Thomas Gaëtan Bong (born 25 April 1988) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a left back, most recently for Nottingham Forest. He has made 16 appearances for the Cameroon national team. He previously played at senior level for Metz, Tours, Valenciennes, Olympiacos, Wigan Athletic and Brighton & Hove Albion and represented France at under-21 level, before switching to his Cameroon.

Career

FC Metz
Bong was born in Sackbayeme, Centre Region. He began his career in the youth side for Metz at age fourteen, having started out at La Madine Training Centre. Having initially played in the "left wing" position, Bong switched to the left–back, a position he played today.

Bong was part of the FC Metz youth side when he helped the team win the 25th edition of the "Mondial de la Saint-Pierre" by beating FC Nantes on penalties on 22 April 2002. While progressing the youth team, Olivier Perrin commented about Bong, saying: "He's a real competitor. He still has a lot of work to do, especially on the technical side. Physically, he is able to repeat high-level efforts. But its main quality is to succeed in making the most of its potential." In July 2005, he was one of the four players to receive the BEP LEC following his exam results.

In October 2005, Bong suffered an injury during training that required stitches. Two months later, he was called up to the first team for the first time at age seventeen. Bong made his FC Metz debut against Sochaux on 10 December 2005, starting the whole game, in a 1–1 draw. He appeared two more matches later in the 2005–06 season. However, he was plagued with injuries that saw him sidelined for the rest of the 2005–06 season. Despite this, Bong signed his first professional contract with the club.

Bong continued to recover from his injuries at the start of the 2006–07 season. By October 2006, he returned to the first team from injuries, playing for the club's reserves side to gain playing time. It wasn't until on 20 October 2006 when he returned to the first team, coming on as a late substitute, in a 2–0 win over Guingamp. Bong made another appearance of the season, starting the whole game, in a 0–0 draw against FC Istres on 22 December 2006. However, Bong was dropped from the first team and never played again, due to his first team opportunities, as well as, his own injury concern. At the end of the 2006–07 season, Bong went on to make two appearances in all competitions.

Bong continued to recover from his injuries at the start of the 2007–08 season. It wasn't until on 27 October 2006 when he made his first appearances of the season, coming on as a substitute in the second half, in a 0–0 draw against AS Nancy. In a follow-up match against Toulouse, Bong started the whole game, keeping another clean sheet, in a 0–0 draw. Since returning to the first team, he regained his first team place, playing in the left–back position. But he soon found his first team opportunities at the club limited for the rest of the 2007–08 season. As a result, Bong played in the club's reserves side in a number of matches. At the end of the 2007–08 season, he went on to make twelve appearances in all competitions.

Bong was loaned out for the 2008–09 season to Ligue 2 club Tours. He made his FC Tours debut against Dijon FCO on 22 August 2008, coming on as a substitute in just 18 minutes from the game, in a 2–1 loss. Bong then quickly established himself in the starting eleven for the side and went on to make thirty–six appearances in all competitions.

Valenciennes

On 29 July 2009, the 21-year-old left Metz to sign a four-year deal with Valenciennes for £595,000.

Bong made his Valenciennes debut, coming on as a late substitute, in a 3–1 loss against AS Nancy in the opening game of the season. He quickly became a first team regular for the side. Bong played against his former club, FC Metz, for the first time in the round of 16 of Coupe de la Ligue, as they lost 2–0 on 22 September 2009. He scored his first goal for Valenciennes, in a 2–0 win over US Boulogne on 20 January 2010. A month later, Bong kept two clean sheets in two matches between 20 February 2010 and 27 February 2010 against Grenoble Foot 38 and Saint-Étienne. It wasn't until on 5 May 2010 when he scored his second goal of the season, in a 2–2 draw against Paris Saint-Germain. At the end of the 2009–10 season, Bong went on to make thirty–one appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.

Bong continued to remain in the first team for the side at the start of the 2010–11 season. He then scored his first goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Lyon on 11 September 2010. Shortly after, Bong served a two match suspension by the Disciplinary Commission of the LFP, due to the incident he was involved during a 3–2 win over Marseille on 14 August 2010. Bong returned from suspension and continued to feature in the first team for the side. He scored his second goal of the season and set up one of the goals, in a 4–0 win over US Boulogne in the round of 16 of the Coupe de la Ligue. But his return was short–lived when he suffered a knee injury that saw him sidelined for two months. It wasn't until on 29 January 2011 when he returned to the first team, starting the whole game, in a 2–1 win over Lyon. However, during a 2–2 draw against SM Caen on 19 February 2011, Bong suffered a muscular injury to the adductors that saw him sidelined for several weeks. By April, he returned to training and made his return from injury against Arles-Avignon on 17 April 2011 and set up a goal for Grégory Pujol to score the only goal of the game. Since returning from injury, Bong, once again, regained his first team place for the remaining matches of the 2010–11 season. Bong then kept two clean sheets in two matches between 8 May 2011 and 11 May 2011. At the end of the 2010–11 season, Bong went on to make twenty–four appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.

Ahead of the 2011–12 season, Bong was linked with a move to Ligue 1 side Stade Rennais but stayed at the club in the end. He continued to establish himself in the first team for the side at the start of the 2011–12 season. For his performance, Bong signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2014. During a 3–0 win against Sochaux on 16 October 2011, he set up the opening goal for Vincent Aboubakar. However, Bong suffered an injury that saw him sidelined throughout November. It wasn't until on 3 December 2011 when he made his return from injury, starting the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against Évian. Bong continued to regain his first team place despite suffering from a thigh injury along the way. However, during a 2–1 loss against Saint-Étienne on 10 March 2012, Bong suffered a foot injury that saw him sidelined for a month. It wasn't until on 29 April 2012 when he made his return to the first team, coming on as a late substitute, in a 2–0 win over OGC Nice. At the end of the 2011–12 season, Bong went on to make thirty appearances in all competitions.

At the start of the 2012–13 season, Bong suffered ankle injury, having sustained an injury in the club's pre–season friendly. It wasn't until on 22 September 2012 when he made his return from injury, coming on as a second–half substitute, in a 2–1 loss against Stade Brestois 29. Since returning to the first team, Bong regained his place for the rest of the 2012–13 season. During a 1–0 win over Stade de Reims on 3 December 2012, he set up a goal for Foued Kadir to score the only goal of the game. Bong then kept three clean sheets between 12 April 2013 and 27 April 2013 for the side. At the end of the 2012–13 season, he went on to make thirty–one appearances in all competitions.

Bong made his only appearance of the 2013–14 season, keeping a clean sheet, in a 3–0 win over Toulouse in the opening game of the season. By the time he departed the club, Bong made 117 overall appearances for the club and scored four goals.

Olympiacos
On 19 August 2013, he signed a contract with Olympiacos for £850,000, signing a three–year contract. Bong was previously linked with a move to Olympiacos, who was interested in signing him.

Bong made his Olympiacos debut, starting the whole game in the left–back position, in a 2–1 win over Atromitos on 25 August 2013. This was followed up by keeping two clean sheets in the next two matches. Three days later on 17 September 2013, he made his UEFA Champions League debut, in a 4–1 loss against Paris Saint-Germain and went on to make four appearances in the UEFA Champions League. However, Bong was sidelined for two months, due to sustaining ankle and foot injuries. It wasn't until on 10 November 2013 against rivals’ PAOK when he returned as a late substitute, in a 4–0 win. Bong then set up a goal for Alejandro Domínguez to score the club's third goal of the game, in a 3–0 win over Ergotelis on 1 December 2013. A month later on 8 January 2014, he scored his first goal for the club, in a 4–0 against Asteras Tripoli in the Greek Cup. During a 2–0 win over Skoda Xanthi on 26 January 2014, Bong received a racist abuse from Skoda Xanthi's supporters; after the match, he condemned the action via his social media account. From 1 December 2013 to 26 January 2014, Bong helped the side keep eight consecutive clean sheets, which he played six matches. Throughout the 2013–14 season, Bong was the first choice left–back position despite being placed on the substitute bench. At the end of the 2013–14 season, making twenty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions, he helped Olympiacos win their 41st Superleague Greece title this season.

However, in the 2014–15 season, Bong found his first team opportunities at Olympiacos limited, due to fallen out of favour under the new management of Michel and was expected to leave over the summer, which never happened. It was announced on 30 January 2015 that Olympiacos has terminated a contract of Bong.

Wigan Athletic
On 2 February 2015, Bong signed for English club Wigan Athletic on a short-term contract.

He made his Wigan Athletic debut, starting the whole game, in a 1–0 loss against Cardiff City on 24 February 2015. Since joining the club, Bong quickly became a first team regular for the side, playing in the left–back position. However, Wigan's relegation from the Championship was confirmed on 28 April 2015. At the end of the 2014–15 season, making fourteen appearances, Bong was released at the end of the season.

Brighton & Hove Albion
It was announced on 2 July 2015 that Bong joined EFL Championship side Brighton & Hove Albion on a free transfer, signing an initial two-year contract with the south coast club. Upon signing for the club, he revealed that he rejected a "lucrative offers from at France and abroad" to join Brighton & Hove Albion. Bong was also given a number twelve shirt for the new season as well.

Bong made his Brighton & Hove Albion debut in the opening game of the season, starting the whole game, in a 1–0 win over Nottingham Forest. Since joining the club, he appeared regularly for the club, playing in the left–back position. In a match against Ipswich Town on 29 August 2015, Bong set up the first goal of the game for Kazenga LuaLua, in a 3–2 win. Bong also played a role when he set up the winning goal for Bobby Zamora, in a 2–1 win over Leeds United on 17 October 2015. This lasted until tearing his tendon during a 0–0 draw against Preston North End on 24 October 2015, ruling him out for 21 games throughout the season. By February, Bong returned to full training. However, because Liam Rosenior was the first choice left–back position in Bong's absent, he appeared as a substitute for the rest of the season, making three appearances He also played in the playoffs, as the club lost to Sheffield Wednesday in the semi-finals 3–1 on aggregate. Despite this, Bong finished his 2015–16 season, making nineteen appearances in all competitions.

Ahead of the 2016–17 season, Bong switched number shirt to three. Bong started the season well when he helped the side keep four clean sheets in the first four matches of the season. Bong continued to regain his first team place for the side, playing in the left–back position. He started every match since the start of the 2016–17 season until he was suspended for having five yellow cards. After serving a one match suspension, Bong returned to the starting line-up against Sheffield Wednesday on 1 October 2016 and set up a goal for Anthony Knockaert to score the club's second goal of the game, in a 2–1 win. Two weeks later, on 18 October 2016, he set up a goal for Sam Baldock to score the only goal of the game, in a 1–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers. However, during a 0–0 draw against Cardiff City on 3 December 2016, Bong was sent–off for a second bookable offence. A month later, he suffered persistent injuries that kept him out for three months. Because of this, he was not included in the squad for much of the second half apart from three games: a victory against Birmingham City, another against Wigan, and a loss to Bristol City.  Brighton finished the season as runners up to Newcastle United, gaining automatic promotion to the Premier League. At the end of the 2016–17 season, making twenty–eight appearances in all competitions, Bong's contract was due to expire at the end of the season, however, he signed a new one-year contract with the club as Brighton aim to survive their first Premier League season.

In the 2017–18 season, Bong played two matches for Brighton in the EFL Cup, the second a 1–0 away defeat against AFC Bournemouth. However, his first team opportunities at the club was limited, due to Markus Suttner being preferred at the first choice left–back position, as well as, his own injury concern. He made his Premier League debut in a 2–0 away defeat against Arsenal on 1 October 2017. He started for Albion in their next five league games as they embarked on an unbeaten run that saw the club reach as high as 8th place in the Premier League. On 25 November 2017, Bong was involved in an incident with Manchester United striker Romelu Lukaku in Brighton's 1–0 league defeat at Old Trafford, where Lukaku attempted to kick Bong twice in Brighton's penalty area. Lukaku ultimately did not face retrospective action for the incident, with referee Neil Swarbrick's report confirming that he had not seen the incident, but the FA panel could not reach a unanimous verdict. For the next months, he found himself in and out of the first team, due to his own injury concern once again. Bong accused Jay Rodriguez of making a racist remark during a 2–0 defeat at West Bromwich Albion on 13 January 2018. The West Brom forward was charged by the Football Association on 8 February in relation to the incident. The charges were later found not proven by the F.A. due to lack of evidence, but the FA was "completely satisfied" Bong's complaint was "made in absolute good faith" and "there has been no suggestion that this was a malicious or fabricated complaint". Amid to the incident, Bong regained his first team place from Suttner for the left–back position for the rest of the season. On 28 February 2018, Bong signed a one-year contract extension, committing him to Brighton until 30 June 2019. During a 0–0 draw against Burnley on 28 April 2018, he was booed by Burnley's supporters, chanting "Jay Rodriguez (who used to play for Burnley), he's one of our own" and booing him whenever he touched the ball. After the match, Manager Chris Hughton, the FA and anti-racist organisation Kick It Out condemned the actions from Burnley's supporters. On 4 May 2018, Bong played in the 1–0 home win over Manchester United which secured The Albion's Premier League survival with two games remaining, as well as, keeping another clean sheet. At the end of the 2017–18 season, he went on to make twenty–four appearances in all competitions.

Ahead of the 2018–19 season, Bong was expected to compete with new signing Bernardo over the left–back position. Despite this, Bong played the whole match where Brighton & Hove Albion beat Manchester United at home for the second season running on 19 August 2018. The game finished 3–2 to the Albion, giving their first win of the season. He continued to regain his left–back position at the start of the season, beating off competition from Bernando. Bong helped the side keep three clean sheets throughout October, as Brighton & Hove Albion won all three league matches. His run starting in the left–back last until mid–November when he was dropped to the substitute bench in favour of Bernando. But Bong regained his first team place, playing in the left–back position at the start of January following Bernando's injury. During a 2–1 loss against Manchester United on 19 January 2019, he gave away a penalty, leading Paul Pogba to successfully convert the penalty to give the opposition team a 1–0 lead. In February 2019, two Burnley fans were accused of using racist slurs against Bong and homophobic slurs against Brigton fans. Their criminal trial collapsed in October 2019. At the beginning of March, Bernando returned to the starting lineup, leading Bong to return to the substitute bench. Despite this, Bong played in two FA Cup matches this season as The Seagulls reached the semi-final. During a FA Cup match against West Brom, Bong, once again, was subjected of derogatory chant by West Brom fans. As a result of facing competition for a place in the side from teammate from Bernando throughout the 2018–19 season, they both started 19 league games and coming on as subs on 3 occasions. Brighton finished 17th in the table as they secured their Premier League status. At the end of the 2018–19 season, making twenty–four appearances in all competitions, Bong signed a one-year contract extension, until June 2020.

Bong's first appearance under their new manager, Graham Potter came on 27 August 2019 where Brighton beat Bristol Rovers 2–1 away from home in the EFL Cup. His first league appearance of the season came on 14 September coming on as a substitute in a 1–1 home draw against Burnley. He made his 100th appearance for the Sussex club on 28 September coming on as a substitute in a 2–0 away defeat to Chelsea in what also happened to be his 50th Premier League appearance. However, his first team opportunities at the club continued to be limited, due to a strong competition in the left–back position. In a FA Cup third round match against Sheffield Wednesday, Bong made his first start for Brighton, starting a match and played 71 minutes, as the club lost 1–0, in what turned out to be his last appearance. During the match, he was subjected of booing by Brighton supporters when he was substituted and their actions was condemned by the club in a statement. By the time Bong left Brighton, he made seven appearances for the club in all competitions.

Nottingham Forest
On 30 January 2020, Bong left Brighton and signed for Nottingham Forest on a two-and-a-half year deal. He made his debut for the club in a 1–0 defeat to Charlton Athletic on 11 February 2020. Poor defensive play from Bong was judged to be a significant cause of Charlton's goal, and Bong's 59th minute substitution was described as 'an act of mercy' by The Athletic reporter Nick Miller. Subsequently, Bong did not feature in any of Sabri Lamouchi's match day squads for the rest of his tenure as Forest manager. At the start of the 2020–21 season, Bong was told that he was free to leave the club. He was not given a shirt number and trained separately from the other players.

After Lamouchi's sacking, Bong was brought back into Forest's first team plans by new manager Chris Hughton, who had previously won promotion alongside him with Brighton & Hove Albion. He made his first start under Hughton on 31 October 2020, in a 1–0 defeat to Middlesbrough. However, Bong's return was short–lived when he found himself placed on the substitute bench, due to the competition in the club's defence, as well as his own injury concern. His next appearance came in the new year on 20 January 2021, coming on as an 81st-minute substitute in an eventual 3–1 home victory over Millwall in the league. Bong made his second start under Hughton on 23 January in a FA Cup fourth round tie at Swansea City in which Forest lost 5–1. On 6 February, Bong earned his first assist for Forest setting up former Brighton teammate Glenn Murray's first goal for the club, in a match where also his former Brighton teammate Anthony Knockaert scored a goal in the 3–0 away win over Wycombe Wanderers. At the end of the 2020–21 season, Bong was told that he was not in Hughton's plans and was free to leave the club.

Although Bong was not in Hughton's plans, he started in Forest's opening game of the 2021–22 season away at Coventry City on 8 August where they fell to a 2–1 defeat as The Sky Blues returned to their stadium after 833 days. Three days later it was confirmed that Bong had been given a three match ban as a result of violent conduct during the Coventry loss. Bong was caught on camera striking opponent Callum O'Hare in the face during a set piece. He returned from  suspension on 21 August playing in
the whole match of the 1–0 away loss at Stoke City. Seven days later, Bong assisted Brennan Johnson's 82' minute equaliser in the 1–1 away draw against Derby County. On 29 May, Forest beat Huddersfield in the Championship play-off final to earn promotion to the Premier League, however Bong was not involved. He made only seven appearances all season, his last coming on 6 January and on 10 June it was announced that Bong would leave the side on the expiry of his contract.

International career
Bong was eligible to play for either France, where he grew up, or Cameroon, where he was born and has a Franco-Cameroonian nationality. Having previously represented the youth system for France, Bong played one international match for the France U21, before opting to play for Cameroon.

Bong was named in Paul Le Guen's final 23-man roster for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. Bong played one match for Cameroon in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in Cameroon's last group match against the Netherlands, where Cameroon lost 2–1. Cameroon lost all three group games, finishing bottom of Group E of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Four years later, he didn't make the cut for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. Bong spent four years away from Cameroon, due to a dispute with the Cameroonian Football Association. As a result, he didn't get a call up from the national side until September 2018. He was in the starting lineup in the 1–1 draw against Comoros on 8 September. Two months later on 20 November 2018 against Brazil, Bong captained the Cameroon team for the first time in the 1–0 loss.

Bong was included in the Cameroon squad for the 2019 edition of the Africa Cup of Nations. The defending champions, Cameroon beat Guinea-Bissua 2–0 in their opening group game with Bong an unused substitute. Bong started in their next group stage match against Ghana where it finished 0–0.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Olympiacos
Super League Greece: 2013–14

Brighton & Hove Albion
EFL Championship runner-up: 2016–17

Personal life
Bong has tattoos, mostly on his arm. In addition to speaking French, Bong speaks English since moving in 2015, and was responsible for helping Anthony Knockaert settle down in Brighton.

In September 2018, Bong was fined £667 for driving without a license after being caught speeding, and it was later revealed he was previously convicted of two speeding offences two years ago.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Centre Region (Cameroon)
Cameroonian men's footballers
Cameroon men's international footballers
French men's footballers
France men's youth international footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Metz players
Tours FC players
Valenciennes FC players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Super League Greece players
English Football League players
Premier League players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
Cameroonian expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in England
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
French expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Greece
French sportspeople of Cameroonian descent


Cunningham's Camp Escalator was a moving seated escalator open c. 1919 to 1968 from a short distance behind the promenade in Douglas, Isle of Man, to Cunningham's holiday camp on Victoria Road.

Although sometimes described as a 'chairlift', this was a ground-level escalator covered by a roof, albeit with seats, rather than an overhead chairlift as used in ski resorts.

Cunningham's camp, one of the earliest holiday camps in the British Isles (pre-dating Butlins), opened around 1902 and initially had only steps leading to it from the seafront. The escalator was installed just after the First World War. It is thought to have been built by JT Skillicorn of Onchan. In 1938, a second escalator was provided, both working in only the up direction and running within a wooden shelter.

The escalator last functioned in 1968, after which it was closed off but not demolished. In the 1990s the entrance was bricked over owing to the site being the target of vandalism. Since that time visitors can only view the large red brick and stone archway midway up Little Switzerland Road (site of today's Edelweiss Hotel). Behind the facade remain the turnstiles, and toilets with ceramic tiles and copper pipework, before reaching the approach steps to the escalator.  The fascinating design is split into two parts, an "up" and "down" section, and each has its own set of moving wooden seats accompanied by steps for the more energetic.

The system has been left to decay since closure, particularly since being bricked up. At the start of 2013 it was announced that it is to be demolished.

See also
Transport on the Isle of Man

References

External links

Transport in the Isle of Man
Aerial lifts


A HUD auction is a form of foreclosure auction except the original lender was a federal agency instead of a private lender. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), is the insurer of loans made through a variety of government programs, particularly FHA loans. When a lender forecloses on a government insured loan, HUD takes possession of the property.

Homes are listed on the Multiple Listing Service by a listing agent who generally receives a 1% commission for listing the property, but is otherwise unaffiliated with HUD.

External links
 Department of Housing

Mortgage industry of the United States
Real estate in the United States
Governmental auctions
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
Foreclosure


François Fournier (24 April 1846 – 12 July 1917)  was a stamp forger who thought of himself as a creator of "art objects"  and a friend of the little man.

Fournier was born in Croix-de-Rozon, Switzerland, but became a French citizen and served in the army during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870/71.

Facsimile business
Fournier did not become involved with the philatelic business until later life.

In about 1903 he returned to Switzerland and settled in Geneva, where in May 1904 he bought the stock of Louis-Henri Mercier, real name Henri Goegg, who had gone bankrupt. It is at about this time that Fournier began his business producing facsimile stamps.

The business grew rapidly, and from 1910 to 1913 Fournier produced his own journal and price list, Le Fac-Simile. He claimed agents in 23 countries and in 1913 stated that he had 10,000 approval customers and 10,000 catalogue customers. His last price list in 1914 shows 3,671 different stamps for sale, although not all were his own creations.

At first Fournier was on good terms with stamp dealers and philatelic societies. However, as his business grew and his facsimiles started to be passed off as the real thing by unscrupulous dealers and collectors, a backlash developed against him, and he found his wares banned by dealers and his advertising blocked. The creation of Le Fac-Simile in 1910 was one way of obtaining publicity for his business, and it was said that up to 25,000 copies of each edition were distributed. The journal was also Fournier's personal platform through which to air his grievances and to rail against his treatment by the mainstream stamp trade and particular individuals in it.

The Philatelic Clinic
Fournier also operated a successful "Philatelic Clinic" which employed five "restorers" to repair damaged stamps. The work included removing specimen overprints from high-value British colonial stamps and regumming. The removal of pen cancels was a speciality.

Fournier's philosophy

Fournier was a proud man who was said to have a chip on each shoulder and he was deeply wounded by any criticism. He always saw himself as the champion of the little man, the collector of modest means who could not afford the high prices demanded by dealers for the great philatelic rarities. Fournier was happy to help these collectors fill gaps in their printed albums with an expertly produced facsimile at a fraction of the price of the real thing. He always pointed out that he only produced facsimiles of stamps from dead countries or of items that were no longer valid for postal use. This ignored, however, the possible subsequent misrepresentation of his work as genuine.

Consistent with his philosophy, and somewhat hypocritically, Fournier roundly condemned the reprinting of stamps and sale of remainders by governments as swindles against the collector which destroyed the value of the originals. He claimed that "Le Fac-Simile is the only stamp journal exposing speculators and their exploits."

There is no evidence that Fournier himself passed off any of his work as other than a facsimile. However, he always resisted attempts to identify his work as facsimiles by overprinting, marking on the reverse or any other method. We cannot know whether Fournier was simply naive about the purpose to which his work could be put, or just chose to turn a blind eye to the obvious possibilities for fraud.

Fournier was never convicted of any criminal offence.

Death and disposal of his materials
The mailing restrictions and censorship of World War I caused major problems for Fournier's business, with consignments seized and postal communications disrupted. His health, already poor, declined further, and he died in 1917. He was buried at his birthplace, Croix-de-Rozon.

One of his employees, Charles Hirschburger, attempted to continue the business but ultimately was unsuccessful. He died in 1927 and the Union Philatelique de Genève bought the remaining stock and equipment from Hirschburger's widow in order to prevent it falling into the wrong hands. There were forgeries weighing over 800 pounds, as well as gummed stamp sheets ready for printing and the actual printing equipment. Much had been damaged by storage in damp conditions. The equipment was donated to the Geneva Museum of History. The forged stamps were printed with the words Faux and/or Facsimile. Students from the Geneva School of Arts and Crafts were employed to create 480 representative albums of Fournier's work which were sold to stamp dealers, collectors and others in 1928. In addition, the Union prepared a more extensive five-volume collection of Fournier's work for its library. The remaining stock was burned on 15 September 1928, under the supervision of the Bailiff of the Canton of Geneva.

See also
 List of stamp forgers

References

Further reading
Maaßen, Wolfgang. Echt oder Falsch? Fälschungen und Fälscher in der Philatelie. Schwalmtal: Phila Creativ, 2003.  (German language)
Union Philatélique de Genève. Album des Fac-Similés. Geneva: 1928. (French language)

External links

Stampforgeries.com - Many Fournier forged stamps compared to genuine side-by-side

 Finland: Fake stamps from Russian period - Fournier

1846 births
1917 deaths
Stamp forgers
Swiss criminals
20th-century French criminals
Stamp dealers
French philatelists
Businesspeople from Geneva
French stamp dealers
French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War


The 2002 No Way Out was the fourth No Way Out professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). The event took place on February 17, 2002, at the Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was the final No Way Out promoted under the WWF name as the promotion was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in May. It was also the final No Way Out event held before the WWF introduced the brand extension in March.

Eight professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event's card. In the main event, Chris Jericho defeated Stone Cold Steve Austin to retain the Undisputed WWF Championship. In other prominent matches, Kurt Angle defeated Triple H to become the number one contender for the Undisputed WWF Championship, and The Rock defeated The Undertaker in a singles match.

This event is notable for the onscreen WWF debut of the New World Order (nWo), a dominant faction in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), which the WWF had acquired in March 2001. This iteration of the nWo consisted of the faction's three original members, Hollywood Hogan, Kevin Nash, and Scott Hall, with this also being their respective returns to the WWF. Coincidentally, No Way Out has the same three-letter abbreviation as the faction.

Production

Background
No Way Out was first held by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) as the 20th In Your House pay-per-view (PPV) in February 1998. Following the discontinuation of the In Your House series, No Way Out returned in February 2000 as its own PPV event, thus establishing it as the annual February PPV for the promotion. The 2002 event was the fourth event in the No Way Out chronology and was held on February 17 at the Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Storylines
The biggest storyline for No Way Out was when Vince McMahon revealed that he would unleash the New World Order (nWo) upon the World Wrestling Federation in an attempt to "kill (his) creation". Ever since he had become (kayfabe) equal ownership partners with Ric Flair in November 2001 (after Survivor Series), he had gone to great lengths to try to undermine Flair, which led to the angle. McMahon promised that he would not bring the nWo in if Flair agreed to sell his fifty percent stake in the WWF back to McMahon. Flair refused to sell, leading McMahon to reveal several vignettes over the next several weeks with Hollywood Hulk Hogan, Scott Hall, and Kevin Nash, the three original members of the nWo in World Championship Wrestling, appearing as McMahon's hired guns.

After defeating Kurt Angle on the January 28, 2002 episode of WWF Raw, Stone Cold Steve Austin earned a match at No Way Out for the Undisputed WWF Championship against champion Chris Jericho, to whom he had lost in the finals of the tournament to crown the first undisputed champion at Vengeance the previous December. Jericho had just retained the title against The Rock at the Royal Rumble. Afterward, he successfully defended the title again against Maven on the same night where Austin earned a title shot. Jericho and Austin spent the weeks before No Way Out getting back at each other, including a segment where Jericho knocked out Austin and poured beer all over him. On the February 14 episode of WWF SmackDown!, after Jericho got himself disqualified in his non-title match against Kane, Austin retaliated by assaulting Jericho then finished off Jericho with the Stone Cold Stunner then poured beer all over him.

After winning the 2002 Royal Rumble match, Triple H was guaranteed a shot at the Undisputed WWF Championship at WrestleMania X8. Kurt Angle, who Triple H last eliminated, felt that he should have won the Royal Rumble instead so he challenged Triple H to a match at No Way Out with his WrestleMania title shot on the line. Triple H accepted, but was also having trouble with Stephanie McMahon, his on-screen wife, outside the ring. It was due to the face Triple H growing tired of Stephanie's heel characteristics that had led to some hostility between the two. On the February 4, 2002 episode of Raw, Stephanie demanded that they renew their wedding vows on the following week because she was pregnant with their child. On the February 11, 2002 episode of Raw, just before the wedding, Triple H was met with a phone call by his mother-in-law Linda McMahon, who had sent him a video tape revealing that it was a trick, and the doctor that Stephanie had brought in to verify her pregnancy was fake. On the night of the ceremony, Triple H exposed the truth, and declared an end to their on-screen marriage. Three days later, on the February 14, 2002 episode of WWF SmackDown!, after Triple H and WWF Hardcore Champion Maven defeated Angle and The Undertaker by disqualification, Angle and Taker manhandled Triple H while Stephanie announced herself as the guest referee in the match between Triple H and Kurt Angle at No Way Out.

On the January 24, 2002 episode of SmackDown!, The Rock mocked The Undertaker for his quick elimination by Maven during the Royal Rumble match at the Royal Rumble. The Undertaker's interference led to The Rock losing to Kurt Angle in the Semi-finals tournament to challenge for the Undisputed championship at No Way Out. On the February 4, 2002 episode of Raw, during a tag team match, The Undertaker grabbed a steel lead pipe from his motorcycle and nailed The Rock in the head with it, allowing Chris Jericho to score the pinfall win. Three days later on SmackDown!, The Rock retaliated by hitting him with a chair and helping Maven win the WWF Hardcore Championship; however The Undertaker performed a Tombstone Piledriver on The Rock onto the hood of a limousine in revenge. A match was made between the two at No Way Out.

Event

Before the event aired live on pay-per-view, a dark match took place in which Diamond Dallas Page defended the WWF European Championship against Big Boss Man, Page defeated Big Boss Man by disqualification.

Preliminary matches
The event began with the New World Order (nWo) making their way to the ring. Kevin Nash later explained that the NWO wanted to prove that nobody was better than them. Scott Hall spoke briefly before Hollywood Hulk Hogan explained that the nWo did not want to kill the WWF but to be given a chance.

The first match was a Tag Team Turmoil match to determine the #1 contenders to the WWF Tag Team Championship at WrestleMania X8. Scotty 2 Hotty and Albert were the first eliminated by Christian and Lance Storm after Christian pinned Scotty following an Unprettier. Christian and Storm were eliminated by The Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) after Jeff pinned Storm following a Swanton Bomb. The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) were eliminated by The Hardy Boyz after Matt pinned D-Von with a Roll Up. The Hardy Boyz were eliminated by Billy and Chuck after Gunn pinned Matt following a Fameasser. The APA (Faarooq and Bradshaw) eliminated Billy and Chuck after Bradshaw pinned Gunn following a Clothesline from Hell to win the match.

Next, Rob Van Dam faced Goldust. Van Dam executed a Rolling Thunder Senton on Goldust for a near-fall. After Van Dam missed a Five Star Frog Splash, Goldust executed a DDT on Van Dam for a near-fall. Goldust attempted a Curtin Call on Van Dam but Van Dam countered the move and executed a Spinning Heel Kick on Goldust for a near-fall. Goldust attempted a Bulldog on Van Dam but Van Dam countered the move and performed a Step Over Spinning Heel Kick on Goldust. Van Dam pinned Goldust after a Five Star Frog Splash to win the match.

After that, Tazz and Spike Dudley defended the WWF Tag Team Championship against Booker T and Test. Test pinned Tazz but the referee noticed Test using the ropes for leverage, voiding the pinfall. After Test argued with the referee, Tazz forced Test to submit to the Tazzmission to retain the title.

In the fourth match, William Regal defended the WWF Intercontinental Championship against Edge in a Brass Knuckles on a Pole match. Regal retrieved the brass knuckles but Edge knocked Regal off the top rope. Regal knocked the brass knuckles out of the ring to prevent Edge from using them. Edge performed a Spear on Regal and retrieved the brass knuckles whilst Regal pulled another pair out of his tights. Regal hit Edge with them and pinned Edge to retain the title.

Main event matches
In the fifth match, The Rock faced The Undertaker. Undertaker executed a Chokeslam on Rock for a near-fall. Undertaker threw the referee into the steel steps and retrieved a lead pipe from his motorbike. Ric Flair interfered, attacking Undertaker but Undertaker performed a Big Boot on Flair. Undertaker attempted to hit Rock with the pipe but Rock applied the Sharpshooter on Undertaker. Vince McMahon interfered, distracting the referee. Rock attacked Vince, which distracted the referee. Undertaker attempted a Tombstone Piledriver on Rock but Flair hit Undertaker with the pipe and Rock pinned Undertaker after a Rock Bottom to win the match.

Next, Triple H and Kurt Angle wrestled to determine the #1 contender to the Undisputed WWF Championship at WrestleMania X8 with Stephanie McMahon as special guest referee. Angle attempted a Clothesline on Triple H but Triple H avoided the move, resulting in Angle knocking out Stephanie and Tim White replacing Stephanie as the referee. Angle attacked White and performed a low blow on Triple H whilst Stephanie returned to officiate. Angle applied an Ankle Lock on Triple H but Triple H countered the hold, resulting in Angle knocking Stephanie down again. After Angle missed a chair shot, Triple H performed a Pedigree on Angle and attempted a pin but Stephanie attacked White with a low blow. Triple H attempted a Pedigree on Stephanie but Angle hit Triple H with a chair and pinned Triple H after an Angle Slam to win the match.

In the main event, Chris Jericho defended the Undisputed WWF Championship against Stone Cold Steve Austin. Austin fought with Jericho in the entrance way, where Austin threw Jericho into the production trucks. Whilst the referee was distracted, Jericho performed a low blow and two Lionsaults on Austin for a near-fall. Jericho applied the Walls of Jericho on Austin but Austin touched the ropes, forcing Jericho to break the hold. After Jericho retrieved the title belt, the referee was knocked down. Austin performed a Spinebuster on Jericho onto the title belt and attempted a Stone Cold Stunner on Jericho but Jericho countered the move into a Breakdown onto the title belt for a near-fall. After the referee was knocked down again, Austin forced Jericho to submit to the Walls of Jericho. Austin performed a Stone Cold Stunner on Jericho but the nWo interfered, attacking Austin. Hall performed a Stunner on Austin whilst Jericho helped the referee. Jericho pinned Austin to retain the title. After the match, Austin fought with the nWo but Hall performed another Stunner on Austin and Hall spray-painted the initials "NWO" on Austin's back while Nash and Hogan held him down, as the event ended.

Aftermath
After his win over Stone Cold Steve Austin, Chris Jericho aligned with Stephanie McMahon (with whom he had been feuding over the past few years), in an attempt to take down Triple H, who had won back his title shot on the episode of Raw immediately following No Way Out. Jericho lost the Undisputed WWF Championship to Triple H at WrestleMania X8, and also failed to win a rematch on the March 25 episode of Raw, in the process forcing Stephanie to, in storyline, leave the WWF per the pre-match stipulation. The feud with Triple H continued, and Jericho would get revenge a month later when he interfered in Triple H's championship defense against Hollywood Hulk Hogan at Backlash and cost him the title. The two would feud in the following weeks until Judgment Day, when Triple H defeated Chris Jericho in a Hell in a Cell match.

The nWo set their sights on Steve Austin and The Rock. Austin wrestled and defeated Scott Hall at WrestleMania X8, while The Rock wrestled and defeated Hogan at the same event. Afterwards, Austin would continue to pursue the Undisputed title until he abruptly walked out of the company in June, and The Rock left for three months to make another film. Hogan was kicked out of the nWo after WrestleMania and, as mentioned above, later challenged Triple H for the Undisputed WWF Championship at Backlash and won it, tying him with Austin and The Rock for the record for most WWF Championship wins (which at that time was six and has since been broken twice; John Cena currently holds the record with 13). Scott Hall defeated Bradshaw at Backlash, but was released less than a month later. Kevin Nash injured his biceps shortly after his debut and was relegated to a non-wrestling role within the nWo until July, when he suffered a torn quadriceps tendon in his first match back and missed the remainder of the year.

After losing to The Rock, The Undertaker would feud with Ric Flair, which ended with Undertaker picking up the win at WrestleMania X8.

Spike Dudley and Tazz would lose the WWF Tag Team Championship to Billy and Chuck shortly after No Way Out. Billy and Chuck would soon go on to successfully defend them at WrestleMania X8 against The Hardy Boyz, The Dudley Boyz, and The APA in the four teams elimination match.

William Regal would go on to defend the WWF Intercontinental Championship against Rob Van Dam at WrestleMania X8, where Van Dam would get the first of six career reigns as Intercontinental Champion. After losing to Regal at No Way Out, Edge would enter a very short feud with Booker T, which included Edge's first singles win at a WrestleMania event. After losing to Van Dam at No Way Out, Goldust entered the Hardcore division, where he would win the WWF Hardcore Championship nine times.

No Way Out 2002 was the last No Way Out held under the WWF name, as the promotion was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in May. It was also the last No Way Out held before the promotion introduced the brand extension in March, a storyline subdivision in which the promotion divided its roster into two separate brands, Raw and SmackDown!, where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform.

Results

Tag Team Turmoil

References

External links
No Way Out 2002 official website

Events in Milwaukee
2002
2002 in Wisconsin
Professional wrestling in Milwaukee
2002 WWE pay-per-view events
February 2002 events in the United States

es:WWE No Way Out#2002


is a Japanese professional baseball starting pitcher for the Orix Buffaloes in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He made his debut in  and wears the uniform number 14.

External links

NPB.com

1981 births
Living people
People from Suita
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Orix Buffaloes players
Japanese baseball coaches
Nippon Professional Baseball coaches


The Diocese of Nicosia () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Sicily. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela.

The current bishop is Salvatore Muratore.

History

The diocese of Nicosia has existed since 1817. Its first bishop was Cajetan M. Averna. Within the diocese is the ancient city of Troina, which was briefly an episcopal see from 1087 to 1090.

Bishops

Gaetano Maria Avarna (1818–1841 Died)
Rosario Vincenzo Benza (1844–1847 Died)
Camillo Milana (1851–1858 Died)
Melchiorre Lo Piccolo (1858–1881 Died)
Bernardo Cozzucli (Cozzuoli) (1881–1902 Died)
Ferdinando Fiandaca (1903–1912 Appointed, Bishop of Patti)
Felice Agostino Addeo, O.S.A. (1913–1942 Resigned)
Pio Giardina (1942–1953 Died)
Clemente Gaddi (1953–1962 Appointed, Coadjutor Archbishop of Siracusa)
Costantino Trapani, O.F.M. (1962–1976 Appointed, Coadjutor Bishop of Mazara del Vallo)
Salvatore Di Salvo (1976–1984 Resigned)
Pio Vittorio Vigo (1984–1985), Apostolic Administrator
Pio Vittorio Vigo (1985–1997 Appointed, Archbishop of Monreale)
Salvatore Pappalardo (1998–2008 Appointed, Archbishop of Siracusa) (He is not the Salvatore Pappalardo who was Archbishop of Palermo and who became Cardinal in 1973.)
Salvatore Muratore (2009– )

Notes

External links
 Official website

Nicosia
Religious organizations established in 1817
Nicosia
1817 establishments in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Nicosia, Sicily


Peter Hill (born 6 April 1945) is a British journalist and a former editor of the Daily Express.

Early life and career
Hill was born on 6 April 1945 in Oldham, Lancashire. Raised in Saddleworth, he left Hulme Grammar School at 15 and worked in a woollen mill before gaining employment in local papers in Yorkshire and the North West. He was a sub-editor on The Daily Telegraph by 1969, but entered higher education in 1976 when he began a degree at Manchester University in American Studies and political philosophy, but left after an attempt to drop the former subject was rejected. While doing his course he had continued to work in the newspaper industry at weekends, and returned to full-time employment by joining the newly launched Daily Star newspaper as a sub-editor.

Rising in status over the next two decades, he was appointed editor of the Daily Star in October 1998 by Lord Hollick, the former owner of Express newspapers, Hill increased the Star's circulation from 540,000 to 928,000, launched Daily Star Sunday, and became a What the Papers Say editor of the year award winner in January 2003. Developing a positive professional relationship with Richard Desmond, after he had taken over Express Newspapers, led to a television advertising campaign, new sections, and the poaching of a football writer Brian Woolnough from The Sun whose salary at £200,000 was greater than Hills.

Editor of the Daily Express
Hill became editor of the Daily Express in December 2003, taking over from Chris Williams. Reportedly Hill alone, with Desmond's consent, chose to return the publication to being supportive of the Conservatives after its period of support for New Labour while owned by Lord Hollick and during the early Desmond years. During his time as editor, Hill continued his newspaper's preoccupation with the death of the Princess of Wales and immigration, both editorial policies he thinks justifiable. Referring to the attitudes of his readers he was clear in a February 2011 Press Gazette interview: “I know they absolutely detest everything to do with the European Union. I know they’re deeply concerned about the enormous levels of immigration which have gone unchecked. I know they detest the idea of multiculturalism which is ghettoising the country.” On the Diana stories he was quoted by The Independent newspaper in 2006 as saying: "I can tell you that people want to read about the Diana conspiracy because the figures tell me that they do ...the more we write [the articles], the more they are turning out to be true."

One story the newspaper covered during Hill's tenure landed the publication with a successful claim for damages, the paper's insistence that the parents of Madeleine McCann were responsible for their daughter's disappearance and other defamatory articles finally numbering about a hundred. This story was reportedly Hill's "obsession" in this period. According to Nick Fagge, a former Express journalist who gave evidence at the Leveson Inquiry, Hill was unconcerned with the accuracy of McCann related stories, so long as they managed to "sell papers". Hill asserted in February 2011: "I did too much on the story. I accept that."

His last day as Express editor was on 18 February 2011.

In public and professional role
Peter Hill was a member of the Press Complaints Commission from September 2003 until May 2008, a few months after the case brought by the McCanns; his role had been under review. Appearing before the House of Commons culture, media and sport select committee in April 2009 he referred to the legal constraints imposed on newspapers: "We do not have a free press in this country by any means; we have a very, very shackled press in this country. Really you should be looking at means of removing those shackles not imposing more of them..."

References

1945 births
British male journalists
Daily Express people
Daily Star (United Kingdom) people
Living people
People from Saddleworth
Alumni of the University of Manchester


The Port Erin Breakwater Railway was a construction line built in Port Erin on the Isle of Man in 1863 and had the distinction of being the first steam railway on the island, as well as the only broad gauge line.  The locomotive was named Henry B. Loch after the then lieutenant governor of the island.  Some photographs exist of the construction and locomotive but it is not known what became of any of the stock and assumed that it was returned to the UK upon completion of the project.

See also
Transport on the Isle of Man

References

1863 establishments in the United Kingdom
Railway lines in the Isle of Man
7 ft gauge railways


Events in chess in 1962:

Events
March 8 – 5th Interzonal Tournament at Stockholm won by Bobby Fischer (USA) with 17.5/22.  Tigran Petrosian (USSR) and Efim Geller (USSR) tied for 2nd–3rd with 15 points, Victor Korchnoi (USSR) and Miroslav Filip (Czechoslovakia) tied for 4th–5th with 14 points.  Pal Benko (USA) won the sixth and final qualifying position for the Candidates Tournament in a three-way playoff with Leonid Stein (USSR) and Svetozar Gligorić after all tied for 6th–8th with 13.5 points.  Although Stein  scored the most points in the playoff, he was barred from qualifying for the Candidates Tournament by a FIDE rule that allowed no more than three players from the same federation to qualify.  The Interzonal was originally scheduled to be played in the Netherlands in 1961, but difficulties obtaining visas caused a delay while another site was found.
5th Candidates Tournament in Curaçao won by Tigran Petrosian (USSR) with 17.5/27, a half point ahead of Paul Keres (USSR) and Efim Geller (USSR) tied for 2nd–3rd.  Bobby Fischer (USA) finishes fourth.  The victory makes Petrosian the challenger in the 1963 World Championship against Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR).
20 April – 20 May – The inaugural Capablanca Memorial chess tournament is held in Havana. Miguel Najdorf is first in a field of 22 players, followed by Lev Polugaevsky and Boris Spassky, Svetozar Gligorić and Vasily Smyslov, Borislav Ivkov, etc.
15 September – 10 October 10 – Thirty-seven teams compete at the 15th Chess Olympiad in Varna.  The Soviet team featuring six grandmasters and led by World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik (Botvinnik, Tigran Petrosian, Boris Spassky, Paul Keres, Efim Geller, and Mikhail Tal) wins gold.  Yugoslavia and Argentina take silver and bronze, respectively.  The Olympiad featured the famous game between World Champion Botvinnik and 19-year-old American Bobby Fischer.  Playing the black side of a Grünfeld Defence, Fischer obtained a small advantage but was not able to convert the endgame into a victory.  The endgame has been subjected to extensive analysis, starting during the adjournment when the Soviet team analyzed through the night in a successful attempt to save the game while Fischer looked for a win.  In the decades following there has been much investigation of whether Fischer's advantage was ever large enough to force a win as Fischer claimed in My 60 Memorable Games.
 The 1962 Women's World Chess Championship is held in Moscow.  Twenty-year-old Nona Gaprindashvili (Soviet Union) goes undefeated in the match, beating incumbent champion Elisabeth Bykova (Soviet Union) by the score 9–2 to become the fifth and youngest Women's World Champion.
 The first South African Open chess tournament is held in Wilderness, Western Cape, and won by Harry Golombek and Alberic O'Kelly.
 One of the earliest junior international tournaments held at Groningen under the sponsorship of tobacco firm T. Niemeyer. The event was later informally recognized as the European Junior Championship and later still, adopted by FIDE as the official contest.  The boys U-20 event was won by Coenraad Zuidema (Netherlands).
 Robert Abbot invents the chess variant Baroque Chess.
 Martin Gardner invents hexapawn, a small two-player game.

Births
Martin Kreuzer, German ICCGM, FM, and mathematics professor.
February 12 – Nana Ioseliani, Georgian IM and WGM, two time challenger for the Women's World Championship.
February 19 – Rogelio Antonio Jr., Filipino GM.
April 5 – Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Kalmyk President of FIDE since 1995.
April 10 – Alexander Huzman, Ukrainian born Israeli GM and trainer.
April 18 – William Watson, British GM and lawyer.
June 13 – Paul Motwani, Scottish GM.
July 31 – Agnieszka Brustman, Polish WGM.
August 17 – Michael Wilder, American GM and attorney.
August 25 – Alexander Graf, Uzbek-German GM.
September 17 – Xu Jun, Chinese GM.
October – Deen Hergott, Canadian IM, mathematician, and chess writer.
October 14 – Jaan Ehlvest, Estonian/American GM.

Deaths

February 25 – Toma Popa (1908–1962), Romanian Chess Champion in 1948
March 11 – Viacheslav Ragozin (1908–1962), 53, Soviet GM, International Arbiter, chess writer, and World Correspondence Chess Champion 1956–59.
April 3 – Ernst Grünfeld (1893–1962), 68, Austrian GM and opening theorist, eponym of the Grünfeld Defence.
April 23 – Oskar Antze (1878–1962), German chess player.
April 25 – Leo Zobel (1895–1962), Czechoslovak Chess Champion in 1931
May 4 – Josef Rejfiř (1909–1962), 52, Czechoslovak IM.
July 27 – Roy Turnbull Black (1888–1962), American chess player and judge who defeated Capablanca in 1911.
August 16 – Axel Cruusberg (1901–1962), Danish Olympian
October 9 – Milan Vidmar (1885–1962), 77, Yugoslav/Slovene GM.
October 17 – Edward Hymes (1908–1962), American chess player
October 25 – Abe Turner (1924–1962), 38, American chess expert, murdered at the offices of Chess Review.
November 30 – Ossip Bernstein (1882–1962), 80, Russian born French GM and a financial lawyer.
December – Menachem Oren (1901–1962), Polish-born Israeli chess player and mathematician.
November 18 – Abram Gurvich (1896–1962), Soviet chess problem composer
December 27 – Pál Réthy (1905–1962), Hungarian chess Olympian in 1935

References

20th century in chess
Chess by year


Accokeek Creek Site, also known as Moyaone, is an archaeological site in Prince George's County, Maryland, located along the Potomac River across from Mount Vernon in today's Piscataway Park, which was inhabited intermittently since 2000 BC.  Accokeek Creek Site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

Description
The National Park Service describes the site as "remarkable for its variety and concentration of human occupation sites. Accokeek included a palisaded village that was occupied from ca. A.D. 1300 to ca. 1630. The site has been used by archeologists to define a culture-history sequence in prehistoric archaeology for the Mid-Atlantic region." The site dates from the Late Archaic Period, ca. 3,000 BC, to the historic period.  During the Middle Woodland Period, ca. AD 800, small horticultural villages were established.

The village called Moyaone appeared during the late-16th/early-17th centuries. Moyaone, also named the Accokeek Creek site, is the sister site of Potomac Creek, 44ST2 and it is thought that they were settled around the same time.    This village had many palisade lines and faced the Potomac. The formations of this site and Potomac Creek are similar in that the outermost system of the village is the only one to include an interior ditch or borrow pits.  There are no bastions found at the Moyaone village.  A maximum population for Moyaone is calculated to be 300-320 with the size of the village being 6,100 m². Archaeology has indicated numerous building periods which leads to believing these people had a long occupation at the site.  Four ossuaries were found near the village and hold the remains of over 1,000 people.  The village was abandoned before Contact (clarification needed).  At the north end of the area near the Piscataway Creek there was a rectangular fort that was occupied by the Susquehannocks in 1674-75.

Ceramics
Moyaone ceramics are a Late Woodland ware and date from ca. AD 1300-AD 1650.  They are found throughout the Western Shore Coastal Plain of Maryland.  The ceramics are characterized by fine grained sand and mica temper, soft texture, compact paste, and smoothed interior and exterior surfaces.  The paste is made of a fine-grained clay and has a texture that is soft, smooth, and compact.  The temper is made from a fine-grained sand that has mica in it, which gives off a slight glitter appearance.

There are three defined types named Moyaone Plain, Moyaone Cord-Impressed, and Moyaone Incised.  Moyaone Plain is undecorated.  The Cord-Impressed is a simple ceramic and decoration is limited to the rim and lip.  Decorations include stamped, rolled onto the vessel, or a cord that is horizontal, vertical, or diagonal to the rim.  The Incised decoration is limited to the lip, rim, and upper body area.  The decoration used on this type of ceramic consists of incised lines that are made with a sharp tool or a wide, dull tool.

Significance
The site was excavated by Alice L.L. Ferguson in the 1930s-1940s and the material was analyzed by Robert L. Stephenson in the 1950s.  The site served as a basis for understanding the ceramic chronology that appears in the Middle Atlantic region.  The chronology that was made was the Early Woodland Marcey Creek/Accokeek/Popes Creek, Middle Woodland Mockley, Late Woodland Potomac Creek continuum.  The Moyaone village represents the largest and last-occupied Piscataway village before the arrival of Europeans.

Piscataway leader Turkey Tayac "supported the creation of Piscataway Park [at the site], on one condition: that he could be buried there, and that his people could always visit freely, for cultural and spiritual purposes." Because there was no record of this verbal agreement and handshake, he was not buried at Moyaone until 1979, a year after his death, when Congress passed legislation permitting his burial in a national park area.

See also
Piscataway Park
Potomac Creek, 44ST2
Henry G. Ferguson
Moyaone Reserve
List of National Historic Landmarks in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places listings in Prince George's County, Maryland
Piscataway people

Selected publications
The Accokeek Creek Site, A Middle Atlantic Seaboard Culture Sequence. Robert L. Stephenson and Alice  L. L. Ferguson, with sections by Henry G. Ferguson. (Anthropological Papers No. 20, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan) Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1963.
Barse, William P. A Trail Formulation of Vessel Assemblages in Selected Accokeek, Popes Creek, and Mockley Ware Collections. 1990.
Stephenson, Robert L. Prehistoric People of Accokeek Creek. 1959.

References

External links
, including 1997 photo, Maryland Historical Trust
Accokeek Creek ceramic, The Port Tobacco Archaeological Project

Accokeek, Maryland
National Historic Landmarks in Maryland
Archaeological sites in Prince George's County, Maryland
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Native American history of Maryland
Susquehannock
Piscataway
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland


Ault (; Picard: Eut) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Situated on the English Channel, on the D19 road,  west of Abbeville, in the southwest of the department, Ault possesses chalk cliffs overlooking a beach of pebbles (and sand at low tide).  To the south of the town is a large wooded area, the ‘Bois de Cise’, in a valley that leads on to the coast.  To the north, the cliffs descend to the level of the beach at Onival. The area around the town, the 'hâble d’Ault' was mostly tidal marshland that has been reclaimed from the sea. Cattle, sheep and game are raised here.

Railways
Ault had a station on the standard gauge Woincourt to Onival line, which closed to passengers in May 1939, but saw much use during World War II  to move materials for the Atlantic Wall. During  the war, a metre gauge line was laid alongside the road from Lanchères, on the CFBS, to Ault. This line was dismantled after the war.

Population

Places of interest
 The 15th / sixteenth century church of Saint-Pierre,
 The war memorial, designed by Paul Landowski.
 Two chapels, at Onival and Bois de Cise dating from the nineteenth century.
 Several ancient village houses.
 The lighthouse, with its lantern over 106 metres above sea-level.
 The cliffs
 The beaches of Ault and Bois de Cise..
 The ‘hâble d'Ault', with signed pathways.

Sea defences
The town has paid a heavy price defending itself against the sea, which is constantly washing away the beach, cliffs and public spaces, such as the car parks and gardens. The problem is ongoing. A "balcony on the sea", a huge concrete construction has been built but the risks remain. Signs of wear of the dyke under the casino have been noted.

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Official website
 Statistical data, INSEE

Communes of Somme (department)


Maralinga: Australia's Nuclear Waste Cover-up  is a book by Alan Parkinson about the clean-up of the British atomic bomb test site at Maralinga in South Australia, published in 2007.

Overview
Parkinson, a nuclear engineer and former Government Representative to oversee the Maralinga Rehabilitation Project, explains that the clean-up of Maralinga in the late 1990s was compromised by cost-cutting and simply involved dumping hazardous radioactive debris in shallow holes in the ground. Parkinson states that "What was done at Maralinga was a cheap and nasty solution that wouldn't be adopted on white-fellas land."

Reviews

 Australian Book Review
 Medicine, Conflict and Survival

See also
Britain, Australia and the Bomb
Downwinders
List of books about nuclear issues
Maralinga
McClelland Royal Commission
Montebello Islands
Silent Storm (film)

References

External links
Maralinga 'clean up' exposed
Do atomic test victims deserve compensation?

2007 non-fiction books
2007 in the environment
Environmental non-fiction books
Australian non-fiction books
Books about nuclear issues
Books about indigenous rights
Nuclear technology in Australia
Waste management in Australia
Radioactive waste


St John's College School is a co-educational preparatory school founded in the 17th century for the education of the choristers of the Choir of St John's College, Cambridge, England. The 20 choristers are educated in the school, which comprises 460 boys and girls aged 4–13. The Head Master is Neil Chippington. The school is divided into two halves, Byron house for KG, T1, T2, Form 1 and Form 2 (Reception - Year 4) whilst the 2nd part of the school, further up Grange Road, is in charge of Forms 3-6 (Years 5-8).

The school has been awarded national Best Prep School and national Best Prep School Head in the Tatler Schools Awards. The most recent integrated inspection by the Independent Schools Inspectorate in 2013 rated the school as excellent across all categories apart from the quality of pupils’ achievements
and learning which was graded "exceptional". Although exhibiting strength across all subject areas, as a choir school St John's is particularly successful in music. Between 2008 and 2013, 48 pupils obtained music awards to senior schools, including many non-choristers.

History
The school is believed to have been founded in 1661 with the appointment of "Mr Loosemore" to act as organist and for "lerning the choristers". Two endowments in the early 1680s in particular secured the continuous history of the Choir from the Restoration onwards. The 22nd Master of St John's, Bishop Gunning, gave money to support the 'maintenance of some singing youths'. The Senior Fellow, John Ambrose, set up a fund for the 'maintenance of a Quire in the Chapel'.

In 1819 an arrangement was made between St John's College and Trinity College to share a choir, organist and schoolmaster, and this continued until 1856. In this year John's again established its own school, in All Saint's Passage, which later moved to Bridge Street. From 1875, boys other than choristers and probationers were admitted.

In the early 1950s, owing partly to financial pressures, St John's College considered closing the school. However, the then organist George Guest opined that this would be detrimental to the future of the choir and urged the college to reconsider. He sought support for his cause from outside the college, from figures such as the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams, who wrote to the college saying "Save St John's Choir School at all costs". The Master of the College, J.S. Boys Smith was consequently persuaded to retain the school. It was moved to larger premises in its present location in Grange Road, Cambridge, and in 1955 had recruited over 100 pupils. This was still not considered sufficient to meet the needs of the choir and so in order to provide enough choristers of a sufficiently high standard, by 1957 a boarding house was opened catering for 26 boarders. The school doubled in size when it amalgamated with the former Byron House School in 1973. A new boarding house opened in 2010.

Notable alumni
Iestyn Davies
Harry Gregson-Williams
Ben Gummer
Will Hooley
Edward Hyde (Cambridge cricketer)
Simon Keenlyside
Nick Knight (cricketer)
Clive Mantle

See also
List of choir schools

References

External links
St John's College School Website

Educational institutions established in the 1660s
Schools in Cambridge
Choir schools in England
School
Preparatory schools in Cambridgeshire
1661 establishments in England


Brothers was a 40-ton schooner wrecked in Bass Strait, Tasmania in 1816.  She was under the command of Captain William Hilton Hovell. On 25 June 1816 the ship was anchored near the Kent Group in Bass Strait when an easterly gale broke her cables drove her ashore. Her cargo of twenty tons of salt and 800 bushels of wheat were lost overboard. One seaman, Daniel Wheeler, was drowned. For ten weeks the survivors lived on wheat washed ashore and whatever else they could scavenge until the brig, Spring, under the command of Captain Bunster, rescued them. The survivors arrived in Sydney on 6 September 1816.

References

1800s ships
Shipwrecks of Bass Strait
Sailing ships
Individual sailing vessels
Maritime incidents in 1816


The 2008 Swedish Rally, officially 57th Uddeholm Swedish Rally, was the second round of 2008 World Rally Championship season. It was the season's first and only event held on snow- and ice-covered gravel roads. The rally took place during February 7–10, beginning with Super Special Stage placed in rallybase, Karlstad. The rally was also the first round of Production Car World Rally Championship this season.

Even though it snowed before the rally, eliminating the threat of calling the event off, the mild temperatures caused cancellation of stages 12 and 18, shortening the overall competitive kilometers count.

The rally was won by BP Ford World Rally Team's 22-year-old Jari-Matti Latvala. With his debut win, Latvala became the youngest winner in the history of the World Rally Championship, breaking Henri Toivonen's record from the 1980 RAC Rally. Latvala's teammate and compatriot Mikko Hirvonen was second and Stobart VK M-Sport Ford's Gigi Galli completed an all-Ford podium. Subaru World Rally Team's Petter Solberg was fourth, followed by Andreas Mikkelsen, Dani Sordo, Toni Gardemeister, Juho Hänninen, Mads Østberg and Jari Ketomaa. Fifth-placed Matthew Wilson ran into technical problems with throttle on the penultimate stage and had to retire. Sébastien Loeb crashed out and rolled his car while running third, then retired again, after restarting under SupeRally and winning two stages, because of the damaged engine. Henning Solberg  inherited the third place, but later suffered a puncture causing him to slip further down and then crashed while running fourth and was forced to retire for the second day; after rejoining the fight under SupeRally format Norwegian was the fastest driver on day three, winning all the remaining stages.

Results

Special stages
All dates and times are CET (UTC+1).

Championship standings after the event

Drivers' championship

Manufacturers' championship

Production championship
Points table:

References

External links
 Results at eWRC.com

Swedish Rally, 2008
Swedish Rally
Rally


The Orchid Line is a multi-gauge miniature railway operating within the Curraghs Wildlife Park in the north of the Isle of Man and is operated by the Manx Model Engineering Society. It was opened in May 1992. The track combines up to three gauges,  inch, 5 inch and  inch.

See also
Transport on the Isle of Man
Rail transport in the Isle of Man
British narrow gauge railways

Notes and References

External links

Manx Steam and Model Engineering Club
The Orchid Line on openstreetmap.org

Railway lines in the Isle of Man


The International Union of Tenants (IUT) is a non-governmental organisation representing 72 tenants' organisations in 47 countries advocating for tenants' rights and defending tenants' interests. IUT's stated aims include safeguarding the interests of tenants and the promotion of affordable healthy housing throughout the world. IUT is a non-party political organisation, working along democratic lines.

IUT has consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council and the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) - Committee on Human Settlements and since 2005 has participatory status with the Council of Europe.

The Head office of IUT is located in Stockholm, Sweden and Marie Linder, from the Swedish Union of Tenants, has been president since 2019. Vice presidents are Jan Laurier (the Netherlands) and Rolf Gassmann (Germany). The secretary general is Annika Wahlberg. IUT runs a liaison office in the European Union in Brussels, where Barbra Steenbergen is the head. IUT holds an international conference once every three years.

History

The International League of Tenants was founded in May 1926 in Zürich, Switzerland as the International League of Tenants at the first international tenant congress in Zürich, Switzerland, on the initiative of tenants' unions in Sweden, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The founding congress also included unions from Czechoslovakia, Danzig, Hungary, Denmark, the UK, and France.

Following the election of Adolf Hitler in 1933 tensions within the League escalated, with the outbreak of WWII the organisation ceased to operate. The League was re-established in 1955 and began being referred to as the International Union of Tenants (IUT).

In 1974 IUT adopted a Tenants' Charter as their primary policy document, which was superseded in 2004 by a new Tenants' Charter. The charter includes stated objectives such as security of tenure, affordability, housing quality, democratic tenant participation in housing, and the right for tenants to organise to defend their interests.

In 1986 IUT established the annual International Tenants' Day to coincide with the United Nations initiated World Habitat Day, taking place each year on the first Monday in October.

References

External links

International organisations based in Switzerland
Tenants unions


The Sky Knight Helicopter Program is an airborne law enforcement program in Lakewood, California which began service in 1966. The unit operates using non-sworn pilots, employed by the city of Lakewood, partnered with a sworn deputy sheriff from the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Lakewood station using two Robinson R44 helicopters based at Long Beach Airport, and flies about 1,040 hours per year.

History
The city of Lakewood, California, Sky Knight helicopter patrol program took form in June 1966 from a suggestion by Hugh MacDonald, former aviation unit chief of the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department. MacDonald saw an immediate need to move airborne law enforcement from special operations toward routine patrols and aerial command. With the support of Sheriff Peter Pitchess, MacDonald chose the City of Lakewood as the best site to test the idea of a helicopter patrol program. The decision involved Lakewood city officials, Lakewood Sheriff’s station Captain Ted von Minden, the Hughes Tool Company (Manufacturers of the 300B helicopters to be flown in the study), and the federal Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.

One of the first two pilots in the Sky Knight program was LA County Sheriff Deputy Richard E. Waldow. A resident of Long Beach, "Dick" Waldow was a perfect candidate for this pioneering law enforcement position, having already logged many hours of helicopter and fixed-wing flight experience while serving as a US Marine during the Korean War. REWaldow Sky Knight.jpg  SkyKnight in the LA River.tiff

The results of the Sky Knight program were almost immediate. During the 18-month study, crime in Lakewood went down by 11 percent while it rose 9 percent in the rest of Los Angeles County during the same period. The program was so successful that it expanded to the other cities served by Lakewood Sheriff's station.

Sky Knight became the first airborne law enforcement program in the nation to fly regularly scheduled patrols. In a continued history of firsts, Sky Knight also employed the first female law enforcement pilot, Monica McIntyre.

Present day
Today, Sky Knight is completely integrated within the sheriff’s tactical operations. Lakewood partners with the city of Cerritos to participate in the Sky Knight program. The two cities also contract with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department for law enforcement services. Participating in the Sky Knight program gives the two cities a significant advantage over using the Sheriff's Aero Bureau because the response time is so much quicker. A sheriff's helicopter on patrol in the west part of the county can take 10–15 minutes, or more, to respond to an incident in the Lakewood area. Sky Knight can respond to calls in 2 to 3 minutes.

Sky Knight responds to every type of call encountered by normal deputy sheriffs on the ground. The unit assists by acting as an aerial command post coordinating everything from burglary or robbery in progress calls to vehicle pursuits.

Notable Incidents
Sky Knight has handled some of the most noteworthy emergencies in the years since its inception.

Aeroméxico Flight 498
In 1986, Sky Knight flew continuously over the scene of the crash of Aeroméxico Flight 498 in nearby Cerritos. Sky Knight was one of the first law enforcement units at the scene and the first to provide a comprehensive assessment of the disaster. As rescue efforts continued, Sky Knight pilot Monica McIntyre was given responsibility as on-scene air traffic controller, guiding medivac helicopters to the crash site, and positioning news media helicopters away from flight corridors. The Cerritos disaster was a spectacular example of Sky Knight’s abilities as a command platform and observation post.

The 1991 San Gabriel Flood Control Channel Incident
In early 1991, as unexpected spring runoff poured through the region’s flood control channels, Sky Knight rescued two boys who had been swept away while bike riding in the San Gabriel River bed. Landing downstream, Sky Knight Pilot Carl Cortez and his observer, Deputy George Collins, formed a human chain to pull the youngsters from the water. More than once the force of the flow nearly brought down both men as they struggled to rescue the two boys. Finally, they brought the exhausted and cold youngsters to safety. For their courage and quick thinking, pilot Cortez and observer Collins received the 1991 Lakewood Award of Valor.

The 2003 Lakewood Gang Shooting
In 2003, following a gang shooting in Lakewood, Sky Knight pilot Monica McIntyre and L.A. Sheriff's tactical observer Deputy Dale Nowicki, responded to the area. Already a recognized patrol tactics expert, Nowicki quickly located the suspect vehicle as it fled the area towards an adjacent county (Orange County, CA). While McIntyre piloted the helicopter, Nowicki was able to coordinate the ground unit response and call the subsequent pursuit. Making this particular pursuit noteworthy was that for over two hours, this extended pursuit crossed numerous city and county law enforcement jurisdictions. Additionally, two helicopters from neighboring county jurisdictions responded to assist in the pursuit. Nowicki was able to seamlessly direct new lead units from all the different agencies, coordinate the additional air units, and maintain effective command and control, thus insuring the safety of the public and ground officers. The suspect was captured after he abandoned the vehicle and ran into a house. Nowicki directed ground units to the house, and after a barricaded suspect containment, the suspect was taken into custody. For his leadership, professionalism, tactical excellence, and calm communications, Nowicki received an Award for Exemplary Service from the City of Lakewood.

References

Helicopters
Air traffic control in the United States
Law enforcement in California
Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
Lakewood, California
Police aviation units of the United States


Colling is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Belinda Colling (born 1975), New Zealand netball and basketball player
Gary Colling (born 1950), Australian rules footballer
James Kellaway Colling (1816–1905), English artist and architect
Lin Colling (1946–2003), New Zealand rugby union player
Nancie Colling (1919–2020), English lawn bowls competitor
Richard G. Colling, biologist
Robert Colling (1749–1820), English cattle breeder

See also
Colling, Michigan, unincorporated community in Tuscola County, Michigan, United States
Collin (disambiguation)
Cooling (disambiguation)


This list ranks the countries of the world by the number of mobile phone numbers in use. Note that it is not the number of phone devices that are being given here, but the number of phone numbers in a country.
In some countries, one person might have two mobile phones. Also, some mobile phone numbers may be used by machines as a modem (examples: intrusion detection systems, home automation, leak detection).

See also
 List of countries by smartphone penetration
 List of countries by number of telephone lines in use
 List of mobile network operators
 List of countries by number of Internet users

Notes

References

External links
 World Map and Chart of Number of Mobile cellular subscriptions per country by Lebanese-economy-forum, World Bank data
 https://www.djrohitgourr.co/2020/07/best-smartphone-under-20000-Rs.html

International telecommunications
Mobile phone numbers in use
 Number
Countries by number of mobile phone numbers


John Allen (3 February 1771 – 10 April 1843) was a prominent eighteenth and nineteenth century political and historical writer, and Master of the College of God's Gift in Dulwich (then colloquially called "Dulwich College"). More than one street in Kensington, London, is named after him.

Early life
John Allen was born at Redfoord in the parish of Colinton near Edinburgh. His father, James Allen, was the owner of the small estate of Redfoord and was a writer to the Signet. When his father became bankrupt his mother's family and his stepfather ensured that he had a good education. In time he was apprenticed to an Edinburgh surgeon by the name of Arnot. Whilst there his companion in instruction was Professor Thomson who would be a lifelong friend.

Early career
In 1791 he became M.D. of the University of Edinburgh. After achieving his M.D. he waited for a practice in Edinburgh and whilst doing so lectured on medical topics with students including Francis Horner being attracted. He also translated Cuvier's "Introduction to the Study of the Animal Economy".

He was also known for his promotion of the cause of political reform in Scotland and had a deep knowledge of constitutional history. This led to him being one of the few to whom a plan of the Edinburgh Review was communicated.

Association with Lord Holland

Trips abroad
In 1801 it became known that Lord Holland required the services of a clever young Scotch medical man to accompany him to Spain. Allen was recommended John Allen took up the position and accompanied Holland's family remaining abroad until 1805. When he returned he spent much of his time at Holland House in Kensington. For a brief time in 1806 he held an official position as undersecretary to the commissioners for treating with America. In 1808 he again accompanied Lord Holland to Spain and made a study of the history and social characteristics of the Spanish people. His work towards a volume illustrating the different causes that had checked Spain's progress was never finished. However, in April 1810 two articles were published in the Edinburgh Review on Spanish America.

Holland House

During the tenure of Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland (1773-1840) (son of the 2nd Baron) and his wife Elizabeth Vassall (1771-1845),
John Allen's association with Holland House is perhaps what he is best known for, hence he is often referred to as Holland House Allen. In histories of Holland House he is frequently referred to as "Lord Holland's librarian".

Allen became one of the family, was in all their confidence, and indispensable to both Lord and Lady Holland. Following Allen's death, his associate in the "Holland House Set" Charles Greville wrote:
Lord Holland treated him with uniform consideration, affection, and amenity; [Lady Holland] worried, bullied, flattered, and cajoled him by turns. He was a mixture of pride, humility, and independence; he was disinterested, warm-hearted, and choleric, very liberal in his political, still more in his religious opinions, in fact, a universal sceptic. He used for a long time in derision to be called "Lady Holland's Atheist", and in point of fact I do not know whether he believed in the existence of a First Cause, or whether, like Dupuis, he regarded the world as l'univers Dieu. Though not, I think, feeling quite certain on the point, he was inclined to believe that the history of Jesus Christ was altogether fabulous or mythical, and that no such man had ever existed. He told me he could not get over the total silence of Josephus as to the existence and history of Christ. ... Allen's learning and still more his general information were prodigious, and as he lived amongst books, the stock was continually increasing. He was the oracle of Holland House on all literary subjects, and in every discussion some reference was sure to be made to Allen for information, upon which he never was at fault. He was not accustomed to take much part in general conversation, but was always ready to converse with anybody who sought him, and when warmed up would often argue away with great vigour and animation, and sometimes with no little excitement.

He spent much time helping Lord Holland find materials for his speeches in the House of Lords and supplying criticism of those speeches. He sat at the dinner table and carved. He was known to join the family at dinner parties. So associated was he with the house that he had his own large room, on the ground floor, known as "Allen's Room".

During his time at Holland House he came into contact with many of the most prominent citizens of London at the time. Byron referred to him as "the best informed and one of the ablest men" that he knew. Others, such as Macaulay, Lord Brougham and Charles Greville are laudatory of him.

College of God's Gift
In 1811, through the influence of his patron Lord Holland, he was elected as Warden of the College of God's Gift and from 1820 was the Master of that establishment until his death in 1843. He is not considered one of the great Masters of the College as he spent little time there and did little to further the aims of its founder Edward Alleyn. However, he did leave his Spanish and Italian books to the school.

Later life
Apart from the Mastership of the College of God's Gift, he was also auditor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1841 until his death. He died on 10 April 1843 at 33 South Street (the residence of Lady Holland) and was buried at Millbrook, Bedfordshire close to the third Lord Holland. His great friend Professor Thomson received his medical books and manuscripts, and Major-General Charles Richard Fox was left his other manuscripts and diaries.

Publications
It is believed that, had he not spent so much time at Holland House, his contributions to literature would have been more prolific.

Articles for the Edinburgh Review including:
Constitution of Parliament (June 1816)
Review of Warden's letters from St. Helena (December 1816) – Napoleon was said to have been surprised by its intimate knowledge of his early life
Criticisms of John Lingard's History of England (April 1825 and June 1826)
Dissertation on creating peers for life (October 1834)
Enquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative in England (1830)
Vindication of the Ancient Independence of Scotland

The Memorials and Correspondence of Charles James Fox had large portions written by Allen, although Lord John Russell is considered the editor.
The life of Fox in the 7th and 8th editions of Encyclopædia Britannica were written by Allen who was steeped in the history of the Whigs.

References

External links

1771 births
1843 deaths
British historians
Masters of the College of God's Gift
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Writers from Edinburgh


is Eiko Shimamiya's third single produced by I've Sound and Geneon Entertainment label. It was released on April 16, 2008. The title track is used as the opening theme to the live-action movie for the anime series Higurashi no Naku Koro ni. The B-side "Diorama" is the ending theme to the series.

The special edition for this single was a DVD containing the PV for Wheel of Fortune.

Track listing

Wheel of Fortune (運命の輪) -- 5:03
Composition: Kazuya Takase
Arrangement: Kazuya Takase
Lyrics: Eiko Shimamiya
ディオラマ (Diorama) —5:36
Composition: Tomoyuki Nakazawa
Arrangement: Tomoyuki Nakazawa
Lyrics: Eiko Shimamiya
Wheel of Fortune (運命の輪) -instrumental- -- 5:04
ディオラマ (Diorama) -instrumental- - 5:33

References

Charts and sales

2008 singles
Eiko Shimamiya songs
Song recordings produced by I've Sound
2008 songs
Japanese film songs


Pyloromyotomy is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the muscle fibers of the pyloric muscle are cut. This is typically done in cases where the contents from the stomach are inappropriately stopped by the pyloric muscle, causing the stomach contents to build up in the stomach and unable to be appropriately digested. The procedure is typically performed in cases of "hypertrophic pyloric stenosis" in young children. In most cases, the procedure can be performed with either an open approach or a laparoscopic approach and the patients typically have good outcomes with minimal complications.

History and development
The development of the procedure has attributed to Dr. Conrad Ramstedt in 1911, who originally named the procedure Ramstedt's Operation. However, the procedure was truly performed about 17 months earlier by Sir Harold Stiles  in 1910 at the Royal Hospital for sick children. In 1991, the first laparoscopic pyloromyotomy was performed by Dr. Alain and Dr. Grousseau.

Procedure

After pyloric stenosis is identified in a patient, and any electrolyte and fluid imbalances are stabilized, the surgeon will perform the procedure. During which, the surgeon must access the pylorus through the abdominal wall. This can either be done laparoscopically or with an "open" procedure. In either case, the once the pylorus is accessed, the surgeon will visualize the hypertrophied pyloric muscle. Then, the surgeon will carefully cut through the outer layers of tissue and through the pyloric muscle to the mucosa, which is the layer of tissue facing the inside of the gastrointestinal tract. From there, the two portions of the pyloric muscle are tested for mobility and the mucosal layer is inspected for any unintentional damage. Depending on the approach, the pylorus, stomach, and gastrointestinal tract are returned to their appropriate place in the abdominal cavity and the medical equipment is removed. Finally, each of the surgical incisions are stitched closed and the patient is taken back to post-operative area for monitoring.

Laparoscopic approach: In the laparoscopic approach, the appropriate area of the gastrointestinal tract is accessed in a minimally invasive manner. This approach may be chosen due to the reduced hospital stay, quicker recovery time, and higher satisfaction with the appearance of the surgical site after the patient has healed when compared to the older open approach. Typically, two to three trocars, a medical device used to penetrate the abdominal wall in laparoscopic medical procedures, are placed in their appropriate positions. This is typically done my making a small cut for each trocar in the abdominal wall before placing the trocar into the cut. The abdomen is then filled with a gas, such as carbon dioxide to increase visibility with the laparoscopic camera and increase working space. Once the laparoscopic instruments and camera are place through the trocars, the hypertrophied pylorus is visualized. Then, the pyloric muscle is cut down to the mucosa and the muscle fibers are spread apart using the laparoscopic instruments. From there, the two pyloric sections are tested independently for appropriate movement. After that, the mucosa is inspected for any unintentional damaged. This is done by inflating the patient's stomach and looking for the formation of bubbles along the mucosa. If a leak is identified it is typically repaired with sutures if determined to be appropriate. Finally, all instruments and trocars are removed before the surgical wound sites are repaired with stitches.

Open approach: In the older open pyloromyotomy, the appropriate area of the gastrointestinal tract is accessed by creating a single cut on the abdomen of the patient and the pylorus and stomach are gently pulled through the opening for the procedure. This approach may be chosen due to patient/parent preference or if determined by the surgeon to be more appropriate. Once the initial cut on the abdomen is made, a layer of connective tissue between the abdomen and stomach is cut through. Then, the stomach and pylorus are carefully pulled through the opening created by the initial cut and the hypertrophied pylorus is identified by the surgeon. After that, the pyloric muscle is cut down to the mucosa and the muscle fibers are spread apart using a pyloric spreader. The newly separated pyloric sections are tested for adequate movement and the mucosa is tested for holes or other damage, which are repaired using suture as appropriate. Finally, the stomach and pylorus are carefully placed back into the abdominal cavity and the various tissue layers are repaired with stitches.

Indication
The pyloromyotomy is primarily indicated by the presence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Hypertrophic Pyloric stenosis is a gastrointestinal tract defect, most commonly seen in young children, typically in the first few months of life, caused by enlargement of the tissue in the pyloric muscle. This causes the contents of the stomach to be unable to empty leading to pain after eating, electrolyte abnormalities, and projectile vomiting among other clinical signs and symptoms.

Complications, risks, and outlook
While the procedure has been proven to be highly effective at treating pyloric stenosis, there are still several complications that may occur as a result of the procedure. The rate that any complications may occur as a result of the surgery are estimated to be 4.6–12% of cases. The most common complications include incomplete pyloromyotomy, perforation of the mucosa, and infection of the surgical site. Other complications reported to be related to the procedure, in addition to those stated above, are listed below:
 Incomplete pyloromyotomy
 Perforated mucosa
 Wound infection
 Fascial dehiscence
 Incisional hernia
 Postoperative bleeding

The result of the surgery is typically successful at treating the patient's pyloric stenosis nearly 100% of the time with a quick recovery for most patients. Typically, the patient will have a special liquid diet for a few feedings following the procedure. In most cases the patient can be expected to be able to resume feedings with breast milk within 1 day of the procedure.

See also
 List of surgeries by type
 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
 Laparoscopy

References

Digestive system surgery


KCLS (101.5 MHz) is an FM radio station licensed to Leeds, Utah. The station is owned by Canyon Media Group, LLC. The station airs a classic hits/soft adult contemporary format, playing songs from the 70s, 80s, and 90s.

The station was assigned the KCLS call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on July 13, 1998.

KCLS-HD2 airs an active rock format branded as "96X", which is also heard on 96.3 FM, through a translator in St. George, Utah. KCLS-HD3 airs a Spanish adult hits format branded as "Juan 106 FM", which is also heard on 106.5 FM and 106.9 FM, through translators in St. George.

On March 25, 2019, Easy 101.5 rebranded as Sunny 101.5.

Translators

Previous logos

References

External links

KCLS Launch Party

CLS (FM)
Soft adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1998