Herbert Elmer Lorraine Pickering  (29 March 1919 – 25 July 2009) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party, and was a cabinet minister.

Biography

Pickering was born in Havelock in 1919, the son of Charles Henry Pickering. He received his education from Marlborough College, Christchurch Teachers' College, and the University of Canterbury. During World War II, he was a flying instructor for the RNZAF. After the war, he worked for the New Zealand Broadcasting School. In 1941, Pickering married Margaret Priscilla McKenzie, the daughter of Donald Seaforth McKenzie; they were to have two sons and one daughter.

He contested the  electorate for National in ; then, following the death of William Gillespie, he contested the  electorate in the  and was elected. The Hurunui electorate was abolished in 1963, and Pickering successfully contested the Rangiora electorate instead, which he represented until his retirement due to ill-health in 1972.

In 1961 he was one of ten National MPs to vote with the Opposition and remove capital punishment for murder from the Crimes Bill that the Second National Government had introduced.

In 1969, he was appointed to the Executive Council by Keith Holyoake (unusually, he was not also a cabinet minister) and served until 1972. He was Minister of Education in the Second National Government under Jack Marshall, from 9 February to 8 December 1972.

In the 1993 Queen's Birthday Honours, Pickering was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services. Pickering died on 25 July 2009.

Notes

References

1919 births
2009 deaths
New Zealand National Party MPs
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
New Zealand education ministers
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1960 New Zealand general election
People educated at Marlborough Boys' College
University of Canterbury alumni
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
Royal New Zealand Air Force personnel
Companions of the Queen's Service Order
People from Havelock, New Zealand
New Zealand justices of the peace


Black Velvet Travel Limited, trading as Velvet, was an English bus company based in Eastleigh, that operated between November 2007 and January 2015.

History
Velvet was established on 3 November 2007 by former Go South Coast director Phil Stockley, and in January 2008 began running a temporary shuttle for Tesco staff.

On 25 February 2008, Velvet took over the running of Red Rocket A in Eastleigh, which was given up by previous operator Solent Blue Line as part of their network restructuring. Velvet gained a number of contracts to run other routes, as well as many new commercial ventures.

Since the start of 2014, Velvet had been withdrawing or reducing services following what is described as 'a very difficult winter'. On 12 May 2014, Velvet surrendered the contract with Hampshire County Council to operate route 67 Winchester-West Meon-Petersfield, which moved on to Xelabus and Stagecoach South operation. All Barton Peveril College routes were transferred to Xelabus on 22 June 2014, along with the Eastleigh-Hedge End section of Velvet's A service. This followed the collapse of a deal in March 2014 which would have seen Xelabus take over the company.

On 16 July 2014, the company announced it had ceased trading, with other operators stepping in to cover its services. However two days later operations resumed, with the company announcing on Twitter that it had new owners. Founder and former managing director Phil Stockley commented that the company had not entered any formal insolvency process, and that he would no longer be involved in running Velvet. After operating the service for two weeks on an interim basis, Adam Smith purchased the business. Smith was convicted of possessing counterfeit money a month later, but avoided a prison sentence as jobs at Velvet depended upon him. Velvet's director Michael Bishop took over Cornish independent Western Greyhound in December 2014, with Smith becoming its managing director. On 10 January 2015, Velvet ceased operating, with the three remaining routes passing to Xelabus.

Services
As of July 2014, Velvet operated six routes under contract to Eastleigh Borough Council. By November 2014 this had reduced to four.

References

External links

Company website

Eastleigh
2007 establishments in England
2015 disestablishments in England
Former bus operators in Hampshire


Frederick Porter Wensley  (28 March 1865 – 4 December 1949) served as a British police officer from 1888 until 1929, reaching the rank of chief constable of the Scotland Yard Criminal Investigation Department (CID). Serving in Whitechapel for part of his career, he was involved in street patrols during the investigation of the Jack the Ripper murders, details of which he would later publish in his memoirs in 1931. He was one of the 'Big Four', a nickname given to the four Superintendents in charge of the Metropolitan Police CID, with his murder investigations regularly published in the press. The leading prosecuting barrister Sir Richard Muir referred to him as "the greatest detective of all time".

Life and career
Frederick Porter Wensley was born on 28 March 1865 in Taunton, Somerset. His father, George Wensley, was a bootmaker. The family later moved to London, where Frederick became a telegraph messenger before joining the Metropolitan Police in January 1888 at the age of 22. In 1893 he married Laura Elizabeth Martin, they had two sons and a daughter. Both sons were later killed in France during the First World War.

In 1895 Wensley entered the CID as a probationary detective constable and was promoted to detective sergeant three years later. He first gained public attention in 1896 when he was responsible for capturing a burglar and murderer named William Seaman in a fight in Whitechapel in front of a crowd.  Seaman had just murdered a pawnbroker named John Goodman Levy and his housekeeper, Mrs Sarah Gale (Seaman would later insist Levy was a fence of stolen goods).  Unable to get out of the house on the ground floor, Seaman worked his way to the roof and was followed by Wensley. A fierce fight between the men occurred while a crowd collected. In the end Wensley managed to subdue Seaman. Seaman would later hang for the murder of Levy and Mrs Gale, placed between Milsom and Fowler the "Muswell Hill" murderers, to make sure that Fowler did not try to kill his partner as he had tried to do at their trial.

In November 1909 Wensley, now a detective inspector, was awarded the newly instituted King's Police Medal. Between December 1910 and January 1911 he was closely involved in the siege of Sidney Street in the East End of London. This included leading the hunt for the armed fugitive anarchist group. Once the group was located in Sidney Street, he came under direct fire from the sieged house.

On 1 June 1920, Chief Inspector Wensley was made a member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), and in December 1921, now a Superintendent, he became head of the CID at Scotland Yard. In March 1922 Wensley was appointed to the new post of Chief Constable of the CID, having overall command of some 800 detectives in the London area, including 150 working directly from Scotland Yard. In June 1928 he was promoted to officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).

On 31 July 1929 Wensley retired from the Metropolitan Police after 41 years’ service. He died on 4 December 1949.

Controversial cases
Wensley's actions in two of his cases have been questioned over the years. In the "Clapham Common" Mystery of 1911, linked by the press to the Sidney Street siege, the chief suspect, Steinie Morrison may have been observed unfairly by witnesses shepherded by Wensley. Wensley always continued to believe that Morrison killed the victim Leon Beron for his money (Beron carried a large sum on him at all times).

The other controversial case was that of Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters, both executed in 1923 for the stabbing murder of Edith's husband Percy the previous year. This case was notable because Mrs Thompson appears never to have been linked to the murder committed by her lover, except for letters she wrote to Bywaters suggesting she was trying to poison Percy. Sir Bernard Spilsbury tested for poison, but found nothing. It is likely that Thompson was actually convicted (like Florence Maybrick over thirty years earlier) for committing adultery. Initially she claimed she did not know who attacked Percy. However, Bywaters had been caught already, and Wensley wanted to test his theory of a joint murder plot. While Thompson was crossing the floor after being questioned, she saw Bywaters being led across in a different direction. She apparently collapsed and said, "Oh, why did he do it?!"

Wensley also worked on the murder of Frenchwoman Emilienne Gerard, whose body was discovered on 2 November 1917. He interviewed Gerard's lover, Louis Voisin, and arrested him after discovering that he misspelt "bloody" in the same way as the murderer, who had left "blodie Belgium" at the crime scene.

Published works
While Wensley's memoirs appear under the more common title of Forty Years of Scotland Yard, they were originally published in London under the title Detective Days and were only renamed upon subsequent publishing in New York City. In them, Wensley downplayed his own role in the investigation of the Ripper murders:

Not that I had much to do with it. In common with hundreds of others I was drafted there, and we patrolled the streets usually in pairs-without any tangible result. We did, however, rather anticipate a great commercial invention. To our clumsy regulation boots we nailed strips of rubber, usually bits of old bicycle tires, and so ensured some measure of silence when walking.

Wensley also agreed with commonly held theories that the police were never sure of their suspects, he commenting "Officially, only five (with a possible sixth) murders were attributed to Jack the Ripper."

Notes

References
 Brookman, Simon Frederick Wensley: 'The greatest detective of all time'''. Orders & Medals Research Society Journal (Volume 58, number 4) December 2019
 Lustgarten, Edgar Verdict in Dispute. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1950. (Lustgarten is quite critical of Wensley's performance in both cases, although recognises Wensley's general reputation.)
 Lustgarten, Edgar The Murder and the Trial, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958. (Lustgarten is quite critical of Wensley's performance in both cases, although recognises Wensley's general reputation.)
 Wensley, Frederick Porter Forty Years of Scotland Yard. New York City, 1931
 Moss, Eloise. "The scrapbooking detective: Frederick Porter Wensley and the limits of 'celebrity'and 'authority' in inter-war Britain." Social History 40, no. 1 (2015): 58-81. Open access version viewable here.
 Moss, Eloise. "Scrapbooks: A proliferation of meaning." Approaching Historical Sources in their Contexts: Space, Time and Performance'' (2020). [Chapter exploring Wensley's scrapbooks.
 Interview with Dr Eloise Moss on Frederick Wensley's scrapbooks on The Scrapbook History Podcast.
 Bishopsgate Library in London holds an archive collection of Frederick Wensley's diaries, notebooks, scrapbooks and other documents, donated by his daughter Edith Wensley.

Jack the Ripper
1949 deaths
Metropolitan Police chief officers
1865 births
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Metropolitan Police recipients of the Queen's Police Medal


Chicago 90 is a racing video game developed and published by Microïds and was released in 1989 for the Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Amiga and MS-DOS.

Gameplay

Chicago 90 offers two game modes which in the first mode, the player play as a gangster and the second one as the police. Each two modes had opposing goals and different strategies. In the first mode, the player simply have to escape the city while avoiding being trapped by the police. In the second mode, the player can control six police cars by directly driving any of the six and issuing commands to the other five in an attempt to prevent the gangster from escaping the city. The game has three levels for the each two modes.

Reception

See also
 List of Microids games

References

External links
Chicago 90 at Atari Mania
Chicago 90 at Lemon Amiga

1989 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
DOS games
Europe-exclusive video games
Microïds games
Racing video games
Video games about police officers
Video games developed in France
Video games set in Chicago


Hiraethog was a rural district of the administrative county of Denbighshire, Wales, from 1935 to 1974. The district took its name from the historic district of Mynydd Hiraethog.

The district was created by a county review order on 1 April 1935 from the amalgamation of Uwchaled Rural District with most of Llanrwst Rural District and part of Ruthin Rural District. The headquarters of the rural district council were in Llanrwst, which was a separate urban district.

The district contained the following civil parishes:
Cerrigydrudion
Eglwysbach
Gwytherin
Llanddoged
Llanfihangel Glyn Myfyr
Llangernyw
Llangwm
Llanrwst Rural
Pentrefoelas
Tir Ifan

The rural district was abolished in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, when some parishes became part of the district of Colwyn in the county of Clwyd. The remainder, Eglwysbach, Llanddoged, Llanrwst Rural and Tir Ifan, became part of the Borough of Aberconwy in the County of Gwynedd.

References

External links

Rural districts of Wales
History of Denbighshire


Georgijs Smirnovs (born 1936) is a Latvian former football player and manager. In 2006 Latvian Football Federation selected Smirnovs as one of the 11 greatest footballers in the first 100 years of football in Latvia.

Biography
Born in Leningrad, Smirnovs played football with a local factory club. In 1957 he was sent to Riga, Latvia for military service. He got to play with FK Dinamo Rīga with which he won the Latvian Cup and was noted by many as a very talented forward. After just six matches that he had played with Dinamo, Vadims Ulbergs from Daugava Rīga offered Smirnovs to join the strongest Latvian club.

He made his debut with Daugava in the 1st Soviet league in the 1957 and played with the club until 1971. In his best season in 1960 when Daugava played in the Soviet Top League Smirnovs scored 11 goals and was nominated to the list of the 33 best Soviet footballers of the year. Smirnovs also managed to score three goals in two matches against the legendary Lev Yashin in that year. After the season Smirnovs got offers from several top league squads, but he remained loyal to Daugava. In 1967 Smirnovs was offered to retire from playing and start management work with Daugava, but he refused and continued playing. In 1969 when Daugava went on a tourney to England but the players were found carrying contraband money and many of them including Smirnovs and Gunārs Ulmanis - the club veterans and leaders were disqualified. In 1971 his disqualification was lifted and Smirnovs played one more match for Daugava (and a couple of games with Zvejnieks Liepāja, but he himself recognized that he wasn't in a form good enough, so he retired from football for sure.

Later Smirnovs returned to football as a manager with VEF Rīga which he brought to many successful seasons in the Latvian league - winning 5 titles and the two Latvian Cups. With VEF he worked from 1971 to 1992.

See also
The Georgijs Smirnovs club is a list of Latvian football players that have scored 100 or more goals during their professional careers. This club is named after Georgijs Smirnovs.

References

Living people
1936 births
Latvian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Soviet men's footballers
Soviet Top League players
FC Daugava Riga players
Latvian football managers
Soviet football managers
Latvian sports coaches


The Uzbek telephone numbering plan describes the allocation of telephone numbers in Uzbekistan.

International dialling format (country code + area code + subscriber number): e.g. +998 BC XXXXXXX

Format
All Uzbek phone numbers have nine digits, and are composed of a city prefix (from 2 to 4 digits) and a subscriber number (the remaining digits up to 9).

City codes

Sources
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan
 Cell phone info on Uzbekistan

References

ITU allocations list

Uzbekistan
Communications in Uzbekistan
Telephone numbers


Back to the Egg is a TV special containing music videos to promote the band Wings' 1979 album Back to the Egg. The program was first broadcast on US television stations in November 1979, but its UK airing, on BBC1, was delayed until June 1981, two months after the band disbanded. The locations used for filming include Lympne Castle and Camber Sands, both on the south-east coast of England.

The videos for "Goodnight Tonight" – a song that had been a non-album single shortly before the release of Back to the Egg – and "Baby's Request" were issued on The McCartney Years DVD box set in 2007. The full special has yet to be released on DVD, but can be found on YouTube.

Production
Having completed the year-long sessions for Back to the Egg in April 1979, the five members of Wings began shooting music videos for the album with film company Keef & Co. in June that year. In addition to serving as promotional clips for their respective songs, the videos were to be compiled into a television special, coinciding with Wings' UK tour late in 1979 – the first leg of a planned world tour.

The production team hired by band leader Paul McCartney included Keith MacMillan, Phil Davey and Hugh Scott-Symonds. According to author Keith Badman, MacMillan decided on the seven songs chosen for filming. Among these were "Old Siam, Sir", "Getting Closer" and "Arrow Through Me" – all tracks that would be issued as singles off Back to the Egg. The eighth selection in the TV special would be a clip for "Goodnight Tonight", a non-album single released in March 1979, to coincide with the airing of the band's Wings Over the World TV film. The "Goodnight Tonight" video was also produced by MacMillan's company and dated from a 3 April shoot at London's Hammersmith Palais.

Filming
Filming began on 4 June at Lympne Castle in Kent, where Wings had recorded part of the album. The video shot that day was for "Old Siam, Sir", with filming taking place in the hall of the castle.

On 5 June, the production relocated to the inside of an aircraft hangar, situated at a private airfield close to Lympne. Here, the band filmed clips for "Spin It On" and "Getting Closer". Invited to attend that day, Mark Williams of Melody Maker later wrote of drummer Steve Holly being "dolled up as a First World War fighter pilot", and commented on the aviation theme: "The Wings logo stands resplendent on the front of a hangar as some sort of loose visual pun; inside the crew are wrestling with draped parachutes and lighting gantries festooned above a sound stage." During breaks in filming, Williams noted, the band gave impromptu live performances, "entertaining what appears to be half the population of East Kent, who wander in and out of aircraft hangars and fields of kale where the action takes place".

Also on 5 June, the video for "Again and Again and Again" was shot in one of the nearby fields. With the crew working late into the night, further scenes for "Getting Closer" included footage of a car driving on the airstrip.

The production returned to Lympne Castle on 6 June, where Wings filmed the "Winter Rose/Love Awake" video. Two days later, the band drove to Camber Sands in East Sussex, to shoot a clip for "Baby's Request", before heading to London for the upcoming Back to the Egg press launch.

Filming resumed on 13 June, now at Keef & Co.'s London studios, where the band taped the video for "Arrow Through Me" and shot additional footage for "Getting Closer". Film was also created for the opening and closing segments of the TV special, incorporating images from the album's cover artwork, which was designed by Hipgnosis.

Broadcast
Back to the Egg first aired in America, syndicated nationally on WTBS, during November and December 1979. The first UK broadcast was on BBC1 on 10 June 1981. By that time, Wings had discontinued, following McCartney's arrest at Tokyo's Narita Airport the previous year, for possession of drugs, and the subsequent cancellation of the group's world tour.

Although the full special has yet to receive an official release, the clips for "Goodnight Tonight" and "Baby's Request" appeared on disc one of the 2007 DVD box set The McCartney Years.

Songs
 "Getting Closer"
 "Baby's Request"
 "Old Siam, Sir"
 "Winter Rose/Love Awake"
 "Spin It On"
 "Again and Again and Again"
 "Arrow Through Me"
 "Goodnight Tonight"

Notes

Citations

Sources

 Keith Badman, The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001, Omnibus Press (London, 2001; ).
 Alan Clayson, Paul McCartney, Sanctuary (London, 2003; ).
 Chip Madinger & Mark Easter, Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium, 44.1 Productions (Chesterfield, MO, 2000; ).
 Robert Rodriguez, Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980, Backbeat Books (Milwaukee, WI, 2010; ).
 Howard Sounes, Fab: An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney, HarperCollins (London, 2010; ).

Paul McCartney and Wings
Paul McCartney
1979 television specials


During the first English Civil War, the Parliamentarians used their control of the legislature to enforce a number of laws to support their military campaign, including the levying of funds. On 26 November 1642, the Committee for the Advance of Money for the Service of the Parliament was established.

The committee was established by the Long Parliament under An Ordinance for the assessing of all such as have not contributed upon the Propositions of both Houses of Parliament for the raising of money, plate, horse and horsemen, etc.

Initially it met at Haberdashers Hall under Lord Howard of Escrick. Howard was later exposed for receiving bribes from Royalists. The Committee later sat at the home of Sir William Bruncard and at the Queen's Court, Westminster.

From 1642 to 1650, the Committee investigated people's wealth and  obtained forced loans for the use of Parliament but repaid the money annually with interest.  Initially, funds were obtained from all parties but, from August 1646, only Royalists were forced to contribute and goods could be seized for non compliance.

Contributors included the Royalist Francis Leigh, 1st Earl of Chichester who was assessed in November 1645 at £3,000 and given a year to pay.

In 1650, the committee was merged with the Committee for Compounding with Delinquents, which had powers to seize the estates of landowners who refused to contribute to the Parliamentary cause.

See also
Committee for Compounding with Delinquents
Committee for Plundered Ministers

References

1642 establishments in England
Stuart England


A Buddha image in Thailand typically refers to three-dimensional stone, wood, clay, or metal cast images of the Buddha. While there are such figures in all regions where Buddhism is commonly practiced, the appearance, composition and position of the images vary greatly from country to country in Buddhist art.

Dvaravati period
During the Dvaravati period (seventh through eleventh centuries), there were two factions of Buddhism practiced in the region that now encompasses present day Thailand, namely Mahayana and Theravada. The types of images constructed during this era reflects the distinction. Much of the basis for the Buddhist artwork of the Dvaravati period was influence from Buddhist art in India, including the Amaravati school and Gupta styles, although there was also local and Khmer influence. Such images include the following classical archetypes:
Buddha in the tribhanga (leaning) position with somewhat Indian facial features and no aureole. The right hand is typically free, while the left is depicted grasping the Buddha's robe.
Buddha in the Amaravati style with loosely folded legs and a lotus shaped aureole. Such statues have a continuous eyebrow, a flat nose and thick lips.
Square faced cleft chin Buddha with some Khmer features. Legs are typically fully folded. The Buddha sits on a lotus base.

Sri Vijaya images
Sri Vijaya images are found in Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula. They were created between the eighth and thirteenth centuries. Typically, they reflect the teachings of the Mahayana school of Buddhism, which often emphasized the veneration of the sacred figure of Boddhisattvas. The Srivijayan art are noted for its naturalistic style, ideal body proportions, natural pose and body elegance, and richly adorned jewelries, akin to Indonesian Javanese Buddhist art.

A famous example of Sri Vijayan art is the bronze torso statue of Boddhisattva Padmapani (Avalokiteshvara), 8th century CE Srivijayan art, from Chaiya District, Surat Thani, Southern Thailand. The statue demonstrate the influence of Central Java art (Shailendra art) . In 1905 Prince Damrong Rajanubhab removed the statue from Wat Wiang, Chaiya, Surat Thani to Bangkok National Museum, Thailand.

Although some of Sri Vijayan Buddhist image were made of bronze and stone, most of Sri Vijaya images were generally made of clay, with less emphasis on durability, as their purpose was to benefit the deceased, rather than perpetuate the teachings of the Buddha.

Lopburi images
Lopburi images date back to the eleventh century. They are typically found in Northeast Thailand, and their style is essentially similar to Cambodian Buddha images. Such images typically have a cone-shaped cranial protuberance in the form of tiers of lotus petals. The hair depicted in the images is considerably more realistic than the hair of the Dvaravati images, and may be either straight or curly. The face of the Buddha typically has a small smile, while the earlobes are in unusually large proportion relative to the rest of the face, often hanging down nearly to the image's shoulders. A second Lopburi style is the Naga Protected Buddha with the heads of Naga forming a protective taper around the Buddha's head.

Chiang Saen and Lanna images

Chiang Saen and Lanna images were created in northern Thailand between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. Early images were similar to the Pala style Buddha images of India, with lotus bud or orb shaped hair curls, round faces, narrow lips and prominent chests. Such images were usually in the subduing Mara position, cross-legged, with the soles of the Buddha's feet visible. Many later Chiang Saen and Lanna images began to be constructed from crystals and gemstones.

Two of the most important Buddha images in Thailand, the Emerald Buddha and the Phra Phuttha Sihing are made in the Lanna style.

Sukhothai period

During the Sukhothai period (fourteenth century), the style of the Thai Buddha images radically changed due to the influx of new ideas from Sri Lankan Buddhism. Buddha images were cast with the intention of depicting superhuman traits of the Buddha, and were designed to express compassion and serenity in posture and facial expression. The Sukhothai period witnessed the innovation of the four modern postures of the Thai Buddha, i.e. walking, standing, sitting and reclining. Images often had a flame-shaped aureole, finely curled hair, a slight smile, broad shoulders and an oval face. A common pose was the subduing Mara, with the Buddha seated on a plain base. Notable variations within the Sukhothai period include the Kamphaengpet, the Phra Buddha Chinnarat (such as the most famous Chinnarat at Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahatat Woramahawihan), and the Wat Ta Kuan groups of images.

Wat Traimit Golden Buddha, which is a famous tourist attraction in Bangkok, is made in the Sukhothai style, so it may indeed date from that period.

U Thong images
There are three categories of U Thong images from the twelfth through fifteenth century in central Thailand. The first such style was a fusion of the Dvaravati and Khmer style images. They would typically adorn a lotus bud aureole and Khmer facial features. The second style was similar to the Lopburi images. The third and most recent U Thong style had considerable influence from the Sukhothai images, but often had hair bands unique to U Thong images.

Ayutthaya period

Ayutthaya images were created between the tenth and eighteenth centuries. They had a unique hair frame and tell-tale narrow carvings above the lips and eyes. Early Ayutthaya images were carved in stone with heavy influence from the Lopburi images. Middle Ayutthaya images were similar to the Sukhothai images, and were in similar poses. During this period, the images were often cast in Bronze, and the size of the images were often large. In the late Ayutthaya period, the images typically depicted the Buddha in royal attire, and the bases of the images bore ornate design.

Modern Thai Buddha images
In modern times, Buddha images are often replicas of images from the Sukhothai and other early periods, often more ornately and elaborately adorned. Faces in new innovative depictions are typically more realistic and human-like. An elongated flame aureole is popular. Robes depicted in modern images often depict floral designs. The Indian Gandhara style, as well as western art have also influenced many of the modern images.

Bunleua Sulilat's concrete sculpture gardens (Buddha Park and Sala Keoku) give an example of contemporary highly creative and unconventional artistic treatment of Buddhist subjects. See also Wat Rong Khun and Sanctuary of Truth.

See also

Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand
Buddhist Art
Buddhism in Thailand
Luang Phor Phet are statues of the Buddha depicted in the (Diamond) Lotus Position or Vajrāsana
Lao Buddhist sculpture
Attitude of Buddha in Thai art (ปางพระพุทธรูป; ''paang phra phutta roup)
Leela attitude
Maravijaya attitude

References
The Thai Buddha Image

External links
Eight Eras of Thai Buddhist Art and Sculpture
Thai Buddha Images for the Days of the Week

Thai Buddhist art and architecture
Buddhist iconography
Cultural depictions of Gautama Buddha
Buddha statues in Thailand


Dombey and Son is a British television miniseries in ten parts produced by the BBC and first broadcast in 1983. It was based on the 1848 novel Dombey and Son by Charles Dickens.

It was adapted by James Andrew Hall and directed by Rodney Bennett.

Cast
Julian Glover - Paul Dombey Sr.
Shirley Cain - Miss Tox
Zelah Clarke - Susan Nipper
Kenton Moore - Towlinson
Lysette Anthony - Florence Dombey
Rhoda Lewis - Louisa Chick
Paul Darrow - Mr. Carker
Roger Milner - Solomon Gills
Emrys James - Captain Cuttle
Ronald Herdman - Perch
Sharon Maughan - Edith Granger (later Dombey)
Ivor Roberts - Mr. Chick
James Cossins - Major Bagstock
Jenny McCracken - Polly Toodle (Mrs. Richards)
Steve Fletcher - Biler (Rob Toodle)
Neal Swettenham - Mr. Toots
Max Gold - Walter Gay
Barbara Hicks - Mrs. Pipchin
Paul Imbusch - Dr. Parker Peps
Barnaby Buik - Paul Dombey, Jr.
Romyanna Wood - Florence Dombey (younger)
Diana King - Hon. Mrs. Skewton
Andrew Dunford - Withers
Anthony Dutton - Mr. Toodle

References

External links

1983 British television series debuts
1983 British television series endings
1980s British drama television series
BBC television dramas
1980s British television miniseries
Period television series
Television shows based on works by Charles Dickens
English-language television shows
Films based on works by Charles Dickens


Sanjukta Morcha alternatively Sanyukta Morcha (), is a political alliance formed ahead of the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election as an alternative to the Trinamool Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party. It was led by Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Indian National Congress and Indian Secular Front with other smaller parties of Left Front (West Bengal) during the 2021 elections. After the election, Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, the head of Congress, declared the end of any alliance with Indian Secular Front Later on CPI(M) general secretary Sitaram Yechury said the electoral alliances was over after the polls, but the political understanding between Left, Congress and ISF will continue.

Background
Following the heavy defeats in the 2011 Assembly equations and the 2014 Indian national election, the party welcomed ideas of the alliance even with parties not conforming to the communist manifesto. The first signs came when in the Siliguri municipal election, CPI(M) made some local understanding with INC resulting in CPI(M) leader Ashok Bhattacharya being appointed as the mayor. This success got popularity as Siliguri Model.

After the success of the model, in the long run, some Congress and CPI(M) leader advocated for a Left-Congress alliance. This gradually materialized into "Alliance" between INC and Left Front in all the seats except in Murshidabad district.

After much dispute and secession of SUCI(C) and CPI(ML) from Left Front, both Congress and Lefts formed a basis of what they called "seat sharing", strongly objecting to the use of the word-"alliance".

Left Front consisting of CPI(M), CPI, RSP and All India Forward Bloc along with INC (Congress) (who were on an Electoral agreement with the Left Front) released their respective candidate list in several rounds after consultations and bargaining.

In 2016 Secular Democratic Alliance or locally known as Mahajot was formed on the broad agreement that some political parties proposed before the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election for fighting against Trinamool Congress government in West Bengal, India. Subsequently, Mahajot succeeded to Samyukta Morcha in 2021.

2021 Legislative assembly election
Ahead of the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Indian Secular Front joined the alliance with Left Front and Indian National Congress. The alliance was announced in a rally of Left Front (West Bengal) in the Brigade Parade Ground. The Left Parties will contest in 165 seats, Congress in 92 and ISF in 37 seats.

Despite a spirited campaign, the Left Front and the Indian National Congress drew a blank in the election with a considerable decrease in their respective vote shares and the Indian Secular Front (contesting in the name and symbol of the Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party) wrested the Bhangar Assembly constituency from the All India Trinamool Congress.

2023 and 2024 elections
The Left Front supported Indian National Congress candidate Bayron Biswas for by-election in Sagardighi Assembly constituency. He defeated TMC candidate Debasish Bandopadhyay by a margin of 22,986 votes.

On 2 March 2023, CPI(M) state secretary Mohammed Salim, in a press meeting, said that smaller anti-TMC and anti-BJP forces including the Indian Secular Front supported INC candidate Bayron Biswas. He also added that alliance of Left and Centrist forces and other parties will continue in 2023 Panchayat elections and 2024 parliamentary election. In May 2023, he said that Left, Congress and ISF are finalising seat-sharing arrangements for the 2023 election and will contest together in 2024 Parliamentary election.

Members

Notes

References

Defunct political party alliances in India
Politics of West Bengal


Lubański (masculine) or Lubańska (feminine) may refer to:

 Lubanski (surname)
 Lubań County (Polish: powiat lubański), a place in south-western Poland
 Henryków Lubański, a village in Lubań County
Włoszyca Lubańska, a village in Włocławek County


Chedgrave is a village and civil parish in English county of Norfolk. Chedgrave is separated from nearby Loddon by the River Chet.

History
Chedgrave's name is of Anglo-Saxon origin and likely derives from the Old English for Ceatta's pit or grove.

In the Domesday Book, Chedgrave is described as consisting of 73 households located in the hundred of Loddon. The village formed part of the estates of Ralph Baynard.

Geography
According to the 2011 Census, Chedgrave has 1,051 residents living in 488 households.

Chedgrave falls within the constituency of South Norfolk and is represented at Parliament by Richard Bacon MP of the Conservative Party.

War Memorial
Chedgrave's war memorials take the form of two marble plaques inside All Saints' Church as well as a lychgate erected in 2018. The memorial lists the following name for the First World War:
 Gunner Edward G. H. Beckham (1880-1917), 228th (Siege) Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
 Private Free Easter (d.1917), 1/9th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry
 Private James J. Fuller (1897-1917), 4th Battalion, Yorkshire Regiment

And, the following for the Second World War:
 Gunner-Second-Class Robert R. Goulty (1924-1943), Royal Air Force
 Private Stanley D. Goodyear (1926-1944), 4th Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment
 Private Harry A. Seamons (1922-1942), 4th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Albert E. H. Starman (1919-1944), 4th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment

References

External links

Villages in Norfolk
Civil parishes in Norfolk


''Rosa'' KORbin is a white floribunda rose cultivar bred by Kordes in Germany in 1958. It is also known as Iceberg, Fée des Neiges and Schneewittchen. 'KORbin' is among the world's best known roses.

Description
'KORbin' is a modern cluster-flowered floribunda rose cultivar. It is commercially available in two main forms: a bush and a standard, both produced by a form of grafting known as budding. The size and shape of bush forms depend on growing conditions and pruning regime: it is usually about  high and  wide, though in hot climates it can reach  high and if lightly pruned can become a graceful shrub. Leaves are small, light green and glossy. Blooms are about 5 cm in diameter and have 25 to 35 petals. They grow in clusters on long stems. Buds are long and pointed. The fragrant flowers usually appear abundantly throughout the year.

Origin
The cultivar was developed by prolific German rose breeder Reimer Kordes in Germany in 1958. He and his father Wilhelm had initially specialised in developing bush roses that were suitable for small gardens. The parent varieties of 'KORbin' are 'Robin Hood', a red hybrid musk rose, developed by Joseph Pemberton in 1927 in England, and 'Virgo', a white hybrid-tea rose bred in France by Charles Mallerin in 1927.

The plant was registered under the cultivar name 'KORbin' by Kordes in 1958 and given the trade name Schneewittchen. The cultivar is known as Fée des Neiges in French and Iceberg in English.

Awards and recognition

In 1958, 'KORbin' was awarded a Royal National Rose Society Gold Medal. The cultivar was selected as the "World Favourite Rose" of 1983 by the World Federation of Rose Societies and is listed in their "Rose Hall of Fame". The German ADR title granted in 1960 was taken away in 2004.

Stamps depicting the cultivar were issued in Romania in 1970 and New Zealand in 1975.

Related cultivars
A number of sports of 'KORbin' have been discovered:
'Blushing Pink KORbin' – A cultivar originating from Lilia Weatherly's garden in Tasmania in 1994 with white flowers flushed with pale pink.
'Brilliant Pink KORbin' – a deep pink form from the same garden in Tasmania.
'Burgundy KORbin' – a sport of 'Brilliant Pink Iceberg' with prolific burgundy flowers.
'Climbing KORbin' – a climbing form discovered by Cants of Colchester in England in 1968 and available as weeping and climbing forms of 'KORbin'.

Because of its positive qualities, 'KORbin' was an important parent of the English Roses bred by David Austin and others: 1983 – 'Graham Thomas' and 'Perdita'; 1984 – 'Belle Story', 'Dove' and 'Heritage'; 1985 – 'Emanuel'; 1986 – 'Claire Rose', 'English Garden' and 'Swan'.

Cultivation
Although plants are generally disease free, they may suffer from black spot in more humid climates or in situations where air circulation is limited. Plants tolerate shade, though they perform best in full sun. In North America they are able to be grown in USDA Hardiness Zones 4b and higher. In Australia, plants are suited to all but northern tropical areas. The hardiness and popularity of the cultivar have seen its widespread use in cultivation across the world, occasionally leading to claims that it is "overdone" as a garden plant.

The blooms are suited for use as cut flowers. Both the shrub form and grafted standard may be grown in large containers. Iceberg rose is a prolific bloomer even in hot regions like Lahore.

References

KORbin


Jeunesses Musicales Czech Republic (JMCR) is non-profit, non-governmental organization for young people interested in culture and art, including music, theatre, dance, film, and fine art. It is a member of Jeunesses Musicales International network.

History
JMCR was established in 1971, with composer František Kovaříček as the first president. In 1999 the board of JMCR was elected during a national conference of JMCR members. In 2003 a new level of cooperation was established between JMCR and Jeunesses Musicales International.

Jaroslav Ježek Friends Society was founded by JMCR, together with the Jaroslav Ježek Conservatory in Prague, on 25 September 2006, to celebrate Ježek's legacy.

Events
JMCR organise a number of festivals, including the young Smetana's Litomyšl, Days of music in Prague, Rainbow Storm in Liberec, a poetry festival in Rakovník, Stairs of Příbram International Imagine festival in Příbram, and a festival of music theatre in Hradec Králové called Prkna.

The organisation also runs workshops in dancing, lyrics and photography, as well as summer schools in Třeboň and Poděbrady, and a winter film school in Prague

External links
 Jeunesses Musicales Czech Republic
 Jeunesses Musicales International

Music organizations based in the Czech Republic
Organizations established in 1971
1971 establishments in Czechoslovakia


Wireless DNC is a form of wireless data transfer, known as Direct Numerical Control, performed between a computer numerical control (CNC) machine and the computer controlling it. These are very widely used in the automobile, engineering, sheet metal and aeronautic industries. These machines are capable of producing different parts. For each type of part, a sequence of instructions is needed. This list of instructions is stored in a computer script, a computer file written in a programming language, such as G-code. This script is commonly referred to as a part program. When a part is to be produced this part program is uploaded to a CNC machine by RS-232 link.

Now this RS-232 link between a PC and CNC machine with software is called a DNC system.  In a typical machine shop floor, it is difficult to maintain the data cable. Hence wireless data transfer has come into existence. There are mainly two types of wireless hardware units available in the market. One is using Bluetooth technology, while the other uses Wi-Fi technology.

In case of Bluetooth, generally one pair of Bluetooth devices is used. One gets plugged on a COM port of a PC or Laptop, and the other is connected to an RS-232 port of a CNC machine. The wireless link is established with the required driver software. Once this is established, the user can run their DNC software for data transfer. In most cases, the file is sent from a remote PC to a selected CNC machine.

In Wi-Fi technology, a wireless link is established between a device called wireless access point (generally near the PC) and a device called a wireless node, which is interfaced to the CNC machine. There is one access point and multiple nodes. Each wireless access point and wireless node has one IP address. This IP address must be of the same domain name as the PC. Thus a wireless Ethernet link is created. The wireless node has an RS-232 port, which is connected to an RS-232 port of the CNC machine. Driver software on the PC maps the RS-232 port of the wireless node as a virtual COM port of the PC. Once this is done, the DNC software takes care of the two-way data transfer.

Industrial automation
Wireless networking


Lubinski is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Christina Lubinski (born 1979), German historian
David Lubinski, American psychologist
Kurt Lubinski (1899–1969), German-Dutch photojournalist
Rudolf Lubinski (1873–1935), Croatian architect
Sharon Lubinski, United States Marshal
Wojciech Lubiński (born 1969), Polish military physician
Jorge Wagensberg Lubinski (1948–2018), Spanish physicist


Adam Richards is a drifting driver from New Plymouth, New Zealand. He has been drifting competitively since 2003 and was crowned the 2005 D1NZ champion driving a modified Nissan Cefiro.
He has competed in the D1 World All Stars Drift Championship in 2006 and 2007.

Cars

Nissan Cefiro A31
Adam started in the D1NZ series using a modified Nissan Cefiro with camouflage coloured paint by Steven Sole Customs.  Not Stickers. He swapped the standard engine with a RB26DET from a Nissan Skyline GT-R to increase the power output. This helped him to get a spot on the podium in four out of the six rounds of 2005. Adam stopped using this car competitively after the first round of D1NZ 2006, making way for a sponsored Nissan Silvia.

The Cefiro made a return in round 3 of Drift Revolution 2007, sporting a new exterior design.
After a few competitions in New Zealand the car was shipped to America to compete in the D1 All stars. He is currently competing in the European Drift Championship with the car.

Nissan Silvia S15 (HKS)
After winning the 2005 championship, Adam approached with new sponsors HKS and Dodson's, built a new car for the upcoming 2006 season. Starting from a ground up rebuild, primarily with HKS parts, the total build cost was roughly $150,000 (NZ). He competed with this car throughout 2006 and 2007, although struggled, finishing eighth in the 2006 season.

References

New Zealand racing drivers
Living people
Drifting drivers
Sportspeople from New Plymouth
Year of birth missing (living people)


Perth Airport is a domestic and international airport serving Perth, Western Australia.

Perth Airport may also refer to:

Perth Airport (Scotland), serving Perth, Scotland
Perth Airport (suburb), a suburb of Perth, Western Australia


A referendum on a new constitution was held in Ghana on 28 April 1992. The main issues were the reintroduction of multi-party politics and the division of powers between the president and parliament.

There were 8,255,690 registered voters for the referendum.

Background
In December 1981 Jerry Rawlings had come to power in a military coup. The Provisional National Defence Council was established to rule the country. In 1984, the PNDC created a National Commission on Democracy to study ways to establish participatory democracy in Ghana. The commission issued a "Blue Book" in July 1987 outlining modalities for district-level elections, which were held in late 1988 and early 1989, for newly created district assemblies. One-third of the assembly members are appointed by the government.

Under international and domestic pressure for a return to democracy, the PNDC allowed the establishment of a 258-member Consultative Assembly made up of members representing geographic districts as well as established civic or business organizations. The assembly was charged to draw up a draft constitution to establish a fourth republic, using PNDC proposals. The PNDC accepted the final product without revision, and it was put to a vote.

Results

Aftermath
On 18 May 1992, the ban on party politics was lifted in preparation for multi-party elections. The PNDC and its supporters formed a new party, the National Democratic Congress (NDC), to contest the elections. Presidential elections were held on November 3 and parliamentary elections on December 29 of that year. Members of the opposition boycotted the parliamentary elections, however, which resulted in a 200-seat parliament with only 17 opposition party members and two independents.

The new constitution entered into force on 7 January 1993, to found the Fourth Republic. On that day, Rawlings was inaugurated as president and members of parliament swore their oaths of office. In 1996, the opposition fully contested the presidential and parliamentary elections, which were described as peaceful, free, and transparent by domestic and international observers. Rawlings was re-elected with 57% of the popular vote.

Referendums in Ghana
1992 referendums
1992 in Ghana
Constitutional referendums


The Arnold Schönberg Center, established in 1998 in Vienna, is a repository of Arnold Schönberg's archival legacy and a cultural center that is open to the public.

Activities

Archive and library, exhibitions, concerts, lectures, workshops and symposia make it possible to become familiar with Schönberg's world and that of his contemporaries. Schönberg's study with the original furniture and work tools can be viewed at the Center year-round. The Center publishes regularly, and in particular, produces the periodical Journal of the Arnold Schönberg Center. A catalogue raisonné of Schoenberg's paintings and drawings has also been published. The Center regularly awards an international Arnold Schönberg Prize.

The archive is open all year-round to scholars, composers, musicians and the general public. The collection comprises more than 20,000 pages of music and text manuscripts, historical photographs, personal documents, diaries, concert programs, Schönberg's library, memorabilia and instruments, as well as copies and scans of the worldwide inventory of Schönbergiana. The website of the center contains high-resolution scans of all available autographs, paintings and letters, and additionally offers the complete works and voice recordings as streaming audio.

History

Arnold Schönberg's legacy remained in the possession of his heirs after his death in 1951 and was administered by his widow Gertrud Schoenberg until 1967. In the 1970s, Schönberg's heirs decided to make the collection available to the Arnold Schoenberg Institute of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles where a modern archive was established along with a concert hall and an exhibition hall. That archive was open to the public until 1997. Leonard Stein, who had studied with Schoenberg, was the director of the institute. During its 25-year history, the institute was consulted by thousands of researchers, artists, students and music-lovers.

Towards the end of this period, the University of Southern California felt it could no longer fulfill the condition of Schönberg's heirs that the Institute and archive be limited exclusively to research and studies about Arnold Schönberg, triggering off a legal battle between them and the University in 1996. Many cities, universities and private people were interested in giving the orphaned collection a new home: New York, Vienna, Berlin, The Hague, Basel, Yale, Stanford, Harvard, Arizona and even in Los Angeles, the Getty Center and the University of California Los Angeles.

Vienna, as the city in which Schoenberg was born and the birthplace and namesake of the Viennese School, was chosen: in early 1997 the Arnold Schönberg Center Privatstiftung was founded by the City of Vienna together with the Internationale Schönberg-Gesellschaft.

The purposes of the Foundation include establishing the Arnold Schönberg Archives (legacy) in Vienna, its maintenance and preservation, the education of the public with regard to Schönberg's interdisciplinary artistic influence, as well as teaching and publicizing Schönberg's contributions to music and other achievements. The purposes of the Foundation shall be achieved by making the Schoenberg legacy accessible and available for scholarly study and research by scholars, composers, musicians, and the general public; regularly organizing exhibitions, concerts, and other events; holding symposia and conferences devoted to the life and work of Arnold Schönberg; exhibiting paintings and drawings by Arnold Schönberg, which have been made available to the Foundation by their owners as a long-term loan.

Schönberg House in Mödling

In March 1997, as one of its founders, the International Schönberg Society deeded Arnold Schönberg's residence in Mödling (1918–1925) to the newly founded Arnold Schönberg Center Private Foundation. The house, which is a living monument for the intellectual activity of Schönberg's Viennese circle, contains a museum (open to the public since September 1999).

See also
 List of music museums

External links
Official site

Museums established in 1998
Culture of Austria
Museums in Vienna
Schoenberg
Music museums in Austria
Biographical museums in Austria
Museums in Lower Austria
Buildings and structures in Landstraße
Arnold Schoenberg


Pop Up is the debut studio album by French electropop band Yelle. It was released on 3 September 2007 by the EMI-owned label Source Etc. The album peaked at number 61 in France, where it was certified silver by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). As of June 2008, the album had sold 45,000 copies in France and 11,000 copies in the United States.

Promotion
On 26 February 2008, Yelle performed the track "A cause des garçons" on the BBC Three talk show Lily Allen and Friends. They were featured as MTV's Artist of the Week for the week of 24–30 March 2008, appearing during adverts. The group also appeared twice on NBC's Last Call with Carson Daly, performing "A cause des garçons" on 12 November 2008 and "Ce jeu" on 4 February 2009.

The Riot in Belgium remix of Yelle's single "A cause des garçons" was featured on the soundtrack of the 2007 Electronic Arts video game Need for Speed: ProStreet. EA Sports also included the remix in UEFA Euro 2008, the official video game of the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament.

"A cause des garçons" was used as the opening song for the Moschino spring/summer 2008 runway show. In 2008, it was also featured in an advert being broadcast in Quebec for Telus. Their single "Je veux te voir" was featured on the season four finale of HBO's Entourage on 2 September 2007, in the opening scene when the gang arrives in Cannes. "A cause des garçons" was also used in one of the Les Jeunes de Paris sketches on the 12 November 2011 episode of Saturday Night Live, hosted by Emma Stone.

Track listing

Sample credits
 "Ce jeu" contains a sample from "Let Me Go" as performed by Heaven 17.
 "Tu es beau" contains a sample from "Do You Really Want an Answer?" as performed by Zapp.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Pop Up.

 GrandMarnier – production, recording, mixing, design
 Olivier de Brood – recording, mixing
 Chris Gehringer – mastering
 Pierre Le Ny – art direction
 Grégoire Alexandre – photography
 Jr. Henry – design

Charts

Certifications

|}

Release history

References

2007 debut albums
Astralwerks albums
Caroline Records albums
EMI Records albums
Yelle albums


Yadavuru is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Amruthallur mandal of Tenali revenue division.

Government and politics

Yadavuru gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. The panchayat has a total of 10 wards and each ward is represented by an elected ward member. The present sarpanch of the gram panchayat is Kurra Nagamalleswari, who got elected in the year 2013.

References

Villages in Guntur district


Sir Richard Powell Cooper, 1st Baronet (21 September 1847 – 30 July 1913) was a British industrial entrepreneur. He was a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons and inherited the family business, an agricultural chemical manufacturing company. Following his success, he was made a baronet for services to industry.

Richard Cooper was a nephew of William Cooper, an agricultural veterinary surgeon who established the firm of Cooper and Nephews at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire in 1852. The company manufactured chemicals and exported pedigree live stock, and found success when it developed and manufactured the first effective sheep dip. Cooper's Dip was a highly successful venture and was exported worldwide. Upon the death of William in 1885, Richard inherited the business from his uncle.

Richard lived at Shenstone Court, Staffordshire, and was High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1901 and Deputy Lieutenant of that county. In 1905 he was created 1st Baronet Cooper of Shenstone Court by King Edward VII. In the 1890s, he invested his wealth in developing the town of Frinton-on-Sea, Essex, as a high-class seaside resort.

Richard Powell Cooper married Elizabeth Ashmole in 1872. In 1898, their eldest son, Richard Ashmole Cooper, became a partner in the family firm. Following his father's death in 1913, the younger Richard took over the family business. He later merged the company with McDougall and Robertson Ltd, and the new company became Cooper McDougall Robertson Ltd.

Richard Powell Cooper was buried in the Cooper family grave in the Cemetery of St Peter's Church on Rectory Lane, Berkhamsted.

See also
Cooper baronets

References

 Cooper Family papers in the Wellcome Library

1847 births
1913 deaths
High Sheriffs of Staffordshire
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
English veterinarians
English agriculturalists
People from Shenstone, Staffordshire


The IAE Lyon Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (Institute of Business Administration), is the school of Management of the Jean Moulin University Lyon3. Its main campus is located in the historical complex of the “Manufacture des Tabacs” in the heart of Lyon, France.

Founded in 1956 the IAE Lyon has 7,800 students in 2018 (including 3000 in postgraduate studies), accounting for 27% of the 29,000 students at Lyon 3 University.

In addition to the 165 full-time professors at the IAE, 700 executives from private, external companies contribute to the education.

In 2018, AIR Lyon offered seven bachelor's degrees (Licence), twelve professional bachelor's degrees (Licence professionnelles), thirteen master's degrees (with 58 specializations), one Executive MBA, Executive DBA (Doctorate in Business Administration) and PhD.

The school is internationalized with a network of 159 partner Universities and Schools spread over 50 countries to offer
opportunities for student and academic mobility, to develop double-degrees and offshore programs.

History
Gaston Berger, then in charge of the tertiary education, created the Institut d'Administration des Entreprises in 1955. The following year the IAE of Lyon was created by governmental decision. At the start the IAE Lyon was a part of the Law and Economics faculty and was located on the Saône's Quays at 15 quai Claude Bernard. In 1957 the first class graduated.

After May 1968, the Edgar Faure’s law abolished the existing faculties and replaced them with what is now known as universities. One year later the government granted an exceptional status to the IAE Lyon making it an independent part of the newly created University Lyon 2. In 1970 the Maîtrise en Sciences de Gestion, a four-year degree in management is created.

1973 the IAE Lyon became a part of Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 created in the same year. In 1975 the first five-year degrees, called Diplôme d’Etudes Supérieures Spécialisées (DESS) and Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (DEA), are created. They were co-managed by the IAE Lyon, the Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Lyon (future EM Lyon) and the Economics department of the university. These degrees are the predecessors of the current Master's degrees available. During this same year, the first research unit was implemented within the IAE Lyon: the Centre Lyonnais de recherche en Gestion (Management Sciences Centre of Lyon).

The early 80’s saw the start of the internationalization process of the IAE Lyon, which increased with the years and has now become one of its main characteristics. In 1981 the first professors’ exchange is organised with the Carlson School of Management, Minnesota, in the United States. After a major reorganization and growth period in 1982, the IAE of Lyon initiates its first student exchange programme within Europe in 1983 with the University of Kent in the United Kingdom. The first student exchange outside Europe was organised in 1986 with the University of Georgia, Athens and the Georgetown University, Washington DC in the United States.

After 2000, all the activities of the IAE Lyon were gathered at the ‘Manufacture des Tabacs’ complex. In 2003 the IAE started conforming its programmes to the Bologna process and implementing the LMD. The LMD system is based on three types of degrees: Licence in three years (bachelor), Master in five years and doctorates in eight years (PhD).

In the same year the research unit of the Equipe Universitaire de Gestion Innovante (EUGINOV) focused on the innovative management and the ISEOR research centre from the Lyon 2 University was transferred to the IAE Lyon.

Campuses
The IAE Lyon is part of University Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 and is located mainly at the ‘Manufacture des Tabacs’ campus.

The ‘Manufacture des Tabacs’ complex
Since 2000, all of the IAE Lyon activities, except the EUGINOV organisation, are located at the ‘Manufacture des Tabacs’ complex.

To face the soaring consumption of tobacco at the start of the 20th century, the French government decided to build a new plant in Lyon on a 25,000m² site of a fortification bought from the army. Started in 1912, the construction was interrupted by the First World War. Construction resumed in 1920 and was definitively finished in 1932. At this time 2,000 employees produced up to 30 million cigarettes on a daily basis. In 1987, the production was stopped and in July 1990 the Urban Community of Lyon bought the site for thirty-five million French franc on behalf of the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3.

The redevelopment of the old building was divided into 6 stages. The first stage was finished in 1993, however, it took 13 years to complete the whole project. At the end of 2004, the building surface available was 55,104 m2, with an added underground car park of 6,603 m2; a total of 61,707 m2.

This functional site illustrates the successful redevelopment of an industrial building into a modern tertiary education complex where the latest technologies are respectful of the historical past. This achievement is reflected in the recognition by the French Minister of Culture of the ‘Manufacture des Tabacs’ complex as a “Patrimoine du XXème siècle”.

The main reception desk for the university is located in the south courtyard of the complex, however the IAE welcome desk is located on the ground floor of the north building of the complex, close to the “cours Albert Thomas” street.

The Bourg-en-Bresse campus

The IAE Lyon is also present in Bourg-en-Bresse

Academics
IAE Lyon is a member of the IAE, a network of institutes of higher education in business administration and management at more than 30 business schools within public universities in France. Students may enroll in most IAE member Bachelors programs directly after an obtaining a Baccalauréat, or the equivalent high school diploma for international students, or in a Master's programs directly. Unlike the French Grandes écoles, public university education is open admissions, tuition is often more affordable, and registration does not require attendance at a Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles or prépa (post-high school preparatory school). Some IAE degree programs require that applicants take an exam called the IAE Message Test (SIM) prior to admittance, but not all programs require this or any test score, although some programs are taught in English and may require additional test scores in English as a second language. The SIM exam covers these areas: general knowledge; economic and managerial culture; comprehension and written expression in French; logical and numerical reasoning; comprehension and written expression in English.

As with many IAE business schools, IAE Lyon offers Bachelor, Master, and Doctoral programmes in many academic, business administration and management subjects. Higher education degrees in France are organized into three levels thus facilitating international mobility: the Licence / Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctorate degrees. A Bachelor's degree requires the completion of 180 ECTS credits; a Master's, requires an additional 120 ECTS credits. Degrees from French public universities are recognized world-wide and awarded by the Ministry of National Education (France) (). In 2022, annual tuition for many IAE Bachelors programs degree taught in English-only was €262, for students from anywhere in the world.

Organisation
The IAE Lyon three main departments are teaching, research and administration. These departments are under the direct supervision of the Dean.

Research
The research is part of the fundamental public service mission assigned to French universities.
The IAE Lyon created his first government appointed research centre in 1975. It included three teams focusing on different area: EURISTIK on strategy, MODEME on advanced information sciences and GRAPHOS on health care management.
In 1995, two new research teams were added. IRIS specialized in marketing and OREM focusing on human resources.
Two other departments were created in 2004: AFI covering the finance area and SICOMOR expanding the information sciences field.
In 2006, the most recent team studying innovation and named ICOD was created.

In 2009 the research was reorganized in six Research teams and three Cross-disciplinary Research Groups covering “International Management”, “Complexity, Innovation, Networks” and “Management and Social Responsibility of Organizations”.
Research activities at iaelyon School of Management are organized around a unifying theme: “Organization Management: from local to global”.

International dimension
The early 80's saw the start of the internationalization process of the IAE Lyon, which increased with the years and has now become one of its main characteristics. In 2006, 1923 of the IAE students came from overseas, representing 82 nationalities.

EPAS Accreditation :
In April 2008, the EFMD EPAS Accreditation Board awarded EPAS accreditation - European Programme Accreditation System - to the International Management'

The overseas campuses
In the 90's the IAE Lyon implemented a policy aiming to create programmes entirely taught overseas.
Nowadays three undergraduate degrees and 19 postgraduate degrees are awarded outside France.
The countries where these trainings are available are: Algeria (1), Armenia (9), Burkina Faso (1), China (2), Czech Republic (1), Hungary (1), Lebanon(1), Morocco (3), Poland (1) and Tunisia (2).

The programmes taught in English
The IAE Lyon also developed programmes entirely taught in English. This is to provide overseas students with an opportunity for them to discover France and the French approach to business studies without language requirement to attend the teaching. This is also for French speaking students the opportunity to study in English, prior to an overseas exchange for example.

The offer consist of one undergraduate programme, three postgraduate degrees.

The undergraduate degree:
 the Bachelor in Management and Global Business (launched in 2016)
The three postgraduate degrees are:
 the International Business Realities Program completed in two years,
 the International MBA program (launched in December 2008), executive MBA for persons with work experience
 the General Management Program completed in one year but requiring a prior year of postgraduate studies in the home country.

The exchange programmes
In 1981 the first professors’ exchange is organised with the Carlson School of Management, Minnesota, in the United States. The IAE of Lyon initiates its first student exchange programme within Europe in 1983 with the University of Kent in the United Kingdom. The first student exchange outside Europe was organised in 1986 with the University of Georgia, Athens and the Georgetown University, Washington DC in the United States.

All the students of the IAE Lyon have the opportunity to study overseas, mainly during their third or/and fifth years. In 2018, the exchange network of the IAE Lyon is composed of 159 partner-universities throughout the world.

References

External links
 The IAE Lyon's website in French
 The IAE Lyon's website in English

University of Lyon
University
Lyon
Universities and colleges established in 1956
1956 establishments in France


Lewis Ernest Fiander (12 January 1938 – 24 May 2016) was an Australian film, stage, and television actor.

Biography
Fiander was born in Melbourne to Mona Jane (née King) and Walter Lewis Fiander, and educated at Trinity Grammar School, Kew. Moving to the UK from his native Australia, initially to appear in the play The One Day of the Year, Fiander appeared in such films as I Start Counting (1970), Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971), Dr. Phibes Rises Again (1972), The Abdication (1974), Who Can Kill a Child? (1976), Not Now, Comrade (1976), Sweeney 2 (1978), The Doctor and the Devils (1985), Georgia (1988) and Paperback Romance (1994). His first major role on television was Mr. Darcy in the BBC's first colour adaptation of Pride and Prejudice (1967).

In 1970, Fiander originated the role of John Adams in the London stage production of 1776, a role he reprised in Australia. Other stage appearances in West End musicals included the roles of Lord Melbourne and Disraeli in I and Albert, Coward in Noel and Gertie and Puccini in Cafe Puccini. During the 1970s, he was cast as Professor Tryst in the Doctor Who episode "Nightmare of Eden" and after discussion with his friend Tom Baker chose to give the character a hybrid accent as would befit an alien in the future. In 1974, he appeared as Casimir Dudevant playing opposite Rosemary Harris in the BBC series Notorious Woman and performed the role of Thomas Becket on a cast-album of the musical Thomas and The King.

On radio, he played the eponymous lead role in the comedy series Patterson.

He returned to Australia in the early 1980s and continued his acting career.

In 2004 he contributed the voice for airship engineer Kemp in Anthony Lucas's Oscar nominated animation, The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello.

Lewis Fiander's last known film appearance was in the Don Percy short film Two Moments in Time. Lewis' scenes were shot in late September 2015,
the film was completed in 2017, and premiered at the St. Kilda Film Festival in 2018.

Fiander died on 24 May 2016.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

References

External links

 Lewis Fiander at Austage
 Lewis Fiander Image Search
 Obituary

1938 births
2016 deaths
Male actors from Melbourne
Australian male film actors
Australian male stage actors
Australian male television actors


Downhill Challenge is a skiing video game developed by Microïds. It was published 1988 in the US by Broderbund and in France by Loriciel as Super Ski. In the UK it had an Eddie the Eagle license. The third-person, 2.5D game has 4 modes: Downhill, Slalom, Giant Slalom and Ski Jump. It can be played up to 5 players taking turns with their results compared at the end.

Reviews
Jeux & Stratégie #50 (as "Super Ski")

See also
 List of Microids games

References

External links
Microïds Official website

1988 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple IIGS games
Atari ST games
Broderbund games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Loriciel games
Microïds games
Single-player video games
Skiing video games
Video games developed in France
ZX Spectrum games


William Paine (June 5, 1750 – April 19, 1833) was a physician and political figure in New Brunswick. He represented Charlotte County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1786 to 1787. Paine was unusual in that he was a United Empire Loyalist who chose to return to the United States.

He was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, the son of Timothy Paine and Sarah Chandler. He was educated at Harvard College, then studied medicine with Doctor Edward Augustus Holyoke and set up practice in Worcester in 1771. In 1773, he married Lois Orne. In 1774, he signed a protest against the activities of the pre-revolutionary committees of correspondence. He was censured for his protest and, later that year, travelled to England to continue his medical studies. Paine received an M.D. from Marischal College in Scotland. He returned to North America and served as apothecary for the British forces. In 1782, he was sent to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Paine was granted land near Passamaquoddy Bay in New Brunswick. He first settled on Letete Island (later Frye's Island) but later moved to Saint John. He served on the city council in 1785 and was elected to the legislative assembly later that year. He returned to Massachusetts to settle his financial affairs there and decided to remain there, despite having been proscribed in the Massachusetts Banishment Act of 1778. He settled first at Salem and then Worcester. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1791. In 1812, he became an American citizen. Paine became an honorary member of the Massachusetts Medical Society and was a founding member of the American Antiquarian Society. He died at Worcester at the age of 82.

He was a direct maternal ancestor to Alice Roosevelt Longworth.

References

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1750 births
1833 deaths
Physicians from Massachusetts
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Politicians from Worcester, Massachusetts
Harvard College alumni
Harvard College Loyalists in the American Revolution
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
American emigrants to pre-Confederation New Brunswick
Colony of New Brunswick people
United Empire Loyalists
British emigrants to the United States