Ronald Milne FRSE (born 14 February 1957) is a British librarian and administrator whose work has been particularly associated with the development of library research collections and with issues of digitisation of library materials. In 2006 he became a Fellow of The Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Career
Ronald Milne was born in Duns, in the Scottish Borders, and studied German at the University of Edinburgh; he gained professional library qualifications at University College London.  After holding library posts at the University of Glasgow, Trinity College Cambridge and King's College London, in 1998 he was appointed Director of the Research Support Libraries Programme which aimed to promote access and collaboration among research libraries in the UK. In 2002 he became Deputy Director of the Bodleian Libraries (then known as Oxford University Library Services, since renamed after its largest and oldest constituent library, the Bodleian Library) and two years later its Acting Director. In 2007 he moved to the British Library as Director of Scholarship and Collections. In 2009 he became Associate Chief Librarian (Research Collections) at the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington, New Zealand.  In December 2011 he moved to New Zealand's Ministry for Culture and Heritage where he was appointed Deputy Chief Executive and Heritage Services Branch Manager. In December 2016 he took up the post of Dean of Educational Resources & Technology at Yale-NUS College in Singapore.

Research libraries
The Research Support Libraries Programme (RSLP) was a three-year government-funded initiative, running from 1999 to 2002, which sought to enhance the value of research collections in British libraries in three main directions: to improve the arrangements for access to collections by researchers; to provide support for humanities and social science research collections; to support collaborative activities among research libraries across different sectors – national, academic, public and independent libraries. As director of the programme, Ronald Milne had a central role in promoting its principles and coordinating its participants in a series of projects whose budgets amounted in total to around £30 million. Underpinning these initiatives was the concept of a "Distributed National Collection", in recognition of the inability of even the best-funded research libraries to continue collecting comprehensively in their areas of interest. The RSLP projects sought to create a foundation for collaborative work in subject collection descriptions and catalogues to facilitate access for researchers.

Within the strands of funding available for collection management projects and for research support for humanities and social sciences collections the John Rylands University Library of Manchester collaborated in 14 bids and eight of these were successful (in the bid related to Arabic and Persian research materials the library was the project leader). The other strand provided grants to compensate libraries for providing services to research staff and research students from other institutions who made use of the library's holdings in particular fields. These grants were made for the three years 1999/2000, 2000/01 & 2001/02; RSLP stated that "this is an activity which is of growing importance, and very much within the spirit of extending collaborative access to research facilities, but which is not currently supported through any of the other funding schemes". The amounts received by the top four institutions were as follows: University of Oxford £812,601; University of Cambridge £566,345; University of London (including Senate House, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, Warburg Institute & Institute of Historical Research) £314,771; University of Manchester (JRULM & Manchester Business School Library £282,230.

Digitisation
The digitisation of collections so as to enable web access to their content became a major preoccupation of libraries from the late 1990s onwards, and numerous projects to provide digital versions of prestigious manuscripts and early books were undertaken by individual libraries.  One of the most notable large-scale projects was the Google Library Project, and while in Oxford Ronald Milne played a significant role in making the Bodleian Library the first UK contributor of material.  The Google project provoked much controversy internationally, particularly in relation to issues of copyright, but the Bodleian minimised criticism by restricting its contribution to 19th century publications which were out of copyright.  In his advocacy of the project, Ronald Milne stressed that its primary purpose was to improve access to research materials through their electronic availability rather than to create an alternative format for their preservation: "digitisation on such a scale represents a revolution in the dissemination of information that parallels the impact of the invention of printing from moveable type in the 15th century."  The need for libraries to preserve their printed and digital materials was a theme that informed his work both at the Bodleian Library and at the British Library; these concerns were also reflected in his chairmanship of the National Preservation Office Board and the Digital Preservation Coalition.

References

Scottish librarians
Living people
1957 births
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh


is a railway station of the Chūō Main Line, East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Enzan-Kamioso, in the city of Kōshū, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
Enzan Station is served by the Chūō Main Line, and is 116.9 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Tokyo Station.

Station layout
The station consists of one ground level side platform and one ground level island platform, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.

Platforms

History
Enzan Station was opened on 11 June 1903 as part of the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) Chūō Main Line from Hajikano to Kōfu. The JGR became the JNR (Japanese National Railways) after the end of World War II.  With the dissolution and privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the control of the East Japan Railway Company. Automated turnstiles using the Suica IC Card system came into operation from October 16, 2004.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 2086 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
former Katsunuma city hall

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

 Miyoshi Kozo. Chuo-sen Machi to eki Hyaku-niju nen. JT Publishing (2009)

External links

JR East Enzan Station

Railway stations in Yamanashi Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1903
Chūō Main Line
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Kōshū, Yamanashi


Gary Leon Burrell (August 24, 1937 – June 12, 2019) was an American electrical engineer, businessman, and philanthropist. He was the co-founder, with Min Kao, and chairman emeritus of Garmin, makers of popular Global Positioning System devices.

Early life
Gary Burrell was born in 1937. He earned his undergraduate degree in electrical engineering from Wichita State University and a master's degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Career
Burrell worked for Lowrance Electronics and King Radio Corporation. In the early 1980s, he worked for Allied Signal.

Along with partner Min Kao, Burrell founded Garmin in 1989 to make navigation devices for aviation and boating using the Global Positioning System. Their original office was two folding chairs and a card table. Some U.S. servicemen used Garmin GPS during the first Gulf War, even though Garmin never had a military contract.  Later on, the technology was expanded for the U.S. market, providing directions across all United States roads and highways.

Philanthropy
Burrell was a significant donor to the Indian Creek Community Church in Olathe, Kansas.

Personal life
Burrell was married, and had three children. He resided in Spring Hill, Kansas. As of 2016, Burrell was a billionaire. He died on June 12, 2019, at the age of 81 from complications of Parkinson's disease.

References

1937 births
2019 deaths
American telecommunications industry businesspeople
American electrical engineers
Businesspeople from Kansas
Garmin
People from Spring Hill, Kansas
People from Stilwell, Kansas
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Wichita State University alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American philanthropists
Business duos


Záviš ze Zap ( in Zápy – c. 1422) was a Czech theologian and composer.

Life
He received a Baccalaureate from Charles University in Prague in 1379, and became a professor there in 1391. He also studied laws in Rome and Padua. From 1394 to 1402 he was a canon in Olomouc, then taught again in Prague. The last time he is mentioned is in 1411 as a doctor of theology in Prague.

From 1412 he was a canon of the diocese in Litomyšl until 1419. After the abolition of the diocese, he lived at the Premonstratensian abbey Želiv.  He died in 1422.

Works
One of the most valuable Czech medieval songs (poems) is attributed to him. It is called Jižť mne všě radost ostává (sometimes also called Záviš's song) and it follows the text of the song Alle Freude verlässt mich by German minnesinger Frauenlob.

His sacred works were influenced by the Marian cult of the Late Middle Ages. His compositions were based on melodies of some older liturgical works, kept in the archive of the St Vitus Cathedral in Prague.

He is also credited with the authorship of several Latin liturgical tropes:
 O Maria, mater Christi
 Kyrie Inmense conditor poli
 Gloria Patri et filio

It is also possible that he wrote another Latin liturgical hymn, Gloria Clemencia, pax, baiula.

References

Further reading

1350 births
1422 deaths
People from Zápy
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
Czech male classical composers
Czech classical composers
Czech Roman Catholic theologians
Medieval male composers
Charles University alumni


The Union for Europe (UFE) was a conservative political group in the European Parliament that existed from 1995 to 1999. The group was formed during the 4th European Parliament term in July 1995 from a merger of the European Democratic Alliance and Forza Europa parliamentary groups, becoming the third largest group by number of MEPs. The group was succeeded in the 5th European Parliament by the Union for Europe of the Nations (UEN), while key UFE member parties Forza Italia and Rally for the Republic instead joined the European People's Party.

Members

References

External links
Democracy in the European Parliament
Group names 1999
UFE on Europe Politique
European Parliament profile of Jean-Claude Pasty

Former European Parliament party groups
Conservatism in Europe


Anónimo Consejo was a Cuban rap duo whose name translates into English as Anonymous Advice. The group consisted of Maigel "MC Kokino" Entenza Jaramillo and Yosmel "MC Sekou" Sarrias, and was known for the social and political themes in their music. It was one of the most popular hip hop groups in Cuba during its prime. In 2011, the duo split to pursue individual interests.

Their material included some of the most politically edgy lyrics in all of Cuban music, but due to the Cuban government's unwillingness to support hip-hop the group was careful to restrain some of their lyrics. In fact, some of their songs were extremely pro-Cuban, a stance which got them a contract with a state run promotional company. Despite this, Jaramillo was once detained by Cuban police overnight shortly after a performance of their song "Las Apariencios Engañan'". Regardless of the groups’ criticisms of the Cuban government, Anónimo Consejo wished to gain success in Cuba without defecting and tried to remain true to their Cuban roots. Sarrias and Jaramillo were supporters of controversial men like Jose Marti and Che Guevara, both important figures in the Cuban Revolution.

Despite the recent influx of the reggaeton style in Cuba, the group remained strongly hip-hop in style, though collaborating with Puerto Rican reggaeton artist Tego Calderón on the song “Son Dos Alas”, appearing on the album The Underdog/El Subestimado, which emphasizes the connection between the two countries and the racial issues present in both nations.

The group was featured in Joshua Bee Alafia's 2004 documentary The Cuban Hip Hop All-Stars filmed in Havana, Cuba.

References

Cuban hip hop groups


Kvamme is a Norwegian name which may refer to:

People
E. Floyd Kvamme, American engineer, venture capitalist, and government advisor
Helge Kvamme, Norwegian jurist and businessperson
Mark Kvamme, American venture capitalist
Torstein Kvamme, Norwegian politician
Wenche Kvamme (1950–2019), Norwegian singer and actress

Places
Kvamme, Sogn og Fjordane, a village in Balestrand, Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway
Kvamme, Hordaland, a village in Lindås, Hordaland county, Norway

See also
Kvammen


Steadfast is the fifth studio album by the United Kingdom band Forefather. The album's artwork is done by Martin Hanford. It was released in February 2008.

Track listing

 "Brunanburh" - 4:53
 "Cween of the Mark" - 4:25
 "Theodish Belief" - 5:20
 "Hallowed Halls" - 5:51
 "Steadfast" - 5:06
 "Three Great Ships" - 5:12
 "Eostre" - 3:33
 "Fire from the Sky" - 4:50
 "Mellowing of the Mains" - 5:32
 "Wolfhead's Tree" - 4:56
 "Miri It Is" - 5:42

External links
Forefather @ Encyclopaedia Metallum
Steadfast by Forefather @ Encyclopaedia Metallum

2008 albums
Forefather albums


The 1968 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 5, 1968, to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina.  The primary elections were held on June 11 and the runoff elections were held two weeks later on June 25.  All five incumbents who ran were re-elected and the open seat in the 5th district was retained by the Democrats.  The composition of the state delegation remained five Democrats and one Republican.

1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman L. Mendel Rivers of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1941, defeated black attorney George A. Payton, Jr. in the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.  Charleston County Republican Party chairman James B. Edwards was prepared to run in the general election had George A. Payton, Jr. won the Democratic primary.

Democratic primary

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

2nd congressional district
Incumbent Republican Congressman Albert Watson of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1963, defeated Democratic challenger Frank K. Sloan.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Republican hold
|-

3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan Dorn of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1951, defeated Republican challenger John Grisso.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert T. Ashmore of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1953, opted to retire.  James R. Mann won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican challenger Charles Bradshaw in the general election.

Democratic primary

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Thomas S. Gettys of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1964, defeated Fred R. Sheheen in the Democratic primary and Republican Hugh J. Boyd in the general election.

Democratic primary

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John L. McMillan of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1939, defeated Richard G. Dusenbury in the Democratic primary and Republican Ray Harris in the general election.

Democratic primary

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

See also
United States House elections, 1968
United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1968
South Carolina's congressional districts

Notes

References

South Carolina
United States House of Representatives
1968


Lucien Bonaparte Maxwell (September 14, 1818 – July 25, 1875) was a mountain man, rancher, scout, and farmer who at one point owned more than .  Along with Thomas Catron and Ted Turner, Maxwell was one of the largest private landowners in United States history. In 1959, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

Background
Maxwell was born in Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory, about three months before Illinois became a state. He was the son of Hugh Maxwell, an Irish immigrant, and Odile Menard, daughter of Pierre Menard, a French Canadian fur trader who was serving on the Illinois Territorial Council and who became the first Lieutenant Governor of the State of Illinois shortly after Maxwell's birth. Lucien Maxwell learned something of the fur trading business from his maternal grandfather during his early teens, and his grandfather was Maxwell's role model. And, like his famous grandfather, Maxwell left home at the age of fifteen. Maxwell's cousin, Michel Branamour Menard established a trading post that ultimately grew into Galveston, Texas, and early neighbor Stephen Austin was the namesake of the capital of Texas. At age 17, after two years at the Vincentian college in Missouri, Lucien struck out on his own, heading west.

He met and became fast friends with Kit Carson, who was almost nine years older. Both were to sign up with John C. Frémont in 1841 for western expeditions, with Carson serving as guide, and Maxwell as chief hunter.

Beaubien and Miranda
In 1844 Lucien Maxwell travelled to Taos, New Mexico (then part of Mexico) where he married Carlos Beaubien's daughter, Luz Beaubien. It was a dual wedding as Kit Carson was also married. In 1843 Beaubien and his partner, Guadalupe Miranda, had received a land grant of a million acres (4,000 km2) in northeast present-day New Mexico. Beaubien's wedding gift to Maxwell was .

During the Mexican–American War, in 1847, Maxwell was at Fort Bent in Colorado. He was there when the newly installed New Mexico Territorial Governor Charles Bent was killed in the Taos Revolt. Maxwell's wife survived but her brother (Beaubien's son), Narciso Beaubien was killed. Maxwell's mother-in-law, Miranda, was wounded and fled to Mexico. After that, Maxwell became more active in the management of the Beaubien land grant.

In 1848 Maxwell survived an ambush while delivering supplies to a cabin on Ponil Creek.

In 1849, at the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, Maxwell and Carson proposed building a fort on the Rayado River at Rayado in the new New Mexico Territory, on the Santa Fe Trail. Maxwell built a large house and Carson had a smaller adobe house.

In 1850 the Army moved its fort  further south to Fort Union on the Mora River. Maxwell sold his Rayado property and moved to Cimarron, New Mexico Territory, which was on the Cimarron River. Here he built a large adobe mansion where scores of people would often be luxuriously entertained and fed by many servants.

Maxwell Land Grant
In 1858 Miranda, who was still in Mexico, sold his share of the  land to Maxwell for $2,745. After Beaubien died in 1864, Maxwell acquired much of the original estate that he had not inherited; his landholdings then peaked at .  The entire area is referred to as the Maxwell Land Grant.

Discovery of gold
At the conclusion of the American Civil War, gold was discovered on his property at present-day Baldy Mountain (Colfax County, New Mexico). Maxwell leased land to the miners and sold them supplies.

In 1870 he sold most of the land for $1,350,000 to a British company, which incorporated it under the name of the Maxwell Land Grant and Railway Company. A portion of the land was purchased by Matthew Lynch who became the father of placer mining in the region.

Maxwell moved to Fort Sumner, New Mexico Territory which he purchased from the US government in 1869, when Fort Sumner was abandoned. Maxwell and his family renovated the former officers' quarters into a beautiful Spanish Colonial house surrounding a large inner courtyard. Maxwell died there at Fort Sumner in 1875, and he was buried nearby.

Colfax County War
Patrick Garrett killed the outlaw Billy the Kid at Maxwell's Fort Sumner home in 1881, which was then owned by Pete Maxwell, son of Lucien Maxwell. Billy was later buried a few feet from Lucien Maxwell in Fort Sumner, New Mexico Territory.

After Maxwell sold the grant, the armed struggle between the new owners and squatters came to be known as the Colfax County War.  Litigation over whether his land claims were legitimate would continue until 1887 when the United States Supreme Court approved a clear title.

Philmont Scout Ranch
Today, the land grant is broken into many private and public landholdings.  These large private landholdings include the Philmont Scout Ranch, Ted Turner's Vermejo Park Ranch, Chase Ranch, CS Ranch, Express UU Bar Ranch, and the NRA Whittington Center range complex.

See also
 Cimarron Historic District
 St. James Hotel (Cimarron, New Mexico)
 Villa Philmonte – Built in 1926 by oil magnate Waite Phillips
 Charles A. Curtis. Army Life in the West (1862–1865). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, April 20, 2017. .

References

Further reading

External links
Clanmaxwellusa.com
The Largest Land Grant in US History - The Maxwell Land Grant - legendsofamerica.com

American people of French-Canadian descent
American people of Irish descent
Ranchers from New Mexico
19th-century American landowners
1818 births
1875 deaths
People of the American Old West
Philmont Scout Ranch
People from Kaskaskia, Illinois
People from Colfax County, New Mexico
People from De Baca County, New Mexico


Léonard Emiel Steyaert (born 11 March 1910, date of death unknown) was a Belgian boxer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal in the middleweight class.

1928 Olympic results
Below is the record of Léonard Steyaert, a Belgian middleweight boxer who competed at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics:

 Round of 32: bye
 Round of 16: defeated Albert Leidmann (Germany) on points
 Quarterfinal: defeated John Chase (Ireland) on points
 Semifinal: lost to Piero Toscani (Italy) on points
 Bronze Medal Bout: defeated Fred Mallin (Great Britain) on points (was awarded bronze medal)

Pro career
Steyaert turned pro in 1929 and had limited success.  He fought all of his bouts in Europe and retired in 1938.  He returned for one bout in 1945 before retiring for good with a professional record of 5-12-8 with 1 knockout.

References

External links

Léonard Steyaert at databaseOlympics.com
Léonard Steyaert at Sports-Reference.com

Year of death missing
Middleweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Belgium
Boxers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Belgium
1910 births
Olympic medalists in boxing
Belgian male boxers
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics


is a railway station on the Shinano Railway Line in the city of Chikuma, Nagano, Japan, operated by the third-sector railway operating company Shinano Railway.

Lines
Yashiro Kōkō-mae Station is served by the Shinano Railway Line and is 61.8 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Karuizawa Station.

Station layout
The station consists of two opposed side platforms serving two tracks, connected to the station building by a footbridge.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

History
Yashiro Kōkō-mae Station opened on 22 March 2001.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2011, the station was used by an average of 1,530 passengers daily.

Surrounding area
Yashiro High School
Mori Shogunzuka Kofun
Nagano Prefectural History Museum

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

Railway stations in Japan opened in 2001
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Shinano Railway Line
Chikuma, Nagano


Joseph Mary Plunkett Mooney (26 May 1916 – 21 January 1988) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician from County Leitrim in Ireland who served as a Senator for four years.

Early life and family
He was born on 26 May 1916 in County Leitrim, and was named after Joseph Plunkett, one of the leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising. His father Andrew Mooney (born Kilteevan, County Roscommon) married Josephine Gaffney of Drumshanbo in New York in 1908, and relocated to Drumshanbo, County Leitrim where he ran the family business of bar, grocery and drapery shop. Elected a Sinn Féin Councillor in 1919, Andrew Mooney was interned in Ballykinlar Camp, County Down by the British forces during the War of Independence. Following his release in late 1921 he took the pro-Treaty side joining Cumann na nGaedheal, but left that party over a Dáil nomination dispute in 1929. He remained an independent councillor until his sudden death in 1943.

Politics
Joe Mooney was nominated to his father's seat in 1943 and served until his death in 1988. He was an independent member of Leitrim County Council until 1961 when he joined Fianna Fáil and stood unsuccessfully as a Dáil candidate in the 1961 general election for the Sligo–Leitrim constituency. In December 1961, the Taoiseach Seán Lemass nominated Mooney to Seanad Éireann.

Mooney served as a senator until 1965 when Lemass called a snap general election. Although Mooney was considered a shoo-in for the Fianna Fáil nomination, he was not selected as a candidate. At the 1969 general election, Mooney was once again called upon to be the candidate for Fianna Fáil in the Sligo–Leitrim constituency, following further boundary changes which meant that a Leitrim-based candidate like Mooney had little chance of being elected. Mooney was also a candidate at the 1973 general election but again he was not elected.

Other activities
He was a founding member of Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann (CCE), serving as Chairman of the Connacht Council of CCE for ten years. He was also a founding member of the national cultural festival known as An Tóstal started in 1953 to extend the tourist season by encouraging towns and villages across Ireland to present a week-long series of events reflective of their area. Drumshanbo is now the only town in Ireland where the An Tóstal festival continues to this day each June bank holiday weekend.

Following his death, a local Committee decided to commence a Summer School in Mooney's memory and today the Annual Joe Mooney Summer School attracts many people from all over the world to the small town in the centre of County Leitrim.

The Drumshanbo Vocational School also stands as a memorial to Joe Mooney who persuaded the then government during his time as a Senator to build a second level School in the town. It is now the largest Vocational School in the County.

His son Paschal Mooney is a former senator.

See also
Families in the Oireachtas

References

1916 births
1988 deaths
Fianna Fáil senators
Members of Leitrim County Council
Members of the 10th Seanad
Nominated members of Seanad Éireann
People from Drumshanbo
Fianna Fáil candidates in Dáil elections


The following is a list of episodes of the anime television series Aria, adapted from the science fiction manga series Aqua and Aria by Kozue Amano. Set in the early 24th century on a terraformed Mars, now called Aqua, it depicts the life of a young woman named Akari as a trainee gondolier tour guide, or undine, for Aria Company, including her friendships with her mentor, Alicia, and two other trainees, Aika and Alice.

The anime was produced by Hal Film Maker as a 54-episode television series comprising two seasons, an original video animation (OVA), and a third season. The series was directed by Jun'ichi Satō with character designs by Makoto Koga, and aired on TV Tokyo and TXN-affiliated stations between 2005 and 2008. All three seasons have been released on DVD in Japan. A new OVA, called Aria the Avvenire, was released in the 10th anniversary Blu-Ray Box sets of the anime series between 24 December 2015 and 24 June 2016.

Aria is licensed in English in North America by The Right Stuf International, subtitled DVD box sets of all seasons were released between 30 September 2008 and 16 March 2010 under its Nozomi Entertainment. The first two seasons plus the OVA were broadcast in Korea by Animax. The OVA and the third season are licensed in French by Kaze; episodes of the subtitled third season, Aria the Origination, was first broadcast by video on demand (VOD) starting on 2 June 2008, and a DVD box set was released on 28 November 2008. The first season was released on DVD in Taiwan by Muse Communications. All three seasons are licensed in Italy by Yamato Video, and the first season was broadcast on the RAI satellite channel SmashGirls in 2009.

Episodes

Aria the Animation (season 1)

The first season of Aria consisted of 13 episodes broadcast on TV Tokyo Network stations from 6 October 2005 to 29 December 2005. The opening theme is  by Yui Makino and the ending theme is "Rainbow" by Round Table feat. Nino. The logo for this season is colored deep blue. The episodes were released in Japan on six DVDs between 25 January 2006 and 23 June 2006. A DVD season box set was released on 25 March 2009.

In North America, a DVD box set of English subtitled episodes was released on 30 September 2008 by The Right Stuf International under its Nozomi Entertainment imprint. In Taiwan, the series was released by Muse Communications in six DVDs subtitled in Chinese. In Korea, dubbed episodes were broadcast in 2006 by Animax, where it was the 6th most popular animated show broadcast that year. In Italy, the series is licensed by Yamato Video and dubbed episodes were broadcast on the RAI satellite channel SmashGirls starting 20 June 2009.

Aria the Natural (season 2)
The second season of Aria of 26 episodes was broadcast on TV Tokyo Network stations and AT-X from 2 April 2006 to 24 September 2006. The production staff remained mostly unchanged from the first season. The opening themes are  by Yui Makino for episodes 1–15 and 18–26 and  by Yui Makino for episodes 16–17. The ending themes are  by Round Table feat. Nino for episodes 1–15, "Smile Again" by Erino Hazuki for episodes 16–25, and "Rainbow"  by Round Table feat. Nino for episode 26. The logo for this season is colored aqua. The episodes were released in Japan on 9 DVDs from 25 July 2006 to 23 March 2007; a DVD season box set was released on 25 November 2009.

In North America, the season was released in two box sets of subtitled episodes by The Right Stuf International under its Nozomi Entertainment imprint on 29 January and 24 March 2009. The season was broadcast in dubbed episodes in Korea by Animax. In Italy, the series is licensed Yamato Video.

Aria the OVA: Arietta
A single-episode OVA titled Aria the OVA: Arietta was released 21 September 2007 and broadcast on AT-X on 2 September 2007. The script was written by director Jun'ichi Satō. The opening theme is  by Sonorous and the ending theme is  by Erino Hazuki. It is 30 minutes in length. The logo for the OVA is colored orange.

A dubbed version of the OVA was broadcast in Korea by Animax on 24 December 2007. In France, Kaze is scheduled to release the OVA as promotional material for the publication of volume 8 of the Aria manga. In North America, it was released as part of the season box set of Aria the Origination by The Right Stuf International under its Nozomi Entertainment imprint on 16 March 2010.

Aria the Origination (season 3)
The third season of Aria of 13 episodes was broadcast on TV Tokyo Network stations and AT-X from 7 January 2008 to 31 March 2008, plus a bonus episode released only on DVD. The production staff remained largely unchanged from previous seasons. The opening theme is  by Yui Makino, and the ending themes are  by Akino Arai for episodes 1–12 and  by Yui Makino for episode 13. The logo for this season is colored violet. The episodes were released in Japan on seven DVDs between 25 April 2008 and 24 October 2008, along with a "Special Navigation" OVA, numbered as episode 5.5, which used  by Akino Arai as its ending theme.

In France, Kaze began broadcasting subtitled episodes of the third season on 2 June 2008 through Video on Demand, and released DVD box set on 26 November 2008. In North America, was released as a season box set of subtitled episodes by The Right Stuf International under its Nozomi Entertainment imprint on 16 March 2010. In Italy, the series is licensed by Yamato Video.

Aria the Avvenire
3 episodes

New Aria work produced for the "Ao no Curtain Call" project to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the broadcast of the first Aria TV series.

See also
 List of Aria chapters
 List of Aria soundtracks

References

External links
 Aria Company official anime website
 TV Tokyo official anime website
 Animate special Aria The Origination coverage
 The Right Stuf official anime website

Aria


Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Miami was a culinary arts school in Miramar, Florida. The college is owned by Career Education Corporation under a licensing agreement with Le Cordon Bleu in Paris.  The school offered a Diploma in Le Cordon Bleu Pâtisserie and Baking and an Associate of Science degree in Le Cordon Bleu Culinary Arts.  Students received training from experienced chefs and the programs were designed to help students prepare for culinary careers.

Established in September 2003, Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Miami began offering classes to students in May 2004. It closed in 2017.

Academics

Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Miami offered two programs:

Le Cordon Bleu Culinary Arts Program
The college offered an Associate of Science degree in Le Cordon Bleu Culinary Arts. The program was designed to teach students French techniques and combine those with modern American technology.  Students also could learn classic cooking methods, nutrition, qualitative food preparation and sanitation.  Those in the program were taught by professional chef instructors and could gain hands-on experience in both the front and back of the house in the on-site restaurant.

Le Cordon Bleu Pâtisserie and Baking Program
The college also offered a Diploma in Le Cordon Bleu Pâtisserie and Baking.  The program taught students the fundamentals of baking and the theoretical knowledge needed to execute those skills.  The course work covered the baking and pastry skills that will be used in the baking field of the food service industry and were taught by professional chef instructors.

Accreditation

Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Miami was accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges as a branch location of Le Cordon Bleu Institute of Culinary Arts in Pittsburgh.

References

External links
Le Cordon Bleu - Miami

Le Cordon
Cooking schools in the United States
Educational institutions established in 2003
Universities and colleges in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Career Education Corporation
Educational institutions disestablished in 2017
2003 establishments in Florida


The St. Joseph Valley Railway (1889-1897), earlier known as the St. Joseph Valley Railroad (1880-1889), is a defunct railroad which operated in southern Michigan during the late 19th century. Intended to connect the Berrien County, Michigan communities of Buchanan and Berrien Springs with northern Indiana, the railroad never expanded beyond an initial connection between those two communities and sank under a weight of debt which poor traffic could not offset.

The company was formed by local businessmen from both Buchanan and Berrien Springs frustrated by insufficient railroad access. Berrien Springs, then the county seat, had no access at all, while Buchanan sat on the Michigan Central's Chicago–Detroit line but had no cross-county access, nor a direct line to Lake Michigan. The new company, which incorporated on January 27, 1880, proposed to construct a line south from Berrien Springs to Buchanan and on to the Indiana border, which would put the railroad a stone's throw from South Bend, then a major railroad hub. Lack of capital prompted the company to use a  narrow gauge instead of the more expensive, but more widely used .

Construction of the Berrien Springs–Buchanan segment began in July 1880, backed by local capital. The line was built along the west bank of the St. Joseph River; this eliminated the need for bridges but forced the line along a route marked by broken country and a sandy topography, conditions which the lines later problems with washouts after heavy rains bore witness. The  line was finally opened for regular service on September 5, 1881.

From the start, the company was bedeviled by poor finances. The gauge mismatch inhibited cooperation with the Michigan Central, and the railroad's limited scope did not generate enough traffic to offset the weight of the company's debts. Attempts in 1883 and 1884 to extend the line south to Indiana went nowhere, while the company's physical plant deteriorated. Matters came to a head in 1886 when the Michigan Railroad Commission condemned the line as unsafe for passenger service. Lacking the funds to make the necessary repairs, on April 27, 1887 the company went into receivership. Michigan's railroad commissioner assessed the company's situation thus in 1887:

Indeed, the company remained in receivership for over two years, during which time it did not operate, until new investors bought the property on May 7, 1889. The reorganized company took the name St. Joseph Valley Railway. The new company rebuilt the line to standard gauge and ordered new rolling stock. Passenger service resumed on August 5, 1889. The new investors had intended to extend the line north to Benton Harbor, but the necessary financing fell through. Soon afterwards the line again changed hands, and continued to decline. In August 1893 the Michigan Railroad Commission again condemned the line; regular service had ceased the previous month. In 1894 an election transferred the county seat from Berrien Springs to St. Joseph; contemporary analysis laid much of the blame on the failure of the St. Joseph Valley Railway and corresponding lack of railroad service in Berrien Springs.

In 1897 a new company, the Milwaukee, Benton Harbor & Columbus, realized the old goal of the St. Joseph Valley and completed the  line from Benton Harbor to Berrien Springs. At the same time the new company consolidated the St. Joseph, ending its tumultuous independent existence. The line, however, continued to be unprofitable, even under the management of the Pere Marquette, which bought the Milwaukee, Benton Harbor & Columbus and 1903. The Pere Marquette considered, but never built an extension to South Bend, and finally abandoned the line in 1922.

Notes

References

Railway companies established in 1889
Railway companies disestablished in 1897
Transportation in Berrien County, Michigan
Defunct Michigan railroads
Predecessors of the Pere Marquette Railway
1889 establishments in Michigan
3 ft gauge railways in the United States


Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA) (実験動物中央研究所) is a research center for experimental animals in Japan. It was founded by Tatsuji Nomura in 1952 with the mission of improving the level of biomedical research.

Main achievements and ongoing projects
Establishment of the world first and only monitoring center for experimental animals in 1970. Appointed as an International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) Monitoring Center in 1979.
Development and establishment of Tg-PVR mouse, in which a human poliovirus receptor gene is introduced, used as a safety testing for oral polio vaccine.
Establishment of Tg-rasH2 mouse, in which a human prototype c-Ha-ras oncogene is introduced, and evaluation of their practical usefulness. Achieved a high level of accuracy in carcinogenicity testing for drugs and reduced the testing period to six months from the conventional two years' system.
Developing spinal cord injury model and Parkinson's disease model using the common marmoset (New World monkey).
Establishment of a severe immunodeficient mouse, NOD/Shi-scid, IL-2Rγnull mouse (NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγnull mouse, NOG mouse) and development of its applications to various animal experiments and testing systems.

ICLAS Monitoring Center

ICLAS Monitoring Center was established in the CIEA in 1979 and is the only center in the world for testing and verifying the quality of laboratory animals, under the direction of Dr. Tatsuji Nomura with a conduct of International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS).

History of the Monitoring Center
The Monitoring Center program came on the agenda in ICLAS early in the 1970s and the goal was set to assist the scientific bodies in finding animals of the highest quality. In 1979, a workshop was organized in Japan under the auspices of ICLAS and the International Cancer Research Workshop (ICREW) with representatives from the governing board of ICLAS, members of the ICLAS working party, and a number of experts from throughout the world. At that time, the planning of an ICLAS Monitoring Center System and the preparation of an International Manual on Genetic Monitoring, which had been in development for some time, was progressing well. The final proposal was later approved by the Board as a realistic and well-founded scheme that would give the users of laboratory animals a far better program and would help re-establish confidence in the system. The first ICLAS Genetic Monitoring Center in the world was then established in 1980 at CIEA in Japan, by Dr. Tatsuji Nomura, Director of CIEA. This center had already served as an Asian Regional Coordinating Center in the ICLAS Reference Center project since 1979.

History
1952	Founded in Nishitama District, Tokyo, Japan
1957	Authorized as a non-profit research organization under Ministry of Education, Japan
1962	Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) animal production facility was established in Nogawa, Kawasaki, Japan
1965	Animal production and supply department was spun off as CLEA Japan, Inc.
1966	Preclinical Research Laboratory was established
1969	Germ-free animal facility was established
1973	Bioscience Research Department was established
1976 Organized "The 2nd International Workshop on Nude Mice", Tokyo, Chairman T. Nomura
1979	Appointed as ICLAS Monitoring Center
1982	Embryological Engineering Laboratory was established
1985 Laboratory animal monitoring facilities completed
1987 Developmental Engineering Experiment Manual published
1988 High priority "Laboratory animal monitoring project" started
1991 From Six Mice: History of Central Institute for Experimental Animals published
1992 Laboratory Animal Cryopreservation Facilities completed
2001 Center for the Advancement of Health and Biosciences (CAHB) established as a nonprofit organization in the United States
2002 Global business development was initiated
2005 NOG mouse patent granted
2006 Tatsuji Nomura becomes chairman of the Board of Directors of CIEA
2006 Organized "The 1st International Workshop on Humanized Mice", Tokyo, Chairman T. Nomura

External links
CIEA website
Monitoring Center (Japanese)
Tg-rasH2 mice
NOG mice
International Council for Laboratory Animal Science

References

Research institutes in Japan
Animal testing


Baqa ash-Sharqiyya () is a Palestinian town in the northern West Bank, located  northeast of Tulkarm in the Tulkarm Governorate. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 4,892 inhabitants in 2017. Refugees made up 20.4% of the Baqa ash-Sharqiyya's population in 1997.

Approximately  to the west, on the other side of the Green Line, lies Baqa al-Gharbiyye, ("the western bouquet of flowers") which is under Israeli jurisdiction. Both towns were originally one town, known as Baqa, until the aftermath of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Prior to the Second Intifada, Baqa ash-Sharqiyya consisted of 4,000 dunams; Israel confiscated about 2,000 dunams of land in order to build the Israeli West Bank barrier.

History
Ceramic from the Hellenistic, early and late Roman, Byzantine and the Middle Ages have been found here.

In 1265, Baqa ash-Sharqiyya was among the estates Sultan Baibars handed to his followers, after he had defeated the Crusaders; the whole of Baqa ash-Sharqiyya was given to Emir 'Ala' al-Din Aidakin al-Bunduqdar al-Salihi.

Ottoman era
During early Ottoman rule, in 1596, Baqa ash-Sharqiyya was located in the nahiya of Qaqun in the Sanjak of Nablus. It had a population of 35 Muslim households, and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, goats and/or bees, and a press for olives or grapes; a total of 14,000  akçe.

In 1838 it was noted as a  village, Bakah,  in the western Esh-Sha'rawiyeh administrative region, north of Nablus.

In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of al-Sha'rawiyya al-Sharqiyya.

In 1882 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Baqa as "a very small hamlet on high ground, with olives. It has a well to the south and a little Mukam (Muslim tomb) to the north; scattered olives surround it, and there are two or three palms close by. A few houses stand separate, on the south east, near a second Mukam, called Abu Nar ("Father of Fire")."   A stone with Arabic inscriptions located over the entrance of the old village mosque could be the beginning of an endowment (waqf) text.

A population list from about 1887 showed that  Baqa ash-Sharqiyya had about  180 inhabitants, all Muslim.

British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Baqa Sharkiyeh had a population of 269, all Muslims,  increasing by the 1931 census to 330, still all Muslim, in 67 houses.

In the 1945 statistics the population of Baqa ash-Sharqiyya consisted of 480, all Muslim, with a land area of 3,986  dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 173 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land, 2,870 for cereals, while 14 dunams were built-up areas.

Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Baqa ash-Sharqiyya  came under Jordanian rule.  As part of the 1949 armistice agreements following the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, King Abdullah of Jordan ceded the captured Wadi Ara region to Israel in exchange for land near Hebron. This resulted in Baqa al-Gharbiyye falling on the western side of the Green Line, separated from its eastern counterpart, Baqa ash Sharqiyya. The separated towns still have close social and economic ties, however this has been reduced due to the completion of the West Bank barrier around the "Baqa enclave" of the Seam Zone.

In 1961, the population was  952.

Post-1967
After the Six-Day War in 1967, Baqa ash-Sharqiyya has been under Israeli occupation.

On 27 February 1988 Rawda Najib Hassa, aged 13, was shot dead in Baqa ash-Sharqiyya. The suspected killer was an Israeli citizen from Halamish but was not charged due to lack of evidence.

Health care
Baqa ash-Sharqiyya houses the Mother and Child Health Centre (MCH), which is used by the three surrounding Palestinian villages (Nazlat Abu Nar and An-Nazla al-Gharbiya). The healthcare facilities for Baqa ash-Sharqiyya are designated as MOH level 3.

References

Bibliography

External links
Welcome To Baqa al-Sharqiya
Baqa ash-Sharqiya, Welcome to Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 11:   IAA, Wikimedia commons

Tulkarm Governorate
Towns in the West Bank
Municipalities of the State of Palestine


The 1932 college football season saw the Michigan Wolverines win the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the math-based Dickinson System.  Because the "Big Nine" conference didn't permit its teams to play in the postseason, however, the Wolverines were not able to accept a bid to the Rose Bowl. As such, the Pasadena game matched the No. 2 and No. 3 teams, USC and Pittsburgh, with the USC Trojans winning the east–west matchup 35–0. The other four contemporary math system selectors (the Boand, Dunkel, Houlgate, and Williamson Systems) all selected USC as national champion.

Conference and program changes

Conference changes
Two new conferences began play in 1932:
Tri-State Conference – conference active through the 1961 season; later known as the Badger State Intercollegiate Conference, Badger-Illini Conference, and Badger-Gopher Conference
Northern Teachers Athletic Conference – an active NCAA Division II conference, later known as the Northern Intercollegiate Conference and now the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference
One conference played its final season in 1932:
Big Four Conference – conference active since 1929; members from Oklahoma

Membership changes

September
On September 17, Texas Christian University (TCU) opened its season with a 14–2 win over visiting North Texas.

September 24 USC beat Utah 35–0, Tennessee won 13–0 at UT-Chattanooga, and Pittsburgh beat visiting Ohio Northern College 47–0.  TCU and LSU played to a 3–3 tie in Baton Rouge.

October

October 1  Michigan beat Michigan State 26–0, Purdue beat Kansas State 29–13, Ohio State beat Ohio Wesleyan 34–7, Wisconsin beat Marquette 7–2.   USC beat Washington State 20–0.  Pittsburgh won at West Virginia, 40–0.  Army beat Furman 13–0.  Tennessee beat Ole Miss 33–0 and TCU defeated Daniel Baker College 55–0.

October 8  Michigan beat Northwestern 15–6, Wisconsin beat Iowa 34–0, Purdue won at Minnesota 7–0, and Ohio State and Indiana played to a 7–7 tie.  USC beat Oregon State 10–0.  Pittsburgh beat Duquesne 33–0.  Army beat Carleton College 57–0. Notre Dame opened with a 73–0 win over Haskell College.  Tennessee beat North Carolina 20–7 and TCU beat Arkansas 34–12.

October 15  In Birmingham, Tennessee and Alabama, both 3–0–0, met, with the visitors winning 7–3.  Michigan won at Ohio State 14–0, while Purdue beat visiting Wisconsin 7–6, and Pittsburgh won at Army  18–13.  TCU won at Texas A&M 17–0, USC defeated Loyola Marymount 6–0 and Notre Dame beat Drake 62–0.

October 22 USC (4–0–0) and Stanford (5–0–0) met at Palo Alto, with USC winning 13–0.  At Pittsburgh, Ohio State and Pitt played to a 0–0 tie.  Michigan beat Illinois 32–0, Purdue tied at Northwestern 7–7, and Wisconsin shut out Iowa's Coe College 39–0.  Notre Dame beat Carnegie Tech 42–0.  Army won at Yale 20–0.  Tennessee beat Maryville College 60–0 and TCU beat Austin College 68–0

October 29  Pittsburgh (4–0–1) hosted Notre Dame (3–0–0) and won 12–0.  Ohio State and Wisconsin played to a 7–7 tie giving OSU a record of 1–1–3.  Michigan defeated Princeton 14–7 and Purdue beat NYU 34–9 at Yankee Stadium.  Army beat William & Mary 33–0.  Tennessee beat visiting Duke, 16–13, and TCU defeated Baylor 27–0.

November
November 5 Notre Dame won at Kansas University, 24–6.  Michigan won at Indiana 7–0, Ohio State won at Northwestern 20–6, Wisconsin beat Illinois 20–12 and Purdue won at Chicago 37–0.    Pittsburgh won at Penn, 19–12.  USC beat California 27–7.  Army won at Harvard 46–0
Tennessee beat Mississippi State 31–0 and TCU won at Hardin-Simmonds 27–0.

November 11  On Armistice Day, TCU (8–0–1) hosted Texas (6–1–0) and won 14–0.

November 12  In Nashville, Tennessee (7–0–0) and Vanderbilt (6–0–1), played to a scoreless tie.   Michigan beat Chicago 12–0, Purdue won at Iowa 18–0, and Wisconsin beat Minnesota 20–13.  Ohio State beat Penn 19–0.  USC beat Oregon 33–0.   Army beat North Dakota State 52–0.   At Lincoln, Neb., Pittsburgh and Nebraska played to a 0–0 tie.  At Chicago, Notre Dame beat Northwestern 21–0

November 19  Michigan closed its season with a 3–0 win at Minnesota, Ohio State closed at Illinois with the same 3–0 score.  Wisconsin won at Chicago 18–7, and Purdue beat Indiana 25–7.   Notre Dame defeated Navy in a game at Cleveland, 12–0.  Pittsburgh beat Carnegie Tech, 6–0.  In Houston, TCU beat Rice 16–6.  Army narrowly beat visiting West Virginia Wesleyan 7–0.   At Providence, Colgate (8–0–0) and Brown University (7–0–0) faced each other for the season-ender for both teams.  Colgate had held its first 8 opponents scoreless, and the nation waited to see if that streak would be ended by Colgate's toughest opponent of the year.  Colgate's Red Raiders won 21–0 to close the season with a 264–0 edge on its opposition.

November 24  On Thanksgiving Day, USC won at Washington 9–6; that win, along with California's 3–0 loss to Washington State, gave USC the Pacific Coast crown and a trip to the Rose Bowl.

November 26 At Yankee Stadium, Notre Dame beat Army 21–0.  Pittsburgh beat visiting Stanford 7–0 to close its season unbeaten (8–0–2).  Tennessee beat Kentucky 26–0.  TCU closed its season at Dallas, with an 8–0 win over SMU.  In eleven games, TCU had registered seven shutouts, and finished unbeaten (10–0–1).

December
December 3 In the Army–Navy Game at Philadelphia, Army won 20–0.  In Jacksonville, Tennessee beat Florida to close its season unbeaten (9–0–1).

December 10 In Los Angeles, USC (9–0–0) hosted Notre Dame (7–1–0) and won 13–0.

1933 Rose Bowl

USC had beaten Pitt in the 1933 Rose Bowl, 47–14, and the rematch three years later resulted in a larger defeat.  Before a crowd of 84,000 the previously unbeaten Pitt Panthers reached the "red zone" only twice.  In the second quarter, a long run gave the Panthers first down on the USC 24 yard line, but Warren Heller's pass fell in the end zone, and under the rules of the day, the result was a turnover (and a touchback, with USC given first down on the 20).  Pitt got another chance soon after on a blocked punt, but was stopped on downs.  With the help of holes opened up by Trojan halfback, USC scored five touchdowns (including three in the final quarter) and won 35–0.  With New Year's Day falling on a Sunday, the Rose Bowl took place on Monday, January 2, 1933

Conference standings
For this article, major conferences defined as those including multiple state flagship public universities.

Major conference standings

Independents

Minor conferences

Minor conference standings

Dickinson System
The AP sportswriters' poll would not begin continuously until 1936. (although, the first time was a one instance publishing in 1934)  Frank G. Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, had invented the Dickinson System to rank colleges based upon their records and the strength of their opposition.
The system was originally designed to rank teams in the Big Nine (later the Big Ten) conference.  Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack Rissman then persuaded Dickinson to rank the nation's teams under the system, and awarded the Rissman Trophy to the winning university .

The system awarded 30 points for a win over a "strong team", and 20 for a win over a "weak team".  Losses were awarded points (15 for loss to a strong team, 10 for loss to a weak team).  Ties were treated as half a win and half a loss (22.5 for a tie with a strong team, 15 for a tie with a weak team).  An average was then derived by dividing the points by games played.

In addition, Professor Dickinson announced in 1932 that "differential points" would be factored in for an "intersectional game", with ratings of 0.00 for East schools, higher points for "Middlewest" (+4.77) and Southwest (+1.36), negatives for the South (-2.59), the Big Six (-2.60) and the Pacific Coast (-2.71).

Final Dickinson rankings
Michigan and USC were both unbeaten and untied, but as a "Middlewest" team, Michigan had a higher average rating.  The higher weight put four Big Ten Conference teams in Dickinson's top 11: Michigan, Ohio State, Purdue, and Wisconsin.

In 1932, the national championship trophy was presented to the winning school by the Four Horsemen of the 1924 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team: Harry Stuhldreher, Jim Crowley, Don Miller, and Elmer Layden.

See also
 1932 College Football All-America Team

References


Bang'n on Wax: The Best of the Crips is a compilation album by the Crip rap group, Nationwide Rip Ridaz.  The album was released on February 11, 1997 for Urban Avenue Records And This Album Contains 10 New Bonus Tracks Songs And 23 Old Songs For The 3 Previous Albums: This Album Contains 12 For Nationwide Rip Ridaz, 4 For Bangin' on Wax 2... The Saga Continues & 6 For Bangin' on Wax

Track listing

References

Nationwide Rip Ridaz albums
1997 compilation albums


La Semaine Sainte is an historical novel by French writer Louis Aragon published in 1958. It sold over 100,000 copies.

An English translation by Haakon Chevalier was published in 1961 under the title Holy Week by Hamish Hamilton, London, to mixed reviews:

"It is a very bad book, so bad that one doesn't want to write about it, and if it weren't by Aragon, France's according-to-blurb "leading poet-novelist", one wouldn't....The translation, incidentally, is execrable throughout."

"Although the novel lacks the warmth of War and Peace and never makes us care very deeply for any of the characters, it displays a splendid range of intellectual understanding. The only recent book worthy to be compared with this tremendous panorama is Dr. Zhivago. M. Aragon's vision seems to me no less poetic than Pasternak's, and his technique as a novelist is far superior."

Plot
The book covers the week of 19 to 26 March 1815, when Napoleon Bonaparte, after escaping from captivity on the island of Elba, sought to regain power from the French King Louis XVIII. The main character in the novel, the painter Théodore Géricault, who has renounced his artistic career for a military one, accompanies the king on his flight from Paris, but as the king continues to flee across the frontier into Belgium, Géricault begins to have doubts about his own loyalties and the implications of his potential choices.

Analysis
The novel begins with a strange 'Author's Note': "This is not a historical novel. Any resemblance to persons who have lived, any similarity in names, places, details, can be an effect only of pure coincidence, and the Author declines responsibility for this in the name of the Inalienable Rights of the Imagination". Yet is it very definitely an historical novel, using real persons and real incidents, including the author himself and events in his own life, as well as those invented by the author's imagination.

The novel is rich in history, blending real persons and events with fictional ones. It swaps back and forth between characters, portraying their divided loyalties, and the confusion of the period. All the characters need to make a decision sooner or later as to which side to support, and what action to take: to run or fight, to run for England or Belgium, to fight for the king or for Napoleon, to save themselves, their possessions, their livelihoods or their country. Their emotions, past histories, and present fears are recreated well.

Aragon does not simply tell a simple narrative. Many of the characters have flashbacks, and even flashforwards (such as that which details the mysterious death by defenestration of Marshal Berthier in June 1815), that are introduced suddenly, without warning or introduction. Likewise, Aragon manifests himself in the novel by directly addressing the reader as himself in several digressions: he recalls his own experiences during the French occupation of Germany in 1919, during the German invasion of France in 1940, his (and his wife's) experiences and memories of Bamberg. Less personally, after describing a royalist officer raping a peasant girl, he discusses his reasons for not naming the soldier, describing the progeny of the soldier down to the present day, and explaining that he does not wish to shame the present, real, family descended from this soldier.

As part of the narrative, Aragon also discusses the political and economic policies of both Napoleon and Louis XVIII reminding the reader that the decision of whom to support was not black and white. Napoleon was liberal and forward thinking with regard to agricultural and industrial development, but his constant conscription of workers and peasants into his armies had stripped many villages of their male workforce, who returned crippled, if at all, and his wars had reduced opportunities for trade, particularly with England, destroying the industries he otherwise tried to develop. In contrast, the king's reactionary policies and the return of the aristocracy after Napoleon' exile had embittered the peasantry, but at least there were jobs and stability and peace and trade. Napoleon's return threatened new upheavals, not only within France, but also the possibility of invasion by forces from Prussia, Russia, Austria and England. How each character, historic or fictitious, reacts to these contradictions and dilemmas forms the meat of the novel. The novel ends with Théodore Géricault seeing no point in dying either for a crippled king who has fled the country, nor for supporting Napoleon and his imperial police state. Having seen the royal family across the frontier into Belgium, he feels his duty is completed and he decides to return as anonymously as possible to Paris and his former artistic career.

Notes

1958 novels
Fiction set in 1815
Novels set in the 1810s
Novels set in France
Novels set during the Napoleonic Wars
Novels by Louis Aragon
Historical novels
Novels about artists
Cultural depictions of Louis XVIII
Cultural depictions of Napoleon


The Lindsay Post was a newspaper in Lindsay, Ontario, Canada, that was established as The Canadian Post in 1857 in Beaverton before being moved to Lindsay in 1861. When it ceased publishing in 2013, it was a twice-weekly, broadsheet community newspaper that was part of Sun Media and Quebecor, Canada's largest newspaper publisher.

At the time of its closing, The Lindsay Post had a subscription-based paper on Tuesdays and a Friday edition that was delivered to homes free across the City of Kawartha Lakes. The publisher was Darren Murphy. Gerry Drage was the advertising manager and Jason Bain was the managing editor.

The paper changed its name from The Daily Post to The Lindsay Post in May 2007 to reflect its change from publishing Monday to Friday to Tuesdays and Fridays. In July 2008, it began publishing on Thursdays instead of Fridays. In April 2009, it switched back to Fridays when its printing moved from Peterborough to a new state-of-the-art press in Toronto that gives the paper full colour.

For 100 years, the newspaper operated at 15 William Street South, a historic building where the Freemasons once leased the third floor. In May 2007, the paper moved a short distance away to 17 William Street South.

Sister papers in the Sun Media chain in the region included The Peterborough Examiner, Orillia Packet & Times, Minden Times and Haliburton Echo.

History

The Canadian Post, a liberal weekly, was started in Beaverton in 1857 by C. Blackett Robinson and moved to Lindsay in 1861.

According to the 1857 Canada Directory of newspapers, Lindsay had the Lindsay Advocate and the Lindsay Herald when The Canadian Post joined them in 1863. In 1866, The Omemee Warder was moved to Lindsay to become the Victoria Warder. Peter Murray and W.M. Hale began the Lindsay Expositor in 1869. The Herald and Expositor died in infancy.

The Lindsay Advocate sold its equipment to The Post and Warder in 1876. In 1870, C.B. Robinson moved to Toronto and founded the Canadian Presbyterian. The Post was left to be run by his brother-in-law George T. Gurnett until 1873 when it was taken over by Charles D. Barr, night editor of the Toronto Globe.

Cooper sold The Warder to John Dobson and Edward Flood became editor. Sam Hughes, a Toronto high school teacher, became editor of The Warder in 1885. In time, Cooper sold out the Watchman to George Lytle, who in 1899 bought up The Warder and amalgamated them as the Watchman Warder.

Lytle was succeeded as editor by Allan Gillies who, with the help of Ford Moynes of Stratford, launched The Daily Warder in 1903. John W. Deyell then became the proprietor.

The Post was taken over by George H. Wilson and F. W. Wilson of Port Hope in 1893. On April 8, 1895, the weekly edition was supplemented by a daily edition.

In later years, F.W. Wilson continued as sole publisher of the Port Hope Evening Guide and G.H. Wilson as sole publisher of The Post.

Two new rival papers founded in 1895 were short-lived. Sam Porter of The Post staff published a Lindsay News Item for a few weeks in 1895 and a Free Press was started on May 8, 1908, but it ceased publication on February 20, 1909.

During and after the First World War, newspaper costs became so crushing The Post and the Watchman Warder entered into an agreement by which, after September 30, 1920, the former abolished their weekly and latter abolished their daily edition.

The Post continued to publish as a daily for one hundred years until May 2007.

On June 13, 2013, publisher Darren Murphy announced at the Post offices,
It is with regret that we close The Lindsay Post, effective June 14.... I have been involved with The Lindsay post in different roles for almost 10 years and we have made numerous attempts to change the business model to try and make this operation sustainable. Unfortunately the market has not been able to support the continued publication of the newspaper.
Murphy noted the changing media landscape and markets conditions as contributing factors in the closure of the newspaper. Six employees' jobs were lost because of the closure.

Notable writers
Bill Fitsell (1923–2020), Canadian sports journalist and historian

See also
 List of newspapers in Canada

References

External links
 The Lindsay Post

Kawartha Lakes
Defunct newspapers published in Ontario
1861 establishments in Canada West
2013 disestablishments in Ontario
Newspapers established in 1861
Publications disestablished in 2013
Biweekly newspapers published in Canada


The Khotyn Fortress (, , , ) is a fortification complex located on the right bank of the Dniester River in Khotyn, Chernivtsi Oblast (province) of south - western Ukraine. It is situated on a territory of the historical northern Bessarabia region which was split in 1940 between Ukraine and Moldova. The fortress is also located in a close proximity to another famous defensive structure, the Old Kamianets Castle of Kamianets-Podilskyi. Construction on the current stone Khotyn/Hotin fortress was started in 1375, while major improvements were made in the 1380s and in the 1460s, under the Moldavian princes, Alexander the Good, and Stephen the Great.

History

As a Rus' stronghold

The Khotyn Fortress' beginning goes back to the Khotyn Fort, which was built in the 10th century by Prince Volodymyr Sviatoslavovych as one of the border fortifications of southwestern Kievan Rus', after he added the land of present-day Bukovina to his control. The fort, which eventually was rebuilt a fortress, was located on important commerce routes, which connected Scandinavia and Kyiv with the Ponyzia (lowlands), Podillia, Genoese and Greek colonies on the Black Sea, through Moldavia and Wallachia, on the famous "trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks".

The fortification was located on a rocky territory, created by the tall right-hand shore of the Dniester and the valley. At first it was just a huge mound of dirt with wooden walls and protective equipment. It was designed to protect the settlement of Khotyn across the river. The first stone construction was rather small. It was located exactly where the northern tower is located today. Throughout the centuries, this fortress underwent many reconstructions and expansions, and was damaged by new conquerors, who would later rebuild it.

At the end of the 11th century, Khotyn fortress belonged to Terebovlia principality. During the 1140s the fortress became part of Halych Principality, and in 1199 was part of the Halych-Volhynian Kingdom.

Reconstruction and fortification

In 1250–64, Prince Danylo of Halych and his son Lev, rebuilt the fortress. They added a half-meter (20 in) stone wall and a  wide moat around the fortress. In the northern part of the fortress, were added new military buildings as well. In the second half of the 13th century, it was rebuilt by the Genoese.

During the 1340s the Fortress was taken by Moldavian prince Dragos, a vassal of the Kingdom of Hungary. After 1375 it was a part of the Principality of Moldavia. Under the rule of Alexander the Good, and then Stephen the Great of Moldavia the old fortress was rebuilt from stone and greatly expanded, to its actual form. Under his leadership, new  wide and  high walls were built. He also added three towers and raised the courtyard by . The courtyard was divided into princes' and soldiers' halves. He also dug deep basements which served as barracks to soldiers. This reconstruction brought the fortress to the structure it has today. During 14th-16th centuries the Fortress served as a residence to Moldavian Princes.

In 1476, the garrison successfully held the Fortress against the Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II. By the end of the 16th century Moldavia became a tributary principality of the Ottoman Empire. Thereafter, a janissary unit was stationed inside the fortress, alongside the Moldavian troops. During this time the Turks expanded and fortified the Fortress.

The Fortress was captured by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under the leadership of Great Crown Hetman Jan Tarnowski in 1538. Commonwealth forces undermined the walls of the Fortress, destroyed three towers and part of the western wall. After it was captured, the Khotyn Citadel was renovated between 1540 and 1544. In 1563 Dmytro Vyshnevetsky with five hundred Zaporozhian Cossacks captured the Fortress and held it for a time.

17th to 19th centuries

In 1600 father of Petru Movilă, Simion, the previous ruler of both Moldavia and Wallachia, and his brother Prince of Moldavia Ieremia Movilă, with Polish support, took refuge in the Fortress. They fought a dynastic battle against the forces of Moldavia and Wallachia led by Michael the Brave, who was trying to capture it, then took refuge to Poland.

In 1611 Voivode Stefan Tomsa II ruled Moldova with the support of the Ottoman Empire and held Khoytn Fortress until he was deposed in 1615.

In 1615 the Polish army again captured Khotyn, but ceded it back to the Turks in 1617. In 1620 the city was again captured by the Polish army.

In September–October 1621, the Commonwealth army under command of hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and Petro Sahaidachny, Yatsko Borodavka (about 50,000 troops) successfully held off the army of the Turkish sultan, Osman II (estimated at 100,000), in the Battle of Khotyn. On October 8, 1621, the Khotyn Peace Treaty was signed, stopping the Ottoman advance into the Commonwealth and confirming the Commonwealth-Ottoman border on the Dniester river (the border of the Principality of Moldavia), thus ceding Khotyn back to Moldavia as a vassal of Ottoman empire.

Bohdan Khmelnytsky, came first as an ally of Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, then occupied the Khotyn Fortress for a period of time in the spring of 1650. In 1653, in the Zhvanets Battle on the left bank of Dniester, a garrison of Turks from Khotyn were fighting in the battle along with the forces of the Principality of Moldavia. In November 1673, the Khotyn Fortress was lost by the Turks and Jan Sobieski started to occupy Khotyn with a Polish-Cossack army. Jan Sobieski is known to have described the battle as "More than 60 guns were thundering non-stop, the sky was in flames and smothered in smoke, the earth was quaking, the walls were groaning, the rocks were splitting into pieces. That which my eyes captured throughout the day was indescribable. It is impossible to convey the persistence and courage, or rather despair, with which both parties were fighting".

In early August 1674 the fortress was captured back bu Turkish forces; Jan Sobieski, by then the Polish king, recaptured it in 1684.

With the 1699 Karlowitz Peace Treaty, the fortress was transferred from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to Moldavia. In 1711, Khotyn was again taken over by the Turks. The Turks then fortified Khotyn following a six-year (1712–18) reconstruction and it became the foremost stronghold of the Ottoman defence in Eastern Europe.

In 1739, after the Russians defeated the Turks in the Battle of Stavuchany (today Stavceane) in which Ukrainians, Russians, Georgians, and Moldavians fought, they laid siege on the Khotyn fortress. The commander of the Turkish forces, Iliaş Colceag surrendered the fortress to the Russian commander Burkhard Christoph von Münnich.

In 1769 and 1788, the Russians again successfully stormed the fortress, but every time it was given back according to peace treaties. Only after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812) did Khotyn become a permanent part of Russia and a district center in Bessarabia. However, when the Turks were retreating, they almost completely ruined the fortress.

In 1826, the city of Khotyn was given a coat of arms.

In 1832, the new church of Oleksandr Nevskiy was built on the territory inside of the fortress.

In 1856, the government ended the status of the Khotyn Fortress as a military entity.

20th and 21st centuries

The First World War and the Russian Civil War took a heavy toll on the people of Hotin. In January 1918, the Moldovan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence and in March, united with Romania.

In January 1919, an anti-Romanian uprising took place orchestrated by the bolsheviks from Russia. The Hotin Directory gained authority in more than one hundred villages in the area and Y. I. Voloshenko-Mardaryev (Й. І. Волошенко-Мардар'єв) was in charge. The uprising lasted only ten days and on February 1, the Romanians got into Hotin. Hotin was internationally recognized as part of Romania after the Paris Peace Conference, remaining a part of Romania for 22 years, being the administrative center of the Hotin County.

On 28 of June 1940, Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and at the orders of Moscow, the northern part of Bessarabia, including the town of Hotin was incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. On July 6, 1941, Hotin was reconquered by the Nazi German-Romanian armies, returning to Romania as part of the Bukovina Governorate. In the summer of 1944, the Red Army reoccupied the region.

In September 1991, during the celebration of 370 years since the Battle of Khotyn of 1621, a monument made in honor of Ukrainian Hetman, Petro Sahaidachnyi by sculptor I. Hamal' (І. Гамаль).
Today, Khotyn is one of the biggest cities and an important industrial, tourist, and cultural center of the Chernivtsi oblast. Taking into consideration the rich historical traditions of the city, the Khotyn fortress architectural prereserve was created by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 2000. In September 2002, the ancient city celebrated its 1000-year anniversary.

Khotyn Fortress in films

Many historical adventure movies were filmed in the Khotyn fortress: The Viper (1965), Zakhar Berkut (1971), The Arrows of Robin Hood (1975),  Old Fortress (1976), d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (1978), The Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe (1983), The Black Arrow (1985) and Taras Bulba (2009). In these films, the fortress usually represented  various French and English castles, including La Rochelle.

Legends

There are also many legends about the fortress, created over the hundreds of years of its existence. Some popular legends involve the origins of the large dark spot on the side of the wall of the fortress. One legend says that the spot was created by the tears of the Khotyn rebels against the Ottoman Turks that were killed inside the fortress. Another legend has it that the spot was created from the tears of a girl named Oksana, whom the Turks buried alive in the walls of the fort.

Khotyn in art

References

External links

 Cetatea Hotin — Moldata.com
 Pictures of Khotyn Fortress on LiveJournal
 Video "Khotyn Fortress, aerial survey (4k Ultra HD)"
 Khotyn Fortress screened from a drone.

Buildings and structures completed in the 10th century
Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century
Castles in Ukraine
Castles in Moldavia
Landmarks in Chernivtsi Oblast
Historic sites in Ukraine
Buildings and structures in Chernivtsi Oblast
Tourist attractions in Chernivtsi Oblast
Forts in Ukraine


Ivano Fontana (25 November 1926 – 24 December 1993) was an Italian boxer.  He won a bronze medal in the middleweight division at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, losing to gold medal winner Laszlo Papp. He was born in Lucca, Italy.

1948 Olympic record
 Round of 32: bye
 Round of 16: defeated John Nuttall (India) on points
 Quarterfinal: defeated Dogomar Martinez (Uruguay) on points
 Semifinal: lost to Laszlo Papp (Hungary) on points
 Bronze Medal Bout: won by walkover versus Mick McKeon (Ireland); was awarded bronze medal

Professional career
Fontana turned professional in 1950 and fought mainly in his native Italy. In 1952, he won the vacant Italian middleweight title with a win over Gino Campagna. In 1955, he won the Italian light heavyweight title with a win over Lorenzo Rocci.

References

External links
profile

1926 births
1993 deaths
Olympic boxers for Italy
Middleweight boxers
Boxers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in boxing
Italian male boxers
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics


MacGruder and Loud is an American crime drama from Aaron Spelling Productions that aired on ABC from January 20 to April 30, 1985.

Premise
The series stars John Getz and Kathryn Harrold as married police officers Malcolm MacGruder and Jenny Loud in a Los Angeles Police Department-styled police agency (where strict anti-fraternization policies were in effect). They fought a battle every day to keep it a closely guarded secret from their boss, Sgt. Hanson (played by veteran actor Lee de Broux).

Malcolm and Jenny lived in a duplex-type apartment complex where there was a secret door behind the grandfather clock in her apartment, where Malcolm could sneak in and enjoy her company.

Cast
John Getz as Det. Malcolm MacGruder
Kathryn Harrold as Det. Jenny Loud MacGruder
Ted Ross as Det. Sgt. Debbin
Frank McCarthy as Sgt. Myhrum

Episodes

Production
This was one of the relatively few failures from Aaron Spelling's production company in its history, since it was picked by ABC to debut right after the Super Bowl in 1985 and was heavily promoted  during the game. The promotion resulted in high ratings at first, but the series was cancelled three months into its run. The ratings decline was blamed on ABC's repeated changing of the show's timeslot before settling on Monday nights at 10:00 p.m., known as "the graveyard slot". It ranked 36th out of 77 shows with a 14.9 rating and a 23 share.

Because of the frequent commercials during the Super Bowl, the following night Johnny Carson asked rhetorically during his monologue on The Tonight Show, "Did you see that new show, 'Frequent and Loud'?"

The series was rushed into production by ABC in order to capitalize on the popularity of another crime drama at that time, Cagney & Lacey (which aired on CBS).

References

External links

1985 American television series debuts
1985 American television series endings
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series by Spelling Television
American Broadcasting Company original programming
Super Bowl lead-out shows
1980s American crime drama television series
1980s American police procedural television series
English-language television shows
Television duos
Television series about marriage
Television shows set in Los Angeles


Joseph Martin Riordan AO (27 February 193019 November 2012) was an Australian politician and briefly government minister.

Early years
Riordan was born in Sydney, raised as a Catholic, and educated at Patrician Brothers School and Marist Brother College in that city. From 1958 to 1972 he was Federal Secretary of the Federated Clerks' Union  (a stronghold of anti-Communist social democrats).

Career
Riordan was elected as the Australian Labor Party member for the House of Representatives seat of Phillip  at the 1972 election, defeating the Liberal, William Aston.  He was Minister for Housing and Construction from June 1975 until the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in November 1975.  He was defeated by the Liberals'  Jack Birney at the 1975 election.

Riordan was Senior Deputy President of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission from 1986 to 1995.  He was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in January 1995 for "service to industrial relations, to social justice and to the Community".

Death
He died on 19 November 2012, aged 82.

Personal life
He was the nephew of Darby Riordan, the Labor member of the House of Representatives for Kennedy from 1929 to 1936.

Notes

1930 births
2012 deaths
1975 Australian constitutional crisis
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Phillip
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Officers of the Order of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians


Kathleen ("Kaye") Webb  (26 January 1914 – 16 January 1996), was a British editor and publisher. She has been called an "enormously influential children's editor ... Brilliant as an innovator of highly successful marketing strategies". She was awarded the Eleanor Farjeon Award in 1970.

Early life and education
Kathleen Webb was born in Chiswick, London, in 1914, the second of three children of Arthur Webb, a journalist, and Ann (née Stevens), a film and theatre critic. Her paternal great-great-grandfather was W. G. (William George) Webb, publisher of toy theatres in the Victorian era.

Webb was educated first at a dame school, then at Hornsey High School, and then, in 1926, aged twelve, started boarding at Ashburton School, Ashburton, Devon, where her older brother was already a student. Webb herself described her time there as "bullied, miserable, had jaundice", but was inspired and encouraged by the teacher of English, Ben R. Gibbs, author of textbooks about literature and history.

She left the school in 1930, and although Gibbs had suggested that she go on to university, she was sent by her parents to stay with a family in Bruges, Belgium, to be "finished".

Career
Webb's first job after she left school, aged 16, was as an office girl at The Times. In 1931, after her time in Belgium, she was employed as editor's secretary at Picturegoer, where she was "George the Answerman". At some point, she also worked for Mickey Mouse Weekly, where she was paid 2d per answer to reply to children's letters. She later worked for motor magazines Caravan World and Sports Car. She joined Picture Post as a secretary in 1938; and in 1941 became assistant editor of the magazine Lilliput.

During the Second World War, Webb volunteered as "an ambulance driver, air-raid warden, canteen worker and member of the Fleet Street Women's Rifle Brigade".

She remained at Lilliput until her marriage in 1948, after which she began working freelance, writing features for the News Chronicle and broadcasting on Woman's Hour, among other commissions. In 1955 she was invited by John Grigg, the owner, to edit the children's literary magazine The Young Elizabethan (afterwards retitled The Elizabethan). In 1961, she became editor of Puffin Books, remaining until 1979. In 1967 she founded the Puffin Club, which she ran until 1981 (also editing its magazine, Puffin Post).

The publisher Andrew Franklin has described Webb as "the first publisher to turn children’s writers into stars". Nicholas Fisk wrote to her in 1979 that "it was the Kaye Webb 'fluence, permeating the whole field, that was so liberating and encouraging. Whatever the Scene is today, most probably you set it". She had almost complete autonomy over what Puffin published. She ensured that Puffin covers were eye-catching. She preferred publishing texts with complex and sophisticated writing, and emphasised "fantasy and pleasure".

In 1959, she and Searle were invited by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to visit refugee camps in Europe as part of the World Refugee Year of 1959; this resulted in a book, Refugees 1960: A Report in Words and Drawings.

Webb was interviewed on Desert Island Discs in 1993.

Personal life

Webb was married three times: each of her marriages ended in divorce. Her third marriage (1948–1967) was to Ronald Searle, who was the father of her son and daughter. "They built a colourful and creative kind of domesticity in a house that would be painted in wild colours and filled with all the bizarre objects they collected on their travels".

Webb was cremated at Kensal Green Cemetery.

Archives
Webb's archive and working library are held in the Seven Stories centre for children's books collection, based in Newcastle upon Tyne.

Books
 Looking at London and People Worth Meeting (1953), News Chronicle, with Ronald Searle
 Paris Sketchbook (1958), Perpetua Books, with Ronald Searle
 The St. Trinian's Story: the Whole Ghastly Dossier (ed) (1959), Perpetua Books
 Refugees 1960: A Report in Words and Drawings (1960), Penguin Books, with Ronald Searle
 A Book of Goblins (1972), with Alan Garner
 I Like This Poem (ed) (1979), Puffin
 Lilliput goes to war (ed) (1985), Hutchinson
 I Like This Story: a taste of fifty favourites (ed) (1986), Puffin
 Meet My Friends: Favourite characters and their adventures (ed) (1991), Viking Kestrel
 Round about six: new stories and poems (ed) (1992), Frances Lincoln
 Family tree: a collection of favourite poems and stories about all kinds of families (ed) (1994), Hamish Hamilton
 Let the sun shine: a read aloud collection (ed) (1998), Frances Lincoln

References

External links
Kathleen (Kaye) Webb, Seven Stories archive index
Archive record of interview with Webb by a Puffin Club member, 1969
Portrait of Webb at the National Portrait Gallery
The Puffin phenomenon and its creator, Kaye Webb, thesis by Katharine Webb, 2012
Desert Island Discs, BBC, 1993

1914 births
1996 deaths
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Chiswick
Place of death missing
Penguin Books people
20th-century British journalists
English book editors
British women editors


Liam Davies (born 10 May 1986) is a Welsh rugby union footballer. A scrum-half, Davies began his professional rugby career with the Llanelli Scarlets, and made his league debut for the Scarlets while still in the region's development squad, playing against Cardiff Blues on 14 September 2005. He made a further nine appearances in the 2005–06 season, scoring a try against Glasgow Warriors on 16 October 2005. In March 2006, Davies was promoted to the Scarlets' first team squad, signing on a professional development contract.

Davies started the 2006–07 season as the Scarlets' third-choice scrum-half, behind Dwayne Peel and Clive Stuart-Smith, and so was forced to wait until December to make his first appearance of the season. Again, he made a further nine appearances that season, scoring one try.

With Dwayne Peel away at the 2007 Rugby World Cup, Davies started the 2007–08 season at the top of the Scarlets' scrum-half pecking order with Gavin Cattle. The two of them shared duties in the number 9 shirt for the first three months of the season, before Peel's return, but they soon got back into action when Peel joined up with the Wales squad for the 2008 Six Nations.

In June 2008, Davies signed for Brive on a two-year contract. He made his debut on 6 September 2008 in a 16–16 draw with Castres.

On 21 June 2009, Davies signed a three-year contract with the Ospreys.

In January 2010, Davies joined London Welsh on loan. He was released by the Ospreys at the end of the 2009–10 season and joined French club Dax.

On 5 January 2012, he signed back for the Scarlets as cover because the Scarlets scrum-half Tavis Knoyle injured his shoulder and would be out for at least three months.

Davies was released by the Scarlets at the end of the 2011–12 season and in September 2012 joined Newport Gwent Dragons. In January 2013, Davies joined Cardiff Blues making him the second player to play for all four Welsh regions after Tal Selley.

References

External links
Scarlets profile

1986 births
Living people
Welsh rugby union players
Rugby union scrum-halves
Scarlets players
CA Brive players
Ospreys (rugby union) players
London Welsh RFC players
Dragons RFC players
Cardiff Rugby players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Rugby union players from Carmarthenshire
People educated at Ysgol y Strade
British expatriates in France
Welsh expatriate rugby union players


Just Music were a West German avant-garde music ensemble, an interchangeable collective of classically trained instrumentalists founded at the , Frankfurt/Main in 1967 by multi-instrumentalist Alfred Harth. An inherent anti-commercial bias kept them at arm's length from the mainstream music business, enabling them to experiment at will. "Ein Modell fuer annaehernd herrschaftsfreie Kommunikation und Interaktion" (Flyer, March 1969). Just Music changed their name several times depending on the context.

Other names are New Thing Orchestra, Free Jazz Orkestra Frankfurt, Panta Rei and urKult.

History
Alfred Harth had founded the club H in 1965 and then the meeting point and platform  in Frankfurt/Main starting with his essay "On Synaesthetics" in 1967 and the vision of synthesizing avant-garde art, avant-garde music and avant-garde literature. It became an open exchange and performance place for young experimental artists, poets and musicians in the Frankfurt area with the Just Music ensemble as a main creative pool. American clarinetist Tony Scott played there with Just Music and also in the following years Harth and Just Music kept open to perform with many others as the German musicians trumpetist and composer Michael Sell (with the Free Jazz Group Wiesbaden), saxophonist Peter Brötzmann and tuba and bassplayer Peter Kowald, Czech flutist Jiri Stivin, members of the AACM, Polish violinist Zbigniew Seifert, American saxophonist Anthony Braxton a.o.
In 1969, Just Music recorded the 2nd LP (1002) for Manfred Eicher's label ECM and Thomas Cremer, Harth and Thomas Stöwsand made a joint performance with the Nicole Van den Plas Trio from Belgium at the San Sebastian Jazz Festival in Spain. From then on  Just Music also worked in cooperation with members of the Nicole Van den Plas Trio. In 1971 Harth and Van den Plas started to focus on duo works and in 1972 with guests as Peter Kowald and drummer Paul Lovens a.o. in Belgium which later in the same year lead to the foundation of the group E.M.T. when Just Music had performed their last concerts with partly exchanged members in Poland.

Music
Just Music's repertoire included written scores and graphic notation by Alfred Harth in the very beginning and then free improvisation. It incorporated elements of jazz, classical music, fluxus, dada, happening and the avant-garde.
Their music was mostly experimental, making classification all but impossible and contained an extreme variety of timbres and dynamics at the basis of a spontaneous expression. Process was more important than a result. Just Music partly incorporated their audiences.

Concept
Since the mid-1960s Alfred Harth was open to all creative horizons influenced by the Stuttgarter Schule around Max Bense, zen and the fluxus events in nearby Wiesbaden. He treated breaking glass, thunder and rain, fireworks or everyday tool's noises as equal synaesthetic manifestations. Harth co-created a toneless wind instrument concept during a studio production at the Hessischer Rundfunk, experimented muting his saxophones with all kinds of stuff even from outside the keys by covering the saxophone with clothes and implemented backward recorded accordion live on cassette. Johannes Krämer was using a wide variety of unorthodox guitar tunings, and preparing guitars with objects like drumsticks and screwdrivers to alter the instruments' timbre.
On the other hand Just Music had formed the political fraction  urKult who demonstrated against the "unilateral presentation and consumption of New Music without political implications" before or even during other relevant concert events and by this provoked the ivory tower of the nearby Darmstädter Ferienkurse events as well as music businesses "as instruments of the establishment".

Name
Just Music is almost a German expression. The name was chosen by Alfred Harth to express that there shall be no pressure for anything. Just Music strictly avoided titles for their works and even several times changed their group name.

Performances (selection)

1967
 at  in Frankfurt/Main
 at composer Dieter Schnebel's concert series for atonal  music in Frankfurt/Main
1968
at the main cathedral, Dom, in Frankfurt/Main
 TV-Feature with concrete poet Franz Mon in Mainz
at the Liederhalle, Mozartsaal, Stuttgart, radio recorded by Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR)
concert managed by Siegfried Schmidt-Joos in Düsseldorf
 performs Christian Wolff's "Play" from the  Prose Collection  at the Theater am Turm (TAT), Frankfurt/Main
studio production at the Frankfurt radio, Hessischer Rundfunk, plus interview with Alfred Harth
1969
 at the Rational Theater in Munich (first concert together with Thomas Stoewsand who then moved to Frankfurt and stayed member until the last concerts in Poland)
at the Action Center  in Munich
at the Jazzfestival San Sebastian, Spain, in cooperation with the Nicole Van den Plas Trio  from Belgium
at the Stadttheater Bremerhaven
1970
 radio play Alles wie zuvor  in cooperation with composer Aleida Montijn produced at the radio Frankfurt/Main, Hessischer Rundfunk
at the 12th German Jazzfestival in Frankfurt/Main
at the 12th German Jazzfestival with the European Free Jazz Orchestra (A.Harth, P.Stock) conducted by members of the AACM
at the Jazzfestival Přerov (with N. Van den Plas, A.De Tiege) and with Jiri Stivin in Prague, Czechoslovakia
live at the radio Prague, Czechoslovakia
one month daily at the Theatre Lucernaire, Paris, France (with Eugene Broeckhoven)
two weeks daily at the theatre festival, Théâtre de la Recherche, in Avignon, France, (with J.Van den Plas)
at the Jazzfestival Bilzen (Cremer, Harth, Stoewsand), Belgium
studio production at the Frankfurt radio, Hessischer Rundfunk, with Peter Kowald, Heinz Sauer, Michael Sell, N. Van den Plas a.o.
1971
in Breda, Netherlands
at the Belgian Radio, BRT
 at the Jazzfestival Ghent as Panta Rei (with N. and J. Van den Plas), Belgium
at the  Action Center, Munich, session with Anthony Braxton, Cremer, Harth, Stoewsand
concert in München with Cremer, Manfred Eicher (bass), Harth, Stoewsand, N. Van den Plas
studio production at the Frankfurt radio, Hessischer Rundfunk, with Peter Brötzmann, N. Van den Plas a.o.
at the Festival Jazz nad Odra, Wrocław, Poland
in Kraków with violinist Zbigniew Seifert and at the University Warsaw, Poland, (with Herwig Pöschl)
1972
at the Palais des Beaux-Arts (Cremer, Harth, N. Van den Plas, Volhard), Brussels, Belgium, recorded for a radio program curated by Fred Van Hove
2009
revival at the festival ROT in Frankfurt/Main - Just Music skips to ROT from 1969 with Alfred Harth, Johannes Krämer, Nicole Van den Plas, Peter Stock, Witold Teplitz, Franz Volhard, radio recorded by the Hessischer Rundfunk

Personnel

Eugene Broeckhoven (Belgium) - drums
Thomas Cremer – drums, clarinet, voice
Andre De Tiege (Belgium) - bass
Ronnie Dusoir (Belgium) - dr
Alfred Harth  – tenor sax, clarinet, bass clarinet, trumpet, voice, misc.
Dieter Herrmann – trombone
Johannes Krämer – guitar, voice
Herwig Pöschl (Austria) – drums
Hans Schwindt - clarinet, altosax
Peter Stock – bass
Thomas Stoewsand – cello, flutes, voice
Witold Teplitz – violin, clarinet
Franz Volhard – cello
Jean Van den Plas (Belgium) – cello, bass
Nicole Van den Plas (Belgium) - piano
Edmond Van Lierde (Belgium) - altosax

Discography
  Just Music, self-produced LP, 300 items, 1969
  Just Music ECM 1002, 1969 (cover art)
  Born Free Scout ScS-11, 1970
  4.Januar 1970, LP selfproduction, 300 items, 1970
   Four CDRs with archive material from 1968-1971 by Just Music,(>Laubhuette Productions<), 2009

References
Jürgen Schwab: Der Frankfurt-Sound. Eine Stadt und ihre Jazzgeschichte(n). Frankfurt/Main: Societäts-Verlag, 2005, with 2 CDs,
Steve Lake, Paul Griffiths:"Horizons Touched - The Music of ECM", Granta Books, London
Christoph Wagner: Brüche und Kontinuität, Alfred 23 Harth, in "Neue Zeitschrift für Musik", Schott Music, Mainz, Germany, 6/2007
Clifford Allen in All About Jazz
Julian Cowley: ...this is absorbing music, in itself and as a readjustment of the familiar historical picture.  The Wire, 55, 2009.
Clifford Allen: ...this was music of a moment in time.We can be thankful some of it has been preserved.  Signal To Noise #55, 2009.
ECM Records Discography
CBS Scout ScS11, LP Born free: 12 German jazz festival
Just Music LP Selfrelease,1969
Just Music photos

German experimental musical groups
Musical groups established in 1967
Avant-garde ensembles
Free improvisation ensembles
ECM Records artists


Joseph Riordan may refer to:

 Joe Riordan (1930–2012), Australian politician and government minister
 Joseph W. Riordan (1816–1897), Santa Clara University president


Joy Boushel (born 1959) is an actress who appeared in several movies and TV shows from 1980 to 1990.

Boushel's acting career has consisted of Pick-up Summer (1980), Terror Train (1980), Quest for Fire (1981), Humongous (1982), Thrillkill (1984), The Fly (1986), Keeping Track (1986), Look Who's Talking (1989), and Cursed (1990).

Filmography

References

External links

1959 births
American film actresses
Living people
American television actresses
21st-century American women


Pertti Ilmari Purhonen (14 June 1942 – 5 February 2011) was a Finnish boxer who won a bronze medal at the 1964 Olympics. Domestically he collected nine consecutive Finnish titles in lightweight (1960–61), light-welterweight (1962) and welterweight divisions (1963–68); he was also a Nordic champion in 1961, 1963 and 1967. In 1969 he turned professional, but retired the same year after winning his both bouts, one by knockout. He then founded a non-profit organization Kriisipalveluyhdistys (Crisis Service) that trains workers how to behave in crisis situations. During his last six years Purhonen suffered from Alzheimer's disease. He died in 2011, aged 68, three years after being inducted into the Finnish Boxing Hall of Fame. He was buried in the Malmi Cemetery.

References

1942 births
2011 deaths
Sportspeople from Helsinki
Welterweight boxers
Boxers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Finland
Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Deaths from dementia in Finland
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Olympic medalists in boxing
Finnish male boxers
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics