Juan Edgardo "Sonny" Manalang Angara (; born July 15, 1972) is a Filipino politician and lawyer serving as a Senator since 2013. He is also the chairman of Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas, the governing body of basketball in the Philippines. He had previously served as the Representative of Aurora's lone district from 2004 to 2013. His father, Edgardo Angara, was the Senate President from 1993 to 1995.

Early life and education
Angara was born on July 15, 1972, in Manila to lawyer and future senator Edgardo Angara and Gloria Manalang-Angara, a teacher who would become chairperson of the Cultural Center of the Philippines. He took up his basic education at Xavier School in San Juan, Metro Manila, then attended Douai School in the UK, and finished his Bachelor of Science degree in International Relations with honors from the London School of Economics. He finished his law degree at the University of the Philippines College of Law, and earned his Master of Laws degree from Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Early career
He worked as a trainee at the Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company (Metrobank) in Makati in 1991. He worked as a news reporter for The Philippine Star in 1992. He served as an apprentice and member of the delegation in the Philippine Mission to the United Nations in New York in 1994. He worked as an associate attorney at the Angara Abello Concepcion Regala and Cruz (ACCRA) law firm from 2001 to 2003. He taught as a professor at the New Era University (NEU) College of Law and at the Centro Escolar University (CEU) School of Law and Jurisprudence.

Political career

House of Representatives (2004–2013)
He was first elected to public office in 2004 as the representative to Congress for the lone district of Aurora, where he succeeded his aunt, Bellaflor J. Angara-Castillo, a three-term representative and erstwhile governor of Aurora. Elected at age 31, he was one of the youngest members of the 13th Congress. He was a member of the House minority and served as House deputy minority leader, thereby becoming an ex officio member of all standing and special committees of the 13th Congress.  He authored a number of laws of national significance and was able to focus on work in his constituency, where he used the funds allotted to his office to build over 100 classrooms and provided funds for indigent constituents in 12 government hospitals and hundreds of scholarships to deserving students at various state universities and colleges (SUCs).  He also worked together with socio-civic groups on various projects and funded the creation of the Gawad Kalinga villages for the homeless in three of Aurora's municipalities and the provision of computers and Internet access to Aurora's public high schools, together with the GILAS Foundation, and access to vocational, skills, and livelihood training through the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and other groups.

He was elected to a second term as congressman in 2007, when he ran unopposed under the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP), the same political party as in 2004. He served as deputy majority leader and vice chairman of the committee on rules, also as an ex officio member of all standing and special committees in the House during the 14th Congress (2007–2010). He was one of the remaining congressmen who offered aid to some of the wounded persons and personally took some of the survivors to the nearby Far Eastern University - Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation in Quezon City for treatment when a bomb was planted at the premises of the House of Representatives in 2008 which resulted in the death of Congressman Wahab Akbar and the death and serious wounding of other congressmen and congressional staffers. He topped the list of "prolific and hardworking members of the House of Representatives" for filing the most number of bills of national importance that were enacted into law in the 14th Congress. A report by the House Indexing and Monitoring Group of the Bills and Index Department showed that in the 14th Congress of 2007–2010, he, then deputy majority floor leader, filed 10 national bills that eventually became laws of the land.

Angara was elected to a third term as congressman for Aurora in 2010. He was a signatory to the impeachment complaint against then-Chief Justice Renato Corona, which was signed by the 188 members of the Philippine House of Representatives in December 2011, was eventually adopted as the Articles of Impeachment, and was passed for consideration of the Senate impeachment court. He acted as deputy spokesperson of the House prosecution panel, together with Marikina Representative Miro Quimbo and Quezon Representative Lorenzo Tañada III, in the impeachment trial of the Chief Magistrate.

As a three-term congressman, he authored several measures signed into law by the President of the Philippines, such as:
 Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 (Republic Act 10627)
 The Insurance Code (Republic Act 10607)
 National Health Insurance Act of 2013 (Republic Act 10606)
 Philippine Design Competitiveness Act of 2013 (Republic Act 10557)
 Philippine National Health Research System Act of 2013 (Republic Act 10532)
 Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act 9710)
 Pre-Need Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 9829)
 Aurora Special Economic Zone Act of 2007 (Republict Act No. 9490)
 Tax Exemption for Minimum Wage Earners Law (Republic Act No. 9504)
 Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) Act of 2009 (Republic Act No. 9586)
 Civil Aviation Authority Act of 2008 (Republic Act No. 9497)
 Personal Equity and Retirement Account (PERA) Act of 2008 (Republic Act No. 9505)
 Tourism Act of 2009 (Republic Act No. 9593)
 University of the Philippines Charter of 2008 (Republic Act No. 9500)
 An Act Providing for the Legitimation of Children Born to Parents Below Marrying Age, Amending for the Purpose the Family Code of the Philippines, as Amended (Republic Act No. 9858)
 National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 (Republic Act 10066)
 Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010 (Republic Act No. 9994)
 Financial Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act (FRIA) of 2010 (Republic Act 10142)
 Kindergarten Education Act (Republic Act 10157)
 Credit Information System Act (Republic Act 9510)
 Health Workers' Day Act (Republic Act 10069)
 Domestic Workers Act (Republic Act 10361)

Senate (2013–present)
Angara was elected to the Senate in 2013 and was reelected in 2019. He ran under the then-administration coalitions Team PNoy and Hugpong ng Pagbabago, respectively. He has sponsored or authored more than 200 laws in his nearly two decades of service as a legislator.

In the 18th Congress, Senator Angara currently chairs the Finance and Youth committees:
As chairman of the Senate Committee of Finance, Senator Angara sponsored into law measures crucial to COVID-19 pandemic response and recovery:

 Republic Act 11525, COVID-19 Vaccination Program Act
 Republic Act 11640, Extending the Availability of the 2021 General Appropriations Act
 Republic Act 11639, 2022 General Appropriations Act
 Republic Act 11520, Extending the Availability of the 2020 General Appropriations Act
 Republic Act 11519, Extending the availability of appropriations under RA 11494 or the Bayanihan 2
 Republic Act 11518, 2021 General Appropriations Act
 Republic Act 11494, Bayanihan to Recover as One Act or Bayanihan 2
 Republic Act 11465, 2020 General Appropriations Act
 Republic Act 11464, Extending the Validity of the 2019 General Appropriations Act

Other laws sponsored/authored in the 18th Congress (2019 onwards):

 Republic Act 11643, Survivorship Benefits of a Deceased Retired Member of the National Prosecution Service
 Republic Act 11635, which ensures the originally intended lower taxation rate under the CREATE Law would benefit private education institutions
 Republic Act 11591, Extending the Registration of Voters
 Republic Act 11573, Confirmation of Imperfect Titles
 Republic Act 11561, Increasing the Bed Capacity of East Avenue Medical Center
 Republic Act 11534, CREATE or the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises Act
 Republic Act 11494, Bayanihan to Recover as One Act
 Republic Act 11470, National Academy for Sports Act
 Republic Act 11466, Salary Standardization Law 5

Laws sponsored/authored in the 17th Congress (2016 to 2019):
 Republic Act 11394, Mandatory Provision of Neutral Desks in Educational Institutions Act
 Republic Act 11392, National Performing Arts Companies Act
 Republic Act 11364, Cooperative Development Authority Charter
 Republic Act 11362, Community Service Act
 Republic Act 11358, National Vision Screening Act
 Republic Act 11350, National Commission of Senior Citizens Act
 Republic Act 11346, Excise Tax Increase on Tobacco Products
 Republic Act 11315, Community-Based Monitoring System Act
 Republic Act 11314, Student Fare Discount Act
 Republic Act 11312, Amendment to Magna Carta for Scientists, Engineers and Researchers
 Republic Act 11310, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) Act
 Republic Act 11292, Seal of Good Local Governance
 Republic Act 11291, Magna Carta of the Poor
 Republic Act 11261, First Time Job Seekers Assistance Act
 Republic Act 11260, General Appropriations Act 2019
 Republic Act 11256, An Act to Strengthen the Country's Gross International Reserves (GIR)
 Republic Act 11232, Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines
 Republic Act 11223, Universal Health Care Act
 Republic Act 11215, National Integrated Cancer Control Act
 Republic Act 11214, Philippine Sports Training Center Act
 Republic Act 11213, Tax Amnesty Act
 Republic Act 11210, 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave Law
 Republic Act 11194, Gabaldon School Buildings Conservation Act
 Republic Act 11166, Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act
 Republic Act 11148, Kalusugan at Nutrisyon ng Mag-Nanay Act
 Republic Act 11055, Philippine Identification System
 Republic Act 11054, Bangsamoro Organic Law
 Republic Act 11036, Mental Health Act
 Republic Act 10931, Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act
 Republic Act 10928, An Act Extending the Validity of Philippine Passports
 Republic Act 10923, Bangay/SK Elections Postponement
 Republic Act 10922, Economic and Financial Literacy Week Act
 Republic Act 10917, Special program for Employment of Students (SPES) Act
 Republic Act 10908, Integrated History Act of 2016
 Republic Act 10863, Customs Modernization and Tariff Act (CMTA)
 Republic Act 10869, JobStart Philippines Act
 Republic Act 10844, Department of Information & Communications Technology (DICT) Act
 Republic Act 10816, Farm Tourism Act
 Republic Act 10801, Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) Act
 Republic Act 10771, Philippine Green Jobs Act

Laws sponsored/authored in the 16th Congress (2013 to 2016):
 Republic Act 10754, An Act Expanding the Benefits and Privileges of Persons with Disability (PWDs)
 Republic Act 10747, Rare Diseases Act
 Republic Act 10741, Act Strengthening National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC)
 Republic Act 10708, Tax Incentives Management and Transparency Act (TIMTA)
 Republic Act 10706, Seafarers Protection Act
 Republic Act 10699, National Athletes and Coaches Benefits and Incentives Act
 Republic Act 10687, Unified Student Financial Assistance System for Tertiary Education Act (UniFAST Act)
 Republic Act 10679, Youth Entrepreneurship Act
 Republic Act 10665, Open High School System Act
 Republic Act 10650, Open Learning and Distance Education Act

Formerly, Angara was the chairman of the Senate Ways and Means Committee, Angara has already worked for the enactment of:
 Republic Act 10653 that raises the take-home pay of Filipino workers by increasing the tax exemption cap for 13th month pay and other benefits from P 30,000 to P 82,000, gmanetwork.com. Accessed November 22, 2022.</ref>
 Republic Act 10708 or the Tax Incentives Management and Transparency Act (TIMTA) that aims to promote transparency and accountability in the grant and administration of tax incentives to registered business entities so as to encourage investors to bring more businesses to the country, generate more employment opportunities, and boost Philippine economic growth.
 Republic Act 10754 or the VAT Exemption for Persons with Disability. This law exempts persons with disabilities (PWDs) from the 12-percent value added tax (VAT) on land transportation, domestic air and sea travels; on fees and charges for medical and dental services; on cost of medicines; on funeral and burial services; on fees and charges in hotels and restaurants, among others.
 Republic Act 11346 or the Increase in the excise tax on tobacco products to help fund the gap for the Universal Health Care (UHC) Act

In the 16th Congress, Angara formerly chaired Committee on Games, Amusement and Sports where he is actively pushing for greater support for Filipino athletes and competitiveness of national sports teams competing in international competitions. Through this committee, he has authored and sponsored the following laws:
 RA 10699 or the National Athletes and Coaches Benefits and Incentives Act that increased the amount of financial incentives and benefits given to national athletes, coaches and recognition of athletes with disabilities as national athletes.
 RA 10636 granting Filipino citizenship to Andray Blatche for eligibility to join the Gilas Pilipinas national basketball team.
 Republic Acts 10674, 10680, 10681, 10682 and 10683 which established sports academies and training centers respectively in Davao de Norte, Misamis Occidental, Talisay Cebu, Alfonso Cavite and Siargao Island to hone the skills and raw talent of young athletes from the provinces and jumpstart grassroots sports development.

Angara was formerly acting chairman of the Committee on Labor, Employment and Human Resources. He sponsored RA 10691 or the amended Public Employment Service Office (PESO) Act, which aims to improve and strengthen PESOs' employment facilitation services to help more Filipinos land a job especially in rural areas and poorer municipalities, and RA 10706 or the Seafarers Protection Act, which protects Filipino seafarers from ambulance chasers, particularly lawyers, who charge excessive legal fees arising from accident, illness, or death of seafarers in the course of their service.

Personal life
He married ABS-CBN executive Tootsy Echauz in 2003; they have three children.

On March 26, 2020, he tested positive for COVID-19. He was one of the four highest ranking Philippine Government official to have been infected with the SARS-CoV2 including Senator Zubiri, Senator Pimentel and AFP Chief of Staff General Santos. He then recovered from the disease.

Awards
He was one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) of the Philippines awardees for 2010. He received his trophy from President Benigno Aquino III in a ceremony held at the Rizal Hall of the Malacañan. He was also a recipient of the Tanglaw ng Bayan 2011 award, the highest award given by the Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) in Manila to individuals with exemplary achievements in their respective fields. He was conferred honorary doctorate in law (honoris causa) by the Ramon Magsaysay Technological University (RMTU) in Iba, Zambales in November 2011. He was one of nine recipients of the Outstanding Manilan Award in 2017.

References

External links

 Senator Juan Edgardo "Sonny" Angara – Senate of the Philippines

21st-century Filipino lawyers
People from Aurora (province)
University of the Philippines alumni
1972 births
Living people
Sonny
Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino politicians
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Aurora (province)
Senators of the 18th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 17th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 16th Congress of the Philippines
Harvard Law School alumni
The Philippine Star people
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Senators of the 19th Congress of the Philippines


Mohawk Productions is a television production company affiliated with television producer Bruce Helford. The company's logo is an ultrasound image of Aven Helford, child of Bruce Helford, as a fetus.

Productions

Former/current series

References

Television production companies of the United States


In probability and statistics, the class of exponential dispersion models (EDM) is a set of probability distributions that represents a generalisation of the natural exponential family.
Exponential dispersion models play an important role in statistical theory, in particular in generalized linear models because they have a special structure which enables deductions to be made about appropriate statistical inference.

Definition

Univariate case
There are two versions to formulate an exponential dispersion model.

Additive exponential dispersion model
In the univariate case, a real-valued random variable  belongs to the additive exponential dispersion model with canonical parameter  and index parameter , , if its probability density function can be written as

Reproductive exponential dispersion model
The distribution of the transformed random variable  is called reproductive exponential dispersion model, , and is given by

with  and , implying .
The terminology dispersion model stems from interpreting  as dispersion parameter. For fixed parameter , the  is a natural exponential family.

Multivariate case
In the multivariate case, the n-dimensional random variable  has a probability density function of the following form

where the parameter  has the same dimension as .

Properties

Cumulant-generating function
The cumulant-generating function of  is given by

with

Mean and variance
Mean and variance of  are given by

with unit variance function .

Reproductive
If  are i.i.d. with , i.e. same mean  and different weights , the weighted mean is again an  with

with . Therefore  are called reproductive.

Unit deviance
The probability density function of an  can also be expressed in terms of the unit deviance  as

where the unit deviance takes the special form  or in terms of the unit variance function as .

Examples
A lot of very common probability distributions belong to the class of EDMs, among them are: normal distribution, Binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, Negative binomial distribution, Gamma distribution, Inverse Gaussian distribution, and Tweedie distribution.

References

Statistical models


César Rodríguez-Garavito (born in Colombia, 1971) is an international human rights and environmental law scholar and practitioner. He is a Professor of Clinical Law and Chair of the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice at New York University School of Law. Rodríguez-Garavito is the founding director of the Earth Rights Advocacy Clinic, the Climate Litigation Accelerator, and the Future of Human Rights Practicum at NYU Law. He is also the editor-in-chief of Open Global Rights, a leading online opinion portal in the human rights field.

A lawyer and sociologist by training, Rodríguez-Garavito is the author of numerous books and articles on climate change litigation, the human rights movement, socio-environmental conflicts, Indigenous rights, and business and human rights. He has served as an Adjunct Judge of the Constitutional Court of Colombia, an expert witness of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and a litigator in prominent climate change, Indigenous rights, and socioeconomic rights cases. He is also a member of the Science Panel for the Amazon, an expert group of distinguished scientists, Indigenous leaders, scholars, and others that assesses the state of the Amazon and issues evidence-based findings and recommendations.

Education
He holds a Ph.D. and an M.S. (Sociology) from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, an M.A. from NYU’s Institute for Law and Society, an M.A. (Philosophy) from the National University of Colombia, and a J.D. from the University of los Andes.

Academic Career
Rodríguez-Garavito is currently a Professor of Clinical Law and Chair of the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice at New York University School of Law. Rodríguez-Garavito is the founding director of the Earth Rights Advocacy program, the Climate Litigation Accelerator, and the Future of Human Rights Practicum at NYU Law. He is also a Faculty Associate at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.

Rodríguez-Garavito has held a range of teaching positions, including appointments as a visiting professor at Stanford Law School, Brown University, the University of Melbourne, the University of Pretoria, and the Getulio Vargas Foundation (Brazil). He has, moreover, served as cofounder and director of Dejusticia, as well as an associate professor of law and director of the Center for Socio-Legal Research and the Global Justice and Human Rights Program at the University of the Andes (Colombia).

Rodríguez-Garavito is co-editor of Cambridge University Press’s Globalization and Human Rights book series. He has served on the editorial boards of the Annual Review of Law and Social Science and the Business and Human Rights Journal, as well as on the boards of the University Network for Human Rights, Columbia University’s Center on Sustainable Investment, the Business and Human Rights Resource Center, and WITNESS.

Selected bibliography
Litigating the Climate Emergency: How Human Rights, Courts, and Legal Mobilization Can Bolster Climate Action(Cambridge University Press)
Human Rights 2030: Existential Challenges and a New Paradigm for the Field,” in N. Bhuta et al. (eds). The Struggle for Human Rights (Oxford University Press).
Climatizing Human Rights: Economic and Social Rights for the Anthropocene,” in M. Langford & K. Young (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Economic and Social Rights (OUP)
The Globalization of the Vernacular: Mobilizing, Resisting, and Transforming International Human Rights from Below,” in P. Alston, ed. Essays in Honor of Sally Merry (OUP)
A Human Right to a Healthy Environment? Moral, Legal and Empirical Considerations,” in J. Knox and Ramin Pejan, The Human Right to a Healthy Environment (CUP)
Reframing Indigenous Rights: The Right to Consultation and the Rights of Nature and Future Generations in the Sarayaku Legal Mobilization,” (with C. Baquero) in G. de Burca, Legal Mobilization for Human Rights (OUP).

References

External links
 César Rodríguez Garavito on KCRW
Center for Human Rights and Global Justice
 OpenGlobalRights

Living people
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
National University of Colombia alumni
Environmental lawyers
New York University School of Law faculty
University of Los Andes (Colombia) alumni
1971 births


The House of Mirth is a 2000 drama film written and directed by Terence Davies. An adaptation of Edith Wharton's 1905 novel The House of Mirth, the film stars Gillian Anderson.  It is an international co-production between the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States.

Plot
Lily Bart is a beautiful socialite accustomed to comfort and luxury. Along with her younger cousin, Grace Stepney, she lives with her wealthy aunt, Julia Peniston.

Lily genuinely admires lawyer Lawrence Selden, but he is too poor for her to seriously consider marrying. Her choices are limited to coarse, vulgar Simon Rosedale, a rising financier, and wealthy but dull Percy Gryce. Lily’s friend Judy Trenor urges her to pursue Gryce. Lily, however, cannot help preferring Selden, and during a country weekend, they take a long walk and share an innocent kiss. Gryce, with whom Lily has broken two appointments, leaves abruptly. Fearful for her future, a dejected Lily pours out her troubles to Judy's husband, Gus Trenor. He leads her to believe he will help her earn money through investment. Later, Lily purchases scandalous letters written by Bertha Dorset revealing that Selden was her lover. Lily is hurt, but keeps the letters secret.

At a wedding, Lily receives a $5,000 check from Gus Trenor, who claims to have reinvested another $4,000. Later, he invites Lily to the opera, where she is seen by her disapproving aunt and Lawrence Selden as she sits with Trenor and Rosedale. Trenor tricks her into leaving the opera and accompanying him to his home, where he tries to kiss her, claiming that Lily is not playing a fair game when she accepts his money but refuses him her attentions. When Lily arrives home, her aunt refuses to lend her the money to repay the $9000 she received from Trenor. Lily confides in Grace, asking if she should turn to Selden for his understanding, but Grace advises against it; she loves Lawrence and is jealous of Lily. Lily had arranged a later appointment with Selden while at the wedding, and she counts on his love for her to overcome her foolish mistakes.

While Lily is hoping to hear from Selden, Rosedale visits, proposing to her as if suggesting a corporate merger. His wealth could free Lily, yet she politely rejects his flattering but cold blooded proposal. Bertha Dorset invites Lily to the Dorsets' yacht for a European cruise. Lily accepts, desperate to escape the debts, whispers and criticism in New York.

In Monte Carlo, Mrs. Carry Fisher meets with Selden, who has arrived from London. They are both worried about Lily, travelling on the Dorsets’ yacht. Lily and George Dorset converse on deck while a young man reads French poetry to Bertha. While ashore that evening, Lily and George look for them in vain before returning to the yacht. Next morning, George enters Lily's cabin, accusing her of knowing about Bertha's indiscretions with the young poet. Lily pleads ignorance of Bertha’s behavior but when Bertha returns and Lily confronts her, saying she can no longer divert George’s attention from Bertha’s affair, Bertha turns the tables by accusing Lily of adultery with George, since Lily was alone aboard the yacht with him all night.

Back in New York, the Dorsets are still in marital discord and Aunt Julia has died. Lily receives only a fraction of her vast fortune, the bulk having been left to Cousin Grace. Now homeless and adrift, Lily is invited by Carry Fisher to stay with her and the Gormers for the summer. Carry believes Lily's two possibilities for marriage are George Dorset and Simon Rosedale. George asks Lily for the truth about his wife Bertha's infidelities, but she denies any knowledge of them. In her growing desperation she approaches Simon Rosedale. He has found out about Bertha's letters and advises Lily to use them to force Bertha to restore her social standing. He offers to marry Lily once she and Bertha are reconciled, but Lily refuses.

Lily starts working for the social-climbing Mrs. Hatch as her social secretary. Selden tells Lily this hurts her social standing, but she needs the money. They argue and part on bad terms. Lily goes to the pharmacy for Mrs. Hatch's laudanum sleeping medication, and begins taking it herself. After Mrs. Hatch gets into society, she discovers that Lily's reputation is a liability, so she fires her. Lily gets a job sewing for a milliner, but her growing addiction leads to her being fired for poor work. Lily visits her cousin Grace for a loan but is rejected.

Lily almost confronts Bertha Dorset with the letters written to Mr. Selden, but finding that the Dorsets have left town, she goes to Lawrence Selden, telling him she knows she lost his love. When Lawrence isn't looking, she throws the letters in his lit fireplace. Lily goes home and finds her inheritance has at last been delivered. She puts the check in an envelope she addresses to her bank, and writes another for Gus Trenor, resolving the massive debts, and then takes a fatal dose of the laudanum, drifting off to oblivion in her darkened room. Finding the partially-burnt letters in his fireplace and sensing her intentions, Selden rushes to her boarding room. There, at her deathbed, holding her hand, he weeps, declaring his love for her.

Cast

Production
Terence Davies cast Gillian Anderson because of her resemblance to the women in John Singer Sargent paintings.

Parts of the film were shot at Gosford House in East Lothian, Scotland, and at Manderston House in the Scottish Borders.

Release
The House of Mirth premiered at the New York Film Festival on 23 September 2000.  Sony Pictures Classics released it in the U.S. on 22 December 2000. There, it grossed $48,770 in its opening week-end and $3,000,000 in total.  The worldwide total is $5.1 million.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, The House of Mirth has an 81% approval rating based on 101 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critics consensus states: "Despite being a period piece, The House of Mirths depiction of social cruelty still feels chilling and relevant for today." Metacritic rated it 78/100 based on 30 critics' reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The Guardian critic Peter Bradshaw awarded the film 5/5 stars, writing: "How extraordinary that this is Terence Davies's first film in six years, and only his fifth in a career of 25 years. His signature visual touches are all there: the languorous, unhurried takes on the still-life interiors. But this has been opened out into a substantial, well-upholstered picture with more sinew and power than almost any other period drama of recent times. It gripped me like a thriller throughout: a brilliant new film from a great British director." In Slant Magazine, Ed Gonzales wrote "Besides his remarkable ability to render a profound sense of past in all his films, Davies can uncannily map out the emotions of his characters via his mise-en-scène."

The Washington Posts Michael O’Sullivan wrote "the real revelation here is The X-Files Anderson, who plays Lily with subtle gradations of emotional depth unexpected from someone who has made a career out of deadpan. When we first meet Lily, her character is all radiant subtext: Her smoldering carnality -- buried beneath a veneer of social-climbing pleasantries -- seeps out in every cigarette she and Lawrence share … Later, Anderson gives a tour de force as a woman who's at the end of her rope without knowing how she got there."''

Awards and nominations

References

External links
 The House of Mirth at Sony Pictures

2000 films
2000s historical drama films
2000 independent films
American historical drama films
British historical drama films
German historical drama films
English-language German films
British films set in New York City
Films set in the 1900s
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by Edith Wharton
Films directed by Terence Davies
Sony Pictures Classics films
Films shot in East Lothian
Films shot in the Scottish Borders
2000 drama films
2000s American films
2000s British films
2000s German films


Marshall County Airport may refer to:

 Marshall County Airport (Illinois) in Lacon, Illinois, United States (FAA: C75)
 Marshall County Airport (West Virginia) in Moundsville, West Virginia, United States (FAA: MPG)
 Holly Springs-Marshall County Airport in Holly Springs, Mississippi, United States (FAA: M41)


The BMW 326 is a medium-sized sedan produced by BMW between 1936 and 1941, and again briefly, under Soviet control, after 1945. The 326 was BMW's first four-door sedan. It had an innovative design and sold well despite its relatively high price. It also had an unusually involved afterlife.

Design and engineering
Designed by Fritz Fiedler, the 326 featured a box-section frame that could readily be adapted for derivative models. Also innovative were the torsion bar rear suspension, inspired by the dead axle suspension of the Citroën Traction Avant, and the hydraulic braking system, the first to be used on a BMW car. Styled by Peter Szymanowski, the 326 was offered as a four-door sedan and as a two- or four-door cabriolet. The 326 sedan was the first BMW available with four doors. The BMW 320, BMW 321, BMW 327, and BMW 335 were based on the 326. The streamlined form of the body contrasted with previous relatively upright BMWs: drag was presumably reduced further by including a fixed cover over the spare wheel at the back.

Drivetrain
The 1971 cc straight 6 engine was a version of the 319’s power plant, with the bore increased from  to , and an unchanged stroke of  giving a displacement of . In the 326 application, it was fed by twin 26 mm Solex carburetors to produce a claimed maximum output of  at 3750 rpm. The top speed is .

The four-speed gear box was supported by freewheeling on the bottom ratios and synchromesh on the top two.

Reception
The 326 was introduced at the Berlin Motor Show in February 1936, the 326 was offered for sale from May of that year. The 326 was a success. By the time production was suspended in 1941, the Eisenach plant had produced 15,949 of them.

Afterlives
East Germany

In 1945, Eisenach was occupied by US forces. However, the wartime allies had already agreed that Thuringia would fall within the Soviet occupation zone. The plant that BMW had originally acquired in 1929 was not fully destroyed, and it was possible for returning survivors to assemble sixteen postwar 326s. A modernised version, badged initially as the BMW 340, emerged around 1948. Despite the nomenclature, it was clear that BMW’s Eisenach plant was no longer under the control of BMW: later BMW 340s, still based on the prewar 326, were badged as EMW 340s following a protracted dispute concerning title to the BMW name. It was, perhaps, a tribute to the 326's perceived excellence, together with the skills of the workers who had struggled to revive it, that the Eisenach plant was permitted to produce the BMW design till approximately 1955, long after the Auto Union assembly facilities at nearby Zwickau had been dismantled and removed to Russia as part of the war reparations package.

United Kingdom

The Russians were not alone in being impressed by the 326. Detailed plans of the sedan and coupé derivative models were also rescued by the British. Family connections, involving the founder of the Bristol Aeroplane Company and a Frazer-Nash director who had imported to England and adapted BMW designs in the 1930s, led to Bristol. A succession of Bristols cars introduced between 1947 and 1953 were unapologetic developments of the respected BMW design. Ten years after the war's end, Bristol’s 403 produced between 1953 and 1955 retained a BMW style front grill: under the skin the engine had been extensively upgraded, and the Bristol 403 now offered a claimed output of . The engine size, at 1971 cc, was unchanged.

References

326
Executive cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
1940s cars
Cars introduced in 1936
Compact executive cars
Limousines
Convertibles
Sedans


The Pirate of Panama is a 1929 American action film serial directed by Ray Taylor. The film is considered to be lost.

Cast
 Jay Wilsey (aka Buffalo Bill Jr.) as Karl
 Natalie Kingston as Evelyn Wallace
 Al Ferguson as Boris Bothwell
 George Ovey
 Mary Sutton as Aunt Berry
 Otto Bibber as Teager

Episodes
The serial had a total of 12 episodes, with the first 3 being released on the same day, and the others being slowly released for the next few months.

 Pirate Gold
 Mutiny
 The Treasure Chest
 The Pirates' Secret
 Vengeance
 Trapped by the Tide
 The Shadow of Death
 The Menacing Swamp
 The Signal of Hope
 Two Lives for One
 The Price of Greed
 The Greatest Treasure

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio

References

External links

1929 films
1920s action adventure films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
English-language action adventure films
Films directed by Ray Taylor
Lost American action adventure films
Universal Pictures film serials
1920s American films
Silent American action adventure films
1920s English-language films


Laure Olga Gondjout (born 18 December 1953) is a Gabonese politician. She served in the government of Gabon as Minister of Communication and Telecommunications from 2007 to 2008, as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2008, and again as Minister of Communication and Digital Economy from 2008 to 2011. Subsequently she was Secretary-General of the Presidency from 2011 to 2014. She has served as Ombudsman from February 2014 to January 2019

Political career
Goundjout is the daughter of Paul Gondjout, a Gabonese politician prominent during the 1960s. She worked as an interpreter and was President Omar Bongo's private secretary for years. On 21 January 2006, she was appointed Deputy Minister to Senior Minister for Foreign Affairs, Jean Ping, in the government of Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe Ndong. After nearly two years in that position, she was appointed Minister of Communication, Posts, Telecommunications, and New Information Technologies on 28 December 2007. Soon afterwards, Jean Ping was elected Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union, and on 4 February 2008 Gondjout was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs to replace him. She took office as Foreign Minister on 6 February.

In the April 2008 local elections, Gondjout headed the candidate list of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) in the third arrondissement of Libreville.

Gondjout served as Foreign Minister for eight months. In the government appointed on 7 October 2008, she was moved back to her old position as Minister of Communication, Posts, Telecommunications, and New Information Technologies; she was succeeded as Foreign Minister by Paul Toungui on 9 October.

Shortly after the death of President Omar Bongo at a Spanish hospital on 8 June 2009, Gondjout said that the constitution and the institutions of the Republic would be respected. Gondjout subsequently supported Bongo's son, Ali Bongo Ondimba, when he ran to succeed his father as President in the 2009 presidential election. After winning the election, Bongo initially retained Gondjout as Minister of Communication, but he later moved her to the powerful post of Secretary-General of the Presidency on 14 January 2011.

Gondjout reached the age of 60, the official retirement age for administrative positions, in December 2013. Bongo then moved Gondjout from her prominent post as Secretary-General of the Presidency to the comparatively obscure post of Ombudsman on 16 January 2014. She was sworn in as Ombudsman on 11 February 2014. Speaking to PDG activists in the third arrondissement of Libreville on 15 February 2014, Gondjout, who was a member of the PDG Political Bureau, said that she had not resigned from the party, but that she could not hold elective office while serving as Ombudsman and had to relinquish her seat as a municipal councillor in the third arrondissement.

References

1953 births
Living people
Foreign ministers of Gabon
Government ministers of Gabon
Gabonese Democratic Party politicians
Women government ministers of Gabon
Female foreign ministers
21st-century women politicians
Gabonese women diplomats
21st-century Gabonese people


Fat draw is the spinning technique used to create worsted yarns. It is spun from combed roving, slivers or wool top  – anything with the fibers all lined up parallel to the yarn. It is generally spun from long-stapled fibers. Short draw spun yarns are smooth, strong, sturdy yarns, and dense.  Short draw spun yarns also tend to not be very elastic. These characteristics make them good for use in weaving.

Short draw spinning is most often contrasted to the long draw technique used to spin woolen yarns.

Technique
The two main characteristics of the short draw technique is that the spinner keeps their hands close to each other, at slightly more than the distance of the fiber length or staple length, and that the twist is kept between the second hand and the wheel – there is never any twist between the two hands.

There are three subtypes within the short draw technique, depending on which hand is active. In forward short draw, the hand closest to the wheel is the active hand. The passive hand stays in the same place throughout, gently holding the fibers fanned out into a triangle shape known as the drafting triangle. The active hand moves forward as it pulls fibers from the drafting triangle, and then back as it allows twist into the newly created yarn. Generally about an inch of fibers are pulled from the drafting technique, much less than the fiber length. While drafting (pulling the fibers from the drafting triangle) the twist is kept out of the yarn, and is only allowed in as the active hand moves back towards the passive one. The twist is never allowed to get between the active and the passive hand. When the active hand is back at the distance of the staple length from the passive, the whole technique repeats.

In backwards short draw, the hand closest to the wheel is the passive hand. It pinches new fibers, but these are drawn out by the other hand, the one farther from the wheel, as it moves backwards. Once the fibers are all drawn out, the active hand is moved forward, and twist is allowed into the new yarn as it passes through the passive hand.

The difference between backwards and forwards short draw is simply which hand is active. In each, one hand is active, and the other is passive. The combination short draw is simply a combination of the other two, with both hands being both active and passive, depending on the moment.

Preparation
Traditional preparation for short draw spinning is combing, as combing requires the long stapled fibers preferred for the short draw technique, and it also leaves the fibers parallel, which is a characteristic of short draw spun yarns. The combed fiber can then be drafted to form a sliver or roving (if the fibers are twisted slightly after drafting, it is called a roving—if not, it is a sliver), or spun directly.

The short draw technique can be done from carded rolags, as well, but this does not produce a strictly worsted yarn. Yarns spun from a rolag will not have all the fibers parallel to the yarn though, with the short draw technique, many will be. Drum carded fiber, however, does have the fibers all parallel to each other, and thus can be used to create a strictly worsted yarn.

In use
Short draw is one of, if not the first method that a handspinner will learn when they learn to spin. It is simpler, and requires less confidence and practice to create an even yarn, than the long draw technique. However, many handspinners will use a combination of short draw and long draw techniques. For example, it is common for a handspinner to allow the twist to get between the two hands, as is done in long draw. Though the spinner may follow the short draw technique in all other points, this is not technically short draw, and doesn't have a commonly recognized name of its own. Short draw is much more widespread in its use than long draw, as many spinners do not know how to use the long draw technique.

The lack of elasticity in short draw spun yarns make them perfect for weaving, especially for the warp. It makes them less desirable for knitting in general, as the yarn doesn't fluff up and fill out the stitch, though it does make for good stitch definition.

The original spinning machinery was based on the short draw technique. Instead of an active and passive hand, the drafting was done by two sets of rollers moving at different speeds. However, the short draw characteristics remain: the fibers in the resulting yarn are all parallel, and there is no twist in the drafting area. Even in the modern day, many spinning machines are based on this principle.

References

Spinning


Nicholas Lechmere, 1st Baron Lechmere  (5 August 167518 June 1727) was an English lawyer and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1708 until 1721 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lechmere. He served as Attorney-General and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.

Life
Lechmere was the second son of Edmund Lechmere of Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, and the younger brother of Anthony Lechmere, MP. He was admitted at Middle Temple in 1693 and called to the bar on 25 October 1698. In 1708, he became King's counsel. He made a profitable career as a lawyer, where he followed the profession of his grandfather Sir Nicholas Lechmere.

Lechmere was elected in a contest as Member of Parliament for Appleby at the 1708 general election. He transferred to Cockermouth at the 1710 general election and was returned MP in contests then and in 1713.  He was one of the authors who drafted legislation concerning Scotland in January 1710. He opposed the Tory ministry's peace policy after 1710 and supported Dissenters’ rights. During Queen Anne's reign he was known as a spokesman of the Whigs. In 1714 Lechmere was appointed Solicitor-General and made a Reader of his Inn. In 1715 he became Treasurer of the Inn.

Lechmere was returned unopposed as MP for Cockermouth at the 1715 general election. He replaced his brother as MP for Tewkesbury at a by-election on 12 June 1717. In 1718, he was appointed Attorney-General and also became a Privy Counsellor and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. On 4 September 1721, having ceased to be attorney-general, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lechmere of Evesham in the County of Worcester and vacated his seat in the House of Commons.

Lechmere was also a collaborator with Richard Steele on his pamphlet The Crisis.

Lechmere died from a sudden attack of apoplexy, while seated at table, at Campden House, Kensington, on 18 June 1727, and was buried at Hanley Castle, where there is a tablet inscribed to his memory.

Family

Lechmere married Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle in 1719, but they had no children and his title became extinct on his death in 1727.

References

External links
 Burke's Extinct Peerage (London: Henry Colburn & Richard Bentley, 1831)
 D. Hayton, E. Cruickshanks, S. Handley, eds. The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690-1715 LECHMERE, Nicholas (1675-1727), of the Middle Temple 2002  Boydell and Brewer

1675 births
1727 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Barons in the Peerage of Great Britain
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
Solicitors General for England and Wales
Attorneys General for England and Wales
British MPs 1708–1710
British MPs 1710–1713
British MPs 1713–1715
British MPs 1715–1722
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford


The 1935 college football season was the last one before the Associated Press (AP) writers' poll was used in selecting the national champion. There were seven contemporary math system selectors that year who are informally recognized by the NCAA as "nationwide in scope". The Dickinson System, run by University of Illinois Professor Frank Dickinson, selected Southern Methodist University (SMU) as best in the nation. The Houlgate System, created by Carroll Everard "Deke" Houlgate Sr., also selected SMU. The contemporary Boand, Litkenhous and Poling math rating systems all selected Minnesota as the No. 1 team in the nation. The Dunkel System selected Princeton as its top team. The Williamson System, by Paul O. Williamson of New Orleans, ranked Texas Christian University first.

The 1935 season also marked the first time the Heisman Trophy was awarded. It was won by Jay Berwanger of Chicago.  Quarterback Ray Zeh of Case Western Reserve led the nation in scoring.

Conference and program changes

September
September 21  SMU opened with a 39–0 win over North Texas and TCU opened its season with a 41–0 win over visiting Howard Payne College.

September 28
SMU beat Austin College 60–0 and TCU beat North Texas 28–11.  Stanford beat San Jose State 35–0 and UCLA beat Utah State 39–0.,
Fordham University, whose 1936 team would include the legendary Seven Blocks of Granite was a favorite New York City college football teams, after New York University and Columbia University.  The Rams played all of their games at home at the Polo Grounds, which also hosted the NFL's New york Giants.  In a game against visiting Franklin & Marshall, the Rams were losing until they scored two touchdowns in the fourth quarter for a 14–7 win.  California played a doubleheader, beating UC-Davis 47–0 and Whittier 6–0.
Notre Dame defeated visiting Kansas, 28–7.  Pittsburgh had an unexpectedly difficult time in a 14–0 win over visiting Waynesburg College.

October

October 5
Minnesota beat visiting North Dakota State 26–6
Stanford won at the U. of San Francisco 10–0 and California beat St. Mary's 10–0.  In Portland, UCLA beat Oregon State 20–7.
Ohio State beat Kentucky 19–6
Princeton edged Penn 7–6, Fordham beat Boston College 19–0,  Notre Dame won at Carnegie Tech, 14–3 and Pittsburgh won at Washington & Jefferson 35–0.  TCU won at Arkansas 13–7 and SMU beat visiting Tulsa 14–0.

October 12
Minnesota won at Nebraska 12–7 and Ohio State defeated visiting Drake 85–7.  In Portland, California beat Oregon, 6–0.
TCU won at Tulsa, 13–0.  In St. Louis, SMU beat Washington University 35–6.
Notre Dame won at Wisconsin, 27–0  Pittsburgh beat West Virginia, 24–6.  Fordham lost to Purdue, 20–0
Princeton defeated Williams College, 14–7.

October 19
UCLA won at Stanford, 7–6.
Notre Dame (3–0) and Pittsburgh, both 3–0–0, met at South Bend, with the Fighting Irish handing Pitt its first loss, 9–6.
Minnesota beat visiting Tulane 20–0
Ohio State beat Northwestern 28–7.
SMU and Rice, both 4–0–0, met in Dallas, with SMU winning, 10–0.
TCU beat visiting Texas A&M 19–14 to stay unbeaten.  California beat Santa Clara 6–0.  Princeton beat Rutgers, 29–6.
Fordham beat Vanderbilt, 13–7

October 26
TCU won at Centenary, 27–7.
Stanford won at Washington 6–0, California beat visiting USC, 21–7, and UCLA beat Oregon, 33–6.
Minnesota beat Northwestern at home 21–13 and Ohio State won at Indiana 28–6
Fordham defeated Lebanon Valley College 15–0.  Pittsburgh beat Penn State 9–0.  Princeton won at Cornell 54–0.  At Baltimore, Notre Dame beat Navy 14–0.  In a game at Wichita Falls, Texas, SMU beat Hardin–Simmons 18–6.

November
November 2  Notre Dame (5–0–0) and Ohio State (4–0–0) met at Columbus before a crowd of 80,000.  Grantland Rice described what happened: "Completely outplayed in the first two quarters, trailing 13 to 0 as the final quarter started with every killing break against it-- breaks that would crack the heart of an iron ox-- this Notre Dame team came surging back in the final quarter...".  Notre Dame scored early in the fourth, but the extra point attempt bounced off the crossbar, and it was 13–6.  After an interception, the Irish drove to within six inches of the goal line when Milner fumbled the ball away.  With 90 seconds left, Andy Pilney passed to Mike Layden for a touchdown, but the extra point failed and the Irish trailed 13–12.  Andy Pilney forced a Buckeye fumble at midfield, giving the Irish the ball at the 49 yard line, and on the next play, Pilney, taking back over as quarterback, scrambled to the 19 yard line, but was injured.  With only one play left in the game, reserve quarterback Bill Shakespeare passed to Wayne Milner for the 18–13 win.

At Los Angeles, California (6–0–0) faced UCLA (4–0–0) and won 14–2.
TCU visited  Baylor (6–0–0).  TCU shut the Bears out 28–0.
SMU beat visiting Texas 20–0.  Minnesota beat Purdue 29–7.
Stanford beat Santa Clara in another close game, 9–6.  Fordham and Pittsburgh played to a 0–0 tie.  Princeton defeated Navy 26–0.

November 9  Unbeaten Notre Dame hosted the Northwestern Wildcats, who had a losing record (2–3–0).  With William Shakespeare at left halfback for the Irish, and Henry Wardsworth Longfellow playing right end for the Wildcats, the game looked like no more than a meeting of literary namesakes.  Shakespeare's running game was shut down, while Longfellow caught one touchdown pass, and then recovered a fumble in the fourth quarter to set up a second touchdown for a major upset, as Northwestern won 14–7   Minnesota won at Iowa 13–6.  In Los Angeles, SMU handed UCLA (4–1–0) its second straight loss, 21–0.  Stanford won at USC, 3–0.  California beat Washington 14–0.

Fordham tied St. Mary's College 7–7, Princeton beat Harvard 35–0 and Pittsburgh beat visiting Army 29–6.  Ohio State won at Chicago, 20–13.  In a Friday game at New Orleans, TCU beat Loyola College 14–0.

November 16

TCU won at Texas 28–0 and SMU won at Arkansas 17–6.
Fordham beat Muhlenberg College 45–0 at the Polo Grounds, while Notre Dame and Army played to a 6–6 tie at Yankee Stadium.
Pittsburgh beat Nebraska 6–0 and Princeton beat Lehigh 27–0.
Stanford defeated Montana 32–0  California beat Pacific 39–0
Ohio State beat Illinois 38–0 and Minnesota won at Michigan 40–0
In a Friday game, UCLA beat visiting Hawaii 19–6.

November 23

California (9–0) and Stanford (6–1–0) met at Palo Alto, as Stanford handed the Golden Bears their first loss, 13–0.  On the strength of the win, Stanford got the bid to the Rose Bowl.  In a matchup of two great Ivy teams, Princeton (7–0–0) hosted Dartmouth (8–0–0), with Princeton winning 26–6.
SMU defeated visiting Baylor 10–0 and TCU beat visiting Rice, 27–6, as both teams raised their records to 10–0–0.

UCLA beat Loyola Marymount 14–6
Notre Dame closed its season with a 20–13 win over USC.
Minnesota beat visiting Wisconsin, 33–7 to close its season at 8–0–0.

For the first time, Ohio State closed with its regular season with Michigan, a tradition that continued with only one interruption, in 1942.  OSU won at Ann Arbor, 38–0.

On Thanksgiving Day, November 28 a crowd of 78,000 turned out at Yankee Stadium to watch Fordham (5–1–2) face New York University (7–1–0).  Fordham shut out NYU 21–0, but not before a fight broke out with the spectators crowding the field,  Pittsburgh (6–1–0) and Carnegie Tech (2–5–0) played to a 0–0 tie.

November 30

The most eagerly watched game of the season matched two unbeaten (10–0–0) teams, with Texas Christian (10–0–0) hosting Southern Methodist.  SMU won 20–14 and was invited to the Rose Bowl, while TCU went to the Sugar Bowl.

Princeton closed its season with a 38–7 win at Yale, to finish 9–0–0.

December
December 7 UCLA beat Idaho 13–6.  TCU won at Santa Clara, 10–6.

December 14 In San Francisco, UCLA closed its season with a 13–7 win over St. Mary's, while in Los Angeles, Pittsburgh beat USC 12–7.

Conference standings
For this article, major conferences defined as those including multiple state flagship public universities.

Major conference standings

Independents

Minor conferences

Minor conference standings

Rankings

A poll of 142 newspaper writers, taken at year's end—by United Press International (known as United Press Associations at the time)—concluded that Minnesota was the best in the nation. Alan J. Gould, creator of the AP writer's poll that would begin in the following year, named Minnesota, Princeton, and SMU co-champions.

Years later, other selectors recognized as “major” by the NCAA, the Billingsley Report, the Helms Athletic Foundation title, and National Championship Foundation, retroactively selected Minnesota as national champion. Modern selectors, the Sagarin Ratings and Berryman Quality Point Rating System (Berryman QPRS), retroactively deemed SMU as national champion.

Bowl games

Rankings from the Dickinson System

The Rose Bowl matched unbeaten Southwest Conference champion SMU (12–0) against Pacific Coast Conference co-champion Stanford (7–1) before a crowd of 86,000.  Stanford has lost the two previous Rose Bowls, falling to Columbia in the 1934 Rose Bowl and 1934 Alabama Crimson Tide football team the 1935 game.  Determined not three-peat, the Stanford scored an early touchdown and held off the Mustangs to win 7–0.

In New Orleans, the second annual Sugar Bowl pitted TCU (11–1) against Southeastern Conference champion LSU (9–1) before a crowd of 38,000.  TCU's Sammy Baugh was forced out of the end zone on a pass attempt, and the safety gave LSU a 2–0 lead.  Two minutes later, Baugh drove the Frogs to the 17-yard line, setting up Taldon Malton's field goal.  The final score was TCU 3, LSU 2

In Miami, the second annual Orange Bowl matched Ole Miss (9–2) against unheralded Catholic University (8–1).  A crowd of 10,000 watched Catholic take an early lead and pull off a 20–19 upset.  The Sun Bowl matched two colleges for the first time, as New Mexico A&M and Hardin–Simmons battled to a 14–14 tie.

Awards and honors

All-Americans

Statistical leaders
 Points scored: Ray Zeh, Case Western Reserve, 112

Heisman Trophy

1935 was the first year that the Heisman Trophy was ever awarded, although it was named differently in the first year. In 1935, it was presented by the Downtown Athletic Club (DAC) in Manhattan, New York, a privately owned recreation facility near the site of the former World Trade Center. It was first known simply as the "DAC Trophy" for this inaugural year. The first winner, Jay Berwanger of the University of Chicago, was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles but declined to sign for them. He never played professional football for any team. In 1936, John Heisman died and the trophy was renamed in his honor. Larry Kelley, the second winner of the award was the first man to win it officially named as the "Heisman Trophy."

Voting

See also
 1935 College Football All-America Team

References


The Wirtschaftswunder (sometimes simply called Wirtschaftswunder) was a German band consisting of musicians Angelo Galizia (vocals, Italy), Tom Dokoupil (guitar, Czechoslovakia), Mark Pfurtschneller (keyboards, Canada) and Jürgen Beuth (drums, Germany).  They were part of the so-called Neue Deutsche Welle that emerged as part of the English new wave/post-punk movement in the early 1980s and included bands such as D.A.F, Malaria!, or ZK (predecessor of Die Toten Hosen).

They entered the national arena with their single Der Kommissar (based on the theme music of the German criminal TV series Der Kommissar from the 1960s) and released their first album (Salmobray) in 1981. Their most characteristic feature was Angelo Galizia's singing with a heavy Italian accent. After signing with label Deutsche Grammophon, they released their 2nd album (The Wirtschaftswunder), which was not as experimental as the first. After their 4th album Pop Adenauer in the same year and their final single in 1984 they dissolved.

Band name
The term Wirtschaftswunder (German for "economic miracle") describes the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria after World War II.

Discography
Singles
"Allein" (1980)
"Television" (1980)
"Der Große Mafioso" (1982)
"E´succeso in Kabul" (1982)
"Pizza" (1984)

Albums
Salmobray (1981)
The Wirtschaftswunder (1982)
Tscherwonez (1982)
Pop Adenauer (1984)
Die Gute Wahl (Das Beste) (1991)

Neue Deutsche Welle groups
German new wave musical groups


The ninth edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was played in 1957. It was held from February 9 through February 14, featuring the champion baseball teams of Cuba, Tigres de Marianao; Panama, Cerveza Balboa; Puerto Rico, Indios de Mayagüez, and Venezuela, Leones del Caracas. The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice. The games were played at Estadio del Cerro in Havana, the Cuban capital. The first pitch was thrown by Ford Frick, by then the Commissioner of Major League Baseball.

Summary
The Cuban team was managed by Napoleón Reyes and finished with a 5–1 mark, with their only loss coming to Puerto Rico. Marianao offensive was clearly guided by Series MVP outfielder Solly Drake, who won the batting title with a .500 batting average and also led in runs (9), hits (11) and stolen bases (4).  Supporting him were fellow OF  Minnie Miñoso (.391, seven RBI, five runs) and catcher Hal Smith (.273, seven RBI). Pitcher Jim Bunning got two wins with a 0.61 ERA, including a seven-hit, one-run game and  scoreless innings of relief. Behind him were Mike Fornieles (1–0, 3.00), Bill Werle (1–1, 3.94) and Conrado Marrero (0–0, 2.70). Also in the roster were reliever Enrique Maroto and infielders Julio Bécquer, Harold Bevan and José Valdivielso.

Panama, managed by catcher León Kellman, posted a 3–3 record for a surprising second-place finish. Balboa most prominent player was Winston Brown, who pitched a six-hit, one run complete game and a four-hit shutout, in both cases against Venezuela. Another gem game from George Brunet (1–1, 17 SO, 1.76 ERA), who pitched the first shutout for a Panamanian team in Series history, and also hit one of the club's two homers. 1B Harold Gordon led the attack with a .412 BA. Other roster members included 2B Héctor López and P Dutch Romberger.

Puerto Rico tied with Venezuela for third place with a 2–4 mark. The Mayagüez team was piloted by Mickey Owen, while RF Canena Márquez provided the support attack (375, three HR, five runs, .792 SLG). The other major contributors were 1B Bob Speake (.391, one HR, five RBI, .652 SLG) and P José Santiago, who handed Marianao their only lost, throwing a three-hit shutout. Puerto Rico also featured 2B Bob Aspromonte, OF Bob Smith, and pitchers Herb Plews and Pete Wojey, among others.

Venezuela, guided by Clay Bryant, included C John Roseboro (.376 BA, .556 SLG); IFs Rudy Regalado (.292 BA), Pompeyo Davalillo (.381, three SB, four runs), Chico Carrasquel (.292, HR, .458 SLG) and Luis García (2-for-13, 2B, RBI), as well as OFs Tom Burgess (4-for-24) and Bob Wilson (4-for-22). Caracas pitchers Babe Birrer (1–1, 2.60) and Julián Ladera (1–0, 2.25) collected the only wins for the team in complete-game efforts. Emilio Cueche took a complete-game loss after giving up two unearned runs in Game 5, and later hurled two scoreless innings of relief for a perfect 0.00 ERA, the best for the Series.

Participating teams

Final standings

Scoreboards

Game 1, February 9

Game 2, February 9

Game 3, February 10

Game 4, February 10

Game 5, February 11

Game 6, February 11

Game 7, February 12

Game 8, February 12

Game 9, February 13

Game 10, February 13

Game 11, February 14

Game 12, February 14

Statistics leaders

Awards

See also
 Ballplayers who have played in the Series

References

Sources
 Antero Núñez, José. Series del Caribe. Jefferson, Caracas, Venezuela: Impresos Urbina, C.A., 1987.
 Gutiérrez, Daniel. Enciclopedia del Béisbol en Venezuela – 1895-2006 . Caracas, Venezuela: Impresión Arte, C.A., 2007.

External links
Official site
Latino Baseball
Series del Caribe, Las (Spanish)

Caribbean
Caribbean Series
International baseball competitions hosted by Cuba
Baseball competitions in Havana
1957 in Caribbean sport
1957 in Cuban sport
20th century in Havana
Caribbean Series


David C. Harrington (July 31, 1954 – September 20, 2022) was an American politician from Maryland, a member of the Democratic Party and a former member of the Maryland State Senate. From 2008 to 2022, he served as president and CEO of the Prince George's Chamber of Commerce in addition to serving as a Senior Policy Advisor for Common Health Action. Harrington was a board member of the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation, Consumer Health Foundation, Bowie State Board of Visitors and co-lead of the Robert Wood Johnson Place Matters special committee.

Early life
Harrington was born on July 31, 1954, in New York City, New York. He has a B.A. in political science from Howard University. He also received a M.A. from the Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. From 1995 to 2002, Harrington was the Mayor of Bladensburg, Maryland. From 2001 to 2002, he served as president of the Maryland Municipal League. In 2002, he was elected to represent District 5 on Prince George's County Council.

He worked as a senior fellow and faculty member at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland.

In 2006, Harrington ran for reelection to Prince George's County Council. In December 2007, Harrington was elected Council Chair.

In the legislature
Harrington was appointed to the State Senate in 2008 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Gwendolyn T. Britt. While serving in the senate, Harrington was a member of the Education, Health and Environmental Affairs Committee and a member of the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland.

Harrington ran for reelection to the state senate in 2010 but was defeated.

Family
Harrington's wife Cheryl is the owner of Shortcake Bakery. His oldest son, Stephen, is an alumnus of Morehouse College and the Brown University Graduate School. David's younger son Christopher is an alumnus of Dickinson College and has an MBA from the Smith School at the University of Maryland.

Harrington died September 20, 2022.

Notes

1954 births
2022 deaths
Democratic Party Maryland state senators
Howard University alumni
Miami University alumni
21st-century American politicians
21st-century African-American people
People from Cheverly, Maryland
Politicians from New York City
County commissioners in Maryland
Politicians from Prince George's County, Maryland
Mayors of places in Maryland


Pseudoroegneria spicata is a species of grass known by the common name bluebunch wheatgrass. This native western North American perennial bunchgrass is also known by the scientific synonyms Elymus spicatus and Agropyron spicatum. The grass can be found in the United States, Canada, and Mexico from Alaska and Yukon south as far as Sonora and Nuevo León.

Description
Bluebunch wheatgrass can grow up to three feet tall. It can often be distinguished from other bunchgrasses by the awns on its seedheads which stand out at an angle nearly 90 degrees from the stem.  It is often bluish. The roots of the grass have a waxy layer that helps it resist desiccation in dry soils. In areas with more moisture the grass may produce rhizomes.

The relationship between the traits and climates of P. spicata is consistent with those of other grass species that also have a summer growing season. Populations of P. spicata from warm, arid environments are often smaller with earlier phenology, narrower leaves, and have greater leaf pubescence. This is in contrast to P. spicata plants from wetter and higher nutrient environments, which tend to be bigger, taller, and have larger leaves.

The stems and leaf sheaths of P. spicata dominate photosynthetic carbon uptake during the late spring and summer seasons. Additionally, bluebunch wheatgrass shows a greater investment of biomass and nutrients in the stems and sheaths, causing an increase in photosynthetic capacity per unit surface area.

Pseudoregneria spicata has extensive drought resistant root systems that can compete with and suppress the spread of exotic weeds. Its roots are also known to have significant responses when they come into contact with the roots of other plants. When plants of the same species that were grown in different sites were planted in pots together, the resulting biomass was 30% more than in pots with plants from the same population or site. Furthermore, the elongation of the roots decreased after contact with roots from another plant from the same population, this was compared to after contact with roots from a plant of a different population. Such behavior suggests that the roots of bluebunch wheatgrass are capable of detection and avoidance mechanisms when exposed to intraspecific plants from the same population.

The roots of this grass are also known to have notable physiological responses to enriched soil patches that are treated with varying solutions of nutrients, most notably nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. This exploitation of nutrient-rich soil can affect the nutrient status of the overall plant. In phosphorus enriched environments, the mean root uptake of phosphorus was 5–26% higher compared to roots from control soil patches. Results regarding the nutrient uptake capacities of P. spicata potassium enriched environments indicate no apparent difference between enriched and controlled soil. This is in contrast to the nitrogen enrichment experiment, where mean rates of ammonium uptake increased between 22–88% and mean rates of potassium root uptake were 17–71% higher in soil enriched with 50 μm of nitrogen, the lowest concentration tested in a particular study.

Distribution

Pseudoroegneria spicata is the dominant species of grass among the mountainous regions of the western United States, occurring at elevations that range from 150–3,000 m and where precipitation is 250–500 mm. It occurs in many types of habitat, including sagebrush, forests, woodlands, and grasslands. This grass thrives in sandy and clay rich soils, but is also capable of growing on thin, rocky soils. It does not tolerate soils with high alkalinity, salt, or excessive moisture.

Two subspecies of bluebunch wheatgrass are recognized: P. spicata ssp. spicata and P. spicata ssp. inerme, commonly known as beardless bluebunch wheatgrass. The determining characteristic between the two is the presence of divergent awns, or hair-like projections that extend off a larger structure, such as the lemma or floret. These two subspecies have been known to hybridize.

Pseudoroegneria spicata is most commonly found as a diploid (2n = 14), although autotetraploid forms (4n = 28) have been found in eastern Washington and northern Idaho.

Uses
It is an important forage grass for both livestock and native wildlife in western North America. It is widely used for revegetation of degraded habitat in the region, and cultivars have been developed.

State grass
It is the state grass of Montana, Oregon, and Washington.

The grass is outcompeted by noxious weeds such as diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae).

References

External links

United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
University of Washington, Washington Burke Museum

Pooideae
Bunchgrasses of North America
Grasses of the United States
Grasses of Canada
Flora of Northern America
Plants described in 1813
Symbols of Iowa
Symbols of Montana


The term "Roses rivalry" can refer to sporting rivalries between teams from the English counties of Lancashire and Yorkshire. The name of the rivalry is derived from the historic Wars of the Roses which was fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.

The term has also been used to describe various sporting fixtures:

Cricket: Roses Match – between Lancashire CCC and Yorkshire CCC.

Football: Roses Derby – between Leeds United and Manchester United
Also describes games between other traditional East Lancashire and West Yorkshire clubs; Bradford City vs Burnley, Halifax Town vs Rochdale, and Huddersfield Town vs Oldham Athletic being well known examples.

Rugby League: War of the Roses – was an annual rugby league match played between professional players of Lancashire and Yorkshire.
More recently, the term has described the rivalry between Leeds Rhinos and Wigan Warriors.
Similar to in football, Roses Derby exists in rugby league, between traditional East Lancashire clubs of Oldham and Rochdale, and West Yorkshire clubs of Huddersfield and Halifax.

University Varsity: Roses Tournament – an annual varsity tournament between the students of Lancaster University and the University of York.

See also
Liverpool–Manchester rivalry - the rivalry between the two cities located in the historic county of Lancashire.

Sport in Yorkshire
Sport in Lancashire
Sports rivalries in the United Kingdom


Sir Frank Woods KBE ChStJ (6 April 1907 – 29 November 1992) was an English-born Anglican bishop. From 1957 to 1977, he served as Archbishop of Melbourne. He was additionally the Primate of Australia between 1971 and 1977.

About

Early life
Woods was born in 1907 in Davos, Switzerland. Woods was the son of the Right Reverend Edward Sydney Woods (1877-1953), Bishop of Lichfield, of the church of England, and Rachel Clemence Barclay. In 1914, the family moved back to England where his father became the army chaplain and vicar before consecration as bishop suffragan of Croydon in 1930, which then lead to being the bishop of Lichfield in 1937.

His siblings included his brother of the photographer Janet Woods, Samuel Woods, an archdeacon in New Zealand, and Robin Woods, Bishop of Worcester, and a nephew of Theodore Woods, who served as Bishop of Winchester.

Education
He was educated at Marlborough in 1920. In 1929, Woods was elected president of the Student Christian Movement (SCM) at Cambridge.

In 1930, Woods attended Trinity College, Cambridge, which lead to getting his Masters in 1933.

Later Years
On June 9, 1936, Woods married Jean Margaret Sprules. Wood's father presided over the wedding, which was held at St. Alban's Abbey.

Ordained ministry
Woods was ordained as a priest in 1932, After a curacy at St Mary's Church, Portsea in the Diocese of Portsmouth he became chaplain of his Cambridge alma mater, Trinity College. He then became Vice-Principal of Wells Theological College.  During the Second World War, he served as a chaplain in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve and then, successively, a vicar in Huddersfield (1945–52); Suffragan Bishop of Middleton (1952–57); and, in 1957, Archbishop of Melbourne for over 20 years. From 1971 he was also the Anglican Primate of Australia.

Honours

Woods was appointed, on 3 June 1972, a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). He used the title of "Sir", as is the established protocol in Australia for knighted clergy. He was also a Chaplain of the Order of St John.

References

1907 births
1992 deaths
Clergy from Melbourne
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
20th-century Church of England bishops
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Royal Navy chaplains
Honorary Chaplains to the King
Bishops of Middleton
20th-century Anglican archbishops
Anglican archbishops of Melbourne
Primates of the Anglican Church of Australia
Chaplains of the Order of St John
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire


The House of Mirth is a novel by Edith Wharton.

It may also refer to the film adaptations:

 The House of Mirth (1918 film)
 The House of Mirth (1981 film), an American television film
 The House of Mirth (2000 film)


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in McLean County, Illinois.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in McLean County, Illinois, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 35 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.  Another two properties were once listed, but have since been removed.

Current listings

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Former listings

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See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Illinois
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois

References

McLean


BRC may refer to:

Organisations
 Bisexual Resource Center, an American educational organisation
 Black Radical Congress, a social justice organisation for those of African descent in the US
 Black Reconstruction Collective, an American architectural collective
 Black Resource Centre, an Aboriginal Australian organisation in the mid-1970s
 Black Rock Coalition, an artists' collective
 British Rabbit Council
 British Red Cross
 British Retail Consortium, a British trade association
 Brotherhood of Railway Carmen, an American trade union
 Bulgarian Red Cross

Research institutes
 Bioinformatics Resource Centers, a group of Internet-based research centres for infectious disease research
 Biological Records Centre, a data and records repository for UK species
 Biological Research Centre (Hungarian Academy of Sciences)
 Biomedical Research Center, at Qatar University

Sport
 BRC Racing Team, an Italian auto racing team
 Bengal Rowing Club
 Big Rivers Conference, a high school athletic conference in Wisconsin
 Brisbane Racing Club
 Brisbane River Classic
 British Rally Championship, a former car rallying series in the UK

Transport
 Belt Railway of Chicago, Illinois
 Breich railway station, Scotland
 San Carlos de Bariloche Airport, Argentina
 Vadodara Junction railway station, India

Other uses
 Basic Reconnaissance Course of the United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Training Company
 Belconnen Remand Centre, in the Australian Capital Territory
 Berbice Creole Dutch
 Black Rock City, a temporary city created by Burning Man festival participants
 Brady Corporation
 Brazilian cruzado, a former currency
 BRC Imagination Arts, an American themed entertainment company
 Buckinghamshire Railway Centre, a railway museum
 Buddhist Retreat Centre, in Ixopo, South Africa


Alsys, SA. (founded 1980, merged 1995) was a software development company created to support initial work on the Ada programming language.
In July 1995, Alsys merged to become Thomson Software Products (TSP), which merged into Aonix in 1996.

History
Alsys SA. the French company was founded in 1980 by Jean Ichbiah (1940–2007). Also in 1980 the American subsidiary Alsys Inc was formed with Ben Brosgol (from Intermetrics), and Pascal Clève.

In 1985 a British subsidiary, Alsys ltd was formed with John Barnes as the MD.

During the merger mania of the 1990s, Alsys was repositioned via a series of mergers.

In 1991 Alsys was acquired by Thomson-CSF.

In November 1992, Thomson-CSF acquired TeleSoft and merged it with Alsys.

In July 1995, Thomson-CSF merged two of their subsidiaries, Alsys and MUST Software, a software development corporation based in Norwalk, Connecticut, to form Thomson Software Products (TSP).

In November 1996, TSP merged with IDE (Interactive Development Environments, Inc.) to form Aonix.

Thomson-CSF (now known as Thales), sold Aonix to Gore Technology Group (GTG) in the late 1990s.

Aonix acquired Select Software in 2001.

In January 2003, GTG sold the Critical Development Solutions (CDS) division of Aonix, which included the Alsys, Telesoft and IDE product lines, to a group of French investors. The name Aonix was kept for this new company, while Select Business Solutions was the name given to the part under Gore control.

In 2003, Aonix acquired NewMonics of Tucson, Arizona, a supplier of Java-compliant virtual machines for embedded and real-time systems.

In January, 2010 Aonix merged with Artisan Software Tools to form Atego.

Alsys was one of the few companies that developed products that unleashed the protected mode of the 80286 processor. At the time, most applications were limited to using only 640K of memory. With the Ada compiler, applications could be built using up to 16MB of memory.

Notes

References
 "Parallel Processing in Ada", David Parker, April 1989, webpage: CNavy-12.

External links
 "Parallel Processing in Ada", David Parker, April 1989, webpage: CNavy-12.

Companies established in 1980
Software development
Software development process
Software companies of France
Ada (programming language)


Marshall County Airport  is a public airport located three miles (5 km) south of the central business district of Moundsville, a city in Marshall County, West Virginia, United States. The airport is owned by the Marshall County Commission.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Marshall County Airport is assigned MPG by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned MPG to Makini, Papua New Guinea).

Facilities and aircraft
Marshall County Airport covers an area of  which contains one runway designated 6/24 with a 3,302 x 60 ft (1,006 x 18 m) asphalt surface. Situated in rugged mountain terrain, the airport site is a removed mountaintop with steep slopes to all sides. For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2006, the airport had 19,300 aircraft operations, an average of 52 per day: 97% general aviation, 3% military and <1% air taxi.

See also
 List of airports in West Virginia

References

External links
 Marshall County Airport at West Virginia Airport Directory

Airports in West Virginia
Transportation in Marshall County, West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Marshall County, West Virginia
Moundsville, West Virginia


"Bust It Baby" is a single by American rapper Plies released on January 25, 2008, and is the first single from Plies' second album, Definition of Real. The original was featured as a bonus track on Definition of Real, while "Bust It Baby Pt. 2", which features R&B singer Ne-Yo, is an official track on the album.

The song features a noticeable sample of Janet Jackson's 1990 single "Come Back to Me", a #2 hit from her 1989 album "Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814". Jackson is also featured on the song's official remix.

Bust It Baby Pt. 2
"Bust It Baby (Part 2)" is the second part of the two single release of "Bust It Baby", making it the first "double single." On the R&B/Hip Hop chart, "Bust It Baby (Part 2)" peaked at #2, surpassing the original. It is Plies' second top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, and his biggest hit on the chart to date, peaking at #7. This surpassed the #9 peak of  "Shawty" in 2007, and tying for Slip-n-Slide Records' highest placement on the Hot 100 (the other SNS single to reach that peak was Trick Daddy's 2004 single "Let's Go" featuring Lil Jon and Twista). In New Zealand, the song jumped from #22 to #9 in its second week on the chart.

Music video
The music video directed by Plies himself debuted on BET's Rap City on April 28, 2008. DJ Khaled, Rick Ross, and Ace Hood make cameos. It debuted on 106 & Park on May 1, 2008. "Bust It Baby Pt. 2" has had multiple number ones on 106 & Park.  It stayed on the countdown for 35 days.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Radio and release history

References

2008 singles
Ne-Yo songs
Plies (rapper) songs
Song recordings produced by J. R. Rotem
Songs written by Ne-Yo
Songs written by Plies (rapper)
Songs written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Songs written by Janet Jackson
Songs written by J. R. Rotem
2008 songs
2000s Atlantic Records singles


Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TXNRD1 gene.

This gene encodes a member of the family of pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductases. This protein reduces thioredoxins as well as other substrates, and plays a role in selenium metabolism and protection against oxidative stress. The functional enzyme is thought to be a homodimer which uses FAD as a cofactor. Each subunit contains a selenocysteine (Sec) residue which is required for catalytic activity. The selenocysteine is encoded by the UGA codon that normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTR of selenocysteine-containing genes have a common stem-loop structure, the sec insertion sequence (SECIS), that is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Alternative splicing results in several transcript variants encoding the same or different isoforms.

See also
 Thioredoxin reductase

References

Selenoproteins


In sports, strength of schedule (SOS) refers to the difficulty or ease of a team's/person's opponent as compared to other teams/persons. This is especially important if teams in a league do not play each other the same number of times.

Computation
The strength of schedule can be calculated in many ways.  Such calculations are the basis of many of the various tie-breaking systems used in Swiss-system tournaments in chess and other tabletop games.

In the National Football League (NFL), the strength of schedule (SOS) is the combined record of all teams in a schedule, and the strength of victory (SOV) is the combined record of all teams that were beaten in that schedule. For example, opponents of the 2016 New England Patriots had a combined record of 111–142–3 (a win percentage of 0.439, the SOS), and Patriots' wins came against teams with a combined record of 93–129–2 (a win percentage of 0.420, the SOV).

Before the 2004 season, in the American college football Bowl Championship Series (BCS) the SOS was calculated as shown at right, where OR is the opponents' record, while OOR is the opponents' opponents record.

Other calculations include adding the opponent's power ratings and multiplying them by the number of games, or a modification by assigning weights (higher weights for "stronger" teams).

Furthermore, several more factors may be added, such as the position of the team in the league, the strength of the team's division or conference, which games count in the formula and which do not (vital in the Bowl Championship Series), the locations of the games (see home team and home advantage) and others.

Use
The BCS previously used the SOS in its formula to determine which teams will play in BCS Bowls, and more importantly, to the BCS National Championship Game. On the contrary, several leagues do not incorporate SOS directly into team standings.  For most leagues, however, the team standings are typically affected by the overall strength of the conference the team plays in.  The strength of the conference largely depends on the number of NFL players the conference produces.  For instance, from 1992 to 2011, of 1,874 college athletes who entered the NFL, roughly 31% came from the SEC compared to only 0.64% from the MAC-EAST conference.  Therefore, playing a team in the SEC would likely increase a team's SOS as compared to playing a team in the MAC-EAST.

The NFL uses strength of schedule as a secondary tie-breaker for divisional rankings and playoff qualification, and as a primary tie-breaker for the NFL Draft. While the NFL has 32 teams, each team plays only 17 games against 14 other teams. This limited scheduling makes strength of schedule a relevant metric for breaking ties, if primary tiebreakers such as head-to-head records do not break a tie.

Major League Baseball (MLB) has a more extreme way of scheduling since interleague games are done rarely, and were only introduced in 1997, plus the fact that interleague games do not exactly have concrete rules, save for the number of rest days and doubleheaders.

In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the 30 teams are all guaranteed to face each other at least twice in an 82-game regular season, although intra-division games are more frequent (as much as four times) than inter-conference games (twice). In the National Hockey League, prior to 2008, some teams did not meet each other in a given year, and intra-division games are more frequent (six times) when compared to the NBA. A strong team in a weak division or conference is capable of bloating their record in order to have a better seeding in the playoffs.

In order to resolve differing strengths of schedule among teams, the playoffs are held after the season to determine which team will win the championship. The best teams from each conference qualify and are done at a variety of formats. The playoffs conclude with a championship game or series with the two teams representing their own conferences. The playoffs may also award a home advantage to a team with a superior record, regardless of their SOS, although the NFL holds its championship game at a predetermined site, while MLB awarded home-field advantage in the World Series to the team representing the league that won the All-Star Game from 2003 to 2016.

The concept of "strength of schedule" is alien to European domestic leagues since each league is not divided into divisions or conferences (the meaning of "conference" is different here, since even though several leagues may be in one conference, teams from the same conference do not play teams from other leagues of the same conference. See Football Conference for an example.), and every team plays every opponent twice (home and away) and as such, no playoffs are usually done to determine the winner; the team with the best record wins the championship outright, with several tiebreaking criteria to determine a team's overall standing.

In inter-European competition, no permanent divisions or groups are instituted although qualifying teams are drawn into different groups, where the top teams per group advance into the "knockout stage" which is almost similar to the concept of "playoffs" in North American sports. In association football, UEFA coefficients are used to determine seedings in tournaments organized by UEFA. Countries that had teams progress deeper into UEFA competitions have a higher coefficient. A higher coefficient means that teams do not have to meet teams that are as strong as them early in the tournament, while weaker teams have to face stronger teams in the early stages.

References

Sports records and statistics
Terminology used in multiple sports


Burlington Telecom is a municipal telecommunications company providing residents of Burlington, Vermont with television, telephone and internet services. The company runs its communications offerings on a citywide fiber-optic network.

History
A home network connecting every residence and business of Burlington was conceived in the 1980s. There were a number of failed attempts in the 1990s. A funding source could not be found. An experienced  telecommunications expert, Tim Nulty, was hired as a consultant by the city. Nulty became General Manager of the newly created Burlington Telecom, a division of the city government. The network was laid in stages. The first stage was finished and profitable by 2003. The first and second stages became profitable by 2006. This led local government officials to believe the project would result in a major funding source for public coffers in the future.

In September 2009 Burlington informed the Vermont Public Service Board it had used $17 million in city money to support Burlington Telecom operations since early 2008. The failure to repay that loan was a violation of Burlington Telecom's state license. The revelation prompted a forensic audit of Burlington Telecom by the Public Service Department and, in early 2010, a criminal referral to the Vermont Attorney General. Two private citizens also filed suit in Chittenden Superior Court in Burlington to compel Burlington Telecom to repay the $17 million.

A special committee created by the City Council and including four citizens experienced in finance or telecommunications concluded in January 2010 that Burlington Telecom was unable to support its debt load. In mid-February 2010, Burlington Telecom defaulted on an interest payment of $386,000 to its commercial lender, CitiLeasing.

On March 11, 2019 the city council of Burlington approved the sale of the company to Champlain Broadband a subsidiary of privately held Schurz Communications. The sale will help the city to recover $7 million in taxpayer funds. Some of the sales proceeds of a total of $30.8 million will be used to repay loans of Citibank and Blue Water Holdings.

Controversy

Al Jazeera
Burlington Telecom offered local channels and free channel offerings on cable. In January 2007, Al Jazeera English was added to the cable lineup as Burlington Telecom did not have to pay for the network's feed.

In 2008, the company encountered controversy when it attempted to remove Al Jazeera English (since replaced in the United States with Al Jazeera America) from its basic offerings.
After Burlington Telecom decided the channel would be removed from all cable package offerings, the city council and then-Mayor Bob Kiss delayed the decision for discussion. A public meeting on the issue of Al Jazeera English's removal was aired on the international network. After two public meetings, an oversight committee for Burlington Telecom decided the channel would continue to be offered in certain cable packages.

Bond
In 2010, the company was unable to pay the $1.5 million interest on its bonds. It also owed the city of Burlington $17 million. As a result, Moody's downrated the debt for the city two notches to A2, "upper medium" from Aa3, "high quality." Moody's also downrated the credit rating for Burlington International Airport. The Vermont Public Service Commission has asked for a criminal investigation. The general manager resigned.

References

External links
Burlington Telecom Website

American Journalism Review article on cable adding Al Jazeera

Companies based in Burlington, Vermont
Public utilities of the United States
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Cable television companies of the United States


The Jonte is a  river in southern France. It flows through the departments of Lozère and Aveyron. It is a tributary of the Tarn, which it joins in Le Rozier.

Departments and communes along the river:
 Lozère: Meyrueis, Le Rozier
 Aveyron: Peyreleau

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Occitania (administrative region)
Rivers of Lozère
Rivers of Aveyron


The Green House Project is an American national non-profit organization dedicated to creating alternative living environments to traditional nursing home care facilities.

The project creates “caring homes for meaningful lives” for elders  where residents have private rooms and baths, can move freely through the home, build deep knowing relationships with each other more and even participate in preparing their own meals. It is based on a philosophy seeking to reverse the “enforced dependency” of life in a traditional nursing home by creating small intentional communities of 10 to 12 elders designed to foster late-life development and growth.

Residents of Green House Project homes have shown “increased reports of mobility and social interaction, and fewer reports of weight loss and depression” compared with those living in traditional nursing home facilities.

History
The project was first developed by Steve McAlilly, CEO of Mississippi Methodist Senior Services, and by geriatrician William H. Thomas (physician) in 2003, with the goal of personalizing elder care by redesigning nursing homes “from scratch” to provide residents more privacy and control over their lives. McAlilly was preparing to demolish the old 'big box' nursing home and build another when he had a creative idea: call up Bill Thomas and ask what he'd do to reinvent care for the frail elderly.

Thomas is an international authority on elder care and has authored four books on the subject. In the early 1990s, Thomas and his wife, Jude Thomas, founded the Eden Alternative, now a global nonprofit organization that aims to deinstitutionalize long term care facilities by changing the culture of the typical nursing home.

Recognizing that nursing homes were “aging faster than the people living inside them,” Thomas later created The Green House Project with the goal of replacing the institutional nursing home model with small intentional communities where elders and staff focus on living full and vibrant lives.

In 2005, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation announced a five-year, $10 million grant for The Green House Project across the United States. NCB Capital Impact currently administers The Green House Project and will continue to do so beyond the current five-year grant.

The first Green House Project home was constructed in 2003 in Tupelo, Mississippi. NCB Capital Impact set a goal to complete 50 houses by 2010; that goal was reached in December 2008. As of 2023, there are 382 Green House Project homes on 81 campuses in 33 states.

Green House Project Homes
In a typical Green House Project home, each elder has his or her own private room and bathroom. Homes typically also include a living room, kitchen and open dining area. The homes are built to blend in with surrounding houses and neighborhoods. The Green House Project model allows for urban, rural and suburban style homes.

Residents do schedules and are encouraged to interact with staff and other residents, plus visitors (pets and family members). Staff members and residents develop personal relationships with one another because of the small community and home atmosphere.

Staff members in Green House Project homes are broken up into four different roles: the Shahbaz, the Guide, the Sage and the Clinical Support Team. The Shahbaz is the versatile worker who provides personal care, prepares meals and performs housekeeping for the elders. The name was borrowed from the Persian word for the sultan's hunting falcon. Thomas liked the image of a keen-eyed, flexible helper, and the word had no English pre-set, so the Shabaz could be a new entity. The Guide is the supervisor of the Shahbaz and is responsible for the operations of the home. The Sage is a local elder who volunteers to be a mentor and advise to the work teams in The Green House Project home. The Clinical Support Team comprises nurses, therapists, services, activities and dietary professionals who work with the Shahbaz to provide individualized care for each elder.

Costs
Green House Project homes that are licensed as traditional nursing homes are eligible for Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements along the same lines as a traditional nursing home. If the facility is licensed as assisted living, Medicaid reimbursement depends on the state’s assisted living provisions. For Medicaid, the costs are equivalent to the traditional Medicaid costs for nursing homes. If the income level is above the Medicaid minimum, there may be a co-pay for residents. For private pay, each facility determines its own private pay cost structure based on their local market.

Evaluations
Recent research by Susan Horn and colleagues (2012) examined differences in the Medicare and Medicaid costs in Green House homes compared to traditional nursing homes. Using previously collected data, the information below reflects a preliminary analysis of this issue. Current research being conducted by a collaborative of research partners under Robert Wood Johnson Foundation funding will examine this issue further.

A 2009 evaluation of Green House Project care found it provided higher direct care (23–31 minutes more per resident per day) than traditional nursing homes and more than four times as much staff engagement with elders outside direct care activities.

In a 2004 report presented to the United States Congress, researchers from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health found that the use of a social model of care and maximum staff empowerment to serve elders needing skilled nursing care resulted in ‘statistically significantly’ favorable outcomes over traditional facilities.” The researchers found that elders in a Green House Project home were able to perform daily functions longer than those in traditional nursing facilities.

In November 2008, Senate Finance Committee Chair Max Baucus (D-MT) said The Green House Project model "has shown promise for both improving the quality of life and care in these settings.”

According to Provider Magazine’s May 2010 cover story about The Green House Project, “The homes, which are designed for the purpose of offering ‘privacy, autonomy, support, enjoyment, and a place to call home,’ are a radical departure from traditional skilled nursing facilities and are considered to be the peak of culture change.”

In 2011, Green House Project was named as one of the “Top Ten Senior Living Design Innovations” by Long-Term Living Magazine.

References

External links
 Green House Project

Medical and health organizations based in Maryland