Douglas CF-101 Voodoo
 McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Hitchens, F.H.; Hovey, H. Richard; Schmidt, Don; McNamaee, Harold (eds). 416 Squadron: Complete History 416 Squadron. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Graphic Arts, 1974. (Limited edition of 300 books). Republished by Hangar Bookshelf (1987).
 Johnson, Rick with Hitchens, F.H.; Hovey, H. Richard; Schmidt, Don; McNamaee, Harold. 416 Squadron History''. Belleville, Ontario, Canada: The Hangar Bookshelf, 1984. .

External links
 DND – History of 416 Squadron
  History of 416 Squadron
 416 Squadron bases 1939–1945

Canadian Forces aircraft squadrons
Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons
Military units and formations disestablished in 2006
2006 disestablishments in Alberta


Hajji Nawab Kalb Ali Khan Bahadur (1832 – 23 March 1887) was a Nawab of the princely state of Rampur from 1865 to 1887. Succeeding his father, Sir Nawab Yusef Ali Khan Bahadur, he continued his father's good works, expanding the Rampur library, constructing the Jama Masjid costing Rs.3 lakhs and encouraging the spread of education, irrigation, architecture, literature and art in general. A gifted ruler, Sir Kalb Ali Khan was highly literate in Arabic and Persian and patronised scholars from across India and the Islamic world. He was a member of John Lawrence's governance council from 1878 to his death, attended the Delhi Durbar of Queen Victoria and was granted a personal salute of 17-guns.

He was also an Urdu-language writer and essayist and poet of ghazals.

He was succeeded at his death in 1887, aged 55, by his son, Muhammad Mushtaq Ali Khan Bahadur.

Titles
1832-1865: Nawabzada Kalb Ali Khan, Wali Ahad Bahadur
1865-1872: His Highness 'Ali Jah, Farzand-i-Dilpazir, Mukhlis ud-Daula, Nasir ul-Mulk, Amir ul-Umara, Nawab Kalb Ali Khan Bahadur, Mustaid Jang, Nawab of Rampur
1872-1873: His Highness 'Ali Jah, Farzand-i-Dilpazir, Mukhlis ud-Daula, Nasir ul-Mulk, Amir ul-Umara, Hajji Nawab Kalb Ali Khan Bahadur, Mustaid Jang, Nawab of Rampur
1873-1875: His Highness 'Ali Jah, Farzand-i-Dilpazir-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mukhlis ud-Daula, Nasir ul-Mulk, Amir ul-Umara, Hajji Nawab Kalb Ali Khan Bahadur, Mustaid Jang, Nawab of Rampur
1875-1877: His Highness 'Ali Jah, Farzand-i-Dilpazir-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mukhlis ud-Daula, Nasir ul-Mulk, Amir ul-Umara, Hajji Nawab Sir Kalb Ali Khan Bahadur, Mustaid Jang, Nawab of Rampur, GCSI
1877-1878: His Highness 'Ali Jah, Farzand-i-Dilpazir-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mukhlis ud-Daula, Nasir ul-Mulk, Amir ul-Umara, Hajji Nawab Sir Kalb Ali Khan Bahadur, Mustaid Jang, Nawab of Rampur, GCSI
1878-1887: His Highness 'Ali Jah, Farzand-i-Dilpazir-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia, Mukhlis ud-Daula, Nasir ul-Mulk, Amir ul-Umara, Hajji Nawab Sir Kalb Ali Khan Bahadur, Mustaid Jang, Nawab of Rampur, GCSI, CIE

Honours
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI)-1875
Prince of Wales's Gold Medal-1875
Empress of India Medal in Gold-1877
Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE)-1878

References

External links
Writings of Nawab Kalb Ali Khan at Rekhta.org

Kalb Ali Khan
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
1830s births
1887 deaths
Indian Sunni Muslims
Indian knights
Urdu-language writers from India
Urdu-language poets from India
Urdu-language non-fiction writers
Urdu-language essayists


The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ambatondrazaka () is a diocese located in the city of Ambatondrazaka, Madagascar, in the Ecclesiastical province of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toamasina (in Toamasina, Madagascar).

History
 May 21, 1959: Established as Diocese of Ambatondrazaka from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Diégo-Suarez and Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tananarive

Bishops
Bishops of Ambatondrazaka
 François Vòllaro, O.SS.T. (1959.12.19 – 1993.03.06)
 Antoine Scopelliti, O.SS.T. (1993.03.06 - 2015.04.11)
 Jean de Dieu Raoelison (2015.04.11 – 5 June 2023)

Coadjutor Bishops
Antoine Scopelliti, O.SS.T. (1991-1993)

Auxiliary Bishop
Gaetano Di Pierro, S.C.I. (2001-2006), appointed Bishop of Moramanga

See also
Roman Catholicism in Madagascar
List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Madagascar

References

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

Roman Catholic dioceses in Madagascar
Christian organizations established in 1959
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
1959 establishments in Madagascar
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Toamasina


Almog is a kibbutz near the Dead Sea.

Almog () is also a Hebrew word meaning "coral". It is the name of:

 Almog Cohen (footballer) (born 1988), Israeli footballer

Notable people with the family name Almog include:
 Aharon Almog (de)
 Doron Almog (born 1951), Major General in the Israel Defense Forces, Chair of the Jewish Agency
 Ruth Almog (born 1936), Israeli novelist
 Ze'ev Almog (born 1935), Commander in Chief of the Israeli Navy
 Oz Almog (born 1956), Israeli-Austrian artist

Almogi
Almogi () is a variant:
 Yosef Aharon Almogi, ne Karlenboym (1910–1991), Poland-born Israeli politician

References

Jewish given names
Hebrew-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin


Shepherdswell railway station is a station on the East Kent Railway. The southern terminus of the East Kent Light Railway, It opened on 16 October 1916 and closed to passenger traffic after the last train on 30 October 1948.  Shepherdswell was the location of the engine shed and works, and many sidings. It served the village of Shepherdswell or Sibertswold.

The station reopened as part of the East Kent Railway in 1993. It is about  from the mainline station Shepherds Well.

References

Heritage railway stations in Kent
Former East Kent Light Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1916
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1948
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1993


Moritz Moses Rabinowitz (20 September 1887 – 27 February 1942) was a retail merchant based in the city of Haugesund, Norway.  Rabinowitz was active in the Jewish community in Norway and was an early opponent of Nazism. After Nazi Germany invaded Norway, Rabinowitz was arrested and moved to Germany. He was murdered in Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1942.

Family
Rabinowitz was born in Rajgród into a Jewish family as a son of Isaac Levi and Chaya Rosa Rabinowitz. It is also known that he had two sisters and a younger brother. The brother – Herman Herschel – also emigrated to Norway and settled in Bergen. Rabinowitz wrote that he had witnessed "barbaric" murders during pogroms, particularly in Białystok. As long as he lived, Rabinowitz sent money to his parents in Poland.

Rabinowitz married Johanne Goldberg, the daughter of Salomon Goldberg who founded the Friedenstempel in Berlin. They had one child, Edith, born in 1918. She married the Austrian refugee Hans Reichwald, and they had a son Harry, born in 1940. Johanne Rabinowitz died on 25 November 1939, after relocating to Bergen to be near her sister Rosa, who had married Moritz's brother Hermann. Rabinowitz traveled extensively along the Norwegian west coast south of Bergen and apparently spent most weekends with his family.

By 1942, the widower Moritz Rabinowitz's family in Norway consisted of his daughter Edith, son-in-law Hans, grandson Harry, and sister-in-law Rosa, who was married to his brother Hermann. None of these would survive the Holocaust.

Biography
Rabinowitz emigrated to Norway in 1909, at first finding work as a retail clerk in Bergen, then as a peddler. In 1911, he took over the lease of a small café in Haugesund and opened an apparel store with only two items in his inventory: one suit and one overcoat. Over time the business grew, and he moved to a larger location in Haugesund and ultimately opened stores also in Odda, Sauda, Stavanger, Egersund, and Kristiansand. He reinvested his profits and soon became a mainstay in the apparel retail business in southwestern Norway under the company name M. Rabinowitz. He also started an apparel manufacturing company called Condor. By 1940, Rabinowitz employed about 250 people. He also founded the Hotel Bristol in Haugesund. The Rabinowitz family also had a country home at Førdesfjorden they called Jødeland ("Jewland").

Activism

Though he belonged to a small minority in an otherwise homogeneous and well-functioning society, Rabinowitz became a public figure in Haugesund and the surrounding region. He was a frequent contributor of opinion pieces to the local press, addressing issues including labor relations, relief aid to war-torn areas in Spain, Finland, and Austria. He made charitable donations to numerous causes. Among those that are known he gave gifts and financial support for Christmas celebrations in the local jail, orphanage, Blue Cross, and seaman's church. He donated an entire section of Åkrasanden on Karmøy to the citizens of Haugesund for their recreational purposes.

He was a voice against antisemitism. His nemesis in the op-ed pages was Eivind Saxlund, a voice for the antisemitism of the time. His involvement also got national attention from a leading proponent of racist antisemitism, Jon Alfred Mjøen, who brought the issue to the pages of Aftenposten. Rabinowitz also prevailed in a defamation lawsuit against Mikal Sylten, editor of Nationalt Tidsskrift. Taking place in June 1927, it was the second defamation lawsuit against Nationalt Tidsskrift, after the lawsuit from Kristiansund-based chief physician Ephraim Koritzinsky which took place in May.

Rabinowitz expressed his deep opposition to Nazism in the newspaper pages as early as 1933, figuring that Hitler's "career was only possible in an era as desperate and confused as today's." German Nazi newspapers named him as the Jewish community's secular leader in Norway. In 1934 he wrote that "the new Germany lives in a martial psychosis, specializing in child-rearing for war, and military technique...children are taught from the cradle to hate all foreign peoples and to kill them at the order to do so." In 1934 he also predicted a devastating world war, was unimpressed by the non-aggression treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union. He sent telegrams to world leaders, including Roosevelt, Hindenburg, and Chamberlain, imploring them to intervene on behalf of German Jews. In 1939 he demanded that Norway improve its coastal defense system against a German attack and occupation.

His involvement prompted one reporter to write in Egersundsposten, on 30 January 1940, that: "There may be no other Norwegian who has traveled more extensively in Europe than as Rabinowitz, and he knows the flashpoint Poland inside and out... Rabinowitz is the kind of Jew who shouts from the rooftops that he is a Jew... some may find this irritating... but in truth Rabinowitz is more Norwegian than most of us".

Capture, deportation, and death

Rabinowitz expected that the war would come to Norway. On 8 April, the day before the surprise attack came, he submitted his last op-ed article to Haugesunds Avis in which he asked readers to give the Norwegian soldier respect and support. The German army landed in Norway on 9 April and Haugesund on 10 April. The Gestapo made capturing Rabinowitz a high priority in the little coastal town. Rabinowitz had prepared several places along the coast as hiding places and moved from one to the other with Gestapo on his tracks. Following the war, there was some debate as to why Rabinowitz did not avail himself of four known opportunities to flee the country by sea to England. Among the townspeople of Haugesund, it was rumored that he was too invested in his company and his money. This view, reinforced by stereotypes was rejected in the local papers when Rabinowitz's (non-Jewish) business manager and several employees emphatically stated that such motivations would be uncharacteristic of him. Subsequent op-ed pieces have argued that he declined passage on two occasions for reasons unrelated to his business affairs.

They finally caught up with him in Skånevik, probably by shadowing employees who were conveying business decisions between Rabinowitz and his businesses. By then his daughter, son-in-law, and grandson had joined him.

Rabinowitz was first detained in the regional jail at Lagård in Stavanger, was then sent to Møllergata 19 jail in Oslo on 26 February 1941 and then to Ånebyleiren concentration camp on 22 March, until he was sent back to Møllergata 19 on 25 April, where he remained until his deportation on the MS Monte Rosa 22 May 1941. The Monte Rosa landed in Stettin, where he wrote his will. Rabinowitz ended up in Sachsenhausen, where he was placed in the barracks for Jews, though he was officially categorized as a political prisoner. He died on 27 February 1942. The death certificate lists pneumonia as the cause of death, but according to fellow prisoner, Rabinowitz was kicked and stomped to death outside Barrack 38 in Sachsenhausen.
Rabinowitz's brother, daughter, grandson, and son-in-law were all later deported and murdered in Auschwitz.

As it happened, Rabinowitz managed to convey his last greetings via a German inmate and another inmate from Haugesund to the people of Haugesund. These were reproduced in the obituary that was published on 20 June 1945. On 6 May 1986, the people of Haugesund erected a memorial stone for Rabinowitz.

Rabinowitz also dictated and signed his last will and testament to a fellow inmate, Christian Wilhelm Rynning-Tønnesen, where he left all his earthly belongings to his daughter Edith, also expressing a wish that his businesses continue as going concerns. Since Edith and her entire family also were murdered, what was left of Rabinowitz's estate went into probate after the war.  After the occupying powers had confiscated his businesses, and at least NOK 300,000 in cash and securities, his estate was valued at NOK 986,000 at the end of the war.

References

External links

1887 births
1942 deaths
The Holocaust in Norway
Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust
Norwegian Jews
Polish emigrants to Norway
Levites
People from Grajewo County
People from Haugesund
People who died in Sachsenhausen concentration camp
Norwegian civilians killed in World War II
People executed by blunt trauma
Polish people executed in Nazi concentration camps
Norwegian people executed in Nazi concentration camps
Norwegian people executed abroad
Executed people from Podlaskie Voivodeship
Polish Jews


The 2008 Thomas & Uber Cup was the 25th tournament of the Thomas Cup and 22nd tournament of the Uber Cup, the men's and women's team competition in badminton, respectively. It was held in Jakarta, Indonesia, from May 11 to May 18, 2008.

Host city selection
China, Indonesia, and the United States submitted a bid for the event. International Badminton Federation selected Indonesia as the host for the event during a council meeting in December 2005.

Qualification

Seedings
All the seeding list based on February 28, 2008 world rankings as the draw was conducted on March 11, 2008. The top four seeding teams is in first pot, follow by next four teams in the second pot and the bottom four teams was put in the third pot.

Thomas Cup

Uber Cup

Squads

Thomas Cup

Groups

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout stage

Uber Cup

Groups

Group W

Group X

Group Y

Group Z

Knockout stage

Controversies
The controversy arose when an unfair scheduling forced some of the teams to play twice a day. Most of the teams were unhappy with the Badminton World Federation decision, including the Indonesia Uber Cup team who threatened to pull out from the tournament due to the scheduling affair, forcing organisers to amend the schedule.

Another controversy cropped up in the tournament was the decision of Korea Thomas Cup team to throw both of their group matches to get a better opposition in the knockout stage. They lost 4–1 in both group matches against England and Malaysia and soon admitted they played to lose the game. However, Korean manager denied any fault on them and blamed on the format. This controversy forced the BWF to reexamine the rules and format for future tournaments.

References

External links
Thomas and Uber Cup 2008 at tournamentsoftware.com

Thomas & Uber Cup
2008 in badminton
2008 in Indonesian sport
International sports competitions hosted by Indonesia
Sports competitions in Jakarta
T&U


For a pure wave motion in fluid dynamics, the Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation.

More generally, the Stokes drift velocity is the difference between the average Lagrangian flow velocity of a fluid parcel, and the average Eulerian flow velocity of the fluid at a fixed position. This nonlinear phenomenon is named after George Gabriel Stokes, who derived expressions for this drift in his 1847 study of water waves.

The Stokes drift is the difference in end positions, after a predefined amount of time (usually one wave period), as derived from a description in the Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates. The end position in the Lagrangian description is obtained by following a specific fluid parcel during the time interval. The corresponding end position in the Eulerian description is obtained by integrating the flow velocity at a fixed position—equal to the initial position in the Lagrangian description—during the same time interval.

The Stokes drift velocity equals the Stokes drift divided by the considered time interval.
Often, the Stokes drift velocity is loosely referred to as Stokes drift.
Stokes drift may occur in all instances of oscillatory flow which are inhomogeneous in space. For instance in water waves, tides and atmospheric waves.

In the Lagrangian description, fluid parcels may drift far from their initial positions. As a result, the unambiguous definition of an average Lagrangian velocity and Stokes drift velocity, which can be attributed to a certain fixed position, is by no means a trivial task. However, such an unambiguous description is provided by the Generalized Lagrangian Mean (GLM) theory of Andrews and McIntyre in 1978.

The Stokes drift is important for the mass transfer of various kinds of material and organisms by oscillatory flows. It plays a crucial role in the generation of Langmuir circulations.
For nonlinear and periodic water waves, accurate results on the Stokes drift have been computed and tabulated.

Mathematical description

The Lagrangian motion of a fluid parcel with position vector x = ξ(α, t) in the Eulerian coordinates is given by

where
 ∂ξ/∂t is the partial derivative of ξ(α, t) with respect to t,
 ξ(α, t) is the Lagrangian position vector of a fluid parcel,
 u(x, t) is the Eulerian velocity,
 x is the position vector in the Eulerian coordinate system,
 α is the position vector in the Lagrangian coordinate system,
 t is time.
Often, the Lagrangian coordinates α are chosen to coincide with the Eulerian coordinates x at the initial time t = t0:

If the average value of a quantity is denoted by an overbar, then the average Eulerian velocity vector ūE and average Lagrangian velocity vector ūL are

Different definitions of the average may be used, depending on the subject of study (see ergodic theory):
 time average,
 space average,
 ensemble average,
 phase average.
The Stokes drift velocity ūS is defined as the difference between the average Eulerian velocity and the average Lagrangian velocity:

In many situations, the mapping of average quantities from some Eulerian position x to a corresponding Lagrangian position α forms a problem. Since a fluid parcel with label α traverses along a path of many different Eulerian positions x, it is not possible to assign α to a unique x.
A mathematically sound basis for an unambiguous mapping between average Lagrangian and Eulerian quantities is provided by the theory of the generalized Lagrangian mean (GLM) by Andrews and McIntyre (1978).

Example: A one-dimensional compressible flow

For the Eulerian velocity as a monochromatic wave of any nature in a continuous medium:  one readily obtains by the perturbation theory with  as a small parameter for the particle position

Here the last term describes the Stokes drift velocity

Example: Deep water waves

The Stokes drift was formulated for water waves by George Gabriel Stokes in 1847. For simplicity, the case of infinitely deep water is considered, with linear wave propagation of a sinusoidal wave on the free surface of a fluid layer:

where
 η is the elevation of the free surface in the z direction (meters),
 a is the wave amplitude (meters),
 k is the wave number: k = 2π/λ (radians per meter),
 ω is the angular frequency: ω = 2π/T (radians per second),
 x is the horizontal coordinate and the wave propagation direction (meters),
 z is the vertical coordinate, with the positive z direction pointing out of the fluid layer (meters),
 λ is the wave length (meters),
 T is the wave period (seconds).

As derived below, the horizontal component ūS(z) of the Stokes drift velocity for deep-water waves is approximately:

As can be seen, the Stokes drift velocity ūS is a nonlinear quantity in terms of the wave amplitude a. Further, the Stokes drift velocity decays exponentially with depth: at a depth of a quarter wavelength, z = −λ/4, it is about 4% of its value at the mean free surface, z = 0.

Derivation

It is assumed that the waves are of infinitesimal amplitude and the free surface oscillates around the mean level z = 0. The waves propagate under the action of gravity, with a constant acceleration vector by gravity (pointing downward in the negative z direction). Further the fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible, with a constant mass density. The fluid flow is irrotational. At infinite depth, the fluid is taken to be at rest.

Now the flow may be represented by a velocity potential φ, satisfying the Laplace equation and

In order to have non-trivial solutions for this eigenvalue problem, the wave length and wave period may not be chosen arbitrarily, but must satisfy the deep-water dispersion relation:

with g the acceleration by gravity in (m/s2). Within the framework of linear theory, the horizontal and vertical components, ξx and ξz respectively, of the Lagrangian position ξ are

The horizontal component ūS of the Stokes drift velocity is estimated by using a Taylor expansion around x of the Eulerian horizontal velocity component ux = ∂ξx / ∂t at the position ξ:

See also
 Coriolis–Stokes force
 Darwin drift
 Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates
 Material derivative

References

Historical

Reprinted in:

Other

Notes

Fluid dynamics
Water waves


Defending champion Shingo Kunieda and his partner Satoshi Saida defeated the other four-time defending champion Robin Ammerlaan and his partner Ronald Vink in the final, 6–4, 6–3 to win the men's doubles wheelchair tennis title at the 2008 Australian Open.

Seeds

 Shingo Kunieda /  Satoshi Saida (champions)
 Robin Ammerlaan /  Ronald Vink (final)

Draw

Finals
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Finals

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01= Shingo Kunieda Satoshi Saida
| RD1-score01-1=
| RD1-score01-2=
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02=BYEBYE
| RD1-score02-1=
| RD1-score02-2=
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03= Yoshinobu Fujimoto Tony Lara
| RD1-score03-1=4
| RD1-score03-2=1
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-team04= Robinson Mendez Nicolas Peifer
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-score04-1=6
| RD1-score04-2=6
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05= Frédéric Cattanéo Martin Legner
| RD1-score05-1=
| RD1-score05-2=
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06=BYEBYE
| RD1-score06-1=
| RD1-score06-2=
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07= Takahiro Hirate David Latham
| RD1-score07-1=2
| RD1-score07-2=6
| RD1-score07-3=[10]
| RD1-seed08=
| RD1-team08= Michael Dobbie Steffen Sommerfield
| RD1-score08-1=6
| RD1-score08-2=1
| RD1-score08-3=7

| RD1-seed09=
| RD1-team09= Tadeusz Kruszelnicki Jon Rydberg
| RD1-score09-1=5
| RD1-score09-2=6
| RD1-score09-3=9
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10=
| RD1-score10-1=7
| RD1-score10-2=1
| RD1-score10-3=11

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11=BYEBYE
| RD1-score11-1=
| RD1-score11-2=
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12= Stéphane Houdet Michaël Jérémiasz
| RD1-score12-1=
| RD1-score12-2=
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13= Maikel Scheffers Eric Stuurman
| RD1-score13-1=3
| RD1-score13-2=6
| RD1-score13-3=4
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14= Niclas Larsson David Phillipson
| RD1-score14-1=6
| RD1-score14-2=1
| RD1-score14-3=[10]

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15=BYEBYE
| RD1-score15-1=
| RD1-score15-2=
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16= Robin Ammerlaan Ronald Vink
| RD1-score16-1=
| RD1-score16-2=
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01= Shingo Kunieda Satoshi Saida
| RD2-score01-1=6
| RD2-score01-2=6
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02=
| RD2-score02-1=1
| RD2-score02-2=2
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03= Frédéric Cattanéo Martin Legner
| RD2-score03-1=1
| RD2-score03-2=3
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04= Takahiro Hirate David Latham
| RD2-score04-1=6
| RD2-score04-2=6
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05= Anthony Bonaccurso Ben Weeks
| RD2-score05-1=1
| RD2-score05-2=2
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06= Stéphane Houdet Michaël Jérémiasz
| RD2-score06-1=6
| RD2-score06-2=6
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07= Niclas Larsson David Phillipson
| RD2-score07-1=4
| RD2-score07-2=2
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08= Robin Ammerlaan Ronald Vink
| RD2-score08-1=6
| RD2-score08-2=6
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01= Shingo Kunieda Satoshi Saida
| RD3-score01-1=6
| RD3-score01-2=6
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-team02= Takahiro Hirate David Latham
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-score02-1=0
| RD3-score02-2=2
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03= Stéphane Houdet Michaël Jérémiasz
| RD3-score03-1=2
| RD3-score03-2=0
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04=

Wheelchair Men's Doubles
2008,Men's Doubles


The Jehol Biota includes all the living organisms – the ecosystem – of northeastern China between 133 and 120 million years ago. This is the Lower Cretaceous ecosystem which left fossils in the Yixian Formation and Jiufotang Formation. These deposits are composed of layers of tephra and sediment. It is also believed to have left fossils in the Sinuiju series of North Korea. The ecosystem in the Lower Cretaceous was dominated by wetlands and numerous lakes (not rivers, deltas, or marine habitats). Rainfall was seasonal, alternating between semiarid and mesic conditions. The climate was temperate. The Jehol ecosystem was interrupted periodically by ash eruptions from volcanoes to the west. The word "Jehol" is a historical transcription of the former Rehe Province.

Origin
Some scientists have argued that the Jehol Biota evolved directly from the preceding Daohugou Biota without any strongly defined division. However, the absolute dating of the Daohugou beds has been the subject of divergent opinion: in 2006, Wang et al.  found an overall similarity between the fossil animals found in the Daohugou Beds and the "Jehol Biota" from the Yixian Formation. Several other research teams, including Liu et al., have attempted to disprove this reasoning by using Zircon U-Pb dating on the volcanic rocks overlying and underlying salamander-bearing layers (salamanders are often used as index fossils). Liu et al. found that the Daohugou beds formed between 164 and 158 million years ago, in the Middle to Late Jurassic. Later, Ji et al. argued that the key indicator of the Jehol biota are the index fossil fishes Peipiaosteus and Lycoptera. Under this definition, the earliest evolutionary stage of the Jehol Biota is represented by the Huajiying Formation.

Fossil preservation
 The Yixian and Jiufotang Formations are considered Lagerstätte, meaning that they have exceptionally good conditions for fossil preservation. The fossils are numerous, but also very well preserved – often including articulated skeletons, soft tissues, colour patterns, stomach contents, and twigs with leaves and flowers still attached.  Zhonghe Zhou et al.. (2003) deduced two things from this. The first is that the land animals and plants were washed into the lakes very gently, or were already in the lakes when they died. They do not show the damage seen in fossils formed by large floods. Secondly, volcanic ash is commonly inter-bedded with lake sediments, and ashfalls seem to have quickly buried the fossilized organisms, creating anoxic conditions around them and preventing scavenging.

Refuge and laboratory
Zhonghe Zhou et al. (2003) noted that, for the Early Cretaceous, the Jehol Biota includes a mixture of advanced and ancient species, and also of species found only in the Jehol and others found all around the world. It is possible that northeast Asia was isolated for part of the Jurassic by the Turgai Sea which separated Europe from  Asia at the time.

The Jehol Biota includes many species that were previously known only from the Late Jurassic or earlier. These "relict" species include the compsognathid dinosaur Sinosauropteryx and the anurognathid pterosaur Dendrorhynchoides. It also has the earliest and most primitive known members of groups that spread all around the world by the Late Cretaceous, including neoceratopsians, therizinosaurs, tyrannosaurs, and oviraptorids. Northeastern Asia may have been the center of diversification of these dinosaur groups.

The Jehol Biota was not entirely isolated, however, because it also includes animals which were known from all around the world at the same time, including discoglossid frogs, paramacellodid lizards, multituberculate mammals, enantiornithine birds, ctenochasmatid pterosaurs, iguanodontian ornithopods, titanosauriform sauropods, nodosaurid ankylosaurs, and dromaeosaurid theropods.

Diversity
The Jehol Biota is particularly noteworthy for the very high diversity of fossils and the very large numbers of individuals of each species that have been recovered.

The Jehol Biota has produced fossils of plant macro- and microfossils, including angiosperms (the earliest known), charophytes and dinocysts, snails (gastropods), clams (bivalves), superabundant aquatic arthropods called conchostracans, ostracods, shrimps, insects, spiders, fish, frogs and salamanders (amphibians), turtles, choristoderes, lizards (squamates), pterosaurs, and dinosaurs including feathered dinosaurs,  the largest mammals known from the Mesozoic, and a great diversity of birds including the earliest advanced birds.

The forests around the lakes were dominated by conifers including members of the podocarp, pine, araucaria, and cypress families. There were  also ginkgos, czekanowskialeans, bennettitaleans, ephedra, horsetails, ferns, and mosses. The leaves and needles of the trees show adaptations to a dry season, but some of the ferns and mosses are types that grow in very wet habitats. It is possible that the latter avoided dry conditions by growing very close to bodies of water. Archaefructus has been described as the earliest known flowering plant (Angiosperm), and it is reconstructed as an aquatic plant.

Gu (1983 and 1995) defined the following species as typifying the Jehol Biota:

 gastropods: Bellamya clavilithiformis, B. fengtienensis, Probaicalia gerassimovi, P. spp., Viviparus, Galba, Hydrobia;
 bivalves: Arguniella cf. ventricosa (=Ferganoconcha linguanense)-Sphaerium (Sphaerium) anderssoni (=Sphaerium jeholensis) fossil group, Nakamuranaia, Weichangella;
 conchostracans: Eosestheria-Diestheria-Liaoningestheria or Eosestheria fossil group, Fengninggrapta, Yanjiestheria, Pseudestherites, Orthestheria;
 ostracods: Cypridea sulcata, C. vitimensis, C. yumenensis, C. koskulensis, C. tumescens-C. dunkeri-C. granulosa assemblage, C. (Yumenia) equimarginata, Limnocypridea tumulosa;
 insects: Ephemeropsis trisetalis, Mesolygaeus laiyangensis, Chironomaptera menlanura, Coptoclava longipoda, Clyptostemma xyphidle, Sinaeschuidia heishankouensis;
 fish: Lycoptera spp., Peipiaosteus, Sinamia, Haizhoulepis;
 reptiles: Monjurosuchus splendens (including Rhynchosaurus orientalis), Yabeinosaurus tenuis, Luanpingosaurus, Psittacosaurus;
 and mammals: Endotherium niinomi, Origolestes lii.

Study
The name "Jehol Biota" was first published by Gu (1962), but was in use by geologists and paleontologists by 1959. This term replaced the former "Jehol Fauna", which Amadeus William Grabau (1923) defined as the fossil assemblage typified by numerous fossils of the conchostracan Eosestheria, the mayfly Ephemeropsis, and the Teleost fish Lycoptera. Thus it was sometimes called "EEL".

The Jehol group was defined by Gu (1962 and 1983) as a group of geological formations including the Jehol Coal-bearing Beds, the Jehol Oil Shale Beds, and the Jehol Volcanic Rocks. By now the group includes, in ascending order, the Yixian Formation (including the Jingangshan, Tuhulu, Jianchang, Lower Volcanic and Volcanic Rock formations), the Jiufotang Formation (including the Shahai Formation) and the Fuxin Formation (including the Binggou, Haizhou and Upper Volcanic formations). Chiappe et al. argued in 1999 that the lower beds of the Yixian were best subdivided into a separate formation, the Chaomidianzi Formation, with a type locality at the village of Sihetun, approximately 25 km south of Beipiao City. However, this classification has fallen out of favor, and the Chaomidianzi Formation is disused as a synonym of the Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation.

In 2008, Ji et al. argued that these traditional definitions of the Jehol Biota arbitrarily excluded earlier fossil beds that clearly represent the first evolutionary stages of the later faunas, even though lower beds also had representatives of Ephemeropsis and Lycoptera. They argued that the boundaries of the biota should rather be set based on the distinctive large-scale sequences of volcanism which produced the strata, with the upper boundary set at the Shahai and Fuxin formations and the lower boundary at the Zhangjiakou Formation. Along with this sedimentary correlation, they noted that the best index fossils to identify the biota are Peipiaosteus and Lycoptera. Under this definition, the earliest stage of the Jehol Biota is represented by the Huajiying Formation.

See also

Daohugou Biota
Jiufotang Formation
Yixian Formation
Paleobiota of the Yixian Formation

References

Lower Cretaceous Series of Asia
Geology of China
Natural history of China
Geography of Liaoning
Geography of Hebei
Geography of Inner Mongolia
Geography of Northeast Asia
Geologic formations of China
Paleontology in Liaoning
Paleontology in Hebei
Prehistoric biotas


Bar-Ilan University is a public research university in Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv District, Israel.

Bar-Ilan may also refer to:

 David Bar-Ilan (1930–2003), Israeli pianist, author and newspaper editor
 Judit Bar-Ilan (1958–2019), Israeli computer scientist
 Meir Bar-Ilan (1880–1949), Orthodox rabbi, author, and Religious Zionist activist
 Bar-Ilan Street, a street in Jerusalem
 A 2009 peace address by Benjamin Netanyahu

See also

Hebrew-language surnames


Eythorne railway station is a station on the East Kent Railway. Originally a station on the East Kent Light Railway, It opened on 16 October 1916 but closed to passenger traffic after the last train on 30 October 1948. It served as the junction for the branch to Guilford Colliery, which was abandoned in 1921. The track on this branch was lifted in 1931 but relaid during World War II to accommodate a  rail mounted gun. The station served the village of Eythorne, it reopened as part of the East Kent Railway in 1993.

References

Heritage railway stations in Kent
Former East Kent Light Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1916
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1948
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1993


The Marathon-class cruiser was a class of second class cruiser of the Royal Navy ordered under the naval programme of 1887.  The class was a smaller version of the .

Three of the ships, Melpomene, Magicienne and Marathon, were built for foreign (tropical) service, with a sheath of wood and copper - this added weight and made them slightly slower.

Ships

Boiler trials
By 1901, the Royal Navy had ordered eight Dürr boilers from Germany, to be installed as a trial on board  as a substitute for the Belleville boilers then in naval use.

Notes

References

External links

www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk

Cruiser classes

Ship classes of the Royal Navy


Mike McLellan (born September 4, 1981) is an indoor lacrosse player for the Philadelphia Wings in the National Lacrosse League and an outdoor lacrosse player formerly of the Hamilton Nationals of Major League Lacrosse. Nicknamed "The Maestro", he played college lacrosse at Mercyhurst University and was named a two-time NCAA Division II All-American.

McLellan was drafted 14th overall by the Edmonton Rush in the 2005 NLL Entry Draft, and was immediately traded to the Arizona Sting. The following year McLellan was acquired by the New York Titans in the 2006 NLL Expansion Draft.

In week 14 of the 2007 NLL season, McLellan was awarded Rookie of the Week honors. Was named to the NLL ALL Rookie Team.

On August 6, 2010, McLellan was selected by the Toronto Rock in the NLL Dispersal Draft of Orlando Titans players. He was then traded by the Rock and to the Colorado Mammoth for a second round pick in the 2011 draft.  Signed as a free agent with the Philadelphia Wings in 2011. Retired from pro lacrosse before the start of the 2014 season ending a 9-year pro career.

Statistics

NLL

References

External links
NLL stats page
Toronto Nationals stats page

1981 births
Living people
Arizona Sting players
Canadian lacrosse players
Edmonton Rush players
Lacrosse people from Ontario
Mercyhurst Lakers men's lacrosse players
New York Titans (lacrosse) players
Orlando Titans players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Hamilton Nationals players
Colorado Mammoth players