The Australia 2020 Summit was a convention, referred to in Australian media as a summit, which was held over 18-19 April 2008 at Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, aiming to "help shape a long-term strategy for the nation's future". Announced by the new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, the summit drew limited bipartisan support from Brendan Nelson and the opposition Coalition parties and ran as 10 working groups of 100 participants. There were 1002 delegates in attendance to discuss ten "critical areas". Ideas and proposals were invited from all members of the community and an official website was set up to accept submissions.

The 10 critical policy areas were:
 Productivity—including education, skills, training, science and innovation
 Economy—including infrastructure and the digital economy
 Sustainability and climate change
 Rural Australia—focusing on industries and communities
 Health and ageing
 Communities and families
 Indigenous Australia
 Creative Australia—the arts, film and design
 Australian governance, democracy and citizenship
 Security and prosperity—including foreign affairs and trade

Criticism
The summit was criticized by Australia’s Jewish community for being scheduled over the first two nights of Passover, which prevented many Jews from applying or attending. The Government responded by convening a special half-day symposium in Sydney five days beforehand, attended by 56 leaders of the Jewish community, plus senior Government representatives Kevin Rudd, Peter Garrett, Nicola Roxon and Jenny Macklin.

The summit was also criticized for the near-absence of women on the 11-member committee who would pick the 1,000 delegates—only actress Cate Blanchett had been named. The Government responded by saying six of the co-chairs would be female politicians. By the time of the summit, there were three women on a 12-member committee. Additionally, other commentators such as the Institute of Public Affairs, Australians for Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Monarchist League criticized what they saw as the unrepresentative nature of the delegates, which in their view biased the final report towards republicanism and ideas such as constitutional reform and a bill of rights.

Some of the delegates themselves expressed criticism of how the summit was conducted. In particular, claims were made that the final paper, which purported to represent the resolutions of the sub-groups, did not reflect ideas that they had espoused or did include ideas which they had not discussed, possibly reflecting an agenda which had been determined before the summit. Others were concerned that hard issues, such as terrorism in the group examining foreign affairs and security issues, were ignored.

Journalist Nicholas Stuart was initially struck by the people who were not invited to Australia 2020, including two Australian National University professors Paul Dibb and Hugh White who had both advised Kim Beazley. Looking at the list of those invited, he found that "the holes kept expanding as I looked further and further, searching for the others who should have been there." He said "it began to appear as if one group of advisors ... under Howard had been replaced with another group of similarly hand-picked individuals," plus some media names. There was no continuing secretariat for any follow-up action for the recommendations from the conference or the ten subgroups or forums. Wayne Swan managed to get a review of the taxation system, to be prepared by the Treasury, but in May 2010 when Rudd eventually released the report, he rejected 135 of the 138 recommendations . Stuart wrote "The 2020 summit provided a paradigm for much of the activity in Rudd's term of office ... His rhetoric inspired and enthused voters. And yet ... and yet ... nothing happened."

Participants

The summit was led by an 11-member steering committee, whose initial membership was announced on 26 February 2008. The committee played a key role in selecting the other participants, and each member led one of the working groups together with a government co-chair. Since the initial announcement, Dr Kelvin Kong (Indigenous Australia) withdrew due to family health reasons, and Dr Jackie Huggins was appointed to replace him. On 14 April 2008, an additional co-chair, Dr Julianne Schultz, was announced for the Creative Australia stream.

There were two additional late participants who had been granted special entry as winners of competitions and their names did not show in the original lists of participants. They both attended the Productivity Stream Agenda. Their names were Susan Roberts, TAFE Head Teacher of Child & Family Services from Taree who had won a national competition by Channel Nine and Ernie Peralta, a university lecturer whose "Golden Guru" concept of business mentoring was later adopted in Queensland.

The members of the steering committee were as follows:

Australia 2020 Summit Youth Delegates

Eleven young people were also selected by their peers at the 2020 Youth Summit, running from 11 to 13 April 2008, to represent Australian youth at the Australia 2020 Summit.

Related events

Several events were held in the lead up to the Australia 2020 Summit:
 2020 Youth Summit: For 100 young people (15 to 24 years) from around Australia in Canberra, 12 and 13 April 2008.
 Canberra 2020 Summit: For Canberra residents, on the theme of innovation, in Canberra, 5 April 2008.
 Foundations of Open: Technology and Digital Knowledge: Australian National University, Canberra, 3 April 2008.

References

Sources

Australia 2020 Summit – full list of participants, The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 March 2008

External links
 Official site
 Final report
 Coverage of the event (by ABC)
 Coverage of the event by professor of politics, Robert Manne, May 2008, The Monthly

2020 in Australia
2008 in Australia
April 2008 events in Oceania
Political history of Australia
2008 conferences
21st century in Canberra
Lists of Australian people
Future problems


Kunen may refer to:
Kenneth Kunen, American mathematician
former name of Acharkut, Armenia


The 1994 Davidoff Swiss Indoor] was an ATP men's tennis tournament held in Basel, Switzerland and played on indoor hard courts that was part of the ATP World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. It was the 25th edition of the tournament and was held from 26 September through 3 October 1994. Fourth-seeded Wayne Ferreira won his 4th title of the year, and 6th of his career.

Finals

Singles
 Wayne Ferreira defeated  Patrick McEnroe, 4–6, 6–2, 7–6(9–7), 6–3

Doubles
 Patrick McEnroe /  Jared Palmer defeated  Lan Bale /  John-Laffnie de Jager 6–3, 7–6

References

External links
 ITF tournament edition details

Davidoff Swiss Indoors
1994 in Swiss tennis


Crinum asiaticum, commonly known as poison bulb, giant crinum lily, grand crinum lily, or spider lily, is a plant species widely planted in many warmer regions as an ornamental. It is a bulb-forming perennial producing an umbel of large, showy flowers that are prized by gardeners. However, all parts of the plant are poisonous if ingested. Some reports indicate exposure to the sap may cause skin irritation.

C. asiaticum is native to Indian Ocean islands, East Asia, tropical Asia, Australia and Pacific islands. It is regarded as naturalized in Mexico, the West Indies, Florida, Suriname, Louisiana, numerous Pacific islands, Madagascar and the Chagos Archipelago.

Description

C. asiaticum is a perennial herb that typically grows  up to  tall. It has a leaf base. Its pseudobulb is spherical. The upper part of the bulb is cylindrical. The base is laterally branched, with a diameter of about 6–15 cm. Its leaves are lanceolate, margin undulate, apically acuminate. They feature 1 sharp point and are dark green, growing up to 1 m long. Their width is 7–12 cm or wider and they number 20-30. The inflorescence is an umbel with 10-24 flowers, six petaloid tepals, and aromatic. The flower stem is erect, as long as the leaf, and solid. The spathe is lanceolate, membranous, and 6–10 cm. The bractlet liner is 3–7 cm. Its perianth tube is slender and straight, green white, 7–10 cm, diameter 1.5–2 mm. The corolla is spider-like shaped, white, linear, revolute, attenuate, 4.5–9 cm long, and 6–9 mm wide. The corolla is 6-lobed. The pedicel is ca 0.5-2.5 cm long. It has 6 reddish stamens. The filaments are 4–5 cm long. The anthers are liner, attenuate, ca. 1.5 cm long or more. The ovary is fusiform, and up to 2 cm long. The fruit is an oblate capsule, green, and 3–5 cm in diameter. The seeds are large, and the exotesta is spongy.

Toxicity
The entire plant is toxic, especially the bulb. It contains a variety of alkaloids such as lycorine and tazettine. When eaten, it can cause vomiting, abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, constipation, irregular breathing, rapid pulse, fever, etc.; sufficient misuse can cause nervous system paralysis and death.

Use
The Tao people indigenous to Taiwan's Orchid Island uses slices of its stem (known as vakong) tied to a heavy object to bait fish going into their nets. The Paiwan and Puyuma peoples use this plant (livakong) as a natural boundary plant.

References

asiaticum
Flora of China
Flora of the Indian subcontinent
Flora of Korea
Flora of Japan
Flora of Indo-China
Flora of the Southwestern Pacific
Flora of Malesia
Flora of Papuasia
Flora of Taiwan
Flora of Seychelles
Flora of Mauritius
Flora of Christmas Island
Flora of the Bonin Islands
Flora of the Ryukyu Islands
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


In Greek mythology, Thyamis (Ancient Greek: Θύαμις) was a commander, along with his brothers, the Cyraioi, who fought together with Deriades against Dionysus in the Indian War. He was son of Tarbelus and is mentioned in Nonnus Dionysiaka. Another individual named Thyamis was a warrior in the army of Dionysus during the Indian War. He was killed by King Deriades of India.

References

Characters in Greek mythology


Mads Østberg (born 11 October 1987) is a Norwegian rally driver. His co-driver is Torstein Eriksen.

Career

Østberg competed in his first rally in 2004. His first World Rally Championship event was the 2006 Swedish Rally, in which he finished 31st in his Subaru Impreza WRC 2003. In the 2006 season, he competed in two more WRC rallies; retiring at the Rally Finland and finishing 23rd at the Wales Rally GB.

In the 2007 season, Østberg continued with an Impreza WRC 2005 and competed in six world rallies for the Prodrive-supported Adapta team. He took his first stage win on a super special stage of the 2007 Swedish Rally, and later achieved his first WRC point by finishing eighth at the 2007 Rally Finland. Østberg also contested the Norwegian Rally Championship and won the national title.

In 2008, Østberg continued to race with Adapta Motorsport in the WRC, using a Subaru Impreza WRC 2007. He did not score any championship points in his seven events. In the 2009 season, Østberg scored points on three WRC rounds and recorded his best-ever finish at the Rally Portugal, finishing sixth. His Adapta AS team was supported by Prodrive because of Subaru's withdrawal from the championship.

In the following season, Østberg contested four WRC rallies in an Impreza WRC 2007 & 2008 and two in a Ford Fiesta S2000. For the second year in running, he placed 11th in the drivers' world championship. Østberg moved to Stobart M-Sport Ford for the 2011 season, driving a Ford Fiesta RS WRC, attaining a second place in 2011 Rally Sweden after leading much of the rally. He gained another second-place finish at 2011 Rally GB, the final round, and ended sixth in the drivers championship.

In 2012, Østberg reverted to Adapta Motorsport, despite continued to race with a Fiesta RS WRC. After a 3rd place in Sweden, he won his first rally at the 2012 Rally de Portugal after Mikko Hirvonen was disqualified. This made him the first non-French/Finnish driver to win a rally since 2005 and the second Norwegian event winner in WRC history. Østberg followed this up with a third place in Rally Argentina before going on to finish the season in fourth place.

Østberg returned to Qatar M-Sport for the 2013 season, this time M-Sport is a 'De Facto' Ford leading team after the American manufacturer's official withdrawal at the end of the 2012 season. Østberg secured two podium finishes and ended the season in sixth place of the drivers championship. In December of that year, it was announced that Østberg will move to Citroën's works team for 2014 with Kris Meeke as his team-mate.

In 2014, Østberg got four podiums, topping at the second place. He got the fifth rank at the drivers championship.

In 2015, Østberg continued to drive for the Citroën World Rally Team. After four competitions, he got two second places and ranked second at the drivers championship. He finally ended the season as the "best of the rest", ranked fourth in the championship behind the trio of VW drivers.

At the end of the 2015 season, it was announced that Østberg would return to M-Sport for 2016, this time driving the Evolution version of the Fiesta RS WRC. He would be partnered by Andreas Mikkelsen's former co-driver Ola Fløene. Østberg got two third places and finished seventh in the standings.

Østberg announced he would take on a limited schedule in a private entry for 2017 (shared with Martin Prokop) as he and wife Beate welcomed his first child in late February.

WRC victories

Rally results

WRC results

WRC-2 results

WRC-2 Pro results

ERC results

References

External links

 Official website
 eWRC-results.com profile

1987 births
Living people
World Rally Championship drivers
Norwegian rally drivers
Citroën Racing drivers
M-Sport drivers
European Rally Championship drivers
People from Våler, Østfold


Lombarda (born c. 1190) was an early 13th-century trobairitz from Toulouse (fl. 1217–1262) known only from her vida and a short tenso. Though her name has been taken to imply that she was from Lombardy, it rather indicates that she was from a banking or merchant family, since "Lombard" was used throughout Western Europe in this sense at the time. Other scholars have suggested, because of her connexion to a lord of Armagnac, that she was from Gascony.

She wrote in the trobar clus style, one of the few women to do so. Her only surviving work is tied up with her vida and a razo. According to her vida, she was noble, beautiful, charming, and learned, skilled at composing songs about fin'amors. The adjective "noble" and the honorific Na (lady) attached to her name imply that she was married and probably in her early twenties at the time of her poetic activity.

Sometime before 1217, when he claimed Armagnac, Bernart Arnaut, the brother of then-count Geraud V, visited Lombarda and befriended her. He left, however, without seeing her one last time and sent a short poem to her house. It is to this poem that Lombarda penned a response and sent it to him.

Sources

Bogin, Meg. The Women Troubadours. Scarborough: Paddington, 1976. .
Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn; Shepard, Laurie; and White, Sarah. Songs of the Women Troubadours. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. .
Egan, Margarita, ed. The Vidas of the Troubadours. New York: Garland, 1984. .

1190 births
13th-century deaths
Musicians from Toulouse
French women poets
Trobairitz
13th-century French troubadours
13th-century French women writers
Writers from Toulouse


Citizens' Sav. & Trust Co. v. Illinois Central R. Co., 205 U.S. 46 (1907), was a suit brought in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois against the Illinois Central Railroad Company, the Belleville & Southern Illinois Railroad Company, the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company (205 U.S. 46, 47), all Illinois corporations (to be hereafter called, respectively, the Illinois, the Belleville, and Terre Haute companies), and the United States Trust Company, a New York corporation. The lastnamed corporation was never served with process and did not appear in the suit. The case presents a question as to the jurisdiction of the court below.

Arguments and rulings
The plaintiff, an Ohio corporation, was the holder of 400 shares of the common stock of the Belleville company, and sued on its own and on behalf of all other stockholders of that company.

The bill charged that certain deeds were illegally and fraudulently procured by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and by means of those instruments, and by various improper schemes, it had acquired not only complete control over and possession of the Belleville company and all its properties, but managed those properties in its own interest and in total disregard of the rights of holders of the common stock of the Belleville company. It was charged that the Illinois Central Railroad Company had practically destroyed the value of such stock.

The plaintiff also asked for a decree ordering the defendant, the Illinois Central Railroad Company, to account for and pay over to the Belleville company, or to a receiver to be appointed for that company, such proportion of the yearly gross earnings as the Belleville company is entitled to under the lease executed by and between the Belleville company and the Terre Haute Railroad Company, bearing date October 1, 1866; such accounting to cover each fiscal year, or part thereof, from the time when the Illinois Central Railroad Company first acquired the railroad properties of the Belleville company as lessee or sublessee under the lease executed on or about the 1st of April, 1896, up to the time of such accounting; further, for 'an order appointing a receiver for the Belleville & Southern Illinois Railroad Company, with the usual powers of such receivers; and that the Illinois Central Railroad Company, through its officers and agents, be ordered to surrender and deliver to said receiver all the corporate assets (205 U.S. 46, 49), books, papers, and everything that rightfully belongs to the Belleville & Southern Illinois Railroad Company, and that the Illinois Central Railroad, Company be ordered to account to such receiver, as is hereinbefore prayed. That the defendant, the Illinois Central Railroad Company, its officers and agents, be restrained from further violating the rights of your orator, and be ordered, directed, and restrained in particular from interfering in any way with said receiver, or with the operation of said Belleville company as an independent and separate railroad company; and for such other and further relief as the equity of the case may require.'

The Belleville company pleaded under protest that the court below was without jurisdiction to proceed against it, in that the defendant was an inhabitant of the northern division of the northern district of Illinois, having its residence in that division and district at Chicago, where its corporate meetings were held and its corporate business transacted.

By its final order the court sustained the pleas to the jurisdiction, and dismissed the suit. (205 U.S. 46, 50) Messrs. Edward C. Eliot and William B. Sanders for appellant.

The plaintiff contends that this condition was waived, and the general appearance of the defendants entered, when their counsel, at the hearing as to the sufficiency of the pleas to the jurisdiction, argued the merits of the case as disclosed by the bill. This is too harsh an interpretation of what occurred in the court below. There was no motion for the dismissal of the bill for want of equity. The discussion of the merits was permitted or invited by the court in order that it might be informed on that question in the event it concluded to consider the merits along with the question of the sufficiency of the pleas to the jurisdiction. We are satisfied that the defendants did not intend to waive the benefit of their qualified appearance at the time of filing the pleas to the jurisdiction.

The high court found that the suit was of such a nature as to bring it within the jurisdiction of the circuit court for the eastern district, under the Jurisdiction and Removal Act of 1875. The judgment must was reversed and the cause remanded, that the plaintiff may proceed, as it may be advised, with the preparation of its case under the act of 1875

It was so ordered.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 205

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
1907 in United States case law


Edwards Island or Edwards Islands may refer to:

Edwards Island (Western Australia), an island in Australia
Edwards Island (Wisconsin), a river island in the United States
Edwards Island (New Zealand), one of the Titi/Muttonbird Islands
Edwards Islands (Canisteo Peninsula), an island group in Antarctica
Edwards Islands (Enderby Land), an island group in Antarctica

See also
Edwards Islet (disambiguation)


Clawson v. United States, 113 U.S. 143 (1885), was a case regarding a Utah territorial statute which authorized an appeal by a defendant in a criminal action from a final judgment of conviction, which provides that an appeal shall stay execution upon filing with the clerk a certificate of a judge that in his opinion there is probable cause for the appeal, and further provides that after conviction, a defendant who has appealed may be admitted to bail as of right when the judgment is for the payment of a fine only, and as matter of discretion in other cases, does not confer upon a defendant convicted and sentenced to pay a fine and be imprisoned the right, after appeal and filing of certificate of probable cause, to be admitted to bail except within the discretion of the court.

Background
The appellant, Rudger Clawson, having been found guilty by a jury in the District Court for the Third Judicial District of Utah, of the crimes of polygamy and unlawful cohabitation, charged in separate counts of the same indictment, was sentenced, on the conviction for polygamy, to pay a fine of $0 and to be imprisoned for the term of three years and six months, and, on the conviction for unlawful cohabitation, to pay a fine of $0 and be imprisoned six months. From the whole of the judgment an appeal was taken to the supreme court of the territory, and the judge before whom the trial was had given a certificate that in his opinion there was probable cause thereof. The appeal was perfected and the certificate was filed in the proper office.

The defendant thereupon applied to the court in which he was sentenced to be let to bail pending his appeal. The application was denied, the order reciting that

The accused then sued out an original writ of habeas corpus from the supreme court of the territory. In his petition therefor, he stated that he was then imprisoned and in the actual custody of the United States marshal for the territory at the penitentiary in the County of Salt Lake. He also averred that upon the denial of bail by the court in which he was tried, "he was remanded to the custody of said United States marshal, who from thenceforth has imprisoned and still imprisons him" under said order of commitment, which "is the sole and only cause and authority" for his "detention and imprisonment," that "his said imprisonment is illegal" in that "he has been and is able and now offers to give bail pending his appeal in such sum as the court may reasonably determine," and that "as a matter of right and in the sound exercise of a legal discretion, the petitioner is entitled to bail pending the hearing and determination of said appeal."

Decision
The supreme court of the territory overruled the application for bail, and remanded the petitioner to the custody of the marshal. From that order the present appeal was prosecuted.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113

Notes

External links

114 U.S. 477, 5 S.Ct. 949, The RJ&L Religious Liberty Archive, The Religious Institutions Group (full case text)

United States free exercise of religion case law
United States law and polygamy in Mormonism
United States marriage case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
1885 in United States case law
1885 in Christianity
Criminal cases in the Waite Court
19th-century Mormonism
Christianity and law in the 19th century


is a railway station in the city of Azumino, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Toyoshina Station is served by the Ōito Line and is 11.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Matsumoto Station.

Station layout
The station consists of one ground-level island platform serving a two tracks, connected to the station building by an underground passage. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.

Platforms

History
Toyoshina Station opened on 6 January 1915. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East. The station building was remodelled in 2007.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 940 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
former Toyoshina Town Hall

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR East station information

Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Ōito Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1915
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Azumino, Nagano


John Joseph Fitz Gerald (March 7, 1893 – March 17, 1963) was a turf racing writer for the New York Morning Telegraph, from 1912 to 1940 (except for his service in World War I), serving as turf editor for the last 15 years.  He was later the public relations director at various times for Garden State Racetrack and Atlantic City Race Course in New Jersey as well as the Tropical Park Race Track in Miami, Florida.

Fitz Gerald was the sports editor of the Daily Sports Bulletin, a sports daily, in his later years.  His last name was sometimes spelled FitzGerald by others, but Fitz Gerald was the spelling used in his Morning Telegraph column.  He is best known today for popularizing "Big Apple" as a nickname for New York City.

External links
J. J. Fitz Gerald obituaries (1963).

1893 births
1963 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
Sportswriters from New York (state)
American newspaper editors
Horse racing in the United States


The Moravian Museum of Bethlehem, also known as the 1741 Gemeinhaus and the Lewis David de Schweinitz Residence, is a historic house museum at 66 West Church Street in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Built in 1741 to house the early Moravian community as well as the community's place of worship, the Saal, it is the oldest surviving building in Bethlehem, the largest surviving log house in continuous use in the U.S. and also significant for its association with the botanist and mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz (1780–1834). It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975. The building is part of the Historic Moravian Bethlehem District which was designated as a National Historic Landmark District in 2012 and later named to the U.S. Tentative List in 2016 for nomination to the World Heritage List.

Description and history
The former Moravian Gemeinhaus (meaning Community House) is located in the historic heart of Bethlehem, at the northeast corner of West Church Street and Heckewelder Place. It is a -story log structure, covered by a gable roof and sheathed in wooden clapboards. The front roof face is pierced by six small shed-roof dormers, and the facade is ten bays wide, divided into two five-bay sections each with a center entrance. Its oldest portion, built in 1741, is the oldest surviving structure in Bethlehem. The building reached its present shape by 1743.

The Gemeinhaus building complex includes some of the oldest buildings in Bethlehem such as: the 1746 Bell House, 1751 Old Chapel, and 1744-1772 Single Sisters’ House. The house was originally built by the Moravian settlers who founded Bethlehem as a home for its entire community (numbering 80 individuals) and later for the married clergy and officers. It served as the location within which they conducted their education, medicine, worship, and home mission work, and served in this role for many years.

In its early years, the Gemeinhaus was the location of communal dining and cooking. The Sisters prepared daily meals in the lower level for the community, soon numbering over 100 people, until a separate kitchen was built within the Bell House. The second floor of the building contained the Saal, the largest room in the building and the earliest place of worship in Bethlehem. It was here that the first funeral occurred for a man named Johannes Mueller (first person to be buried in God's Acre Cemetery) on June 27, 1742. The first wedding in Bethlehem (Johann Zander and Johanna Magdalena Mueller) took place on July 8, 1742, as well as the historic “Great Wedding” where 28 couples were married in the same service by 7 clergy on July 15, 1749. By late 1749 the community had grown too large (over 200 people) and a bigger space was needed. They built their second place of worship in 1751, now called the Old Chapel, as an addition to the Gemeinhaus.

Residency within the Gemeinhaus changed over the years as the population of the community grew. As other buildings were constructed, residents moved into the new choir houses including the Single Brethrens’ House, the Single Sisters’ House, the Bell House, the Widow's House, and later small homes for individual families. By 1761 there were 650 people in the community, and by 1843 there were 865. By 1796 the Gemeinhaus was home to the clergy and their families only and was commonly referred to as “the Clergy House.” By the mid-nineteenth century further homes had been built and the Gemeinhaus was no longer needed as a “Clergy House.” By 1869 only one clergyman remained: the Rev. Peter Ricksecker, a missionary to the West Indies.

Thereafter rooms within the building were rented out by the Trustees of the Moravian Congregation of Bethlehem and it was listed as apartments in the 1920 city directory. In 1923 a circle of the Union of King's Daughters and Sons, an ecumenical organization, established a King's Daughters Home in the Gemeinhaus for the care of elderly women. This lasted until 1964 when the King's Daughters Home moved to a more suitable building. The Gemeinhaus opened as a museum on April 30, 1966.

Music was an important part of worship for the Moravians. The first keyboard instrument, a Knolten spinet, arrived for the Saal from England on January 25, 1744. A pipe organ was later installed in June 1746. They memorized hundreds of hymns and sang them by heart, sometimes in the form of polyglot singing, often in their own native or known languages. At one point in time there were as many as 13 different languages spoken within the community and sung within the Gemeinhaus Saal. Other musical instruments accompanied the singing including horns, brass, and stringed instruments, some of which are on display there today.

The Gemeinhaus was the location of the first medical office in Bethlehem established by Dr. John Adolph Meyer in 1742, whose practice is believed to be the forerunner of the earliest hospital concept in America. Based out of a small room in the Gemeinhaus (a space that is now a restroom) Meyer along with eight male and seven female nurses provided care for the community with innovative medical practices that were well ahead of their time. Meyer later opened Bethlehem's first apothecary in 1743 within the building, which later moved into the Bell House until a laboratory was constructed along present-day Main Street in 1752. The 1752 Apothecary, part of the Moravian Museum of Bethlehem, was the oldest pharmacy in continuous operation in the United States up until its closing in the 1950s.

The first classes in the nation to educate girls in a broad curriculum similar to what boys were taught were instituted in 1742 by Countess Benigna von Zinzendorf. Her classes were held in the Gemeinhaus and even predated the first classes for boys in Bethlehem by a month. The classes for girls were later moved to the Bell House in 1749.

It was here that Lewis David de Schweinitz was born in 1780; his father was a Moravian clergyman, and he also became an official in the church. It was his childhood home until the age of seven, when he was sent away to school at Nazareth, Pennsylvania, and was again his home from 1822 until is death in 1834. While at Nazareth, de Schweinitz cultivated an interest in botany and mycology, interests that he followed when his church duties permitted.  He wrote a number of important early papers, including the 1831 "Synopsis of North American Fungi", that were groundbreaking in their depth and organization.  At his death he was considered the nation's leading mycologist.

Today the building houses the Moravian Museum of Bethlehem and contains historic artifacts, artwork, furnishings, clothing, instruments, books, tools, and manuscripts that tell the story of Bethlehem's founders. Visitors can learn about early Moravian communal living, missionary work, and their progressive educational system and medicinal practices on guided tours. Among the notable collections one can find original Gustav Grunewald paintings, historic maps and prints of early Bethlehem, the Till Piano, and examples of silver, tin, red and yellow-ware pottery, and clocks made by the early Moravian artisans.

Some other unique items within the museum collection can be found in the Fire Engine Annex. Sitting on display are the two earliest fire engines of Bethlehem: the Perseverance (purchased in 1763) and the Diligence (purchased in 1792). Also on display are historic fire-fighting tools such as fire buckets and helmets, as well as a section of wooden pipe from the original pumped water system of the 1762 Waterworks.

The 1741 Gemeinhaus is presently under the care of the Moravian Museum of Bethlehem which is part of Historic Bethlehem Museums & Sites, a 501(c)3 non-profit organization.

Gallery

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Northampton County, Pennsylvania

References

External links
 Historic Bethlehem Museums & Sites Official Gemeinhaus Page
 Gemein Haus, 62-66 West Church Street, Bethlehem, Northampton County, PA: 12 photos, 10 measured drawings, and 1 photo caption page, at Historic American Buildings Survey

National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Museums in Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1780
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Historic house museums in Pennsylvania
Houses in Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Historic district contributing properties in Pennsylvania
Historic House Museums of the Pennsylvania Germans


The lingula of the mandible is a prominent bony ridge on the medial side of the mandible. It is next to the mandibular foramen. It gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament.

Structure
The lingula of the mandible is a prominent bony ridge on the medial side of the mandible. It is next to the mandibular foramen. It has a notch from which the mylohyoid groove originates. It gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament.

Variation
The lingula of the mandible can take many shapes, including triangular, truncated, and nodular. In a majority of people, this shape is symmetrical.

See also
 Lingula

References

External links
 http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l22/os2009.htm

Bones of the head and neck


is a train station in the city of Azumino, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Hotaka Station is served by the Ōito Line and is 16.2 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Matsumoto Station.

Station layout
The station consists of one ground-level island platform serving a two tracks, connected to the station building by a level crossing. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office. The station building is modelled after nearby  Hotaka Jinja (Hotaka Shrine).

Platforms

History
Hotaka Station opened on 15 July 1915. The present station building was completed in 1940. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 1,152 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
former Hotaka Town Hall

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR East station information

Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Ōito Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1915
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Azumino, Nagano


Alexis Simon Belle (12 January 1674 – 21 November 1734) was a French portrait painter, known for his portraits of the French and Jacobite nobility.
As a portrait artist, Belle's style followed that of his master François de Troy, Hyacinthe Rigaud, and Nicolas de Largillière. He was the master of the painter Jacques-André-Joseph-Camelot Aved (1702–1766).

Biography

Early years
Belle was born in Paris, the second child and only son of Jean-Baptiste Belle (born before 1642, died 1703), also a painter, and of Anne his wife (died 1705).
Belle's birth and baptism are recorded in the parish register of the church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, and quoted in Eugène Piot's Le Cabinet de l'amateur for the years 1861 and 1862:

Belle studied first under his father, then continued his training in the studio of François de Troy (1645/46-1730), a painter at the court of King James II in exile at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He began to produce work at Saint-Germain in the years 1698 to 1701. This was a period of peace between France and Great Britain, and Jacobites could cross the English Channel carrying portraits of James Edward Stuart (who at his father's death in 1701 became the Jacobite claimant to the British throne) and his sister Princess Louisa Maria. Troy was then James II's only court painter and needed the help of Belle, his best student, to produce all the portraits ordered from him.

In August 1700, Belle won the Prix de Rome, but went on working at Saint-Germain instead of travelling to Italy.

Court painter

On 12 November 1701, Belle married the miniature painter Anne Chéron (c. 1663–1718), when he was described as peintre ordinaire du Roy d'Angleterre (painter in ordinary to the King of England). As King James II had died a few weeks before, this was a reference to his son James Edward, who had been proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by King Louis XIV.

Belle became the principal painter to the Jacobite court, where he and his wife settled and worked. He gained an important commission for the Jacobite Winifred, Lady Strickland in 1703 which led to other work. After war broke out again between Great Britain and France in 1702, their portraits of James Edward Stuart ('The Old Pretender') and his sister the Princess Royal continued to be smuggled across the Channel. Belle did other work for members of the court and for the English Augustinian convent in Paris. Several copies exist of his portrait of James Edward Stuart in armour and standing beside the English Channel, on which there are warships, pointing towards the cliffs of Dover.

Belle's most famous portrait of James Edward Stuart dates from 1712, just before he left Saint Germain for Lorraine, and shows him in a tent in a military outfit. This became the standard image of the Old Pretender and was much copied. In an engraving of the painting by François Chéreau, Belle is described as peintre de S. M. Brit. (painter to His Britannic Majesty). In 1713, Chéreau also engraved a portrait by Belle of Princess Louisa Maria (who had died in 1712) which is now in Sizergh Castle, Cumbria.

After the Pretender had left Saint Germain, Belle stayed there and painted some of the diplomats connected with the Treaty of Utrecht. However, in 1714 he joined James Edward's new court at Bar-le-Duc.

During the years 1716 to 1719, Belle received many commissions from Jacobites in exile after the unsuccessful rising of 1715. By then, the Old Pretender was himself living in Italy.

During the 1720s, Belle's work was increasingly for the French nobility. He painted the young King Louis XV, and much of his work was engraved, showing that he had by then a high status in France. He painted Louis XV's one-time fiancée Mariana Victoria of Spain, whom he later did not marry; he worked also for Jacobites in France, and as late as 1724 signed a portrait of Marie-Charlotte Sobieska (James Edward Stuart's sister-in-law) pictor regis Britann (painter to the king of Britain). In 1731, Belle made two copies of portraits by David of James Edward Stuart's two young sons, Prince Charles Edward Stuart and Prince Henry Benedict Stuart.

Belle's first wife, Anne Chéron, died in April 1718. On 12 January 1722 he married as his second wife the engraver Marie-Nicolle Horthemels (born 1689, died after 1745), herself a painter and engraver. Together, they had two sons, born in 1722 and 1726, and a daughter born in 1730. With his new wife, Belle lived both among the remaining Jacobites at Saint Germain, where he owned property, and in Paris in the rue du Four.

His second wife's sister Louise-Magdeleine Horthemels (1686–1767) was an important engraver in Paris for some fifty years and was the mother of the designer, engraver, and art critic Charles-Nicolas Cochin (1715–1790). Another of his wife's sisters, Marie-Anne-Hyacinthe Horthemels (1682–1727), worked in the same field and was the wife of Nicolas-Henri Tardieu (1674–1749), an engraver who was a member of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. The Horthemels family, originally from the Netherlands, were followers of the Dutch theologian Cornelis Jansen and had links with the Parisian abbey of Port-Royal des Champs, the centre of Jansenist thought in France.

Belle and his wife Marie-Nicole were the parents of Clément-Louis-Marie-Anne Belle (1722–1806), a French painter and tapestry designer. The parish register of Saint Sulpice goes into considerable detail about Clément-Louis's baptism:

Those named are evidently the Jacobite peer William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale (c. 1682–1744), his wife Winifred Herbert (c. 1690–1749), who had arranged her husband's escape from the Tower of London in 1716, and their daughter Lady Anne Maxwell (1716–1735). Remarkably, the godmother was only six years old. 'Herbet de Ponis' is an error, as Winifred Herbert was the daughter of Lord Powis.

Death
When Belle died in 1734, he was described as "painter to the king in his Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, comptroller of clergy stipends and comptroller of poultry", so his royal connections had evidently led to offices of profit under the crown.

Belle died at Paris in 1734. His funeral is again recorded in some detail in the parish register of the church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, as quoted in Eugène Piot's Le Cabinet de l'amateur. This states that Belle was buried on 22 November 1734. Apart from describing him as painter to the king in the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, comptroller of clergy stipends and of poultry, the register entry says that Belle was the husband of Marie-Nicole Hortemels and had died at his house in the rue du Four on the previous day, 21 November. His age is given as "about 60 years, 10 months, 8 days", and it is also recorded that the funeral was attended by Clément Louis Marie Anne Belle and "N. Belle, privately baptized, aged 7 years", sons, and by "Fréderic-Eustache-Auguste Hortemels, copperplate engraver, Denis Hortemels, bookseller, Nicolas Tardien and Charles-Nicolas Cochin, engravers to the king, both brothers-in law to the deceased".

Belle's son Clément-Louis became a history painter. Many of Belle’s relatives and descendants were involved with royal family, most notably Miss A Bell who was lady-in-waiting to Queen Alexandra when she was just Princess of Wales, she and her sisters were mistresses to the then Princes of Wales. When he died in 1806, he was described as "Rector of the Special School of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Engraving, and Professor of Design to the Imperial Manufactury of Gobelins".

Works

Belle was primarily a portrait artist. His work includes:
 Allegorical portrait of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart and his sister Princess Louisa Maria Theresa, showing the prince as a guardian angel leading his sister under the gaze of cherubim (1699), now in the Royal Collection
 Queen Mary of Modena, c. 1699, now at Sizergh Castle, Cumbria.
 Princess Louisa Maria Theresa Stuart, 1704
 Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, c.1700–1705 (attributed)
 James Francis Edward Stuart,  showing the Prince in armour and standing beside the English Channel, on which there are several warships, pointing towards the cliffs of Dover, attended by a page in Polish costume (1703, now in the Collège des Ecossais, Paris)
 Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, about 1712
 James Francis Edward Stuart, 1712
 James Francis Edward Stuart in the robes of a knight of the Garter, c. 1714, portrait now lost but known through an engraving by Marie-Nicolle Horthemels
 Elisabeth-Charlotte and her son, double portrait of Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, dated 1722, now at the Château de Lunéville
 John Law, between 1715 and 1720 (attributed)
 Louis François I de Bourbon, prince de Conti
 François de Troy (1645–1730), oil on canvas, first quarter of 18th century, in the Musée national du château et des Trianons at the Palace of Versailles
 Antoine Crozat, marquis du Chatel (1655–1738), oil on canvas, first quarter of 18th century, in the Musée national du château et des Trianons at the Palace of Versailles (attributed)
 Alexis Simon Belle, self portrait, oil on canvas, first quarter of 18th century, in the Musée national du château et des Trianons at the Palace of Versailles
 Marie-Charlotte Sobieska, sister-in-law of James Francis Edward Stuart, 1724
 Charles Gabriel de Belsunce, marquis de Castelmoron, Lieutenant Général (1681–1739), oil on canvas, first half of 18th century, in the Musée national du château et des Trianons at the Palace of Versailles

References

 Bénézit, Emmanuel (ed.), Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs (Paris: 1911–1923, new edition by Librairie Gründ, 1976)

External links

 Alexis Simon Belle at the Royal Collection
 Alexis Simon Belle at Joconde
 Alexis Simon Belle at the National Portrait Gallery, London
 Alexis Simon Belle at the Web Gallery of Art

1674 births
1734 deaths
Painters from Paris
17th-century French painters
French male painters
18th-century French painters
French portrait painters
Prix de Rome for painting
18th-century French male artists


The Queen's Exchange is a Caroline era stage play, a tragicomedy written by Richard Brome.

Publication and performance
The Queen's Exchange was first published in 1657, in a quarto issued by the bookseller Henry Brome. (Henry Brome was reportedly no relation to the dramatist; he joined with Andrew Crooke to issue the Brome collection Five New Plays in 1659.) The play was reprinted in 1661 under the title The Royal Exchange.

The quarto's title page states that the play was acted by the King's Men at the Blackfriars Theatre. The date of that first production is uncertain; but Brome is known to have written for the King's Men in the earliest phase of his career, in the late 1620s and early 1630s. The play is often conjecturally dated to 1629–31.  The play's most recent editor, Marian O'Connor, offers persuasive reasons for doubting the attribution to the King's Men, and for dating the play to around 1634.

Genre
Brome was not a tragedian; of his sixteen extant plays, thirteen are contemporary comedies, usually set in London and assignable to the category of city comedy. Only three of Brome's plays are tragicomedies; in addition to The Queen's Exchange, they are The Queen and Concubine and The Lovesick Court. It can be argued that Brome lacked a natural gift for the tragicomic form – one critic referred to "Brome's three feeble tragicomedies." Two of his three works in the genre, The Queen's Exchange and The Queen and Concubine, share the plot element of the king betraying his queen with a social inferior.

Influences
Brome is universally recognised as more derivative than original in his plays (as is true of Caroline drama generally). His comedies rely heavily on the precedents of Ben Jonson and the city comedy of Thomas Middleton, Thomas Dekker and others. In tragicomedy, his influences are different: "The Queen's Exchange is much more reminiscent of Shakespeare than any other of Brome's plays," with links to King Lear and Macbeth. The play also shows apparent or possible borrowings from works by Philip Massinger and John Ford; it has been described as a "virtual pastiche" of earlier works in the tragicomic form.

Lesbianism
In Act II, scene i of The Queen's Exchange, the character Theodrick states that "I have known women oft marry one another." It is a surprising line in the context of the prevailing morality of the seventeenth century – though other Brome plays, notably A Mad Couple Well-Match'd and The Antipodes, contain similar allusions to lesbianism. Brome appears to have been more aware of the phenomenon, or more interested in it, than most playwrights of his era.

Synopsis
The play is set in the early Medieval period, when Britain was divided into a number of small kingdoms. The opening scene shows Bertha, queen of the West Saxons, with her council, discussing her impending marriage to Osrick, king of Northumbria. Her sycophantic courtiers are in favour of the match; but one old and highly principled nobleman, Segebert, opposes the arranged marriage. He fears that the local laws and customs of the Saxons will be supplanted by those of Northumbria. The imperious Bertha responds by banishing Segebert from her country.

The second scene shows Segebert at home with his children, as he prepares for exile. He has two sons, Anthynus and Offa, and a daughter, Mildred. Though Anthynus is the elder, Segebert has a partiality for Offa; and when he leaves for exile he assigns care of his estates to Offa. Anthynus wins his father's permission to accompany the old man into banishment. At the end of the scene, Offa says in an aside that "I cannot speak for laughing" over this outcome – indicating that he is not the figure of virtue he appears to be. (This subplot involving Segebert, Anthynus, and Offa resembles the Gloucester/Edgar/Edmund subplot in King Lear.)

Osrick is shown among his courtiers, discussing the impending marriage. His ambassador, Theodrick, has just returned from Bertha's court, where, in addition to promoting Osrick's match, he has been courting Mildred, Segebert's daughter. The king and his ambassador compare their miniature portraits of the two women; and Osrick is overwhelmed with a sudden infatuation for Mildred. His passion is so intense that it drives him into a mental state of melancholy and distraction.

Travelling in the forest as pilgrims, Segebert and Anthynus are attacked by a disguised Offa and three outlaws hired by him. Anthynus and Segebert defend themselves; Offa is disarmed of his sword and flees, and the outlaws are driven off – though one of the outlaws is severely wounded, and Segebert receives a head wound. Anthynus takes Segebert in search of aid. A passing hermit and his servant find the wounded outlaw, and care for him at the hermit's cave. Anthynus has to leave his father for a time to seek help; in a soliloquy, Segebert admits that he has recognised the abandoned sword as one that he once gave to Offa. The hermit and his servant find Segebert, and take him too into their care. Anthynus is beside himself when he cannot locate Segebert again; he swears not to eat or sleep until he finds his father.

The lovesick Osrick has taken to wandering the countryside around his court; and his courtiers are busy trying to keep track of him. After three days, Anthynus has also wandered into the area; weak from exhaustion, he has a vision in which he joins the line of West Saxon kings. He sleeps deeply, and two of the Northumbrian courtiers discover him, unconscious. The physical resemblance between Anthynus and Osrick is so strong that the courtiers mistake the former for the latter, and carry Anthynus back to court. Osrick enters a pretended seclusion, and absconds to meet Mildred – not realising that Anthynus has been mistaken for him.

Anthynus regains consciousness in Osrick's place; his assertions of his identity are taken as symptoms of his psychological malady. He decides to play along with the error, and is released from restraints – just in time for Bertha's arrival at the Northumbrian court. A dumbshow portrays the meeting of Anthynus and Bertha among their courtiers – and their quick marriage.

The two remaining outlaws come to Offa, assuring him of the deaths of Segebert and Anthynus and demanding payment; Offa rewards them by trapping them in a subterranean dungeon. He also makes ruthless sexual advances toward Mildred. To prevent her ravishment, Mildred's old nurse Edith tells them that Mildred is adopted, and so not really Offa's sister; Offa agrees to wait a week before taking Mildred's maidenhead, in the belief that she will marry him. When Osrick arrives to find Mildred, he is mistaken for Anthynus; Offa wants to kill him for his supposed parricide of Segebert, but Segebert's virtuous servants demand that Osrick/"Anthynus" be imprisoned for trial.

Act V contains one of the more remarkably bizarre scenes in English Renaissance drama. Dressed up as devils, three craftsmen, a carpenter, a mason, and a smith, break into Offa's castle. They are the men who built Offa's subterranean room, which they interpret as his "jewel house." During construction, they made "a privy way for themselves to come and take a share" of the supposed treasure. The carpenter is lowered into the room; when the others try to draw him back up, they retrieve one of the outlaws instead. The man is wasted and starving, but still alive. When the carpenter is pulled up, the second starving outlaw is clinging to him, and even biting at him. The Carpenter complains that this "cannibal" has come close to castrating him:

He has gnaw'd a piece of my flank out with's teeth;
And missed very narrowly certain members of more moment,
They'd have gone down glib with him....

The workmen rescue the outlaws and give them crusts of bread; they are surprised by Mildred and Edith, who are trying to escape from Offa's clutches. Offa himself enters, and the devil-disguised craftsmen bluff their way out with the outlaws and women. The shock of this encounter with "devils" and the "ghosts" of the outlaws deranges Offa's reason.

Osrick's trial for Anthynus's supposed murder of Segebert provides for the plot's resolution. Anthynus admits that he is not Osrick, and Osrick is recognised as himself. Offa is brought in, bound to a chair; in his distraction he freely confesses his crimes. Edith states that her tale about Mildred's adoption was a lie, told to forestall Offa's lust. The recovered Segebert and outlaw also arrive; the outlaws confess and are forgiven. Bertha is happy with Anthynus as her husband, so making him king of the West Saxons and fulfilling his vision. Osrick is free to marry Mildred.

Critical responses
The play's treatment of the "pretended prince" theme has been singled out for attention. Brome's handling of the subject of mental illness, a recurring aspect of his drama, has also received comment.

References

External links
 Richard Brome Online  contains a scholarly edition of this play, including textual and critical introductions.
 The play text online.

English Renaissance plays
Plays by Richard Brome
17th-century plays


Omar Mohammed Shegewi (, April 1952 Tripoli, Libya – 9 October 1993 Tunisia), was a distinguished U.S. educated Libyan petroleum geologist.  Omar is best known for his work on the Onshore & Offshore Basins of Northeast Libya and The Paleozoic Sandstones of the Rub Al Khali Basin.

Shegewi's seven years of collective efforts and work on the northeastern basins of Libya provided a comprehensive database of more than  of seismic lines, gravity and magnetic data, well logs, and surface geology data.  This data was utilized to examine and interpret the sedimentary and tectonic history of the onshore and offshore parts of northeast Libya and their hydrocarbon potential, which is considered to be amongst the highest in the region.  This immense project was supervised by veteran consultant geologist William Kanes (USA), Kanes is among the first American geologists who worked in Libya during the era of oil-discovery in the 1950s and 1960s.  Much of Shegewi's data is used by oil corporations, consultancies and individuals world-wide and is available from multiple online sources.

In 1992 and under the employment of Agip/Eni oil, Shegewi returned to Libya to begin what would have been the last stage of his work, discovering the oil.  In 1993, he died due to illness.  Nearly 12 years after his death (in 2004) at the opening of the National Conference on the Geology of East Libya (held in Benghazi), his work was presented to the public as the opening segment of the conference by his supervisor William Kanes.

He married Kheiria A. El-Figi, a medical microbiologist and immunologist, and had four children. His father was Mohammed Shegewi. His paternal grandparents were resistance leader Omar Shegewi and Zuhra Ramdan Agha Al-Awji.

Education
Bachelor of Science, Al Fateh University, Tripoli - Libya (1977)
Master of Science, Emory University, Atlanta - Georgia (1985)
Doctor of Philosophy/Post Doctoral degrees, University of South Carolina, Columbia - South Carolina (1992)

References

External links
AGIP/ENI Oil homepage

1952 births
1993 deaths
Libyan geologists
People from Tripoli, Libya
University of Tripoli alumni
20th-century geologists


Dinwiddie may refer to:

 Ettleton, a village in the Scottish Borders
 Dinwiddie, Indiana, unincorporated community
 Dinwiddie County, Virginia, a county in Virginia, United States
 Dinwiddie, Virginia, the county seat of Dinwiddie County
 Fort Dinwiddie (1755–1789), a fort for the Virginia Militia during the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War
 Dinwiddie (surname)

See also

 Dinwoodie (disambiguation)


WLCA (89.9 FM) is a student-run radio station owned and operated by Lewis and Clark Community College in Godfrey, Illinois.  It currently plays an alternative rock/college radio format.  It can be heard in the northern St. Louis, Missouri market area, as well as the city of St. Louis and parts of the Metro-East area.

Awards
WLCA was the recipient of the 2001 and 2002 Achievement In Radio Award for the best student-run radio station in the St. Louis market.

External links
WLCA official website
College Website
89.9 WLCA Facebook

References

LCA
Alternative rock radio stations in the United States
Modern rock radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1974
1974 establishments in Illinois


Rev Francis Whitmore Isitt (1843 – 11 November 1916) was a New Zealand Methodist minister, who was general secretary of the New Zealand Alliance (for prohibition) from 1900 to 1909. He was a brother of the Rev Leonard Isitt.

Rev Frank Isitt entered the ministry from the Sydenham Circuit, London and after a term at Richmond College went to New Zealand in 1871. He was a parish minister for a number of years, but after two breakdowns in health concentrated on temperance work. He stood in the 1902 election as a prohibition candidate for ten seats, and came second in eight. He also stood in the 1905 and 1908 elections.

In February 1874 he married 22-year-old Mary Campbell Purdie in Upper Kaikorai, Dunedin. One of their children, Kate Isitt, became a novelist and journalist for the Manchester Guardian newspaper. His grandson, Francis Charles Isitt, stood for Social Credit in the  electorate in the  and s.

References

Photo of Rev Frank Isitt
The History of Methodism in New Zealand by W. Morley (1900) (page 418)

1843 births
1916 deaths
New Zealand Methodist ministers
New Zealand temperance activists
English Methodist ministers
British emigrants to New Zealand
19th-century Methodist ministers
20th-century Methodist ministers
Methodist Church of Great Britain people
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1902 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1905 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1908 New Zealand general election
Isitt–Caverhill family
19th-century English Methodist ministers
19th-century New Zealand Methodist ministers
20th-century New Zealand Methodist ministers


Montmeyan (; Mount-Meyan in Provençal language of Mistralian norm and Montmejan in classical norm) is a commune (municipality), located in the department of Var, in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, southeastern France.

Geography

Montmeyan is a fortified medieval village, built at 504 m altitude on a rocky promontory in the middle of the plain, near the gorges du Verdon and lac de Sainte-Croix.

The towers of the fortifications still overlook a charming village with narrow streets, vaulted passages, stairs and retaining sleepers arches.

With an area of 3943 hectares, the commune of Montmeyan now totals 532 permanent inhabitants.

Geology

The syncline of Montmeyan is a rift oriented north-south, created by the first Alpine movement dating from the Oligocene epoch, which extends over 12 km between Quinson and Fox-Amphoux. It is filled with red clays dating from the Lower Eocene, divided into two masses by a limestone bank.

In this narrow plain, bordered by limestone faults, there are outcrops of sedimentary rocks dating from the Jurassic and Cretaceous. These rocks contain rare fossils, dinosaurs' eggs and bones, ammonites, fish and shellfish (Potamida).

Economy

Montmeyan draws its resources from agriculture, livestock and tourism, is part of Territoire Haut-Var Verdon and of Communauté de Communes Provence d'Argens en Verdon.

Several accommodation facilities are available in the area: two campsites just outside the village, holiday cottages and bed and breakfasts.

Two equestrian centers are installed in Montmeyan. The nautical base of Montmeyan Lake serves as a boarding point to explore the low gorges du Verdon in the direction of Esparron-de-Verdon: the rental of kayaks, canoes or boats with electric motors is become an important activity.

Toponymy

Montmeyan appears in the records from the 12th century as Locus of Monte Mejano then Montis Mediani (the 'mountain that is in the middle').

The Gallic word Meillan, Latinized as Mediolanum,  means 'plain located in the middle', a real sacred place to the Gaul people. Montmeyan was probably a Gaul Mediolanum, religious and political center which would gather the tribes (or neighboring cities combined) to address their common interests, in a fortification overlooking a rural 'flat countryside'.

The demonym of the inhabitants is Montmeyannais.

Heraldry

The coat of arms of Montmeyan is:
Gules, a triple towered castle or, on a mount in base argent charged with a cross pattée gules.

This blazon is inspired from the one recorded by Hozier for the commune, without cross pattée, and only with the castle keep of three turrets (Armorial d'Hozier, section Provence, tome II, page 1588). Montmeyan’s coat of arms are similar to those of House of Castellane. This family has owned this land for a very long time (Armorial des communes de Provence, Louis de Bresc, page 198).

History

Prehistory and Antiquity

The presence of man in the Middle Paleolithic is attested in the territory of Montmeyan with the site of Breuil shelter in the valley of Verdon. Several traces of Neolithic and Bronze Age habitat, with prehistoric ramparts, were discovered on the territory.

A dolmen from the Chalcolithic period on the plateau of La Colle and two tumuli (bronze Age/iron Age) in La Petite Roquette are listed in the inventory of megaliths of Montmeyan. During the Iron Age, the Celtic-Ligurian tribes install two camps surrounded by thick stone walls at Castelar. The Roman occupation has left abundant traces in Enguerne and La Grande Roquette.

Middle Ages

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the abbey Saint-André de Villeneuve-lès-Avignon is owning the parish church, and collects its income.

Knights Templar

In October 1164, Lord Hugh of Montmeyan enters the Order of the Temple and gives the land of Camp Long and grazing rights on the whole territory of Montmeyan. He waives all rights and inheritance in favor of the Commandry of Saint-Maurin located in Régusse. In November 1170, the Lord of Blachère gives and grants the Templar church of Saint-Maurin all the cultivated and uncultivated land, the right to pasture and the water from banks of the Verdon. He also gives the freedom to build a flour mill in the valley of Beau Rive and a place to prepare their bread.

In 1223, the Commandry of Saint-Maurin purchases the castle of Montmeyan, with the support - probably financial - of the Commandry of Ruou. The deed of sale is of great interest with regard to the terms of such acquisition. During the Crusades, Montmeyan plays an important role in the presence of the soldier-monks between Argens and Verdon rivers.

Disappearance of the Order of the Temple

After the disappearance of the Order in 1308, the land of Montmeyan is attached to the area of the royal court of Provence in 1309, then passed to the Hospitallers of Saint John of Jerusalem in 1319. Arnaud de Trian, Earl of Aliff in the Naples kingdom and nephew of Pope John XXII, makes the land acquisition in 1322.

In 1409, Marguerite de Trian, the granddaughter of Arnaud, becomes the wife of George de Castellane and thus brings the territory of the Montmeyan to the House of Castellane which keeps this lordship for more than three centuries. Between 1579 and 1660, the Castellane-Montmeyan family provides six Knights to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.

In the 16th century, seven co-seigneurs share the stronghold, built in marquisate in 1651 for Jean-Augustin de Foresta. The Grimaldi-Régusse are the last Lords of the place before the French Revolution.

French Revolution

In the summer of 1789, the Lord of Montmeyan emigrates to Germany. In 1790, its property is registered, forests are declared state property and agricultural land is either sold or leased.

From this period, Montmeyan depends on the district of Barjols and is part of the canton of Tavernes. In 1793, the population is of 661 inhabitants.

After the French Revolution

In 1840, the small village of La Roquette is attached to Montmeyan who thus obtains a territorial and demographic increase. The population reached then its historic peak with 768 inhabitants.

Following the coup d'état of 2 December 1851, Montmeyan is part of the insurgent communes and a hundred men arrives in Aups on 9 December 1851. 51 Republicans from Montmeyan are caught and convicted. They are compensated by the Republic in 1882. Since then, the population decreases to reach its lowest level in 1946 with 249 inhabitants.

Twenty-eight Montmeyannais were mobilized during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. During the First World War, fourteen inhabitants are Morts pour la France. During the Second World War, ten inhabitants made up the Comité local de libération which took care of the tasks of the Resistance and prepared the Liberation. The Francs-Tireurs et Partisans destroy the Verdon bridge by sabotage in 1944.

In the context of the end of the Algerian war, a hamlet 'de forestage' is created in late 1962 to house 30 former Harkis and their families; the arrival of these 141 people marks the beginning of a new population growth. In 2017, Montmeyan population is of 551 inhabitants.

Demography

Sites and Monuments

 The fortified medieval village contains the remains of defensive equipment, including Charlemagne Tower (square belfry with arrowslits) and many architectural elements dating from the 12th century.
 The parish church of Notre Dame, of Romanesque architecture, dates from the 12th century and was modified in the 18th century; it has a square bell-tower with campanile.
 Some medieval houses, including one located in Couvent Street, date from the 12th century.
 The square tower of Castelar, on top of a rocky needle in La Grande Roquette, dates from the 12th century; it overlooks the remains of the church and the village of La Roquette (village abandoned in the 15th century) .
 The chapel of the Holy Spirit, on a rocky promontory at the top of the village, dates from the 13th century, was the sculptor's studio of Victor Nicolas during the 20th century and has become private property.
 The priory of Hospital dating from the 14th century, near the church in Paradis Street, has become private property.
 The castle of l’Éouvière, building from the 18th century located south of the village, has become a camping caravaning.
 The Three Crosses, erected on a high point at the intersection of the limits of Fox-Amphoux Montmeyan and Tavernes, have been a place of procession; there is an orientation table.
 The aqueduct of Beau Rivé, built in 1865 for irrigation.
 Both tumuli of La Petite Roquette are from the bronze Age and the iron Age.
 The dolmen of La Colle, northwest of the commune, dates from Chalcolithic.
 The rock shelter of Breuil, discovered in northern boundary of the commune in l’Escourche near the Verdon, dates from the Middle Paleolithic.

Famous Citizens

 Rolland de Castellane (1560-1637), seigneur of Montmeyan, deputy of the nobility to the Estates-General in 1614, quoted in the works of Malherbe, was appointed twice provost of Marseille (1588 and 1615) and governor of Fréjus in 1624.
 Henri Breuil (1877-1961) is a pre-historian who gave his name to the shelter Paleolithic discovered north of the village near the Verdon.
 Victor Nicolas (1906-1979) is a sculptor who created many monuments in the departments of Var and Alpes Maritimes.
 Roger Taillefer (1907-1999) is a member of the French Resistance who provided military intelligence.
 Charles Michel (born 1975) is the president of the European Council, former Prime Minister of Belgium, who regularly stays in the municipality where there is a family property.

References

External links

 Plans du cadastre

Communes of Var (department)


Gioseppe Caimo (also Giuseppe) (c. 1545 – between September 6, 1584 and October 31, 1584) was an Italian composer and organist of the Renaissance, mainly active in Milan.  He was a prolific composer of madrigals and other secular vocal music, and was one of the most prominent musicians in Milan in the 1570s and early 1580s.

Life

He was born in Milan.  No biographical details about his early life are known, but he was evidently a precocious composer, for his first publication was a book of four voice madrigals in 1564, written when he was probably in his late teens, and one of his compositions was probably performed for Emperor Maximilian when he was in Milan in 1563.  This piece, Alli figliuoli del Sereniss. Re Massimigliano d'Austria Eccelsa e generosa prole degna, No. 5 in his 1564 publication, is taken by Alfred Einstein as evidence he was already renowned in his home city at this young age.  Einstein called it "a fine, sonorous music to be played in the open."

Caimo was organist at the church of San Ambrogio Maggiore in Milan from 1564, as indicated on the title page of his madrigal book of that year, probably until 1580 when he became the organist at Milan Cathedral.  During the 1570s he acquired a connection with Wilhelm V's ducal court in Bavaria, which had one of the most distinguished musical establishments north of the Alps, but they never succeeded in persuading Caimo to leave Milan.  Caimo died young and evidently suddenly:  Pietro Tini, the publisher of Caimo's second book of canzonettas (Venice, 1584) wrote that it was an "acerba et impensata morte" (bitter and unexpected death).

Music and influence

Caimo published four books of music which have survived, and six which are lost.  The four surviving collections are two books of madrigals, for four and five voices respectively (Milan, 1564 and Venice, 1584), a book of Neapolitan canzoni (villanelle) for three voices (Milan, 1566), and a second book of canzonette, this one for four voices (Venice, 1584).  The lost publications include madrigals, canzonette and motets, published in Brescia and Venice.

His style represents the shift from the popular villanella for three voices to the later canzonetta which was much like a madrigal.  His early music shows the influence of the French chanson, as well as the native tradition of popular song.  Musically, his canzonettas are light, graceful, and unpretentious; Einstein said that he is "fresher and more naive than the poets whose texts he uses."  Other music of his is more adventurous, such as three chromatic madrigals in terza rima, referred to by musicologist Iain Fenlon as "gloomy ... [and] entirely appropriate texts for a city suffering from exorbitant taxation, economic depression and violence caused by Spanish oppression."

Caimo's chromaticism is most extreme in his fourth book of madrigals, which was for five voices and published the year of his death (1584).  He includes passages with chromatic mediants – chords with roots a third apart – as well as circle-of-fifths passages that reach harmonically remote regions, such as G-flat, something done rarely even during this experimental time, the decades prior to the development of functional tonality.

Other composers who influenced Caimo included Vincenzo Ruffo and Nicola Vicentino.  Ruffo was one of the most prominent of the northern Italian musicians who followed the suggested reforms of the Council of Trent, and Nicola Vicentino was one of the most experimental musicians and music theorists of mid-century.  Caimo himself seems to have had little influence outside of Milan, with his name only appearing a handful of times in literature of the era.  Milan, under Spanish rule during Caimo's time, was not the musical center it had been under the Sforza dynasty a century earlier, having lost its place to Venice as the musical center of northern Italy.

Notes

References
 Iain Fenlon, "Gioseppe Caimo", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed February 8, 2008), (subscription access)
 Mariangela Donà, "Milan", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed February 9, 2008), (subscription access)
 Allan W. Atlas, Renaissance Music:  Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998.
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
 Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal.  Three volumes.  Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949.

External links

1540s births
1584 deaths
Renaissance composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Madrigal composers
Composers from Milan


KHWK (92.7 FM) was a radio station licensed to Tonopah, Nevada, carrying an adult contemporary format. The call sign KHWK was assigned to the radio station in January 1995.

Ownership
The station was owned by Donald W. Kaminski, Jr. and aired the Dial Global adult contemporary format.

The station was optioned in October 2007 by Mr. Kaminski to be acquired by Radio Tonopah, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Legacy Communications Corporation. Legacy Communications Corporation is a publicly traded company. Legacy also owns nine other AM and FM radio stations in Utah, Idaho, Nevada, and California.

There was also an attempt to sell the station in 2005 to Keilly Miller, owner of KHWG in Fallon, Nevada, but that deal was never consummated because a license renewal was not granted and was still pending due to some ownership issues with the translators that KHWK is rebroadcast on.

The option to buy KHWK by Radio Tonopah was never exercised by Legacy Communications/Morgan Skinner.

Included in the option were the following translators:

The station and translators failed to file for required license renewals by the June 1, 2013, deadline — as a result, the station's license expired, as did those of the translators, and all of the call signs were deleted from the Federal Communications Commission's database on October 1, 2013.

External links

HWK
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations disestablished in 2013
Radio stations established in 1983
1983 establishments in Nevada
2013 disestablishments in Nevada
HWK


Bicknell v. Comstock, 113 U.S. 149 (1885), was an action to recover the cost paid for a tract of land in Iowa and the value of the improvements made by the defendant. The complaint alleged a conveyance by Bicknell to one Bennett, the subsequent transfer to the defendant by sundry mesne conveyances, valuable improvements on the premises made by Bennett and his grantees, and a failure of title in Bicknell when the deed was made by reason of a superior title in the State of Iowa under a land grant. Judgment below for plaintiff, to reverse which this writ of error was brought.

The mutilation (without the consent and against the protest of the grantee) of a patent for public land by the Commissioner of the Land Office, after its execution and transmission to the grantee, and the like mutilation of the record thereof, do not affect the validity of the patent. A state statute of limitations as to real actions begins to run in favor of a claimant under a patent from the United States on the issue of the patent and its transmission to the grantee.

The lapse of time provided by a statute of limitations as to real actions vests a perfect title in the holder.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113

References

External links

1885 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
United States property case law
Legal history of Iowa


United States v. Mueller, 113 U.S. 153 (1885), was a contracts case before the United States Supreme Court.

A contractor had been hired to furnish stone to the United States for a building, as well as to saw, cut, and dress it, all as "required". However, delays in the work had been caused by the United States arising from doubts as to the desirability of completing the building with the particular type of stone, as well as to the desirability of the site itself. Suspensions of work involved the examination of the building's foundation and the stone by several commissions.

The Court held that the contractor could recover damages for the enforced suspensions of, and delays in, the work by the United States. As a side item, the Court held a contract to furnish "all of the dimension stone that may be required in the construction" of a building does not include dimension stone used in "the approaches or steps leading up into the building".

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
1885 in United States case law


Ken Nielsen (born May 10, 1942 in Hanna, Alberta) is a former wide receiver for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers from 1965 to 1970. Nielsen won the CFL's Most Outstanding Canadian Award in 1968.

College Football
Ken Nielsen played Canadian university football at the University of Alberta.

Winnipeg
Though drafted by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ken Nielsen was traded that same year to Winnipeg. Ken Nielsen became a standout wide receiver for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers from 1965 to 1970. In the 1965 Western conference playoffs, Nielsen caught a 109-yard touchdown pass from Ken Ploen which beat the Calgary Stampeders and helped send Winnipeg to the 53rd Grey Cup game. But the Blue Bombers lost that game to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, the so-called "Wind Bowl", when weather conditions were terrible for passing, punting, and place kicking.

During training camp in 1970, after only five seasons, Nielsen suffered a serious neck injury which cut short his career. He caught 280 passes for 4,340 yards.

After football
Nielsen is a retired dentist now living in Kelowna, BC. He has four children and thirteen grandchildren.

External links
Career bio

1942 births
Living people
People from Hanna, Alberta
Alberta Golden Bears football players
Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Canadian Award winners
Canadian football wide receivers
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Players of Canadian football from Alberta
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players


The Gruber Wagon Works is a historic industrial facility on Red Bridge Road in Bern Township, Pennsylvania, United States.  Built about 1882, it is an extremely rare example of a fully outfitted 19th-century wagon manufacturing facility.  Originally located in nearby Pleasant Valley, it was moved in 1976 to its present location in Tulpehocken Creek Park to make way for a flood control project.  It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977.  It now serves as part of a county open-air museum.

Description and history
The Gruber Wagon Works is located northwest of Reading, Pennsylvania, overlooking Tulpehocken Creek at the end of Red Bridge Road.  It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure in a cruciform plan, with gabled roofs and a rubblestone foundation.  The interior is divided into a number of functional areas: a wood shop, a blacksmithy, a bench shop, and a paint shop.  Surviving devices and equipment include specialized equipment for the manufacture of axle hubs and spoked wheels, a variety of saws, sanders, and other woodworking equipment.  Most of these are belt-driven by a gasoline-powered motor.  Movement of materials between the floors is accommodated by a hand-operated elevator installed by the Grubers in 1905-06, as part of a building expansion.  Outside the main building are two small outbuildings: one serving as an outhouse, the other for the storage of iron.

Franklin H. Gruber, who had been making farm-use wagons since the 1870s, constructed the wagon works in 1882. The business continued operating under the family's ownership, making standard and customized wagons until the 1950s, after which the business was limited to repairs.  It closed in 1971.  At that time it included all of its equipment and machinery, making it "nothing less than a three-dimensional document of one particular American industry, fixed within a particular, narrow time frame", according to a curator for the Smithsonian National Museum of History and Technology, that is unrivaled in the United States.

Unfortunately, the building's original site on Licking Creek in Pleasant Valley fell within the planned area of Blue Marsh Lake, so it was bought by the Army Corps of Engineers and during the winter of 1976–1977 they relocated it  east to its present location.  The building is now part of the Berks County Heritage Center, an open air complex that also includes the C. Howard Hiester Canal Center with exhibits about canal transportation, Wertz's Covered Bridge, Melcher's Grist Mill, Deppen Cemetery, several memorials and gardens.  The Center is open seasonally and offers tours of the historic buildings.

See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places listings in Berks County, Pennsylvania

References

External links
 Berks County Heritage Center

National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Industrial buildings completed in 1882
Manufacturing plants in the United States
Buildings and structures in Berks County, Pennsylvania
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Relocated buildings and structures in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Berks County, Pennsylvania
1882 establishments in Pennsylvania


Donald Glenn August (born July 3, 1963) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher and writer who played for the Milwaukee Brewers from  to .  He lived in Mission Viejo, California and graduated from Capistrano Valley High School.

Minor pro career
August attended Chapman University, where he was a Division II All-American. After competing for the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, he was drafted 17th overall by the Houston Astros. He spent a year in the Astros' minor league system before being traded along with fellow pitcher Mark Knudson to the Brewers on August 15, 1986, in exchange for Danny Darwin.

Milwaukee Brewers
After beginning 1988 with a 4–1 record and a 3.52 ERA for the Denver Zephyrs (later the New Orleans Zephyrs) of the Pacific Coast League, August was called up to the Brewers. He continued his success at the Major League level, going 13–7 with a 3.09 ERA and ranking ninth in the American League in winning percentage. He finished fourth in the voting for AL Rookie of the Year; Oakland Athletics shortstop Walt Weiss won the award.

August suffered a case of the sophomore jinx in 1989, slipping to 12–12 with a 5.31 ERA. He was sent back down to Denver for some time, where he garnered a 1–1 record with a 4.94 ERA. A notable moment came on June 5, when he was the winning pitcher in the inaugural MLB game played at the SkyDome (now Rogers Centre) in Toronto, a 5–3 Brewers victory over the Toronto Blue Jays.

In 1990, he pitched five games, and had a record of 0–3. He started 23 games during the 1991 season, and had a 9–8 record in his final season.

International career
After being released by the Brewers, August pitched in the Detroit Tigers farm system in 1992, mostly with the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens. After bouncing around in the Indians, Padres, and Pirates' farm systems, August pitched in Taiwan and Italy. He retired from playing in 1996, but continued to coach overseas until the early 2000s.

As of 2023, August is writing a book about playing baseball overseas, tentatively titled "Foreign Affairs".

References

External links

Baseball Almanac: Don August

1963 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Baseball players from Inglewood, California
Calgary Cannons players
Chapman Panthers baseball players
Charlotte Knights players
Columbus Astros players
Denver Zephyrs players
London Tigers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Milwaukee Brewers players
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in baseball
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tucson Toros players
Vancouver Canadians players
Wichita Wranglers players
American expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
American expatriate baseball players in Italy
Jungo Bears players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Pericos de Puebla players
Piratas de Campeche players
Rimini Baseball Club players
Sinon Bulls players
Kaoping Fala players
Anchorage Bucs players


David Lapsley (7 April 1924 – 15 January 2001) was a Scottish footballer.

Schoolboy career and World War II
Bainsford School in Falkirk were first to be rewarded with Lapsley's footballing talents and the highlight of this stage of his early football days was the trial with the Scottish schoolboys side. He went on to play with Bonnyrigg Rose at a juvenile level before, in 1940, taking the junior route to Bathgate Thistle. World War II prevented any further advance in Lapsley's career as he was called up for service with the Royal Navy, stationed initially at Birkenhead then Hayling Island. During the war he was involved in the D-Day landings, stationed on a converted Thames barge to ferry ammunition across the English Channel.

St Mirren
Lapsey started his senior footballing career with Tranmere Rovers after returning home from service in the Navy at the end of World War II. Lapsley signed for St Mirren in the summer of 1946 almost by accident; he was visiting Scotland when the St Mirren manager at the time, Bobby Rankin, invited him for a trial, although he was due to join Everton on a months trial on his return to England. The trial consisted of him taking penalty kicks against a young goalkeeper, Gordon Rennie, and on the basis of this he was invited to the boardroom to sign right away. He made his first team debut on 4 September that year against Partick Thistle. Lapsley was originally signed as a centre forward but quickly established himself as a right back and was well known in Paisley for his strong, committed approach to the game, and was more recently compared to modern-day footballer Jörg Albertz for the directness of his free-kicks and penalties. With every penalty, Lapsley would get one of his strikers to place the ball on the spot before he would start his 30 or 40-yard run-up to strike the ball with blistering power.

During his time with the Paisley club he captained them to an historic 1959 Scottish Cup Final win, the team defeating Aberdeen 3–1 in front of 108,951 supporters and after the final whistle his teammates carried him shoulder high from the pitch. Along with his 1959 Scottish Cup winning shirt and medal on permanent display in the Scottish Football Museum at Hampden Park, there is also footage of Lapsley after the 1959 Scottish Cup win talking to a mass crowd, gathered in Paisleys' County Square, from the balcony of The Paisley Council Chamber where he builds the excitement in the crowd by asking "Who was it that won the Cup?", with the crowd rapturously and loudly responding "St Mirren!" . Towards the latter end of his career with St Mirren, Lapsley was on a part-time contract whilst working through the week as a tanker driver for BP, and although he vowed to retire after the 1959 Scottish Cup, he did play one more match at the beginning of the following season when they beat Greenock Morton in the Renfrewshire Cup Final.

Legacy
In 2005, St Mirren officially inducted David Lapsley into their hall of fame. Lapsley was further honoured in 2008 when local councillor George Adam, who is a Saints supporter, elected to name a new street in his ward after the St Mirren legend, and as a result Lapsley Avenue was commissioned.

Lapsley was also chosen to represent the Scottish League XI twice, playing against the Irish League XI and the (English) Football League select team, getting on the scoresheet in a 3–0 win against the former. He was also selected by Scotland on more than twenty occasions as understudy to Rangers captain George Young, but Lapsley never played for his country. Following Lapsley's death, a one-minute silence was held in his memory at the Scottish Cup tie between St Mirren and Motherwell on 27 January 2001. His ashes were ceremoniously buried under the penalty spot at the home end of Love Street.

Notes

External links

 St Mirren vs Aberdeen Scottish Cup Final Footage

1924 births
2001 deaths
Scottish Football League players
Scottish men's footballers
Bonnyrigg Rose F.C. players
St Mirren F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Sportspeople from Kirkintilloch
Scottish Football League representative players
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football defenders
Royal Navy personnel of World War II


Kipling Collegiate Institute (Kipling CI, KCI, or Kipling) is a public high school in  Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the former suburb of Etobicoke under the management of the Toronto District School Board, operating since 1960.

History
Kipling Collegiate was constructed in 1959 and opened its doors in September 1960. The school was built in a modernist design by architect Gordon Adamson.

The school merged with Scarlett Heights Entrepreneurial Academy in 2018 and attempts to rename the school failed.

See also
 List of high schools in Ontario

References

External links

 Kipling Collegiate Institute
 TDSB Profile

High schools in Toronto
Education in Etobicoke
Schools in the TDSB
Educational institutions established in 1960
1960 establishments in Ontario