A passenger train is a train used to transport people along a railroad line. These trains may consist of unpowered passenger railroad cars (also known as coaches or carriages) hauled by one or more locomotives, or may be self-propelled; self propelled passenger trains are known as multiple units or railcars. Passenger trains stop at stations or depots, where passengers may board and disembark. In most cases, passenger trains operate on a fixed schedule and have priority over freight trains.

Passenger trains may be made up of a number of passenger cars hauled by one or more locomotives, or may be made up of self-propelled railcars.  Car design and the general safety of passenger trains have dramatically evolved over time, making travel by rail remarkably safe.  Some passenger trains, both long-distance and short-distance, use bi-level (double-decker) cars to carry more passengers per train.  Passenger trains hauled by locomotives are more expensive to operate than multiple units, but have a higher passenger capacity.

Many prestigious passenger train services have been bestowed a special name, some of which have become famous in literature and fiction.

History

The first occasion on which a railway locomotive pulled a train carrying passengers was in 1804 at Penydarren Ironworks in Wales, when 70 employees of the ironworks were transported 9 miles by an engine designed by Richard Trevithick. In 1808, Trevithick ran a passenger-carrying exhibition train called Catch Me Who Can on a small loop of track in London. The exhibition, which ran for two weeks, charged passengers for rides. The first passenger train in regular service was a horse drawn train on the Swansea and Mumbles Railway.

The first steam train carrying passengers on a public railway was hauled by Locomotion No. 1 on the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825, traveling at speeds up to 15 miles per hour.

Travel by passenger trains in the United States began in the 1830s and became popular in the 1850s and '60s. The first electric passenger train was exhibited at the Berlin Industrial Exposition 1879. The first successful commercial electric passenger train, the Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway, ran a year later in Lichterfelde.

Long-distance trains

Long-distance trains travel between many cities or regions of a country, and sometimes cross several countries. They often have a dining car or restaurant car to allow passengers to have a meal during the course of their journey. Trains travelling overnight may also have sleeping cars. Currently, much of travel on these distances of over  is done by air in many countries but in others long-distance travel by rail is a popular or the only cheap way to travel long distances.

High-speed rail

One notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail, which generally runs at speeds above  and often operates on a dedicated track that is surveyed and prepared to accommodate high speeds. The first successful example of a high-speed passenger rail system was Japan's Shinkansen, colloquially known as the "bullet train", which commenced operation in October 1964. Other examples include Italy's LeFrecce, France's TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse, literally "high speed train"), Germany's ICE (Inter-City Express), and Spain's AVE (Alta Velocidad Española).

In most cases, high-speed rail travel is time- and cost-competitive with air travel when distances do not exceed , as airport check-in and boarding procedures can add at least two hours to the overall transit time. Also, rail operating costs over these distances may be lower when the amount of jet fuel consumed by an airliner during takeoff and climbout is taken into consideration. Air travel becomes more cost-competitive as the travel distance increases because the fuel accounts for less of the overall operating cost of the airliner.

Some high-speed rail systems employ tilting technology to improve stability in curves. Examples of tilting trains are the Advanced Passenger Train (APT), the Pendolino, the N700 Series Shinkansen, Amtrak's Acela and the Spanish Talgo. Tilting is a dynamic form of superelevation, allowing both low- and high-speed traffic to use the same trackage (though not simultaneously), as well as producing a more comfortable ride for passengers.

Inter-city trains

"Inter-city" is a general term for any rail service that uses trains with limited stops to provide fast long-distance travel. Inter-city services can be divided into three major groups:

 InterCity: using high-speed trains to connect cities, bypassing all intermediate stations, thus linking major population hubs in the fastest time possible
 Express: calling at some intermediate stations between cities, serving larger urban communities
 Regional: calling at all intermediate stations between cities, serving smaller communities along the route

The distinction between the three types of inter-city rail service may be unclear; trains can run as InterCity services between major cities, then revert to an express (or even regional) train service to reach communities at the furthest points of the journey. This practice allows less populous communities to be served in the most cost-effective way, at the expense of a longer journey time for those wishing to travel to the terminus station.

Higher-speed rail

Higher-speed rail services operate at top speeds that are higher than conventional inter-city trains but below high-speed rail services. These services are provided after improvements to the conventional rail infrastructure to support trains that can operate safely at higher speeds.

Short-distance trains

Commuter trains

Many cities and their surrounding areas are served by commuter trains (also known as suburban trains), which serve commuters who live outside of the city they work in, or vice versa. More specifically, in the United States commuter rail service is defined as, "short-haul rail passenger transportation in metropolitan and suburban areas usually having reduced fare, multiple ride, and commuter tickets and morning and evening peak period operations". Trains are very efficient for transporting large numbers of people at once, compared to road transport. While automobiles may be delayed by traffic congestion, trains operate on dedicated rights-of-way which allow them to bypass such congestion.

With the use of bilevel cars, which are tall enough to have two levels of seating, commuter rail services can haul as many as 150 commuters per train car, and over 1,000 per train, significantly outpacing the capacity of automobiles and buses.

Railcar

In British and Australian usage, a "railcar" is a self-propelled railway vehicle designed to transport passengers. The term is usually used in reference to a train consisting of a single passenger car (carriage, coach) with a driver's cab at one or both ends. Some railways, e.g. the Great Western Railway, used the term "railmotor". If the railcar is able to pull a full train, it is more likely to be called a "motor coach" or a "motor car". The term "railcar" is sometimes also used as an alternative name for the small types of multiple unit that consist of more than one coach.

Rapid transit

Rapid transit trains are urban-transport rails that operate on exclusive right-of-way in that pedestrians or vehicles may not access it.

Light rail
Light rails are electrically powered urban passenger trains that run along an exclusive rights-of-way at ground level, raised structures, tunnels, or in streets. Light rail systems generally use lighter equipment that operate at slower speeds to allow for more flexibility in integrating systems into urban environments.

Tram

Trams (also known as streetcars in North America) are a type of passenger train that run alongside public urban streets on a tramway track, often including segments of right-of-way for passengers and vehicles.

Heritage trains

Heritage trains are operated by volunteers, often railfans, as a tourist attraction or as a museum railway. Usually, the trains are formed from historic vehicles retired from national commercial operation that have retained or assumed the character, appearance, and operating practices of railways in their time. Sometimes lines that operate in isolation also provide transport facilities for their respective community. Much of the equipment used on these train's systems are original or at least aim to replicate both the look and operating practices of historic/former railways companies.

Environmental impact

Passenger rail is one of the modes of travel with the lowest carbon dioxide emissions. Rail travel emits much less carbon dioxide per mile than air travel (2–27%) or car travel (2–24%).

See also

 Passenger rail terminology
 Passenger train toilet
 Drumhead (sign)
 Headboard (train)
 Luxury trains

References

Trains


Cape Disappointment is a headland of the Pacific Northwest, located at the extreme southwestern corner of Washington, United States, on the north side of the Columbia River bar and just west of Baker Bay. The point of the cape is located on the Pacific Ocean in Washington's Pacific County, approximately two miles (3.2 km) southwest of the town of Ilwaco. Cape Disappointment sees about 2,552 hours of fog a year—the equivalent of 106 days—making it one of the foggiest places in the U.S.

The cape was named on July 6, 1788, by British fur trader John Meares, who was sailing south from Nootka Island, Canada, in search of trade. He mistook the mouth of the Columbia River for a bay, which the ship could not enter due to a shallow shoal. Just missing the discovery of the river mentioned by Francisco Antonio Mourelle, he named them Cape Disappointment and Deception Bay. George Vancouver credits John Meares in his account when he saw Cape Disappointment on April 27, 1792.

Cape Disappointment State Park is located on the cape, as is the Cape Disappointment Lighthouse. United States Coast Guard Station Cape Disappointment is situated on the river near the state park. The station's crewmembers respond to 300–400 calls for assistance every year.

References

External links

Landforms of Pacific County, Washington
Disappointment


Julien Maunoir (1 October 1606 – 28 January 1683) (also Julian; ), was a French-born Jesuit priest known as the "Apostle of Brittany". He was beatified in 1951 by Pope Pius XII and is commemorated by the Catholic Church on 29 January and 2 July.

Life
Maunoir was born 1 October 1606 at Saint-Georges-de-Reintembault near Rennes. At the age of fourteen, he entered the Jesuit college in Rennes. Julian entered the Society of Jesus in Paris at nineteen with the Canadian mission in mind.

He studied philosophy at La Fleche and in 1630 was assigned to the college at Saint-Ives at Quimper, Brittany, where he taught Latin and Greek. A classmate of Isaac Jogues and Gabriel Lalemant, he aspired to become a missionary to the peoples of Canada. During his period of priestly formation with the Society of Jesus, he studied the Breton language in order to teach the faith to the Breton peasants. He worked hard and within two months he was sufficiently fluent to be able to preach in Breton. Maunoir is considered a noted orthographer of the Breton language, having completed a Breton grammar. He continued to preach in the hamlets of Brittany until he went to Tours to begin his theological studies prior to ordination.

Maunoir continued his theological studies in Bourges under Louis Lallemant, followed by a year in Rouen, some missionary work in Normandy, and a year of teaching literature at the College of Nevers.

He was ordained in 1637 and returned to Brittany in 1640 and was assigned again to Quimper, succeeding Venerable Dom Michael le Nobletz. A window in Quimper Cathedral is entitled Prėsentation de Julien Maunoir à Monseigneur du Louët par Michel Le Nobletz. It depicts Michel Le Nobletz presenting Julien Maunoir to Renė du Louët, Bishop of Cornouaille. Erected as a tribute to Bishop du Louët, it recognizes the importance of Le Nobletz and Maunoir as Breton missionaries.

Maunoir was found to be uniquely suited for the difficult task of evangelizing the impoverished people of Brittany. Together with his companion, Pierre Bernard, Maunoir worked among the poor, the peasants and fishermen. Maunoir worked as a missionary to the Breton people for 43 years, and managed to give a Christian meaning to what had become pious customs.

By 1683, he had formed almost 1,000 Breton missionaries, who carried on the pastoral works that he had begun. Julien Maunoir died in Plévin, Brittany, on 28 January 1683, and was buried in the parish church grounds at the insistence of his people.

He was beatified by Pope Pius XII in 1951.

See also
 History of Brittany

References

External links
Fest Noz: Breton Culture

1606 births
1683 deaths
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Jesuit missionaries in France
17th-century French Jesuits
History of Brittany
Breton saints
French beatified people
17th-century venerated Christians
Orthographers
Breton beatified people


The Pibor River (also called the River Pibor) is a river in eastern South Sudan, which defines part of South Sudan's border with Ethiopia. From its source near Pibor Post it flows north for about , joining the Baro River to form the Sobat River, which is a tributary of the White Nile.

The Pibor and its tributaries drain a watershed  in size. The river's mean annual discharge at its mouth is 98 m³/s (3,460 ft³/s).

Course
The Pibor River is formed by various streams that come together at Pibor Post, a colonial era outpost built in 1912 and originally called Fort Bruce. The Pibor flows north, receiving the Akobo River near Akobo. Continuing north the Pibor receives the Gilo River and Bela Rivers on the right, then joins the Baro River, forming the Sobat River.

Natural history
The Pibor, Baro, Gilo, and Akobo rivers all drain the Ethiopian Highlands. The Baro River is by far the largest, contributing 83% of the total water flowing into the Sobat River. During the rainy season, between June and October, the Baro River alone contributes about 10% of the Nile's water at Aswan, Egypt. In contrast, these rivers have very low flow during the dry season.

History
The boundary between Sudan and Ethiopia was defined for the region near the Pibor River in 1899 by Major H.H. Austin and Major Charles W. Gwynn of the British Royal Engineers. They had no knowledge of the land, its inhabitants, or their languages, and were short on supplies. Rather than defining a line based on ethnic groups and traditional territories, essentially along the escarpment that separates the Ethiopian Highlands and the plains of the Sudanian Savanna, they simply proposed a line drawn down the middle of the Akobo River and parts of the Pibor and Baro rivers. This boundary was consummated in the Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1902, resulting in an area in Ethiopian Gambela Region called the Baro Salient. This area is more closely connected to South Sudan than Ethiopia, both in terms of natural features and people. The Baro Salient was used as a sanctuary by Sudanese insurgents during the country's long civil wars. It was difficult for Sudan to exert authority over a region that is part of Ethiopia, and Ethiopia was reluctant to police this remote region and become involved in the politics of Sudan's internal conflicts.

See also
List of rivers of South Sudan
List of rivers of Ethiopia

References

Further reading
 C.R.K.B., "Correspondence: the Pibor River", Sudan Notes and Records, 4 (1922), pp. 237 – 240.

Gambela Region
Rivers of South Sudan
Rivers of Ethiopia
Sobat River
International rivers of Africa
Jonglei State
Upper Nile (state)
Ethiopia–South Sudan border
Greater Upper Nile
Border rivers


The Akobo River is a river on the border between South Sudan and Ethiopia. From its source in the Ethiopian Highlands near Mizan Teferi it flows west for  to join the Pibor River. The Pibor flows into the Sobat River, which in turn empties into the White Nile.

The tributaries of the Akobo river include the Cechi, the Chiarini, and the Owag, on the right or Ethiopian side; and the Neubari, Ajuba and Kaia on the left or South Sudanese side.

History
The boundary between Sudan and Ethiopia was defined for the region near the Akobo River in 1899, by Major H.H. Austin and Major Charles W. Gwynn of the British Royal Engineers. They had no knowledge of the land, its inhabitants, or their languages, and were short on supplies. Rather than defining a line based on ethnic groups and traditional territories, essentially along the escarpment that separates the highlands and the plains, Majors Austin and Gwynn simply proposed drawing the line down the middle of the Akobo River and parts of the Pibor River and Baro River. This boundary was consummated in the Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1902, resulting in an area in the Ethiopian Gambela Region called the Baro Salient.

The Baro Salient is more closely connected to South Sudan than Ethiopia, both in terms of natural features and people. The Baro Salient was used as a sanctuary by Sudanese insurgents during the country's long civil wars. It was difficult for Sudan to exert authority over a region that is part of Ethiopia, and Ethiopia was reluctant to police this remote region and become involved in the politics of Sudan's internal conflicts.

The Akobo has been the subject of several mining surveys. In 1939, engineers of COMINA carried out exploration of the Akobo and its tributaries. North-flowing tributaries appeared to be more promising than the south-flowing ones. Values up to 10 grams of gold per cubic meter were found in Chama creek, and the possible average value could be 0.7 g per cubic meter. In the period 1952-1954 the Ministry of Mines employed as many as 120 miners at a time. They produced an average of 1.66 grams of gold per day.

See also

 List of rivers of South Sudan
 List of rivers of Ethiopia

References

International rivers of Africa
Rivers of Ethiopia
Rivers of South Sudan
Sobat River
Ethiopia–South Sudan border
Ethiopian Highlands
Gambela Region
Jonglei State
Greater Upper Nile
Border rivers


İç Ada (, literally "internal island"; ;  ) is a Turkish islet near Kaş (ancient Antiphellos), in the homonymous district of Antalya province. It lies in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, about five nautical miles west-southwest of the island of Kekova, and about halfway between Kekova and the Greek islet of Stroggyli. The island has the shape of a right triangle elongated along a northeast-southwest axis, whose legs are  and  long. It is separated by the mainland by a  wide strait. Iç Ada is uninhabited and is covered with macchia.

Contended between Italy and Turkey after the Italian occupation of Kastelorizo,  the 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey which defined the sea border between the two powers assigned it to Turkey.

Notes

Sources

See also
 List of islands of Turkey

Uninhabited islands of Turkey
Antalya
Turkish Riviera
Islands of Antalya Province
Islands of Turkey


Nagasu () may refer to:

Nagasu, Kumamoto
Mirai Nagasu, American figure skater

Japanese-language surnames


Roslynn Renee Mauskopf (born February 7, 1957 in Washington, D.C.) is an American lawyer and jurist serving as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York and the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. She previously served as the chief judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York from 2020 to 2021 and as the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York from 2002 to 2007.

Education

Mauskopf earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brandeis University in 1979 and a Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1982.

Career

Prior to her appointment, Mauskopf as the United States attorney for the Eastern District of New York from 2002 to 2007. Before that, Mauskopf served as the inspector general of New York from 1995 to 2002.

Mauskopf began her legal career in 1982 as an assistant District attorney in the New York County District Attorney's Office, a position she held until her appointment as New York State inspector general in 1995. Among other positions in the office, Mauskopf served as chief of the Frauds Bureau. She was also a deputy chief of the Special Prosecutions Bureau.

Federal judicial service
She entered service as a United States district judge in the Eastern District of New York in October 2007. Mauskopf was nominated by President George W. Bush on January 9, 2007 upon the recommendation of New York Governor George Pataki (R-NY). On October 4, 2007, the United States Senate confirmed Mauskopf by unanimous consent. She received her commission on October 18, 2007. She became chief judge on January 26, 2020, after Dora Irizarry assumed senior status, and served in that capacity until February 1, 2021.

Administrative Office of the United States Courts
After the retirement of Director James C. Duff on December 31, 2020, on January 5, 2021, Chief Justice John Roberts appointed Mauskopf to be the next director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts effective February 1, 2021.

References

External links

  May 16, 2008 New York Post article about Judge Mauskopf's induction ceremony

|-

1957 births
Living people
21st-century American judges
21st-century American women judges
Brandeis University alumni
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
State cabinet secretaries of New York (state)
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of New York
United States district court judges appointed by George W. Bush
Women in New York (state) politics


Miss Universe 1967, the 16th Miss Universe pageant, was held on 15 July 1967 at the Miami Beach Auditorium in Miami Beach, Florida, United States. Sylvia Hitchcock of United States was crowned by Margareta Arvidsson of Sweden at the end of the event, This was Bob Barker's first Miss Universe pageant as host.

Results

Placements

Contestants
Fifty-six contestants competed for the title.

Notes

Miss Ecuador and Miss Thailand were disqualified upon arrival because they were only 17 years old and sent back to their countries,Herbert Landon, Executive Director of the contest, whose president at that time was Harold Glasser, said that the contestants must have a minimum 18 years and a maximum of 28 by the date of the final.

Withdrawals
  - Seedevi de Zoysas Tewaitta Ragama
  – Laura Baquero Palacios was underage before February 1.
  - Bone Jay
  - Elham Warwar

  - Prapassorn Panichakula was underage before February 1.

Did not compete
  - Maria Porras Rottman

Awards
  - Miss Amity (Lena MacGarvie)
  - Miss Photogenic (Elia Kalogeraki)
  - Best National Costume (Carmen Ramasco)

References

1967
1967 in Florida
1967 beauty pageants
Beauty pageants in the United States
Events in Miami Beach, Florida
July 1967 events in the United States


My Weakness may refer to:

 My Weakness (film), a 1933 American film
 "My Weakness", a song from the 1999 Moby album Play
 "My Weakness", a song from the 2012 Kris Allen album Thank You Camellia


WKVT-FM (92.7 MHz, "Rewind 92.7 & 102.3") is a radio station licensed to serve Brattleboro, Vermont. The station is owned by Saga Communications and licensed to Saga Communications of New England, LLC; it operates as part of Saga's Monadnock Broadcasting Group. It airs a classic hits music format.

The station has been assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission since September 12, 1979.

On December 19, 2016, WKVT-FM changed its format from classic hits to classic rock, branded as "Iconic Rock 92.7".

On March 23, 2018, WKVT-FM changed its format from classic rock to variety hits, branded as "92.7 Bratt FM".

The station also served as the Brattleboro area's New England Patriots' affiliate for NFL games until WINQ-AM took over.

On July 27, 2021, WKVT-FM changed its format from variety hits to classic hits, branded as "Rewind 92.7 & 102.3", adding a simulcast on WZBK 1220 AM/W272DZ 102.3 FM Keene, New Hampshire.

Translators
After having relayed WKVT (AM) for a while, W262CL 100.3 Brattleboro has been relaying WKVT-HD2 (which is, in turn, a simulcast of WKNE-HD2), since December 2018.

Previous logos

References

External links
WKVT-FM official website

Monadnock Broadcasting Group

KVT-FM
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1980
1980 establishments in Vermont


The Incredible World of James Bond was a 1965 television special produced by David L. Wolper for United Artists Television to showcase the James Bond film series and promote the upcoming December 1965 release of the film Thunderball.

In the United States, the show replaced The Man from U.N.C.L.E. on NBC on Friday, 26 November 1965; the day after American Thanksgiving that unofficially begins the shopping frenzy for Christmas. It was the highest rated American television show for the week.

Plot and production
The show featured film scenes of the worldwide popularity of James Bond novels, films, and tie-in merchandise, black and white scenes of Ian Fleming at his home Goldeneye in Jamaica giving comments on his writing, a biography of James Bond with footage of Glencoe, Eton, Fettes College, and Royal Marine Commandos on exercise, home movie footage shot by production designer Ken Adam in the Bahamas during the production of Thunderball, and scenes from four Bond films.

Behind the scenes footage from the making of Thunderball included scenes of the preparation and filming of a scene of a rocket firing motorcycle destroying Count Lippe's car, a choreographed fist fight in a studio mock up of the cabin of the Disco Volante, a photo shoot of the Bond girls on a beach in the Bahamas, and a scene of the Aston Martin DB5 driving away from the Château d'Anet that was not seen in the finished film.

Director Terence Young, producers Albert R. Broccoli, Harry Saltzman, Kevin McClory, editor Peter R. Hunt and action director and stuntman Bob Simmons are shown during sequences. The "James Bond Theme" and other music from the Bond film soundtracks are heard with the gun barrel titles and 007 logo from the Goldfinger film trailer appearing in the opening titles.

The narration was to have been originally given by Sean Connery. However, when Connery read the script and found out they were referring to James Bond as an actual person he refused to do the show. Telephone calls from Joan Crawford who was a major shareholder in Pepsi Cola, the sponsor of the show, failed to sway Connery and his narrating chores were taken by Alexander Scourby.

Pepsi Cola used the special to unveil commercials for its latest products.

The special is available as a featurette on the "James Bond Ultimate Edition" DVD of Thunderball.

Record album

Pepsi Cola and Frito Lay also sold promotional James Bond tie-in toys and a record album titled The Incredible World of James Bond. The album featured the original soundtrack music and cover versions of four of the themes from the first three Bond films played by United Artists Records house band The Leroy Holmes Orchestra. The back of the album cover was full of photographic stills from the Bond films. The record was later reissued with an attractive Frank Gauna designed album cover on Unart Records in 1967 with two music tracks deleted to fit on the budget album.

See also
Outline of James Bond

References

External links

 documentary credits http://www.davidlwolper.com/shows/details.cfm?showID=196
 Record album http://www.317x.com/albums/v/various/card.html

1965 television specials
1965 documentary films
1960s American television specials
American documentary television films
Thunderball (film)
NBC television specials
James Bond
Television shows directed by Jack Haley Jr.
1965 films
1960s American films
1960s British films


John Cork is an American author, screenwriter, and documentary film director and producer.

Career
An avid James Bond fan, Cork has produced, written (along with Bruce Scivally), and directed more than thirty documentaries for MGM's releases of the James Bond films on DVD, Blu-ray, and streaming platforms. As an author, he and Scivally have written the biographies of Ian Fleming, Cubby Broccoli, and Harry Saltzman. Collectively, they have conducted over one hundred and fifty interviews with the creative talents behind the 007 films. They also contributed to The Ultimate James Bond: An Interactive Dossier, a CD-ROM for MGM Interactive.

Cork serves as president of the multi-media production company Cloverland; the company has produced multiple feature-length documentaries and over 300 short documentaries since 1999, many of them "making of" featurettes on classic films for DVD, Blu-ray and digital video releases.

In 2002, Cork and Bruce Scivally wrote the book James Bond: The Legacy which documents the history of the James Bond legacy as well as importance in popular culture, global affairs and current events from the time it started up until present time. In 2003, John Cork also co-wrote the book Bond Girls Are Forever: The Women of James Bond with actress Maryam d'Abo. With Collin Stutz, Cork co-authored The James Bond Encyclopedia, first published in 2007, updated in 2009, and 2014.

Cork wrote and directed the documentary, "You Belong to Me: Sex, Race, and Murder in the South" for producers Judith Hagin, Kitty Potapow, and Hilary Saltzman, delving into the murder of the white Dr. LeRoy Adams by the black woman, Ruby McCollum in Live Oak, Florida in 1952. The film played in festivals in 2014 and was released on video and streaming platforms in 2015.

In 2017, Penguin Random House and Ian Fleming Publications asked Cork to write new introductions to three of the original James Bond novels, Casino Royale, Live and Let Die, and Goldfinger.

Cork is also a member of The Ian Fleming Foundation, a group dedicated to the study of Ian Fleming and his works.

Screenwriting
Cork, who is a screenwriter, has penned the civil rights drama, The Long Walk Home, starring Sissy Spacek and Whoopi Goldberg, and has written screenplays for many major film studios. Bruce Scivally has worked for several motion picture production companies, co-edited The Special Effects and Stunts Guide, and was the Production Coordinator for the 2001 Academy Awards Show. Both authors live in Los Angeles.

In addition, in 2007, for the release of the Spider-Man 2.1 DVD, Cork and Bruce Scivally wrote and compiled the Spidey Sense 2.1-trivia track, a closed captioning feature on Disc 1 of the DVD, which includes integrated pop-ups that provides information about the Spider-Man actors, directors, production, comic books and Spider-Man legacy. The feature is available via closed captioning that plays during the course of key scenes throughout the film.

Personal life
John Cork was born in Montgomery, Ala. He currently splits his time between Florida and California. He was married to singer Nicole Dillenberg from 1994 until 2014. They have one son, Jimmy Cork. Both Cork and his ex-wife are graduates of the University of Southern California School of Cinema-Television.

Cork has said that he and his ex-wife honeymooned at Goldeneye, the secluded home in Jamaica where Ian Fleming wrote his 14 James Bond books. Goldeneye's owner, Island Records founder and hotelier Chris Blackwell, who served as location manager for Dr. No (1962), waived the rental for the three-bedroom villa as a wedding present, according to Cork.

References

External links

 The John Cork CommanderBond.net Interview – James Bond 007
 An Interview With: John Cork @ Universal Exports
 Welcome to Cloverland!

Living people
American biographers
American male biographers
American male screenwriters
American film producers
American documentary film directors
American documentary film producers
American film historians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)


Prof. Volodymyr Kostyantynovych Vysokovych, or (in more usual transcription) Vladimir Konstantinovich Vysokovich (, )(1854–1912), the Head of the Department of Pathologic Anatomy at Medical Faculty of St. Volodymyr Kyiv University, one of the founders of the Society of Struggle with Infectious Diseases and Kyiv Bacteriological Institute.

References

Ukrainian microbiologists
Academic staff of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
National University of Kharkiv alumni
1912 deaths
1854 births
Microbiologists from the Russian Empire


William G. East (April 25, 1908 – April 27, 1985) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon.

Education and career

Born on April 25, 1908, in Lecompton, Kansas, East received a Bachelor of Laws in 1931 from the University of Oregon School of Law and a Juris Doctor in 1932 from the same institution. He entered private practice in Eugene, Oregon from 1932 to 1942 and again from 1946 to 1949. He served in the United States Army Reserve as a captain from 1942 to 1946. He was city attorney for Eugene from 1946 to 1947. He was a Judge of the Oregon Circuit Court for the Second Judicial District from 1949 to 1955.

Federal judicial service

East was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on May 2, 1955, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Oregon vacated by Judge James Alger Fee. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 7, 1955, and received his commission the next day. He assumed senior status due to a certified disability on April 10, 1967. His service terminated on April 27, 1985, due to his death.

Notable cases

In 1960, East issued an injunction against a local water district in a racially charged case where the African-American residents of a Parkrose, Portland, Oregon, were discriminated against by the local water district.

In 1964, East made national headlines for ordering United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy to show why an Oregon lawyer should not be paid for defending a criminal defendant he had been ordered to defend by the federal court. In what Time magazine said was "may be the neatest constitutional argument of the year," East justified the expenditure under the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Notable clerk

From 1964 to 1965 future Oregon Attorney General Hardy Myers was a law clerk for East.

Notable appellate cases

After assuming senior status, East often sat as a federal appeals court judge for the Ninth Circuit on three judge panels including the case Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F.2d 963 (C.A.9) 1981.

See also
Stump v. Sparkman

References

External links

 Unwinding Sony

1908 births
1985 deaths
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon
United States district court judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower
20th-century American judges
Oregon state court judges
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
People from Lecompton, Kansas
University of Oregon School of Law alumni
Oregon city attorneys


The Jaguar Mark VII is a four-door luxury car produced by Jaguar Cars of Coventry from 1951 to 1956. Launched at the 1950 British International Motor Show as the successor to the Jaguar Mark V, it was called the Mark VII because there was already a Bentley Mark VI on the market.  A version of the Jaguar Mark V with the XK engine had been designated as the Mark VI, but it is thought that only two were built.

In its original 1950 form the Mark VII could exceed 100 mph, and in 1952 it became the first Jaguar to be made available with an optional automatic transmission.

Mark VIIs were successful in racing and rallying.

Mark VII 1950–1954
The Mark VII chassis came from the Jaguar Mark V and the wheelbase remained the same at . The new model's body looked more streamlined, with integrated headlights and mudguards, a two-piece windscreen, and longer rear overhang. As on the Mark V, the rear wheels were partially covered by removable spats.

Whereas the Mark V had a prewar pushrod engine originally developed by the Standard Motor Company, the Mark VII was powered by the newly developed XK engine. First seen in production form in the 1948 XK120, the 3442 cc DOHC straight-six provided , the same as in the XK120, and the saloon's claimed top speed was over 100 mph (160 km/h).

When the car was being developed, Jaguar thought it would find most of its customers overseas, mainly because UK car tax at that time penalised buyers of larger-engined cars. However it went into production just as Britain's postwar economic austerity began to ease, and in 1951 the car's enthusiastic reception in both the British and American markets prompted Jaguar to relocate production to larger premises, at the Browns Lane plant, which had been built for wartime production as a shadow factory and was now available for immediate use.

The published performance figures for the Mark VII were based on the standard 8:1 compression ratio, but as this was unsuitable for the UK market's low-octane Pool petrol, a 7:1 engine was optional. British motoring magazines tested the car's performance with the higher compression ratio, using the Ostend to Brussels autoroute in Belgium, where 80 octane fuel was available.  A Mark VII tested by The Motor in 1952 had a top speed of , accelerated from 0– in 13.7 seconds, and returned . The test car cost £1693 including taxes.

In 1952 the Mark VII became the first Jaguar to be offered with an automatic transmission.

By the time the model was upgraded to M specification in 1954, 20,908 had been produced.

Mark VII M 1954–1956

The Mark VII M was launched at the British International Motor Show in October 1954. Although the engine continued with the same capacity and 8:1 compression ratio, the introduction of new high-lift cams increased the amount of power to , giving the car a claimed top speed of 104 mph (167 km/h).

The four-speed manual gearbox remained the standard fitting but was now constant mesh and fitted with closer ratios, while the Borg Warner automatic, hitherto available only on exported Mark VIIs, now became optional for British buyers. Larger torsion bars were fitted to the front suspension. Flasher-type traffic indicators replaced semaphore arms.

Distinguishing the Mark VII M from its predecessor, circular grilles over the horns were installed below the headlights in place of the former integrated auxiliary lamps, which were moved slightly further apart up-rated and mounted on the bumper. Both bumpers now wrapped further around the sides of the car. New large tail lamps with built-in reflectors now incorporated direction indicators. New headlamps were given Le Mans type diffuser glasses. Seats were now full length and incorporated Dunlopillo.

In 1956, with the advent of the Suez Crisis, Britain anticipated fuel rationing, and bubble cars appeared on the streets. Jaguar switched focus to their smaller saloons (the Mark I 2.4 had been introduced in 1955), and neither the Mark VII M nor any of its increasingly powerful but fuel-thirsty successors would match the production volumes of the original Jaguar Mark VII.   Nevertheless, before it was superseded by the Mark VIII, the Mark VII M achieved 10,061 sales during its two-year production run.

Racing and rallying

Both variants of the Mark VII won race victories, and an M version won a Monte Carlo Rally.

In 1954 Jaguar built a lightweight Mark VII M which, although intended for racing, never participated in contemporary events. Road-registered KRW 621, it had magnesium body panels, D-type engine, Dunlop disc brakes and modified suspension.

Factory-entered Mark VIIs won the Daily Express International Trophy Production Touring Car race at Silverstone five years running, and twice took the top three places. Stirling Moss won in 1952 and 1953; Ian Appleyard in 1954, with Tony Rolt and Stirling Moss 2nd and 3rd; Mike Hawthorn in 1955, from his teammates Jimmy Stewart and Desmond Titterington in 2nd and 3rd; and Ivor Bueb in 1956, with Belgian journalist and racing driver Paul Frère taking 4th.

In January 1956 a Mark VII M driven by Ronnie Adams, Frank Biggar, and Derek Johnstone won the Monte Carlo Rally.

In August 1956, at Road America, in Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin, Paul Goldsmith's Mark VII averaged 59.2 mph to win a 100-mile NASCAR Grand National race for cars up to 3500 cc.

Sources

 Schrader, Halwart: Typenkompass Jaguar - Personenwagen seit 1931, Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart (2001),
 Stertkamp, Heiner: Jaguar - Die komplette Chronik von 1922 bis heute, 2. Auflage, Heel-Verlag (2006),

References

Mark 7
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports sedans
1950s cars
Cars introduced in 1950
Limousines
Cars discontinued in 1956


WJSC-FM (90.7 FM) is a College formatted radio station licensed to serve Johnson, Vermont. The station is owned by Northern Vermont University–Johnson and licensed to the Board of Trustees, Vermont State Colleges.

History
WJSC traces its history to an unlicensed AM station that began operating on the campus of what was then Johnson State College in the fall of 1968. The station broadcast at 5 watts with the fake call letters "WLUV" on the AM band at 640 kHz. The station could only be heard in the farthest reaches of Arthur and Martinetti residence halls. WJSC first broadcast from a cramped music practice room in Governors Hall, but in early 1970, it was asked to move. The station was moved to Stearns Hall, in what is now known as Stearns Stage Space.

During the 1971 calendar year the station staff developed plans to seek licensing from the FCC for operation as a non-commercial, educational station broadcasting with 10 watts; the college applied for a construction permit to build a new station on 90.1 MHz, which was granted in March 1972. The university also reorganized the station staff in preparation for the changeover. WJSC-FM launched on July 16, 1972; that fall of that year, the station was moved into spacious and well-equipped studios in the basement of Senators Hall. While the entire campus could hear the station, raising its profile, the station was co-channel to WRUV in Burlington—not an issue, provided both stations broadcast with 10 watts of power. When she attended Johnson State, Cyndi Lauper was a DJ on WJSC-FM.

As the 1970s ended, the FCC began to phase out 10-watt non-commercial stations. At the end of 1979, WJSC applied to move to 90.7 MHz and increase its power to 155 watts; the increase took effect on September 10, 1982.
WJSC remained in the studios in Senators Hall for about 25 years until it moved into the renovated Dewey Campus Center in 1997. The move to Dewey brought the station into the digital age, with the introduction of computers, automation, and high-end audio editing software for sound production. In 2008, the station became all automated for 8 months while construction took place on the Stearns Student Center, resulting in a new and upgraded studio.

References

External links
WJSC-FM station website
WJSC-FM @ Johnson State College

JSC-FM
JSC-FM
1972 establishments in Vermont
Radio stations established in 1972
Johnson State College


Arthur John Duckworth (born 19 January 1949) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for  in the Victorian Football League (VFL),  in the West Australian National Football League (WANFL), and  in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He is the older brother of former  footballer Billy Duckworth.

Born in Western Australia, Duckworth started his football career in Victoria with Fitzroy. He had been in Melbourne due to National Service training and after approaching Fitzroy found himself recruited for the 1970 season. Duckworth played 11 games that year but did not play again until 1974 as a result of both his military commitments and a stint in Vietnam. His last VFL season was in 1976 and the following year he returned to Western Australia where he joined West Perth. He played 44 games over two years, during this time he represented his state at interstate football.

In 1979 he was picked up by SANFL club Central District and in his debut season won the Magarey Medal, topped the club's goalkicking and played interstate football for his second state. A ruptured kidney at the start of the 1980 season kept him out for most of the year and at the end of the season he decided to return to West Perth to finish his career. He played 42 games for Central District and finished with a total of 120 games for West Perth. John was known as the longest kick seen in VFL and was regularly seen to kick over 80 metres including one at Waverley of over 90 metres. The pack would stand too close to John and then turn and run after the ball.

External links

 Central District profile
Service Record on Nominal Roll of Vietnam Veterans

Fitzroy Football Club players
West Perth Football Club players
Central District Football Club players
Magarey Medal winners
Australian military personnel of the Vietnam War
1949 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
People from Lake Grace, Western Australia


Wonderful One is the fifth overall album of gospel singer Vanessa Bell Armstrong, and second for major label Jive Records.

Having penetrated the mainstream market with the previous year's singles "You Bring Out The Best In Me" and "Pressing On," the artist continued the trend with the singles "I'm Coming Back" and a cover of the Labi Siffre anti-Apartheid anthem "Something Inside So Strong." Armstrong would later reprise her performance on the song as part of a multi-artist tribute to civil rights activist Rosa Parks.

Track listing
 Something Inside So Strong (4:51)
 Tell The World (4:32)
 True Love Never Fails (duet with Jonathan Butler) (4:49)
 Wonderful One (4:32)
 I'm Coming Back (4:45)
 Count On Your Love (4:44)
 You Make Me Wanna Love Again (4:47)
 Without You (4:47)
 What Shall I Render (5:25)

External links

 Vanessa Bell Armstrong on Discogs.com

Vanessa Bell Armstrong albums
1989 albums


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1948 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 2, 1948. Democrats picked up three districts while losing two for a net gain of one seat.

Overview

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

District 12

District 13

District 14

District 15

District 16

District 17

District 18

District 19

District 20

District 21

District 22

District 23

See also
81st United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1948 United States House of Representatives elections

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

California
United States House Of Representatives
1948


This is a list of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states, in Western Asia and North Africa, occupying an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea.

List
The list below contains an image of the site or part of the site; the name as inscribed by UNESCO; the location; the nominating state party; the criteria met by the site, including if it is a cultural, natural or mixed; the area in hectares and acres, excluding any buffer zones, with a value of zero implying that no data is published by UNESCO; the year the site was inscribed; and a description of the site.

See also
List of World Heritage Sites in Africa
List of World Heritage Sites in Western Asia
Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL

References

External links
UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Official site
List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites – Official site
VRheritage.org – documentation of World Heritage Sites
Worldheritage-Forum – Information and Weblog on World Heritage Issues

Arab states
Arab League-related lists


The Four Dharmadhatu () is a philosophical concept propagated by Master Dushun (Chinese: 杜順; 557-640 CE), the founder of the Huayan school. It builds upon and is a variant of the Dharmadhatu doctrine.

The Four Dharmadhatu
The Four Dharmadhatu were outlined in Dushun's treatise, the title of which has been rendered into English as 'On the Meditation of Dharmadhātu'. The Four Dharmadhatu are:

The Dharmadhātu of Shi (). Shi holds the semantic field "matter", "phenomenon", "event". It may be understood as the "realm" (Sanskrit: dhātu) of all matters and phenomena.
The Dharmadhātu of Li (). Li holds the semantic field:  "principle", "law", "noumenon". This realm may be understood as that of principles. It has been referred to as "the realm of the one principle". The "one principle" being qualified as śūnyatā (Sanskrit).
The Dharmadhātu of Non-obstruction of Li against Shi (). This realm has been rendered into English as "the realm of non-obstruction between principle and phenomena".
The Dharmadhātu of the Non-obstruction of Shi and Shi (). This realm has been rendered into English as "the realm of non-obstruction between phenomena".

See also
 Two truths doctrine
 Five wisdoms
 Four ways of knowing
 Yogacara
 Eight Consciousnesses
 Huayan school

References

Further reading
 Oh, Kang-nam (2000). The Taoist Influence on Hua-yen Buddhism: A Case of the Sinicization of Buddhism in China. Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, No. 13, (2000). Source:  (accessed: January 28, 2008)

External links
 Taigen Dan Leighton, Huayan Buddhism and the Phenomenal Universe of the Flower Ornament Sutra

Buddhist philosophical concepts


Astana Giribangun (also "Giri Bangun"), is a mausoleum complex for the Soeharto family of the former President of Indonesia.
The mausoleum is located in Karang Bangun, Matesih, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java province.  It is on the slopes of Mount Lawu, approximately 35 kilometres east of the city of Surakarta. The archaic Javanese prose title translates as "Palace of the risen mountain".

The structure is in traditional Javanese architectural style and occupies parts of the Mangkunegaran Royal Cemetery complex.  It is approximately 300 metres from the burial sites of the Solonese royals Mangkunegara I, II and III. Former President Soeharto was buried in Astana Giribangun on 29 January 2008 with full state military honours following his death in Jakarta the day before. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono presided over the ceremony. Suharto was buried beside his late wife, Mrs (Ibu) Tien Soeharto (Siti Hartinah Soeharto, who had died on April 28, 1996) and her mother.

Later, in October 2010, in line with traditional Javanese practice, Soeharto's family held a memorial ceremony at the Astana Giribangun 1,000 days after his death.

The choice of the site caused some controversy at the time.  Many Javanese believed Ibu Soeharto not to be of true noble blood but, rather, a commoner who was the descendant of a faithful court servant. The Mangkunegaran Court reconciled this controversy by decreeing that Soeharto could indeed build an Astana (istana in bahasa Indonesia, or palace) but that it could not be any higher than a pre-existing royal tomb, the Astana Mangadeg, near where the Astana Giribangun was to be established. The Astana Mangadeg was considered to be in a location having special spiritual features by many of the dukuns, spiritualists and soothsayers who had supported Soeharto's kejawen (or kebatinan) practices of meditating and drawing charisma from shakti (magic).<ref>Astana Giribangun. Panduan Peziarah. Yayasan Mangadeg Surakarta, 1996. See also Dwi Atmana, 'Mysticism shrouded Soeharto's life, death', The Jakarta Post, 29 January 2008.</ref>

References

Further readingAstana Giribangun. Panduan Peziarah. Yayasan Mangadeg Surakarta. 1996.(Indonesian language) ISBN unknown.
 Indonesia, Justine Varsulis. Lonely Planet, 2007: 206. Dewi Sri in Village Garb: Fertility, Myth, and Ritual in Northeast Java, Journal article by Rens Heringa; in Asian Folklore Studies Vol. 56. Asian Folklore Studies 1997.Self and Self-Conduct among the Javanese "priyayi" Elite'', translated from Indonesian by J. Joseph Errington. American Ethnologist, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May, 1984), pp.

External links

Buildings and structures in Central Java
Suharto
Muslim cemeteries
Sunni cemeteries
Mausoleums in Indonesia
Burials in Java
Cemeteries in Java
Mount Lawu


{{Infobox rail service
| box_width       =
| name            =
| color           =
| logo            =
| logo_width      =
| image           = Øresundståg.JPG
| image_width     =
| caption         = An Øresundståg at Copenhagen Central Station
| type            =
| status          = Regional train
| locale          = Øresund Region
| predecessor     =
| first           =
| last            =
| successor       =
| operator        =Transdev, Skånetrafiken
| formeroperator  =
| ridership       =
| ridership2      =
| website         =
| start           =
| stops           =
| end             =
| distance        =
| journeytime     =
| frequency       =
| trainnumber     =
| line_used       =
| class           =
| access          =
| seating         =
| sleeping        =
| autorack        =
| catering        =
| observation     =
| entertainment   =
| baggage         =
| otherfacilities =
| stock           = X31K / ET
| gauge           =
| el              =
| speed           = 180 km/h
| owners          =
| routenumber     =
| maintenance     = Amager (Denmark)Hässleholm (Sweden)
| sharing         =
| map             = {{routemap
 | inline = 1
 | bottom = Only one hourly Øresundståg will originate/terminate at Nivå.The timetable numbers are used in Swedish timetables. They are not used by any Danish operator.
 | map =
KBHFa\\\~~ ~~Gothenburg Central Station~~Timetable 100
HST\\\~~ ~~Mölndal~~Timetable 100
HST\\\~~ ~~Kungsbacka~~Timetable 100
HST\\\~~ ~~Åsa~~Timetable 100
BHF\\\~~ ~~Varberg~~Timetable 100
BHF\\\~~ ~~Falkenberg~~Timetable 100
BHF\\\~~ ~~Halmstad~~Timetable 100
STR\\\
STR\KBHFa\\~~ ~~Kalmar~~Timetable 95
STR\HST\\~~ ~~Nybro~~Timetable 95
STR\BHF\\~~ ~~Emmaboda~~Timetable 95
STR\STR\\
STR\STR\KBHFa\~~ ~~Karlskrona~~Timetable 90
STR\STR\HST\~~ ~~Bergåsa~~Timetable 90
STR\STR\HST\~~ ~~Ronneby~~Timetable 90
STR\STR\HST\~~ ~~Bräkne-Hoby~~Timetable 90
STR\STR\HST\~~ ~~Karlshamn~~Timetable 90
STR\STR\HST\~~ ~~Mörrum~~Timetable 90
STR\STR\HST\~~ ~~Sölvesborg~~Timetable 90
STR\STR\HST\~~ ~~Bromölla~~Timetable 90
STR\STR\BHF\~~ ~~Kristianstad~~Timetable 90
STR\STR\STR\
STR\HST\STR\~~ ~~Lessebo~~Timetable 95
STR\HST\STR\~~ ~~Hovmantorp~~Timetable 95
STR\BHF\STR\~~ ~~Växjö~~Timetable 95
STR\BHF\STR\~~ ~~Alvesta~~Timetable 95
STR\HST\STR\~~ ~~Älmhult~~Timetable 95
STR\HST\STR\~~ ~~Osby~~Timetable 95
HST\STR\STR\~~ ~~Laholm~~Timetable 100
HST\STR\STR\~~ ~~Båstad~~Timetable 100
BHF\STR\STR\~~ ~~Ängelholm~~Timetable 100
BHF\STR\STR\~~ ~~Helsingborg~~Timetable 100
BHF\STR\STR\~~ ~~Landskrona~~Timetable 100
STR\STR\STR\
STR\BHF!~HUBaq\BHF!~HUBeq\~~ ~~Hässleholm~~Timetables 90 and 95
STR\BHF\STR\~~ ~~Höör~~Timetable 95
STR\BHF\STR\~~ ~~Eslöv~~Timetable 95
STR\ABZg+l\STRr\
STRl\ABZg+r\\
\BHF\\~~ ~~Lund Central Station~~Timetables 90, 95, 100 and 101
\BHF\\~~ ~~Malmö Central Station~~Timetables 90, 95, 100 and 101
\HST\\~~Triangeln
\HST\\~~Hyllie
hKRZWae+GRZq\~~ ~~Öresund Bridge~~Border: Sweden/Denmark
TUNNEL1W\~~Drogden Tunnel
\BHF\FLUG\~~ ~~Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup~~Timetables 90, 95, 100 and 101
\HST\\~~ ~~Tårnby~~Timetables 90, 95, 100 and 101
\HST\\~~ ~~Ørestad~~Timetables 90, 95, 100 and 101
\BHF\\~~ ~~Copenhagen Central Station~~Timetables 90, 95, 100 and 101
\BHF\\~~ ~~Nørreport~~Timetables 90, 95, 100 and 101
\KHSTe\\~~ ~~Østerport~~Timetables 90, 95, 100 and 101
}}
| map_state       = collapsed
}}

Øresundståg (, ) is a passenger train network operated by Skånetrafiken and Transdev in the transnational Øresund Region of Denmark and Sweden. The name is a hybrid of the Danish Øresundstog and the Swedish Öresundståg, both meaning "Øresund train". The rolling stock, also known as Class ET in Denmark and X31K in Sweden, are electric passenger trainsets in the Flexliner family.

Operations
Three trains per hour cross the Øresund Bridge each way. Trains run at 20-minute intervals between Østerport via Copenhagen in Denmark to Malmö and Lund in southern Sweden, increasing to six trains per hour during rush hours. From Lund, the trains continue hourly in three directions, to Gothenburg, to Kalmar and to Karlskrona. After midnight, traffic is reduced to one hourly train between Østerport in Copenhagen and Lund.

Each train consists of up to three 79-metre-long units coupled together, each with 229 seats, providing a capacity of max 4122 seats per hour. This has turned out to be insufficient, as differences in salaries and house prices between Copenhagen and Malmö have resulted in an unexpected increase of cross-border commuting.

The trains cannot be lengthened because of platform length constraints. And increasing frequency beyond six trains per hour is not possible because there are only two platform tracks to share with other trains at the stations Nørreport, Ørestad, Kastrup Airport and Triangeln. Increasingly, people have to stand during rush hours, into Copenhagen in the morning and towards Malmö in the afternoon, which beside the inconvenience also raises safety concerns.

The network covers  of railway. In Denmark, the trains run on the Coast Line and the Øresund Line, between Østerport and the Airport in 10-minute frequency. In Sweden, they run through the Malmö City Tunnel, and on the Southern Main Line to Lund. From Lund, most Øresundståg services continue to either Gothenburg, Kalmar, or Karlskrona, using the West Coast Line, the Southern Main Line, the Coast-to-Coast Line or the Blekinge Coast Line.

Passengers can encounter both Danish and Swedish staff on the trains over the Øresund Bridge. Tickets can be bought from sellers in either country. For travel inside one of the Swedish counties or inside Denmark, the local traffic authority tickets are used. For travel from Sweden to Denmark tickets can be purchased from the regional transit authorities and ticket sales channels which are part of the Resplus system.

Until December 2020, the trains were operated by Transdev in Sweden and by DSB in Denmark. In December 2020, Swedish rail operator SJ Öresund, a subsidiary of the state-owned operator SJ, took over the operations in Sweden. Due to an early cancellation of the contract with SJ, Transdev took over as a temporary operator in December 2022. At the same time, Skånetrafiken took over from DSB for operations in Denmark.

Operation
On 27 June 2007 it was decided that DSBFirst was to assume responsibility from 2009 for the running of all Øresundståg services on the Øresund Line and connected destinations. DSBFirst started operations on 11 January 2009. In 2011, the Danish and Swedish ministries of transport instructed DSBFirst Sweden to cease operating the Swedish part of the service from 10 December 2011 Veolia Transport took over the Swedish side and DSBFirst Denmark's services passed to DSB Øresund.
The Øresundståg operation has suffered from financial problems as well as delays and cancelled trains on both the Danish and Swedish part of its network, notably during the 2010 winter.

On the Danish side the trains stop often, about every 4 km, like a commuter train. On the Swedish side the trains stop much less often, more like inter-city trains, and they reach stations about 300 km from Copenhagen, such as Gothenburg, Kalmar and Karlskrona. Most travellers in Sweden use it like a regional train for work commuting and similar shorter journeys, and local monthly passes are valid on the train.

The combination of routes of an inter-city nature in Sweden with commuter-like routes in Denmark is often a source of trouble. The long-distance trains from Sweden often accumulate delays during the long journey. But delays cause trouble to commuter passengers having fixed work hours and not wishing to add long margins, since they travel every day. Therefore, DSBFirst nowadays have stand-by trains ready at Kastrup that run to Helsingør if the train from Sweden is delayed. In these circumstances the train from Sweden is terminated early and does not continue to Helsingør.

Because of the complexity involved in the Øresundståg operation and the result of delays on the Danish side of the network, the decision has been taken to split the operations when the current concession ends in December 2021. The Danish services would be tendered by the Danish authorities, while Skånetrafiken will be responsible for the tendering process for the international and Swedish services.

Competitors
Between Gothenburg and Malmö (until 2012 to Copenhagen, but not to Helsingør), SJ AB (the Swedish national railway) operates competing trains. From 2009 they have different tickets compared to the Øresundståg services. SJ runs X2000 trains via Hässleholm, and from 2009-2011 SJ ran intercity IC3 (X31) trains using via Helsingborg. Confusingly, the IC3 train type is often referred to as the "Öresundståg". Different tickets are needed. There was a similar situation with DSB's "Intercity Bornholm" trains to Ystad, which did not accept Øresundståg tickets despite the "Øresundstog" rolling stock used.

ID checks from Denmark to Sweden

In response to the European migrant crisis the Swedish government mandated ID checks on all trains coming from Denmark from December 2015. As checks performed by the Swedish police took up to 20 minutes per train, timetables were severely disrupted. Beginning on 4 January 2016, transport operators would be fined if any improperly documented people were found to be brought into Sweden. As a result, DSB restructured the timetable, constructed a fence between the platforms at CPH Airport station, and introduced its own ID checks in order to gain entrance to the Malmö-bound platform at CPH Airport station. The frequency of trains across the bridge had been reduced to a maximum of 3 tph. Apart from the reduced frequency, services from Sweden to Denmark ran as usual to Helsingør during the day and Østerport in the evenings, with no ID checks entering Denmark. Since 4 May 2017 the line had changed to perform ID checks only at Malmö Hyllie station for trains travelling to Sweden.

As of 2023, frequency of 6 trains per hour during rush hour had resumed, and trains are timetabled to wait 6 minutes at Malmö Hyllie where the Swedish police check ID of alighting passengers.

Rolling stock
 ET / X31K
The trains used are the fourth and latest generation of the IC3 family of multiple units, specifically designed for use in regional traffic in areas connected by the Øresund Line. They are electrically powered, and can run on both the Danish power supply () and the Swedish power supply (15 kV 16⅔ Hz AC). Named Contessa by its manufacturer Bombardier, they are designated Litra ET in Denmark and Littera X31K (where X means electric multiple unit, and K means allowed to go to Copenhagen) in Sweden. The chassis is manufactured entirely of stainless steel, painted in a light shade of gray. Roughly half of the trains are owned by DSB and the other half by Transdev.

They are multiple units manufactured by Bombardier Transportation in Kalmar, previously known as Kalmar Verkstad and later in Hennigsdorf by LEW Hennigsdorf.

Each trainset is 79 metres long and weighs about 157 tonnes. The trainset consists of three carriages, giving a weight of about 52 tonnes per unit. Eight of the train's 12 axles are powered, which gives good acceleration. The train's top speed is 180 km/h. Each train costs 67 million Swedish kronor (2006), equivalent to 22 million kronor per unit.

The trainset has a total of 237 seats (79 per carriage), of which some are in a low floor carriage in the middle.

The train type is nicknamed "Øresundstog / Öresundståg" (Danish / Swedish), but they are used not only for services on the Øresundståg network, but also for some local Scania traffic, for the DSB intercity trains Copenhagen-Ystad, and formerly for some of SJ's Copenhagen-Gothenburg intercity trains. Even though these other trains do not in fact form part of the Øresundståg network, they often referred to by that name. In the summertime they are nicknamed "the longest sauna in Sweden"'' due to inoperative climate control.

A refurbishment program, including new exterior paint jobs, refurbished seats and new toilet systems for the train sets was started in 2016. The first refurbished train set was entered into service on March 15 2018.

All trains are maintained at the Helgoland depot in Amager and since May 2020 also at a new purpose-built depot in Hässleholm.

X32
Due to a higher demand for comfort on the long-distance trains serving the line between Malmö and Ängelholm, SJ introduced the short-lived X32, a long-distance version of the X31. It had better comfort at the cost of less capacity. The second class section used seats from the first class section of the X31, while the first class section in the X32 used a more classic interior similar to the X2000 highspeed EMU. These trainsets entered service in 2006 and did not have permission to go to Denmark due to the interior being unsuitable for the commuter services in Denmark.
However, as more passengers started commuting between Denmark and Sweden, there was a need for extra trainsets so in 2007 all X32 were rebuilt into standard X31 sets.

References

External links
 Official Swedish website of Öresundståg

Railway coaches of Denmark
Øresund Line
Passenger rail transport in Denmark
Passenger rail transport in Sweden
Rail transport in the Capital Region of Denmark
Rail transport in Skåne County
International rail transport
Multiple units of Denmark
Multiple units of Sweden
SJ multiple units
Rail transport in the Øresund Region


Ongaku no Kodomo wa Mina Utau (音楽の子供はみな歌う All You Musical Kids, Sing) is the fourth album of the Japanese rock band Sambomaster.

Track listing

 Very special!! (Album Version)

 I Love You (Album Version)

Sambomaster albums
2008 albums


The Delaine Merino is a type of Merino sheep predominant in North America. It has fewer skin wrinkles than some types of Merino, but still has a fine, oily fleece that extends through the legs. They are hardy and long–lived, with an ability to thrive on the arid ranges of the Southwest United States.  This breed originated in Spain, and is raised primarily for wool production.

Delaine has become a most practical Merino sheep on the average farm and is especially adapted to range sheep production in the Western and Southwestern states. They are found throughout the United States at all altitudes. This particular breed is very common within Australia and New Zealand for wool production.

See also

 Debouillet sheep
 Delaine (cloth)

References

External links
 Delaine Merino at the American Sheep Industry Association

Sheep breeds originating in the United States
Sheep breeds