Boa imperator (or Boa constrictor imperator (in common usage)) is a large, heavy-bodied, nonvenomous species of snake in the genus Boa that is commonly kept in captivity. Boa imperator is part of the family Boidae and is found in Mexico, Central America and South America west of the Andes Mountains (primarily in Colombia). It is commonly called the Central American boa, northern boa, Colombian boa, common boa and common northern boa.

Description

Boa imperator is a wide-ranging species, living in both Central America and the northern parts of South America. As a result, the appearance of this snake varies greatly depending on the specific locality. As one of the smaller Boa species, they average between 1.3 m (4.2 ft.) and 2.5 m (8.2 ft.) in length when fully grown, but have been known to reach 3.7 m (12 ft.). They usually weigh around 6 kg (13 lb), although females are significantly larger than males. Lifespan in the wild is around 20–30 years, but 40 can be exceeded in captivity.

Although Boa imperator exhibits almost identical patterns to Boa constrictor, this species often has a darker tail, usually dark brown or very dark red. They are, however, usually just as colorful as their counterparts and, like the larger boas, can be bred into a variety of different colors, given the right conditions to breed.

Notably, the species is one of only two in snakes to have a confirmed XY sex chromosome system.

One population is found on the Cayos Cochinos (or the Hog Islands) off the northern coast of Honduras. These are naturally hypomelanistic, which means that they have reduced melanin, thus they are more lightly colored, although they retain the distinctive darker tail that is characteristic of most members of this species. The color of the tail may vary from salmon-pink to orange.

Another well-known population of Boa imperator is the population from Nicaragua. which typically have a compact saddle pattern on their backs that is often circular in shape.

Mainland specimens from Colombia can be among the larger boas, but this species also includes a number of island dwarf populations, such as those from various Caribbean islands. These populations represent the smallest members of the species.

Scalation
Boa imperator has 55–79 dorsal scales, 225–253 ventral scales, 47–69 subcaudal scales, 18–22 supralabial scales and 1–2 anal scales.

Identification

Boa imperator is commonly confused with other Boa species, such as Boa constrictor. Both have very similar patterns, to include a reddening of the lighter colors towards a deeper or darker red on the tail. This has resulted in a non-scientific term - "red-tailed boa" - used to refer to both species (mostly in the pet trade).

Taxonomy
Boa imperator was formerly classified as a subspecies of Boa constrictor until DNA sequencing identified B. c. imperator as a separate genetic lineage with 5-7% divergence from B. constrictor.

The boa population from the Pacific Coast of Mexico, previously considered a subspecies of B. constrictor and subsequently of B. imperator, has been separated as another species, Boa sigma.

Subspecies

Certain Boa imperator populations such as the ones in the Cayos Cochinos (or the Hog Islands) off the northern coast of Honduras; the Corn Islands off the eastern coast of Nicaragua; the Tarahumara Mountains in Mexico; Ecuador; etc. are classified as different "locales" of Boa imperator, but not as subspecies.

Geographic range
Boa imperator can be found in some regions of Mexico, Central America and northwestern Colombia, as well as several islands along the coasts of these areas. The type locality given is "l'Amerique meridionale, principalement au Mexique" (Central America, principally Mexico).

Boa imperator prefers to live in rainforests due to humidity, temperature, cover from potential predators and ample prey.

Behavior
Boa imperator generally live on their own, and do not interact with any other snakes unless they want to mate. They are crepuscular, but they may bask during the day when night-time temperatures are too low. As semi-arboreal snakes, young Boa imperator may climb into trees and shrubs to forage; however, they become mostly terrestrial as they become older and heavier. Boa imperators strike when they perceive a threat. Their bite can be painful, especially from large snakes, but is rarely dangerous to humans. Specimens from Central America are more irascible, hissing loudly and striking repeatedly when disturbed, while those from South America tame down more readily. Like all snakes, Boa imperators in a shed cycle are more unpredictable, because the substance that lubricates between the old skin and the new makes their eyes appear milky, blue or opaque, so that the snake cannot see very well, causing it to be more defensive than it might be otherwise.

Hunting and diet
Boa imperator, like most Boa species, has a varied diet that consists mainly of mammals, birds and lizards. The size of the prey item increases as it ages.

Boa imperator, like other Boa species, are crepuscular ambush predators. They use constriction as the primary means of incapacitating their prey.

Captivity
Boa imperator is one of the most common snakes kept in captivity; this is mainly due to their calm dispositions, impressive size potential and variety of color and pattern choices. Captive common boas often tolerate being handled for extended periods. Captive Boa imperator are generally fed pre-killed rodents in an attempt to reduce damage to the specimen from the prey and for the sake of being more humane.

This snake species has been a common species in the global pet trade since the 1980s, with 115,131 individuals being exported between 1989 and 2000.  Wild caught specimens will often contain parasites, both internal and external. The most common parasite is Ophionyssus natricis or the "reptile mite".

Boa imperator captive breeders will often breed for a specific color or "morph". There are several color and pattern morphs available in the pet trade, such as albino, hypomelanistic, motley and jungle individuals.

Notes

References

External links

imperator
Snakes of Central America
Reptiles of Guatemala
Reptiles of Mexico
Reptiles of Panama
Reptiles described in 1803
Taxa named by François Marie Daudin


Muespach () is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in the Grand Est region in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Peter Lowe (born 17 June 1938) is an English artist. He was born in London at Victoria Park, Hackney. He studied at Goldsmiths College 1954–60 where he was taught by Mary Martin and Kenneth Martin. Lowe's work is rational, abstract and geometric. In 1960 he constructed and exhibited his first relief and experimented with balanced transformable constructions. His work is mainly exhibited and appreciated in Europe where it is in many national collections, Vienna mumok Sammlung Dieter und Gertraud Bogner, Muzeum Sztuki w Lodzi . In 1972 he cofounded Systems group. Since 1974 he has been a member of Arbeitskreis.

The constructivist work of Peter Lowe is mentioned in Alastair Grieve's authoritative book of 2005, and an interview with him by the art historian Alan Fowler is given in the Southampton City Art Gallery exhibition catalogue, 2008.

References

 Dictionnaire de la Peinture Anglaise et Americaine, Larousse 1991,
 Grieve, Alastair Constructed Abstract Art in England After the Second World War: A Neglected Avant Garde, Yale University Press. 2005.
 Jonneke Jobse. De Stijl Continued. The Journal Structure (1958–1964) An Artists' Debate. 010 Publishers, Rotterdam 2005.
 Fowler, Alan, essay and interview with Peter Lowe in exhibition catalogue 'A Rational Aesthetic', Southampton City Art Gallery, 2008
  Correspondences Modern Art and Universalism, Muzeum Sztuki 2012

External links
Official website of the artist
The Cornelius Foundation
 Waterhouse and Dodd art brokers. London W1.
Tate Gallery Collection
 Fowler, Alan, essay Peter Lowe’s work, 2016

1938 births
English sculptors
English male sculptors
People from Hackney Central
Living people
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
British abstract artists
Artists from London


Mortzwiller (, Alsatian: Morzwiller) is a former commune in the Haut-Rhin department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Le Haut-Soultzbach.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Former communes of Haut-Rhin


Introduction
The Large Blue Flycatcher is a medium-sized bird species characterized by distinctive sexual dimorphism along with most others of the Flycatcher family. This species of bird is in the family Muscicapidae.
It is found in the eastern Himalayas, from Nepal to Bangladesh. It winters to the northern Malay peninsula.

Field Identification (Males vs. Females)
Adult male Large Blue Flycatchers’ exhibit striking features, including a cold, pale blue forehead. Their lores, cheeks, and some of the ear-coverts are jet black, contrasting with a deep blue cap on their head and dark blue feathers on the wings and tail with a subtle purplish tinge. Males display a vibrant orange-rufous throat and chin, which extends to the rear flanks and mid-belly, with the lower underparts being whitish. The bill is black, and the legs vary in color from pale flesh-pink to pale pinkish gray or light horn-brown. In stark contrast, the females are characterized by their grayish upperparts and crown, and strongly rufous-tinged rump, tail, and edges of the wing feathers. Their facial features include a pale buffish eyeing and lores, with dark brown cheeks and a pale rufous-tinged buff chin and throat. The remainder of the underparts are largely similar to the male, appearing whitish. Juvenile Large Blue Flycatchers resemble females but are distinguished by their darker brown plumage, rufescent spots on the upperparts, and deep buff throat and breast with dark bars and scaling, while their belly appears whitish with faint dusky mottling. This species, known for its remarkable sexual dimorphism and vivid coloration, is still a rare sighting, and it continues to slowly decline in population

Distribution & Habitat
The Large Blue Flycatcher is not a threatened species globally. This species is found in North Eastern India although it is rare. During breeding season it becomes more common to find this species in Northern Myanmar.

Diet & Foraging
The diet of the Large Blue Flycatcher includes small insects like spiders, worms, and beetles. Foraging is done in pairs but alone when it is not breeding season. Hunting takes places in low, shaded areas of the forest, where the species will sit and wait for these invertebrates to pass by.

Movement
This species is found in North Eastern India throughout most of the year although during breeding season it is much more common to find these birds have migrated to Northern Myanmar.

Songs & Vocal Behavior
The Large Blue Flycatcher has a vocal sound consisting of receptive, high pitched, whistling. They are short, crisp, and sound similar to a vocal tap.

Conservation Status
The Large Blue Flycatcher is not a threatened species globally. This species, known for its remarkable sexual dimorphism and vivid coloration, is still a rare sighting, although it is considered to be of the least concern category.

References

Rasmussen, P.C., and J.C. Anderton. 2005. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley guide. Volume 2: attributes and status. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington D.C. and Barcelona.

large blue flycatcher
Birds of Bhutan
Birds of Northeast India
large blue flycatcher
large blue flycatcher


Morschwiller-le-Bas (; ) is a commune located in the Haut-Rhin department of Alsace in north-eastern France. It is a part of the Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération, which serves as the inter-communal local government entity for the Mulhouse conurbation.

Notably, Composer and organist Julien Koszul (1844–1927), who was the grandfather of both mathematician Jean-Louis Koszul and composer Henri Dutilleux, was born in Morschwiller-le-Bas.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Mooslargue (; ; ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department, in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Moosch () is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


The Andaman shama (Copsychus albiventris) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is endemic to the Andaman Islands.  It was previously considered a subspecies of the white-rumped shama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References

Rasmussen, P.C., and J.C. Anderton. 2005. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley guide. Volume 2: attributes and status. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington D.C. and Barcelona.

Andaman shama
Birds of the Andaman Islands
Andaman shama
Andaman shama


"Alive and Kicking" is a song released by the Scottish rock band Simple Minds as the lead single from their seventh album, Once Upon a Time. The song reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number four in Canada; it peaked within the top five of several European countries including Italy, where the song reached number one.

Chart performance
Following on from the success of previous non-album single, "Don't You (Forget About Me)", "Alive and Kicking" was released as a single, reaching number 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Top Rock Tracks chart (now called the Mainstream Rock chart). The song also reached number 4 in Canada. In Europe, the song topped the charts in Italy for one week, reached number 2 in Belgium, Ireland, and the Netherlands, and peaked at number 7 on the UK Singles Chart. In 1992, when re-released as a double A-side with "Love Song" to promote the band's compilation album Glittering Prize 81/92, it managed to reach a new peak of number 6. Elsewhere, "Alive and Kicking" reached number 5 in New Zealand, number 16 in South Africa, and just missed the top 20 in Australia, peaking at number 21.

Music video
The music video for "Alive and Kicking" was filmed near the town of Hunter, at North–South Lake in the Catskill Mountains of New York State. A portion of the video was filmed on the overlook at the site of the old Catskill Mountain House (previously demolished). It was directed by Zbigniew Rybczyński, who directed the video for "All the Things She Said", the third single from the same album.

Track listings
7-inch single
 "Alive and Kicking" (Single Version) (4:47)
 "Alive and Kicking" (Instrumental Version) (6:01)

12-inch single
 "Alive and Kicking" (5:26)
 "Alive and Kicking" (Instrumental Version) (6:01)

Second 12-inch single
 Ltd Edition Reflective Gold Sleeve
 "Alive and Kicking" (5:26)
 "Alive and Kicking" (Instrumental Version) (6:01)
 "Up on the Catwalk" (Live) (5:37)

Personnel
 Produced by Jimmy Iovine and Bob Clearmountain
 Engineered by Moira Marquis and Mark McKenna
 Engineering assisted by Martin White
 Words and music by Simple Minds (Kerr, Burchill, MacNeil)
 "Up on the Catwalk" recorded live at Barrowlands, Glasgow, 5 January 1985
 Backing vocals by Robin Clark

Charts

Weekly charts
"Alive and Kicking"

"Love Song" / "Alive and Kicking"

Year-end charts

Certifications

Appearances in media
In 1992, "Alive & Kicking" provided the soundtrack for a famous promo, entitled "A whole new ball game" for BSkyB's launch of the FA Premier League.

East Side Beat version

In 1992, Italian dance music group East Side Beat covered "Alive and Kicking". There are five remixes in total. Two versions are found on the 7-inch single and an additional three are on the CD single.

Charts

References

1985 songs
1985 singles
1992 singles
Simple Minds songs
Number-one singles in Italy
Songs written by Jim Kerr
Music videos directed by Zbigniew Rybczyński
Virgin Records singles
FFRR Records singles
A&M Records singles
Song recordings produced by Bob Clearmountain
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Iovine
Songs written by Charlie Burchill
Songs written by Mick MacNeil


Montreux-Vieux (; ; ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

People
 Hans Paetsch, German actor and speaker, born here

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Plants

Conifers

Angiosperms

Arthropods

Insects

Molluscs

Bivalves

Fishes

Newly named bony fishes

Archosauromorphs
 Aff. Rebbachisaurus gastroliths documented.
 The "Talkeetna Mountains Hadrosaur" specimen was discovered  in a quarry being excavated for road material. The quarry is near the Glenn Highway, approximately 150 miles northeast of Anchorage. That fall, excavation began, and was resumed in the summer of 1996.

Newly named pseudosuchians

Newly named basal dinosauromorphs

Newly named dinosaurs
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Birds

Plesiosaurs
 Plesiosaur gastroliths documented.

New taxa

Pterosaurs

New taxa

Other diapsids

New taxa

Footnotes

References
 Calvo, J.O. (1994). Gastroliths in sauropod dinosaurs. Gaia, 10: 205–208.
 Martin, James E.; 1994; Gastric residues in marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale in South Dakota; their bearing on extinction; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology; 14(3, Suppl.) pp. 36; University of Oklahoma
 Pasch, A. D., K. C. May. 2001. Taphonomy and paleoenvironment of hadrosaur (Dinosauria) from the Matanuska Formation (Turonian) in South-Central Alaska. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Ed.s Tanke, D. H., Carpenter, K., Skrepnick, M. W. Indiana University Press. Pages 219–236.
 Sanders F, Manley K, Carpenter K. Gastroliths from the Lower Cretaceous sauropod Cedarosaurus weiskopfae. In: Tanke D.H, Carpenter K, editors. Mesozoic vertebrate life: new research inspired by the paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press; Bloomington, IN: 2001. pp. 166–180.

1990s in paleontology
Paleontology


The white-bellied blue robin (Sholicola albiventris) or white-bellied sholakili, is a bird of the family Muscicapidae. It is endemic to the Shola forests of the higher hills of southern India.  The Nilgiri blue robin and this species were once considered separate species, later lumped as sub-species of a single species (major) and elevated again to full species in 2005 by Pamela C. Rasmussen. The species was earlier thought to be related to the shortwings and placed in the genus Brachypteryx and later moved to Myiomela since species in the genus Brachypteryx shows marked sexual dimorphism. In 2017, a study found that this is a sister group of the flycatchers in the genera Niltava, Cyornis and Eumyias among others. It was then placed in newly erected genus Sholicola.  This small bird is found on the forest floor and undergrowth of dense forest patches sheltered in the valleys of montane grassland, a restricted and threatened habitat.

Description

This chat-like bird is long-legged and appears chunky with its short tail and wing. Although sharing similar habits and shape, the two species differ in plumage and both may show slight sexual dimorphism. Differences in iris colour between the females have been suggested for S. albiventris.

The white-bellied blue robin (S. albiventris) has a black face mask with a short whitish brow. The upperside and breast are slaty blue grading to grey on the flanks. The centre of the belly and vent is white. This can appear somewhat like the male of the syntopic white-bellied blue flycatcher (Cyornis pallipes) but can be distinguished by behaviour apart from the longer legs and greyer colouration. Although the plumage is identical between males and females, males are slightly longer winged and have longer tarsi.

Taxonomy and systematics

In 1867, W T Blanford described a new species Callene albiventris obtained by Rev. S. Fairbank from the Palni Hills. Blanford noted the similarity to the Nilgiri form while also noting the geographical isolation of the two forms and relation to species from northeastern India. Eugene Oates in the first edition of The Fauna of British India moved the species back into the genus Brachypteryx stating that they were congeneric with Brachypteryx cruralis while also noting that the young birds were speckled as in true-thrushes like Callene (as represented by the Blue-fronted Robin). Oates also used the name "White-bellied Short-wing". This genus placement was carried on in the second edition of The Fauna of British India (1924) by E. C. Stuart Baker but was demoted into a subspecies on the basis of a specimen collected by T. F. Bourdillon at Mynal which was claimed to be intermediate to the two forms. Claud Buchanan Ticehurst in 1939 reaffirmed the genus placement. This treatment as subspecies was carried forward by Salim Ali and Sidney Dillon Ripley in their "Handbook" until the old two species were restored by P C Rasmussen in 2005. In the Birds of South Asia (2005), however they moved the species tentatively into the genus Myiomela based on morphological similarities and pointed out that the placement in Brachypteryx was in error. In 2010, DNA sequence studies suggested an ancient divergence in these two populations and confirmed their elevation to full species. Another 2010 molecular phylogenetics study suggested that the genus Brachypteryx (the taxa sampled however, did not include the peninsular Indian forms) which was earlier thought to belong to the thrush family Turdidae belonged to the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. The type species of Brachypteryx, B. montana, shows strong sexual dimorphism. The genus position was however not settled until 2017 and it was found based on a larger sampling that the species from southern India formed a group that is sister to the flycatchers in the genera Eumyias, Cyanoptila, Niltava, Cyornis and Anthipes. This led to the erection of the new genus Sholicola.

Habitat and distribution
The natural habitat of the white-bellied blue robin is forest patches in the valleys of high altitude grasslands known as sholas. The species has been found to occur only above 1200 m altitude in the higher hill ranges of southern India. These forest patches are highly restricted in size and the species is thus threatened by habitat loss.

Populations are mainly in the Anaimalai and Cardamom Hills, both south of the Palghat gap. The population in the Ashambu hills has been described as a new species Ashambu blue robin (Sholicola ashambuensis) which differs slightly in coloration and is estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor about 1.24 - 0.49 million years ago.

Behaviour and ecology
These birds are found in dense forest in the dark lower canopy and forest floor. They are skulking but can be confiding. They call frequently with tit-like notes and harsh rattles. The song of  S. albiventris is said to have a higher pitched and more musical song. Birds have been noted to moult their tail feathers in the beginning of June. Little is known of their dispersal, longevity and other aspects of life history although more than 133 birds have been ringed.

Two greyish green and brown-marked eggs are laid during the breeding season that varies from April to June, after the rains. The nest is placed in a tree hole or placed on a bank and is made of moss and fibrous roots and placed low over the ground.

References

External links

white-bellied blue robin
white-bellied blue robin
Birds of South India


Montreux-Jeune (; ; ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Mollau () is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Molluscs

Bivalves

Arthropods

Newly named arachnids

Newly named insects

Fish

Newly named bony fish

Archosauromorphs

Newly named dinosaurs
 Fossil hunters working on behalf of the Royal Saskatchewan Museum discover a large coprolite from a theropod dinosaur in Maastrichtian strata. In 1997 it is sent to coprolite specialist Karen Chin, who determines that this specimen of fossilized feces was attributable to Tyrannosaurus rex. One year later, in 1998, Karen Chin and others publish a joint paper in Nature announcing the finding.
 Paul Sereno lead an expedition to the Kem Kem region of southeastern Morocco. Among the fossils discovered is a partial skull of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus. Significantly, it preserves a "complete and undistorted braincase" which would later be described in detail along with the structure of the inner ear of C. saharicus by Hans C. E. Larsson in 2001.

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Newly named birds

Pterosaurs

New taxa

Synapsids

Mammals

New taxa

References

1990s in paleontology
Paleontology


Apple Inc. has designed and manufactured several models of mice, trackpads and other pointing devices, primarily for use with Macintosh computers. Over the years, Apple has maintained a distinct form and function with its mice that reflect their design languages of that time. Apple's current external pointing devices are the Magic Mouse 2 and Magic Trackpad 2.

Mice
Mice manufactured by Apple previously only had a single button control interface, until the Mighty Mouse in 2005, which introduced a clickable scroll ball and multiple programmable buttons.

Mice made by Apple contained a ball-tracking control mechanism, until the Pro Mouse in 2000 when Apple moved to an optical-based tracking mechanism. Apple's current mouse, the Magic Mouse 2, uses laser tracking.

Background

In 1979, Apple was planning to develop a business computer, and arranged a visit with the Xerox Parc research center to view some of their experimental technology. It was there they discovered the mouse, invented by Douglas Engelbart while he was working at SRI International (SRI); the mouse had subsequently been incorporated into the graphical user interface (GUI) used on the Xerox Alto. During an interview, Engelbart said "SRI patented the mouse, but they really had no idea of its value. Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple for something like ." Apple was so inspired by the mouse they scrapped their current plans and redesigned everything around the mouse and GUI.

One of the biggest problems was that the three button Xerox mouse cost over  to build, which was not practical for a consumer-based personal computer. Apple commissioned Hovey-Kelley Design (which later became IDEO) to assist them with the mouse design, which not only had to be redesigned to cost  instead of , but also needed to be tested with real consumers outside a laboratory setting to learn how people were willing to use it. Hundreds of prototypes later, Apple settled on a single button mouse, roughly the size of a deck of cards. With the design complete, the operating system was adapted to interface with the single button design using keystrokes in combination with button clicks to recreate some of the features desired from the original Xerox three-button design.

Models

Lisa Mouse (A9M0050)

The mouse created for the Apple Lisa was one of the first commercial mice ever produced. Included with the Lisa system in 1983, it was based on the mouse used in the 1970s on the Alto computer at Xerox PARC. Unique to this mouse was the use of a steel ball, instead of the usual rubber ball found in subsequent Apple mice. It connected to the computer by means of a standard squeeze-release DE-9 connector. Though developed by Apple, the mouse was designed by Hovey-Kelley (renamed IDEO in 1991), who built hundreds of prototypes and conducted exhaustive testing with focus groups in order to create an ideal shape for the Lisa mouse. The Lisa mouse was subsequently used as the foundational design for Apple mice, until the introduction of the multi-button design on the Mighty Mouse in 2005. Every single aspect of the mouse was researched and developed, from how many buttons to include, to how loud the click should be. The original case design was designed by Bill Dresselhaus, and incorporated an Art Deco-inspired style with formal curving lines to match the Lisa design language.

Macintosh Mouse (M0100)

The Macintosh mouse was very similar to the original Lisa mouse, with both mice being compatible with the Lisa and Macintosh. The case was a slightly darker brown than Lisa's beige coloring and it had less formal lines, with a thick chamfer around its edges to match the Macintosh case. Mechanically, the Lisa's steel ball was replaced by a rubber covered steel ball, but otherwise connected with the same DE-9 connectors, though updated with a square-shape and standard thumb screws. When the Macintosh Plus debuted in 1986, Apple had made minor revisions to the mouse mechanism and across all product lines, unified the cable connectors and used a more rounded shape. The following year, Apple once again unified its product lines by adopting a uniform "Platinum" gray color for all products. The Macintosh mouse had its final design change in 1987, updating both its color to Platinum with contrasting dark gray "Smoke" accents and minor mechanism changes.

Apple Mouse IIc

Four months after the Macintosh debut, the Apple IIc was introduced with the addition of an optional mouse (the M0100) to manipulate standard 80 column text. The mouse was similar to the Macintosh mouse, though it was in a creamy-beige color that co-ordinated with the IIc's bright off-white case and had a slightly modified design which was sleeker than the Macintosh's blockier shape. It also was uniformly the same color, eliminating the Mac & Lisa's contrasting taupe accents on the mouse button and cable. Unlike the Macintosh, the IIc Mouse shared a dual purpose port with gaming devices like joysticks. In order for the IIc to know what was plugged into it, its mouse had to send the appropriate signal. Despite these differences, it carried exactly the same model number as the Macintosh version.

The A2M4015, packaged for the IIc, coincided with a minor change in the mouse mechanism and connector style.

In 1988 the A2M4035 took on the identical physical appearance and coloring as the Platinum gray Macintosh Mouse. Unlike its predecessors, the USA manufactured versions of the Platinum Macintosh/Apple IIe mouse will work on the IIc too. All versions of the IIc Mouse will work with any Macintosh or Apple II card. As a result, Apple briefly sold the intermediate model as the Apple Mouse optionally for use across all platforms.

Apple Mouse II (M0100/A2M2050)
By mid-1984, Apple's commitment to bringing the mouse to its entire product line resulted in the release of the Apple II Mouse Interface peripheral card. Since this was a dedicated mouse port, Apple simply re-packaged the Macintosh mouse, but with the same creamy-beige cable and connector used on the IIc mouse and bundled it along with special software called MousePaint for use with the Apple II, II Plus, and IIe computers. Like the original IIc mouse, it used the same model number as the Macintosh Mouse. Unlike the Mouse IIc, however, it can be interchanged with the Macintosh version, but cannot be used on the IIc. Due to the popularity of the Macintosh and shortage of mice, Apple later repackaged the original Apple Mouse IIc in this bundle as well since it was cross-platform compatible. The AppleMouse II and its successors were never included as standard equipment on any computer.

Apple Mouse (A2M4015)
Since the original Apple Mouse IIc was compatible across all platforms, Apple renamed the mouse in 1985 and offered it as an optional purchase for all computers and separate from the Apple II interface card. It featured an updated mechanism and the new uniform rounded cable connector. Apple would briefly reuse this name later for a re-badged Apple Pro Mouse.

Apple Mouse IIe (A2M2070)
By 1986, Apple had updated its product lines with new cable connectors. With the Apple IIe already three years old, the AppleMouse II was re-badged for the IIe alone and essentially used a repackaged Macintosh Mouse with no modifications. Later it would also use the Platinum Macintosh version. The US-manufactured version of the Platinum mouse is also interchangeable with the identical-looking IIc mouse.

Apple Desktop Bus Mouse (G5431/A9M0331)

In September 1986, Apple continued a year of major change by converting its mice and keyboards to the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB). Newly redesigned, this mouse retained the blocky footprint of its predecessor, but had a lower, triangular profile. The first official Snow White design language mouse (the Apple Mouse IIc was technically the first), it was a uniform Platinum gray color, including the single button, with only the cables and connectors retaining the contrasting darker gray "Smoke" color. It was introduced on the Apple IIGS computer and later became the standard mouse included with all Macintosh desktop computers for the next six years.

There were a total of 3 mice of this type produced. The original was manufactured in Taiwan with 2 variations. 1 was sold with the Apple IIGS with the model number designation A9M0331. The other was sold with the Macintosh II and Mac SE with a family number designation G5431. Besides FCC ID numbers, both were exactly alike and came with a black track ball.

The other 2 were manufactured in the US and Malaysia with the family designation of G5431. Both identical to the Taiwan made mouse with the exception of a grey mouse ball.

Apple Desktop Bus Mouse II (M2706, M2707)

In only its third major redesign in ten years, the Apple mouse shed its blocky exterior for rounded curves. The so-called tear-drop mouse, was essentially the same as its predecessor but with a new case subsequently held as the ideal shape of mice. Indeed, the basic design has persevered into current models, as well as being widely adopted by other mouse manufacturers. It was included with all Macintosh desktop computers from 1993 until 1998 in platinum color under the model M2706. It was also the first mouse produced by Apple in black to match the Macintosh TV as well as the Performa 5420 sold in black; also under the model M2706. A dark gray version was released in 1993 as a color coded accessory for the PowerBook 100 series under the model M2707.

Apple USB Mouse (M4848)

The Apple USB Mouse was Apple's first USB mouse. Released with the iMac in 1998 and included with all successive desktop Macs for the next two years, the round "Hockey puck" USB mouse is widely considered one of Apple's worst design mistakes. Marking the switch from ADB, the colorful translucent mouse was a radical departure from its predecessors, down to a ball whose two-tone surface fluttered past the user's eyes as it spun under the mouse's translucent housing.

However stylish, the mouse's round shape is widely considered clumsy, due to its small size and tendency to rotate in use. This was a major cause for the success of ADB to USB adapters, as they allowed for the use of the older, more comfortable ADB Mouse II to be used with those iMacs. Later revisions included a shallow indentation on the front of the single mouse button, but this was not enough to prevent a flood of third-party shells that attached to the USB mouse to give it the ADB mouse's elliptical shape.

Another flaw introduced in the Apple USB Mouse, shared across all of Apple's USB offerings, is the atypically short cord. Though intended for use through the integrated hub in Apple's keyboards (which have themselves had shorter integral cables since the USB transition, eventually prompting Apple to bundle keyboard-only extension cables with tower Macs), Apple's transition to USB coincided with the relocation of ports on their laptops from the center to the left edge. As none of Apple's USB mice have cords longer than two feet, they are impractical for most right-handed users.

Apple Pro Mouse (M5769)

In a move away from the bold colors of the iMac and in a return to the styling of the traditional mouse design, Apple discontinued the USB Mouse in July 2000, and introduced the all-black Pro Mouse. A similar design to the ADB II mouse, the black Apple Pro Mouse was surrounded by a clear plastic shell. After taking years of criticism for their continuation of the one-button mouse, Apple effectively flipped the design of a "normal" mouse upside-down, with the sleekly featureless appearance that resulted inspiring its jocular appellation as "the first zero-button mouse."

This was the first Apple mouse to use a solid-state optical tracking instead of a rubber ball for its tracking mechanism. A dial is located on the mouse to adjust the mouse's click force. It was included as the standard mouse with all shipping desktop Macs, and was later made available in white. In May 2003, the mouse underwent a minor redesign, during which time the black version was discontinued, the click force dial was removed, and Pro was dropped from its name.

The Apple Wireless Mouse (A1015), a Bluetooth-based wireless version of the Apple Pro Mouse in white, was released in September 2003 as Apple's first wireless mouse.

Apple Mighty Mouse

Previously included with all new Macintosh desktop models, it was a major departure from Apple's one-button philosophy integrated in its design since the Lisa. This mouse was called the Mighty Mouse but was renamed to just 'Apple Mouse' in 2009 due to legal issues with the name.

The Mighty Mouse includes a touch-sensitive button design that supports left and right click, as well as a scroll ball that supports 360-degree scroll movement. A wireless version (A1197) of the Mighty Mouse was also released, replacing the Wireless Mouse.

Magic Mouse

1st generation

Introduced on October 20, 2009 as a replacement to the wireless Mighty Mouse, the Magic Mouse features a multi-touch interface similar to the iPhone, iPod Touch and MacBook trackpads. The mouse also includes wireless Bluetooth capabilities and a laser-tracking sensor. The Magic Mouse supports two-button click, multi-touch gestures and inertia scrolling in Mac OS X. The Magic Mouse was included with the iMac and the first-generation Mac Pro.

2nd generation
On October 13, 2015, Apple released a second-generation Magic Mouse (initially marketed as Magic Mouse 2), replacing the first-generation Magic Mouse. It is powered off of a rechargeable Li-ion battery instead of AA batteries. The battery is charged via the Lightning port located on the bottom of the mouse. As a result, the mouse is unusable while charging, a design choice that was poorly received by critics. The Magic Mouse 2 has been included with the iMac, iMac Pro, and Mac Pro, and is also available as a separate purchase.

Recent versions of macOS and iPadOS include full support for the second-generation Magic Mouse. The mouse has been made available in many different colors; it has been available in a white and silver color since 2015, same as the first-generation Magic Mouse. A space grey color was introduced in 2017 to match the iMac Pro, a black and silver color in 2019 to match the third-generation Mac Pro, and a variety of pastel colors in 2021 to match the M1 iMac.

Trackpads

Built-in trackpads

Notebooks

The trackpad is the built-in pointing device on all Apple notebook computers since 1995, and is colored to match the laptop case. The MacBook Air introduced a multi-touch trackpad with gesture support, which has since spread to the rest of Apple's portable products. Like Apple's single-button mice, all of their trackpads have no more than one button (though some early PowerBooks had a second physical button, it was electrically the same as the primary button) also like Apple's new mice, their latest trackpads—beginning with the unibody MacBooks and MacBook Pros—eliminated physical buttons.

Current MacBooks, starting with the 2015 MacBook, include a Force Touch trackpad, capable of detecting multiple levels of pressure, and has a solid-state design with no moving parts.

iPod
Starting with the iPod 2G, the mechanical scroll wheel was replaced with a wheel-shaped trackpad. Starting from the iPod 3G, the media control buttons and menu button were also made to be touch sensitive. On the iPod 4G and newer, it has the media control buttons and the menu button built-in to it (doing away with the touch sensitive media control buttons and menu button).

External trackpads

Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh

The Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh was the first Macintosh desktop to not include a mouse, and instead includes a trackpad which can be attached into the palm rest of the keyboard.

Magic Trackpad

1st generation

Apple released its first dedicated external trackpad, the Magic Trackpad, on July 27, 2010. It is a Bluetooth-only wireless trackpad, similar to the Magic Mouse. It is 80% larger than the MacBook trackpads of the time, and is designed to match the design of the Apple Wireless Keyboard. The trackpad's clicking mechanism is activated by two circular feet located on the bottom edge of the trackpad.

2nd generation

On October 13, 2015, Apple released a second-generation Magic Trackpad (initially marketed as Magic Trackpad 2), replacing the first-generation Magic Trackpad. The second-generation Magic Trackpad is designed to match the Magic Keyboard, also released on the same day. It introduces solid-state Force Touch trackpad technology to desktop Macs, as well as a rechargeable Li-Ion battery, charged via a Lightning connector. It is available as an add-on with the purchase of any desktop Mac, or as a standalone purchase.

Recent versions of macOS and iPadOS include full support for the second-generation Magic Trackpad. The trackpad has been made available in many different colors; it has been available in a white and silver color since 2015. A space grey color was introduced in 2017 to match the iMac Pro, a black and silver color in 2019 to match the third-generation Mac Pro, and a variety of pastel colors in 2021 to match the M1 iMac.

Magic Keyboard for iPad

The Magic Keyboard for iPad, released on April 22, 2020, is a keyboard case that includes a scissor-switch keyboard and multi-touch trackpad, to accompany the addition of mouse support in iPadOS. Apple released a modified Magic Keyboard in May 2021 to accommodate the slightly thicker 5th generation iPad Pro, which is also compatible with the previous Magic Keyboard, though it exhibits tighter fit.

Other inputs

Paddle
"Apple Hand Controllers II" and "Apple Hand Controllers IIe, IIc" (A2M2001) These paddles were the original Apple-branded game controllers.

Joystick
"Apple Joystick IIe, IIc" (A2M2002) Manufactured by The Keyboard Company. Essentially a gaming device around long before the mouse, the joystick could be used for many of the same functions.

Pen input
Apple Graphics Tablet (A2M0029) The Apple Graphics Tablet was a large flat surface covered with a grid and had an attached stylus. Released for the Apple II Plus and later a modified version for the Apple IIe.
Pippin Keyboard An optional keyboard accessory was provided for the Pippin, which had a large graphics tablet and stylus on the top half of its notebook-like hinged body.
Apple Pencil The Apple Pencil is a stylus accessory for selected iPad models, intended for use when drawing or handwriting.

Trackballs

Apple was one of the first computer manufacturers to include a built-in trackball into a complete system with the Macintosh Portable in 1989. The first entries in the company's PowerBook line of notebook computers put the trackball directly below the keyboard—a first for laptop design and a configuration which was borrowed by many competing Wintel notebook manufacturers in the mid-1990s.
Macintosh Portable The Macintosh Portable was the first Apple machine to use a trackball, essentially a large palm-sized, upside-down ball mouse. The trackball was removable and could be placed on either side of the keyboard, or removed and a number pad installed in its place.
PowerBook The PowerBook line scaled down the trackball to be thumb-sized and included one in every portable from 1991 to 1995 when it was phased out in favor of the trackpad.
Pippin controller ("Apple Jack") The Pippin, developed by Apple, had a gamepad with a built-in trackball. Versions were made which connected via the Pippin's AppleJack childproof ADB connector, infrared, and normal ADB.

See also
 Apple keyboards
 Timeline of Apple products

References

External links

Mac Accessories – Apple

Apple II peripherals

History of human–computer interaction
Video game control methods


Arthropods

Newly named crustaceans

Newly named insects

Fish

Cartilaginous fish

Research
 Duffin et al (1996) describes chondrichthyan remains from the Itaituba Formation of the Amazon Basin of Brazil and deems Anachronistes to be a junior synonym of Cooleyella.

New taxa

Amphibians

Temnospondyls

Plesiosaurs

New taxa

Dinosaurs
 In the summer excavation resumed on the Talkeetna Mountains Hadrosaur, discovered in a quarry near the Glenn Highway, approximately 150 miles northeast of Anchorage.

Newly named dinosaurs
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Birds

Newly named birds

Pterosaurs

New taxa

Fossil eggs

New ootaxa

Synapsids

Mammals

New taxa

Footnotes

References
 Pasch, A. D., K. C. May. 2001. Taphonomy and paleoenvironment of hadrosaur (Dinosauria) from the Matanuska Formation (Turonian) in South-Central Alaska. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Ed.s Tanke, D. H., Carpenter, K., Skrepnick, M. W. Indiana University Press. Pages 219–236.

1990s in paleontology
Paleontology


Mœrnach (; ; ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Mitzach ( or ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département
 Château de Stoerenbourg

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Mittlach is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Plants

Cycadophytes

Cycadophyte research
Hopkins and Johnson briefly report the first occurrence of cycad leaves from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands Klondike Mountain Formation which will later be identified to the family Zamiaceae.

Angiosperms

Fungi

Newly named

Arthropoda

Insects

Plesiosaurs

Newly Named Plesiosaurs

Archosauromorphs

Pseudosuchians

General pseudosuchian research
 A review of Australasian fossil crocodilians is published by Willis (1997).

Pterosaurs

Newly Named Pterosaurs

Non-avian dinosauromorphs
 Paleontologist Karen Chin received a coprolite that was excavated during 1995 from strata dating back to the Maastrichtian in Saskatchewan, Canada. The specimen was about 17 inches (44 cm) long and contained fragments of bone. Due to its size, contents and age, the coprolite was believed to have been the remains of Tyrannosaurus rex feces. This discovery was announced in a 1998 paper published in the journal Nature.
 A Saharan expedition under the leadership of Paul Sereno yielded fruit when a team member stumbled on the bones and skull of Nigersaurus taqueti. During this and a subsequent 1999 expedition about 80% of the animal's skeleton were discovered. Later in the year of the second expedition, a formal description of the animal was published.
 French paleontologist Philippe Taquet reported the finding of fossilized theropod embryos preserved in Portuguese dinosaur eggs. These eggs were from the Jurassic period dating to about 140 million years ago, nearly twice as old as any previously recovered dinosaur embryos, which had only been known from about 70 million years ago in Late Cretaceous strata.
 Psittacosaurus gastroliths documented.
 Panoplosaurus gastroliths documented.

Newly named non-avian dinosauromorphs
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Birds

Newly named birds

Synapsids

Eutherians

Humans
 Genetecist Michael Hammer reported findings that demonstrate that after the initial "out of Africa" radiation of modern humans at about 100,000 years ago, some humans eventually returned to Africa between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago.

Exopaleontology
Richard B. Hoover of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center photographs what he believes to be microfossils in the martian Murchison meteorite.

References

 Carpenter, K. (1997) Ankylosaurs. In J.O. farlow and M.K. Brett-Surman (eds.), The complete dinosaur, pp. 307–316. Bloomington Indiana University Press.
 Xu, X. (1997) A new psittacosaur (Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis sp. nov.) from Mazongshan area, Gansu province, China. In. Z.-M. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition, pp. 48–67. Institute of Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Academia Sinica. Beijing: China Ocean Press.
 Sanders F, Manley K, Carpenter K. Gastroliths from the Lower Cretaceous sauropod Cedarosaurus weiskopfae. In: Tanke D.H, Carpenter K, editors. Mesozoic vertebrate life: new research inspired by the paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press; Bloomington, IN: 2001. pp. 166–180.

1990s in paleontology
Paleontology


Michelbach-le-Haut () is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Michelbach-le-Bas () is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Events from the year 1202 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Lord: John

Events
 Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair succeeds Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair as King of Connacht.

Births

Deaths
 Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht.

1200s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 13th century in Ireland


Flora

Lycophytes

Lycophyte research
Wehr (1998) reports, without description, Selaginella species spikemoss fossils occurring in the Eocene Okanagan Highlands Klondike Mountain Formation.

Fungi

Fungal research
Currah, Stockey, & LePage (1998) describe the a phyllachoralean "tar spot" parasitizing Uhlia palm leaves, and host for a hyperparasitic pleosporalean fungus. They note them to be one of the first occurrences of hyperparasitic relationships in the fossil record.

Arthropods

Insects

Molluscs

Bivalves

Amphibians

newly named anurans

Archosauromorpha

Dinosaurs
 A paper in the journal Nature is published by Karen Chin and others announcing the earlier discovery of a "king-sized coprolite" attributed to Tyrannosaurus rex.
 Lourinhasaurus gastroliths documented.
 Cedarosaurus gastroliths documented.
 Caudipteryx gastroliths documented.
 Volunteers from the Denver Museum of Natural History discovered Tony's Bone Bed in the Cedar Mountain Formation's Poison Strip Member.

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Newly named birds

Pterosaurs

New taxa

References

 Dantas, P.M., Freitas, C., Azevedo, T. Sanz, J.L., Galopim de Carvalho, A.M., Santos, D., Ortega, F., Santos, V., Sanz, J.L., Silva, C.M. & Cachão, M. (1998). Estudo dos Gastrólitos do Dinossáurio Lourinhasaurus do Jurássico Superior Português. Actas do V Congresso Nacional de Geologia. 84 (1): A87-A90.
 DiCroce, K. and K. Carpenter. (2001). "New ornithopod from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Eastern Utah". pp. 183–196 in: Tanke, D. & K. Carpenter (eds.)  Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
 Qiang, J., .Currie, P.J., Norell., M.A. & Shu-An, J., 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 393 753–761.
 Sanders, F.H. & Carpenter, K. (1998). Gastroliths from a camarasaurid in the Cedar Mountain Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Abstracts with program. 18 (3): 74A.

1990s in paleontology
Paleontology


Michelbach (Alsatian: Mìchelbàch) is a former commune in the Haut-Rhin department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Aspach-Michelbach.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Former communes of Haut-Rhin


Metzeral () is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin
Haut-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Flora

Ferns and fern allies

Cycads

Angiosperms

Arthropods

Insects

Mollusca

Newly named bivalves

Fish

Newly named actinopterygii ("ray-finned fish")

Reptiles

Archosauromorphs
 Ornithomimid gastroliths documented.

Newly named dinosauriforms

Newly named dinosaurs
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Newly named birds

Newly named pterosaurs

Lepidosauromorphs

Newly named plesiosaurs

Newly named scincomorphans

Other Animals

References

1990s in paleontology
Paleontology


Mertzen (; ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


The Andaman flowerpecker (Dicaeum virescens) is a species of bird in the family Dicaeidae.
It is endemic to the Andaman Islands.

Behaviour and ecology
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.

References

Rasmussen, P.C., and J.C. Anderton. 2005. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley guide. Volume 2: attributes and status. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington, D.C., and Barcelona.

Andaman flowerpecker
Birds of the Andaman Islands
Andaman flowerpecker
Endemic birds of India


Masevaux ( is the French name of Màsmìnschter (), a former commune in the Haut-Rhin department in north-eastern France.

Demographic evolution

History
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Masevaux-Niederbruck.

Famous Residents
The organist and composer Jacques-Louis Battmann (1818–1886) was born in Masevaux.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Former communes of Haut-Rhin


Nobody's Son () is a 1917 Hungarian film directed by Michael Curtiz.

Plot summary

Cast
 Gyula Csortos
 Dezso Gyarfas
 Hermin Haraszti
 Ica von Lenkeffy
 Károly Lajthay
 József Sziklay

See also
 Michael Curtiz filmography

References

External links

Films directed by Michael Curtiz
1917 films
Hungarian black-and-white films
Hungarian silent films
Austro-Hungarian films


Plants

Angiosperms

Arthropods

Arachnids

Insects

Molluscs

Bivalves

Fishes

Newly named placoderms

Newly named cartilaginous fish

Amphibians

Ichthyosaurs

Archosauromorphs

Newly named crurotarsans

Newly named dinosaurs
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Newly named birds

Newly named pterosaurs

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

See also

 2000 in science

Footnotes

Complete author list
As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

References

2000s in paleontology
Paleontology


The following highways are numbered 269:

Canada
Manitoba Provincial Road 269
 Quebec Route 269

Japan
 Japan National Route 269

United States
 Interstate 269
 Alabama State Route 269
 Arkansas Highway 269
 California State Route 269
 Florida State Road 269 (former)
 Georgia State Route 269 (former)
 Indiana State Road 269
 K-269 (Kansas highway) (former)
Kentucky Route 269
 Maryland Route 269 (former)
 Minnesota State Highway 269
 Missouri Route 269
 Montana Secondary Highway 269
 New York State Route 269
 Ohio State Route 269
 South Carolina Highway 269
 Tennessee State Route 269
 Texas State Highway 269 (former)
 Texas State Highway Spur 269 (former)
 Farm to Market Road 269 (Texas)
 Utah State Route 269
 Virginia State Route 269


North Hamilton Elementary School, formerly the Jennings High School, is a historic school in Jennings, Florida. The high school was built in 1927 and converted to an elementary school in 1965. On January 10, 2008, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. It is a part of the Hamilton County School District.

North Hamilton Elementary was be consolidated into a new elementary school, Hamilton County Elementary School, located in an unincorporated area south of Jasper. Its opening was scheduled for August 2017.

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Hamilton County, Florida
Schools in Hamilton County, Florida
Public elementary schools in Florida
Public high schools in Florida
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Hamilton County, Florida


Plants

Pteridophyta

Conifers

Angiosperms

Arthropods

Insects

Fishes

Newly named bony fishes

Amphibians

Newly named amphibians

Ichthyosaurs

Turtles

Newly named turtles

Lepidosauromorphs

Newly named basal lepidosauromorphs

Newly named plesiosaurs

Newly named sphenodonts

Archosauromorphs

Newly named basal archosauromorphs

Newly named pseudosuchians

Newly named dinosaurs
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Newly named birds

Newly named pterosaurs

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Mammalian

Footnotes

Complete author list
As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

References

2000s in paleontology
Paleontology


Leather Jacket Love Story is a 1997 film directed by David DeCoteau. The film tells the story of poet Kyle (Sean Tataryn) who wants to find true love with Mike (Christopher Bradley), a handsome, aggressive older man who Kyle met on a one-night stand.  Mink Stole from Hairspray and Serial Mom fame plays Martine, and civil rights activist Morris Kight plays a cameo of himself. It is the first film by DeCoteau which falls outside of speculative fiction genres.

Cast
Sean Tataryn as Kyle
Christopher Bradley as Mike
Geoffrey Moody as Ian
Hector Mercado as Sam
Madame Dish as Madge
Erin Krystle as Charella
Craig Olsen as Amanda
Mink Stole as Martine
Nicholas Worth as Jack
William Butler as Julian
Momma as Waitress
Arlene Golonka as Mom

External links

American LGBT-related films
1997 films
1997 LGBT-related films
Films set in Los Angeles
Films directed by David DeCoteau
1997 drama films
LGBT-related drama films
American drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
English-language drama films


Plants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Arthropods

Insects

Conodonts

New taxa

Archosauromorphs

Dinosaurs

New taxa
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Birds

New taxa

Plesiosaurs

New taxa

Pterosaurs
In October, a partial Mesadacylus wing was discovered in the Kingsview Quarry of Colorado. This find marks the first time that a Morrison pterosaur has been found at more than one site in the formation.

New taxa

Lepidosauromorphs

Squamates

New taxa

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

References

2000s in paleontology
Paleontology


Elmarie Gerryts (born 25 August 1972 in Cape Town) is a retired pole vaulter from South Africa.

She finished tenth at the 1999 World Championships and won the silver medal at the 1999 All-Africa Games. She represented her native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, where she reached the final but had no valid jumps.

A seven-time national champion, she set her personal best of 4.42 metres in June 2000
at a meet in Wesel. This is (as of 2023) still the African record.

Competition record

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
South African female pole vaulters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for South Africa
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Athletes from Cape Town
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for South Africa
African Games silver medalists for South Africa
African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 All-Africa Games
White South African people
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games


The 50 krooni banknote (50 EEK) is a denomination of the Estonian kroon, the former currency of Estonia. A portrait of Rudolf Tobias (1873–1918), a famous Estonian composer, is engraved on the front side of the bill along with the pipe organ of the Käina church (which features the Eye of Providence).

The vignette on the back features the Estonia Theatre in Tallinn. The only printing of the 50 krooni banknote took place in 1994. Fewer 50 krooni notes were ordered by the Bank of Estonia than any other denominations. A medium size banknote, it was one of the most rarely used denominations. It can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for €3.20.

History of the banknote
 1994: First and only series issued by the Bank of Estonia;
 2011: withdrawn from circulation and replaced by the euro

Security features
Source:
 1994
The watermark of three lions is visible when the note is horizontal, and can be seen clearly when the note is held against the light. The watermark is in two parts on the edges of the note.
Each note contains a security thread.
The portrait is printed in the main colour of the note and its raised surface can be felt with the fingertips.
Each note has an individual serial number. The horizontal number on the left and the novel style vertical number on the right are printed in black.
Silver ink has been incorporated into the note.
When the note is held at an angle to the light, the denomination of the note can be seen.

See also
 Currencies related to the euro
 Estonian euro coins
 Currency board
 Estonian mark
 Economy of Estonia

References

External links
 Global Financial Data data series - Estonia Kroon
 The Global History of Currencies - Estonia

Currencies of Estonia
Fifty-base-unit banknotes


Greek Peak Mountain Resort is a mountain resort located near Cortland, NY. It claims a vertical drop of  and 220 acres of ski terrain. Greek Peak offers day and night skiing, 7 days a week, and weather permitting, Greek Peak typically opens for skiing Thanksgiving weekend and closes in early April. For 2021-22, the mountain had 51 ski and 18 bike trails (many used for skiing too) with varied terrain. It has terrain from the 40-degree Olympian to nice beginner runs like Castor and Karyatis Way. It has 6 chair-lifts and 3 magic carpet lifts, one of which is used for tubing. A cross country Nordic center features 10 trails. Several terrain parks with various elements are also located on the mountain along with the Progression Park, which is more suited for people just starting out in the parks. Greek Peak offers lessons for all ages and every level of skier or boarder. There is babysitting available for non-skiing infants and toddlers as well. Greek Peak is also the home of the ski team Greek Peak Ski Club (GPSC) and hosts NASTAR Racing.

Summer activities include hiking, an outdoor adventure center with a zip line, a mountain coaster and mountain and off-road biking on trails of varied difficulty.

Greek Peak was founded in 1958 by members of the Cortland Ski Club. New York's Governor, William Averell Harriman, who developed Idaho's famous Sun Valley resort and ski mountain, conducted the Opening Day ceremonies for the new ski resort. By 1960, two T-Bars had been built and construction had begun on a new lodge. In 1962, Al Kryger was commissioned to build the first chairlift in central New York.

Greek Peak led the industry by developing the idea of offering packages to local schools and colleges. The ski school runs programs for home school children as well as many schools and colleges from around the region.

Beginning in the mid 1970s Greek Peak has had an Adaptive Snowsports (GPAS) program. It began in 1974 when the ski school director, Gordon Richardson, began teaching a person with a disability.

In the fall of 2009, the ski area opened Hope Lake Lodge. This includes a 106-unit fractional ownership condo and hotel,  Waterfalls Spa, and  Cascades indoor water park.

For 2022-23, Greek Peak is replacing the 50 year old single speed double "Alpha" chairlift on the beginner slope with a multi-speed triple, adding additional snow making capacity, a new terrain off Chairs 4 and 5, and expanded glade skiing. Greek owners spent over $1.3 million for snow-making and lift upgrades. The new trails will increase the number of ski trails to 54 for the 2022-23 season.  Other recent improvements over the past few years have been a new RV park and wedding and event centers.

Greek Peak is home to the Greek Peak Ski Club, a non-profit, membership-based organization that promotes youth ski racing. Greek Peak Ski Club is part of the Central Council of the New York State Ski Racing Association.

Trails

Easier

 Platonic
 Meadows
 Alpha Slope
 Poseidon
 Ligo
 Lambi
 Karyatis Way
 Epicurus Way
 Castor
 Marathon
 Crisaean Way
 Arcadian Way

More Difficult

 Arcadian Gate
 Mars Hill
 Trojan
 Upper Pollux
 Middle Pollux
 Keres
 Thantos
 Calypso
 Elysian Fields
 Wendy's Way
 Lower Atlas
 Cristy's Run
 Stoic
 Lower Zeus
 Medusa

Most Difficult

 Alsos Glade
 Zeus
 Hercules
 Labyrinth
 Atlas
 Upper Freebird
 Lower Freebird
 Aesop's Glade
 Trident
 Lower Trident
 Alcmene
 Down & Dirty
 Iliad
 Nemesis
 Odyssey
 Spartan
 Olympian
 Electra

References

External links
 Official website

Ski areas and resorts in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Cortland County, New York
Tourist attractions in Cortland County, New York
1958 establishments in New York (state)


The White House executive pastry chef is responsible for the planning, managing and preparing of all desserts and pastries served at the White House, the official residence of the president of the United States. This includes state dinners, official dinners, and private entertaining by the first family.

The executive pastry chef works separately from the White House executive chef and reports directly to the chief usher. She works in coordination with these two, as well as the White House social secretary, and the first lady for all events and dinners. The executive pastry chef serves at the first lady's pleasure and is appointed, or reappointed, by each administration.

The current White House executive pastry chef is Susan Morrison.

List of executive pastry chefs
 Heinz Bender, February 1968–January 1979
 Albert Kumin, February 1, 1979–December 31, 1979
 Roland Mesnier, 1980–2004
 Thaddeus DuBois, 2004–2006
 Bill Yosses, 2007–2014
 Susan E. "Susie" Morrison, 2014–present

See also
 List of pastry chefs

References

External links
White House website page on Current Executive Pastry Chef Susan Morrison
White House website page on former Executive Pastry Chef William Yosses
White House website page on former Executive Pastry Chef Roland Mesnier

Executive Pastry Chef, White House
Executive Pastry Chef, White House
Pastry chefs


Data Securities International, DSI was a technology escrow administration company based in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1982, the company escrows source code and other maintenance materials for licensees and stakeholders. The company was acquired by Iron Mountain Incorporated in 1997. In 2021 Iron Mountain sold DSI (now IPM within IRM) for 220 million (see NASDAQ).

Dwight C. Olson was the founder of Data Securities International.

DSI History

Data Securities International was founded in 1982. The company grew steadily over the years before being sold to Iron Mountain in 1997.

Data Securities International introduced the concept in the mid 1980s for a Total Software Value (TSV) that uses the composites of Ownership Value (OV) or the software inventory, Market Value (MV), and Internal Cost Savings (ICS) as values and influencing variables of software as a financial asset.  A TSV software inventory valuation (OV) analysis looks at the sum total (or bundle) of the various software components or intellectual assets that make software usable as a product.

Total Software Value is explained in the book "The Long Journey to Software Valuation" see  and Copyright Registration: TXu 2-181-571

References

External links
 Iron Mountain
 NASDAQ

1997 mergers and acquisitions
Companies based in San Francisco
Computer companies established in 1982
Computer companies disestablished in 1997
Defunct computer companies of the United States


This is an alphabetical list of notable Marxian economists, that is, experts in the social science of economics that follow and develop Marxian economic theory. The list also includes some economic sociologists who have written from a Marxian perspective.

List of Marxian economists

See also
List of contributors to Marxist theory
Socialist economics
Communism
Socialism

Lists of scholars and academics
Lists of people by ideology
Marxian economists


Events from the year 1153 in Ireland.

Incumbents
High King: Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair

Events
 Devorgilla (married to Tiernan O'Rourke) eloped with Dermot McMurrough (the King of Leinster) to Ferns, an act which brought about a feud and McMurrough's eventual exile from Ireland.

Births
Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht (died 1224).

Deaths


Minasyan, Minasian or Minassian () is an Armenian surname.

Notable people with the surname include:

Minasyan
Arthur Minasyan (footballer, born 1977), Armenian footballer
Arthur Minasyan (footballer, born 1978), Armenian footballer
Gor Minasyan (born 1994), Armenian weightlifter
Mayis Minasyan (born 1951), Armenian-Iranian footballer

Vahagn Minasyan (born 1985), Armenian footballer
Vardan Minasyan (born 1974), Armenian footballer and manager

Minasian
Arsen Minasian, Armenian-Iranian physician
Artashes Minasian, Armenian chess player
David Minasian, film producer, screenwriter, director, and musician, singer and songwriter
Ruben Ter Minasian, Armenian revolutionary and politician

Minassian

Aram Ter-Minassian, Vice President of Consumer Relations at Capital One Bank
Anahide Ter Minassian, born Anahide Kévonian (1929–2019), French historian of Armenian origin
Alek Minassian (born 1992), Armenian-Canadian perpetrator of the Toronto van attack
Craig Minassian, chief communications and marketing officer of the Clinton Foundation
Leone Minassian (1905–1978), Ottoman Empire-born Italian painter of Armenian descent.
Levon Minassian, French-Armenian duduk player
Margarita Ervandovna Ter-Minassian (1910–1995), sometimes as Ter-Minasyan or Ter-Minasian, Soviet entomologist
Nicolas Minassian (born 1973), French race driver of Armenian descent
Raphaël Minassian (born 1946), Lebanese-born Armenian Catholic archbishop
Sarkis Minassian (1873–1915), also known as Aram Ashod,  Armenian journalist, writer, and political activist

Armenian-language surnames


Asher Salah (born 1967 in Florence, Italy) is an Israeli historian. He is one of the leading specialists in the literature of the Italian Jews, and a translator of Hebrew literature. He has written extensively in cinema studies and contemporary Middle East politics working as a columnist for several Italian newspapers.

Education and teaching

Salah went to school in Spain, Argentina and Italy before entering the University of Geneva where he graduated in political philosophy. He received his Ph.D. in Paris with a thesis on Italian Jewish literature in the 18th century. He immigrated to Israel in 1991. He teaches at the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem since 1998 and at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 1998 to 2005 and since 2008. He is a member of the ASSEI (Israeli Historical Association of Italian Jewish Studies), of the AISG (Associazione Italiana per lo Studio del Giudaismo) and of the AIS (Association of Israel Studies). He has been the president of the Swiss Union of Jewish Students (UEJS) from 1988 to 1990, MP of the European Union of Jewish Students, researcher for the Israel Democracy Institute, from 1997 to 1999 and he is presently vice-president of the Dante Alighieri Society in Jerusalem.

Awards and fellowships
1991: Nahum Goldmann Fellowship, Moscow
1997: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD)
2002: Zanea et Cobilovici Fellowship, Casip-Cojasor, Paris
2005: First prize for the best short story, international competition “Energheia”, Matera
2008: silver medal of the International Society Dante Alighieri for his role in the diffusion of Italian Culture and Language.
2011-2012: Primo Levi Fellowship at the Herbert D. Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania
2013-2014: Erasmus Mundus Staff Fellowship (EMAIL II), Granada University, Spain

Publications
Books
Future’s Past: The Italian Futurism and its Influence, Gal Ventura & Asher Salah (eds.), January (2011), monographic issue of Bezalel E-Journal  https://web.archive.org/web/20110204083411/http://bezalel.secured.co.il/zope/home/en/1292052032/
La République des Lettres : Rabbins, médecins et écrivains juifs en Italie au XVIIIè, Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2007 (in French).
"Viaggi, percorsi e stravaganze di un illuminista ebreo italiano": il caso di Samuele Romanelli, prefazione a Samuele Romanelli, Visioni d’Oriente, Asher Salah (ed.), La Giuntina, Firenze, 2006 (in Italian).
La storia dell’altro: israeliani e palestinesi, Asher Salah, Barbara Bertoncin (Eds.), Pierre Vidal-Naquet (preface), Forlì, Una Città, 2003 (in Italian).
La bandiera near: testimonianze e interviste da Israele sulla nuova sinistra, Asher Salah, Barbara Bertoncin, Francesco Papafava (Eds.), Forlì, Una Città, 2002 (in Italian).
Bibliografia ebraico-sicula, Istituto Internazionale di Studi Ebraici, Enna, 2002 (in Italian).
Historia veAtarim Yehudim beItalia (History and Places in Jewish Italy), Machon Zalman Shazar, Jerusalem, 2002 (in Hebrew).
Israele Palestina, culture di frontiera, numero monografico delle Nuove Effemeridi 53, Asher Salah (ed.), 2001 (in Italian),
Sabato Ambron & Amadio Abbina, Breve descrizione del viaggio in Terra Santa fatto l’anno 1747, Asher Salah & Paola Abbina (eds.), Roma, Litos, 2012.
L’epistolario di Marco Mortara: un rabbino italiano tra riforma e ortodossia (Firenze: Giuntina, Collana Quaderni di Materia Giudaica, 2012.

Selected articles on Jewish literature and history
“Rabbini e letterati nella Livorno del secolo dei Lumi”, in Livorno 1606-1806: luogo di incontro tra popoli e culture, Adriano Prosperi (ed.), Allemandi, Torino, 2009, pp. 187–210.
“Shoshana-Rose Marzel, L'Esprit du chiffon. Le vêtement dans le roman français du XIXe siècle”, in Studi Culturali, aprile (2009), pp. 159–161.
“Nota biobliografica” in Baruch Hagani, Vita di Teodoro Herzl, con prefazione del 1919 di Francesco Ruffini e introduzione di Luigi Compagna, Talete, Roma, 2008, pp. XV-XVIII.
“Juifs, convertis et cabalistes dans l’Histoire de ma vie de Giacomo Casanova (1725-1798)”, in Culture Européenne et Kabbale, M. Burgada & Y. Dureau (eds.), L’Harmattan, Paris, 2008, pp. 257–300.
“A Contextual Analysis of the Jewish Italian Elegy at the Time of the Ghettos (16th-18th centuries)”, in A Message upon the Garden: Studies in Medieval Jewish Poetry, Masha Izhaki & Alessandro Guetta (eds.)., Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2008, pp. 117–138.
“Il resto di Israele: la letteratura degli ebrei in Italia del Settecento tra isolamento e integrazione”, in La Rassegna Mensile di Israel, LXXIII, No 3 (2007), pp. 97–110.
“La Ketubbah come fonte per la conoscenza del rabbinato italiano nel Settecento”, in Mahberet Oshri, 2007, pp. 3–8 (in Italian and Hebrew)
"’Bein Ghevule Ashkenaz VeItalia’: Elia Morpurgo nel contesto delle riforme scolastiche nelle Unite Contee di Gradisca e Gorizia tra Sette e Ottocento”, in Cultura ebraica nel Goriziano, Marco Grusovin (ed.), Istituto di Storia Sociale e Religiosa, Gorizia, 2007, pp. 101–123.
“Ktiva Pratit Ukhtiva Tzibburit: Hibburim SheNikhtevu BeItalia BeIqvot Praot 1799”, in Qanoni Upopulari (Canonical and Popular: Literary Dialogues), Yael Shapira, Omri Herzog, Tamar Hess (eds.), Resling, Tel Aviv, 2007, pp. 99– 108,  227-231.
”Les Lumières: le siècle d’or de l’imprimerie en Italie”, in Cahiers du Judaïsme, A. Grinberg (ed.), 22 (2007), pp. 114–124.
”Qu'est-ce qu'une catastrophe pour un poète juif? L'élègie dans la poèsie hébraïque italienne a l'âge des ghettos (XVI-XVIII siècles)”, in Babel, Elegies, 12 (2005), pp. 51–77.
”Y-a t’il eu un roman juif? Roman et romanesque dans la littérature hébraïque du XVI au XVIIIème siècle”, in Babel, Rhéthoriques Méditerranéennes, J.-E. Bernard (ed.), N° 7 (2003), pp. 95–120.
“Livorno: Elia Benamozegh”, in La Rassegna Mensile di Israel, Settembre-Dicembre, N° 3 (2000), pp. 113–124.
“Israel Knohl’s The Masiach before Jesus”, in La Rassegna Mensile d’Israel, Maggio-Agosto, Vol. LXVI, N° 2 (2000).
“The Otherness of the Self: on Samuel Romanelli’s Travelogue”, European Journal of Jewish Studies, 5,2 (2011), pp. 219–240.
“Steinschneider and Italy”, in Studies on Moritz Steinschneider (1816–1907), Gad Freudenthal & Reimund Leicht (eds.), Leyden/Bosto, Brill, 2011, pp. 411–456.
“Tra Padova e Berlino: il carteggio di Samuel David Luzzatto e Moritz Steinschneider”, La Rassegna Mensile di Israel, 74,3 (2008), pp. 11–52.
 “How Should a Rabbi Be Dressed? The Question of Rabbinical Attire in Italy from Renaissance to Emancipation (Sixteenth–Nineteenth Centuries)”, in Fashioning Jews: Clothing, Culture, and Commerce (Leonard Greenspoon ed.), Purdue University Press, (2013)
“Morte e catastrofi nell’elegia ebraica italiana all’epoca dei ghetti”, Materia Giudaica: Rivista dell’associazione italiana per lo studio del giudaismo, XVII-XVIII (2012-2013): 155-168.
“A Matter of Quotation: Dante and the Literary Identity of Jews in Italy”, Italia Judaica, eds. Joseph Shatzmiller & Shlomo Simonsohn (Leiden/Boston: Brill, (2012): 167-199.
“Haskalah Be-Italia (Haskalah in Italy)”, in Italia, ed. Roni Weinstein (Jerusalem: Ben Zvi Institute) (2012): 133-142
“Liturgy of Portugal Conversos”, in Hebrew Literature and Bible in the Andalusi Tradition in the 15th Century, eds. Arturo Prats & Jonathan Decter (Leyden/Boston: Brill) (2012): 201-222

Selected articles on film studies
“Futurismo e cinema”, in Future’s Past: The Italian Futurism and its Influence, History & Theory: The Protocols (Gal Ventura & Asher Salah eds.), January, 2011 E-Journal https://web.archive.org/web/20110204083411/http://bezalel.secured.co.il/zope/home/en/1292052032/
“Lo Stato d’Israele nell’immaginario cinematografico italiano”, in Roma e Gerusalemme. Israele nella vita politica e culturale italiana (1949–2009), Marcella Simoni & Arturo Marzano (eds.), Genova, ECIG, 2010, pp. 75–96.
“I perseguitati? Un fardello di redenzione”, in Pagine ebraiche, 11 (2010), p. 35.
“Il cinema israeliano di animazione”, in Il cinema israeliano contemporaneo, Maurizio De Bonis, Ariel Schweitzer, Giovanni Spagnoletti (eds.), Marsilio, Venezia, 2009, pp. 195–206.
“Tradizione e modernità nel cinema israeliano”, in Ebraismo, D. Bidussa & M. Luzzatto (eds.), Einaudi, Torino, 2008, pp. 326–353.
“Le sable dans le cinéma d’Uri Zohar”, in Tel Aviv : Cent ans d’architecture, Yod, revue de l’INALCO, Masha Yitzhaki (ed.), 13 (2008), pp. 301–313.
“Exodus: The Italian Version”, in Jerusalem Film Festival, 2008, p. 32.
"Nokhehim Nifqadim : HaYehudim BaQolnoa HaItalqi”, in Italia Ebraica : Lemaala meAlpaim Shnot Mifgash Bein HaTarbut HaItalqit LeYahadut, Museon Eretz Israel, Tel Aviv, 2008, pp. 259–266 (a Hebrew version of the previous article)
“Maschere Giudaiche: gli ebrei al cinema italiano”, in Italia Ebraica: oltre duemila anni di incontro tra la cultura italiana e l’ebraismo, Allemandi, Torino, 2007, pp. 221–235.
“The other place in Italian Cinema: Matera and Lucania - HaMaqom HaAher BaQolnoa HaItalqi: Matera VeEzor Lucania”, in Jerusalem Cinematheque, May (2006), p. 5 (in Hebrew).
“Roma set mundi– Ir HaNetzah BaQolnoa”, in Jerusalem Cinematheque, May (2004), p. 3 (in Hebrew).
“Stranieri in patria: l’invisibile frontiera nel cinema israeliano e palestinese della seconda intifada”, in Catalogo della 53a edizione della mostra internazionale del cortometraggio, Montecatini, 2002, pp. 112–121.
“Tre prospettive su Gerusalemme: Marcello Piacentini, Chris Marker, Paul Celan”, in Arts and Artists in Israel and Palestine, Palazzo delle Papesse, Siena, 2000, pp. 20–26; 135-137 (in Italian and English).
“Maurizio Zinni: Fascisti di celluloide. La memoria del ventennio nel cinema italiano (1945-2000) (Venezia: Marsilio, 2010)”, Il mestiere di storico, 43 (2011), pp. 236.
“Alan O’Leary, Tragedia all’italiana: Italian Cinema and Italian Terrorism, 1970-2010 (Bern, Peter Lang,(2011); Austin Fisher, Radical Frontiers in the Spaghetti Western: Politics, Violence and Popular Italian Cinema (London: Tauris, 2011); Donatella Spinelli Coleman, Filming the Nation: Jung, Film, Neo-Realism and Italian National Identity (London: Routledge,(2011)”, Il mestiere di storico 44/2 (2012): 70-7.
 “Jews and Israel in Italian Cinema”, in Italy 150th Anniversary (Milano: Corriere della Sera Foundation,(2012): 283-301

Selected articles on Israel
“La philosophie israélienne face a la guerre”, in Philosophie et pensées juives : histoire et actualité, A. Guetta (ed.), Yod, 15 (2010), pp. 317–344 (a French version of a previous article in Italian).
“Orgoglio e pregiudizio : osservazioni contro il boicottaggio delle università israeliane”, in Una Città, 148 (2007), pp. 22–23.
“Un manuale per le scuole israeliane e palestinesi”, in La storia dell’altro: israeliani e palestinesi. Seminario della fondazione Querini e Stampalia del 24 marzo 2004, Venezia, 2006, pp. 21–28.
“Lo spazio bianco della storia”, in Verifiche, Aprile, 2 (2006), pp. 18–21.
“La filosofia israeliana di fronte alla guerra”, in Conflitti, a cura di Alessandro Alienzo e Dario Caruso, Libreria Dante e Descartes, Napoli, 2005, pp. 465–484.
“Pace, dialogo, tolleranza: le parole sono importanti”, in Gli argomenti Umani, sinistra e innovazione, Giugno, N° 6 (2003), pp. 56–59.
“Guerra o pace? Per chi facciamo il tifo”, in Keshet, rivista dell’ebraismo laico, Anno II, Settembre-Ottobre, N° 1-2 (2003), pp. 21–24.
“L’archeologia del futuro: paradigmi della nuova storia israeliana”, in Le nuove effemeridi, N. 53 (2001), pp. 6–21.
“Accademia Bezalel: una serra di creativita’”, Pagine ebraiche, novembre, 2013
"Studi ebraici, 22 voci non possono bastare", Pagine ebraiche, ottobre, 2013
"Comics & Jews - Israele allo specchio della graphic novel", Pagine ebraiche, novembre, 2012
"Witz & Humor - Ilarita' ebraica. Dal piccolo al grande schermo", Pagine ebraiche, marzo, 2011
“The Book: Food, Drink, Air to Breath?”, Catalogue of Chanan de Lange Exhibit on Book-shelves (Tel Aviv: 2011)
“I perseguitati? Un fardello di redenzione”, Pagine Ebraiche, Novembre 2010

Book translations
Formica Enrico, Cassuto David & Peres Shimon, Gerusalemme a 360 gradi, Hever, Ivrea, 2008.
Kleiman Ephraim & Shapira Anita, Brutti ricordi: il dibattito in Israele sulle espulsioni di palestinesi nel 1948-1949, Una Città, Forlì, 2007.
Romanelli Samuele, Visioni d’Oriente, La Giuntina, Firenze, 2006 (from Hebrew to Italian)
Veronesi Sandro, Hayav HaAherim (La forza del passato), Keren, Tel Aviv, 2005 (from Italian to Hebrew)
Lattes Yaaqov Andrea, Sull'assimilazione in Italia ed i metodi per affrontarla, Bar Ilan, Ramat Gan, 2005 (from Hebrew to Italian)
Bar-On Dan, Adwan Sami, La storia dell’altro, Una Città, Forlì, 2003 (from Hebrew and Arabic)
Yehoshua A.B., Lettore allo specchio. Autobiografie, diari, interviste, Einaudi, Torino, 2003 (from Hebrew to Italian).
Yehoshua A.B., La terribile forza di una piccola colpa, sette saggi su morale e letteratura, Einaudi, Torino, 2000 (from Hebrew to Italian)
Siddur (libro di preghiera) bilingue italiano-ebraico di Shabbat e Kippur, DLI, Milano, 1998 (in cooperation with Annalisa Bernardi).
Rabbi Najman de Breslev, Animo, editora Breslev, Jerusalem, 1994 (from French to Spanish)

Sources
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060514164606/http://www.keshet.it/rivista/sett-ott-03/pag4.htm
 http://www.verifiche.ch/index.cfm?scheda=251
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091001184747/http://www.unacitta.it/pagineinternazionalismo/letteraboicottaggioAsher.html

 http://www.brill.nl/product_id26645.htm
 http://www.giuntina.it/dettautori.asp?AutoreId=302
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091230160110/http://www.energheia.org/dblog/storico.asp?s=&m=&pagina=5&ordinamento=desc

1967 births
Living people
20th-century Italian Jews
Israeli historians
Italian emigrants to Israel
Jewish historians


Reiningue (; ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. It forms part of the Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération, the inter-communal local government body for the Mulhouse conurbation.

The 11th-century Trappist Oelenberg Abbey is located in Reiningue.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin