Steven Hirsch (born May 25, 1961) is the founder and co-chairman of the adult entertainment company Vivid Entertainment, which he founded in 1984. It has been estimated to be the top adult entertainment company.

Career

Tenure at Vivid Entertainment
The second generation of his family to be in the business, he is credited by AVN as the creative visionary who saw the potential to change the nature of the adult entertainment industry. Hirsch and his original partner, David James, an industry veteran with extensive international experience, were later joined by a third partner, Bill Asher, a Dartmouth College graduate with an MBA from the University of Southern California, who has engineered the company's recent financial success through a series of transactions and alliances.  The three are co-chairmen of the company.

In addition to a hardcover book with HarperCollins, Hirsch developed Vivid Comix and graphic novels with Avatar Press and erotic novels with Thunder’s Mouth Press. The faces of Vivid Girls have appeared on billboards in high traffic venues such as Sunset Boulevard and Times Square.

Appearances
The 2004 pseudo-documentary TV series Porno Valley, documents Hirsch's private life and family, and interaction between Hirsch and his Vivid dream.

Two additional seven-party reality series were seen on Showtime. Deeper Throat covered the remaking of the classic adult movie and Debbie Does Dallas Again was about the trials of getting permission to remake this all-time favorite.

Accolades
In 2012 Hirsch received the first Adult Video News Visionary Award at a gala ceremony in Las Vegas.  According to Paul Fishbein, founder of AVN, "Nobody in the modern era of the adult industry has been more innovative in mainstreaming their company image than Vivid. That made them one of the premier brands in all of Hollywood, adult or otherwise. Steve and the company are truly deserving of this achievement."

Advocacy
Hirsch opposed Measure B, a law passed in Los Angeles County on November 5, 2012 that requires all performers in adult films to wear condoms when filming sex scenes. Hirsch expressed confidence that the law, which was passed by 56 percent of voters, would be overturned on the grounds that it violates filmmakers' First Amendment rights, but stated that failing this, Vivid would move production out of Los Angeles County to survive, commenting, "There have been obscenity prosecutions, but this is something on a whole different level."

Personal life
Hirsch was born in Lyndhurst, Ohio. Hirsch operates his company with his sister, Marci, who was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2015. He is the father of two children (Alexa and Jack Hirsch) with his ex-wife.

References

External links

 Vivid Entertainment
 LA Times article about Hirsch

1961 births
20th-century American Jews
Living people
People from Lyndhurst, Ohio
American magazine publishers (people)
21st-century American Jews


Conscious automatism (C.A.) is a position on the philosophic question that asks whether determinism, as distinguished from “free will”, can be considered the sole operant principle in human decision making. The term “conscious automata” was introduced by Thomas H. Huxley in 1874 as part of a famous address he delivered in Belfast titled "On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata, and Its History".

Sources
Hume, David; Treatise of Human Nature, 1739.
Huxley, T.H.; Method and Results: Essays, 1893.
Kane, Robert; The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Determinism
Free will


Buhwil is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

It is first mentioned in 838 as Puabinwilare.
,
The municipality had 320 inhabitants in 1850, which decreased to 283 in 1900, 282 in 1950 and 190 in 1980, and increased to 287 in 1990.

In 1996, the municipality was merged with other neighboring municipalities Kradolf, Neukirch an der Thur and Schönenberg an der Thur to form a new and larger municipality Kradolf-Schönenberg.

References

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Thurgau


Baker & Myers was an American country music duo composed of singer-songwriters Gary Baker and Frank J. Myers, who first worked as songwriters for other country music artists; one of their most notable compositions is John Michael Montgomery's 1994 crossover hit "I Swear", which won the Grammy Award for Best Country song a year later; this song was later recorded by pop group All-4-One as well.

Also in 1995, they recorded one studio album for MCG/Curb Records as the duo Baker & Myers; this album produced three minor singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. Although they have not recorded any subsequent albums or songs, both Baker and Myers continue to write hit singles.

Biography
Frank Myers first met Gary Baker in the 1980s while working for Eddy Raven. The two began playing together in 1990 for Marie Osmond after Baker's previous band called The Shooters disbanded. It was during this time that Myers and Baker's songwriting flourished. They achieved their first hit single together in 1993 with the song "Once Upon a Lifetime", which was recorded by Alabama.

In 1987, Myers teamed up with Gary Baker to write the song "I Swear". The song remained unrecorded for six years, until John Michael Montgomery recorded it in 1993. Montgomery's version went on to become a Number One single on the country charts; in addition, it netted a Grammy Award for Best Country Song. Pop group All-4-One later enjoyed tremendous crossover success with the same song by taking the song to No. 1 on the Pop charts where it stayed for 11 weeks.

Shortly afterward, Frank and Gary were signed to MCG/Curb Records as the duo Baker & Myers. A self-titled debut album was released in 1995 on the label, producing three minor chart singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. It became a 3-time nominee for Duo of the Year at the ACM's and CMA's. Although they never recorded after the release of that album, both Baker and Myers have continued their careers as songwriters.

In 2002, they co-wrote "I'm Already There" for Lonestar. A Number One hit on the country music charts for six weeks, it was also declared 2002's Country Song of the year by BMI.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Music videos

References

External links
Frank Myers official website
Gary Baker official website

American country music groups
Country music duos
Curb Records artists
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in Tennessee


Andrey Vladimirovich Bogdanov (Russian Андре́й Влади́мирович Богда́нов) (born January 31, 1970) is a Russian politician. He is the chairman of the Russian Party of Freedom and Justice and a prominent Freemason, serving as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Russia since 2007. As a candidate for the 2008 presidential election, he received 968,344 votes or 1.30% of the Russian electorate.

Political career
Bogdanov began his political career in 1990, when he joined the Democratic Party of Russia. He ascended to the leadership of the party in 2005, after he was elected at the 19th party congress.

Russian president Vladimir Putin described Bogdanov as "an ambitious young man with progressive views".

2008 presidential campaign
Bogdanov was a presidential candidate in Russia's 2008 election.

During his campaign he showed support for Russian integration with Europe and for less state involvement in the economy.

The British newspaper Times Online articulated suspicions that Bogdanov could be a puppet candidate used by the government in an attempt to make the elections appear legitimate. Bogdanov dismissed these claims as "fantasies". Nonetheless, many serious political commentators have described Bogdanov as a decoy carefully positioned by Putin to split and distract political opposition, whilst a 2012 article published by the Institute of Modern Russia (IMR) described Bogdanov as a "well-known Kremlin shill", or confidence trickster's decoy. The IMR associates Bogdanov with more than thirty new political parties, stating "According to Kremlin operatives, the creation of dozens of new parties will confuse voters, split the opposition vote, and hand the ruling party a victory even with significantly reduced support." Other external commentators have accused Bogdanov, and his political parties, of being controlled by the Kremlin, so as to give an appearance of democracy.

After 2008 election
In November 2008, the Democratic Party of Russia was disbanded and its followers joined the ranks of the new party Right Cause, which united supporters of right-wing West-oriented Russian liberalism. At the same time Bogdanov founded the Andrei Bogdanov Centre, an independent non-profit organization for the development of social technologies, which in many respects became a successor to the Democratic Party.

Bogdanov entered the race for the mayorship of Sochi on 25 March 2009. However, he withdrew from the election on 13 April 2009, urging his supporters to vote instead for acting mayor Anatoly Pakhomov, the government-backed pro-Putin candidate.

In 2014 Bogdanov became the leader of the Communist Party of Social Justice. He had previously been the leader of the Democratic party, whose current leadership team also includes Bogdanov's son, Timur Bogdanov, according to the party's website.

2018 presidential campaign
In September 2017, Bogdanov declared his intention to participate in the 2018 Presidential Election, but his candidature was cancelled after he failed to submit the necessary registration papers to the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation.

Freemasonry
On 30 June 2007, Andrei Bogdanov was elected and took office as the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Russia. During the election and inauguration, representatives of the United Grand Lodge of England (the world's oldest Grand Lodge) and several American Grand Lodges were present. The Grand Lodge of Russia, headed by Andrei Bogdanov, is recognized by the "Commission for the Recognition of the Conference of Grand Lodges (Grand Masters) of North America" as corresponding to "standards of recognition". Andrei Bogdanov is publicly open about his practice of Freemasonry and has given interviews in the media as the Grand Master of the GLoR.

In July 2010, Andrei Bogdanov was re-elected to the post of Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Russia until 2015. He is a member of the 33° Scottish Rite.

In September 2010 Bogdanov was admitted to the Holy Royal Arch in the Royal Somerset House & Inverness Chapter (London) in the United Kingdom. He subsequently began establishing Royal Arch Freemasonry in Russia.

On 28 March 2015, at the GLoR annual assembly, Andrei Bogdanov was again re-elected as the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Russia. According to the General Regulations of the GLoR, Andrei Bogdanov will hold the post of Grand Master for a further 5 years, until 2020. At that point he will have held the office continuously for 13 years.

Criticism

Bogdanov is generally considered as a political tool of the Kremlin to disunite the left-wing opposition.

Personal life
Bogdanov is married to Irina Bogdanova. Their son Timur Bogdanov works with his father on several political projects. Bogdanov is a member of the Russian Orthodox Church.

References

1970 births
Living people
People from Mozhaysk
Democratic Party of Russia politicians
Bogdanov
Russian Freemasons
Masonic Grand Masters
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics alumni


Equisetum laevigatum is a species of horsetail in the family Equisetaceae. It is known by the common names smooth horsetail and smooth scouring rush. This plant is native to much of North America except for northern Canada and southern Mexico. It is usually found in moist areas in sandy and gravelly substrates. It may be annual or perennial. It grows narrow green stems sometimes reaching heights exceeding 1.5 meters. The leaves at the nodes are small, scale-like brownish sheaths and there are occasionally small, spindly branches. The stems are topped with rounded cone-shaped sporangia.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

laevigatum
Flora of Northern America
Taxa named by Alexander Braun


Kradolf is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in year 883 as Chreinthorf.

The municipality had 147 inhabitants in 1850, which decreased to 228 in 1880, 649 in 1900 and 1,064 in 1920. It then dropped to 983 in 1950 before increasing again, to 1,183 in 1990.

In 1996 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Buhwil, Neukirch an der Thur and Schönenberg an der Thur to form a new and larger municipality Kradolf-Schönenberg.

References

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Switzerland


Frank Joseph Myers (born July 3, 1957) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and record producer. He has received multiple awards including a Grammy for "Best Country Song" which he and frequent songwriting partner Gary Baker (formerly of The Shooters) received in 1995 for the song "I Swear".  In his career, he has written songs for John Michael Montgomery, Eddie Rabbitt, Crystal Gayle, Lonestar and others. He has also recorded two albums, "Baker & Myers" in 1995 and "Scrapbook" in 2006.

Biography

Family
Frank is the son of Melvin "Pee Wee" Myers (1923–1984) and Eva Riggs. Frank married Belinda in 1980 and has 2 sons Josh and Nick, and a daughter, Jessica. Frank has 2 brothers Melvin and Doug and 2 sisters Betty and Joyce.

Early years
Frank J. Myers grew up in Dayton, Ohio and graduated from Northridge High School. He returns yearly to hold a concert "Country on the 'Ridge" as a fundraiser for the school's Alumni Hall of Fame. His father, Melvin "Pee Wee" Myers, was a champion fiddle player and singer who taught Frank how to play the guitar. Frank started performing at age 11. After winning a local contest called StarTrail he started opening shows at Dayton's Hara Arena. He still has close ties with the community.

At 14 he guest-starred on the Porter Wagoner TV show. Frank and his brother Melvin Jr. formed a group called "Country Earth" with Paul Barton and Ted Hartman. During his time in Country Earth he met his wife Belinda Watkins. They married on June 7, 1980.

Nashville
In 1981, Myers and his wife moved to Nashville, Tennessee to pursue his career in the music business. Myers was hired by Eddy Raven as a guitar player. He later became the band leader and road manager for Raven. It was within this time while working for Raven that Myers started writing, playing, and co-producing songs. They produced two number ones, five number twos, and three top ten songs. These include "I Got Mexico", "Bayou Boys", "You Should've Been Gone By Now", and "Sometimes A Lady".

In 1982, Myers wrote "You and I" for his wife. It became his first single by Eddie Rabbitt and Crystal Gayle. "You and I" was the number one country song for four weeks, number two AC for two weeks, and number six Pop for 4 weeks. While working for Raven, Myers met Gary Baker with whom he later became the songwriting duo Baker & Myers.

Myers left Raven in 1990 to play for Marie Osmond. He was also able to get Baker a job with Marie playing bass after Gary's band The Shooters disbanded. It was during this time that Frank and Gary's songwriting flourished. They had their first number one together in 1993 called "Once Upon a Lifetime" by Alabama.

In 1987, Frank and Gary wrote the song "I Swear" which was recorded by John Michael Montgomery and All-4-One in 1994. "I Swear" has received numerous awards including a Grammy Award for "Country song of the year" and A.C.M. Award for Single and Song of the Year along with going number one in numerous countries.

In 1995, Myers and Gary signed and recorded a record for MCG/Curb Records as Baker & Myers. Although Baker & Myers never recorded after the release of that album, Myers and Gary have continued their careers as songwriters.

In 2001, Myers co-wrote two number ones, "I'm_Already_There", BMI's 2002 Country Song of the year, and "My Front Porch Looking In" for Lonestar.

In 2006, Myers produced his first solo album, Scrapbook, for FJM Productions. It is an album of hit songs Myers has written over the years and sung by Frank himself. The first song, "You and I", Myers sings with Crystal Gayle who originally sang it with Eddie Rabbitt.

In 2008, Myers wrote seven songs and produced Richie McDonald's album I Turn to You and also co-produced his Christmas CD If Everyday Could Be Christmas. As of late, he continues to work with other artists writing and producing songs.

In 2015 Myers and Billy Montana wrote and recorded a song, entitled "I’m Here For You", to benefit T.A.P.S.

Filmography

Discography
List of songs written by Frank J. Myers

Albums

Scrapbook (2006)

"You and I" (with Special Guest Crystal Gayle) – 3:58
"I Got Mexico" – 2:26
"You Should've Been Gone by Now" – 3:26
"Once Upon a Lifetime" – 4:02
"T.L.C.A.S.A.P." – 3:27
"Come In Out of the Pain" – 3:29
"Sometimes a Lady" – 3:17
"I Swear" – 4:21
"My Front Porch Looking In" – 3:22
"I'm Already There" – 3:54
"What Say You" – 3:29

List of singles written by Frank Myers

See also
Baker & Myers

References

External links
Frank Myers official website
Bio at Horipro Entertainment

Frank Myers at CD Baby
Frank Myers at iTunes
Frank Myers and Gary Baker perform "You & I" on YouTube
Frank Myers performs Front Porch Looking In on YouTube

American country singer-songwriters
Record producers from Ohio
Living people
Musicians from Dayton, Ohio
Singer-songwriters from Ohio
1957 births
Country musicians from Ohio


Comics Bulletin was a daily website covering the American comic-book industry.

History

Silver Bullet Comicbooks
The site was founded in January 2000 as Silver Bullet Comicbooks by its New Zealand-based publisher/editor Jason Brice.

During this period, the site made efforts to support retired comics professionals. In a Silver Bullet column called Past Masters, contributor Clifford Meth wrote about his efforts to support ailing comic book artist Dave Cockrum. As a result of his advocacy, Marvel Comics announced it would compensate Cockrum for his work in co-creating the X-Men. In 2005, Silver Bullet partnered with Aardwolf Publishing to publish a benefit book in support of ailing comics writer/artist William Messner-Loebs. Silver Bullet provided free advertising and promotion of the project on their site. Silver Bullet Comicbooks published the last issue of Phil Hall's Borderline Magazine online for free. Interviewer Rik Offenberger took his unpublished interviews from Borderline Magazine to Silver Bullet Comicbooks when after Borderline closed down and eventually served as the Senior Feature Editor.

Former Managing Editor Craig R. Johnson became associated with Dave Sim's controversial views on feminism when he stepped into a debate between Sim and the Friends of Lulu Board of Directors to defend freedom of expression in the comic book industry.

Comics Bulletin
On January 14, 2008, the site was relaunched as Comics Bulletin, in order to avoid confusion with the comics retailer Silver Bullet Comics. Comics blogger Johanna Draper Carlson suggested the name-change as a result of pressure from the unrelated but same-named retailer, "...since SBC had a US trademark registration". By the time Jason Brice relaunched the site as Comics Bulletin, the Silver Bullet Comics retailer had gone out of business, leaving a large number of subscription customers with unfilled orders.

In the same year, Jason Sacks took over from Keith Dallas as editor-in-chief for the site, and revamped the design and attitude. He eventually bought the site outright in 2011. The site debuted a podcast in 2011, called "Comics You Can Dance To", alongside a number of new columns.  Writers for the site in 2015 included Kate Leth and Don McGregor.

Jason Sacks stepped away from Comics Bulletin in 2016; it was subsequently owned by Daniel Gehen.

In August 2021, Comics Bulletin was placed on hiatus.

Regular features
"Leading Questions" by Mark Stack and Chase Magnett
"ICYMI - Small Press Comics Criticism and Whatnot" by Daniel Elkin
"Singles Going Steady", a weekly review roundup by Daniel Gehen and the site's contributors
"What Looks Good" by Matt Spatola and Kyle Garret
"Comics Grind and Rewind" by Zack Davisson
"Comics You Can Dance To", the site's podcast, hosted by Nathaniel MacDonald and Danny Djeljosevic
"The Squeaky Wheel" by the pseudonymous kyrax2
"Kate Or Die" by Kate Leth
"Riding Shotgun" by Don McGregor
"Killing Jokes" by Steve Morris, which explores the use of humor in comics
"Comicbook Biography" by Rik Offenberger
"Fool Britannia" by Regie Rigby
"Manifesto" by Jason Sacks, an editorial column
"Cool Art, Bro" by Michelle Six, which looks at the role of art in bringing comics to life
"Busted Knuckles" by Beau Smith
"Kryptonite Got You Down?" by Alison Stevenson, a faux dating advice column for superheroes

Columnists
Donna Barr: "Submission Engine"
Tom Brevoort: "Brevoort's History of Comics"
Rich Johnston: "All The Rage"
Tony Lee: "He's Only a Writer... and It's More than Just a Comic"
Bill Messner-Loebs: "Storytelling"
Clifford Meth: "Meth Addict"
Jimmy Palmiotti and Justin Gray: "Two In The Chamber"
Bob Rozakis: "The Answer Man"
Buddy Scalera: "Hey, Buddy!"
Brandon Thomas: "Ambidextrous"
Marv Wolfman: "What Th--?"
Darren Schroeder: "Small Press Printed Matter"
John Hays: “Silver Soapbox”

Awards
As Silver Bullet Comic Books, the site has been the recipient of a number of awards and award nominations, including:
 2004 Eagle Award nomination for "Favourite Comics E-Zine"
 2005 Eagle Award winner for "Favourite Comics-Related Website"
 2006 Eagle Award nomination for "Favourite Comics-Related Website"
 2006 Gibson Comic Awards nominated for "Favourite Web Related Material"

References

External links
 Comics Bulletin official website

American entertainment news websites
Publications disestablished in 2021
Publications established in 2000
Websites about comics


Ranchos is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the administrative centre for General Paz Partido.

The settlement was established on January 15, 1871 by provincial law number 422.

Attractions

The town lies near "Laguna Ranchos" lake, which features three islands and a range of flora and fauna.
Replica Fort, in 1967 a replica of the original fort built in 1781.
Ranchos Historical Museum.
Festival de Fortines, a festival that takes place on the central island of Lake Ranchos.
Church of Nuestra Señora del Pilar, built in 1863.

External links

Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Populated places established in 1781
1871 establishments in Argentina


Chaney Glacier is in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. The glacier is situated in a cirque to the southeast of Mount Kipp on the eastern side of the Continental Divide. Chaney Glacier is one of several glaciers that have been selected for monitoring by the U.S. Geological Survey's Glacier Monitoring Research program, which is researching changes to the mass balance of glaciers in and surrounding Glacier National Park.  The glacier is being monitored using remote sensing equipment and repeat photography, where images of the glacier are taken from identical locations periodically.

Since 1911, Chaney glacier has retreated considerably. Between 1966 and 2005, the glacier lost over 29 percent of its surface area. The repeat photographs below document the changes to the glacier from 1911 to 2005.

See also
List of glaciers in the United States
Glaciers in Glacier National Park (U.S.)

References

Glaciers of Glacier County, Montana
Glaciers of Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Glaciers of Montana


Pleasant Prairie Power Plant was a 1.21-gigawatt (1,210 MW) coal power plant located in Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin in Kenosha County. In 2009, it was listed by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) as the largest generating station in Wisconsin and generated roughly 13% of Wisconsin's electricity, burning around 13,000 tons of coal daily.

Background
The 30-year-old power plant has developed and applied a retrofit system that has helped reduce nitrogen oxide () by up to 90% and sulfur dioxide () by up to 95%. The Pleasant Prairie plant produces “8.6 million tons of  annually – about as much as (that produced by) 1.7 million US cars”, according to The Wall Street Journal. The plant uses experimental technology designed by French Alstom SA to separate carbon dioxide from the exhaust, and is seen as a proving ground for clean coal technology. The plant is owned by We Energies. In an effort to reduce carbon dioxide () emissions, the plant uses a chilled ammonia (NH3) process developed by Alstom. that captures up to 90% of carbon emissions as it escapes the flue gas. The demonstration project began in March 2008 and would last for two years. The America’s Power Factuality Tour stopped at the Pleasant Prairie Power Plant to report on its role in generating electricity in the United States in 2009.

Pleasant Prairie received its coal from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming. Most of it is sourced from the Cordero Rojo Mine.

On November 28, 2017, WEC Energy Group announced that it would be closing the plant in 2018, pending permission from Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO). WEC cited market forces such as cheaper natural gas and renewables for the plant's closure. Pleasant Prairie shut down on April 3, 2018. The plant is expected to cost $1 billion over the next 2 decades while saving $2.5 billion in avoided costs.

See also

List of power stations in Wisconsin
Coal pollution mitigation

References

External links
 Pleasant Prairie Power Plant (P4)

Energy infrastructure completed in 1980
Energy infrastructure completed in 1985
Buildings and structures in Kenosha County, Wisconsin
Power stations in Wisconsin
Former coal-fired power stations in the United States
1980 establishments in Wisconsin
Former power stations in Wisconsin


Schönenberg an der Thur is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

In 1996 the municipality was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Buhwil, Kradolf, and Neukirch an der Thur to form the new municipality of Kradolf-Schönenberg.

Schönenberg an der Thur is first mentioned in 883  as Thuruftisthorf.  In 1359 it was mentioned as Schönnenberg.

The population in 1831 was 190 people, and by 1870 it had increased to 254. In 1910 there were 820 people. The population in 1960 was 813 and in 1995 it had increased to 1,249.

References

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Switzerland


Neukirch an der Thur is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

In 1996 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Buhwil, Kradolf and Schönenberg an der Thur to form a new and larger municipality Kradolf-Schönenberg.

Neukirch an der Thur is first mentioned in 1291  as Eliswil.  In 1296 it was mentioned as Sêliswille, which remained its name until the Protestant Reformation.  After 1520 it was known as Nüwenkilchen.

The population in 1850 was 2,546.  It decreased in 1900 to 1,921 and continued to drop so that in 1950 it was 1,879.  By 1990 it had increased slightly to 1,997.

References

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Switzerland


Écurie Rosier and Équipe Rosier were names used by French racing driver Louis Rosier to enter his own cars in Formula One between 1950 and his death in 1956. Commonly the vehicles were entered for Rosier himself, but he also provided cars for a number of other drivers during the period. Between 1950 and 1957 Ecurie Rosier collected a total fifteen World Championship points and one podium finish.

Formula One

Louis Rosier began entering cars in Formula One under his own name in 1950, first with a Talbot-Lago T26C with some success, recording two points-scoring finishes from his nine World Championship entries in 1950 and 1951. He also entered cars for Henri Louveau and Louis Chiron during these seasons.

In  Rosier started racing Ferraris, recording only one non-points scoring finish from his four World Championship entries.  was a better season for Rosier, finishing in the top ten five times from his seven entries, but failing to score any points.  was the best season for Ecurie Rosier, with fellow Frenchman Maurice Trintignant finishing fourth in Argentina and Robert Manzon finishing a strong third at the team's home Grand Prix.

For the 1954 Spanish Grand Prix Rosier entered the new Maserati 250F, and finished in seventh position. In  Rosier returned to entering only a single car for himself. He retired in Monaco and finished ninth in both Belgium and the Netherlands. For  Rosier again entered the Maserati. He started the season with a retirement at Monaco before finishing eighth in Belgium and sixth in France. After starting twenty-seventh in Britain, Rosier retired on lap twenty-three when his electrics failed. The 1956 German Grand Prix, where Rosier finished a strong fifth, proved to be the last Grand Prix of Écurie Rosier because Louis Rosier died of injuries he sustained in a crash at the Montlhéry track, south of Paris, France, on 7 October 1956.

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

Auto racing teams in France
Formula One entrants
Auto racing teams established in 1950
Auto racing teams disestablished in 1956
24 Hours of Le Mans teams


was the son of Miyabe Tsugimasu, succeeding to headship over the clan of Miyabe during the latter Sengoku Period of Feudal Japan. After his death he was given the name Miyabe Nagahiro (宮部長煕).

Samurai
1581 births
1634 deaths
Daimyo


Tredair is a brand of British-made footwear first produced by White & Co., a shoe factory and then a shoe design and procurement business in Northamptonshire.

History
The family ran factories from 1890 to 2003 making classic men's footwear and variations, sports footwear, cricketing shoes, utility footwear to government specification during the 1940s, a military contract for the Australian Army, a brand sold at Millets camping shops, and safety footwear employing significant numbers of people at White's Shoe Works in New Street, Daventry  a Victorian factory called "Progress Works", and a 1960s former Barker's factory next to the current Barker site on Station Road.

"The firm produced that most English of things, the welted shoe: a perversely difficult beast, involving the glueing, nailing and stitching together of innumerable components to produce the sort of indestructible footwear beloved of ex-public schoolboys and members of Her Majesty's Constabulary."

Until 1983, when the Dr Martens' largest producer licensed exclusive use of the brand from its Munich-based owners, White & Co shared the work of producing Dr. Martens-branded boots with companies including George Cox, NPS, GB Britton and Sons, Hawkins of Northampton ("Hawkins ASTRONAUT with Dr Martens air cushioned soles"), Earls Barton neighbours WJ Brookes known for the Kinky Boot Factory documentary and musical, R Griggs Group (where the Airwear brand was registered) and Blundstone of Australia. 70% of White's 10,000 pair annual production was air-cushioned footwear in the early 90s, according to an interview with Management Today. White's best seller was a 4 eyelet gibson shoe, along with short production-runs of fashion styles and the classic 8 eyelet ankle boot, made on a rolling army last. To maintain independence White's registered the Tredair trade mark in 1976 to produce boots labelled "Dr Martens Tredair", and then just "Tredair" after 1983, using their own patented foam-injection system to make a bouncier mid-sole than the DM felt. They filed patent 2292878B with Harry Gee as inventor. In 1990 White & Company (Earls Barton) Ltd. was awarded a Queens Award for Export Achievement after exporting 70% of production including Gripfast shoes, made by the same company and mainstream Goodyear-welted styles – similar to standard styles from Loake – and employing 380 people.

White's had an unusual experience of globalisation and rapid currency price changes in the 1980s, shared with similar niche exporters like the shoe factories WJ Brooks and Hawkins, which is still named on an empty workshop in Northampton city centre. MG cars has the same experience. These currency price changes were highly political; the Treasury and then Bank of England's interest rates affected the exchange rate and so the chances for UK manufacturing to export and compete with imports. Companies like WJ Brooks, White and Co, or Hawkins had done well in finding markets in Europe or round the world but had no margin for advertising or stock-holding.

Importers from countries with cheaper currencies or less tax spent their margins on advertising. A press release from a rival company that spent 5% of turnover on advertising reads "we thought DMs broke the rules of marketing, but we were wrong"; WJ Brooks, filmed as part of the Kinky Boot Factory documentary says of a competitor "they get the boots into the UK for $16 and all the rest goes on advertising". Other competitors spent their margin on stockholding at a time when few wholesalers or chainstores wanted to hold a lot of stock of more expensive UK-made footwear.

In 1999 White's Daventry factory closed with the loss of 100 jobs followed by a rare wholesale stockist - South Son and Whitcomb of Camden - 2001. In 2003 the company decided not to close altogether, but to adopt a felt and foam combination for their mid-soles, and closed the Earls Barton factory and company shell in 2006, moving production to other Goodyear-welted footwear factories in the area with the possibility of transferring some staff and customers. About the same time, DM trademark-holders Griggs tried moving all production to China after a period when uppers had been sent from Thailand for the rest of production to be done in the UK, making brands like Tredair unique in sustaining UK production. Unfortunately, distribution via shops without stock or advertising was difficult, with customers tending to assume that the DM brand always been a single company, rather than showing interest in UK or Australian successor brands. High production costs ruled-out stockholding, sales staff or advertising.

Current exclusive licensors of the DM brand – R Griggs / Airwear – have re-introduced a "made in England" range made at their company base. Their company was sold to venture capitalists Permira for £300m and it new owners have kept some production in the UK at their Cobbs Lane Wollaston factory and occasionally subcontracted to Barkers.

The fiddly nature of making small batches tends to slow production to a month or two after a clear order – still quicker than production in China when surface delivery is added. As the UK economy rebalances, suppliers like Tredair can now compete on minimum order quantity with footwear produced in China, while competing on price and minimum order with welted footwear produced in Europe.

External links
White and Co's Tredair Website
History World – adverts for footwear: White's "Crown" style, 1956
Management Today Interview 1992

Companies based in Northamptonshire
British brands
Shoe brands
British companies established in 1890
Shoe companies of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies established in 1890


The Capelle Schollevaar railway station, also known as Capelle Schollevaer, is a railway station in Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands, located on the Utrecht–Rotterdam railway between Rotterdam and Gouda. The railway station was opened in 1981 and has two platforms; it is located near to the "De Scholver" shopping mall.

Train services
The following services call at Capelle Schollevaar:
2x per hour local service (sprinter) Uitgeest - Amsterdam - Woerden - Rotterdam
2x per hour local service (sprinter) Rotterdam - Gouda Goverwelle

External links

NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in South Holland
Railway stations opened in 1981
Capelle aan den IJssel
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1980s


Mas'ade (, ) is a Druze village in the northern Golan Heights. It covers an area of , and in  had a population of . It was given the status of a local council in 1982. Its inhabitants are mostly Syrian citizens and have permanent residency in Israel. Since the adoption of the 1981 Golan Heights Law, Mas'ade is under Israeli civil law, and is incorporated into the Israeli system of local councils.

Mas'ade is one of the four remaining Druze-Syrian communities on the Israeli-occupied side of the Golan Heights and on Mount Hermon, together with Majdal Shams, Ein Qiniyye and Buq'ata. Geographically a distinction is made between the Golan Heights and Mount Hermon, the boundary being marked by the Sa'ar Stream; however, administratively they are usually lumped together. Mas'ade and Buq'ata are on the Golan side of the boundary and are characterized by black volcanic rock (basalt), while Majdal Shams and Ein Qiniyye are on the Hermon side, thus sitting on limestone.

Near Mas'ade are Lake Ram and Odem Forest.

Mas'ade is located at the intersection of Route 99, which leads west to Kiryat Shmona, and Route 98, which leads north to Mount Hermon and south to the Kinneret (Sea of Galilee/Lake Tiberias).

References

Towns in Quneitra Governorate
Local councils in Northern District (Israel)
Druze communities in Syria
Quneitra District


The Bicău is a left tributary of the river Someș in Romania. It discharges into the Someș in Roșiori. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Satu Mare County


Henry Absalom Powell (April 6, 1855 – April 15, 1930) was a Canadian lawyer and politician.

Born in Richibucto, New Brunswick, the son of Edmund Powell, Powell was educated at Kent County Grammar School and at Mount Allison University where he graduated in 1875. He was called to the Bar of New Brunswick in 1880 and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1894. Powell practised law in Sackville and Saint John. He was also professor of law at King's College in Windsor, Nova Scotia.

He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the general elections of 1890, but resigned after the election was protested. He was re-elected, and again, in 1891, after being unseated. He was re-elected in 1892 and resigned in August 1895 when he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the electoral district of Westmorland. A Liberal-Conservative, he was re-elected in 1896. He was defeated in 1900, 1904, and 1911. He was a member of the Board of Governors of Mount Allison University. He was appointed to the International Joint Commission in 1911 and served until 1928.

In 1878, he married Allie Payson. Powell died in Saint John at the age of 75.

electoral record

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References

1855 births
1930 deaths
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from New Brunswick
Mount Allison University alumni
Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick MLAs
Canadian King's Counsel


Ngataki is a community on the Aupouri Peninsula in Northland, New Zealand. State Highway 1 runs through the area. To the east is Rarawa Beach, a mile-long strip of clean silver sand, gently shelving and backed by sand dunes. To the north-east is the Great Exhibition Bay and Rarawa Bay and to the south-west is the long Ninety Mile Beach coastline.

Marae
The local Waiora Marae and meeting house are a traditional meeting place for Ngāti Kurī.

Demographics
Ngataki is in an SA1 statistical area which covers  and includes Rarawa Beach and the peninsula on the east side of Houhora Harbour. The SA1 area is part of the larger North Cape statistical area.

The SA1 statistical area had a population of 105 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 12 people (12.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 30 people (40.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 51 households, comprising 51 males and 57 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.89 males per female. The median age was 44.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 24 people (22.9%) aged under 15 years, 15 (14.3%) aged 15 to 29, 54 (51.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 15 (14.3%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 77.1% European/Pākehā, 40.0% Māori, 2.9% Pacific peoples, 2.9% Asian, and 2.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51.4% had no religion, 34.3% were Christian and 2.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 21 (25.9%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 12 (14.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 15 people (18.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 42 (51.9%) people were employed full-time, 15 (18.5%) were part-time, and 6 (7.4%) were unemployed.

Education
Ngataki School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of  students as of  The school was founded about 1911.

Attractions
Rarawa Beach is located near Ngataki, on the eastern Pacific coast.

In December 2008, school students planted one hundred and twenty rare coastal Holloway's Crystalwort – Atriplex hollowayi plants, small native herbs that grow near high tide level on sandy beaches. In 2009, Ngataki School and the New Zealand Department of Conservation worked together to help restore the beach, a home to dotterels and oystercatchers, because the ecosystem was under threat as a result of natural and man-made causes.

In September 2010, fourteen rescued pilot whales swam strongly out to sea at Rarawa Beach after being rescued from a mass whale stranding at Spirits Bay. The transportation of the whales to Rarawa Beach was considered to be the largest whale transport ever attempted.

In 2011, day four of the National Scholastic Surfing Championship was held at Rarawa Beach.

References

External links
 Rarawa Beach in Auckland – New Zealand

Far North District
Populated places in the Northland Region


General Pinto is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the administrative centre for General Pinto Partido.

The settlement was officially founded on October 23, 1891 by provincial law number 2437. It is purely agricultural. The industrial production comes from her, with creameries, dairy and cheese factories among others.

Attractions

General Lavalle Museum & Fort
Martiniano Charras Municipal Park
Iglesia San José (church)
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento library

See also
Manuel Guillermo Pinto

External links

 Noroeste Bonaerense guide

Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Populated places established in 1891
1891 establishments in Argentina


Co-op Radio is the short name of some radio stations operated by cooperatives:

Imagesound's in-store audio for stores in the British Co-op grocery store chain
Kootenay Co-op Radio CJLY-FM in Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
UNW Co-op Radio in Keston, Kent, United Kingdom
Vancouver Co-operative Radio CFRO-FM in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada


The Central Andean dry puna (NT1001) is an ecoregion in the montane grasslands and shrublands biome, located in the Andean Altiplano (high plateau) in South America. It is a part of the Puna grassland.

Setting
This ecoregion occupies the southwestern portion of the Altiplano and is located east of the Atacama Desert.

Salt flats, locally known as Salares, are a characteristic feature of this ecoregion. Among the largest salares are Coipasa, Uyuni, Atacama, and Arizaro. Other major geographical features are the lakes Poopó and Coipasa, and the many volcanoes that tower over the altiplano, including Parinacota, Nevado Sajama, Tata Sabaya, Ollagüe, Licancabur, Lascar, Aracar, Socompa  and Llullaillaco. In addition, numerous and colorful small lakes and ponds dot this region. There are seasonal as well as permanent, and have different degrees of salinity.

Climate
This ecoregion has a cold desert climate.

Flora
Grasslands are dominated by species of the genera Stipa and Festuca. Typical high Andean wetlands are the Bofedales. These marshy areas are characterized by the presence of cushion bog vegetation. The Yareta grows in well-drained soils.

Central Andean dry puna is home to Polylepis species, including the Polylepis tarapacana, which is the woody plant that grows at the highest elevations in the world.

The genera Menonvillea, Nototriche, Pycnophyllum, and Werneria are characteristic of the dry puna.

Fauna
Camelids, such as llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, are found in this ecoregion. Other mammals include the cougar, Andean mountain cat, Andean fox, and the Andean hairy armadillo.

Three of the flamingo species inhabit here. They are Andean flamingo, James's flamingo, and Chilean flamingo. Other remarkable birds are the Darwin's rhea, Andean condor, puna tinamou, puna teal, puna ibis and the Andean goose.

Population and conservation
15.3% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Those include:
Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve
Lauca National Park
Las Vicuñas National Reserve
Llica National Park
Llullaillaco National Park
Los Flamencos National Reserve
Nevado Tres Cruces National Park
Olaroz-Cauchari Flora and Fauna Reserve
Sajama National Park
Salar del Huasco National Park
Volcan Isluga National Park
Yura National Park

Gallery

References

Montane grasslands and shrublands
Ecoregions of the Andes
Tropical Andes
Ecoregions of Argentina
Ecoregions of Bolivia
Ecoregions of Chile
Neotropical ecoregions


Stamford College is a further education college on Drift Road in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England. It opened as Stamford Technical College in 1967 and was later called New College Stamford, becoming Stamford College in 2020.

It is now a general further education college that provides full-time and part-time academic and vocational courses.

Courses
The curriculum is aimed at 16 to 18 year-olds, sixth-formers and those taking higher education and vocational further education within full or part-time courses. It includes courses in entertaining, music, dance, drama, broadcasting, television, radio, journalism, land-based science, medicine, nursing, dentistry, fashion, textiles, crafts, traditional trowel trades, carpentry, joinery, childcare, computing, catering, sport and arts and motor vehicles.

Further education qualification study is provided for A-Level, BTEC and NVQ in Computing, Multimedia, Health and Social Care, Pre-Uniform Services (NCFE), Sciences, Arts, Construction, Sports, Animal Care, Hair and Beauty and Catering.

Partnerships and status

From 2006, the college has worked in association with Bishop Grosseteste which provide validation for University level courses.

In February 2008 the college became the only further education college in the area to provide AS and A2 levels, when Peterborough Regional College announced that it would be focusing on becoming a non-academic vocational college. The same year, the college developed a sixth form academy for A-Level study.

NCS was awarded Beacon status in 2009.

In 2014, the college collaborated with Stamford A.F.C. on the establishment of the Borderville Sports Centre  on land provided by the Burghley Estate, at Borderville on Ryhall Road, north of town.

Ofsted
In 2006, Ofsted rated NCS as Grade 2 "Good”, including effectiveness of provision, capacity to improve, achievements and standards, quality of provision and leadership as well as management

Some key areas were identified for improvement; milestones towards completion of targets were not specific enough or linked to quantifiable indicators to enable a clear and detailed view of progress. It was stated that the college needed to improve retention rates, the planning for and the development of learning and the quality of its self-assessment.

Since the 2006 Ofsted inspection, the problems have been rectified, as was noted in the annual assessment visit of 2007.

Notable alumni
 David Malinowski – BAFTA and Oscar winning special effects make-up artist.

References

External links

Educational institutions established in 1967
Further education colleges in Lincolnshire
Buildings and structures in Stamford, Lincolnshire
Education in Stamford, Lincolnshire
1967 establishments in England


α-Santalol, also referred to as alpha-santalol,  is an organic compound that is classified as a sesquiterpene.  It comprises about 55% of the oil of sandalwood, another less abundant component being β-santalol.  As of 2002, about 60 tons of sandalwood oil are produced annually by steam distillation of the heartwood of Santalum album.  It is a valued component for perfumes.

Because of concerns about the sustainability of sandalwood tree cultivation, scientists have developed routes to α-santalol and β-santalol via fermentation, including using Rhodobacter sphaeroides. BASF launched its version, Isiobionic Santalol, in July 2020.

The oil content varies greatly within the different sandalwood species. This level is typically highest in S. album, S. paniculatum and S. yasi. The scent profile also changes considerably between the different species' oils.

References

Perfume ingredients
Primary alcohols
Sesquiterpenes
Cyclopropanes

ru:Санталол


Rosa Passos (; born April 13, 1952) is a Brazilian singer and guitarist.

Passos began playing piano at age thirteen, but after listening to Dorival Caymmi and João Gilberto she abandoned the instrument to become a singer. In the late 1960s, she began appearing on television and at music festivals. In 1972 she submitted the song "Mutilados" under a pseudonym to the Globo Network's Festival Universitario and won first prize. She recorded her debut album in 1978, working with poet Fernando de Oliveira. A follow-up effort, Amorosa, followed nine years later, in 1988. In the 1990s she recorded several albums of songs by her major influences. She toured Europe in 1999 with Paquito D'Rivera and on her own in Europe and Japan in 2000. In 2004, Amorosa was re-released, and attracted notice in the United States, reaching No. 7 on the Billboard World Music album chart. In 2008, Passos was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music along with Philip Bailey and Maurice White of Earth, Wind & Fire, British musician Steve Winwood, and Berklee alumnus Howard Shore.

Discography
 Recriação (1979)
 Amorosa (1988)
 Curare (1991)
 Festa (1993)
 Pano Pra Manga (1996)
 Letra & Música – Ary Barroso (1997) (with Lula Galvao)
 O melhor de Rosa Passos (1997) (best-of compilation)
 Especial Tom Jobim (1998)
 Rosa Passos Canta Antonio Carlos Jobim – 40 Anos de Bossa Nova (1998)
 Morada do Samba (1999)
 Rosa Passos Canta Caymmi (2000)
 Me and My Heart (2001)
 Eu e Meu Coração (2003)
 Azul (2002)
 Entre Amigos (Chesky, 2003) (with Ron Carter)
 Amorosa (2004)
 Rosa Por Rosa (2005)
 Rosa (2006)
 Romance (2008)
 É Luxo Só (2011)
 Samba dobrado (2013)
 Rosa Passos canta Ary, Tom e Caymmi (2015)

As guest
 The Rough Guide to the Music of Brazil (1998) (World Music Network)

References

External links
 "In Conversation with Rosa Passos" by Tomas Peña (Jazz.com)
Official Website

1952 births
Living people
Brazilian guitarists
Bossa nova guitarists
Bossa nova singers
Latin jazz singers
Acoustic guitarists
Música Popular Brasileira singers
Musicians from Salvador, Bahia
20th-century guitarists
21st-century guitarists
20th-century Brazilian women singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
21st-century Brazilian women singers
21st-century Brazilian singers
Women in Latin music
20th-century women guitarists
21st-century women guitarists


HMS Reindeer (also Rein Deer) was a Royal Navy 18-gun  of the Royal Navy, built by Samuel & Daniel Brent at Rotherhithe and was launched in 1804.  She was built of fir, which made for more rapid construction at the expense of durability. Reindeer fought in the Napoleonic Wars before succumbing in 1814 to the guns of  during the War of 1812.

Caribbean
In September 1804 Commander John Fyffe commissioned Reindeer and on 21 November sailed for the Jamaica station, of which Rear-Admiral Dacres was the C-in-C. On 7 March 1805 she and  captured the Spanish privateer schooner Santa Rosalía Golondrina after a chase of over five hours. During the chase the Spaniard threw her three guns − one 8-pounder and two 4-pounders - overboard. She was under the command of Francisco de Naras and had a crew of 57 men. The privateer had left Caliodam in Cuba the previous day for a fourteen-day cruise but had taken no prizes. Fyffe sent her in to Port Royal with Hunter.

Then, on 13 September Reindeer captured the French privateer Renommée, of two 6-pounder guns. Reindeers crew had had to labour at the sweeps for some six hours under a hot sun  before they were able to reach their quarry. Renommée had a crew of 40 men and was most recently out of Baracoa. On this cruise she had taken no prizes.

Early in March 1805, Reindeer and  sent two boats each, under the command of Lieutenant John Kelly Tudor of Reindeer, to cut out a 4-gun schooner from under a battery in Aguadilla Bay, Puerto Rico.

On 24 March 1806, off Puerto Rico, Reindeer encountered two French brigs, Phaéton and , each of sixteen 6-pounder guns. The vessels exchanged fire for some four hours. Reindeer succeeded in damaging the French brigs before they escaped; Reindeer too had some damage but no casualties. Two days later  captured the two French brigs. Phaéton, under the command of Lieutenant de vaisseau Saulces de Freycinet, was sailing to the Antilles when she was captured near Santo Domingo. The Admiralty took Phaeton into British service as Mignonne and Voltigeur as Pelican.

Then on 21 April, off Cape St. Nicholas in San Domingo, Reindeer captured the French privateer schooner Creole. She was pierced for 14 guns but only mounted six, not including swivel guns. She had a crew of 59 and had put another 16 men on prizes. Creole had a reputation for being the fastest vessel in those waters; Fyffe believed that he would not have caught her if Creoles captain had not been so confident that he could outrun Reindeer that he tried to cut in front of her bow to gain the wind. Reindeer also destroyed another small privateer of two guns. The crew, however, escaped.

In January 1807 Reindeer shared, with ,  and  in the proceeds of a number of captures. On 18 January they captured Santa Cecilia. Two days later they captured the schooner Mary. Then on 4 February they captured Friends. Later that February Commander Peter John Douglas replaced Fyffe in command of Reindeer.

On 13 October as Reindeer was chasing a suspicious schooner when  came up and cut the quarry off, which then struck. The vessel turned out to be Amor de la Patria, under Captain Josse de Tournecy. She was armed with three guns and had a crew of 63 men. She was five days out of St. Jago (Santiago de Cuba) but had not taken any prizes.

On 21 December, after a 10-hour chase, Reindeer captured the French schooner privateer Experiment, under Captain Antoine Corocco, off Tiberon in the extreme south-west of Haiti. She was armed with two guns and carrying 40 men and had made no captures in the three weeks since she had left Baracoa in Cuba. Then on 25 January 1808, off Point Picolet in San Domingo, Reindeer chased and captured the French privateer schooner Lyonnaise, under Captain Jean Tessier. Lyonnaise was pierced for 12 guns but only mounted five; she had a crew of 85 men and was eight days out of Baracoa. Two days later, Douglas, learning of a privateer rendezvous, managed to run one of them ashore where her crew abandoned her. Reindeer brought the 3-gun vessel off the shore without much trouble. Douglas then sailed for Port Royal with her. As he had 90 prisoners on board and 30 men away in prizes Douglas apparently feared an uprising.

On 10 November 1808, Reindeer, , , , and  met by chance. The captains got together and decided to capture the town and port of Samana in order to assist the Spanish patriots that had established a blockade of San Domingo. The town was also the last port of refuge for privateers to the windward of San Domingo and the enemy were in the act of erecting batteries for its protection. The British entered the following day and took possession of the harbour. Captain Charles Dashwood of Franchise handed Samana over to a Spanish officer, Don Diego de Lira, who guaranteed the safety of the French inhabitants on their plantations.

During the following week the British captured two French 5-gun privateer schooners. One was Guerrière, Louis Telin, master, with a crew of 110 men; the other was Exchange with a crew of 104. The British also took three merchant vessels, the schooner Diana and a brig, both laden with fish, and the sloop Brutus, laden with coffee.

On 1 November His Majesty's schooner  escorted two schooners that Reindeer had cut out of a port at San Domingo.

On the morning of 16 November Reindeer and Pert re-captured the English ship Jeannet, R. Bradshaw, master, of 10 guns and 185 tons (bm). She had been bound from London to Havana with bale goods and was running for Samana harbour with a prize crew after being taken by a privateer. The two British sloops also captured another prize, the 350 ton (bm) Spanish ship St. Erasmo, A. Gerona, master, sailing from Malaga to Havana with wine and bale goods.

In 1809 Reindeer was in the North Sea. On 8 March she captured the French naval 1-gun schooner-aviso Mouche №13. Mouche №13 was under the command of enseigne de vaisseau Detcheverry and was carrying dispatches from Brest to San Domingo when Reindeer captured her west of the Azores. Then on 4 November Reindeer sailed for Jamaica again under Commander Christopher Crackenthorp Askew.

Channel
In 1811 Reindeer came under the command of Commander Nicholas Lechmere Pateshall. In August she was in Plymouth, where Commander Daniel Ross took command. His successor, in 1813, was Commander William Manners.

During 1813 Reindeer captured several vessels, including some privateers. On 2 February Reindeer and  captured the Baltimore letter of marque schooner Cashier, which was armed with two 12-pounder guns and four 12-pounder carronades, and under the command of Captain George Wilson. The capture followed a chase during which the American vessel lost one man killed and several wounded out of her crew of 40.

Then on 19 March Reindeer captured the French brig Pandour. Next, on 6 April, Reindeer was in company with  when they captured the American private schooner of war Shadow. On 15 July Reindeer was in company with  when Whiting recaptured Friends. On 22 November, Reindeer captured the French 14-gun privateer lugger Spéculation. She was five days out of St Malo but had taken nothing. Lastly, Reindeer shared in the prize money arising from her sister ship 's recapture of Racehorse on 13 December.

On 28 June 1814 Reindeer encountered the American sloop Wasp, under the command of Johnston Blakely about 500 miles west of Ushant. In the resulting action Reindeer suffered 25 killed, including her commander, and 42 men wounded, out of a total of 98 men and 20 boys, and she was forced to surrender. Key factors in the fight were that Wasps crew greatly outnumbered Reindeers, and Wasps broadside was much heavier than Reindeers. At the time of the battle, Reindeer had  24-pounder carronades instead of her original 32-pounder carronades because of her age and weakness.

Fate
The following day, on 29 June 1814, Blakely decided Reindeer was too badly damaged and set fire to her.

Notes

Citations

References

 Fonds Marine. Campagnes (opérations ; divisions et stations navales ; missions diverses). Inventaire de la sous-série Marine BB4. Tome premier : BB4 210 à 482 (1805-1826)
 *

 Southey, Thomas (1827) Chronological history of the West Indies. (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green; republished Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture).

External links

Cruizer-class brig-sloops
Ships built in Rotherhithe
War of 1812 ships of the United Kingdom
1804 ships
Maritime incidents in 1814
Captured ships


Good Samaritan Hospital is a non-profit, 286-bed hospital in Suffern, New York. It provides emergency, medical, surgical, obstetrical, gynecological, and acute care services.

The hospital is home to a cardiovascular program, cancer treatment services, wound and hyperbaric institute and maternal/child services that includes a children's diagnostic center. Good Samaritan Hospital also provides social, psychiatric and substance abuse services and its certified home care agency supports residents of the Hudson Valley and beyond.  Good Samaritan Hospital is a member of the Bon Secours Charity Health System, which also includes St. Anthony Community Hospital in Warwick, New York, and Bon Secours Community Hospital in Port Jervis, New York. The Bon Secours Charity Health System has subsequently become part of the WMCHealth. The hospital currently has a staff of more than 600 doctors and 2000 employees. Its academic affiliate is the New York Medical College School of Medicine.

History
In 1902, Good Samaritan Hospital opened with seven beds, three doctors, seven nurses and four Sisters of Charity, more than enough to serve Suffern's population of 1,800 and small business district consisting of: four hotels, three churches, one school, a lumberyard, an opera house and an assortment of small stores.

A private citizen, said to be Ida Barry Ryan, donated a building at Orange Avenue and East Park Place and $25,000 to the Sisters of Charity of St. Elizabeth to create a hospital. In its first year, the hospital treated 162 patients and was soon forced to expand. During the next ten years, the hospital added an operating room, a pharmacy and X-ray departments. By 1917, the hospital had 35 beds, nine physicians and three specialists. Maternity services had been available at the hospital from the beginning, but the Spring Valley branch of the Ladies Auxiliary funded the furnishings and equipment for a nursery in 1926 and a maternity ward in 1927.

By 1929, a population increase created an urgent need to build a larger hospital. A committee raised $93,000 and, in 1932, bought  on Lafayette Avenue, the current site of the hospital, for $22,500. The new 72-bed hospital opened on December 14, 1938, and was the first hospital in Rockland County to be fully approved by both the American Medical Association and the American College of Surgeons. In 1939, the hospital won an award as the best-equipped Catholic hospital in the United States and Canada.

When the Tappan Zee Bridge opened in 1955, it brought a large number of new residents to the region and in 1959, Good Samaritan Hospital responded to the need for medical care with the Cardinal Spellman Pavilion. Home Care was founded in 1962 and today has grown into one of the largest home care programs in New York. In 1970, the new Sister Miriam Thomas Pavilion, a five-story, $7 million health facility, was opened, with two 35-bed Medical/surgical floors, a maternal and newborn care center, a laboratory, radiology, a nuclear medicine and cobalt center and a recovery room. The Monsignor Patrick J. Frawley Memorial Psychiatric Unit also opened.

The St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Critical Care Center was completed in 1980, and the Frank and Fannie Weiss Renal Dialysis Center was opened in 1982. An $85 million building and renovation project included the construction of a cardiac catheterization laboratory and expansion of the radiology, laboratory and rehab services departments. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the hospital added: a 28-bed chemical and alcohol dependency outpatient program, a children's diagnostic center, single-room maternity units and a neonatal intermediate care nursery (NICU-level), and brachytherapy in radiation oncology services.

In 1996, Good Samaritan Hospital and its sponsors, the Sisters of Charity of St. Elizabeth, joined the Franciscan Sisters of the Poor, the Sisters of Mercy and the Franciscan Health System to form the Tri-State Health System. The Emergency Department earned a Level II trauma services designation in 1997. In January 2000, Good Samaritan Hospital and the Sisters of Charity entered into a co-sponsorship with the Sisters of Bon Secours, creating Bon Secours Charity Health System. In the fall, the hospital unveiled the Union State Bank Family Birthing Center and added a full-time maternity consultant.

Cardiac Services in Rockland County
The hospital was approved to begin performing angioplasties in 2003, but it was clear that the hospital's service area needed more. In 2005, the first major step in remedying this situation was taken when the New York State Hospital Review and Planning Council recommended granting approval of Good Samaritan Hospital's Certificate of Need (CON) application for an adult cardiac surgery program. Also in 2005, Good Samaritan Hospital became the first hospital in the country to earn Disease Specific Care Certification for the management of acute myocardial infarction. The Stroke Center at Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center is also recognized as a Primary Stroke Center by the New York State Department of Health. Good Samaritan Hospital was the first hospital in New York State to earn both "The Joint Commission" Primary Stroke Center certification, along with state designation as a Primary Stroke Center.

In 2007, the hard work of the previous two years was realized when the hospital performed its first open heart surgery, which marked
the complete opening of The Active International Cardiovascular Institute at Good Samaritan, the only comprehensive cardiac surgery program in New York State west of the Hudson River between the New Jersey border and Albany, more than  to the north. Only one month previously, the hospital was once again recognized with the Gold Seal of Approval for both the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) and Management of Stroke from the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).

References

Buildings and structures in Rockland County, New York
Catholic health care
Catholic hospitals in North America
Hospital buildings completed in 1938
Hospital buildings completed in 1980
Hospitals established in 1902
Hospitals in New York (state)
Ramapos


Loango-Angola is the name for the possessions of the Dutch West India Company in contemporary Angola and the Republic of the Congo. Notably, the name refers to the colony that was captured from the Portuguese between 1641 and 1648. Due to the distance between Luanda and Elmina, the capital of the Dutch Gold Coast, a separate administration for the southern districts of Africa was established at Luanda during the period of the Dutch occupation.

After Angola was recaptured by the Portuguese in 1648, Dutch trade with Loango-Angola did not stop, however. From about 1670 onward, the Dutch West India Company acquired slaves from the Loango region on a regular basis, and Dutch free traders continued this practice until after 1730.

History

Dutch traders began trading with Loango-Angola in the early 17th century, driven south by increasing competition on the Gold Coast. African traders were generally welcoming of the Dutch, who provided goods the Portuguese were not able to provide. Among other things, the Dutch traded redwood in Mayumba, and ivory and copper in Loango. Initially, the Dutch maintained the port city of Mpinda at the mouth of the Congo River as the southernmost border of their operations.

Early attempts (1624)
As part of the Groot Desseyn plan, the Dutch West India Company, which had been founded in 1621, tried to capture Luanda after they had captured Salvador da Bahia, the capital of Brazil. Under the leadership of Piet Hein, a Dutch fleet tried to capture Luanda in 1624, but failed, because Filips van Zuylen had tried to capture the city a few months earlier as well, leading the Portuguese to build reinforcements.

After Piet Hein captured the Spanish treasure fleet in 1628, the Dutch West India Company once again tried to set the Groot Desseyn plan in motion. With plenty of resources to pay for their military expenditure, the Dutch successfully captured Recife and Olinda, the core region of Brazilian sugar cane plantations, in early 1630.

Capture of Luanda (1641)

In 1641, a Dutch fleet under the command of Cornelis Jol, seized Luanda from the Portuguese. On 25 August 1641, the Dutch landed 2,145 troops near Luanda under the command of Cornelis Jol. Upon the Dutch arrival, 800 Portuguese, some soldiers and some civilians, fled and regrouped at Kilunda. On 19 September, the Dutch drove them from that position and forced them to fall back to the Portuguese plantations along the Bengo River. The Dutch then fortified their positions along the river.

Dutch forces took control of Luanda and signed a treaty with Queen Nzinga of the Ndongo Kingdom. Nzinga unsuccessfully attacked the Portuguese at Fort Massangano. She recruited new fighters and prepared to engage the Portuguese in battle again, but Salvador Correia de Sá led Portuguese forces from Brazil in expelling the Dutch and reasserting control in Angola. Nzinga's forces retreated to Matamba again.

Dutch rule

The Dutch ruled Angola from 26 August 1641 to 21/24 August 1648, occupying the coastal areas (under a GWC governor of Angola. This attack was the culmination of a plan first proposed by Kongo's King Pedro II in 1622. After the Dutch fleet under Admiral Cornelis Jol took Luanda, the Portuguese withdrew to the Bengo River, but following the renewal of the Kongo-Dutch alliance, Bengo was attacked and subsequently Portuguese forces withdrew to Massangano.

In 1643, the Count of Sonho sent a mission to the Dutch Republic, headed by his cousin Dom Miguel de Castro. The mission traveled via Dutch Brazil, where they were received by John Maurice of Nassau, and arrived in Flushing on 19 June 1643. De Castro sailed by yacht to The Hague on 2 July 1643, where he had an audience with stadtholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.

The Dutch were not interested in conquering Angola, much to the chagrin of Kongo's King Garcia II and Njinga who had both pressed them to assist in driving the Portuguese from the colony. However, Dutch authorities came to realize that they could not monopolize the slave trade from Angola just by holding Luanda and a few nearby places, and moreover, the Portuguese sent several relief expeditions to Massangano from Brazil. Consequently, in 1647, they agreed to reinforce Njinga's army following her defeat by Portuguese forces in 1646. At the Battle of Kombi Dutch and Njinga's armies crushed a Portuguese army and in its aftermath laid siege to Ambaca, Massangano and Muxima.

In 1648, Luanda was recaptured by the Portuguese.

Administration

According to the instructions of John Maurice, Pieter Moorthamer and Cornelis Nieulant, who sailed with Jol's fleet, were to assume command of the civil administration once Luanda had fallen into Dutch hands. Moorthamer and Nieulant, both lawyers with a degree from Leiden University, had been members of the colonial council in Dutch Brazil, the former sent out by the Zealand chamber and the latter by the Amsterdam chamber of the Dutch West India Company. They assumed civil command on 29 August 1641.

John Maurice had pled with the Dutch West India Company to put Luanda under his administration, but the Lords XIX eventually decided to make Loango-Angola, including São Tomé, a separate commandment. They decided that a triumvirate of three directors consisting of Moorthamer, Nieulant, and Hans Mols would rule the colony, the latter of whom was to be dispatched from the Dutch Republic.  Mols had been commandant of Cape Verde and Gorée in 1636-1635 and head commissioner in Elmina, and enjoyed a great reputation as a merchant.

When Mols arrived in Luanda on 12 April 1643, Pieter Moorthamer had just left for Brazil. Nieulant died shortly after, on 19 June 1643. This left Mols, who had little experience in Luanda, in command by himself. Mols had difficulty gaining control, with troops even disobeying his orders. The Dutch West India Company valued Mols' skills as a merchant, however, and was wary to let him go. Halfway 1644, Heynderick van Redinckhoven, who was appointed to fill up one of the directorship vacancies, arrived in Luanda to join Mols as head of the colony. Mols eventually left for Brazil on 26 January 1645, leaving only Van Redinckhoven in charge. By that time, Van Redinckhoven had already asked the company directors to be retired to the Dutch Republic. The Lords XIX denied this request, but appointed former envoy Cornelis Hendrikszoon Ouwman as co-director on 6 July 1645, to relieve Van Redinckhoven of some of his tasks. Van Redinckhoven left Luanda in April 1647, leaving only Ouwman in charge.

See also

 Colonial history of Angola

Notes

References

Dutch colonisation in Africa
Dutch West India Company
Portuguese Angola
1640s in Angola
1640s in the Dutch Empire
1641 establishments in Africa
1648 disestablishments in Africa
1641 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire
1641 establishments in the Dutch Empire
1648 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in the Dutch Empire
1648 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
1640s establishments in Angola
Angola–Netherlands relations
17th century in Angola


James Opie Urmson (4 March 1915 – 29 January 2012), was a philosopher and classicist who spent most of his professional career at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was a prolific author and expert on a number of topics including British analytic/linguistic philosophy, George Berkeley, ethics, and Greek philosophy (especially Aristotle).

Life and career

J. O. Urmson was born in Hornsea. He was named after his father, the Rev. James Opie Urmson (1881–1954), a Methodist Minister.  Urmson was educated at Kingswood School, Bath (1928–1934) and Corpus Christi College, Oxford (1934–38).

When World War II broke out, he joined the Army, where he served for 6 years.  He was captured and spent three years in Germany as a prisoner of war, where he spent his time "playing bridge and doing mathematics".  After the war, he was awarded the Military Cross.

After the war he was a Student (i.e. a Fellow) of Christ Church, Oxford from 1945 to 1955. During this period he lived in Monckton Cottage in Headington, Oxford.

In 1955 he accepted an appointment as Professor of Philosophy at Queen's College Dundee, then part of the University of St Andrews in Scotland. In 1959 he returned to Oxford as a Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford and a Tutor in Philosophy. Except for visiting appointments in the United States (e.g. Visiting Associate Professor of philosophy at Princeton University in 1950–51), he remained at Oxford until his retirement, at which point he assumed the position of Henry Waldgrave Stuart Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Stanford University.

Achievements
Urmson and his co-editor G. J. Warnock performed an invaluable service to the development of "analytic" or "linguistic" philosophy by preparing for publication the papers of the Oxford linguistic philosopher J. L. Austin.

After World War II, Urmson's book Philosophical Analysis (1956) – an overview of the development of analytic philosophy at Cambridge and Oxford universities between World War I and World War II – was influential in the post-war spread of analytic philosophy in Anglophone countries.

David Heyd records that "the history of supererogation in non-religious ethical theory" began with Urmson's 'seminal' "Saints and Heroes" (1958). This paper, according to Heyd, "opened the contemporary discussion of supererogation," while hardly mentioning the term, "by challenging the traditional threefold classification of moral action: the obligatory, the permitted (or indifferent) and the prohibited."

Urmson translated or wrote notes for a number of volumes of Aristotle, and commentaries on Aristotle's Physics by Simplicius, for the Ancient Commentators on Aristotle series published in the USA by Cornell University Press, in the UK initially by Duckworth, now by Bloomsbury, under the distinguished general editorship of Richard K.R. Sorabji. His book Aristotle's Ethics was praised by no less than J. L. Ackrill and Julius Moravcsik as an excellent introduction to Aristotle's Ethics.

Although, as Jonathan Rée notes, many of Urmson's writings "focus on theories about the nature of philosophy", Urmson holds that "on the whole the best philosophy is little affected by theory; the philosopher sees what needs doing and does it."

Works
Edited volumes
J. L. Austin How to do Things with Words
J. L. Austin Philosophical Papers (joint editor with G. J. Warnock)
Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers with Jonathan Ree (first edition 1960, second edition 1989, third edition 2004)
The British Empiricists: Locke, Berkeley, Hume (with John Dunn and A. J. Ayer)

Translations
Aristotle The Nicomachean Ethics (translated David O. Ross, 1925; revised J. O. Urmson and J. L. Ackrill, 1980) Oxford University Press
Simplicius: Corollaries on Place and Time Cornell University Press (June 1992) translated by J.O. Urmson
On Aristotle's "Physics 3 by Simplicius, translated by J.O. Urmson & Peter Lautner, 2002, .

Books
Philosophical Analysis: Its Development between the Two World Wars, Oxford University Press, 1956
The Emotive Theory of Ethics (1968)
The Greek Philosophical Vocabulary, Duckworth (1990)
Berkeley Oxford University Press, 1982
Aristotle's Ethics (1988) Blackwell Publishers

Articles
"On Grading", Mind (April 1950), 59(234):145–169, reprinted in Logic and Language (Second Series) (ed. Antony Flew, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1953)
"Parenthetical Verbs" Mind (October 1952), 61(244):480–496.
"The interpretation of the Moral Philosophy of J. S. Mill", The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 3 (1953 pp. 33–39.  Reprinted in Theories of Ethics (ed. Philippa Foot) Oxford University Press, 1967
"Saints and Heroes", in Essays in Moral Philosophy, A. Melden (ed.), Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1958
"Austin, John Langshaw" in J.O. Urmson, ed., The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers, p. 54. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960.
"J. L. Austin" Journal of Philosophy 1965, reprinted in The Linguistic Turn ed. Richard Rorty 1967
"The History of Analysis" in The Linguistic Turn ed. Richard Rorty 1967
"Literature", in George Dickie and R. J. Sclafani, Aesthetics: A Critical Anthology, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977.
"Aristotle on Excellence of Character", New Blackfriars Volume 71 Issue 834 Page 33–37, January 1990
Related Works
Human Agency: Language, Duty, and Value. Philosophical Essays in Honor of J. O. Urmson ed. Jonathan Dancy, J. M. E. Moravcsik, C. C. W. Taylor, Stanford University Press, 1988, . Contains a bibliography of Urmson's philosophical works

See also
 Quantifier variance

References

External links

Professor James Urmson Telegraph obituary, 4 April 2012
Professor J. O. Urmson Times obituary, 16 March 2012
"Urmson, James Opie (1915–2012), philosopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry archived by Wayback Machine.
‘Memorial resolution: James Opie Urmson’, Stanford Historical Society 28 April 2015  archived by Wayback Machine.
The Pelican Record [Corpus Christi College, Oxford], 48 (Dec 2012), 45–51, "J.O. Urmson 1915–2012" by C. C. W. Taylor, "Appreciation" by William Waldegrave.

1915 births
2012 deaths
British philosophers


Auroraville (also Aurorahville) is an unincorporated community located in the town of Aurora, Waushara County, Wisconsin, United States.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in Waushara County, Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin


Thomas Kibble Hervey (4 February 1799 – 27 February 1859) was a Scottish-born poet and critic. He rose to be the Editor of the Athenaeum, a leading British literary magazine in the 19th century.

Youth
Thomas Kibble Hervey was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, and brought up in Manchester, England, from 1802 or 1803, where he was educated at Manchester Grammar School. He entered Caius College, Cambridge in 1822, but migrated to Trinity College the following year. He was articled to a firm of Manchester solicitors and studied for the bar, but was not called.

Literary work
While at Cambridge he began a lengthy career as a leading contributor to the Athenaeum in 1828, and published Australia, a Poem (1824) and Prometheus (1832). He later edited Friendship's Offering (1826–1827) and The Amaranth (1839), contributed to annuals, and edited the Athenaeum (23 May 1846 – December 1853). His other works included The Poetical Sketch Book (1829), The Autobiography of Jack Ketch, The Book of Christmas (1836, reprinted as late as 1888 and illustrated by Robert Seymour) and English Helicon (1841).

Marriage and death
On 17 October 1843, Hervey married Eleanora Louisa Montagu (1811–1903), a playwright, author and poet, who was the daughter of George Conway Montagu of Lackham, Wiltshire. The couple had a son, Frederick Robert James.

Hervey died in Haverstock Hill, London, England in 1859 and was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery. His grave (no.9443) no longer has a headstone or marker.

An obituary in the Gentlemen's Magazine criticized his work as a reviewer, saying it was "characterized by a causticity of censure and a costiveness of praise, scarcely worthy of a journal of high standing." The Poems of T. K. Hervey was edited by his wife with a memoir (1866).

References

External links

Thomas Kibble Hervey (Frederic Boase, Modern English Biography (1892–1921) 1:1451).
Biography of T. K. Hervey in The Real Romantics: 1799–1830

Archival material at

1799 births
1859 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
19th-century English male writers
19th-century English poets
English male poets
Poets from Paisley, Renfrewshire


Men's doubles at the 1999 Pan American Games was won by André Sá and Paulo Taicher of Brazil.

Medalists

Seeds

  Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan (Semifinalists)
  André Sá and Paulo Taicher (Champions)
  Óscar Ortíz and Marco Osorio (Finalists)
  Yohny Romero and Maurice Ruah (Semifinalists)

Draw

Final rounds

Top half

Bottom half

External links
Results

Men's doubles


The following article presents a summary of the 1946 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 45th season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

São Paulo declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

State championship champions

Other competition champions

Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1946.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF
 1946 Brazil national team matches at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


Crestview Local School District may refer to:

Crestview Local School District (Columbiana County), Ohio
Crestview Local School District (Richland County), Ohio
Crestview Local School District (Van Wert County), Ohio


Thomas Higgins (27 November 1865 − 26 January 1906) was an Irish nationalist politician, auctioneer and farmer, who as member of the Irish Parliamentary Party was posthumously declared elected Member of Parliament of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1906.

Higgins was born in Moylough, the son of Martin Higgins, a shopkeeper, and Catherine Kelly.

He was chairman of Tuam Board of Guardians and a member of Galway County Council, was selected as the Irish Parliamentary Party candidate by the United Irish League (UIL) convention on 5 January 1906 to contest the 1906 general election. He had been President of the constituency branch of the UIL since 1900.

Taken ill on the night of the election, 25 January 1906, he died as the result of a heart attack in Guy's Hotel, Tuam, at 1.30am the following morning.

As was widely expected, Higgins topped the poll at the election count, which was held later on the day of his death, beating the incumbent MP, John Philip Nolan, who had stood as an Independent Nationalist. Higgins, who received 2,685 votes (Nolan took 1,064), was posthumously declared elected by the county sheriff, the returning officer.

The remarkable circumstances surrounding the election led the Irish Independent to comment that "candidates have died before the actual election, but we doubt if ever such a case as the present has occurred before, where a candidate has died after the poll has been taken and before the result has been declared".

This circumstance of a candidate winning a seat posthumously occurred again to Noel Skelton in 1935, and to Sir Edward Taswell Campbell and Leslie Pym in 1945; however, all of them were candidates for re-election. Thomas Higgins is the only MP to be newly elected posthumously.

Higgins, who was married, was 40 when he died.

See also
 List of United Kingdom MPs with the shortest service

References

External links

1865 births
1906 deaths
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Galway constituencies (1801–1922)
Politicians from County Galway
UK MPs 1906–1910
Politicians elected posthumously
People from Moylough


General Rodríguez is a city within the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the administrative centre for General Rodríguez Partido. The triple crime took place in 2008. In 2013 AGCO opened a factory in General Rodríguez to build Massey Ferguson and Valtra tractors.

References

External links

 Municipal website
 La Posta news web site - Portal
 "El Vecinal" - A local FM Radio from the city
 Diario Acción newspaper

Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
General Rodríguez Partido
Cities in Argentina


Ice plant or iceplant may refer to:

Plant common names
 Aizoaceae, the ice plant family
 Carpobrotus edulis, native to South Africa, and invasive in Australia, California in the US, and the Mediterranean
 Conicosia, narrow-leafed ice plants
 Delosperma cooperi, Cooper's ice plant
 , a Delosperma species
 Disphyma crassifolium, New Zealand iceplant
 Dorotheanthus bellidiformis
 Lampranthus, species
 Mesembryanthemum, ice plant
 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (syn. Cryophytum crystallinum), common ice plant
 Hylotelephium spectabile, a plant in the stonecrop family, Crassulaceae
 Solanum sisymbriifolium, fire and ice plant

Ice manufacturers
 Commercial production of ice
 Punta Gorda Ice Plant, a historic ice plant in Punta Gorda, Florida
 Florida Power and Light Company Ice Plant, a historic site in Melbourne, Florida
 Chrystal Water and Power Company-Spencer Water and Ice Company, also known as Spencer Ice Plant, a historic power station and ice manufacturing plant in West Virginia
 Fayetteville Ice and Manufacturing Company: Plant and Engineer's House, a historic ice plant in Fayetteville, North Carolina
 Metz Ice Plant, a historic ice plant in Milford, Pennsylvania


The Army and Navy Club in London is a private members club founded in 1837, also known informally as The Rag.

Foundation and membership
The club was founded by Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Barnes (1776–1838) in 1837. His proposal was to establish an Army Club, with all officers of Her Majesty's Army on full or half pay eligible for membership. However, when The Duke of Wellington was asked to be a patron, he refused unless membership was also offered to officers of the Royal Navy and the Royal Marines, and this was agreed. On 28 August 1837 a meeting representing the various services took place, to elect a Committee and to settle the new club's Rules.

Sir Edward Barnes died on 19 March 1838, just two weeks before the first general meeting of the club.

By 1851, the club was in a strong position, with sixteen hundred members and a waiting list of 834. This pressure led to the founding of the separate Naval and Military Club in 1862.

Charles Dickens Jr. reported in Dickens's Dictionary of London (1879):

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica article "Club", in 1902,

Membership of the Army and Navy Club is now offered also to members of Commonwealth armed services, to members' immediate families and to individuals who have no service background who are nominated and seconded by existing members. There are some female members.

As of 2011, the membership subscription costs between £223 and £465 per year, with a £130 rate for younger members (under 29); there are reduced rates for spouses and a rate for family membership. There are joining fees.

Premises

Site
The club's first home was at 18, St James's Square, at the north corner with King Street. This house was vacated by the Oxford and Cambridge Club when it moved into its new club house in Pall Mall. A lease was taken and the club opened its doors early in 1838.

In 1843, the club began to search for a site to build a purpose-built club house. In 1846, it moved to larger premises called Lichfield House, now 15, St James's Square.

In 1846–1847, the club bought six adjacent freehold houses in Pall Mall, St James's Square, and George Street, at the west corner of Pall Mall and George Street, for a total of £48,770. Of this, £19,500 was paid for Lord de Mauley's house on the west side of St James's Square dating from the 1670s, immediately opposite Norfolk House. It would now have been Number 22, St James's Square, if it had survived. The St James's Square site was granted on 24 March 1672/3 by Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans and Baptist May to trustees for Edward Shaw. In October 1673, they sold the land and the house which had been built on it to the actress Moll Davis, a mistress of King Charles II, for £1800. This house (which was surveyed by John Soane in 1799) was almost square and had three storeys, each with four evenly-spaced windows, all dressed with a wide architrave and cornice. The staircase hall was south of a large room in front, and two smaller rooms and a secondary staircase at the rear. There was a massive cross-wall, containing the fireplaces of the back rooms. In 1749, John Hobart, 1st Earl of Buckinghamshire, sold the house to Thomas Brand of Hertfordshire for £4500, whose son sold it in 1799 to Samuel Thornton, a director of the Bank of England. In 1818, Thornton sold the house for £11,000 to the Whig politician W. S. Ponsonby, later Baron de Mauley, who sold it to the Army and Navy Club in October 1846 for £19,500. It was demolished in 1847, having survived longer than any other of the other original houses in the square.

Club houses

It was reported in January 1847 that the club would hold an open competition for the design of its planned new building, with prizes of £200 and £100 for the two best entrants. The club committee initially chose a design by the sporting artist George Tattersall, of St James's Street, who planned a two-storey classical building with Corinthian columns and a crowning balustrade ending with martial trophies and a Doric entrance portico of three bays. As well as various statues in niches, over the portico he drew a pedestal with bas-reliefs, surmounted by lions and a group symbolising Britannia and Neptune. This choice was confirmed by a ballot of the club members in April 1847. However, The Builder pilloried the choice, pointing out that "the space devoted to the purposes of the club is very meagre, indeed quite insufficient". The club held an extraordinary general meeting on 11 May 1847 and decided to buy another house in Pall Mall to make its site larger, and also to hold another competition. As a result, a design by C. O. Parnell and Alfred Smith was chosen, an essay in the Venetian Renaissance style of the early sixteenth century, imitating Venice's Palazzo Corner della Ca' Grande.

Building began in March 1848, William Trego having contracted to deliver the club house structure for £19,656. The foundation stone was laid on 6 May 1848 by the chairman of the committee, Lt-Col. Daniell. In August 1849 Messrs. Smith and Appleford were instructed to equip the building for £15,671, and the club-house was opened on 25 February 1851. The club was faced with Caen stone, but this decayed, and in 1886 the bad stone had to be cut out and replaced with Portland.

An early description of the new club house appears in John Timbs's Curiosities of London (1855) -

In 1857, a stained-glass window was installed in the inner hall to commemorate members killed in the Crimean War, with tablets bearing the badge of the club and details of the battles of the war. The names of the fallen were inscribed in gold letters on marble architraves. The window was moved in 1925 and 1927, due to rebuilding.

In 1878–79, a new dining-room built, the smoking-room was enlarged, and the club-house was renovated, all by H. R. Gough.

Demand for bedrooms increased, and in 1919 the club bought numbers 46, 46a and 47, Pall Mall, subject to existing short leases, later adding to them 7, Rose and Crown Yard (just north of 47, Pall Mall) in 1924. A new building was designed by C. W. Ferrier and work on it began late in 1924. The old smoking-room was demolished and a new one built, a new kitchen constructed, and the exterior stone of the old club house was renovated. The new house, which connected with the back of the club house at the end of the new smoking-room, provided a squash court, a ladies' drawing-room and dining-room, and shop premises, as well as bedrooms. The club house was closed to members for a year, between August 1925 and July 1926, and the cost of the whole scheme was £167,471. Work was finished in March 1927.

The historic club house was replaced by the present mid-twentieth century building,opened 1963, described on the club's web site as "a modern purpose built building extending to almost , on ten floors which includes its own underground garage".

Presidents

1838-1841: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
1841-1845: Admiral Sir Philip Durham
1845-1850: Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge

Notable members
Field Marshal the Duke of Cambridge (1819–1904)
Sir Arthur Otway, 3rd Baronet MP (1822–1912)
Admiral of the Fleet Sir Algernon McLennan Lyons (1833-1908)
Field Marshal Sir George Stuart White (1835—1912)
Field Marshal Sir Evelyn Wood (1838-1919)
Field Marshal Lord Grenfell (1841-1925)
Henry Brudenell-Bruce, 5th Marquess of Ailesbury (1842–1911)
Field Marshal Lord Nicholson (1845-1918)
Admiral of the Fleet Sir John de Robeck, 1st Baronet (1862–1928)
Field-Marshal Lord Birdwood (1865-1951)
Field-Marshal Sir Claud Jacob (1863-1948)
General Sir William Peyton (1866-1931), died suddenly at the club on 14 November 1931
Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Trenchard (1873-1956)
Admiral of the Fleet Lord Chatfield (1873-1967)
Field Marshal Sir Cyril Deverell (1874-1947)
Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham (1878–1953)
Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (1883-1963)
Field Marshal Lord Gort (1886-1946)
Tracy Philipps  (1888-1959), Intelligence Officer and Secretary-General of International Union for Conservation of Nature
Field Marshal Lord Harding of Petherton (1896-1989)

Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck (1884-1981)
Admiral of the Fleet Sir Varyl Begg (1908-1995)
Lord Thorneycroft (1909–1994), Chancellor of the Exchequer
Field Marshal Sir Geoffrey Baker (1912-1980)
Sir Gerald Nabarro MP (1913-1973)
Admiral of the Fleet Lord Hill-Norton (1915-2004)
Field Marshal Lord Bramall (born 1923)
Brigadier Robert Hall, (1939-2016)
Christopher Hibbert MC (1924-2008), author
Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fieldhouse (1928-1992)
Field Marshal Lord Inge (born 1935)
Admiral of the Fleet Sir Benjamin Bathurst (born 1936)
Sir Arthur Gooch, 14th Baronet (born 1937), C.O. The Life Guards
Lord Robertson of Port Ellen (born 1946), Secretary General of NATO 1999-2004
General Lord Dannatt  (born 1950) Chief of the General Staff

See also
List of London's gentlemen's clubs

References

External links
The Army & Navy Club - official web site

Gentlemen's clubs in London
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
1837 establishments in England
Organizations established in 1837
Military gentlemen's clubs


King's Lynn Docks are located to the north of the town of King's Lynn in the English county of Norfolk. They are on the River Great Ouse which provides access to the North Sea via the Lynn Channel and The Wash. They are located  north of Cambridge,  west of Norwich and  north of London on the A1078 Edward Benefer Way.

The docks are operated as the Port of King's Lynn by Associated British Ports. It handles around 400,000 tonnes of cargo per year, including forest products, agribulk and manufacturing and recycling materials. Three docks, including the tidal Riverside Quay, can accommodate vessels up to  in length. The docks cover an area of  and include the 25,000 tonne capacity Alexandra Grain Silo complex.

History
In the 13th century King's Lynn was one of England's most important ports. It attracted traders from the Hanseatic League trading for wool, cloth and salt.

The port infrastructure developed in the 19th century following the formation of a docks and railway company in 1865. This built the Alexandra Dock which was completed in 1869 and linked by rail in 1870. By 1876 over 500 ships were using the new dock each year. The larger Bentinck Dock with a length of  was opened in 1883. The port has traditionally relied on exporting agricultural produce for the bulk of its traffic.

Transport links
The docks are on the A1078 road and linked via this and the A148 road through King's Lynn to the main A47 trunk road to the south of the town. This provides links to the A17 and A1 roads to the west. Other main roads connect the port to the M11 motorway and A14 trunk road at Cambridge, providing links to the UK motorway network.

The nearest railway station is King's Lynn railway station on the Fen Line which runs between King's Lynn, Ely and Cambridge and provides links to London King's Cross and London Liverpool Street stations. The port had a railway link to this line in the 19th century, the last elements of which were closed in the 1990s.

Seafarers' welfare
The port now has a dedicated centre, set up by the Apostleship of the Sea, for visiting seafarers. The facility offers them a place to relax, and spend some quiet time, with free internet connection for them to use. It was opened on 17 November 2014 by Bishop Alan Hopes, Bishop of East Anglia. The centre is largely-funded by the Merchant Navy Welfare Board and the site on which it was built was provided by Associated British Ports.

References

External links
 Port of King's Lynn official website

Transport in Norfolk
Ports and harbours of Norfolk
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Coastal features of Norfolk
King's Lynn