In a technical drawing, a basic dimension is a theoretically exact dimension, given from a datum to a feature of interest.  In Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing,  basic dimensions are defined as a numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, profile, orientation or location of a feature or datum target.

Allowable variations from the theoretically exact geometry are indicated by feature control, notes, and tolerances on other non-basic dimensions.

Basic dimensions are currently denoted by enclosing the number of the dimension in a rectangle.

In earlier times, they were denoted by appending "BASIC" or "BSC" to the dimension

When features are located using BASIC dimensions by chain dimensioning, there is no accumulation of tolerance between features, because the dimensions refer to the theoretically perfect position of the feature, not the actual location of the feature within the range permitted by tolerances.

Basic dimensions, identified by the engineer, locate tolerance zones. Because that’s true, basic dimensions identify tolerance information located in feature control frames that state geometric tolerances. When an engineer makes a statement of tolerance, that statement is made in the form of a feature control frame.

References

Technical drawing


Basic Education High School No. 1 Meiktila (; commonly known as Royal No.1 High School), located on the bank of Lake Meiktila, is a public high school in Meiktila, Myanmar.

High schools in Mandalay Region
Meiktila
Educational institutions established in 1901
1901 establishments in Burma


ImpactLife, formerly Community Blood Services of Illinois, is a blood center located in Urbana, Illinois.

ImpactLife provides lifesaving blood products to more than 123 hospitals in a four-state region. Headquartered in Davenport, Iowa, with distribution hubs and donor centers in Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Wisconsin.

In addition to its headquarters, ImpactLife has regional distribution hubs in central Illinois (Peoria, Illinois and Springfield, Illinois), eastern Illinois (Urbana, Illinois); southeastern Iowa (Ottumwa, Iowa), the St. Louis region (Earth City, Missouri) and southern Wisconsin (Madison, Wisconsin).

 ImpactLife collects blood at 19 fixed site donor centers and at more than 5,000 mobile blood drives held each year.

ImpactLife is licensed and regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and holds membership in America's Blood Centers, the American Association of Blood Banks and participate in the National Marrow Donor Program.

References

Transfusion medicine
Urbana, Illinois


Lieutenant General Jack C. Stultz, Jr. (born June 11, 1952) is a retired United States Army general who served as the commanding general of the United States Army Reserve.

Biography
Jack Calvin Stultz, Jr. was born in Leaksville North Carolina.  He attended Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. He played and lettered in football from 1971 to 1973. Stultz entered active duty in 1974 after receiving his commission as an engineer officer from the Reserve Officers' Training Corps. After completing the Engineer Officer Basic Course and Airborne School, he was assigned to the 20th Engineer Battalion, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and served as platoon leader, executive officer, and commander, Company B, 20th Engineer Battalion.

Stultz left active duty in June 1979 to pursue a civilian career. He also began his Army Reserve career with assignment to the 108th Division (Infantry OSUT), headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. Stultz served in a variety of positions with the 108th Division, including brigade assistant operations officer, battalion personnel officer, commander, Company D, 4th Battalion 108th Regiment, and division assistant operations officer.

Stultz began his career with the Transportation Corps in February 1987 with an assignment to the 32d Transportation Group (Composite), which was mobilized and deployed in November 1990 in support of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Stultz was responsible for providing transportation support to XVIII Airborne Corps and VII Corps in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Kuwait. Stultz assumed responsibilities as the group executive officer after returning from the desert in July 1991.

He took command of the 257th Transportation Battalion (Movement Control) in 1995. The battalion deployed to the Balkans in March 1997 in support of Operation Joint Endeavor/Joint Guard, providing movement control support for operations in Hungary, Croatia, and Bosnia.

He took command of the 32d Transportation Group in 1998, and served in this capacity until assuming duties as deputy commanding general, 143d Transportation Command in 1999.

Stultz deployed to Kuwait in October 2002 as commander, 143d Transportation Command (Forward), establishing initial logistics operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Moving forward into Iraq with the initial ground offensive, he established the first forward logistics hub at Tallil and initial rail operations at Garma, located west of Baghdad. In October 2003, he was assigned as director of movements, distribution, and transportation, Coalition Forces Land Component Command-Kuwait, responsible for the deployment and redeployment of sustainment supplies for United States and Coalition forces in Kuwait and Iraq. From January to August 2004, he was responsible for port and ground transportation operations for the largest movement of forces since World War II, more commonly known as a "surge." Stultz returned to the United States in August 2004 after 22 months in theater.

In October 2004, Stultz was promoted to the rank of major general and assumed command of the 143d Transportation Command in Orlando, Florida, which provided command and control to twelve units in the southeastern United States.

United States Army Reserve Command
Stultz was assigned as deputy commanding general of the United States Army Reserve Command in October 2005.  On May 25, 2006, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and became chief, Army Reserve, and commanding general, United States Army Reserve Command. On June 9, 2012, Stultz relinquished command to Lieutenant General Jeffrey Talley. Nearly 500 guests were on hand to honor Lt. Gen. Jack C. Stultz and his wife, Laura, on June 8, 2012, at the Raleigh Convention Center.  Stultz retired from active duty on 15 September 2012 with over 38 years of service.  He and his wife, Lauralyn Brown Stultz, reside in Apopka, Florida.  In his retirement, Stultz serves on the board of directors of VSE Corporation in Alexandria, Virginia and as a private consultant to several major corporations and non-profit organizations.

Awards and decorations

References

External links
Biography on USAR Homepage

1952 births
Living people
Davidson College alumni
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
People from Dillon, South Carolina


In geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, a projected tolerance zone is defined to predict the final dimensions and locations of features on a component or assembly subject to tolerance stack-up.

References
ASME Y14.5M-1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing

American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Technical drawing


KAOI may refer to:

KAOI (AM), a radio station (1110 AM) licensed to Kihei, Hawaii, United States
KAOI-FM, a radio station (95.1 FM) licensed to Wailuku, Hawaii, United States


Richard Bull may refer to:

 Richard Bull (actor) (1924–2014), American actor
 Richard Bull (aviator) (1914–1942), U.S. naval officer
 Richard S. Bull (1913–1942), U.S. naval officer, also an aviator
 Richard Bull (Australian politician) (born 1946), New South Wales politician
 Richard Bull (MP) (1721–1805), British politician


Chaetorellia australis is a species of tephritid fruit fly known as the yellow starthistle peacock fly. It is used as an agent of biological pest control against the noxious weed yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis).

The adult fly is light golden yellow in color with small black spots on its body and stripes on its wings. The male fly is about 4 millimeters long and the female is slightly longer due to her large ovipositor. The female lays up to 240 cylindrical eggs beneath the bracts on the flower heads of yellow starthistle. The larva emerges and tunnels into the flower head, where it feeds on developing seeds. A larva might destroy up to 90% of the developing seeds inside a given flower head. It overwinters inside the head and pupates into an adult fly. There are at least two generations per year. The first generation often utilizes the minor weed cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) before continuing reproduction on yellow starthistle. Sometimes the fly is difficult to introduce to an area if there is no cornflower growing nearby.

C. australis generally occurs in low numbers and does not seem to have had much impact on starthistle seed production.

This fly is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean. It was first introduced to the United States for the purposes of biocontrol in 1988. It is now established throughout the northwestern United States.

Distribution
Poland, to Greece, Turkey. Introduced to North America.

References

External links
 Biocontrol Profile and links

Tephritinae
Insects used for control of invasive plants
Insects described in 1940
Diptera of Europe
Diptera of North America


Tooting Junction was a railway station in Tooting, south London, serving both the Wimbledon and the Merton branches of the Tooting, Merton and Wimbledon Railway.

History
The station was opened in 1868 but in 1894, to better handle the volume of traffic, it was re-sited slightly east. This is the present-day Tooting railway station, which was renamed from Tooting Junction to Tooting in 1938. After the closure of the Merton branch to passengers in 1929 the junction was removed and freight traffic served the small goods yard until 1968.

After closure, the original 1868 station building survived as a private dwelling until it was demolished in 2004; new houses were built on the site. Fragments of the platforms remain, and the original footbridge is still used as a pedestrian bridge over the railway. The former goods yard and part of the trackbed towards Merton Abbey is now the site of a supermarket.

See also
List of closed railway stations in London

External links
Disused Railway Stations: Tooting Junction
Electric Trains Through Tooting Station (c1959)

References

Disused railway stations in the London Borough of Merton
Former Tooting, Merton and Wimbledon Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1868
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1894
Tooting


KMKK may refer to:

 KMKK-FM, a defunct radio station (105.5 FM) formerly licensed to serve Tecopa, California, United States
 KKHI (FM), a radio station (102.3 FM) licensed to serve Kaunakakai, Hawaii, United States, which held the call sign KMKK-FM from 2006 to 2015


Italy v France, United Kingdom and United States (also called the Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 case) was a case decided by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 1954, and part of a long-running dispute over the fate of Nazi gold that was originally seized from Rome. The ICJ held that it had no jurisdiction to adjudicate the case.

Facts
On 17 September 1943, 2,338 kg of gold was seized by the Germans from Rome. After the war, both Italy and Albania claimed that this gold was theirs, and that the Tripartite Commission for the Restitution of Monetary Gold should return it to them. On 17 November 1950, the commission informed their forming governments (France, the UK and United States) that they could not resolve the issue. On 25 April 1951, the three governments, having failed to reach an agreement, agreed to request that the International Court of Justice appoint an independent arbitrator, who, on 20 February 1953, decided that the gold belonged to Albania.

However, the UK and Italy still laid claim to the gold: the UK as partial payment towards the (still unsettled) compensation that Albania was ordered to pay them against damage to UK navy vessels and loss of life during the Corfu Channel Incident, caused by an undisclosed Albanian mine-field in Corfu (see the Corfu Channel Case), whilst Italy claimed that most of the gold was originally Italian, seized by the Albanian government when it took control of the National Bank of Albania (which Italy had the majority of shares in), and additionally that the Italian Peace Treaty specifically gave them claim to the gold.

On 19 May 1953, Italy requested that the ICJ determine how much of the gold Italy had claim to, and whether the UK's or the Italian's claim should take precedence, stating that the three countries responsible for the redistribution of the gold should give it all to Italy in partial compensation for the Albanian seizure of the National Bank of Albania, and that this claim should over-ride the UK's claim.

Judgment
On 15 June 1954, the ICJ decided that, as the first issue to be addressed was the resolution of the legal dispute between Italy and Albania over the seizure of the National Bank of Albania, and as Albania had not deferred to the ICJ in this case, the ICJ had no jurisdiction in this matter.

See also
 List of International Court of Justice cases

References

External links
International Court of Justice records of this case

International Court of Justice cases
1953 in case law
1953 in international relations
Italy–United States relations
Albania–Italy relations
Italy–United Kingdom relations
France–Italy relations
Economy of Nazi Germany
Gold
Albania–United Kingdom relations


The following is a list of ecoregions in Zimbabwe, according to the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).

Terrestrial ecoregions
by major habitat type

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

 Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands
 Southern Africa bushveld
 Southern miombo woodlands
 Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands
 Zambezian and mopane woodlands

Montane grasslands and shrublands

 Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland mosaic

Freshwater ecoregions
by bioregion

Zambezi
 Zambezian Lowveld
 Zambezi
 Mulanje
 Eastern Zimbabwe Highlands
 Zambezian (Plateau) Highveld
 Middle Zambezi Luangwa

References
 Burgess, Neil, Jennifer D’Amico Hales, Emma Underwood (2004). Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.
 Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.

Zimbabwe
Ecoregions


Charles Edward Fonville (April 27, 1927 – July 13, 1994) was an American track and field athlete who set a world record in the shot put. In 1945, he had been named the Michigan High School Track & Field Athlete of the Year. He won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) shot put championship in 1947 and 1948. Competing for the University of Michigan at the Kansas Relays in April 1948, Fonville broke a 14-year-old world record, throwing the shot a foot further than the record.

Fonville was considered the favorite for the 1948 Olympic gold medal but a back injury prevented him from qualifying for the Games. After undergoing back surgery in November 1948, Fonville sat out the 1949 season, but came back in 1950 to win his third Big Ten Conference shot put championship. Fonville later became a lawyer and practiced law in Detroit, Michigan for 40 years. He was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1979, as part of the second class of inductees.

Early years
Born in Birmingham, Alabama, he moved with his family to Decatur, Illinois at age 11. Prior to his senior year in high school, his family moved to Detroit. In 1945, following Fonville's lone track season at Detroit's Miller High School, he was named Michigan High School Track & Field Athlete of the Year for his first-place performance at the Detroit City League Meet. Fonville's winning effort in the shot put was five feet better than that of the state champion. Later that summer, Charlie Fonville and Jessie Nimmons competed in the Detroit YMCA Track Championship as a two-man team for the St. Antoine YMCA; Fonville won the 100m, 200m, high jump, and shot put. Fonville and Nimmons won the 440 yard relay, with each of them running 220 yard legs. They were later disqualified for not having four runners. They finished in second place at the meet; their disqualification in the 440 preventing them from winning.

In 1945, Fonville enrolled at the University of Michigan without a scholarship and paid his way through college with summer jobs and working in a sorority dining room.

Big Ten shot put record in 1947
Fonville won the 1947 Big Ten indoor shot put championship. Early in the subsequent 1947 outdoor track season, Fonville was throwing over  and was poised to break William Watson's Big Ten Conference record. At a meet in early May 1947, he broke Watson's Ferry Field record with a throw of . At the Big Ten outdoor track and field meet in late May 1947 in Evanston, Illinois, Fonville broke the Big Ten shot put record in the qualifying rounds. Henry J. McCormick, of the Wisconsin State Journal, reported that "Friday's finals were highlighted by the shot put, where Charlie Fonville set a new conference record of , smashing the former mark of  which Bill Watson of Michigan set in 1938." Fonville then topped his own mark in the finals of the same meet with a throw of . The following month, Fonville continued to improve with a throw of  to win the NCAA meet.

World record in 1948
Fonville won the Big Ten indoor shot put championship again in 1948. In April 1948, Fonville broke the world record in the shot put at the Kansas Relays with a throw of . The previous mark of , set by Jack Torrance, had stood since 1934. The United Press reported:  Ironically, Fonville had felt he was not ready for the Kansas Relays. A back injury had discouraged him, and there was even discussion that he might not make the trip.

Fonville noted at the time that, in his opinion, speed was more essential than beef and weight in the shot put. Speaking about his technique, Fonville said, "You concentrate—and then you just try to explode across the circle." His coach, Ken Doherty, described Fonville as "one of the hardest working, most studious athletes" he had ever coached. Doherty also added that Fonville's technique distinguished him from most shot putters: "Fonville drives completely across the ring in one continuous motion. Previously, most shotputters made their initial hop and hesitated before their final drive. ... Any track coach looking at him, would recognize all the points of good form. The only difference is that he has unusual speed and quickness—and he is the greatest competitor I've ever coached." One columnist described Fonville's steady improvement from his freshman year in 1946 through his junior year in 1948 and concluded: "Small as shot-putters go, Fonville is the greatest in the long history of sensational 16–pound heavers."

Fonville's son, Carl Eric Fonville, later wrote that his father was troubled by the unequal treatment given to African-American athletes during the Kansas meet at which he set the world record. Upon arriving at the Kansas Relays, Fonville and Harrison Dillard of Baldwin-Wallace College were housed at the home of a black family. His son wrote: "Without unpacking they decided to take a walk to the University of Kansas campus where they found the other visiting white athletes being given campus tours and their treatment far different than their own. They both considered leaving but decided to stay and compete. Charles called Ann Arbor, Michigan to tell them that he wanted leave, he got Don Canham who told him that he was 'Sent to Kansas City to represent the University of Michigan,' the conversation was short and clear." Fonville and Dillard both set new world records at the event.

In June 1948, Fonville successfully defended his NCAA championship at the NCAA meet in Minneapolis, with a throw of .

Back injury and Olympic disappointment
Even before the Kansas Relays, one writer stated: "Michigan's Charley Fonville has only to retain his present form to be a certain Olympic games winner in the shot put." After a record-setting performance at the Purdue Relays, the United Press noted that "American Olympic stock was several points higher today." And after he set the world record at the Kansas Relays, the United Press reported: "You can write down the names of the midwest's terrific trio—Harrison Dillard, Fortune Gordien, and Charley Fonville—today as sure leaders of the U.S. Olympic track and field squad this summer. Out of the helter-skelter of three relay carnivals, ... these three emerged as Uncle Sam's surest hopes for glory in London."

However, Fonville had been competing with an ailing back all year. The injury worsened as the track season wore on, and in early July 1948, Fonville was forced to pull out of the National AAU track and field championships due to a "strained back." Michigan's coach, J. Kenneth Doherty, informed the meet of the injury but "did not say how severe the injury was nor if it would keep Fonville from Olympic competition."

Fonville competed in the Olympic trials in Evanston, Illinois in mid-July 1948, but he was not able to meet his own standards as a result of the injury. He finished fourth and, despite having broken the world record just three months earlier, did not qualify for the U.S. Olympic team. There were some who suggested that Fonville should be named to the Olympic team despite his fourth-place finish at the trials; others argued it would be unfair to the third-place finisher to take away his spot on the team. And "there was also a suspicion that Fonville's ailing back hadn't healed and that his performance at Evanston represented the best he can do at this time."

Wilbur Thompson won the gold medal in the 1948 Summer Olympics with a throw of —almost  shorter than Fonville's world-record distance.

Despite not making the Olympic team, he remained Michigan's most valuable track and field star, and at the end of the 1948 season he was chosen by teammates as captain for the 1949 season. However, in the fall of 1948, the severity of Fonville's injury was discovered, and it appeared he would never compete again. In October 1948, after observing Fonville for a month, specialists at the University of Michigan Hospital concluded that Fonville was suffering from a fused vertebrae. He apparently had the ailment since birth, but had aggravated the condition throwing a  iron ball in event after event. The Associated Press (AP) reported that the injury "has ended the Michigan star's brilliant collegiate shot-putting career."

In early November, doctors operated on Fonville, placing a bone graft onto his cracked vertebrae. After the surgery, doctors described the procedure as "100 percent successful." Fonville refused to give up, saying at the time of the operation that, though he would not compete in 1949, he had been troubled by his back for two years and hoped the operation would cure him and allow him to compete again in 1950.

Comeback in 1950
After sitting out the 1949 season to allow time for his back to heal from the surgery, Fonville returned to competition in 1950. The 1950 U-M yearbook, Michiganensian, simultaneously lamented about and praised Fonville's comeback, noting his return to form with a  throw in the Michigan A.A.U. meet in January and describing how it would have earned second place in the 1948 Olympics. However, Fonville was not able to throw at the distances he reached in 1948. After a victory in a meet against Wisconsin, The Wisconsin State Journal said: "Charlie Fonville, the former world recordholder in the shot put, heaved a creditable  to win the event. The Negro star, sidelined for 18 months, returned to competition three weeks ago to heave more than 55 feet." He also won the Big Ten Conference indoor title for the third time. However, the AP noted that Fonville "returned to competition this season after laying out last year and either has lost his terrific snap or is favoring the back." Jim Fuchs of Yale broke Fonville's world record, and the AP reported: "An injured back, perhaps, is all that stands in the way of boosting the world's record for the shot put to 60 feet. Michigan's Charlie Fonville, the athlete with the bad back, was the world's best shot putter two years ago and still holds the official mark of ." Though Fonville won the 1950 Drake relays, his winning throw of  was described as "comparatively puny" compared to the  throws of Jim Fuchs that year. In 1952, Michigan track coach (and future athletic director) Don Canham dedicated his book Field Techniques Illustrated to Fonville as follows: "Dedicated to Charlie Fonville a world record holder who accepted disappointment as graciously as he did fame and success."

Later years
After graduating from Michigan in 1950, Fonville worked in labor relations at Kaiser-Frazer, an automobile manufacturer, while attending Wayne State University Law School at night. Fonville was a lawyer in private practice in Detroit from 1954 to 1994. In 1979, Fonville was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor. He was part of only the second class inducted into the U-M Hall of Honor, being inducted in the same year as Michigan legends Fielding H. Yost, Fritz Crisler and Willie Heston. The only U-M track athlete inducted into the Hall of Honor before Fonville was Bob Ufer. In 1994, Fonville died at the University of Michigan Hospital—the same hospital where he had surgery in 1948 to repair his vertebrae. He was 67 years old when he died.

References

1927 births
1994 deaths
African-American male track and field athletes
American male shot putters
Michigan Wolverines men's track and field athletes
Track and field athletes from Detroit
Track and field athletes from Birmingham, Alabama
Wayne State University alumni
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
University of Michigan alumni
20th-century African-American sportspeople


The Ahuriri Branch, now named the Napier Port Branch, is a 2 km railway branch line off the Palmerston North–Gisborne Line, in Napier, New Zealand. The branch serves the Port of Napier.

Ahuriri by the Inner Harbour, originally called Spit, was the original port of Napier, and a 3 km line from Napier was opened on 25 November 1874, just a month after the opening of the line to Hastings. Passenger services were run on the line until 1908. The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake uplifted the area by about 2.5 metres, and the port was transferred to Breakwater, northeast of Bluff Hill. The Napier Harbour Board built a 2.4 km line from Ahuriri to Breakwater, which they operated with two Fowler 0-4-0 tank engines. This line was transferred to the NZR in 1957.

With the redevelopment of the Napier Railway Station in 1989-91 most of the Napier railways facilities were transferred to Pandora Point at the beginning of the Port Branch and the old stockyard at the end of the branch closed. Pandora Point now has a marshalling yard, freight terminal, locomotive depot, and a triangle giving direct access north and south from the port branch. The old main line north to Gisborne was realigned to the east to allow a new link road to the Tamatea area of Napier, and railways land redeveloped as an industrial subdivision.

See also
Palmerston North–Gisborne Line
Moutohora Branch
Nagtapa Branch

References

Further reading

 Hermann, Bruce J; North Island Branch Lines pp 60,61 (2007, New Zealand Railway & Locomotive Society, Wellington)
It’s all change at Napier; Rails, October 1990, Volume 20 No 3 pp. 52–54

Railway lines in New Zealand
Railway lines opened in 1874
Rail transport in the Hawke's Bay Region


This is a list of notable persons and groups who formally endorsed or voiced support for Senator Barack Obama's presidential campaign during the Democratic Party primaries and the general election.

U.S. presidents and vice presidents

U.S. senators

Current

Former

U.S. representatives

Current

Former

Governors

Current

Former

Presidential staff and advisors

Military

National political figures

Mayors

State, local and territory officials

Publications

Newspapers

Magazines
 Condé Nast Portfolio
 Esquire
 The New Yorker – New York City, New York
 VIBE

Academics

Economists

Scientists

 Sally Ride, physicist, former NASA astronaut, first American woman in space

Other academics

Business people

Fashion designers

Labor unions

Labor leaders and union officials

Social and political activists

Organizations

Environmental organizations, humane organizations, and wildlife groups

Other organizations

Native American tribes
 Crow Nation
 Fort Peck Indian Reservation
 Navajo Nation

Entertainers and artists

Actors and actresses

Comedians

Directors

Models
 Adrianne Curry
 Heidi Klum
 Cindy Crawford

Musicians

Television and radio personalities

Writers

Foreign writers

Athletes and sports

NBA basketball players

NFL football

Major League Baseball (MLB)

Wrestlers and boxers

Others

Notable family members of political figures

Other notable individuals

 David Weigel,

Foreign political figures

See also

References

Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
Obama, Barack
2008-related lists
2008 United States presidential election endorsements
Barack Obama-related lists


Ceará-Mirim is a city in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The population is 73,886 and the area is 739.686 km2.

Etymology
The origin of the city name is a mystery. Câmara Cascudo, one of the most important historians in Brazil, gives some alternatives from other authors, with all the alternatives leading to the Tupi language. José de Alencar suggests us that Ceará comes from the Tupi expression cê-ará, meaning "the parrot speaks" or "the parrot sings". Teodoro Sampaio gives us ceará or cemo-ará, which is "the parrot leaves" or "the parrot's departure". There are also the versions of Paulino Nogueira and João Brigido, who suggest, respectively, çoô-ará and ciri-ará, that are "truly hunting time" and "white crab".

History
The area was inhabited by indigenous people before the arrival of the Portuguese. In the 17th century the Society of Jesus settled here. The founding of the town came in 1755.

Initially inhabited by indigenous people (Potiguars) next to the riverside of  the Ryo Seara, later, the Ceará-Mirim River. The Potiguars made their first contacts with the European world by the trade of pau-brasil wood with the French and Spanish people. Later, with the consolidation of the colony of Brazil, it was occupied by the Portuguese people.

The region of the Ryo Seara was occupied because the land was good for agriculture, and some farming and cattle raising took place. By the 18th century there were many sesmarias (special Portuguese concession of lands for agriculture and cattle development) completely dividing the region with the biggest or the smallest utility. The first mills of Ceará-Mirim emerged after 1840, but by 1858, when the transference of the headquarters occurred, there were remarkable industrial and livestock developments.

In the letters of the Ouvidor Domingos Monteiro da Rocha, in July 1757, he included the Povoação do Ceará-Mirim (Ceará-Mirim village), where he says "with many residents". The first school emerged only in 1858, installed at Bôca da Mata, Extremoz county. The first meeting of the city council occurred on 14 October 1858, in Ceará-Mirim Village.

References

Populated coastal places in Rio Grande do Norte
Municipalities in Rio Grande do Norte


Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350 (1977), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld the right of lawyers to advertise their services. In holding that lawyer advertising was commercial speech entitled to protection under the First Amendment (incorporated against the States through the Fourteenth Amendment), the Court upset the tradition against advertising by lawyers, rejecting it as an antiquated rule of etiquette.

The Court emphasized the benefits of the information that flows to consumers through advertising, positing that lawyer advertising would make legal services more accessible to the general public and improve the overall administration of justice. The Court had previously held in Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council that advertising by pharmacists regarding the price of prescription drugs was commercial speech protected by the First Amendment.

Background
John Bates and Van O'Steen graduated from the Arizona State University College of Law in 1972.

Two years later, they formed a legal clinic, in order to "provide legal services at modest fees to persons of moderate income who did not qualify for governmental legal aid".  Therefore, they accepted only cases involving "routine matters, such as uncontested divorces, uncontested adoptions, simple personal bankruptcies, and changes of name" (and refused complicated cases, such as contested divorces) and kept costs down "by extensive use of paralegals, automatic typewriting equipment, and standardized forms and office procedures". "Because appellants set their prices so as to have a relatively low return on each case they handled, they depended on substantial volume" in order to make the clinic profitable.

Two years into the practice, Bates and O'Steen "concluded that their practice and clinical concept could not survive unless the availability of legal services at low cost was advertised and, in particular, fees were advertised". At the same time, the American Bar Association (ABA), whose decisions are advisory and not binding upon the bar associations of individual states, amended its rules of ethics on February 19, 1976, to endorse limited advertising by lawyers, albeit in telephone directories rather than in newspapers.  Following the model of allowable information approved by the ABA, Bates and O'Steen decided to test the constitutionality of Arizona's prohibition against advertising and, three days after the ABA vote, placed an advertisement in the Arizona Republic on February 22, 1976.

The ad read:

Do you need a lawyer?
Legal services at very reasonable fees
Divorce or legal separation — uncontested (both spouses sign papers) $175.00 plus $20.00 court filing fee
 Preparation of all court papers and instructions on how to do your own simple uncontested divorce $100.00
 Adoption — uncontested severance proceeding $225.00 plus approximately $10.00 publication cost
 Bankruptcy — non-business, no contested proceedings
Individual $250.00 plus $55.00 court filing fee
Wife and Husband $300.00 plus $110.00 court filing fee
 Change of Name $95.00 plus $20.00 court filing fee

Information regarding other types of cases furnished upon request
Legal Clinic of Bates & O'Steen

The ad was clearly labeled as an advertisement, and gave the downtown Phoenix address and phone number of the clinic.

In 1976, the State Bar of Arizona categorically forbade lawyers in that state from advertising their services.  The State Bar initiated disciplinary proceedings against Bates and O'Steen, beginning with a hearing at which the validity of the rule would not be decided, but at which the pair could introduce evidence in support of overturning the rule.  The disciplinary committee that conducted the hearing recommended that Bates and O'Steen be suspended for not less than six months.  The pair asked the Arizona Supreme Court to review the proceedings, and specifically contended that the absolute ban on lawyer advertising violated the Sherman Antitrust Act and the First Amendment.  The court rejected both claims.  The Sherman Act did not apply, the court ruled, because regulating the practice of law was an act inherent to the State of Arizona as sovereign.  Although the U.S. Supreme Court had recently ruled that, under the First Amendment, pharmacists could not be forbidden from advertising the prices of prescription drugs, the court reasoned that lawyer advertising was entitled to special considerations that took such speech out of the realm of First Amendment protection.  Nevertheless, the court reduced the sanction against Bates and O'Steen to censure only because it felt that the advertising was "done in good faith to test the constitutionality" of the ban on lawyer advertising.  A dissenting justice on the court believed that the ban on lawyer advertising impinged on the public's right to know about the activities of the legal profession, and concluded that the ban violated the First Amendment.

The U.S. Supreme Court concluded it had appellate jurisdiction over the case and set a date for oral argument. William C. Canby, Jr. argued for the appellants John Bates and Van O'Steen in the Supreme Court.  At the time, Canby was a professor of law at Arizona State University; he would later be nominated and approved as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.  John Paul Frank argued for the appellee, the State Bar of Arizona.  Frank was a partner in the Phoenix law firm of Lewis and Roca, and also argued for the defendant in the case of Miranda v. Arizona.  Solicitor General Robert Bork argued on behalf of the U.S. government.

Decision
As Professor Thomas Morgan has put it,

The organized bar traditionally took the position that a lawyer was not permitted to actively publicize his services.  In effect, it was presumed that every lawyer had an established clientele, or that a lawyer's reputation for good work would inevitably lead others to seek out the lawyer's services.  Under this approach, direct publicity for lawyers was strictly controlled.

The Court's decision rejected this tradition as a historical anachronism, which created higher barriers to entry into the legal profession and functioned to "perpetuate the market position of established attorneys."

Sherman Act claim
The Court agreed with the Arizona Supreme Court that the state action exemption of Parker v. Brown applied to Arizona's ban on lawyer advertising, even though the Court had previously held that the Sherman Act applied to other lawyer-regulation activities.  In Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, , the Court held that a minimum-fee schedule enforced by the Virginia State Bar was a "classic example of price fixing" subject to regulation under the Sherman Act. The Court distinguished this case from Goldfarb because the Supreme Court of Virginia, exercising its sovereign power to regulate the practice of law, had not required the Virginia State Bar to undertake the anticompetitive activities. By contrast, Arizona's ban on lawyer advertising was "compelled by the direction of the state acting as a sovereign" because it was promulgated by the state supreme court.  Accordingly, the Court affirmed the Arizona Supreme Court's rejection of the Sherman Act claim.

First Amendment claim
The Court held that speech does not escape protection under the First Amendment merely because it "proposes a mundane commercial transaction."  Furthermore, commercial speech serves significant societal interests in that it informs the public of the availability, nature, and prices of products and services, allowing them to act rationally in a free enterprise system. The listener's interest in receiving information regarding potential commercial transactions is "substantial." In fact, "the consumer's concern for the free flow of commercial speech often may be far keener than his concern for urgent political dialogue."

These reasons were central to the Court's rejection of a ban on advertising the prices of prescription drugs in Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, .  The Court held that the citizen's interest in knowing the price of certain prescription drugs at various pharmacies outweighed the desire to maintain "professionalism" among pharmacists; to prevent customers from price-shopping, which necessarily would take them away from the care of one particular pharmacist who could potentially monitor the patient for dangerous drug interactions; and to perpetuate the image of the pharmacist as a "skilled and specialized craftsman," which was argued to be crucial for recruiting new pharmacists.

By describing the holding in Virginia Pharmacy Board in this way, the result in Bates appeared a foregone conclusion.  Nevertheless, the Court in the Virginia pharmacy case expressly reserved judgment on how that same balance might be struck with respect to other professions, as to which different constitutional considerations might come into play.

Nevertheless, the Court did characterize Arizona's ban on lawyer advertising as serving to "inhibit the free flow of information and keep the public in ignorance."  It emphasized the advertisement Bates and O'Steen published was the most basic one possible – listing various services, the prices charged, and an address and telephone number.  The central point of contention in this case was that the lawyers were advertising the prices they charged for particular services.

The State Bar of Arizona appealed to a desire to maintain a certain air of "professionalism" among lawyers as justifying its ban on lawyer advertising.  Advertising, the State Bar asserted, would "undermine the attorney's sense of dignity and self-worth", "erode the client's trust in the attorney" by exposing an economic motive for representation, and "tarnish the dignified public image of the profession". But the public understands that attorneys make their living at the bar, and few attorneys deceive themselves by thinking otherwise. "Bankers and engineers advertise, and yet these professions are not regarded as undignified.  In fact, it has been suggested that the failure of lawyers to advertise creates public disillusionment with the profession."  A lack of information about the price of legal services tends to dissuade people of modest means from seeking legal representation, even when it is in their best interest to engage such representation.  Finally, insofar as the "belief that lawyers are somehow 'above' trade has become an anachronism, the historical foundation for the advertising restraint has crumbled."

Nor is advertising by lawyers inherently misleading.  The Court speculated that the "only services that lend themselves to advertising are the routine ones," precisely the services that Bates and O'Steen were advertising.  "Although the precise service demanded in each task may vary slightly, and although legal services are not fungible, these facts do not make advertising misleading so long as the attorney does the necessary work at the advertised price.  The argument that legal services are so unique that fixed rates cannot meaningfully be established is refuted by the record in this case:  The State Bar itself sponsors a Legal Services Program in which the participating attorneys agree to perform services like those advertised by the appellants at standardized rates."  And although advertising for legal services is necessarily incomplete — responsible lawyers will, of course, disclaim that all cases are "simple" ones — a rough estimate of the cost is more useful to the public than keeping them in the dark entirely.

To the extent that lawyer advertising might be said to encourage frivolous lawsuits, the Court countered that the American Bar Association had observed that the "middle 70% of our population is not being reached or served adequately by the legal profession," suggesting that a vast number of meritorious cases are being stifled for want of a lawyer willing and able to assist the client in bringing suit.  Bans on advertising, moreover, are ineffective means of reducing lawyer overhead and of maintaining the quality of legal services provided.  Finally, there was no reason to believe that allowing lawyers to advertise would result in a tidal wave of disingenuous claims for the state bar to investigate and prosecute, as Justice Powell feared would happen.  "For every attorney who overreaches through advertising, there will be thousands of others who will be candid and honest and straightforward."

Having disposed of the arguments against allowing lawyer advertising, the Court ruled that Arizona's total ban on lawyer advertising violated the free speech guarantee of the First Amendment.  But that did not mean that states were powerless to regulate lawyer advertising at all.  The Court reiterated that states were still permitted to ban "false, deceptive, or misleading" advertising by lawyers; to regulate the manner in which lawyers may solicit business in person; to require warnings and disclaimers on lawyer advertising in order to assure that the public is not misled; and impose other reasonable restrictions on the time, place, and manner of lawyer advertising.

Dissent
In his dissent, Justice Powell pointed out that a lawyer's primary task, even in a "routine" divorce case, is one of diagnosis and advice: to point out to the client concerns of which he might not be aware, and ensure that the client addresses those concerns. Powell thought it difficult to enumerate a value for this aspect of legal representation, and hence for consumers to sense how much diagnosis and advice they could expect for a fixed, advertised price. Consequently, it is not possible to know whether Bates's and O'Steen's assertion that their fees were "reasonable" was an accurate one.  "Whether a fee is 'very reasonable' is a matter of opinion, and not a matter of verifiable fact as the Court suggests.  One unfortunate result of today's decision is that lawyers may feel free to use a wide variety of adjectives — such as 'fair,' 'moderate,' 'low-cost,' or 'lowest in town' — to describe the bargain they offer to the public."

Current Law Practices
Van O'Steen is the founding partner of O'Steen & Harrison, PLC and practices personal injury and products liability.  The law firm is based in Arizona and has offices in Phoenix, Prescott and Payson.  O'Steen frequently speaks at conferences about the landmark case.  John Bates is a partner at Bates and Hausen, LLC and practices bankruptcy.

In popular culture
The ruling is referenced in the Season 1 episode "Alpine Shepherd Boy" of the TV Show Better Call Saul.

References

External links

Advertisement for Bates & O'Steen Legal Clinic, The Arizona Republic, February 22, 1976, p. A-21

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
United States commercial speech case law
United States professional responsibility case law
1977 in United States case law
American Bar Association


Al-Hajj Nawab Ghulam Muhammad 'Abdu'l 'Ali Khan Bahadur (born 9 August 1951) is the current and eighth titular Prince of Arcot, holding this title since July 1993 after the death of his father, Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader. The family traces its origin back to the second Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab.

He was Sheriff of Madras in 1984 and 1988.

He is married to Sayeeda Begum and has two sons, Nawabzada Mohammed Asif Ali and Nawabzada Mohammed Naser Ali.

See also
Nawab of the Carnatic

References

External links
, The Hindu, dated 1 February 2004

1951 births
Living people
Nawabs of India
20th-century Indian Muslims
Sheriffs of Madras


Eustenopus villosus is a species of true weevil known as the yellow starthistle hairy weevil. It is used as an agent of biological pest control against the noxious weed yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis).

The adult weevil is hairy and brown with white stripes. It is 4 to 6 millimeters long, not including its long snout. The female chews a hole in a closed flower head, deposits an egg inside, and seals the hole with a dark-colored mucilage. This visible hole can warp the shape of the flower head as it grows. The larva emerges from its egg in about three days and begins to feed on the flower parts and developing seeds. In just over two weeks the larva can destroy all or nearly all of the developing seeds. It uses the scraps to build a chamber in which it pupates for one to two weeks and then leaves the flower head as an adult. Both larva and adult of this species contribute to the damage done to the plant. The larvae eat the seeds in mature flower buds and the adults feed on smaller buds, destroying many. This weevil will readily attack many invasive Centaurea species, but has not been known to damage native flora.

This weevil is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean. It was first released as a biocontrol agent in the United States in 1990 and it is now established in much of the western United States wherever yellow starthistle grows. It is considered one of the more efficient yellow starthistle biocontrol agents.

References

 Coombs, E. M., et al., Eds. (2004). Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 427.

External links
USACE Biocontrol Profile
invasive.org Biology of Yellow Starthistle

Lixinae
Insects used for control of invasive plants
Biological pest control beetles


MX Superfly featuring Ricky Carmichael, released as MX Super Fly in PAL regions, is a motorcross racing game developed by Pacific Coast Power & Light and published by THQ for the Xbox, PlayStation 2, and GameCube.  It is the second installment of THQ's MX trilogy and a sequel to MX 2002 featuring Ricky Carmichael, garnering professional motorcross racer Ricky Carmichael's endorsement like its predecessor.

THQ released a third MX game in 2004, titled MX Unleashed and developed by its newly acquired subsidiary Rainbow Studios, the eventual creator of the MX vs. ATV series that serves as a crossover with Sony's ATV Offroad Fury series.

Gameplay
Players are able to create a male or female MX rider of their own and play in either two modes: racing or freestyle. The former consists of races against opposing racers controlled by artificial intelligence, while the latter consists of levels taking place in various environments where the player must independently accomplish certain challenges. It is also possible to play with a friend in split screen multiplayer, and the Xbox version exclusively featured downloadable content consisting of extra soundtracks, riders and bikes that could be purchased from the Xbox Live service.

Reception

The GameCube and PlayStation 2 versions received "generally favorable reviews", while the Xbox version received above-average reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

References

External links

2002 video games
GameCube games
MX vs. ATV
PlayStation 2 games
Racing video games
THQ games
RenderWare games
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Xbox games
Video games developed in the United States
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Locomotive Games games


KNUQ (103.9 FM, "Q 103") is a radio station licensed to serve Paauilo, Hawaii. The station is owned by Visionary Related Entertainment, LLC. It airs a World Ethnic music format.

The station was assigned the KNUQ call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on September 22, 1994.

Translators and booster

Previous Logos

Logo previously used before frequency change from 103.7 FM to 103.9 FM

References

External links
KNUQ official website
KOAI Radio Group

NUQ
Hawaiian-music formatted radio stations
Hawaii (island)
Radio stations established in 1994
1994 establishments in Hawaii


Black River is an American television movie about a writer who comes upon the town of Black River, only to find that it will not let him leave. Based on a short story by Dean Koontz, the film premiered July 6, 2001 on Fox.

Synopsis
A writer called Boyd 'Bo' Aikens (Jay Mohr), recently unemployed and divorced, leaves Los Angeles hoping to find a place to start over. He enters an ordinary-looking town called Black River, and stops for lunch. However, after a disturbing encounter with one of the locals, he changes his mind and leaves. No sooner does he get out of town than his cell rings. The unidentified caller admonishes him for his unpleasantness. Moments later, he is pulled over and arrested; it seems that his car was listed as stolen. By the time the mess is straightened out, his car has been towed out of town, requiring him to reluctantly spend the night in town.

At the same time, another new arrival shows up. Her name is Laura Crosby, and it seems that she is the long-lost sister of a local waitress. Laura and Bo become friendly, but Bo receives a call that night in his hotel room, warning him to stay away from her. Later on, the local who harassed Bo (revealed to be an abusive drunk) has a mysterious and fatal accident.

The next day, Bo goes to the police department to get his car, only to find it has been taken to a salvage yard and crushed. He tries to purchase a train ticket out, but the trains have all been diverted away from town. He then tries to purchase a used car, but his credit cards are declined, and his cash assets have been transferred to Black River's local bank and then frozen. While in the bank, he receives another mysterious phone call. The caller identifies himself as "Pericles", and admonishes Bo to give Black River a chance. When Bo responds angrily, the bank's electrical and alarm systems go berserk, sending him fleeing.

Bo attempts to hitchhike out of town, but the man who offers him a ride has a mysterious electrical fire in his car. Desperate, Bo attempts to flee on foot, but a laser beam comes out of the sky, forcing him to turn back. Now at the end of his rope, Bo barges into the town mayor's office and demands to know who "Pericles" is. The phone rings, and Pericles informs them that he is sending a car. This is actually a satellite-controlled vehicle (SCV), originally designed to be controlled by its owner's remote control, but now controlled by Pericles and autonomously roaming about the town. It delivers Bo to a local computer company.

The company's owner explains their recent project: to create an artificial intelligence that can go anywhere in cyberspace. Such an entity would be able to see through any camera, hear and speak through any phone line, hack computers at will, and even control remotely accessed systems (like the SCV, or the orbital laser system that shot at Bo earlier). They thought that they had failed, but Bo realizes that they had succeeded beyond their wildest dreams. Now realizing that there is nowhere he can go where Pericles can't follow, Bo resigns himself to his situation. His assigned realtor shows him a lovely house, complete with a computer for writing, and even a dog virtually identical to his recently deceased pet.

A year later, it is revealed that Bo and Laura are now citizens in good standing of Black River, and still seeing each other (it seems that Pericles's prior admonishment was reverse psychology). When another new arrival shows up, however, Bo slips him a note suggesting that if he wants to leave, he should do so quickly, which suggests that Pericles might not have him totally under its control.

Inconsistencies
On more than one occasion, Pericles demonstrates powers that it is unlikely that a being of its type could have, most notably the ability to levitate a garden hose (a decidedly low-tech device). Also, despite its apparent interest in keeping Bo in Black River, it harasses and abuses him unnecessarily on several occasions.

Select cast
 Jay Mohr - Boyd 'Bo' Aikens
 Lisa Edelstein - Laura Crosby
 Ann Cusack - Mandy Pruell

References

External links

2001 horror films
2001 television films
2001 films
Fox network original films
Films based on works by Dean Koontz
Films directed by Jeff Bleckner


The 2005 Gran Premio Telmex/Tecate was the thirteenth and final round of the
2005 Bridgestone Presents the Champ Car World Series Powered by Ford season, held on November 6, 2005 at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City, Mexico.  Justin Wilson swept both the pole and the race win.

Qualifying results

Race

Caution flags

Notes

 Average Speed 98.835 mph

Final championship standings

 Bold indicates the Season Champion.
Drivers' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included.

External links
 Friday Qualifying Results
 Saturday Qualifying Results
 Race Results

Mexico City
Gran Premio Telmex Tecate
Gran Premio Tecate


Allocasuarina decaisneana, commonly known as desert oak, desert sheoak, or kurkara by the Anangu peoples, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to Central Australia. It is a dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of  and has long, drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of four, the mature fruiting cones  long containing winged seeds (samaras)  long.

Description
Allocasuarina decaisneana is a dioecious tree that typically grows to  high and  wide. Its trunk has deeply furrowed, corky bark when mature. Its branchlets are drooping, up to  long, the leaves reduced to erect, sharply pointed teeth  long, arranged in whorls of four around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the "articles") are  long and  wide. Male flowers are arranged in spikes  long, in whorls of about ten per centimetre (per 0.39 in.), the anthers  long. Female cones are cylindrical, often softly hairy when young, glabrous when mature and on a peduncle  long. Mature cones are  long and  in diameter with a pointed tip on the bracteoles. The cones are the largest in the genus Allocasuarina, and the samaras are  long. Flowering occurs in most months and cones are present on the tree throughout the year.

Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1858 by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name Casuarina decaisneana in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. It was reclassified in 1982 as Allocasuarina decaisneana by Lawrie Johnson in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. The specific epithet (decaisneana) honours the Belgian botanist Joseph Decaisne, who had never visited Australia or ever seen the tree.

Distribution and habitat
Desert oak mainly grows in the swales between sand dunes in red sand. It is mainly found in the arid lands of the south of the Northern Territory, but is also common in inland Western Australia east of Billiluna to the Mann and Musgrave Ranges in the far north-west of South Australia. It is the only member of its family to occur in these areas, apart from Casuarina glauca that has been introduced in some of these areas.

Ecology
The branchlets of A. decaisneana, also known as cladodes perform the same function as leaves but conserve moisture. As the cladodes are shed from the tree they form a dense mat around the base preventing other plants from becoming established and competing for moisture and nutrients. The roots have nodules that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which allows them to survive in sandy soils with low nutrient levels. In the first few years, the slow growing tree develops a fast growing tap-root that can reach a depth of over  and can reach any sub-surface water.

Uses
The tree was useful to Indigenous Australian peoples who used it as a source of water. Water can be collected from tree hollows but surface roots could also be broken off in sections to provide potable water by draining the root when held vertically or by directly sucking the water out. The Aborigines also used the hard wood of the trees for firewood and for making weapons and other implements, and they used the seeds for food. A 10,000 year-old boomerang made from Allocasuarina wood was found in Wyrie Swamp, near Millicent, South Australia.

In popular culture
The Aboriginal Community in Oak Valley, South Australia, on the southern edge of the Great Victoria Desert was established in 1985 for Anangu people displaced from Maralinga lands following nuclear weapons testing, takes its name from the tree.

References

Further reading
 John W. Wrigley and Murray Fagg (1997). Australian Native Plants. 4th edition, Reed.

decaisneana
Fagales of Australia
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of South Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
Trees of Australia
Drought-tolerant trees
Plants described in 1858
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
Dioecious plants


I the Supreme (orig. Spanish Yo el Supremo) is a historical novel written by exiled Paraguayan author Augusto Roa Bastos. It is a fictionalized account of the nineteenth-century Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, who was also known as "Dr. Francia."  The book's title derives from the fact that Francia referred to himself as "El Supremo" or "the Supreme." The first in a long line of dictators, the Supreme was a severe, calculating despot.  The central themes of the novel are power and language and the relation between the two.  The Supreme believes himself to be above all power and history:  "I don't write history. I make it. I can remake it as I please, adjusting, stressing, enriching its meaning and truth." Yet this assertion is constantly challenged by the very fact that while he achieves power by means of writing and dictating, these very same methods can be used by others to dispute his authority. Not even his own identity, represented by the personal pronoun I, is safe and can easily be usurped as is demonstrated by the incident of the pasquinade. Language, as powerful as it is, can never be controlled and can just as easily be used as an instrument of coercion as an instrument of resistance.

During the time the book was written, Paraguay was under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, who went on to rule the country even longer than Francia did. Many consider the book to be at least in part a thinly disguised attack on Stroessner who used methods similar to Francia's to achieve and maintain the effective control of the country, including the swift elimination of opposition, the employment of torture and intolerance of dissent. In its portrayal of Francia and criticism of Stroessner, I the Supreme belongs to the genre of novelas de dictadores or dictator novels, and also to the Latin American Boom, a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The book was first published in Spanish in 1974, and in English (translation by Helen Lane) in 1986.

Like many other works of the Latin American boom, the book never became an international best-seller. It was, however, highly regarded by critics with Gerald Martin claiming that it was, "an exceptional cultural phenomenon." Martin goes on to suggest that it was "more immediately and unanimously acclaimed than any novel since One Hundred Years of Solitude, [and its] strictly historical importance [may] be even greater than that of García Márquez's fabulously successful creation." The book's handling of the themes of power and language was also praised. Still, the novel was not well received by Stroessner's government and Roa Bastos became "one of the three citizens forbidden to return" to Paraguay as a result.

Historical context

After declaring independence from colonial Spain in May 1811, land-locked Paraguay established itself as the first Republic of South America. Dr. Francia was elected by the junta (or congress) to office and he established himself as dictator for life, until his death in 1840. He ruled with a despotic populism in which the ideals he had drawn from the philosophers of the French Enlightenment were tempered by his aristocratic insistence on absolute rule. As John T. Deiner explains, he "created an army in which all citizens were required to serve.  He confiscated property from the upper classes and used the state's coercive power to direct the working of that land by the army." He also isolated the country from the outside world, restricting foreign trade and mobility. Political opposition was not tolerated.

Francia's rule was the beginning of a long line of dictators, including Carlos Antonio López (who was president of Paraguay with dictatorial powers from 1844 to 1862) and López's son, Francisco Solano López (who ruled between 1862 and 1870).  It was Solano López who unwisely initiated the Paraguayan War (1864–70), which crippled Paraguay, reduced its population by half, and forced many others into exile, creating a Paraguay that Roa Bastos described as "the land without men of the men without land."

In the twentieth-century, Paraguay was dominated by the dictatorial figure of Alfredo Stroessner, who ruled the country for thirty-five years (from 1954 to 1989) and was in power at the time at which Roa Bastos was writing I the Supreme. Roa Bastos's novel can be perceived as in part a thinly disguised attack on Stroessner, who ruled Paraguay even longer than Francia. He came to power after the 1947 Civil War, which had destroyed all parties of the centre and the left and drove more than a third of Paraguay's population into exile. He assumed presidency after a series of coups in 1954. He gained complete control of the military, eliminated potential rivals, and closely monitored and participated in allocations of national resources. As Deiner argues, "The novel’s El Supremo (Francia) and Stroessner in the twentieth century used similar methods for dominating national politics. Neither tolerated effective opposition. Both rulers were extremely suspicious of any potential opponents, quickly acting to imprison and torture anyone suspected. Both were ruthless in their intolerance of dissent." As Rowe and Whitfield describe Stroessner's rule, "he inherited all Francia's despotism, but none of his populism  he rule[d] over a country where human and civil rights are honored only in their breach."

Influences

Literary critic Todd Garth argues that I the Supreme is influenced by twentieth-century Argentine writer Macedonio Fernández, as well as other avant garde artists such as Jorge Luis Borges and Julio Cortázar. Garth suggests that Macedonio and Roa Bastos are similar in use of metaphysical language and techniques used to reconstruct reality, as Dr. Francia does in his dictated creation of the Supreme, the ruler of all reality. Macedonio's writing utilized characters that did not fit the archetype of Western fiction, each only having meaning through their interaction with others in a collective and often never experiencing growth or development in order to construct atemporal spaces of mythmaking that challenge reality. Roa Bastos borrows from these ideas yet situates them in existing political and social history to challenge perceived conceptions of the past's factuality. He dismantles national Paraguayan mythology which is so intimately intertwined with the life of Dr. Francia, elucidating the distinctions between mythic and mythological. The novel can only accomplish this task within the metaphysical space of mythmaking. Whereas Macedonio attacks the concept of the individual as subject while admitting the fact that to write makes oneself a subject, Roa Bastos recognizes this paradox and exploits it, utilizing it in concerns of political and social nature.

Themes from Plato and his influence on Western political philosophy are also prevalent in the novel. Mainly, the debate over the nature of 'Good Society' and how to achieve it are seen in the positions of the Supreme. He argues that it is the ruler's role, as well as his duty and obligation, to bring about the good society, and this can only be done by the imposition of absolute order from above. The dictator's job is to bring about the Good Society, to impose the needed order, and the people's job is to obey the dictator, thereby enjoying the fruits of the good society. The result of such behavior by both the ruler and the ruled will be good for everyone.

The novel is also clearly influenced by earlier writing on dictatorship, predominantly Domingo Sarmiento's Facundo. The similarities can be seen in how both novels are written by exiles, in their thinly veiled attacks on their homeland's current dictator, and in their authors' shared use of 'pasquinade/hand-written message' devices to begin both novels. Francia's "Perpetual Circular" also contains several allusions to the Argentine gaucho Juan Facundo Quiroga, as well as to the dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas, both of whom were the object of Sarmiento's critique.

Genre

I the Supreme  is a good example of the dictator novel, a genre of Latin American literature that challenges the role of the dictator in Latin American society. The dictator novel draws upon the relationship between power, writing, and dictatorship, and so is an allegory of the role of the Latin American writer in society.

The goal of the dictator novel is not to dissect and to analyze the rule of particular dictators with a focus on historical accuracy, but rather, to examine the more abstract nature of authority figures, and to question the idea of authority in general. To be considered a dictator novel, a book must have strong political themes that draw upon historical accounts, while critically examining the power held by an authoritarian figure, allowing the specific to explain the general. Although mostly associated with the Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s, "all fictional depictions of the Latin American 'strong-man', it must be noted have an important antecedent in Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's Facundo, a work written as a sociological treatise".

Many dictator novels, including I the Supreme belong to the Latin American Boom, a literary movement which began in the 1960s and 1970s, when the work of a group of relatively young Latin American novelists became widely circulated in Europe and throughout the world. The Boom novels were essentially modernist novels, which according to Pope, relied on superposition of different points of view, blurring time and linearity. He further notes, "linguistically self assured, it used the vernacular without apologies."  Other notable characteristics of the Boom include the treatment of both "rural and urban settings," internationalism, an emphasis on both the historical and the political, as well as "questioning of regional as well as, or more than, national identity; awareness of hemisphereic as well as worldwide economic and ideological issues; polemicism; and timeliness."

This is not the first fictional biographical work tied to Dr. Francia and his dictatorship. The American novelist Edward Lucas White published his El Supremo in 1916. As his extensive "selected bibliography on the history of Paraguay during the days of 'El Supremo,' Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia" and brief Preface point out, White took great pains to make his historical novel quite realistic and historically accurate. The 1967 reprint has an additional brief 6-page Introduction to set the work in context. White's novel covers the period from 1816 to 1817.

Synopsis

As critic John King notes, "it is impossible to summarize this extraordinary novel in a few lines.  It incorporates the latest developments in linguistic theory and practice, talks of the arbitrariness and unreliability of language that purports to describe reality, rereads and comments upon the various histories and travelers’ accounts of Paraguay, ranges across the breadth of Latin American history, implicitly condemning Stroessner and debating with Fidel Castro, and exploring once again the gap between writer and reader."

The book does, however, start by promising a linear narrative.  It opens with the title words, set in a font designed to look like handwriting, heralding what appears to be an official order:

I the Supreme Dictator of the Republic  Order that on the occasion of my death my corpse be beheaded; my head placed on a pike for three days in the Plaza de la República, to which the people are to be summoned by the sounding of a full peal of bells...

This pronouncement, it turns out, is not an official declaration.  It is an imitation or forgery, found "nailed to the door of the cathedral" in Paraguay's capital, Asunción.  Immediately following, then, is a discussion of this pasquinade: Dr Francia, the Supreme, and his secretary, Policarpo Patiño, discuss its meaning and possible provenance.  Patiño is set the task of uncovering the perpetrator: "You are to start tracking down the handwriting of the pasquinade in all the files."

But this linear detection narrative soon starts to unravel.  The Supreme casts doubt even on the presumption that the declaration is indeed a forgery, or rather suggests that the forgery could itself be forged: "Suppose that I myself am an author of pasquinades."  Moreover, the literary genre is undone by the introduction of footnotes (which blur the line between fiction and fact), and the narrative transparency subverted by the fact that the novel asserts its own materiality with interpolations such as "(the rest of the sentence burned, illegible)" and "(edge of the folio burned)".  The effect of these notes is to remind readers that they are reading a book, and that this book is incomplete, damaged, and fallible.

As the novel continues, it becomes more and more caught up in digressions, such that the original narrative line is apparently forgotten.  The Supreme and his secretary discuss an often bizarre series of topics: a meteor that is apparently chained to Francia's desk; a prison camp in Tevego whose inhabitants have been turned to stone; and increasingly the dictator also ruminates on the past, particularly the events of Paraguay's foundation when he had to fend off the attention of Spaniards, Argentines, and Brazilians, all of whom threatened the nascent country's independence.  Chronology and logic are seemingly abandoned: at one point the dictator discusses the date of his own death; elsewhere he mentions events that will only happen long afterwards, such as the Chaco War of the 1930s (in which Roa Bastos himself fought).

Moreover, readers are increasingly made aware of the marginal but insistent voice of the mysterious compiler.  At the center of the book, it is revealed that the compiler is, in fact, in possession of the same pen used by the Supreme, a "memory-pen" that reproduces images as well as words, but that is now "partially broken, so that today it writes only with very thick strokes that tear the paper, effacing words as it writes them".

The novel ends at the end of Francia's life, with him condemning Patiño to death for supposedly plotting against him, followed by Francia's death in a fire in 1840.  As the characters and plot disintegrate, so apparently does the novel.  The final line is another interpolation: "(the remainder stuck together, illegible, the rest unable to be found, the worm-eaten letters of the Book hopelessly scattered)."  And yet, this is not quite the last word, as it is followed by a "Final Compiler's Note" that reflects on the compilation and the book as a whole.  Here the novel seems to pass responsibility on to "the no less fictitious and autonomous reader."

Characters

Dr. Francia (the Supreme)

José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, also known as "Dr. Francia", Karaí-Guasú ("Great Lord" in Guaraní), or "the Supreme", is the book's titular character and also undoubtedly its main focus. Most of the book is dedicated to his dictates to his secretary, Patiño. The Supreme is a domineering man, frequently belittling his closest confidant. He is also an infirm man, as the book is set a short time before his death on September 20, 1840. Roa Bastos's portrayal of him walks the line between praise and condemnation. While other authors of dictator novels clearly present their dictators as villains, Roa Bastos makes it unclear as to whether he is defending him or not. As Roberto Gonzalez Echevarria writes, the Supreme is "constant[ly] [worried] about writing. [This] stems from the fact that he has found and used the power implicit in language itself. The Supreme defines power as being able to do through others what we are unable to do ourselves: language, being separate from what it designates, is the very embodiment of power."

The Supreme is also revealed to be power-crazed in other ways. Michiko Kakutani writes "Francia, it seems, wants to account for everything (his own history, as well as the history of his nation, which he personifies as its leader) as he pours out his story, it becomes clear that he possesses an insatiable desire for power and control—he has even chained a huge meteorite to his desk, as punishment for being a cosmic runaway—and that he also sees himself as two separate beings: as a conniving, paranoiac "I", beset by the average ego's fears and doubts, and as the "Supreme", a monstrously powerful presence that even Francia himself must refer to in the third person." The Supreme was personally involved in the affairs of the state to such extent, that it was reported by contemporary press that "[He] personally trained his cavalry in the use of the saber, ascertained the exact number of nails in Fort Orange, awarded 102 pesos to a Frenchman whose anchor had been melted down by the state... lowered the price of salt in the capital, donated state yerba to the people of Saladillo, and denied permission for [someone] to marry in Villa Rica." It was common for him to attend to such specific details in a single evening.

Policarpo Patiño

Policarpo Patiño is the Supreme's secretary and amanuensis. An "efficient and loyal servant", in historian Hoyt Williams's words, he was "a jack of all trades, [who] arranged audiences, transcribed documents, visited the jails, and conferred with the Dictator on most routine matters. Toward the end of [the Supreme's] life, and presumably with his knowledge, Patiño began signing some official documents that did not bear his master's signature." Much of the book consists of dialogue between the Supreme and his secretary, which Policarpo records as he writes what is dictated to him. In Roberto González Echevarría's words, "Patiño is the quintessential writer." There is, however, some debate about how powerful Patiño actually was. Initially possessing a more powerful role, the Supreme's "personal control over virtually the entirety of [the state]" led to Patiño quickly being demoted from "Government Secretary and scribe" to simply a record keeper. There is evidence, however, that Patiño wielded considerable influence with the Supreme, as "in 1835 Patiño denounced a slave for attempting to induce an abortion in his daughter and to poison him. A close investigation... turned up [that] the daughter had requested the abortion and Patiño had lied, [yet] he was not jailed, and retained his powerful position.”

Despite his influence, Patiño is frequently the victim of the Supreme's abuse, even having his own death sentence dictated to him, although in the end he outlives his master. González Echevarría questions whether Patiño "[had] the last laugh? Did he achieve some sort of posthumous power?" This is suggested both because he outlived Dr. Francia, and also because the pen ostensibly used to write the book was given to the author by Patiño's descendant. Therefore, "the editor, who arranges the various texts and annotates them, who thereby exercises final authority over Dr. Francia's versions of himself, is the heir of Policarpo Patiño." The power relationship between the Supreme and his secretary is a microcosm of the book as a whole, with Dr. Francia dominating Patiño completely, even though the latter is intimately associated with the dictator having power at all, given the power he derives from writing.

Style

I the Supreme is a dense, complicated novel that requires considerable reader involvement. Critic Helene Weldt-Basson suggests that symbolism plays an important role in the novel, one that goes hand-in-hand with the complexity of the writing. She references Tzvetan Todorov's theory of symbolism in literature which suggests that "[there is an] inseparability of symbolism and interpretation. They are, for me, simply two aspects of a single phenomenon."  This theory dovetails quite well with the multiple meanings associated with different objects in I the Supreme.

Although the novel is a dialogue between the Supreme and his secretary, Patiño, there are in fact at least six different types of narration in the text: notebook entries, transcriptions of dialogues, a logbook, the "voice" of the Supreme's father, two documents, and the installments of the perpetual circular, which is ostensibly the main project Patiño and Dr. Francia are working on. In addition to these different layers of narrative, there are also three possible authors: Roa Bastos, the author-compiler, and the "implied author". The latter refers to the "behavior, attitudes, and backgrounds  necessary for a proper understanding of the text." The multitude of possibilities regarding the author and the shift between types of narratives, combined with an absence of quotation marks, contribute to this book being described as "undoubtedly, [the author's] most complicated work to date."

Further complicating matters is the fact that the Supreme's "voice echoes back and forth in time—recalling his birth and his youth, only to jump ahead to the future, speaking [from] beyond the grave about the flies that disturb his corpse, the bandits who dare to disturb his sleep."

I the Supreme is mostly composed of real texts by or about Francia. These range from personal memoirs by historical Paraguayan figures to passages from books written by Europeans in Paraguay at the time.  They are arranged by a 'Compiler' whose footnotes tell the story of how the book was put together. The body of the novel is composed of a polemical collection of versions of Paraguayan history. The first text is what the Supreme dictates to his assistant Patiño, about what is happening in the present. This includes the constant abuses Francia heaps upon Patiño and their attempts to discover the authors of a pasquinade, found nailed to the door of the Asunción Cathedral, that falsely announces Francia's death and burial arrangements. It is mostly Francia's vulgar rambling, including accusing meek Patiño of attempting to usurp him. The author of the pasquinade is never discovered in spite of their high scrutiny.

The second text is the "Circular Perpetual" that Francia also dictates to Patiño. It is his version of the origins of Paraguayan history, particularly of how he came to power. These texts are highly annotated by the editor, for in them Francia "corrects" versions given by other historical figures, not to mention those given by European travelers.

Finally, there is what Francia writes himself in his "Private Notebook," which is mostly an account of his own life, attempts to write fiction, diatribes against Patiño and his kind, philosophical musings and ramblings, and other sundry exercises. All of these texts have been edited, for one finds in them, besides the footnotes, indications in italics and within brackets such as "on the margin it is written," "there is a hole in the paper here," etc. So that while they do not compose a homogeneous text, held together by the rhetorical power of a narrative voice, and in fact are anything but homogeneous, these texts bear the presence of the editor in these discrete marks and indications.

Themes

Language

The novel revolves around a central theme of language—written and spoken, truth and myth—and the power inherent in all of its forms, a power that is often only present in the deconstruction of communication. González Echevarria argues that "Dr. Francia's fear of the pasquinade, his abuse of [Patiño,] his constant worry about writing all stem from the fact that he has found and used the power implicit in language itself. The Supreme defines power as being able to do through others what we are unable to do ourselves: language, being separate from what it designates, is the very embodiment of power, for things act and mean through it without ceasing to be themselves. Dr. Francia has also realized that he cannot control language, particularly written language, that it has a life of its own that threatens him."

The significance of linguistic domination is present in the novel. Paraguay is the most bilingual country in Latin America where, as of 1962, 52% spoke the indigenous language Guaraní as well as Spanish, only 5% only spoke Spanish, whereas 43% spoke only Guaraní which is essentially a language of oral culture. As Roa Bastos claims, "this inevitably leads the Paraguayan writer to the necessity of creating a literature that goes beyond literature, of speaking against the word, or writing against writing." At the time of I the Supreme the majority of the people spoke Guaraní while Spanish was the dominant political language.  Francia himself was known for his support of Guaraní and his "persecution of the Spanish-speaking elite". As Deiner argues, "El Supremo is aware of the difficulties of incorporating rural and underclass Paraguayans into the national political system, even though he is sympathetic toward them. But the common person, the Guarani speaker, remains unheard. Roa Bastos cleverly demonstrates this political isolation/marginalization by constantly introducing Guaraní phrases, phrases which are incomprehensible to most readers, phrases from a spoken, not written language. The phrases are there in a sort of ghostly form, hanging in air, denying full participation in the novel to the reader, and thus causing the reader to empathize with real world Paraguayan citizens who are denied political participation by their political rulers."

Power

The novel's format, its various multiple sources, its manipulation of linear time and its inclusion of supernatural elements (talking dogs and meteor rifles, for example) all serve to deconstruct the idea of absolute power, by creating an ambiguity between fact and myth, between Dr Francia and the Supreme, and between Roa Bastos and the Compiler. Francia places himself above all power and history: "I don't write history. I make it. I can remake it as I please, adjusting, stressing, enriching its meaning and truth." Yet in the Compiler's notes and retelling of events, the novel is presented as a genuine version of history, one that contradicts and questions the Supreme's. In their collectivity, they deny the illusion of absolute power, whether the power is that of Francia the dictator or Roa Bastos the writer. This ambiguity between myth and fact is elaborated on at the end of the novel in the fictional debate over the Supreme's remains; it questions the nature of national political myth, and how heroes and villains are created in it and where the Supreme falls into those categories after being portrayed as both by Roa Bastos. As Deiner poses the question raised by the novel, "Is he to be portrayed as a valiant leader who held the country together in the face of enormous external aggression, or as a despot who laid the basis for almost two centuries of exploitation of Paraguay’s peoples by its leaders?" The answer is not so much of importance to the novel, so much as the fact that the question itself exists, thereby confirming the power of writing over so called "absolute" power.

On a more basic level, the novel also has political themes to it. As John Deiner writes, "I The Supreme is a surprisingly political novel. It is a commentary on Paraguay's first great political leader  and a condemnation of the country's last, General Alfredo Stroessner." Deiner contends that the political system and occurrences in I the Supreme are symbolic of those of other Paraguayan leaders. Suggesting the book is connected to more recent leaders of Paraguay, Deiner writes "although ostensibly a fictionalized account of the life of El Supremo, the novel is also a thinly disguised attack on the politics and rule of Alfredo Stroessner, [the dictator] ruling Paraguay at the time I the Supreme was published (in exile) in 1974." In summary, Deiner suggest that the novel "serves as the quintessential example of the personalist dictator model of Latin American political systems. Francia's was one of the earliest versions of this model, and Stroessner's was one of the last personalist dictator regimes."

Reception

Gerald Martin observes that "the publication of I the Supreme in 1974 was an exceptional cultural phenomenon."  He goes on to note that Roa Bastos's novel "was more immediately and unanimously acclaimed than any novel since One Hundred Years of Solitude, and critics seemed to suspect that its strictly historical importance might be even greater than that of García Márquez's fabulously successful creation."

The Stroessner government did not react kindly to this or others of Roa Bastos's writings. On a rare visit to Paraguay from France in 1982, he was denounced as a "Marxist subversive" and became "one of the three citizens forbidden to return."

Outside Paraguay, Roa Bastos's works never became best-sellers like those of other members of the Boom such as Gabriel García Márquez or Mario Vargas Llosa, yet as a recognition of his literary prestige he was awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize in 1989.  This is the most prestigious literary award in the Spanish-speaking world, and honors the lifetime achievement of an outstanding writer in the Spanish language.

And in the English-speaking world, the British critic Bernard Levin said about reading I the Supreme upon its translation in 1986 that "he had read the book with an exhilaration similar to 'climbing Everest twice in one weekend.'" Michiko Kakutani, writing for The New York Times, also remarked in that year that "however cumbersome and rhetorical I The Supreme may often feel, the novel remains a prodigious meditation not only on history and power, but on the nature of language itself."

Also in 1986 Carlos Fuentes, for The New York Times, wrote of Roa Bastos: "He is his country's most eminent writer; his works are few, self-contained (very Paraguayan) and brilliantly written. Yet his masterpiece, I the Supreme, which first came out in Spanish in 1974 and finally reaches the English-reading public now, in a masterly translation by Helen Lane, is the kind of summa that absorbs everything that the writer has done before. This is Mr. Roa Bastos' dialogue with himself through history and through a monstrous historical figure whom he has to imagine and understand if he is ever to imagine and understand himself and his people."

About the 12-year delay between the book's initial publication in Spanish and its translation into English, Fuentes reports that Roa Bastos said: "The book has been published in almost all the principal languages of the world, including Japanese and Chinese.  In Europe, it has only not been translated into Finnish and Albanian." He also stated that "he was intrigued that Americans 'would start with the work of mine considered the most difficult.'"

Notes

References

 . Trans. Barbara E. Pierce. (JSTOR subscription required.)
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 . (JSTOR subscription required.)
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 . Trans. Helen Lane.
 . (JSTOR subscription required.)
 .
 White, Edward Lucas (1916), El Supremo: A Romance of the Great Dictator of Paraguay, copyright renewed by Ethyl White in 1944 and republished, with an introduction by Wayne G. Broehl, Jr., 1967 (E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc.), ISBN 978-1344611602.
 .

1974 novels
Historical novels
Dictator novels
Novels by Augusto Roa Bastos
Alfred A. Knopf books
Novels set in Paraguay
Biographical novels
Metafictional novels
Paraguayan novels
Spanish-language novels


The Featherweight class in the 1st AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament competition was the lightest class.  Featherweights were limited to those boxers weighing between .

List of boxers

Medalists

Results

Preliminary round

Quarterfinal round

Semifinal round

3rd place Round

Final round

Qualification to Olympic games

References
AIBA

AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament


The 2008 Alabama Democratic presidential primary was held on Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008, and had a total of 52 delegates at stake. The winner in each of Alabama's seven congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 34. Another 18 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Barack Obama. The 52 delegates represented Alabama at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Eight other delegates were chosen on March 1, 2008, during an Alabama Democratic Party Executive Committee meeting. Those eight delegates attended the National Convention as officially unpledged.

Polling

Results

Analysis
With its heavily African American population, Barack Obama solidly defeated Hillary Clinton in Alabama. According to exit polls, 51 percent of voters in the Alabama Democratic Primary were African Americans and they opted for Obama by a margin of 84–15 compared to the 44 percent of white voters who backed Clinton by a margin of 72–25. Obama won all age groups and educational attainment levels in Alabama except senior citizens aged 65 and over and those who did not complete high school. Obama won voters who identified as Democrats but Clinton won those who identified as Republicans; both candidates split among Independents. Clinton won Protestants but Obama won those who identified as Other Christian (excluding Catholics) and agnostics/atheists.

Obama did best in the Black Belt counties in Alabama which are majority African American. He also performed extremely well in the urban areas of Birmingham, Montgomery, Mobile and Huntsville. Clinton performed best in Northern Alabama and did best in counties that were majority white.

See also
2008 Alabama Republican presidential primary

References

Democratic primary
Alabama
2008
2008 Super Tuesday


is a passenger railway station located in the city of  Hikari, Yamaguchi Prefecture,  Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West).The station is located in the rural northern part of the Shimata area in Hikari, on the north side of the city's territory.

Lines
Shimata Station is served by the JR West Sanyō Main Line, and is located 395.9 kilometers from the terminus of the line at .

Station layout
The station consists of two opposed side platforms connected by a footbridge.  In between the two tracks there is a third track which connects to the other two, but is currently unused. The station is unattended.

Platforms

History
Shimata Station was opened on 25 September 1897 as a station on the San'yo Railway with the opening of the extension from Hiroshima to Tokuyama. The San'yo Railway was railway nationalized in 1906 and the line renamed the San'yo Main Line in 1909.. With the privatization of the Japan National Railway (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the aegis of the West Japan railway Company (JR West).

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2020, the station was used by an average of 429 passengers daily.

Surrounding area
Hikari City Kamishimada Elementary School
Hikari City Mitsui Elementary School
Hikari City Suo Elementary School

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR West Station Official Site

Railway stations in Yamaguchi Prefecture
Sanyō Main Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1897
Hikari, Yamaguchi

{{Yamaguchi-railstation-stub}


SGX Centre is a twin tower high-rise complex in the city of Singapore. The development consists of two  skyscrapers, located in Shenton Way. The two towers are named SGX Centre One and SGX Centre Two, and are situated together on an elongated, rectangular site.

The towers house the Singapore Exchange Centre. A unique feature of the development is that it borders the existing business district, and serves as a gateway to the new downtown at Marina South.

History
SGX Centre One and Two was completed in 2000, and 2001 respectively. The buildings was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates and the local Architects 61 Pte Ltd.

Other firms involved in the development of SGX Centre includes United Overseas Bank (UOB), Kajima Overseas Asia Private Limited, Oscar Faber Consultants Pte Ltd, Parsons Brinckerhoff Consultants Private Limited, Peridian Asia Private Limited, Bachy Soletanche Singapore Private Limited, Faber Maunsell, KPK Quantity Surveyors (1995), Singapore Private Limited, Manntech Building Maintenance Systems, Permasteelisa S.p.A., and Permasteelisa Pacific Holdings Ltd.

SGX Centre One
Constructed in 2000, SGX Centre One is the older of the twin buildings. It is located on 2 Shenton Way, adjacent to the historic Lau Pa Sat market. The second floor of the building has been housing CNBC Asia's studio facilities since 14 June 2010.

SGX Centre Two
SGX Centre Two is the younger of the twin buildings, and was completed in 2001, a year later than its older brother. Located on 4 Shenton Way, it is adjacent to DBS Building Tower Two, which is part of another development that consists of two high-rises.

Architecture style
The development marked the change of the architectural style in Singapore with the introduction of the millennium. Back then, the favourite architectural style used was brutalist architecture. However, with the completion of SGX Centre came a new era of glass-and-concrete buildings.

The two buildings arc slightly to provide most of its tenants with views of Marina Bay. There are vertical and horizontal fins on different sides of the seemingly simple facade, which according to the Urban Redevelopment Authority, acknowledges subtly the varying rhythms of the city. SGX Centre has colonnaded walkways on the first storey, and a sleek glass curtained lobby, together with a 120-metre long urban mural wall. This contrasts the colonial Lau Pa Sat sited opposite.

Awards and honors
 BCA, Construction Excellence Award (2003)
 BCA Singapore, CONQUAS Award (2003)
 Singapore Institute of Architects, Micro Design Award and Merit Award (2003)
 Singapore Institute of Architects, Micro Design Award and Gold Medal (2003)

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Singapore
 Singapore Exchange

References

External links

Street Directory Map - SGX Centre I
Street Directory Map - SGX Centre II

Downtown Core (Singapore)
Office buildings completed in 2000
Office buildings completed in 2001
Skyscraper office buildings in Singapore
Raffles Place
Twin towers
20th-century architecture in Singapore