Michael Caine is an English actor who has appeared in over 130 films and has had multiple television appearances. Caine's acting career began in the 1950s, when he was cast in many small, often uncredited roles in British films. Caine gained recognition as one of the most famous actors of the 1960s through his breakthrough role in the film Zulu (1964). He then portrayed spy Harry Palmer in the films The Ipcress File (1965), Funeral in Berlin (1966) and Billion Dollar Brain (1967). He also had starring roles in The Italian Job and Battle of Britain (both 1969). His role in Sleuth (1972) led him to an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination. Caine has won a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for the films Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) and The Cider House Rules (1999). More recently, Caine has gained a new following through his collaborations with British-American filmmaker Christopher Nolan in The Dark Knight Trilogy films, as well as The Prestige (2006), Inception (2010), Interstellar (2014), Dunkirk (2017) and Tenet (2020). Caine officially retired from acting on October 2023.

Film

Television

Video games

Note: in The Italian Job (2001 video game), Caine's voice (as Charlie Croker) was impersonated by Phil Cornwell.

Box office ranking
At his peak, exhibitors voted Michael Caine one of the most popular stars at the box office:
1966 – 2nd (UK)
1967 – 15th (US)
1969 – 3rd (UK)
1970 – 8th (UK)
1971 – 4th (UK)

See also
 List of awards and nominations received by Michael Caine

References

External links

Male actor filmographies
British filmographies


Chirac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Combiers (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Geography
The Lizonne (locally called Nizonne) forms most of the commune's southern border.

Population

Sights
 Arboretum Jean Aubouin
The grandmontine priory of Rauzet

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Castelnau-d'Auzan (; Gascon: Castèthnau d'Eusan) is a former commune in the Gers department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Castelnau-d'Auzan-Labarrère.

Geography
A picturesque little village on the river Gélise on a crossing of roads,  east of the city of Condom in the Gers bounding the departments Lot-et-Garonne and the Landes. It benefits of a privileged situation on the fringe the Landes forest in the middle of an agreeable and fertile region. The village lies on the water parting between the Gélise and the Izaute and occupies the emplacement of an ancient castle.

The geographical situation is agreeable: the Atlantic coast on one side and on the other side the ski resorts of the south of France are by car only a distance of 145 km (2 h 15 min).

History
The name Castelnau d'Auzan means: "Château Neuf in the land of Éauzan". The castle disappeared, but here and there in the village some remains are still visible.

Sights
 Town hall.
 The arena for the course Landaise.
 Leisure area and its lake.
 Old Armagnac caves.
 Église Sainte Marie-Madeleine:
 In the centre of Castelnau, a neo Gothic church from the nineteenth century.
 Église Saint Jean de Béziey:
 A country side church from the eleventh century, well known by its miraculous source believed to cure illnesses of the eyes.
 Église Saint Martin d'Arèch:
 From the fifteenth century with a particular cylindrical bell-tower.
 Église de Rieupeyroux:
 A church in the countryside in the centre of Houeillères with a particular forged iron cross.
 Notre-Dame de Pibèque:
 A regional pilgrimage centre with a miraculous source. The splendid little church is a jewel and dates from the fifteenth century.

Population

The inhabitants are called Auzanais.

Like in other communes in rural France the canton had a decrease of population. In 1962, the canton had 5938 citizens. In 1999, there were only 4741, which represents a decrease of 20%. This decrease is still continuing.

This phenomenon started, as in many other rural areas during the War of 1914-1918. Many young men did not return home. Lack of manpower changed the once wealthy and healthy pastoral area in a region where the population and wealth both decreased.  New immigrants from Spain and Italy compensated partly the loss in population.

After the independence of Algeria, the French farmers and winemakers returning to France were encouraged to settle in the Gers.

All these waves of immigrants now are completely integrated.

Due to the changes in the rural economics the last decade agricultural land and farms were put on the market and sold to newcomers from the north of Europe, looking for an active countryside way of life.

Gradually immigration changed, nowadays retired people from the north European urban areas  come to the Gers in search of idyllic homes for their retirement.

Features
Castelnau-d'Auzan is surrounded by vineyards, smoothly undulating hills and here and there a nice little village. The setting and ambiance are perfect for promenades by foot or by bicycle, or a little play of golf on the splendid Golf de Guinlet, which is on five minutes distance of the village.

Because of its landscapes the Gers is now and then called the "Tuscany of France". The summers are long and warm; the winters are warm and short. In the neighborhood are numerous old castles, little medieval walled villages, small cities built around castles and "sacred" places, because the Way of St. James of Compostela and the Via Podiensis are going through the Gers and left their traces.

Close to the "place de la Mairie" with the pretty town hall you will find the oldest street of Castelnau the "rue du Canon". This spot survived everything, invasions, wars and whatever it dates from the fifteenth century.

Tourism and culture
Local associations develop numerous activities which make it possible to share the local passion for: the nature, good walking bicycling routes, traditional skittle and ball games quilles au maillet) and palet gascon; courses Landaises a daring and innocent game with wild cows; old fashioned battue hunting; local feasts; and gastronomy.

The leisure area offers during the summer holidays the children collective and individual games, trips in to the nature and theme days. The leisure area offers a wide range of amusement in a splendid green neighbourhood with swimming pool, children's pool and game zone, two tennis courts, a beach volleyball  court, a fitness circuit, a fishing lake of 3 hectares, pick-nick places and perfect walking and bicycle routes.

Castelnau d'Auzan is today a perfect place to be for a short or longer time. A lot of healthy occupations are possible, cultural and gastronomic trips and you simply can take a rest. The visit card of the region: a fine glass of Côtes de Gascogne, Saint-Mont or Madiran or if you like a Floc de Gascogne and a good conversation. With measure it also nice to consume a glass Armagnac, a good cassoulet, a typical confit de canard or a small piece of foie gras.

There are 2 campsites - the small, quiet Domaine Le Poteau which won French campsite of the year in 2021 and a municipal site.

Events
 Easter Monday: attic, antique and garage sale with course Landaise.
 The before last weekend of July:  local feasts with village dinners in the open air, attic sales and time-honoured skittle and ball games
 First weekend of August: feast in Arèch with open air dinner and ball and numerous attractions.
 Third weekend of August: feast in Houeillères with open air dinner and ball and numerous attractions.

Personalities
 Joseph Nicolas Barbeau Barran was a delegate in the National Convention and the Chambre des Cent Jours, born in Castelnau-d'Auzan in 1761, he  died in 1816 in Switzerland. At the trial of Louis XVI he voted guilty and for the death penalty. He was President of the Jacobin Club and an antagonist of Robespierre. At the second Restoration in 1816 he was, because of the assassination of the king, condemned to exile and he went to Switzerland.
 General Henri de Mibielle was born in Castelnau d'Auzan in 1841, died in 1910; his tomb is on the cemetery of Béziey.

Transportation
The village can easily be reached by car or train. Nearby rail stations are: Mont-de-Marsan (55 km - 1h00m), Agen (65 km - 1h05m) and Auch (70 km - 1h05m).

Three airports are in the neighbourhood: Toulouse (140 km - 2h10m), Bordeaux (150 km -1h50m) and Pau (100 km - 1h40m).

See also
Communes of the Gers department

References

External links

 Armagnac Baron de Sigognac
 Gulf of Guinlet

Castelnaudauzan
Populated places disestablished in 2016


František Ondříček (29 April 1857 – 12 April 1922) was a Czech violinist and composer.  He gave the first performance of the Violin Concerto by Antonín Dvořák, and his achievements were recognised by the rare award of honorary membership of the Philharmonic Society of London (now the Royal Philharmonic Society) in 1891.

His younger brother Karel Ondříček (b. 1865) for a while lead the orchestra of the National Theatre, Prague, and was to go on to have a successful musical career in the USA.

František Ondříček was born in Prague, the son of the violinist and conductor Jan Ondříček.  He studied at the Prague Conservatory under Antonín Bennewitz, and was then supported by Henryk Wieniawski through two years studying at the Paris Conservatoire with Lambert Massart.  He shared a first prize with Achille Rivarde.

He was the soloist in the first performance of Dvořák's Violin Concerto, Op. 53 in Prague on 14 October 1883, and performed it again in Vienna on 2 December.  In the late 1880s he settled in Vienna, where he taught.  He also published a technical treatise on violin technique in 1909.

After World War I, Ondříček returned to Prague, where he directed the violin masterclass at the Prague Conservatory.  Notable students include composer Karel Navrátil.  He died in Milan.

As well as being a highly regarded violinist, Ondříček was also a composer, his works including a set of Bohemian Dances Op. 3 for violin and piano composed in 1883, a Bohemian Rhapsody Op. 21 for violin and piano from 1906, and a String Quartet Op. 22 from 1907.  He also left cadenzas for several violin concertos, including those of Mozart and Brahms.

Selected works
Chamber music
 String Quartet in A major, Op. 22 (1905-1907)
 Romance in A major for cello and piano, Op. 2

Violin and piano
 Ballade in A major, Op. 1 (1877)
 Danses bohèmes (Bohemian Dances), Op. 3 (1883, published 1891)
 Fantasie on Motifs from the Opera "The Bartered Bride" by Bedřich Smetana, Op. 9 (1888)
 Barcarole in G major, Op. 10 (1890)
 Romance in D major, Op. 12 (1891)
 A la Canzona, Morceau de Concert, Op. 13 (1894)
 Vzpomínání (Sorrowful Rêverie), Op. 14 (published 1895); transcription of No. 6 from Antonín Dvořák's Poetické nálady, Op. 85
 Skočná, Czech Dance from the Opera The Bartered Bride by Bedřich Smetana, Op. 15 (published 1895)
 Fantasie on Motifs from the Opera "A Life for the Tsar" by Mikhail Glinka, Op. 16 (1889)
 Nocturno, Op. 17 (1900)
 Scherzo capriccioso in D minor, Op. 18 (1901)
 Rhapsodie bohème in E minor, Op. 21 (1906)
 Valse triste (1913)
 Ukolébavka (Lullaby) (1913)
 Idylka (published 1956); transcription of piano composition (Op. 7, No. 4, II) by Josef Suk
 Koncertní etuda (Concert Etude) in D major
 Koncertní etuda (Concert Etude) in E major

Piano
 Dumka (Elegie) (published 1907)

Pedagogical works
 Patnáct uměleckých etud (15 Artistic Etudes) for violin solo, or violin and piano (published 1912)
 Tägliche Übungen (Daily Exercises) for the Violinist (published 1909)
 Elementarschule des Violinspiels (Elementary School for the Violinist) (published 1910)
 Mittelstufe des Violinspiels (Intermediate School for the Violinist) (published 1909)
 Neue Methode zur Erlangung der Meistertechnik des Violinspiels (New Method for Acquiring the Master Technique of Violin Playing) (published 1909)

References

External links

1857 births
1922 deaths
Czech classical composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Musicians from Prague
Musicians from Austria-Hungary
Prague Conservatory alumni


Damian Squire (born 15 November 1973 in Adelaide, South Australia) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with  in the Australian Football League (AFL) and both North Adelaide and  in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). Squire is the step-brother of former  and  footballer Mark Jones.

Squire was a Port Adelaide Magpies supporter when he was growing up in the inner-northern Adelaide suburb of Broadview, but due to where he lived and played his junior football with the Broadview Tigers and Greenacres Dragons in the heart of North Adelaide's metropolitan zone (only 10 minutes from North's home Prospect Oval), he ended up playing for the Roosters in the SANFL.

Career
A half forward, Squire played 145 games for the Roosters between 1991 and 1998 establishing himself as one of the leading players in South Australia. In 1996 he signed with Port Adelaide for their first season in the AFL and was a member the Power's inaugural AFL side in 1997 against  at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, picking up four kicks and four handballs. After playing in a further four games and kicking four goals in the Power's inaugural season he was surprisingly delisted at the end of the season and returned full-time to the SANFL with North Adelaide with whom he had still played in 1997 when not selected for Port Adelaide.

In 1999 he left North Adelaide and joined Sturt to "experience something new" and went on to win successive Magarey Medals in 1999 and 2000, cementing his place among the all-time greats of the league and becoming the first Sturt player to win the medal in successive years. Squire was also the Double Blues' best and fairest winner in 1999 and 2005, joining such Double Blues greats as Paul Bagshaw, Rick Davies and Peter Motley in winning the award more than once.

As a 17-year-old rookie he missed a place in North Adelaide's premiership team in his debut season in 1991 as the Roosters were able to recall their Adelaide Crows (AFL) players who had played enough SANFL games in 1991 to qualify for the finals. He played his first SANFL Grand Final for Sturt in their 9-point loss to Port Adelaide in 1998, and was a member of the historic 2002 Sturt side which defeated defending premiers Central District by 47 points (13.14 (92) to 6.9 (45)) at AAMI Stadium to win the club's first flag since 1976.

Six days after the win, several of the club's players and support staff, including Squire, were celebrating the win at the Sari Club in Bali when the Bali bombing incident occurred. Sturt teammate Josh Deegan and club trainer Bob Marshall were killed in the blast. Squire was sitting at the bar with Marshall when the blast occurred, and told the grim news to Marshall's son when the team arrived back in Adelaide.

Squire retired from football at the end of the 2006 SANFL season having played 258 SANFL games, 145 for North and 113 for Sturt, and kicking 290 goals. He also played 5 AFL games for Port Adelaide, kicking 4 goals. As a result of his 258 SANFL games, Squire is a member of the SANFL 200 Club.

Damian Squire was assistant coach of the struggling Division 1 A Grade side Broadview Football Club alongside Mark Kemp and former Adelaide Crows player Wayne Weidemann. Damien moved with Weidemann to coach the Walkerville Football Club for the 2017 season and was reappointed for the 2018 season.

Representative career
Damian Squire represented South Australia seven times in Interstate Football and in 2003 was given the honor of captaining his state to a 17.16 (118) to 8.10 (58) win against Western Australia at the Fremantle Oval in Perth.

References

External links

Profile at Australian Football

1973 births
Living people
Port Adelaide Football Club players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Sturt Football Club players
North Adelaide Football Club players
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from South Australia


UsiXML (USer Interface eXtensible Markup Language) is an XML-based markup language for defining user interfaces on computers.

UsiXML is a specification language for user interface design. It allows the designer to describe a user interface at different levels of abstraction. In other words, you can specify a UI in terms of: functionality (task analysis), the object it manipulates, or in a more concrete way, user interface.

The UsiXML language is currently being submitted for a standardisation plan to the W3C.

Another work with the same purpose is UIML.

Tool support
There are plenty of tools that can be found for UsiXML.
They include: a translator from UsiXML specification to Flash (FlashiXML), a tool for drawing/sketching user interfaces (SketchiXML), a tool for task analysis (idealXML).

References

External links
 UsiXML Project WebSite

Open standards
User interface markup languages


Armitage Park (which has reverted to an earlier name of Hawkesyard Hall) is a  19th-century Grade II listed country house at Armitage near Rugeley, Staffordshire.

History
The land at Armitage was purchased by Nathaniel Lister, (poet and author, Member of Parliament for Clitheroe and uncle of Baron Ribblesdale)  following his marriage to Martha Fletcher a Lichfield heiress and he built the house in the Gothic Revival style about 1760.

Mary Spode, Mother of Josiah Spode IV, bought the property Circa 1838 and the house was much altered and extended by her in 1839. Josiah Spode IV was High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1850.

On Spode's death in 1893 the property was left to his niece Helen Gulson who had a vision of Mary in the gardens of the Hall. This vision led to the building of the Church at Hawkesyard with the Altar being placed on the very spot where Mary was seen. Helen Gulson left the Hall, Church and grounds to the Dominican Order and moved into a property in the Halls grounds which became known as Gulson House.

Hawkesyard became the first Roman Catholic conference centre in the United Kingdom under the guidance of Fr. Conrad Pepler. In the 1990s the Priory and dorms were converted into a nursing home. The nursing home is trading as Hawksyard Priory Nursing Home Limited and is registered for a maximum of 106 residents under a CQC registration.

When the Dominicans left in 1988 the Hall fell into a state of disrepair and was boarded up.

In 1999 the Hall and gardens were purchased by Relaine Estates Limited who were determined to return the building and surrounding grounds to their former glory. The Company decided to use the original name of Hawkesyard and set about the restoration of the building, partly by using photographs from Shugborough Hall's collection. The transformation of the Hall and outer buildings were completed in 2007.

Hawkesyard Hall and its grounds are now primarily used as a Weddings, Conference and Events venue.

References
   Images of England: Spode House
 Burke's History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Volume 1 (1835) p 219
 A guide and history of Hawkesyard Priory and Spode House, Rugeley, Staffordshire by Columba Ryan

External links
   Hawkesyard Hall Website

Grade II listed buildings in Staffordshire
Houses completed in 1760


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1871 were elections for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred on September 6, 1871. Republicans gained both Democratic districts.

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

See also
42nd United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
United States House of Representatives elections, 1870

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1871
California United States House of Representatives
1871 United States House of Representatives elections


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1868 were elections for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 3, 1868. California's delegation remained at two Democrats and one Republican.

Results

District 1

District 2

District 3

See also
41st United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
United States House of Representatives elections, 1868

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1868
California
United States House of Representatives


The Jurong Reptile Park (also known as Jurong Reptile and Crocodile Paradise) was a  reptile zoo located within the Boon Lay Planning Area of the Jurong district in Singapore. It was the largest reptile park in Asia.

The reptile park sponsored the S.League Jurong Football Club until 2003.

Animals and exhibits
The park had a collection of more than 50 species of reptiles including crocodiles, Komodo dragons, anacondas, pythons, king cobras, and tortoises, almost half of which were venomous. It included a walk-through iguana enclosure, a footbridge over a collection of hundreds of crocodiles, an underwater observation gallery, and the Cavern of Darkness, which simulated nighttime for the crocodiles, including Asian tropical jungle sounds.

There were crocodile feeding sessions and reptile shows. Visitors could have their pictures taken with snakes and other reptiles and reptile skin products could be purchased in the showroom.

Closure

The Jurong Reptile Park was the largest reptile park in Singapore when it was closed in 2006 because of other more popular zoos in Singapore such as Jurong Bird Park (a short walk across the parking lot) and the Singapore Zoo. The site is now occupied by The Village @ Jurong Hill.

See also

Notes

Zoos in Singapore
Tourist attractions in Singapore
Boon Lay
Former zoos
Zoos disestablished in 2006
2006 disestablishments in Singapore


Aguleri is a medium-sized town located within the Anambra Valley in the southeastern quadrant of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, which is a country on the west coast of Africa. Aguleri is the largest town in the Anambra North local government area of Anambra State in Nigeria, bordered by Umueri, Anam, and Nando in the west; Anaku, Omor, Ifite Ogwari, Igbakwu, and Umueje in the east; Iggah, Ojjor, Asaba, and Ogwurugwu communities of Uzo Uwani lga in Enugu state in the south; and in the north, it borders Obele, Odeke, and Eshonwa communities of Ibaji lga in Kogi state. Census figures put the population of Aguleri at close to 900,000 people. Aguleri has a landmass of about 380 square kilometers.

The ruling family of Aguleri is Idigo. Their dynasty has lasted over 10 decades. The name of their current king is Engr. Chuka Idigo.

History
Oral tradition history traces the origin of Aguleri to a man named Eri. Eri settled at the bank of the river where he made an altar of onyx at the confluence of Ezu na Omabala rivers. Due to annual flooding of the place Eri moved upland to Eri-aka near odanduli stream and finally to  where he erected Obu Uga (Obu-Gad). Eri had the following children 1. Agulu (Aguleri) 2. Attah 3. Oba 4. Menri 5. Adamgbo (Iguedo the only daughter of Eri). All the children of Eri lived together with their father in Aguleri until after the death of Eri when his sons scattered in different places where they are founder of different kingdoms. Attah the second son of Eri left and founded Igala kingdom while Oba moved to found Benin kingdom. Menri later left Aguleri where he founded Nri kingdom. Eri first son Agulu-eri (Aguleri) remained behind and inherited his father's land and expanded the kingdom. Aguleri married three wives namely Ada, Omali and Eke and had four sons namely 1. Ivite 2. Igboezunu 3. Enugwu. 4. Eziagulu.

Note: Ada the first wife did not conceived on time, Agulu (Aguleri) had to marry Omali (second wife) who conceived and bore him a son called Ivite (first son). God remember Ada the first wife of Agulu (Aguleri) and she conceived and bore a son called Igboezunu (second son). Agulu (Aguleri) had to marry the third wife Eke who God blessed with two sons namely Enugwu (third son) and Eziagulu (fourth son). This three wives of Aguleri formed Akwukwonato.

Villages
Aguleri is currently subdivided into three main quarters: Igboezunu, Ivite, and Enugwu na Eziagulu (Ugwu na adegbe) with component families replicated both in Aguleri Uno and Aguleri Otu.

In the Igbo culture, inheritance of property is based on the order of birth—the first child is always first to choose property. Hence, the villages in Aguleri are: Homeland (Enuobodo), Igboezunu-otu, Ivite-otu, Eziagulu-otu, and Enugu-otu, riverine or Aguleri-otu, located on the lower part of the Omambala.

New settlements called Ndi-Uka (Mbito) which belongs to Egbeagu village in Eziagulu Aguleri, where the early Roman Catholic missionaries first settled before spreading the gospel to hinterland. Today Amaeze (Otuocha), now exists as the urban area of Aguleri.

The Aguleri soil is very fertile. Farmers cultivate different kinds of food crops, both for commercial and subsistence purposes. Aguleri is known as the food basket of Anambra State.

Culture and Festivals
Aguleri, as a historical city, has many cultural events and places adorned with festivities and cultural monuments, including Agbanabo Ezu na Omabala, Ajana Ukwu, Ugwu Ogodo, Ovilivo sacred spring water, and many other historical sites dotted across all sections of ancient city of Aguleri. Aguleri hosts many festivals, notably amongst them is the Alo Mmuo  (New Yam Festival, also known as Ivejioku festival), Igba Ada festival which all parts of the town participates and various masquerades entertain every body. The Ovalla festival attracts all sorts of activities and celebrations which Aguleri residents hold in the highest esteem. Olili Obibia Eri, is a festival that holds in seventh native month, in celebration of Eri, the father of Aguleri and Igbo race, other festivals includes Uta Oba which is celebrated only by title men, Akwali festival, Oluta Festival and Nzideana festival which is used to mark the end of seasonal flood and user in the new farming season.

In the average home of any Aguleri citizen, they usually keep kola nuts, garden egg and peanut butter in their house in case any stranger or visitor should visit their home. Every visitation to their home begins with the offering of the kola nuts to the visitor. The kola nut is indicating that the visitor is very much welcomed. The ritual of the offering of kola nut is inspired with the giving in prayers and blessing or lobby to the supreme God (Chukwu) and other deities, for the protection of the visitor and the host. It seems to be a custom to the people of Aguleri in any of their traditional ceremonies.
The Ovala festival is a royal festival celebrated on the first Eke market day of the year. It attracts dignitaries from all walks of life. Neighboring village heads also visit to pay homage to the Igwe of Aguleri on this day.

Infrastructure

The community constructs majority of the town's public basic infrastructure. Ivite Aguleri Primary Health Care, Aguleri Town Hall, St Joseph Memorial High School Aguleri, Justice Chinwuba Memorial Secondary School Aguleri, Willie Obiano Secondary School Enugwu Aguleri, Col. Mike Attah Secondary School Aguleri, Postal Agency, Aguleri Community Bank, Nkwo Igboezunu Market, Eke UgwunaAdagbe Market, Good Evening

Access Bank, Odene Aguleri Head Bridge, Aguleri High Court and Judges quarters, 54 Squadron Mobile Police Force, Aguleri barracks, Aguleri Civic Center, Aguleri Regional Water Scheme, Orient Staff Residential Quarters, and other facilities are owned by the adjacent community.

Michael Tansi Memorial Secondary School, Aguleri is owned by the Onitsha Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Mission.

References

 Isichei, Elizabeth Allo (1997). A History of African Societies to 1870 . Cambridge University Press.  .
 Prince R A Chikwenze. Aguleri the pivot of the Bani-Isa'al (the Igbo) in Nigeria.

External links

 Aguleri Foundation North America

Populated places in Anambra State


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1867 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred on September 6, 1867 for the 40th Congress. The Democrats gained two districts from the Republicans.

Results

District 1

District 2

District 3

See also
40th United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
United States House of Representatives elections, 1866

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1867
California United States House of Representatives
1867 California elections


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1864 were elections for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1864. California's all-Republican delegation was unchanged.  This was the first election in which California was divided into districts.  Formerly, all three seats were elected at-large.

Results

District 1

District 2

District 3

See also
39th United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
United States House of Representatives elections, 1864

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1864
California United States House of Representatives
1864 California elections


KBLL (99.5 MHz) is an FM radio station licensed to serve Helena, Montana. Owned by Kevin Terry, through licensee The Montana Radio Company, LLC, it broadcasts a classic country format branded as 99.5 The Bull.

Ownership
In April 2004, a deal was reached for KBLL-FM to be acquired by Cherry Creek Radio from Holter Broadcasting Corp. (Jann Holter-Lambert, president) as part of a 2 station deal with a total reported sale price of $2.8 million.

On April 5, 2017, Montana Radio Company announced that it would acquire Cherry Creek Media's Helena stations. Following the completion of the purchase on July 28, 2017, KBLL-FM re-aligned its format to include more classic country material to differentiate it from new sister station KIMO.

References

External links
99.5 The Bull Facebook

BLL
Radio stations established in 1979
1979 establishments in Montana
Classic country radio stations in the United States


(1544–1581) was a Japanese daimyō of the Sengoku period, who ruled a region in southern Higo Province.

In the Siege of Minamata Castle, Sagara Yoshihi was guarded the Castle with 700 soldiers, it was a short siege of the castle of Minamata. Minamata was the entry point for the Ōtomo lands in Higo province.
When Shimazu Iehisa encamped near the castle with 115,000 men, Yoshihi was forced to surrender.

Later, Yoshihi was killed in a surprise attack by Kai Soun's army in the Battle of Hibikinohara.

Yoshihi descendants were eventually confirmed in Hitoyoshi Domain, and remained daimyō until the Meiji Restoration.

References

Daimyo
1544 births
1581 deaths
Sagara clan


Yuki Saito may refer to:

, Japanese singer-songwriter, actress, essayist and poet
, Japanese baseball pitcher for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp
, Japanese baseball pitcher for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters


is a retired judoka who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics.

Biography
After graduating from Tenri University, Ninomiya entered the Shoki Juku under the instruction of Isao Okano. He joined the Fukuoka Prefecture police force in April 1972, and placed third in the All-Japan Judo Championships that year. He won a gold medal in the heavyweight division of the Asian Judo Championships in 1970 and the open weight division of the 1973 World Championships held in Lausanne, Switzerland by defeating future Olympic gold medalist Haruki Uemura. He won a silver medal at the 1975 World Championships and won the All-Japan Judo Championships for the first time in 1976 to qualify for the 1976 Summer Olympics. However, the Japanese Olympic team had already decided on Haruki Uemura and Sumio Endo as the representatives for the Openweight and Heavyweight divisions, and Ninomiya was forced to enter the competition as a half heavyweight (93 kg), shedding over 7 kg from his usual competitive weight. Regardless, Ninomiya used his long reach and height (at 6 ft. 2 in., he was considerably tall for a half heavyweight) to become the first Japanese judoka to win a gold medal in the half heavyweight division. He remains the only Japanese judoka to have won an Olympic medal in that division, aside from Kosei Inoue.

Ninomiya retired after competing in the 1978 Jigoro Kano Cup along with Isamu Sonoda. He and Sonoda were rivals and friends for over 30 years, having been born on the same year, entered the same police force, competed in the same World Championships and Olympics, and having retired at the same time. After serving as an advisor for several local and prefectural level judo committees, he became a judo instructor at the Nishinippon Institute of Technology in 2007.

See also
 List of judoka
 List of Olympic medalists in judo

References

Ninomiya joined under Isao Okano's instruction in the Dojo called "Seiki Juku."

External links

1946 births
Living people
Japanese male judoka
Judoka at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka for Japan
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Sportspeople from Fukuoka (city)
Olympic medalists in judo
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Universiade medalists in judo
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 1967 Summer Universiade


The 1973 Rose Bowl was the 59th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Monday, January 1. It matched the undefeated and top-ranked USC Trojans of the Pacific-8 Conference with the #3 Ohio State Buckeyes of the Big Ten Conference.

USC running back Sam Cunningham scored four touchdowns in the second half and was named the  Player of the Game, as the favored Trojans won  They were unanimous national champions in both major polls, the first time in college football history. (The final UPI Coaches Poll was released prior to the bowl games, in early December.)

The attendance of 106,869 set the stadium record, as well as the NCAA bowl game record.

Teams

The national championship was on the line for #1 USC, and likely #3 Ohio State. Although #2 Oklahoma already had defeated Penn State in the Sugar Bowl on New Year's Eve to finish their season  a convincing win in the Rose Bowl for the Buckeyes might well have swayed the voters to put Ohio State at #1.

USC

The USC Trojans won all eleven games in the 1972 regular season. Their opener against #4 Arkansas propelled them to the top of the polls, where they remained throughout the season. They had help from new head coach Pepper Rodgers' UCLA Bruins, who had defeated #1 Nebraska to start the season, led by junior college transfer quarterback Mark Harmon. The Trojans' closest contest was a  defeat of #15 Stanford. In the UCLA–USC rivalry game with the Rose Bowl on the line for both teams, the Bruins were outmatched by the Trojans  USC then soundly defeated Notre Dame  behind the six touchdowns of Anthony Davis. Quarterbacking duties were shared by Mike Rae and Pat Haden.  The Trojans were favored by two touchdowns in this  the first of three consecutive appearances, all against Ohio State.

Ohio State

This was the first year that freshmen were eligible for varsity football in the University Division (now FBS) due to the NCAA rescinding an earlier rule, and it was the first of four Rose Bowl appearances for freshman Archie Griffin. Ohio State had one loss at Michigan State,  on November 11. USC had demolished the Spartans  only five weeks earlier in a night game at the Coliseum. Against rival Michigan, the Rose Bowl was on the line for both teams; the Big Ten had rescinded its long-standing "no repeat" rule, so Michigan was eligible to play in the Rose Bowl for a second straight year, and the unbeaten Wolverines were a slight favorite over the Buckeyes in Columbus.  However, Ohio State used a defensive goal line stand in the first half and another in the second half to beat #3 Michigan  The Buckeyes and Wolverines shared the Big Ten title, and the conference's athletic directors voted to give Ohio State the Rose Bowl bid.  Because the Big Ten and Pac-8 did not yet permit teams to play in any postseason game except the Rose Bowl, the Wolverines stayed at home. The two conferences allowed multiple bowl teams starting with the 1975 season.

Game summary
At the half, the score was tied at seven. USC running back Sam Cunningham exploded for four touchdowns in the second half and Anthony Davis added another as the Trojans coasted to a 32-point lead. Ohio State scored a touchdown in the last minute and the final score was  It was the fourth consecutive win for the Pac-8, but that streak ended in the next year's rematch.

Scoring

First quarter
USC – Lynn Swann 10-yard pass from Mike Rae (Rae kick), 1:30

Second quarter
OSU – Randy Keith 1-yard run (Blair Conway kick), 13:37

Third quarter
USC – Sam Cunningham 2-yard run (Rae kick), 12:18
OSU – Conway 21-yard field goal, 8:11
USC – Anthony Davis 20-yard run (Rae kick), 5:51
USC – Cunningham 1-yard run (Rae kick), 1:25

Fourth quarter
USC – Cunningham 1-yard run (Rae kick), 9:10
USC – Cunningham 1-yard run (Rae kick), 5:13
OSU – John Bledsoe 5 run (Conway kick), 0:34

Statistics
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Statistics !!OhioState  !!   USC
|-
| align=left|First downs || 21|| 24
|-
| align=left|Rushes–yards|| 62–285|| 45–207
|-
| align=left|Passing yards || 81|| 244
|-
| align=left|Passes || 5–11–2 || 19–27–0
|-
| align=left|Total yards || 366|| 451
|-
| align=left|Punts–average || 5–36|| 4–41
|-
| align=left|Fumbles–lost ||2–1|| 2–1
|-
| align=left|Turnovers by|| 3|| 1
|-
| align=left|Penalties–yards ||2–7|| 6–48
|}

Aftermath

Rose Bowl records
Cunningham set three modern Rose Bowl records with four touchdowns in his final college football game. As of 2008, the records for touchdowns, rushing touchdowns and points scored have been matched by Eric Ball (1986), Ron Dayne (1999), and Vince Young (2006).

A Rose Bowl record for most points in a half at 45 was set in the second half (USC 35, Ohio State 10). This was later tied in 1999 (Wisconsin 24, UCLA 21) and surpassed by USC and Texas with 53 points in the second half in 2006.

The record attendance of this year was later approached, but never be matched again in the Rose Bowl. In 1998, the Rose Bowl stadium was renovated and had its seating capacity reduced, and was no longer the largest football stadium in the United States. As of the 2008 Rose Bowl game, the Rose Bowl game still draws the largest crowds of any post-season college football contest.

Ohio State–USC
This was the first of three Ohio State-USC matchups in the Rose Bowl in the 1970s. It was the first of four consecutive Rose Bowl appearances for the Buckeyes under head coach Woody Hayes and two-time Heisman trophy winner Archie Griffin. Prior to the game contest, Hayes pushed a camera into the face of a local news  screaming, "That'll take care of you, you son of a bitch." Hayes was ejected and left California with a subpoena.   won the rematch the following year, the sole Rose Bowl victory for the Big Ten in the 1970s.

NFL players
The 1972 Trojans had 33 players selected in the next several NFL Drafts, including five first-round selections: Charle Young, Sam Cunningham, Pete Adams, Lynn Swann, and Steve Riley. The 1972 Trojan team was named one of the best teams of the Twentieth century. The Buckeyes had eight eventual NFL first round selections: Tim Fox, Archie Griffin, Kurt Schumacher, Doug France, Neal Colzie, John Hicks, Rick Middleton, and Randy Gradishar

Legacy
Sports announcer Keith Jackson identified the 1972 USC Trojans as the greatest team he ever saw. Sportswriter Beano Cook placed them at third of his all time teams on the basis of that assertion. The Sporting News ranked the 1972 Trojans in their top 25 greatest teams.

Quotes
"I never saw any team that could beat them," USC head coach John McKay said.

Washington State head coach Jim Sweeney disagreed. "USC's not the No. 1 team in the country," said Sweeney, whose Cougars endured a  to the Trojans. "The [1972] Miami Dolphins are better."

References

Bibliography

University of Southern California football media guide. (PDF copy available at www.usctrojans.com)
Ohio State University football media guide. (PDF copy available at www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com)
College Football's Twenty-Five Greatest Teams: The Sporting News.

Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl Game
Ohio State Buckeyes football bowl games
USC Trojans football bowl games
January 1973 sports events in the United States
Rose Bowl


The 1879 Providence Grays won the National League title in only their second season in the league.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1879 Providence Grays season at Baseball Reference

Providence Grays seasons
Providence Grays season
National League champion seasons
Providence


Poland participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song "For Life" written and performed by Isis Gee. The Polish broadcaster Telewizja Polska (TVP) organised the national final Piosenka dla Europy 2008 in order to select the Polish entry for the 2008 contest in Belgrade, Serbia. The national final took place on 23 February 2008 and featured twelve entries. "For Life" performed by Isis Gee was selected as the winner after gaining the most points following the combination of votes from a four-member jury panel and a public vote.

Poland was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 20 May 2008. Performing during the show in position 10, "For Life" was announced among the top 10 entries of the second semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 14 May. This marked the first time that Poland qualified to the final of the Eurovision Song Contest from a semi-final since the introduction of semi-finals in 2004. It was later revealed that Poland placed tenth out of the 19 participating countries in the semi-final with 42 points. In the final, Poland performed in position 10 and placed twenty-fourth out of the 25 participating countries, scoring 14 points.

Background
Prior to the 2008 Contest, Poland had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest twelve times since its first entry in 1994. Poland's highest placement in the contest, to this point, has been second place, which the nation achieved with its debut entry in 1994 with the song "To nie ja!" performed by Edyta Górniak. Poland has only, thus far, reached the top ten on one other occasion, when Ich Troje performing the song "Keine Grenzen – Żadnych granic" finished seventh in 2003. Between 2005 and 2006, Poland failed to qualify from the semi-final round, once again failing to qualify to the final in 2007 with their entry "Time to Party" performed by the Jet Set.

The Polish national broadcaster, Telewizja Polska (TVP), broadcasts the event within Poland and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. TVP confirmed Poland's participation in the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest on 8 November 2007. Since 2006, TVP organised televised national finals that featured a competition among several artists and songs in order to select the Polish entry for the Eurovision Song Contest, a selection procedure that continued for their 2008 entry.

Before Eurovision

Piosenka dla Europy 2008
Piosenka dla Europy 2008 was the national final organised by TVP in order to select the Polish entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. The show took place on 23 February 2008 at the Studio 5 of TVP in Warsaw, hosted by Katarzyna Sowińska and Radosław Brzózka. A combination of public televoting and jury voting selected the winner. The show was broadcast on TVP1 and TVP Polonia as well as streamed online at the broadcaster's website tvp.pl. The national final was watched by 2.7 million viewers in Poland with a market share of 26%.

Competing entries
TVP opened a submission period for interested artists and songwriters to submit their entries between 30 November 2007 and 2 January 2008. Only artists that had either released an album or single with national radio airplays, had competed in at least one professional song contest or music festival at a national level, or had a valid contract with a record company or a professional concert agency were eligible to compete. The broadcaster received 100 submissions at the closing of the deadline. A nine-member selection committee selected ten entries from the received submissions to compete in the national final, while TVP selected an additional three entries to compete as wildcards. The selection committee consisted of Piotr Klatt (musician, songwriter, journalist and music producer at TVP and artistic director of the Opole Festival), Paweł Sztompkę (journalist, music critic and editorial director of music at Polish Radio), Artur Orzech (Eurovision commentator, radio and television journalist and presenter), Magda Czapińska (songwriter), Zuzanna Łapicka (Head of Entertainment of TVP1), Agata Krysiak (editor at the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry), Ryszard Poznakowski (singer and composer), Robert Obcowski (composer and producer) and Tomasz Deszczyński (President of OGAE Poland). The selected entries were announced on 7 January 2008, while the wildcards were announced on 8 February 2008. Among the competing artists was Sandra Oxenryd, who represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2006.

On 11 January 2008, "Kiełbasa", written and to have been performed by Krzysztof Zalewski, was disqualified from the national final as the song had been released before 1 October 2007 and replaced with the song "Do Something" performed by Plastic. On 15 February, "Noc kupaly", written by Robert Wasilewski and to have been performed by Zywiolak, was disqualified from the national final as the song had been performed before 1 October 2007. The competing artists were required to submit a promotional video for their song to TVP by 28 January 2008.

Final
The televised final took place on 23 February 2008. Twelve entries competed and the winner, "For Life" performed by Isis Gee, was determined by a 50/50 combination of votes from a four-member professional jury and a public vote. The jury consisted of Maryla Rodowicz (singer), Janusz Kosiński (journalist), Paweł Sztompke (journalist, music critic and editorial director of music at Polish Radio) and Adrian Stanisławski (member of OGAE Poland). In addition to the performances of the competing entries, singer Natalia Kukulska opened the show with her song "Sexy Flexi", while Kukulska and singers Bartosz Królik, In-Grid and Stachursky performed as the interval acts.

Promotion
Isis Gee made several appearances across Europe to specifically promote "For Life" as the Polish Eurovision entry. On 2 March, Isis Gee performed during the presentation show of the 2008 Bosnian Eurovision entry, BH Eurosong 2008. On 25 April, Gee performed during the UK Eurovision Eurovision Party, which was held at the Scala Club in London, United Kingdom. Isis Gee completed promotional activities in Ireland where she performed during the RTÉ One talk show The Late Late Show on 6 May.

At Eurovision
It was announced in September 2007 that the competition's format would be expanded to two semi-finals in 2008. According to the rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top nine songs from each semi-final as determined by televoting progress to the final, and a tenth was determined by back-up juries. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 28 January 2008, an allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals. Poland was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 20 May 2008. The running order for the semi-finals was decided through another draw on 17 March 2008 and Poland was set to perform in position 10, following the entry from Norway and before the entry from Ireland.

The two semi-finals and the final were broadcast in Poland on TVP1 and TVP Polonia with commentary by Artur Orzech. The Polish spokesperson, who announced the Polish votes during the final, was Radek Brzózka.

Semi-final

Isis Gee took part in technical rehearsals on 12 and 15 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 19 and 20 May. The Polish performance featured Isis Gee performing in a long light blue dress flanked by a pianist on one side of the stage and four violinists on the other. The stage LED screens displayed white and light blue colours with the performance also featuring smoke effects. The musicians that joined Gee on stage were: Adam Gołębiowski (pianist), Beata Lapuk (violinist), Jona Ardyn (violinist), Małgorzata Liberska (violinist) and Patrycja Kawecka (violinist).

At the end of the show, Poland was announced as having finished among the ten qualifying countries and subsequently qualifying for the grand final. This marked the first time that Poland qualified to the final of the Eurovision Song Contest from a semi-final since the introduction of semi-finals in 2004. It was later revealed that Poland placed tenth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 42 points.

Final
The draw for the running order for the final was done by the presenters during the announcement of the ten qualifying countries during the semi-final and Poland was drawn to perform in position 10, following the entry from Croatia and before the entry from Iceland. Isis Gee once again took part in dress rehearsals on 23 and 24 May before the final and Gee performed a repeat of her semi-final performance during the final on 24 May. Poland placed twenty-fourth in the final, scoring 14 points.

Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Poland and awarded by Poland in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Armenia in the semi-final and the final of the contest.

Points awarded to Poland

Points awarded by Poland

References

2008
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008
Eurovision
Eurovision


The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Riga is an archdiocese administered from the capital city of Riga in Latvia. Its cathedral is Svētā Jēkaba Katedrāle. It is a metropolitan archdiocese which also helps to administer three suffragan dioceses in the Ecclesiastical province of Riga in Latvia.

History
 1186: Established as Diocese of Üxküll
 1 October 1188: Designated a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, Germany
 1202: Renamed as Diocese of Riga
 20 January 1255: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Riga
 1561: Suppressed
 22 September 1918: Restored as Diocese of Riga from territory of Vidzeme, Latgale, and Estonia
 9 June 1920: Added territory of Courland and Zemgale from Diocese of Samogitia
 25 October 1923: Promoted as Archdiocese of Riga
 1 November 1924: Lost territory to new Apostolic Administration of Estonia
 8 May 1937: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Riga; lost territory to new Diocese of Liepāja
 2 December 1995: Lost territory to new Diocese of Rēzekne–Aglona

Bishops, Apostolic Administrators and Archbishops of Riga (Roman rite)

Archdiocese of Riga
Elevated:  1252
Suppressed: 1540
Albert Suerber, O.P. (1253 – 1273 Died)
Juan de Luna (17 May 1274 – 1286 Died)
Jens Grand (30 Mar 1302 – 1304 Resigned)
Johann Walenrode (27 Sep 1393 – 30 May 1418 Appointed, Archbishop (Personal Title) of Liège)
Johann Abundi (11 Jul 1418 – 1424 Died)
Silvester Stodewescher (09 Oct 1448 – 12 Jul 1479)
Michael Hildebrand (4 Jun 1484 – 5 Feb 1509 Died)
Jasper Linde (23 May 1509 – 29 Jun 1524)

Diocese of Riga
Erected: 22 September 1918
Bishop Eduard O’Rourke (29 Sep 1918 – 10 Apr 1920)
Bishop Antonijs Springovičs (14 Apr 1920 – 25 Oct 1923) (As Bishop of Riga)

Archdiocese of Riga
Elevated: 25 October 1923
Archbishop Antonijs Springovičs (25 Oct 1923 – 1 Oct 1958) (As Archbishop of Riga)
Bishop Pēteris Strods (1 Oct 1958 – 5 Aug 1960) (Apostolic Administrator)
Cardinal Julijans Vaivods (10 Nov 1964 – 24 May 1990) (Apostolic Administrator)
Bishop Jānis Cakuls (23 May 1990 – 8 May 1991) (Apostolic Administrator)
Cardinal Jānis Pujats (8 May 1991 – 19 Jun 2010)
Archbishop Zbigņevs Stankevičs (19 Jun 2010 – )

Suffragan dioceses
 Jelgava
 Liepāja
 Rēzekne-Aglona

See also
Roman Catholicism in Latvia
Concordat of 1922

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

References

Roman Catholic dioceses in Latvia
Christian organizations established in 1918
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
1918 establishments in Europe


Fuji (), also colloquially known as "Chinese Ouija", is a method of "planchette writing", or "spirit writing", that uses a suspended sieve or tray to guide a stick which writes Chinese characters in sand or incense ashes.

Development
Beginning around the Ming dynasty (1368 – 1644), the fuji method and written characters changed from  "support the sieve" (spirit-writing using a suspended sieve or winnowing tray) to   "support the planchette" (directing a stick or stylus, typically made from a willow or peach branch, and roughly resembling a dowsing-rod).

Vocabulary
Chinese fuji spirit-writing involves some specialized vocabulary. Luan () "a mythical phoenix-like bird" is used in synonyms such as  (, "support the phoenix"),  ( "flying phoenix," and  (, "descending phoenix"). The fuji process involves specialized participants. The two people (or rarely one) who hold the sieve or stylus are called  (, "planchette hands"), only one of whom is ostensibly possessed by a shen (, "spirit; god") or xian (, "immortal; transcendent"). Their assistants include a pingsha (, "level sand") who smooths out the  (, "sand table"), a  (, "planchette reader") who interprets the characters, and a  (, "planchette copyist") who records them. Jiwen (, "planchette writing") is a general reference to texts produced through Chinese fuji spirit-writing.

Folk history
Spirit-writing has a long history in Chinese folk religion, and is first recorded (Chao 1942:12) during the Liu Song dynasty (420-479 CE). Fuji planchette-writing became popular during the Song dynasty (960-1279), when authors like Shen Kuo and Su Shi associated its origins with summoning Zigu (, "Purple Maiden"), the Spirit of the Latrine. Fuji divination flourished during the Ming dynasty, and the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1522–1566) built a special jitan (, "planchette altar") in the Forbidden City (Despeux 2007:428). Although the practice of fuji planchette-writing was prohibited by the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) Legal Code, it has continued and is currently practiced at Daoist temples in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Malaysia as well as folk shrines in Mainland China. Planchette writing is also mentioned in translations of the Golden Flower meditation manual that is used in modern practice in the United States as well.

Uses
Fuji is particularly associated with the Quanzhen School of Daoism. The Daozang "Daoist Canon" contains several scriptures supposedly written through spirit-writing. Two examples are the Zitong dijun huashu (, "Book of Transformations of the Divine Lord of Zitong").

See also
Automatic writing
Chinese fortune telling
 Chinese spiritual world concepts
Fenghuang
I Ching divination
Jiaobei
Jailangkung
Kau chim
Kokkuri
Omikuji
Ouija
Poe divination
Thoughtography
Tongji – medium or oracle in Chinese folk religion
Tung Shing – Chinese divination guide and almanac
The Secret of the Golden Flower

References

Further reading
de Groot, J.J.M. 1910. "Spirit-Writing, and other Oracular Work", in The Religious System of China, 6:1295-1316, E.J. Brill.
Wilhelm, Richard. 1931. The Secret of the Golden Flower: A Chinese Book of Life. Harcourt Brace.
Jordan, David K. and Daniel L. Overmyer. 1986. The Flying Phoenix: Aspects of Chinese Sectarianism in Taiwan. Princeton University Press.
Russel, Terence C. 1990. "Chen Tuan at Mount Huangbo: A Spirit-writing Cult in Late Ming China", Asiatische Studien/Études Asiatiques 44.1:107-140.
Kleeman, Terry F. 1994. A God's Own Tale: The Book of Transformations of Wenchang, the Divine Lord of Zitong. State University of New York Press.
Lang, Graeme and Lars Ragvald. 1998. "Spirit-writing and the Development of Chinese Cults", Sociology of Religion 59.4:309-328.
Clart, Phillip. 2003. "Moral Mediums: Spirit-Writing and the Cultural Construction of Chinese Spirit-Mediumship", Ethnologies 25.1:153-190.
Despeux, Catherine. 2007. "Fuji  planchette writing; spirit writing," in The Encyclopedia of Taoism, ed. Fabrizio Pregadio, Routledge, 428–429.

External links

Planchette writing (Fuji), Taoist Culture & Information Centre
Spirit-writing and Hakka Migration in Taiwan – A Case Study of the Canzan Tang  in Puli , Nantou  County, Paul R. Katz
Ancient Ouija Boards: Fact or Fiction?, Museum of Talking Boards
 , Fuji Altar at Kam Lan Koon , Hong Kong
 , Fuji Altar at Che Sui Khor, Malaysia
 , Fuji at , Taiwan

Chinese mythology
Taoist practices
Chinese culture
Chinese words and phrases
Mediumship
Eastern esotericism


William Norman McCourt Uprichard (20 April 1928 – 31 January 2011) was a football player for Arsenal, Portsmouth, Swindon Town and Northern Ireland.

Gaelic football career

Uprichard was born in Lurgan, Northern Ireland, and as a teenager played both soccer and Gaelic football. He won a district minor league medal with St. Peter's GAC, but was subsequently banned by the GAA and told he would not receive his medal because he had signed for Glenavon. The GAA's 'rule 27' prohibited adult members at the time from playing or watching so-called foreign games. Uprichard was finally awarded his medal in 2004.

Association football career

Club career
Uprichard played in goal for Glenavon and later for Distillery before signing for Arsenal in 1948 for £1,500. He never played an Arsenal first-team game, with Ted Platt and George Swindin being higher in the pecking order. He was transferred to Swindon Town in November 1949, later becoming the first choice goalkeeper.

The 1952–53 season was his last at Swindon before his transfer to Portsmouth in November 1952.

Uprichard was Eddie Lever's first signing as Pompey manager. He was later followed by Derek Dougan from Distillery. Uprichard played nearly 200 first-team games for Portsmouth in seven seasons. He later played for Southend United, Hastings United and Ramsgate Athletic.

International career

Uprichard was awarded 18 senior international caps for Northern Ireland, the first coming against Scotland in 1951. He played in the 1958 World Cup Finals in Sweden alongside Billy Bingham, Jimmy McIlroy and Danny Blanchflower. Despite sustaining a broken hand and an ankle injury, he kept the Czechoslovakia attack at bay in a play-off win which secured Northern Ireland a quarter-final berth.

His final game for Northern Ireland was, like his first, against Scotland, in November 1958.
Norman died on Monday 31 January 2011 after a long illness.

Footnotes

References
 The Irish News, 2 February 2004]
Northern Ireland's Footballing Greats

1928 births
2011 deaths
Sportspeople from Lurgan
Men's association football goalkeepers
Association footballers from County Armagh
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
1958 FIFA World Cup players
Glenavon F.C. players
Lisburn Distillery F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Ramsgate F.C. players
Hastings United F.C. (1948) players


Brutelles () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Brutelles is situated on the D940 road, some  west of Abbeville.

Population

Places of interest

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The Providence Grays finished the 1880 season in second place in the National League.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1880 Providence Grays season at Baseball Reference

Providence Grays seasons
Providence Grays season
Providence


Server Name Indication (SNI) is an extension to the Transport Layer Security (TLS) computer networking protocol by which a client indicates which hostname it is attempting to connect to at the start of the handshaking process. The extension allows a server to present one of multiple possible certificates on the same IP address and TCP port number and hence allows multiple secure (HTTPS) websites (or any other service over TLS) to be served by the same IP address without requiring all those sites to use the same certificate. It is the conceptual equivalent to HTTP/1.1 name-based virtual hosting, but for HTTPS. This also allows a proxy to forward client traffic to the right server during TLS/SSL handshake. The desired hostname is not encrypted in the original SNI extension, so an eavesdropper can see which site is being requested. The SNI extension was specified in 2003 in .

Background of the problem
Prior to SNI, when making a TLS connection, the client had no way to specify which site it was trying to connect to. Hence, if one server hosts multiple sites on a single listener, the server has no way to know which certificate to use in the TLS protocol. In more detail, when making a TLS connection, the client requests a digital certificate from the web server. Once the server sends the certificate, the client examines it and compares the name it was trying to connect to with the name(s) included in the certificate. If a match occurs, the connection proceeds as normal. If a match is not found, the user may be warned of the discrepancy and the connection may abort as the mismatch may indicate an attempted man-in-the-middle attack. However, some applications allow the user to bypass the warning to proceed with the connection, with the user taking on the responsibility of trusting the certificate and, by extension, the connection.

However, it may be hard – or even impossible due to lack of a full list of all names in advance – to obtain a single certificate that covers all names a server will be responsible for. A server that is responsible for multiple hostnames is likely to need to present a different certificate for each name (or small group of names). It is possible to use subjectAltName to contain multiple domains controlled by one person in a single certificate. Such "unified communications certificates" must be reissued every time the list of domains changes.

Name-based virtual hosting allows multiple DNS hostnames to be hosted by a single server (usually a web server) on the same IP address. To achieve this, the server uses a hostname presented by the client as part of the protocol (for HTTP the name is presented in the host header). However, when using HTTPS, the TLS handshake happens before the server sees any HTTP headers. Therefore, it was not possible for the server to use the information in the HTTP host header to decide which certificate to present and as such only names covered by the same certificate could be served from the same IP address.

In practice, this meant that an HTTPS server could only serve one domain (or small group of domains) per IP address for secured and efficient browsing. Assigning a separate IP address for each site increases the cost of hosting, since requests for IP addresses must be justified to the regional Internet registry and IPv4 addresses are now exhausted. For IPv6, it increases the administrative overhead by having multiple IPs on a single machine, even though the address space is not exhausted. The result was that many websites were effectively constrained from using secure communications.

Technical principles
SNI addresses this issue by having the client send the name of the virtual domain as part of the TLS negotiation's ClientHello message. This enables the server to select the correct virtual domain early and present the browser with the certificate containing the correct name. Therefore, with clients and servers that implement SNI, a server with a single IP address can serve a group of domain names for which it is impractical to get a common certificate.

SNI was added to the IETF's Internet RFCs in June 2003 through RFC 3546, Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions. The latest version of the standard is RFC 6066.

Security implications

Server Name Indication payload is not encrypted, thus the hostname of the server the client tries to connect to is visible to a passive eavesdropper. This protocol weakness was exploited by security software for network filtering and monitoring and governments to implement censorship. Presently, there are multiple technologies attempting to hide Server Name Indication.

Domain fronting

Domain fronting is a technique of replacing the desired host name in SNI with another one hosted by the same server or, more frequently, network of servers known as Content Delivery Network. When a client uses domain fronting, it replaces the server domain in SNI (unencrypted), but leaves it in the HTTP host header (which is encrypted by TLS) so that server can serve the right content. Domain fronting violates the standard defining SNI itself, so its compatibility is limited (many services check that SNI host matches the HTTP header host and reject connections with domain-fronted SNI as invalid). While domain fronting was used in the past to avoid government censorship, its popularity dwindled because major cloud providers (Google, Amazon's AWS and CloudFront) explicitly prohibit it in their TOS and have technical restrictions against it.

Encrypted Client Hello
Encrypted Client Hello (ECH) is a TLS 1.3 protocol extension that enables encryption of the whole Client Hello message, which is sent during the early stage of TLS 1.3 negotiation. ECH encrypts the payload with a public key that the relying party (a web browser) needs to know in advance, which means ECH is most effective with large CDNs known to browser vendors in advance.

The initial 2018 version of this extension was called Encrypted SNI (ESNI) and its implementations were rolled out in an "experimental" fashion to address this risk of domain eavesdropping. Firefox 85 removed support for ESNI. In contrast to ECH, Encrypted SNI encrypted just the SNI rather than the whole Client Hello. Opt-in support for this version was incorporated into Firefox in October 2018 and required enabling DNS-over-HTTPS.

In March 2020, ESNI was reworked into the ECH extension, after analysis demonstrated that encrypting only the SNI is insufficient. For example, specifications permit the Pre-Shared Key extension to contain any data to facilitate session resumption, even transmission of a cleartext copy of exactly the same server name that is encrypted by ESNI. Also, encrypting extensions one-by-one would require an encrypted variant of every extension, each with potential privacy implications, and even that exposes the set of extensions advertised. Lastly, real-world deployment of ESNI has exposed interoperability limitations. The short name was ECHO in March 2020 and changed to ECH in May 2020.

Both ESNI and ECH are compatible only with TLS 1.3 because they rely on KeyShareEntry which was first defined in TLS 1.3. Also, to use ECH, the client must not propose TLS versions below 1.3.

Another Internet Draft, incorporates a parameter for transmitting the ECH public keys via HTTPS and SVCB DNS record types, shortening the handshake process.

In August 2020, the Great Firewall of China started blocking ESNI traffic, while still allowing ECH traffic.

In October 2020, Russian ISP Rostelecom and its mobile operator Tele2 started blocking ESNI traffic. In September of the same year, Russian censorship ministry Roscomnadzor planned to ban a range of encryption protocols, among which were TLS 1.3 and ESNI, which hindered web site access censorship.

In July 2023, in the IETF117 meeting, members working on ECH informed Chrome and Firefox were doing a 1% sample trial, and the team expects the final draft to be submitted to the IESG evaluation by January 2024.

In Sep 2023, Cloudflare started to support ECH for hosted domains.

In October 2023, Mozilla enabled ECH by default in Firefox v118.

Implementation
In 2004, a patch for adding TLS/SNI into OpenSSL was created by the EdelKey project. In 2006, this patch was then ported to the development branch of OpenSSL, and in 2007 it was back-ported to OpenSSL 0.9.8 (first released in 0.9.8f).

For an application program to implement SNI, the TLS library it uses must implement it and the application must pass the hostname to the TLS library. Further complicating matters, the TLS library may either be included in the application program or be a component of the underlying operating system. Because of this, some browsers implement SNI when running on any operating system, while others implement it only when running on certain operating systems.

Support

References

External links
  (obsoletes , which obsoleted )

Internet protocols
Secure communication
Web hosting
Transport Layer Security


This is a list of hydrodynamic and plasma instabilities named after people (eponymous instabilities).

See also
 Eponym
 List of fluid flows named after people
 Instability
 Hydrodynamic stability
 Scientific phenomena named after people

References
 Chandrashekhar, S., Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Dover Publications, New York (1981).
 Drazin, P. G. and W. H. Reid, Hydrodynamic Stability, Cambridge Univ. Press, London (1981).

Hydrodynamic instabilities
Fluid dynamics
Fluid dynamic instabilities