The 81st Stryker Brigade Combat Team is a modular mechanized infantry brigade of the United States Army National Guard based in Washington, Oregon and California. On 9 July 2015 it was announced that the 81st Brigade would convert from being an Armored BCT to a Stryker BCT.

In September 2016 the 81st Brigade began the transition to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team. From 2016 to 2021, the 81st Brigade was part of the 7th Infantry Division and wore the ‘Indianhead’ patch under the Associated Unit Program (AUP). However, with the end of the AUP, the brigade donned its original "Raven" patch again in September 2021. As of 2022, the 81st SBCT has changed its alignment from the 7th Infantry Division to the 36th Infantry Division.

Current composition

The 81st Stryker Brigade contains seven battalions and a headquarters company. It assumed its current organizational structure as of 9 July 2015, when the 81st Brigade converted from a mechanized to a Stryker brigade and some units are attached to 2nd Infantry division which includes the 1-185th Infantry.

  Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 81st Stryker BCT – Seattle, Washington.
  1st Battalion, 161st Infantry Regiment
 HHC Spokane
 Company A (Infantry) Redmond
 Company B (Infantry) Moses Lake
 Company C (Infantry) Spokane
 Detachments of these companies are located in Yakima, and Wenatchee
  3rd Battalion, 161st Infantry Regiment
 HHC Kent
Company A (Infantry) Anacortes
 Company B (Infantry) Kent
 Company C (Infantry) Redmond
  1st Battalion, 185th Infantry Regiment (California National Guard)
 HHC San Bernardino
 Company A Bakersfield and Porterville
 Company B Colton
 Company C Palmdale
  1st Squadron, 82nd Cavalry Regiment (Oregon National Guard)
  2nd Battalion, 146th Field Artillery Regiment
 Headquarters and Headquarters Battery Tumwater
 Detachment 1 Moses Lake, Washington
 Detachment 2 San Bernardino, California
 Battery A Moses Lake, Washington
 Battery B Tumwater, Washington
 Battery C Tumwater, Washington.
 181st Brigade Support Battalion
 HHC Interbay, Seattle
 A Supply and Transportation Company Interbay, Seattle
 B Maintenance Company Interbay, Seattle
 C Medical Company Interbay, Seattle
 D Forward Support Company (FSC) Prineville, Oregon (Oregon National Guard)
 E FSC Marysville
 F FSC Tumwater
 G FSC Ephrata
 H FSC Barstow, California (California National Guard)
 I FSC Kent
 898th Brigade Engineer Battalion (formerly 81st Brigade Special Troops Battalion)
 HHC Marysville
 A Engineer Company Yakima
 B Engineer Company
 C Signal Company Marysville
 D Military Intelligence Company Kent
The brigade normally conducts its annual training at the Yakima Training Center, near Yakima, Washington.

History

World Wars

The 81st Infantry Brigade was constituted as part of the 41st Infantry Division on 1 April 1917, consisting of the 161st and 162nd Infantry Regiments. The 41st deployed to France, but was designated a replacement division, with its infantry components sent to the 1st, 2nd, 32nd and 42nd Infantry Divisions.

Between the wars, the brigade joined the rest of the division in the Pacific Northwest, the headquarters moving with the home of the current brigade commander.

In January 1942, the 41st Infantry Division was reorganized from a two-brigade, four-regiment structure to a three-regiment structure with no brigade echelon. The 81st ceased to exist and its two component regiments split up. The 161st went to the 25th Infantry Division while the 162nd remained in the 41st Infantry Division, where they both saw extensive combat.

Cold War

As part of an Army reorganization, the 81st was revived as a separate light infantry brigade on 1 January 1968 under Brigadier General Albert Kaye and built around the three battalions of the 161st Infantry Regiment. In 1971, the brigade converted to mechanized infantry, substituting one infantry battalion with 1st Battalion, 303rd Armor.

In subsequent years, the brigade was consecutively "affiliated" with the 9th Infantry Division and 4th Infantry Division before finally becoming the "roundout brigade" for the 9th Division and wearing its patch instead of the separate brigade patch. In 1991, the 9th Division was deactivated and the 81st was a separate brigade once again, tasked to augment the 2nd Infantry Division in the Republic of Korea in wartime.

Like many National Guard units, the 81st Brigade has been activated for state duty several times to respond to disasters and disorder. It responded to floods in December 1975 and November 1990, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, forest fires in 1994 and many other years, and the WTO Riots of 1999.

Iraq (2004)

The 3,600-member 81st, one of the United States Army's 15 National Guard "enhanced readiness" or E-brigades, was federalized in November 2003 to support Operation Iraqi Freedom under Brigadier General Oscar Hilman. Most of its troops conducted pre-mobilization training at Fort Lewis, WA and the National Training Center and served in theater from March 2004 to March 2005. The brigade was broken up, and its components extensively reorganized under the 13th Corps Support Command (COSCOM) to meet the mission requirements:

A total of ten brigade soldiers died from enemy action over the course of the deployment, the majority of those from the 1st Battalion, 161st Infantry, the unit most directly involved in day-to-day combat operations. The 1st Battalion, 161st Infantry was responsible for the security and combat operations of a densely populated area of southeast Baghdad known as Al Zafranaya and Jsr Diayla. The battalion operated primarily out of Forward Operating Base Gunner (later renamed to FOB Highlander in honor of the battalion's nickname), Baghdad, Iraq. For its performance in combat, the 1–161st Infantry was awarded the Meritorious Unit Citation by the Department of the Army.

Upon its return from overseas in March 2005, the brigade began to reorganize in accordance with the Army's new "Unit of Action" Brigade design, adopting the organization it has today.

Between deployments, the brigade responded to floods in Southwest Washington caused by the Great Coastal Gale of 2007.

Iraq (2008)

The 81st Brigade was alerted for a deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. It received its mobilization order on 19 March 2008 from the Department of Defense. The brigade completed pre-deployment training at Fort McCoy, WI and then deployed to Iraq from August 2008 to August 2009. The main focus of the brigade in OIF was security and "force protection operations."

The brigade was led into Iraq by Colonel Ronald Kapral and State Command Sergeant Major Robert Sweeney. During their time in Iraq, the brigade was visited by Washington state Governor Christine Gregoire and Washington Adjutant General, Brigadier General Toney. It suffered one fatality during its deployment, Specialist Samuel D. Stone, in a vehicle accident while on patrol.

Troop A, 1st Squadron, 303rd Cavalry Regiment received the Distinguished Service Unit award. The award was received on behalf of the unit by Captain Patrick Gehring and First Sergeant Travis Wise.

The brigade has shifted mobilization affiliation several times since the 1990s. It had been associated with the 2nd Infantry Division in South Korea. With the shift to being an armored brigade in 2005, it was affiliated for mobilization purposes to the 40th Infantry Division. From 2015 to 2021, the 81st SBCT was affiliated with the JBLM-based 7th Infantry Division.

Notable members
 Laverne Parrish - Technician-4, a medic with 1st Battalion, 161st Infantry Regiment received the Medal of Honor for his valorous actions in the Philippine Campaign of WWII
 James Dalton II - Brigadier General, Commander of the 161st Infantry Regiment and later Deputy Commander of the 25th Infantry Division during the Pacific Campaigns of WWII. He was killed in action during Battle of Balete Pass on 16 May 1945. Posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, Silver Star and Purple Heart. One of 11 US General Officers Killed in Action during the Second World War.
Matthew Shea - Captain, 1st Battalion, 161st Infantry Regiment. Elected to the Washington House of Representatives from the 4th Legislative District 12 January 2009 to present. Deployed to both Bosnia (1999) and Iraq (2004) where he served as the Commander of HHC, 1-161 Infantry.
 Ryan G. Anderson - Specialist who attempted to provide relief to al-Qaeda

External links
81st Heavy Brigade Combat Team Homepage
The Institute of Heraldry: 81st Heavy Brigade Combat Team

References

Stryker 81
Stryker 81
81
81
Military units and formations established in 1917


Quins () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Logan Peak, commonly referred to as Mount Logan, is a peak in the Bear River Mountains, a branch of the Wasatch Range.  Located six miles east-southeast of Logan, Utah in the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest, it is the second highest peak overlooking Cache Valley after Mt. Naomi.  Logan Peak rises to an elevation of  NAVD88. It is served by hiking trails and a narrow, unpaved access road suitable only for offroad vehicles. It is the only mountain in the Bear River Range with a road to the summit. The peak houses a weather station and a telecommunications tower. Logan Peak is a popular destination for hikers and mountain bikers during the warmer months and advanced cross-country skiers in winter. During the winter, a circular hollow on the east side of the peak, known locally as Crystal Valley, is popular with snowmobilers.

References

External links

Mountains of Utah
Mountains of Cache County, Utah


Rebourguil (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Recoules-Prévinquières (; Languedocien: Recolas e Previnquièiras) is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Sévérac-d'Aveyron.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Former communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Réquista (; , primarily Ric Estar) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography

Location

Climate

History

Toponymy
In Occitan, the commune is called Requistar. The name comes from the term ric estar which means "rich place".

Coat of arms

Politics and administration

List of mayors

Population and society

Demography

Cultural events and festivities
Since Réquista is the first sheep canton in Europe, a sheep festival is organized every year on the first Sunday of June. A statue of a sheep and its lamb is also erected in front of the town hall. Every Monday morning (or Tuesday morning if Monday happens to be a holiday), the sheep market attracts breeders from the region as well as many buyers from neighboring departments. It begins at 9:00am with gray lambs, continues with lamb exports at 9:30am, cull ewes at 10:00am and lambs at 10:30am. The introduction of this market in 1992 necessitated the construction of a area big enough to fit an annual volume of 120,000 people (4,400m²). Quotations are recorded weekly and serve as reference to the national plan.

Festivities
 Ovine market every Monday (Tuesday if Monday is a holiday)
 Weekly market in the covered hall from 7:30am to 12:30pm every Saturday
 Monthly fair the second Thursday of the month from 8:30am to 12:00pm
 Estofinado at the end of March
 Feast of the sheep every year on the first Sunday of June
 Bellegarde Hospital Festival the penultimate weekend of June
 Flea market garage sale gourmet market during Lincou weekend after July 14
 Lincou Festival the first weekend of August
 Large flea market in Réquista the 3rd weekend of September
 Christmas market on the last Sunday of November
 Medieval day at the college Céléstin Sourrèzes organized by 5th year students
 Feast of Saint-Julien (municipality of Réquista) with a lottery (Friday), meal and prom musette (Saturday) and bodega (Sunday) penultimate weekend of August
 Fair at the flea market and exhibition of vintage cars the 3rd weekend of September
 Fireworks at Lincou and votive festival the first weekend of August
 Lottery numbers in Réquista and around
 Wine tasting at the company of chiais
 Festival of trout August 15 organized by Lévezou Ségala Aveyron XV
 Votive festival in Lebous the 2nd weekend in September

Local associations
 The motorcycle club Réquista has a cross field.
 National petanque.
 Dance Gala with students Josiane Nespoulous.
 Commercial Fortnight (last week of July and first of August) organized by the Union of Traders and Craftsmen of Réquista

Nadalet de Réquista
Nadalet de Réquista is a song in Occitan written by Paul Bonnefous in 1864. It is sung every year at the Mass on December 24 by the choir of the church of Réquista.

Places and monuments
 Church of Réquista
 Museum art gallery of the Lincou manor

In other languages
The name of the region/commune of Réquista is pronounced Request in English, which is also an acceptable and well recognized name of the region/commune.

Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rieupeyroux (; Languedocien: Riupeirós) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

External links

 Website

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Zhigulevskoye () is a brand of Russian beer. The original brewery was founded in Samara in 1881 by Austrian entrepreneur Alfred von Vacano. The original brand was named Viennese Beer, but, according to legend, in 1934 it was renamed "Zhigulevskoye Beer" to get rid of its "bourgeois" name. During the Soviet era, at times it was virtually the only beer brand that could be found anywhere in the country. At the peak of its popularity it was made in more than 700 breweries around the country, and it practically became a generic name for beer. Production was regulated by a GOST standard since 1938. Zhigulevskoye had to contain no less than 2.8% alcohol by mass and was allowed to have up to 15% of adjuncts. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, beer under the Zhigulyovskoye brand has been produced by multiple breweries in several former Soviet countries. Attempts to register it as a trademark in 2000 were unsuccessful. On May 17, the Appeals Chamber of Rospatent accepted all the objections of the Ryazan JSC Russian Brewing Company and canceled the registration of the Zhigulevskoye trademark.

Marketing outside Russia
There was an attempt to market it in Britain under the name "Zhiguli's", but it did not prove popular.

See also
 Beer in Russia
 Food industry of Russia

References

Beer in Russia
Soviet brands


Rignac (; Languedocien: Rinhac) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Carolina Roller Derby is a women's flat-track roller derby league in Raleigh, North Carolina. Operating as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and founded in January 2004, Carolina is a founding member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

History

While traveling through Austin, Texas in late 2003, graphic designer Laura Weakland, inspired by a banked-track roller derby bout put on by the Lonestar Rollergirls, decided to start a local league in Raleigh. Although inspired by a banked-track event, practicality dictated that Weakland pursue flat-track derby. Weakland, now known by her derby name "Celia Fate", began soliciting potential skaters with recruiting sessions in early 2004. Initial practices featured some women who had skated as adults, but many had not been on wheels since middle school and practices were loosely organized, at first consisting of mostly drills and laps.

Carolina Rollergirls held its first exhibition bout on September 19, 2004, at Raleigh's Skate Ranch, featuring two ad-hoc teams, the Crimson Crushers against the Black Widows, and a second exhibition followed on November 21, 2004. The first two permanent home teams, the Debutante Brawlers and Trauma Queens, took part in CRG's first official bout on April 10, 2005, as the Trauma Queens defeated the Debutante Brawlers 138–131. The Debutante Brawlers won the season championship on June 19, 2005, ending the league's inaugural season.

In 2006, CRG introduced the Tai Chi-tahs as a new home team, who claimed the "Golden Skate Championship" that year, defeating the Debutante Brawlers 149–142. By this point, a two-phase season had developed, with home team matchups taking place the first half of the year and interleague games (featuring visiting leagues from across the country) in the second half. After regularly bouting to sell-out crowds at the Ranch, the league moved to historic Dorton Arena at the State Fairgrounds, although the Skate Ranch would remain its practice facility.

The 2007 season opened with a round robin tournament between all three home teams on January 21, and featured four double-headers, with the Debs going up against the Queens and the Chi-tahs taking on the Atlanta Rollergirls travel team in March. In mid-April, the Chi-tahs defeated the Queens (56-41) and the Debs beat the Cincinnati Rollergirls All-Stars (73-25). A week later the Chi-tahs defeated the Debs (78-65) and the Trauma Queens took down Birmingham, Alabama's Tragic City Rollers (63-53). On June 9, the last of the season's double headers featured an interleague win for the Trauma Queens against Southern Virginia's Dominion Derby Girls (72-44), and the Tai Chi-tahs beat the Debutante Brawlers by one point to win the Golden Skate for the second straight year.

The 2008 season opened on March 29 with a substantial, defense-heavy Trauma Queens victory over the Tai Chi-tahs, 104–34. The Chi-Tahs lost again on April 20 to the Debutante Brawlers, 85–55. The rookie-heavy Debs, led by league veterans Shirley Temper and Roxy Rockett, took an 81–69 victory over the Queens. On June 7, the Debs and Queens skated through triple-digit temperatures at Dorton Arena, as the Debs took a substantial early lead in the first half, but the Queens fought their way back in the second half. Ultimately, the Debs won their first championship since 2005, 57–50.

The league hosted the 2009 WFTDA Eastern Regional Tournament at Dorton Arena.

WFTDA competition

On November 18, 2005, CRG played its first interleague (and away game) against Minnesota Rollergirls. Minnesota defeated Carolina by a wide margin, but in January 2006, Carolina hosted a rematch and held the score to a 10-point differential. CRG's undefeated 2006 interleague season saw the All-Stars defeat Las Vegas's Neanderdolls, both at home (127-65) and away (133-84), as well as Providence Roller Derby's Rhode Island Riveters (131-102, before a crowd of 1700) and Phoenix's Tent City Terrors (100-90), both at home. In 2006, Carolina competed at the first WFTDA Championships where they finished in eighth place.

CRG began 2007 with an away-game win against Baltimore's Charm City Roller Girls (140-72). In March 2007, CRG participated in the inaugural East Coast Derby Extravaganza (ECDX), a derby tournament hosted by the Philly Rollergirls. The CRG team won both of their WFTDA bouts there, over New York's Gotham Girls Roller Derby 115-104 and also defeating the Detroit Derby Girls 192–49. On May 12, the CRG All-Stars went to Phoenix for a rematch against the Tent City Terrors, losing by three points. The latter half of 2007 took the 7th-ranked CRG All-Stars on the road, first to Providence in June for a second win against the Rhode Island Riveters 104–68, and then, in August, to the WFTDA Eastern Regional Tournament in Columbus, Ohio, where the team placed third and secured its slot at the WFTDA Championships in Austin, Texas. Two weeks before Championships, the All-Stars returned home for a face-off against the Texas Rollergirls, narrowly losing 64–59. At Championships September 29–30, the All-Stars advanced to the final four (the only East Region league to do so) with a win against the Tucson Roller Derby Saddletramps 80–73. The following day, CRG fought a lost 108–116 to the Kansas City Roller Warriors, to finish in fourth place.

After a brief break, the interleague season continued at home in November with an easy win against San Francisco's Bay Area Derby Girls, 74–45. On December 2, Kansas City came to Raleigh for a rematch, and the CRG All-Stars pulled out a one-point win. In 2008, the CRG All-Stars went to Philadelphia for the second annual East Coast Derby Extravaganza (ECDX), where they kicked off the weekend event with a win against the Denver Roller Dolls, 129–49, and a win against Chicago's Windy City Rollers, 76–60.

In 2008, Carolina finished in fourth place at the Eastern Regional Tournament, thus missing Championships for the first time. At the 2009 Eastern Regional Tournament, hosted by CRG, an opening round loss to Boston was followed by victories over Dominion Derby Girls and Providence, resulting in a fifth-place finish. In 2010, victories over DC Rollergirls and Montreal Roller Derby were offset by losses to Philly and Steel City, resulting in a sixth-place finish at Regionals. At the 2011 East Regional, Carolina was the seventh seed and finished in ninth place by defeating Maine Roller Derby 241–172. In 2012, Carolina was the eighth seed and finished in eighth place with a 156–128 loss to Boston.

In 2013, the WFTDA restructured Playoffs into a divisional system rather than geographic, and Carolina competed at the Division 2 Playoff in Kalamazoo, Michigan as the fourth seed, and finished in seventh place by defeating Burning River, 250–131. After missing Playoffs in 2014 and 2015, Carolina returned to Division 2 Playoffs in 2016 at Wichita as the tenth seed, and lost their three games to finish the weekend in tenth place.

Rankings

NR = no end-of-year ranking supplied

League governance
The league is governed by a board of directors. Skater participation is encouraged and, in fact, necessary, as CRG is run entirely by volunteerism. The league is run by the skaters, for the skaters. Board positions include chair, training director, marketing director, director of sponsorship, director of finance, league representative, and head of bout production. League meetings are held quarterly. Although non-skaters (e.g., referees and other support staff) can serve on committees, only skaters vote on league issues.

References

External links
Women's Flat Track Derby Association
The Cary News

Sports in Raleigh, North Carolina
Roller derby leagues in North Carolina
Non-profit organizations based in North Carolina
Roller derby leagues established in 2004
2004 establishments in North Carolina
Women's sports in North Carolina


Rivière-sur-Tarn (; Languedocien: Ribièira) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

The Château de Peyrelade is a ruined castle, open to visitors.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rodelle (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Smolyachkovo (; ) is a municipal settlement in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland. Population:

Before Winter War and Continuation War it was part of Finland in municipality of Terijoki.

References

Municipal settlements under jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg
Kurortny District
Karelian Isthmus


La Rouquette (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Roussennac is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rullac-Saint-Cirq (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

Geography
The river Céor forms part of the commune's northern border.

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


In financial trading, a rogue trader is an employee authorized to make trades on behalf of their employer (subject to certain conditions) who makes unauthorized trades. It can also involve mismarking of securities. The perpetrator is a legitimate employee of a company, but enters into transactions on behalf of their employer, or mismarks securities held by their employer, without their employer's permission.

One famous rogue trader is Nick Leeson, whose losses on unauthorized investments in index futures contracts were sufficient to bankrupt his employer Barings Bank in 1995. Through a combination of poor judgment on his part, increasingly large initial profits, lack of oversight by management, a naïve regulatory environment, and an unforeseen outside event, the Kobe earthquake, Leeson incurred a US$1.3 billion loss that bankrupted the centuries-old financial institution. In some cases traders have initially made large profits for their employers, and - their goal - large bonuses for themselves, from trades in breach of applicable laws and company rules, and it has been questioned by some whether in some instances traders are not in fact "rogue", as in those cases in which employers directed the activity or knew of it and turned a blind eye to the transgressions due to the profits involved.

There have been colossal financial losses and bankruptcies from what are considered to be catastrophically bad decisions by senior decision-makers in financial institutions, such as the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers which necessitated the 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package, but this is not described as rogue trading and is not punishable.

Largest rogue-trader losses

See also
 List of trading losses
 Product control

References

White-collar criminals
Operational risk


David Dowson (born 12 September 1988) is an English semi-professional footballer who plays as a striker for National League North club Spennymoor Town.

Career
Born in Bishop Auckland, County Durham, Dowson started his career with Sunderland's youth system, and signed a professional contract on 12 June 2007. He made his first-team debut while on loan at Chesterfield on 23 February 2008 against Brentford, also scoring a goal. His loan, initially for one month, was later extended to the rest of the season. After his debut, he went a spree of several games without scoring a goal until he netted two goals in a 4–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town on 5 April 2008. Dowson spent most of 2009–10 on loan at Darlington, scoring one goal in 12 appearances.

Dowson signed for Conference Premier club Gateshead on 18 July 2010 on non-contract terms, but was released on 10 August 2010. He had a trial with Conference Premier team York City in September 2010 and played in a 1–1 draw against former club Chesterfield in the reserve team. He signed for the club on a short-term contract on 25 September 2010 and made his debut later that day as an 85th-minute substitute in a 3–1 away victory over Tamworth. Having made five appearances for York he was released by new manager Gary Mills on 22 October 2010.

Dowson signed for Northern Premier League Division One North side Durham City and scored on his debut against Leigh Genesis in a 3–1 win. On 13 June 2012, Dowson signed for Darlington, but on 25 June, his registration was changed to the new Darlington 1883 club following the liquidation of the original club. Having played irregularly for Darlington 1883 in 2015–16, Dowson joined Northern Premier League Division One North club Spennymoor Town on 10 February 2016.

Career statistics

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Bishop Auckland
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Gateshead F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Durham City A.F.C. players
Spennymoor Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Football League players
Northern Premier League players


Saint-Amans-des-Cots (; Languedocien: Sant Amanç) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Paul Mpagi Sepuya (born 1982) is an American photographer and artist. His photographs focus heavily on the relationship between artist and subject. He often explores the nude in relation to the intimacy of studio photography. The foundation of Sepuya's work is portraiture. He features friends and muses in his work that creates meaningful relationships through the medium of photography. Sepuya reveals the subjects in his art in fragments:  torsos, arms, legs, or feet rather the entire body. Through provocative photography, Sepuya creates a feeling of longing and wanting more. This yearning desire allows viewers to connect deeply with the photography in a meaningful way.

Early life
Sepuya was born in San Bernardino, California. He temporarily moved to New York to pursue a Bachelor in Fine Arts in Photography & Imaging from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 2004 and subsequently a Master of Fine Arts in Photography from UCLA Department of Art in 2016. Work from his master's degree was presented at the UCLA MFA Exhibition #3.

Style
Sepuya is best known for his portraiture. Portraiture is the artist's representation of a person. The artist uses elements of art such as composition, line, or color to display the personality or mood of a person. using photographs of artists, his friends and himself. Another major feature of his work is fragmentation. Viewers are able to see parts of the body in Sepuya's portraits. Through this, he is able to create an intimate feeling of yearning for more. It is this yearning that allows viewers to connect deeply with his art. Typically his photographs are ripped apart, rearranged and taped to form a deeper meaning of the queer culture as well as social and sexual exchange. His photographs show his interest in the history of portraiture and wanting to have black photography exist in the same time space as contemporary conversations. His photography sessions mostly take place in a familiar studio like his own or a friends in order for his photographs to show his presence and his relationship with the individuals in his photographs.

Career
Sepuya's series Studio Work (2010–11) continues the development of his sustained interest in portraiture and the intimacy developed between the sitter and the photographer in the controlled environment of the studio. The range and breadth of his work examines not only the personality and character of the portrait but the private performance that exists within the photographic studio. “My studio was private, but not a closed environment. Rather, it was a stage that I inhabited and opened to those around me,” he says in reflecting on the production of the studio environment and those invited to have their portraits made. He draws inspiration for his contemporary investigations of studio photography from the works of Robert Mapplethorpe and art historian and critic Brian O'Doherty whose publication "Studio and Cube:On the relationship between where art is made and where art is displayed" both feature prominently in his early work. He has held a residency at the Studio Museum in Harlem and his work is included in the Leslie-Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art.

In addition he has published several artists books and editions with Printed Matter, Inc and has maintained a professional relationship with its former executive director (2004-2010) AA Bronson. Since 2004, Sepuya has shot editorial features for I.D. (magazine), Kaiserin Magazine, and BUTT Magazine. His evolving collection of the self-published periodical 'SHOOT' has been sold internationally since its inception in 2005. Sepuya's 2010 publication, "The Accidental Egyptian and Occidental Arrangements," co-created with artist Timothy Hull, was financed through crowdfunding.

Sepuya is represented by DOCUMENT, Chicago; Yancey Richardson Gallery, New York; Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town. His work is featured in various exhibitions such as the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, The Studio Museum in Harlem, Franklin Art Works, Minneapolis, the Artist Institute in New York, and The Center for Photography at Woodstock. He has had solo exhibitions at DOCUMENT, Platform Centre for Photography and Digital Arts in Winnipeg, Clough-Hanson Gallery at Rhodes College in Memphis, Artspeak in Vancouver, and Blaffer Art Museum in Houston.

Predominantly New York-based through 2014, he is currently visiting faculty at CalArts, School of Art, Program in Photography and Media.

Four of his photos are in the collection of MoMA, and he was included in their Spring 2018 show "New Photography".  As of 2018, he was represented by Team Gallery and his first solo exhibition there titled The Conditions, debuted in March 2019.

Sepuya's work was included in the 79th Whitney Biennial, in 2019. Sepuya's work, Darkroom Mirror (_2070386) (detail), 2017, from the series “Darkroom Mirrors,” 2017 was featured on the cover of the ArtForum Magazine's March 2019 Issue.

Critical reception
Sepuya's work is generally critically acclaimed by art critics and enthusiasts. His work is distinctive in a sense that critics acknowledge his effective use of body fragmentation portraiture techniques.

A contributor writer from The Brooklyn Rail, explains how one of Sepuya's exhibits called the Mirror Study (2016), "has lingered with him the most" in that "the photographer captures himself photographing a cut-up portrait of a man taped to a mirror, hiding the camera and all but his arms behind what remains of the printed image (only the man’s arm)".

An art critic from the May 2017, Fine Arts section issue of The Nation states that Sepuya's photographs are "as insistently reflective and formally refined as any being made today, can nonetheless proclaim that in his work, the sum total of content lies outside of the conversation about art". Sepuya "almost too perfectly encapsulates the current tendency to see photography as a game of mirrors. Its conceptually self-questioning strategies and fastidious-almost-to-the-point-of-finicky aesthetics account, in part, for why he seems to be a must-have artist of the moment", the art critic exclaims when mentioning Sepuya's proven track record.

See also
AA Bronson
Slava Mogutin

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
American photographers
African-American artists
African-American contemporary artists
American contemporary artists
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni


Saint-André-de-Vézines (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

In the past, there were about 45 families in the village. Today, there are only 20, among whom many are retired.

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Beaulize (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. The nearest airport is Larzac, which is 7 miles away.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Beauzély (; Languedocien: Sent Bausèli) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The State Hydraulic Works () is a state agency, under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Turkey, responsible for the utilization of all the country's water resources. The institution's four major functions are energy, agriculture, services and environment. The General Manager of DSI is Kaya Yıldız.

History
Development of water resources in Turkey began with the establishment of the "General Directorate of Public Works" () by the Ottoman Government in 1914. The institution started to undertake continuous and systematical studies on irrigation, reclamation, flood control, navigation, water storage and distribution.

in 1925, soon after the foundation of the Turkish Republic, regional offices were opened in Adana, Ankara, Bursa, Edirne and Izmir under the "Waters Directorate". Due to insufficient financial resources and field observations data available, water projects could not be expedited as planned. Severe drought, occurred in 1929, led to the establishment of the more comprehensive institution of "Waters General Directorate". In 1939, it was reorganized in "Water Works General Directorate". The agency conducted studies on feasibility, planning, gauging and water level recording.

Finally in 1954, the institution was named "General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works" and assigned to the Ministry of Public Works. State Hydraulic Works was reassigned later to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Since not a long time, the agency reports to the minister of environment and forestry.

Organization
The State Hydraulic Works is organized in three levels: The management, the department offices and the regional offices. While the first two levels are located in Ankara, the 25 regional offices are  dispersed throughout Turkey.

Major functions of the regional offices are primarily collection of data in the field of mapping, conducting hydrometric measurements, surveying agricultural economy, land classification, drainage, groundwater and geology, and secondly to evaluate them for the planning, construction and operation of water structures.

Projects

Since its establishment in 1954, State Hydraulic Works has made investments in the sector of energy for US$30.0 billion, agriculture for US$39.0 billion and services for US$12.0 billion, totaling up to US$81.0 billion.

Energy

Of the 135 hydroelectric power plants in Turkey, State Hydraulic Works operates 53, which have a total installed capacity of 10,215 MW (29% of the country's total electric power capacity) and generated in 2003 electricity of 35,329 GWh (25.1% of the total).

State Hydraulic Works has currently 24 HEPPs throughout the country under construction with a total installed capacity of 2,722 MW and annual generation of 8,920 GWh.

Agriculture

Turkey has a total of 280,000 square kilometres of agricultural area, of which  85,000 km² is economically irrigable and 49,000 km² is currently being irrigated. As of 2005, an area of 28,000 km² is equipped with facilities of State Hydraulic Works's irrigation projects, making 10% of the total agricultural area and 57% of the irrigated area in Turkey.

Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP)

The Southeastern Anatolia Project ( or GAP), a very important integrated project for the economic and social development of the Southeastern Anatolia Region, includes active farming with extensive irrigation systems and electricity generation. The project area covers the lower parts of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the 9 provinces of the region (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır, Mardin, Siirt, Batman, and Şırnak), where a total of 6.5 million people live as of the 2000 census.

The project is one of the biggest investments of the last century undertaken by State Hydraulic Works and contains 13 sub-projects, 7 of which are in the Euphrates Basin and 6 of which are in the Tigris Basin. Within the scope of these 13 projects, 27,000 GWh hydroelectric energy will be produced annually with 7.5 GW installed capacity and 18,200 km² of land will be irrigated with the construction of 22 dams and 19 HEPPs.

The Atatürk Dam, the largest in Turkey and among the world's largest dams, is the centerpiece of the project.

Services
State Hydraulic Works is partly responsible for water supply and sanitation in Turkey and is responsible by law for the supply of domestic and industrial water to settlements having population of more than 100,000. As of the 2000 census, there are 55 cities and towns in Turkey with populations over 100,000. State Hydraulic Works supply water to 26 million people in 45 cities at different regions.

As of the beginning of 2005, State Hydraulic Works supplied annually a total of around 2.5 km³ domestic water complying with drinking water standards. This figure will reach 5.3 km³ with completion of the projects which are under construction, or at the final design and planning stages. Water supply projects developed by State Hydraulic Works meet one third of the requirements for domestic and industrial water consumption.

Environment
Climate change in Turkey is putting pressure on water resources. The protection of nature and wildlife is of great importance for  State Hydraulic Works. It conducts activities on development of sustainable water resources, both independently and in collaboration with other related governmental and non-governmental organizations. State Hydraulic Works also provides financial and technical support to protect archaeological and historical sites for the next generations.

One of the basic duties and responsibilities of State Hydraulic Works is building and operating protective structures against floods. It takes the necessary precautions and warns the relevant organizations in the event of flood emergencies.

State Hydraulic Works conducts afforestation work and establishes recreation areas and facilities aiming at prevention of erosion, decreasing the sediment amount deposited in dams through rivers, restoring the environment of dam basins and their catchments. Tree planted areas  also serve as picnic areas and public promenades.

State Hydraulic Works needs to obtain land properties (real estates) for its development projects of water and land resources. Up to now, around 5,200 km² of private land was expropriated. 70,000 families and 350,000 people were relocated by dam projects. It is estimated that 50,000 families and 250,000 people more will be affected in the future.

Notable executives
 Süleyman Demirel, former prime minister and the 9th president of Turkey. Served as director general of DSI between 1955-1960.
 Veysel Eroğlu, current minister of environment and forestry. Served as State Hydraulic Works's director general from 2003 to 2007.

References

External links
Official website

Hydraulic
Water management authorities
1914 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
1954 establishments in Turkey
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Turkey)
Water supply and sanitation in Turkey
Organizations based in Ankara


Saint-Christophe-Vallon (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. Saint-Christophe station has rail connections to Brive-la-Gaillarde, Figeac and Rodez.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Cyprien-sur-Dourdou (, literally Saint-Cyprien on Dourdou; ) is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Conques-en-Rouergue.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Former communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Outside the Dream Syndicate is a 1973 album by United States avant-garde composer Tony Conrad in collaboration with German krautrock group Faust. The album marks Conrad's first and only musical release for many years, and remains his best known musical work. It is considered a classic of minimalist and drone music. Pitchfork exclaims "for a moment in Outside the Dream Syndicate, one forgets what exactly is moving and what is standing still."

The original LP contained two 26-minute pieces. The album was digitally remastered in 1993 and released on CD by Table of the Elements with an additional 20-minute previously unreleased bonus track.

Background
In the mid-1960s Tony Conrad was a member of The Dream Syndicate, a United States experimental and drone music group.

In New York City Conrad was approached by a filmmaker from Hamburg in Germany who said that he knew a producer in Hamburg who would be interested in Conrad's music. Conrad flew to Hamburg where he met Uwe Nettelbeck, Faust's producer. Nettelbeck took Conrad to an old schoolhouse where Faust had been recording, and invited him to make a record with the band, "outside" Conrad's group, the Dream Syndicate (and hence the title of the album).

In 1995, Conrad and Faust reunited to play a 50-minute live version of the piece "From the Side of Man and Womankind"; the concert was eventually released in 2005 as the album Outside the Dream Syndicate Alive.

In 2015, they collaborated for the last time, for a live performance at the famous Berlin Atonal festival, which marked the last public appearance of Conrad before his death in April 2016.

Track listing
All tracks written by Tony Conrad.

1973 LP release
Side A
"From the Side of Man and Womankind" – 27:16
Side B
"From the Side of the Machine" – 26:20

1993 CD release
"From the Side of Man and Womankind" – 27:16
"From the Side of the Machine" – 26:20
"From the Side of Woman and Mankind" – 20:04

2002 30th Anniversary edition (2 CD)
CD 1
"From the Side of Man and Womankind" – 27:16
"From the Side of the Machine" – 26:20
CD 2
"The Pyre of Angus Was in Kathmandu" – 03:38
"The Death of the Composer Was in 1962" – 03:16
"From the Side of Woman and Mankind (complete version)" – 31:09

Personnel
Tony Conrad – violin
Werner "Zappi" Diermaier – drums
Jean-Hervé Péron – bass guitar
Rudolf Sosna – guitar and keyboards
Kurt Graupner – engineer
Uwe Nettelbeck – producer

References

External links
Outside the Dream Syndicate. The Faust pages.

1973 albums
Faust (band) albums
Caroline Records albums
Collaborative albums
Albums produced by Uwe Nettelbeck


Sainte-Croix (; Languedocien: Santa Crotz) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sainte-Geneviève-sur-Argence (Languedocien: Sant Jurvèva) is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Argences-en-Aubrac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Former communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Sainte-Juliette-sur-Viaur (, literally Sainte-Juliette on Viaur; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sainte-Radegonde (; Languedocien: Senta Radegonda) is a commune in the Aveyron department in Occitania in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Félix-de-Lunel (Languedocien: Sant Faliç) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Colorado Springs geography describes geographical topics regarding the city of Colorado Springs, Colorado in El Paso County, Colorado.  With  of land, it is the state's largest-sized city. Denver is the most populated city.

Physical geography
Colorado Springs is located in the Pikes Peak area in El Paso County, along the Front Range a forty-mile corridor from the city up to Fort Carson. At the edge of the southern Rocky Mountains, it is bordered by State, National Forest Service, and Bureau of Land Management land. North of the city is the Palmer Divide, the plains and grasslands are to the east, and Pueblo and high desert lands lie to the south. The city was founded at the confluence of Monument Creek with Fountain Creek of the Arkansas River watershed. Its major highway is Interstate 25 that runs along that Front Range Urban Corridor to Castle Rock, Denver, Fort Collins, and Pueblo.

Colorado Springs, with an average rainfall of about 15-16 inches, has a semi-arid climate with relatively mild temperatures. The terrain is drier south of the city. Colorado Springs is   in elevation.

Topography
The city, founded near the confluence of Fountain and Monument Creeks, primarily on Pierre Shale. On the eastern side of the city are hills of Tertiary and Cretaceous sandstone. Sandstone ledges are Dakota Formation. Pedimont rock is prevalent in the north portion of the city. There are pediment gravels on the west side. The mountains have been quarried for limestone.

Scenic Pennsylvanian rock formations are found at Garden of the Gods. The natural gap between the sandstone Austin Bluffs is Templeton Gap, and a few westernmost portions of the city are on the east escarpment's slope of the Southern Rocky Mountains section adjacent to the Colorado Piedmont, separated by the Fall line of the Front Range.

Land use

Colorado Springs is 70 miles south of Denver, which has the largest population of any city in Colorado. Colorado Springs has the largest area of any city in the state, with  in 2013. Of that,  is developed land. It has 16,331 parkland acres and 7,431 street land miles.

Residential
Of the city's land, 26% is residential. The higher the percentage, the greater the demand and total costs for city services, like recreational and park facilities. The population growth has been significant since the 1970s.

Institutional and commercial
Institutional and commercial property use a total of about 17% of the city's land. The city, once an urban-industrial society, has become a modern-technological one.

Military facilities in Colorado Springs include North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), United States Air Force Academy, Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort Carson.

Parks
The city owns more than 15,000 acres of open space and park, including Garden of the Gods, and Palmer Park, and North Cheyenne Cañon Park. There are more than 6,000 acres of open space land, 8,000 acres of parkland, and about 300 miles of trails in Colorado Springs and the nearby area. The city, which borders national and state park lands, has canyons, bluffs, mesas, rock formations, treed foothills, mountain creeks, and grasslands. The city's Parks, Recreation, and Cultural Services Department also manages urban forest, two golf courses, recreation centers and programs, and the Pikes Peak Highway.

Hydrology
About 1% of the city's land is water. Colorado Springs is located within the  Fountain Creek Watershed, which is part of the Arkansas River watershed to the south. Fountain Creek's source is northwest of the city near Woodland Park. It meets up with Monument Creek in Colorado Springs and Fountain Creek then flows downstream to Pueblo, where is merges into the Arkansas River. Other creeks in the area are Bear Creek, Sand Creek, and Cottonwood Creek. There are two natural lakes and five reservoirs. The bodies of water are important for recreation, like hiking and fishing, and serve as wildlife habitats.  Wetlands, like Tejon Marsh and Monument Valley Park, provide habitat for wildlife, birds, and fish. Water from the nearby mountain provide the city's water supply.

Initiatives have been implemented to ensure water quality, improve water drainage, and optimize recreational use. In 2011, the Fountain Creek Watershed completed its master plan to limit pollution entering the stream. It also implemented programs for educational experiences, recreational activities, and stable wetlands. Trails were created and improved along Fountain Creek within Colorado Springs and to Pueblo. Adopt-a-Waterway is managed by the city's Stormwater Engineering Department to keep the trails and waterways clean.

Vacant and agricultural land
The largest land use category is vacant and agricultural land at 32% in 2012 of land in the city. More than half of the land (57%) in this category is in the 24,000 acre Banning Lewis Ranch on the city's eastern edge. Another key geographical location for future development is the northern edge of Colorado Springs. Like Pueblo and Denver, undeveloped land in and around the city is often used for livestock grazing and farming.

Other
This general category includes golf courses, cemeteries, and road right of way.

See also
 Colorado Springs metropolitan area
 Front Range Urban Corridor
 History of Colorado Springs, Colorado
 Parks, open spaces and trails
 List of parks in Colorado Springs, Colorado
 Parks in Colorado Springs, Colorado
 Pikes Peak Greenway
 Pikes Peak

References

Further reading

External map
 Colorado Springs neighborhood map

CpG


Saint-Félix-de-Sorgues (, literally Saint-Félix of Sorgues; Languedocien: Sant Faliç) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography
The village lies on the right bank of the Sorgues, which flows west through the middle of the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Journal of Physical Chemistry C publishes scientific articles reporting research on several subdisciplines of physical chemistry:

Nanoparticles and nanostructures
surfaces, interfaces, and catalysis
Electron transport, optical and electronic devices
Energy conversion and storage

It was created in 2007 when The Journal of Physical Chemistry B was split in two, largely due to the recent growth in the area of nanotechnology.  The journal is published weekly, with the first issue on January 11, 2007.  Like The Journal of Physical Chemistry A and B, it is published by the American Chemical Society.

The journal is indexed in: Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) and British Library. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2022 impact factor of 3.7.

Editor-in-Chief

2007–2019 George C. Schatz
2020–present Joan-Emma Shea

See also
 The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
 The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
 Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A
 Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B
 Annual Review of Physical Chemistry

External links

References

Physical chemistry journals
American Chemical Society academic journals
Weekly journals
Academic journals established in 2007
English-language journals
Nanotechnology journals


Saint-Hippolyte (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Igest (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Izaire  (; Languedocien: Sent Esèri) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

The Château de Saint-Izaire is a 14th-century episcopal castle.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the Dourdou de Camarès River.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Leopold IV Frederick, Duke of Anhalt (1 October 1794 – 22 May 1871) was a German prince of the House of Ascania.

From 1817 until 1853 he was ruler of the duchy of Anhalt-Dessau and from 1847 until 1853 also ruler of the duchy of Anhalt-Köthen. From 1853 until 1863 he was the ruler of the joined duchy of Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen and from 1863 the first ruler of the united duchy of Anhalt.

Early life
Leopold was born in Dessau on 1 October 1794 as the eldest son of Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, by his wife Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Homburg, daughter of Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg.

Following the premature death of his father in 1814, he became heir to the duchy of Anhalt-Dessau.

Reign
Following the death of his grandfather Leopold III he succeeded as duke on 9 August 1817.

During the Revolutions of 1848 he was forced to grant a constitution to Dessau on 29 October 1848.  It was revoked, however, on 4 November 1849, then replaced with a new version in October 1859. Leopold maintained a friendship with his administrative officer Wilhelm Christian Raster, though Raster's politically active son, Hermann participated in the revolutions. The younger Raster was given the unusual choice to either stay in Anhalt-Dessau and face criminal prosecution for his role in the Revolution or to emigrate from the country freely like other Forty-Eighters. Raster made the second choice and eventually became a powerful Republican Party political boss in the United States.

On 27 November 1847 he inherited the Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen from his distant cousin Duke Henry. As a result of a treaty concluded with Anhalt-Bernburg in May 1853 his duchies were joined together and named Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen, because the eventual inheritance of Leopold over all the Anhalt duchies seemed inevitable. The death of another distant cousin, Duke Alexander Karl, on 19 August 1863 resulted in the ruling line of the duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg becoming extinct, thus Leopold inherited that duchy as well. On 30 August he assumed the title "duke of Anhalt."

Leopold died in Dessau on 22 May 1871. He was succeeded by his son Frederick.

Marriage and issue
In Berlin on 18 April 1818 Leopold married Princess Frederica of Prussia (b. Berlin, 30 September 1796 - d. Dessau, 1 January 1850), daughter of Prince Frederick Louis Charles of Prussia (brother of King Frederick William III of Prussia) by his wife Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; through her mother's last marriage, she was a half-sister of King George V of Hanover. They had been engaged since 17 May 1816, as the connection had already been arranged by the Prussian court. This dynastic connection was an expression of Leopold's pro-Prussian policies.
They had six children:

Honours
He received the following orders and decorations:

Ancestry

References

1794 births
1871 deaths
People from Dessau-Roßlau
House of Ascania
Dukes of Anhalt
Dukes of Anhalt-Köthen
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Royal reburials


Saint-Jean-d'Alcapiès (; Languedocien: Sent Joan d'Aucàpias) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Jean-Delnous (Languedocien: Sant Joan del Nos) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography
The river Cérou has its source in the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Jean-du-Bruel  (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Juéry (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Just-sur-Viaur (, literally Saint-Just on Viaur; Languedocien: Sent Just de Viaur) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography
The river Céor flows into the Viaur in the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brynhyfryd is a small village in Swansea, Wales mostly within the Cwmbwrla ward. The area is mostly residential. Brynhyfryd approximates to the area around Llangyfelach Road where it intersects with Brynhyfryd Road.

Brynhyfryd Infant School and Brynhyfryd Junior School are the local schools in the area. Other local amenities include the Brynhyfryd public library. There are a few shops on Llangyfelach road and the area has a Grade II listed church – the Brynhyfryd Baptist Chapel.

Districts of Swansea


Saint-Laurent-de-Lévézou (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Laurent-d'Olt (, literally Saint-Laurent of Olt; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography
Situated on the D988 departmental road, roughly equidistant between the towns of Millau, Rodez and Mende, and 3.5 km west of the A75 autoroute, Saint-Laurent-d'Olt is perched on a rocky ridge above the river Lot, at about 584 metres above sea level.  The upper valley of the Lot divides the volcanic plateau of the Aubrac from the limestone plateaux of the Grands Causses.

In order to preserve the biodiversity of the area, the upper Lot valley between Espalion and Saint-Laurent-d'Olt is gazetted as part of the Natura 2000 network.

The commune is also part of the Parc naturel régional des Grands Causses.

Institut Médico-Educatif (I.M.E.)
As well as providing services for the surrounding district, the village is home to an Institut Médico-Educatif, which is a residential school for children with intellectual handicaps, aged 6–20. The current roll is around 80 pupils. Founded in 1965, the Institut is the largest employer in the commune, employing 60 people.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aveyron department

References

External links

 Official website of the Mairie

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Léons  (Languedocien: Sant Liònç) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

It was the birthplace of the entomologist Jean-Henri Fabre (1823–1915).

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Martin-de-Lenne (; Languedocien: Sent Martin) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Parthem (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ronald Johnson (November 25, 1935 – March 4, 1998) was an American poet. Born in Ashland, Kansas, he graduated from Columbia University, lived in New York in the late 1950s, wandered around Appalachia and Britain for a number of years, then settled in San Francisco for the next twenty-five years before returning to Kansas, where he died.

Biography

Early life and education

Johnson was born in Ashland, Kansas on November 25, 1935, and attended University of Kansas and Columbia University, where he got his B.A.  He then hiked the Appalachian Trail and Europe and there was inspired by what he saw to become a poet.

San Francisco
Johnson moved from Kansas to San Francisco, spending 25 years of his life there.  He was active in the San Francisco gay community in Bear culture and was a co-founder of the Rainbow Motorcycle Club.

Literary career
At the beginning of his career, Johnson was allied with the Black Mountain School's second generation, but then began to experiment with the poetics of the concrete poetry movement.

Johnson's book-length poem RADI OS (Sand Dollar Press, 1977) is an early and influential example of erasure poetry. He wrote it by blacking out words in a copy of John Milton's Paradise Lost. Johnson rewrote the first four books of Milton's poem in this way, producing a new text in which the few remaining words float in the white page space left by the absent words.  Although Johnson apparently considered RADI OS to be a section of his long poem ARK, it was not included in any edition of that poem. Flood Editions reprinted it in 2005.

Johnson's major book is the long poem ARK, begun in 1970 and taking him twenty years to write. The poem follows in the tradition of the "American epic", a  heritage once described as "that strange, amorphous, anomalous, self-contradictory thing". This mythology of an ambitious and protean epic project--- grand in creation and design--- beginning (arguably) with Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass was continued into the 20th century by Ezra Pound's The Cantos, Louis Zukofsky's "A", William Carlos Williams' Paterson, Charles Olson's The Maximus Poems, Robert Duncan's Passages, Gertrude Stein's Stanzas in Meditation, and H.D.'s Helen in Egypt. Like these works, Johnson wrote ARK over long stretches of time. It became a lifetime "preoccupation" and "the poem of a life".

Johnson was also a well-regarded author of cookbooks, including "The Aficionado's Southwestern Cooking" (1985) and "The American Table" (1984).

Johnson's last book, The Shrubberies, was published in 2001 and, according to the critic Stephanie Burt,  "showed a poet no less spiritual than the author of ARK but also one given to extreme concision." Soon after ARK returned to print in a new edition, Burt contributed an extended appreciation of Johnson's magnum opus to the pages of The New Yorker.

Ronald Johnson, described by Guy Davenport as America's greatest living poet, died at his father's home in Topeka, Kansas on March 4, 1998.

Selected bibliography
A Line of Poetry, A Row of Trees (Highlands, NC: Jargon Press, 1964)
The Book of the Green Man (Norton, 1967; with an afterword by Ross Hair, Axminster: Uniformbooks, 2015)
Valley of the Many-Colored Grasses. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969; The Song Cave, 2023)
RADI OS I-IV. (Berkeley: Sand Dollar Press, 1977; Chicago: Flood Editions, 2005)
ARK: The Foundations 1-33 (North Point, 1980)
ARK 50: Spires 34-50 (Dutton, 1984)To Do As Adam Did: Selected Poems of Ronald Johnson, edited with an introduction by Peter O'Leary. (Talisman House, Jersey City, 2000)ARK, (Albuquerque: Living Batch, 1996; Chicago: Flood Editions, 2013)The Shrubberies, ed. Peter O'Leary (Chicago: Flood Editions, 2001)

Legacy
Johnson was honored in 2017 along with other notables, named on bronze bootprints, as part of San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley.

References

External links
The Book of the Green Man Johnson's first published book of poems, available here on-line from "Light & Dust"
the arches: A Ronald Johnson site Site devoted to Johnson, with biography, bibliography, interview, and select poems
Height of Spring 1999   An essay Jonathan Williams (a poet and publisher central to 20th century poetry in America) wrote on Johnson in 1999.  Williams was a mentor to, lover and publisher of, the poet. Johnson's work The Book of the Green Man'' came out of their walking tour of England.
Ronald Johnson Papers (MS 66), (MS D214), and (MS 336) and housed at the Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas
Ronald Johnson Page at Poetry Foundation

1935 births
1998 deaths
People from Clark County, Kansas
American LGBT poets
20th-century American poets
20th-century American LGBT people


Saint-Rémy (; Languedocien: Sent Remèsi) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Rome-de-Cernon (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Rome-de-Tarn (, literally Saint-Rome of Tarn; Languedocien: Sant Roma de Tarn) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Salvadou (; Languedocien: Sent Sauvador) is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Bas Ségala.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Former communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Saint-Santin (; Languedocien: Sent Antin), or Saint-Santin d'Aveyron, is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Since the French revolution, the town of Saint-Santin has been split in two communes in two different departments, Saint-Santin d'Aveyron and Saint-Santin-de-Maurs in the department of Cantal.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Saturnin-de-Lenne  (; Languedocien: Sent Adornin) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department
André César Vermare Sculptor of war memorial

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Sever-du-Moustier is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Symphorien-de-Thénières (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Victor-et-Melvieu (; Languedocien: Sant Victor e Malviu) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography

Generalities
In the south of the Massif Central, in the southern half of the department of Aveyron, the commune of Saint-Victor-et-Melvieu is situated in the interior of . The communal territory, which extends for 17.91 km^2, is constituted of landscapes of avant-causses, characterized by hills. It is bordered on the north and northwest by the Tarn in the gorges called the , where the hydroelectric dams of  and of  (or Pouget) are implanted.

The minimal altitude, with 262 meters, is localized at the extreme west, near the place called the May d'Entraygues, where the Tarn leaves the commune and enters that of Le Truel. The maximal altitude with 689 or 694 meters is a kilometer and a half to the northwest of the village of Saint-Victor, at the Puech de Luargues.

Hydrography

Hydrographic network

The commune is drained by the Tarn, the stream of Geneve, the stream of the Valade, a branch of the Tarn, the stream of Pourquairol, the stream of Ricardel, and by several small courses of water.

The Lac de Pinet completes the hydrographic network. It is related to a very wild lake on its part downstream, of a maximum depth of 25 meters and a superficial one of 130 ha. It is open to fishing at the upstream part up to Mas de Lanauq. It is in the territories and communes of Saint-Rome-de-Tarn, Saint-Victor-et-Melvieu, and Viala-du-Tarn.

Management of courses of water
Administration of courses of water in the Aveyron basin is assured by the  Aveyron upstream, created on 1 January 2017, replacing the mixed syndicate of basin slope Aveyron upstream.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

Notes

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Salles-Courbatiès (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. Salles-Courbatiès station has rail connections to Toulouse, Figeac and Aurillac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Salles-Curan (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography
The lac de Pareloup forms part of the commune's northern border.

The river Céor has its source in the western part of the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Salles-la-Source (), historically Salles-Comtaux (until the French Revolution;  or Las Salas del Comtal), is a commune in the Aveyron department in the Occitania region in Southern France. In 2019, it had a population of 2,265.

Rodez–Aveyron Airport is largely located in Salles-la-Source.

Demographics

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Salmiech (; Languedocien: Saumièg or Salmièg) is a commune in the Aveyron department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Geography
The village lies on the right bank of the Céor, which flows west through its southern part.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

External links

Commune de Salmiech – official site (in French)

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Salvagnac-Cajarc (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Salvetat-Peyralès (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sanvensa (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sauclières (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saujac () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Savignac (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sébazac-Concourès (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ray Jones (4 June 1944 – July 2007) was an English professional footballer who played as a full back. He was born and died in Chester, made 170 Football League appearances for Chester, and also played and managed in non-league football.

Playing and Managerial Career
Jones joined Chester as a schoolboy, making his first-team debut in a 1–0 win over Hartlepool United on 7 December 1962 in the number 2 shirt. By the 1964–65 season Jones was a regular in the side, performing well when asked to mark George Best in an FA Cup tie against Manchester United in January 1965.

Unfortunately, Jones and his namesake and fellow full-back Bryn Jones suffered fractured legs in a match against Aldershot twelve months later. The pair missed the remainder of the season as Chester fell out of promotion contention, with Ray not returning to action until October. He remained at the club until the end of the 1968–69 season, with his final game being a 1–0 home defeat to Exeter City on 19 April 1969.

That was to be the last Football League match played by Jones, as he joined non–league side Runcorn. He followed it up by playing for Oswestry Town, Bethesda Athletic and Colwyn Bay, where he became player–manager. He went on to have spells as manager of Rhyl, where he achieved three promotions, and Connah's Quay Nomads. Away from football he worked as an engineer.

Jones died in July 2007 at the Hospice of the Good Shepherd near Chester.

References

External links
Chester City obituary
Rhyl Journal obituary

1944 births
2007 deaths
Footballers from Chester
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
English Football League players
Chester City F.C. players
Runcorn F.C. Halton players
Oswestry Town F.C. players
Bethesda Athletic F.C. players
Colwyn Bay F.C. players
Colwyn Bay F.C. managers
Rhyl F.C. managers
Connah's Quay Nomads F.C. managers
English football managers


Sébrazac (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ségur (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. Its inhabitants are the Ségurois, Séguroises.

Geography
Ségur is situated on the D29, the main road connecting the City of Rodez to Millau.

History
With its church perched on a hill and tightly packed houses, the village is well known to fishermen who enjoy Viaur and its banks. Segur is the starting point of a cultural tour with beautiful Romanesque churches and the Sanctuary of Bergounhoux, a place of pilgrimage.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Selve (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sénergues (; Languedocien: Senèrgas) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Serre (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

The GSSP Golden Spike for the Tournaisian is in La Serre, with the first appearance of the conodont Siphonodella sulcata. In 2006 it was discovered that this GSSP has biostratigraphic problems.

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sévérac-le-Château (; ) is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Sévérac-d'Aveyron.

The Château de Sévérac is a 13th-century castle that dominates the town. It is open to the public.

This new area of 72,724km2 resulting from the merger of two regions of southern France roughly corresponds to the ancient Languedoc, Haut-Languedoc (Toulouse) and Lower Languedoc (Montpellier) together, but also a part of the province of Biscay centered Auch, and the provinces of Quercy (Cahors, Montauban) and Rouergue (Rodez), all traditional Occitan.  Getting finally adds the former province of Roussillon and Cerdagne (Perpignan), meanwhile tradition of Catalan, and the county of Foix.

The limits of the region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées almost exactly correspond to the limits of the jurisdiction of the former Parliament of Toulouse (with the exception of Pyrénées-Orientales, which depended on the Roussillon sovereign council, and the Ardèche and the eastern third of the Haute-Loire, which depended on the Toulouse parliament under the old regime but are now part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes).

The region Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées is located in the south of France, it is close to the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes in the west of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur east and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north.  It also borders two countries to the south, the Spain and Andorra.

The administrative unit of the Pyrenean massif is accentuated by the addition of Pyrénées-Orientales, in the former province of Roussillon, traditions Catalan, other small Pyrenean provinces of Ariege, Haute-Garonne, Hautes-Pyrénées, County Foix, Couserans, Comminges, Bigorre.

The administrative unit of South Massif Central terroirs of Causses, the Cévennes to the Montagne Noire, the Gévaudan, Aubrac, Rouergue and Quercy is also reinforced by the creation of the new large area.

Land

The territory of the municipality of Sévérac-le-Château is a southern part of the Massif Central.  It is located on the plateau caussenard the same name.  Its capital city is a stronghold since antiquity.  The territory of this county is part of the regional park of Grands Causses.

Hydrography

In the town of Sévérac-le-Château is many sources the most important are therefore that Merdans, the Verlenque and the Aveyron.

The train station

In the late nineteenth century, the bifurcation of the railway from Béziers to the north (Neussargues) and west (Rodez) installed a locomotive depot, repair workshops and a new district populated by railway.  It was Sévérac-Gare.  Not far from the station were deposits which contained steam locomotives until 1953.  By the early 1990s, the buildings were razed;  only one building still remains.  This modern city has expanded to "reach" the upper town named Sévérac-le-Château.  The line was electrified in Neussargues Béziers in 2 stages, by the South Company in 1500 VDC:

Locomotive deposits sheltered until 1986 BB locomotive "MIDI", 1500 VDC, built between 1925 and 1936.

Roads

The construction of the A75 Clermont-Ferrand - Béziers in 1998, reinforced by the implementation of the service Millau viaduct in 2004, and making 2 × 2 lanes of the N88 Toulouse - Lyon confirmed the important location of this intersection.  Sévérac-le-Château is located 84.76 kilometers from Albi, 153.25 km of Toulouse, 103.17 km of Montpellier, 163.24 km of Clermont-Ferrand, 212.41 km of Lyon, 509.5 km of Paris, 293.72 km of Bordeaux and 218.91 km of Marseille.

Urbanism

Sévérac-Château is surrounded by many hamlets (Novis, Blayac, Funds, Le Villaret, Altès, Saint Dalmazy, Villeplaine) to houses covered with stone tiles (in stone plateau).  The plateau on which lies the town bears the name of Causse de Sévérac.

Toponymy
The name comes from Severus, probably a large Gallo-Roman owner of the 6th century.
During the Revolution, the town was named Sévérac-la-Montagne.

History

Prehistory
The mound of Sévérac, which rises to 817 meters, has been occupied since prehistoric times.  Evidenced by the dolmens found on the dolmen route to the village of Buzeins.

Antiquity
The occupancy is attested from the eleventh century.
Visigoths and Franks occupied the site in 732, and then it fell to the Saracens.  Later, Charlemagne made of Sévérac the seat of a viguerie.

Middle Ages
Sévérac was stormed by Simon de Montfort in 1214 and later (in 1444) by Louis XI.

Modern Era
It became the capital of Severac district from 1790 to 1800.  Between 1795-1800, it absorbs Altès, then between 1820-1832, Novis and St. Dalmazy.

Politics
  1940   Mr. Lacombe    Removed by the Marion prefect.
   1940s doctor Molinié
  1940s M. Montetty    Mayor appointed ex officio by the Vichy government.
 1947   1959   Dr. Yves Testor   Socialist Party   General Counsel
 1965   1985   Dr. Yves Testor   Socialist Party   General Counsel
 1985   1994   Raymond Viala   SE
 1994   2008   Bernard Sellier   MPF - DVD   Senator RDSE
  2008   2021   Camille Galibert   DVD and UDI   Community Advisor.

Population
In 2013, the municipality had 2,398 inhabitants.

Education
The city has two kindergartens, two primary schools and two colleges.
Public kindergarten Jules Ferry: Placed in the street Serge Duhourquet, the Jules Ferry school was built in the late nineteenth century.  In 2008 by increasing the number of children and lack of space, it moved to new premises funded by the municipality.  A new expansion project is expected by 2014.
The public primary school: Historically built in the mid-nineteenth century to house the town hall, the school occupied the premises in 1904 and the town hall moved to an annex building.  Located in the street of Moat, the building's architecture is an artistic feat of the era with its parabolic arches beams that support the structure.  In 1918 as in 1945, a memorial was built and the names of the dead for France were engraved there.  This monument is located in front of the school.

The public college: Built in 1972 by the General Council of Aveyron, the college was built near surrounding sports facilities.  It is situated Avenue du General de Gaulle.  In 1990 a building was constructed nearby to host a workshop of technological machines for students.  In 2004, it is the third most equipped College of Aveyron.  In 2011 the college was the work funded by the General Council to set standards (creation of a lift, wall insulation) and technology workshop was turned into a gym.

Heritage

The Severac castle
Sévérac Château is a castle in Sévérac-le-Château, France. The castle, now in ruins, is located in the municipality of Sévérac-le-Château, in the French department of Aveyron. The building is classified as historical monuments 1922.

The castle belonged to several families: Sévérac (whose last direct descendant was Amaury de Sévérac, Marshal of France and condottiere in Italy, strangled in Gages on the order of Armagnac), the Armagnac and the Arpajon (the last  family member to reside at the castle was Louis Arpajon, Marquis of Sévérac and Duke of Arpajon).  It is the latter that made transform the fortress castle palace-style Renaissance - by an Italian architect, who also designed the set in Renaissance style the royal palace in Prague - which you can still see the southern facade.  The tour allows you to discover walls, curtain walls, watchtowers, chapel and kitchen.

Visible from all points of the horizon, the castle of the 13th and 17th centuries dominates the plain where the Aveyron takes its source.  Below the castle, the medieval city offers a panorama of the region.  The streets around the castle are lined with old shops of the 15th century  and 16th century, houses are cantilevered, with porches and stairs.

The medieval town
The medieval city, built on the slope southeast of the mound (for better illumination of the sun), was once protected by a rampart and four fortified gates, two still exist, the Peyrou and that of Latazou.

Built on a plane arc of a circle, the three main streets (Amaury de Sévérac, Duke of Arpajon, and Belvezet) radiate around the Place de la Fontaine.  They open on other streets and carayrolles, lanes sometimes appointed stairs due to the terrain, under houses, covered passageways, vaulted or not.

Divided into 6 districts, artisans and merchants thrived in these walls and, in particular, the weavers who made cadis, quite thick woolen and uncombed for making, among other things, military clothing.  Sheets and paintings were also manufactured and sold in the city, with convoys of saddles animals in the south of France and to Genoa in Italy.

It is home to beautiful residences with staircase tower, timbered and cantilevers.  Among the notable buildings: the Maison des Consuls, House of Joan, the Sestayral (grain market), the Romanesque fountain, and Holy Saviour Church.

House of Joan

The House of Joan or Maison de Jeanne () is a three-story house that dates to the 14th century.

Château Loupiac
Loupiac Castle is a castle in Lapanouse in France. The castle is located in the municipality of Lapanouse in the French department of Aveyron. The building is registered as historical monuments 1928.

Château d'Auberoques
Auberoques Castle is a castle in Sévérac-le-Château, France. The castle is located in the municipality of Sévérac-le-Château, in the French department of Aveyron. (Midi Pyrenees)
The building is registered as historical monuments 1991.

Engayresque Château
Engayresque Castle is a castle located in the municipality of Sévérac-le-Château near the village of Novis in the Aveyron department. The castle is located in the municipality of Sévérac-le-Château near the village of Novis in the Aveyron department. It is hidden in a depression, was out of sight. The main building, consisting of a beautiful facade with her two towers, is exposed to the east, facing the forest. At the rear, the adjacent farm to the main building, has formed a small courtyard facing south.
The first illustrates lord who lived the bat was John Hugeneau the fifteenth century. The castle was later bought by the Talon family, industrial Saint-Geniez Olt. In 1870, the entire mansion was raised. The building was listed as a historic monument in 1991. Thus, this beautiful land has remained in the family. Recently, a team shooting a horror film about the castle called "The House of the bad dream" because it is rather frightening and hides many mysteries.

Moulin de La Calsalde
Located in the district of Calquières the building was built between the eleventh and the twelfth century by the monks of Puech Agudet (now occupied Notre Dame de Lorette).  Between 1790 and 1792, the mill was modernized: digging ponds - tanks, building the dike of the pond, construction of a canal to bring water from the Aveyron and waterfall for the overflow.  It is the oldest industrial mill of Aveyron.

Château Loupiac
The family of Lapanouse built this castle in the 13th century but the lords of Sévérac constantly challenged this property.  Large house, flanked by four round towers with very thick walls, he had a very important role in the religious wars where it was taken and retaken by the two camps.  He was caught and burned during the Revolution.  It is now owned by the family of Gransaigne Hauterive since 1693.

St. Dalmazy church
 The first church of Saint Dalmazy was built in the 9th century by the monks of fortified monastery of La Canourgue a dependent on the abbey of St. Victor of Marseille.  In the early 12th century, the Benedictines of Saint Théofred community received the monastery of Saint Sauveur (in Sévérac), the priories of Sévérac and the churches of St. Dalmazy and Gaillac d'Aveyron.  The building of the main body is built on a basilica plan whose main element is a rectangular room divided into three parts (two aisles and nave).  In the seventeenth century, the abbey church, enlarged, also became parish.
The church was listed  in the monuments historiques in 1930.

Chapelle Notre-Dame de Lorette
In 1651, the Duke Louis d'Arpajon, lord of the castle Sévérac built, opposite the hill of Sévérac, an atonement chapel of the death of his wife Gloriande Thémines  and to redeem the crimes of his mother Jacquette Clermont (a Protestante who, allegedly, who have ordered the death of several Catholic priests through having them cast down a cliff).  He performs before a pilgrimage to Rome and the Holy House of Loreto in Italy.  This is the birthplace of Mary in Nazareth.  This building was transported by boat crossed by several of Palestine in Italy.
The Chapel of Our Lady of Loreto Sévérac is the exact replica of the Holy House of Loreto in Italy.  Faced with the influx of pilgrims, the Duke of Arpajon had built, from 1658 the St. Joseph chapel next to Our Lady of Loreto and St. Louis chapel beneath which another chapel was dedicated to the Holy Sepulchre.  Finally, housing for 12 church was completed in 1666. The community lived 130 years.  Lorette The chapel of Our Lady contains the heart of the Duke, his mother and of his second wife, Marie de Simiane.

In the Revolution, the buildings were looted, desecrated and sold as national property.  During the looting, a statue of the Virgin Mary was desecrated.  A shepherdess, Marie Verlac, the hamlet of Cayrac hidden in the thicket had lost nothing of the scene and hurried to move the statue into a hedge, picking her up at night and hide in a hamlet barn the Calsade below.  Thus every night at family prayer, the shepherdess was not wanting to add a "Pater per ocquelo qu'es ol Palio" ("Our Father for that which is hidden in the barn" in Occitan) without anyone understood the meaning of his words.  When worship was restored, Mary revealed the presence of the statue which was carried in the parish church Saint-Sauveur, where it remains today.  The sanctuary of the hill was only restored in 1854 when the pilgrimages grew again.

Parish of Saint-Chely
Located  2 km south of Sévérac, the church of Saint-Chely was a long time the only parish in Séveragais.  It was only in 1150 that the inhabitants of the town of Sévérac recovered the church of the Benedictine monastery in the medieval city.  Again without parish between 1407 and 1787, the inhabitants of the town depends on the parish of Saint Chely.  After the Concordat (1801), half of the faithful will be referred to other churches closer to their homes.  In 1965, Saint Chely is attached to the parish of Saint Sauveur Sévérac.

Lake of the Cisba
It was in 1943 that the industrial group known today as the Pechiney created the Industrial Company Bituminous Shale Aveyronnais whose main site was located in the municipality of Lapanouse.
The schists were exploited by open pit over a front of more than 10 m high.  They were then crushed and taken to the ovens.  Hot gases passing through the raw material, the vapor collected at the outlet was condensed and ran after a close heavy oil fuel.  The yield was 42 kg of oil per ton of shale and he treated 1,000 tonnes per day.  The plant employed 500 people.  In 1946, he studies the possibility of transforming the cement residue.  In 1950, the plant production was 6277 tonnes, 300 tankers.  The operation of the plant terminated by 31 January 1951, the state ending the contract between him and the Company.  The total liquidation occurs in 1964.  The large concrete storage buildings will be destroyed in August 1978 by a military company of engineers.

This time, it remains the artificial lake, currently property of Sévérac Community of Communes, and the 2 dumps only witnesses of industrial activity.  In 1996, the firm responsible for ANTEA hydrobiological study of the lake presented its report: bacteriological examination of water is very satisfactory (no coliform, no streptococci).  Swimming is possible.  The lake is spring fed from water seepage in the shale layers and flowing along the limestone strata.  The greatest depth is 5.80 m.  Since 1998, under the leadership of the community of communes and cantonal tourist office, this site has been valued by external developments: creation of a sanitary room, a car park and surrounding areas, public lighting and connection networks.

People
 Gui V Sévérac (1250-1273), French noble
 Jordanus (fl.1280 - ca.1330), a Catalan Dominican missionary and explorer in Asia.
 Amaury de Sévérac, Marshal of France in 1424.
 Duke , 17th-century marshal of France.
 Family of La Valette-Parisot, a branch was set at Sévérac.
 Yves Testor, mayor and head of the maquis of Sévérac, Arete-willow,
 Bernard Sellier, politician
 Pau Gayraud (1898-1994), writer.
 Armand Vaquerin (1951–1993), player rugby.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Former communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Sévérac-l'Église (; Languedocien: Severac de la Glèisa) is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Laissac-Sévérac-l'Église.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Former communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Sonnac () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Soulages-Bonneval (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sylvanès (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography
The Dourdou de Camarès forms part of the commune's southern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

External links

Official Web site
Aveyron Tourist Board

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Tauriac-de-Camarès (, literally Tauriac of Camarès; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Tauriac-de-Naucelle (, literally Tauriac of Naucelle; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Taussac () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Tayrac (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Terrisse () is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Argences-en-Aubrac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Former communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016