Hilsenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

Geography

Neighbouring communes
Surrounding communes are Witternheim, Bindernheim und Wittisheim to the east, Muttersholtz in the south, Ebersmunster to the west and Kogenheim, Sermersheim and Rossfeld to the north. Further afield, Sélestat is some  to the southwest, and the Strasbourg conurbation is  to the north. About 10 kilometres to the east is the river Rhine, which here is tracked by the German frontier.

The land
The land, characteristic of the Ried district of which this is a part, is composed of rich alluvial deposits. Before the Rhine was channeled much of the land was marshy and prone to flooding: even today there are many areas where the water table is only two meters below the surface of the land.

Currently the non-built land in the commune is divided between forests (27%) and arable farming (52%). The predominant arable crop is currently maize Brit (corn US English). Vineyards and orchards taking up most of the balance. In addition to agriculture the local economy features some small scale manufacturing and logistical activity.

Communication links
The village is the crossing point of numerous small local roads. The Autoroute A35 is some twelve kilometres to the west and the German Autobahn A5 is some twenty kilometres to the east. The French autoroute is here toll free, but both the highways suffer from congestion and the risk of serious delays at peak times, so drivers setting out on a long drive to the north or south do well to listen to the traffic reports before choosing on which side of the Rhine to travel.

Between 1909 and 1944 a steam railway (le Riedbahnnel) connecting Sélestat to Sundhouse passed close to the village, but Hilsenheim never had its own station, and after the War, with the surge in car ownership that followed, the railway was abandoned and then progressively dismantled.

A currently unused NATO pipeline also passes close to the village, beneath the road to Wittisheim.

Tension
The little town has a strong sense of its history, with many traditional Alsatian houses from the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries ever more scrupulously maintained and restored. There is, as in many villages of this kind within commuting distance of Strasbourg, a perceived tension between preserving Hilsenheim as a balanced and integrated community and the risk of progressively transforming it into a dormitory town increasingly dominated by the requirements and developments in the larger urban economies such as Sélestat (Schlettstadt in Alsatian and German) and, above all, Strasbourg.

History

Prehistory
Several Iron Age tumuli testify to settlement here in prehistoric times: some in the Willermatt quarter were archeologically investigated early in the twentieth century. It is thought that the proximity of the Celtic site at Novientum (modern Ebersmunster) indicates that the Hilsenheim area will have been strongly influenced by tribes mentioned by Caesar and Tacitus such as the Mediomatrici and the Triboci: during the early centuries of the first millennium the overwhelming political power and cultural influence came from the Romans themselves.

Roman period
Hilsenheim is on the old paved Roman road that connected Basel and Strasbourg. Today this follows the line of a rural road (RD212) called Heidenstraessel. Some three kilometres to the north of the village, at the edge of the road the water table breaks the surface of the land. This point is known locally as "Waechterquellen" which indicates a clear water source, and seems to have originated with a Roman guard post of some sort. According to local legend King Dagobert III of Neustria and of Austrasia drowned in this spring when his carriage ran into it.

Directly to the south of the spring is an isolated fortified farm called The Riedhof, which may have been built on the foundations of a Roman fort, possibly an outlying fortification of the Fourth Legion garrison which guarded the important religious centre at Hellelum (modern Ehl, Bas-Rhin).

Franco-German competition
As the French state expanded towards its 'natural' eastern frontier, the Rhine, Alsace found itself a French territory by the eighteenth century. Between 1871 and 1918, however, Hilsenheim, in common with the whole of Alsace was annexed by Germany. Several of the town's public buildings including the mairie and some schools date from the period, and provide good examples of the heavy Wilhelmine architecture of imperial Germany.

Ahead of the Second World War citizens living closer to the German frontier were evacuated to central and western France, but the people of Hilsenheim,  from the frontier, suffered German occupation. Several villagers were forcibly conscripted into the German Army and died on the Russian front.

On the night of 15 March 1944 a Canadian Lancaster bomber was shot down by German anti-aircraft guns, crashing near to the road towards Wittisheim. The seven crew members, members of the 408th squadron, are buried in Hilsenheim cemetery.

Two Maginot line bunkers survive at the edge of the commune, both in ruins: one is on the Rue des Vergers (Orchard Road) on the edge of the village on the road towards Wittisheim, and the second is about  east of the village on the road towards Bindernheim, level with a patch of woodland.

In the winter of 1944/45 the village found itself on the edge of the Colmar Pocket, and during the heavy fighting that took place over the enclave, several buildings in Hilsenheim were destroyed including the church. This would be rebuilt during the 1950s to a contemporary design. After two months of intensive fighting, during which the population, still not evacuated, hid in their cellars, the village was finally liberated in January 1945 by the Moroccan Goumiers of the 15th Tabor (2nd GTM), part of the First French Army under General de Lattre. The liberating forces continued east to the Rhine while other First Army units took over their position in the village. During the fighting several villagers were killed, and more were killed subsequently because of mines set on some of the surrounding roads and fields.

The name
The name Hilsenheim can be analysed as a combination of two words, being "Hils", a Celtic word which refers to the hilt of a sword or to fighting, and "heim", a widely used old word for a home or a place: this explanation is consistent with the modern coat of arms used by the village. An alternative etymology suggests the word means "habitat above the water", and certainly any settlement in this area would, two thousand years ago, have rested on a raised piece of ground surrounded by marsh land: this interpretation is based on an Indo-European linguistic root indicating the vertical movement of water.

The coat of arms incorporates the golden handle of a sword.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, also known as the Aksaray Valide Mosque (), is a grand Ottoman imperial mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It is located at the intersection of Ordu Street and Atatürk Boulevard in the Aksaray neighborhood beside the Pertevniyal High School (Turkish: Pertevniyal Lisesi) which was also built by the order of Sultana Pertevniyal in 1872. The mosque attracts 400-500 worshipers during prayer times and over 2,500 worshipers during prayer on Fridays.

The mosque's location was regarded as important to the Valide Sultan and royal family, as Aksaray was a vital commercial center during the Ottoman period. At the time what is now a busy pedestrian thoroughfare was known for its overwhelming beauty, with plentiful gardens and orchards.

History
One of the last mosques built in Istanbul during the Ottoman Empire, the Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque was created for Pertevniyal Sultan, a consort of Sultan Mahmud II and mother of Sultan Abdülaziz. It was probably designed by Sarkis Bey of the Ottoman Armenian Balyan family of architects. Construction began in November 1869, and the mosque was finished in 1871. An inscription above the gate leading to the courtyard gives the date. Other documents indicate that the foundations were created during different ceremonies in Sha'ban 1285/ November 1869. Pertevniyal Sultan died in 1883, thirteen years after the completion of the mosque, and was then buried within it.

The construction took three years to complete.

After numerous local roadworks, the mosque - approached via a grand gateway adorned with fountains - is now below the level of the surrounding streets.

The mosque was cleaned and restored in the 2010s.

Architecture
The building is an example of Turkish Rococo with dollops of classical Ottoman, Moorish, Turkish, Gothic, Renaissance, and Empire styles. Some regarded the mishmash of styles as garish and short on classical Ottoman grandeur. The use of different elements shows the influence of the eclectic viewpoint common in the late Ottoman era. The design also seems to draw influences from Indian, North African, and Andalusian architecture. It can be seen as a sign of the emerging power of Ottoman women, as the mosque is named after Pertevniyal Valide Sultan, a member of the royal family.

Exterior
The mosque is the focal point of a complex that includes a tomb, sebil, fountain, time-keeper's room, library, and medrese.

The mosque itself follows the traditional plan with a square prayer-hall that measures 10 m x 10 m, and a single dome. ThIs is separated from the walls and brought inward while being supported on a tall, 12-sided drum. Directly in front of the prayer hall is the portico where latecomers could pray and the sultan's loge. The mosque's east, west and south façades are all embedded with turrets and the outward-facing projections of their central sections are each capped with a triangular pediment. Each piece of the pediment has two rows with three windows as its featured design.

Interior

The interior is elaborately decorated with much use made of blue colouring. There are many classical Ottoman details on the walls including blind niches, muqarnas, arch motifs, arabesques, and Chinese-inspired floral arrangements. The interior also features a plain marble mihrab and minbar.

The tomb of Sultana Pertevniyal was located in the central mosque.

Architect(s)
Some believe the mosque was designed by Montani Effendi while others believe it to have been created by Sarkis Balyan. Agop Balyan and Osep may also have had a hand in the design and construction of the mosque. The World Digital Library suggests it was designed by the Turkish Armenian architect Hakob Balyan.

Modifications
In the year AH 1328/ AD 1911, the medrese of the Pertevniyal Valide Sultain Mosque complex burned down. The time-keeper's room, the sebil, and the tomb were removed during the renovation of Aksaray Square (1956–1959). Parts of the tomb were relocated to the graveyard beside the tomb of Sultan Selim III. Eventually the Valide Sultan's tomb was reconstructed from pieces of the original. Her body was relocated first to the Topkapı Palace, then to the tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, and finally to her own tomb. The mausoleum was eventually demolished in 1958.

Mentions
A photo-chrome print of the Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque is featured in the “Views of People and Sites in Turkey” from the catalog of the Detroit Publishing Company.

The Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque is mentioned in The Architects of Ottoman Constantinople: The Balyan Family and the History of Ottoman Architecture by Alyson Wharton.

The mosque is mentioned in "RE-THINKING HISTORIOGRAPHY ON OTTOMAN MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE:NINETEENTH CENTURY PROVINCIAL SULTAN MOSQUES; A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY" by Ceren Katipoğlu Özmen.

The mosque is featured in the Museum with No Frontiers.

See also
 Ottoman architecture
 List of mosques

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

 Many pictures of this mosque

Ottoman mosques in Istanbul
Mosques completed in 1872
19th-century mosques
Fatih
19th-century religious buildings and structures in Turkey


Cornelius Meaney (8 December 1890 – 11 September 1970) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1937 to 1943 and 1961 to 1965.

Meaney was first elected as a Fianna Fáil TD for the Cork North constituency at the 1937 general election. He was re-elected at the 1938 general election but lost his seat at the 1943 general election. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1944, 1948 and 1951 general elections. He contested the 1961 general election and was elected for the Cork Mid constituency. He retired at the 1965 general election, and his son Thomas Meaney succeeded him as the Fianna Fáil TD for Cork Mid.

See also
Families in the Oireachtas

References

1970 deaths
Fianna Fáil TDs
Members of the 9th Dáil
Members of the 10th Dáil
Members of the 17th Dáil
Politicians from County Cork
20th-century Irish farmers
1890 births
People from Millstreet


Albertha Magdalena Bouwer (16 March 1920 – 5 October 2010) was a South African Afrikaans-writing journalist and author. She is best known for her series of children's stories about the experiences of a small girl called Alie growing up in the fictional location Rivierplaas in rural Free State. Late in life she published a novel for adults, Die afdraand van die dag is kil (The close of the day is cold, 1992), about two women in old age.

Life
Alba Bouwer was herself brought up on a farm in the Free State, and attended La Rochelle Girls' High School in Paarl, and Huguenot University College in Wellington. Most of her professional life was spent in literary and media circles in and around Cape Town.

Immediately after graduation Bouwer began work as a school teacher, but she left teaching to become editor of Huishouding, a newly established women's magazine. From 1948 to 1950 she was a radio producer and presenter in the children's service of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, resigning in 1950 to take up an assistant editorship at the newly founded women's magazine Sarie, where she remained for thirteen years.

Her first and best known work of fiction, Stories van Rivierplaas, originally appeared in serialised form in Sarie. Like many of her stories, these were semi-autobiographical. She continued to produce stories, translations and compilations into the late 1980s, but gave up her career in journalism upon marriage in 1963.

Bouwer's first husband was Hubert Coetzee (died 1969), a widower with two teenaged children from his previous marriage. Care for her stepchildren became Bouwer's first priority as wife and as widow. In 1975 she remarried with Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr, a widower with five children from his previous marriage, and moved from the Boland to Riversdale.

Death
Since 1994 she lived in a retirement resort in Somerset West. On 5 October 2010 Alba Bouwer fell into a coma and died.

Awards and honours
Alba Bouwer was awarded the Scheepers Prize for Children's Literature in 1959 and again in 1965, and the C.P. Hoogenhout Award in 1961, 1971 and 1983.

Since 1989 the South African Academy of Science and Arts has presented a triennial Alba Bouwer Prize for children's literature, named in her honour.

Publications

As author
Stories van Rivierplaas. Cape Town: Nasionale Boekhandel, 1955. Illustrated by Katrine Harries
Nuwe stories van Rivierplaas. Cape Town: Nasionale Boekhandel, 1956. Illustrated by Katrine Harries
Abdoltjie: ses verhaaltjies oor 'n Maleiertjie van die ou Kaap. Cape Town: Nasionale Boekhandel, 1958. Illustrated by Katrine Harries
"Die avonture van die eerste Afrikaanse vrou wat geneesheer geword het", a profile of Petronella van Heerden (1887–1975), the first Afrikaans woman to qualify as a doctor, published in parts in Sarie Marais, April–July 1960.
Katrientjie van Keerweder. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1961.
Stories van Ruyswyck. Cape Town: Nasionale Boekhandel, 1963.
Stories van Bergplaas. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1963.
'n Hennetjie met kuikens. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1971.
Vlieg, swaeltjie, vlieg ver. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1983.
Die afdraand van die dag is kil. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1992.
Alba Bouwer-omnibus. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1995. With the original illustrations by Katrine Harries.
Reissued 2007 under the title Rivierplaas: Stories van Rivierplaas, Nuwe Stories van Rivierplaas, Stories van Ruyswyck.

As editor/compiler
Kom nader: bloemlesing uit die werk van M.E.R. Compiled by Alba Bouwer et al. Cape Town, 1965.
M.E.R., 'n Kosbare erfenis: briewe 1916–1975. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1977. Collected letters of Marie Elisabeth Rothmann (1875–1975), compiled by Alba Bouwer, Anna Rothmann and Rykie van Reenen.

As translator
Washington Irving, Rip van Winkel. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1965. (From English). Illustrated by Katrine Harries
Else Hueck-Dehio, Tippie se liefde. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1966. (From German)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Die leerling-towenaar. 1968. (From German).
A. A. Milne, Winnie-die-Poeh. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1985. (From English)
Reissued 2007. .

Notes

Further reading

Thomas van der Walt (ed.), Die blink uur van mooi dinge: 'n huldiging van Alba Bouwer. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 1995.
Lydia Pienaar, Die kinderverhaal as literatuur. Met verwysing na werke deur Freda Linde en Alba Bouwer. [Durban, 1975].
Elwyn Jenkins, "Nudity, Clothing and Cultural Identity in Some South African Children's Books", English in Africa 30:1 (2003), pp. 87–102.
Mike Prins, "Reza de Wet herlees Alba Bouwer", Journal of Literary Studies/Tydskrif vir Literatuurwetenskap 12:4 (1996), pp. 487–501.
Elsa Nolte, "M. E. R. en Alba Bouwer: Kanonisering en herkanonisering", Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 32:4 (1994), pp. 15–35.
Elsabe Steenberg, "Die gebruik van herhaling in die werke van Alba Bouwer", Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 12:1 (1975), pp. 48–54.

Afrikaans-language writers
South African children's writers
South African women children's writers
20th-century South African women writers
1920 births
2010 deaths


Hindisheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

Agriculture retains a leading role in the local economy.

Geography
The village is positioned some twenty kilometres (twelve miles) to the south of Strasbourg, beside the little River Andlau.

Landmarks
 Chapel of the Virgin Mary (fifteenth century).  Unusually even in Alsace, this features a half timbered bell tower.
 Church of Saints Peter and Paul (nineteenth century).  The church contains a Rinckenbach organ (1922).

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links
 Official website of the commune of Hindisheim

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hinsbourg (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Hinsbourg is positioned in the north of Alsace, some thirty kilometres (eighteen miles) through twisting mostly wooded roads to the north of Saverne, and within the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.

Surrounding communes are Puberg to the northeast, Zittersheim to the east, La Petite-Pierre to the southeast, Struth to the southwest and Frohmuhl to the west.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Shoot Down is a 2006 documentary regarding the events surrounding the Brothers to the Rescue organization and the eventual shootdown of two of its aircraft.

Based on five reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 80% of the critics enjoyed Shoot Down with an average rating of 7/10.

References

External links

American documentary films
Documentary films about aviation accidents or incidents
Documentary films about Cuba
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Hinsingen () is a commune in the north-western corner of the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

History
The place is first recorded in 1328 as "Heyngesingen": at that time it was in Saarwerden County.
Originally the little village clustered around its castle was positioned in the valley, but it was destroyed in the Thirty Years War.  Hinsingen is on the frontier between Alsace and Lorraine: following further sustained destruction wrought by the interminable wars fought between France and The Empire in the final decades of the seventeenth century, remaining villagers removed the settlement to its present hilltop location.

The name of the village has mutated over time through "Hinquezange" to "Hinsingen".

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hipsheim () is a commune in the southeast of the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

Hipsheim is located some ten kilometres (six miles) to the south of Strasbourg.

Landmarks
 The 18th century church of Saint Ludan has a 13th century tower near to the departmental road RD1083 (formerly RD 83)
 The Chapel of Saint Wendelin.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hirschland is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Hirschland is some twelve kilometres (seven miles) to the northwest of Phalsbourg, beside the autoroute towards Sarre-Union and, further to the west, Metz.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hochfelden is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2017, the former commune of Schaffhouse-sur-Zorn was merged into Hochfelden.

History
Until their deportation to the south in 1940, Hochfelden had a significant Jewish community. The town possesses a synagogue, which is also registered as a Monument historique.

In 1941, more than 200 young people celebrated Bastille Day with a street procession. The occupying forces retaliated, placing the village under a state of siege.   The Mayor and Gendarmes were replaced and 106 people, including 23 women, were interned at Schirmeck. The information was reported to London where the events were reported by the BBC.

Economy
Meteor beer is brewed and sold in Hochfelden.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hochstett is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Hochstett is positioned near to the autoroute that connects Strasbourg with Metz and, eventually, Paris. It is adjacent to the autoroute exit 47 which is the exit for Haguenau, although the limited access nature of the autoroute junctions in the area makes access from the autoroute to the village unexpectedly indirect.

The village is at the crossing of various minor roads, the least minor being the departmental road RD 419.

A principal element in the local economy is agriculture.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The cold pressor test is a cardiovascular test performed by immersing the hand into an ice water container, usually for one minute, and measuring changes in blood pressure and heart rate. These changes relate to vascular response and pulse excitability. Some research suggests that the outcome of the cold pressor test can help to predict hypertension in patients; however other studies have failed to confirm this.

Other measures can also be obtained from the cold pressor such as pain threshold and pain tolerance.  This is done by requiring a participant to place their hand in the cold pressor for as long as they can.  Once pain is present, they let the researcher know.  Once the pain is unbearable, the participant removes their hand.  This provides a measure of threshold (first feeling pain) and tolerance (total time minus threshold).  This method is the most frequently used application of the cold pressor task. Comparable in terms of pain elicitation is the hot water immersion test, the equivalent to the cold pressor using hot water. The hot water immersion test (HIT) is equally capable of triggering a pain response without the confounding of baroreflex activation.

Physiology

Sensory afferent nerves trigger a systemic sympathetic activation leading to marked vasoconstriction. The result is an elevated pulse pressure (normal is 40mm Hg), due to catecholamine release.  This increased pressure fills the ventricle to a greater extent, but stroke volume decreases due to an increase in afterload.

References

Further reading

Vascular procedures
Pain scales


Hœrdt (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Hœrdt is positioned between Strasbourg and Haguenau, a short distance to the south-east of Brumath.   The commune is traversed by departmental road RD 37 which leads to Bischwiller some ten kilometres (six miles) to the north and from where it is possible to access the Autoroute A35 north-south autoroute connecting Strasbourg with Ludwigshafen (subject to a ten-minute stretch on single carriageway road to the north of the frontier).   Hœrdt is also served by a local rail service.

Economy
Agriculture is important to the local economy: the main crop is, famously, asparagus.

Sport
Sports lovers are served by various facilities:
 Strasbourg-Hoerdt Horse racing circuit
 Municipal football stadium and culture centre
 Table tennis: The Hœrdt Table Tennis association, enjoys enthusiastic support locally. It is affiliated to the FFTT (French Table Tennis federation).

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Easton High School is a high school in Easton, Maryland.

Easton High School may also refer to:
Warren Easton High School in New Orleans, Louisiana
Easton Area High School in Easton, Pennsylvania


Hoffen (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

On January 1, 1975 the commune merged with those of Hermerswiller and Leiterswiller.

Geography
The village is within easy walking distance of departmental road RD 263 which links Wissembourg and Haguenau as well as the local railway line following the same route.

History
The village first appears in surviving records in 1052 as Hoffen.   Hof is a Germanic word denoting a farm, a homestead or a settlement.

The village coat of arms comes from the Trautwein family who founded Hof:  the family died out in 1664.   The story of Hof has been a turbulent one.   In the fourteenth century there were two settlements: Hoven comprised a dozen farms and Buren just four houses.   These were the property of "St Peter the Younger" in Strasbourg.   However, in 1450 the villages were surrendered to the lords of Hohenbourg and Fleckenstein.   Then from the end of the fifteenth century possession of these settlements passed into the hands of the Counts of Zweibrücken.   During the seventeenth century Hoffen became attached to the bailiwick of Cleebourg.   The Thirty Years War was devastating for many villages in Alsace, and in 1633 the hamlet of Buren disappeared following the passing of imperial catholic troops.   There were further destructive wars for much of the eighteenth century, but 1748 probably marked the end of the most deadly of them all for Alsace.   Many villages were left depopulated and were subsequently resettled by migrants from Switzerland, higher up the river Rhine or from other parts of France which emerged from the war in possession of most of the major towns and cities in Alsace, and controlled the whole province by the time of Louis XIV's death in 1715.

In September 1939 the population of Hoffen was evacuated to Haute Vienne as the government reluctantly planned for another territorial struggle with Germany.

With effect from 1 January 1975 the former communes of Leiterswiller and Hermerswiller merged into the commune of Hoffen.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hohatzenheim (Alsatian: Àtzne) is a former commune in the Bas-Rhin department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans.

Population

Pilgrimage church
Surrounded by farmland stands a pilgrimage church, restored in 1888.   By 1916 it had fallen into disrepair and had to be renewed.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Former communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Hohengœft (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Through the entire village runs the departmental road RD25, which cuts across the surrounding farmland.   The highest point, the Goeftberg, rises to 397 meters above sea level.

Adjacent communes are Rangen and Willgottheim in the north-east, Wintzenheim-Kochersberg to the east, Kuttolsheim and Nordheim in the south-east, Wasselonne in the south-west, Crastatt to the west and Zehnacker in the north-west.

Interesting sights
The beautiful Gœftberg hill, coated in well tended grass on a limestone soil, is a defining feature of the village.   The chapel of St Wendelin, constructed in 1666 as a thanksgiving after the village was spared from an outbreak of plague, can also be found here, along with a depiction of the Stations of the Cross dating from 1772.   Each year on the Monday after Pentecost a pilgrimage mass is celebrated in front of the chapel.

At the top of the Gœftberg is the 130 meter high Nordheim radio and television mast.

Each June the grass on the hill is embellished with numerous wild orchids.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hohfrankenheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

History
The first surviving record of Hohfrankenheim dates from 830.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Hohwald (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

Geography

Climate
Le Hohwald is a hill village, with altitude above sea level in the commune ranging from 450 meters to nearly 1100 meters, positioned some fifty kilometres to the west-south-west of Strasbourg and some ten kilometres to the south-west of Mont Sainte-Odile.   Its position in the lee of mountains protects it from north winds and from many of the frequent fogs and mists that are a feature of the climate elsewhere in Alsace, and supports claims of an unexpectedly benign climate all the year round.

Economy
The tourist business is important to the local economy with more than 120 km of marked paths for walkers in the surrounding forests, other sport and recreational activities advertised including fishing and skiing, and numerous hotels, pensions and restaurants in and around the village.

Visitor attractions
The arboretum started as an experimental plantation of Douglas Fir established in 1885.  Today the range of trees is more remarkable, including a rare sequoia discovered in 1960 and a snake-tailed spruce.

Visitors to the village will also encounter an unusual range of art works, including 17 sculptures representing animals and philosophical concepts.

At the upper exit to the village a fountain dedicated to the fate of Haïdi Hautval, supported by an inscription in no fewer than eleven languages, recalls a locally famous figure from history.

History
Le Hohwald, which is still a young commune, owes its birth to a decree of the court of Colmar of 16 April 1867. It groups together various hamlets which were administratively part of five communes: Breitenbach, Erlenbach, Barr, Andlau and Ottrott and were grouped together in a single entity comprising about 500 inhabitants at its birth. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, the territory was shared by three co-owners: the bishop of Strasbourg with the lords of the Val de Villé in co-ownership, the lordship of Barr and the abbey of Andlau.

The first inhabitants of Hohwald seem to have settled after the Thirty Years' War. The town of Strasbourg, which owned the land, encouraged immigrants from Switzerland (mostly Anabaptists) to settle in the area. They usually settled in the stubble fields to raise livestock and clear the land. They gradually built farms and sawmills to exploit the wood, which later became hamlets. However, the area did not really develop until the middle of the 17th century.

From the 19th century onwards, Le Howald emerged from its isolation thanks to the construction of roads and a railway. A health resort was established and many prominent people from all over Europe came to the town at the beginning of the 20th century.

Throughout the 19th century, the Hohwald was known as a world-renowned tourist resort. A few rich people from Strasbourg set up their second homes here and some farms were converted into guesthouses or hotels.

Important personalities from the political or artistic world, such as Sarah Bernhardt (1844-1923), the actor Benoît Constant Coquelin, known as Coquelin aîné (1841-1909), Marshal Joffre (1852-1931), Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) and Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (1909-2004) made the Hohwald their holiday resort during the summer. Émile Mathis (1880-1956), the manufacturer of Mathis cars in the inter-war period (factories in La Meinau, a south-western district of Strasbourg), built the Mathis villa, typical of the Art Deco style of the thirties - due to the architect Armand-Albert Rateau - in which he came to recharge his batteries and where he welcomed the political and industrial personalities of the time.

The Hohwald is covered by a vast expanse of forest, about 9/10ths of which belongs to the town of Strasbourg.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hurtigheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Hurtigheim has been built along an old Roman road leading from Strasbourg to Saverne.

Notable people
Jean-Jacques Urban, a prominent politician of the Democratic Republican Alliance in the 1930s and 1940s, was born at Hurtigheim on 26 October 1875.   The party emerged discredited from the Vichy period, but Urban himself did not participate in the voting of full powers to Philippe Pétain in July 1940.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Kochersberg

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Huttendorf (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Geography
Agriculture, including the rearing of livestock, plays an important part in the village's economy.

History
The first surviving record of the village appears under the name of Hittendorphe and dates from 797. At that time the settlement was part of the lands of the Abbey of Wissembourg.

The church of Saint Vincent dates from 1746, although the tower is older. The organ, dating from 1853, was built by Pierre Rivenach.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Communes of Bas-Rhin


Ichtratzheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
To the east the village is flanked by woodland. On the western side run departmental road RD1083 and the railway line connecting Strasbourg and Sélestat.

Agriculture is an important element in the local economy.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

 Ichtratzheim Website

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ingenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The name
The earliest surviving record dates from 739 and names the village Ingenhaim.   The first two syllables may comes from the Germanic given/Christian name, "Ingo".   "Heim" occurs frequently in place names in countries where the local language is or has been a dialect of German:  it is from the same root as the English word "home" and may refer to a grouping of houses or to a farmstead.

History
Between 1802 and 1853 the village was the centre for a consistory for Protestant communities in the surrounding settlements of Dettwiller, Ernolsheim-lès-Saverne, Schwindratzheim, Alteckendorf, Waltenheim-sur-Zorn and Duntzenheim.   It lost out to Schwindratzheim after 1852 when the parish replaced the consistory as the defining organisational unit for protestant churches in France.

Landmarks
The Protestant church, completed in 1911.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Horace Robert Bonser (March 27, 1882 – June 7, 1934) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

In 1920, he won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team clay pigeons competition. He also participated in the Individual trap and finished fifth. He was born, and later died in Cincinnati, Ohio.

References

External links
profile

1882 births
1934 deaths
American male sport shooters
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics


Issenhausen (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Issenhausen is positioned  to the north-west of Strasbourg at the western edge of the Alsace plane, where the ground becomes less flat in apparent anticipation of the Vosges Mountains further to the west.   This is essentially a one street village stretched out along the side of a hill, the shape of the overall commune being reminiscent of a shallow bowl. The landscape is of gentle rolling hills: the highest point within the commune is the 254 meter high Moenchberg.   The subsoil is of sedimentary soil similar to that found in many parts of south-western Germany across the Rhine.

The "Bachgraben" stream, a tributary of the river Zorn, flows through the village.

Economy
94% of the communal territory is given over to agriculture: cereal crops predominate in the early years of the 21st century.

History
According to an etymological dictionary the name of the village denotes "The house at the source of the stream" which would be consistent with there being several areas of the 'bowl' formed commune where the water table breaks through the surface of the land.   An alternative etymology indicates that "Issen" is a reference to "Eisen" a local word for iron and a reference to iron ore extraction taking place here.

The settlement was originally part of the estate of the Abbey of Marmoutier, and subsequently came under the control successively of several of the major land owning families of the region, including the counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg.

In 1702, while France was still in the process of digesting Alsace which it had recently acquired through conquest, Guillin, the military engineer based at Neuf-Brisach, wrote that Hissenhus was a village situated in a dip without a church nor anything else worthy of note ("Hissenhus est un petit village situé dans un fond sans aucune église n'y autre chose remarquable").

Landmarks
There are many excellent examples of the half-timbered Alsatian houses for which the region is famous.   The village has also acquired a church since the visit of the military surveyor: the church dates from 1850 and was renovated in 1914.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ittenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Ittenheim is positioned ten kilometres (six miles) to the west of Strasbourg.   The little town is crossed by the departmental road RD1004 (formerly Route Nationale 4):  before the development of the autoroute network, Ittenheim was the first village passed through by motorists after leaving Strasbourg en route for Paris.

Adjacent communes are Hurtigheim to the north and Handschuheim to the west.

Celebrity connection
One of the inhabitants of Ittenheim may have saved the life of President Jacques Chirac during the 2002 Bastille Day parade. Chirac was targeted by a right-wing extremist gunman named Maxime Brunerie: the man who disarmed the gunman, thereby thwarting a presidential assassination, is called Jacques Weber.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Kochersberg

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jetterswiller () is a commune (township) in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
The village is the meeting point of several minor roads: to the west of the village the main road connecting Saverne and Molsheim is within walking distance.   The surrounding land is largely devoted to agriculture.  Adjacent communes are Reutenbourg to the north, Westhouse-Marmoutier and Knœrsheim to the north-east, Zehnacker to the east, Crastatt to the south-east, and  Singrist to the west.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kaltenhouse (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It lies a short distance to the southeast of Haguenau.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kauffenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It lies twenty kilometres (twelve miles) to the east of Haguenau, and a short distance from the A35 autoroute Strasbourg–Landau.

History
The first surviving record of the village dates from 884 and spells the name of the village "Chochinheim".   Subsequently, the name has been written Cochenheim, Chochenheim, Kochenheim and Koechenheim before morphing into Kauffenheim, the current spelling.

Between 1359 and 1680 the village was owned by the aristocratic von Fleckenstein family.

In 1720 it came into the possession of the Rohan-Soubise family, and thus remained until the French Revolution.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Keffenach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

It lies a short distance to the south of Wissembourg, within the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


WCID (100.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Christian radio format from Family Life Network. Licensed to Horseheads, New York, United States, the station serves the Elmira-Corning area. The station is owned by Family Life Ministries.

History
The station originated in 1970, with call letters WQIX, with a modern country format. Studios were in Horseheads, shared with sister AM WIQT, and transmitter on Prospect Hill north of the village. Construction was by Chief Engineer C Michael Scullin with John Mulligan. It was owned then by retailer Manny Panosian and John Arikian, dba Chemung County Radio. Program Director was David G. Ridenour and General Manager Bob Johnson. During the first part of the 21st century, WPGI shared the "Big Pig" branding with sister station WPIG in Olean, New York, both stations being owned by Backyard Broadcasting.

Along with the rest of Backyard Broadcasting's New York assets, the station was sold to Community Broadcasters, LLC effective August 26, 2013, at a price of $3.6 million. On October 1, 2013, the then-WPGI dropped its cross-branding with WPIG, as well as all of the station's jocks, and took on the brand "100.9 The Wolf" with the same format.

WPGI, along with the other stations in Community Broadcasters' Southern Tier portfolio, was sold to Seven Mountains Media in January 2019.

On July 3, 2020, WPGI flipped to classic rock as "101 The Met", as part of a five-station format swap, where WMTT moved from 94.7 to 820/101.3, with 100.9 starting to simulcast the new WMTT. WPGI had changed its call letters to WMTT-FM on June 25, 2020, to reflect this change. WPGI's former country format moved to 94.7 (renamed WQBF), WCBF (96.1), and WOBF (97.1) as "95-96-97 Bigfoot Country".

On June 15, 2021, WMTT-FM changed its format from classic rock (which moved back to 94.7, as well as WENI-FM 92.7) to Family Life Network's religious format under new WCID calls.

References

External links

Radio stations established in 1970
1970 establishments in New York (state)
CID
Chemung County, New York


Kertzfeld () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
The village is positioned between Sélestat and Strasbourg.   Close by, across the main road that connects these two cities, is the village of Benfeld, and some twelve kilometres (seven miles) to the east of that are Rhinau and the Rhine river ferry crossing into Germany.

The departmental road RD5 runs through the village which is surrounded by farmland.

Christmas
A traditional Christmas market has been held since 1996 over the weekend roughly four weeks before Christmas.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Keskastel () is a commune in the northwest of the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Kernkastel is positioned on the banks of the Saar.   Surrounding communes are Herbitzheim and Sarralbe to the north with Schopperten and Sarre-Union to the south.

The village is the meeting point of several roads, the largest of them being the Route Nationale RN61 (Phalsbourg - Saarbrücken).   The A4 Autoroute (E25) passes to the east, at which point the village hosts a service area and there are a couple of bridges overlooking the autoroute, but there is no road access to the highway:  junctions 42 and 43 are approximately ten kilometres (six miles) to the north and south respectively.   The village does, however, have its own station on the local railway line.

One pillar of the local economy is tourism.  There is a camping place with a bathing area:  angling facilities are also available, and the village is positioned on a long distance walking path that tracks the Saar.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kesseldorf is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Kesseldorf is located close to Seltz, some ten kilometres to the south of the German frontier crossing at Lauterbourg and a couple of kilometres to the west of the Rhine frontier.   The village has its own stop on the little railway connecting Lauterbourg with Strasbourg, and is also bordered by the A35 autoroute, the main north–south highway in Alsace.

The inhabitants are known as Kesseldorfois.

History
The village already gets a mention in the twelfth century, at that time under the name of Kesselbach.   During his time in the region during 1162-63 the emperor Frederick Barbarossa placed the assets of the village under the Monastery at Koenigsbruck:  this is confirmed in surviving records dated 1226.   In 1310 the village turns up scheduled as part of the property of the Abbey of Saints Peter and Paul at Seltz.   Soon after that the village, along with Seltz itself, came under the control of the Counts Palatine.

Little is heard of Kesseldorf/Kesselbach in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.   The determination of the French state to extend its eastern frontier to the River Rhine imposed a succession of destructive wars on Alsace leading to widespread depopulation, and it is possible that the village was abandoned in this period.   From 1714, however, it seems that various artisans, makers of brooms, clogs and pottery goods settled the land that once had been Kesselbach, while the surrounding fields were farmed in rotation.   By now the village had acquired its modern name of Kesseldorf:  it has been suggested that the name may refer to the manufacture of cauldrons in the village, Kessel being the German word for a cauldron.

29 June 1718 was the date of the first baptism recorded in the village, 14 June 1718 having been the date of the first recorded marriage.   Sometimes under the control of the Abbey at Seltz, and sometimes owned by the successor to the Counts Palatine, Kesseldorf acquired its independence only with the revolution.   But it already had its own school in 1732.   Another chapel was built around 1778: the current church was built in 1844 and enlarged in 1952.   The mairie and the school are housed in a single building that dates from 1890.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

Notable residents
 Hans Henning Atrott, German philosopher, born 1944

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kienheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It lies twenty kilometres (twelve miles) to the east-southeast of Saverne.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Kochersberg

References

External links

 official site

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kilstett is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Its inhabitants are known as Kilstettois.

Geography
Kilstett is positioned about fifteen kilometres (nine miles) to the north of Strasbourg.

It has its own stop on the little railway line that connects Strasbourg with the German frontier town of Lauterbourg, and is approximately three kilometres (two miles) to the east of Junction 50 on the Autoroute A35, which is the principal north-south highway in Alsace.

Infrastructures and shops
Kilstett has a match shop, bakeries, a Crédit Mutuel bank and a pub called A l'Arbre Vert.

History

In January 1945, a German counter-offensive intended to reconquer Strasbourg was stopped at the Battle of Kilstett.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The  Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah is an organization established to publicize what it calls "Scientific Signs found in the Quran and Sunna", i.e. references to what it believes are numerous discoveries of science (everything from relativity, quantum mechanics, Big Bang theory, genetics, embryology,  to the laser) found in the Quran and Sunnah). It was founded by Sheikh Abdul Majeed al-Zindani with the backing of the Muslim World League in 1984 in Saudi Arabia. The commission is also known as "World Book and Sunnah Association",  The International Commission, or World Commission on Scientific Signs of the Qur'an and Sunnah.

Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Muslih replaced Abdul Majeed al-Zindani as general secretary of the commission in 2002-2003.
Al-Zindani was one of the spiritual advisors of Osama bin Laden, has been designated a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist" by the US Treasury Department, and is among those belonging to or associated with al-Qaeda, according to the United Nations.

Foundation, aims and activities
According to the "Knowledge Exchange Program", "the Commission on Scientific Signs of the Qur’an and Sunnah" was founded in 1404 AH (1983-4 CE) "in response to a resolution issued by the World Supreme Council of Mosques." Its establishment was "accredited" by the World Supreme Council in 1406 AH (1985-6 CE). In 1423 A.H (2002-2003 CE) a resolution was passed by the "Constitutional Council of the Muslim World League" to "develop" the  commission under the name of "The World Commission on Scientific Signs of the Qur’an and Sunnah".  Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Muslih replaced Abdul Majeed al-Zindani as general secretary of the commission in 2002-2003, and as of at least 2015 was still at that post.
In February 2004, the US Treasury Department designated its founder, Al-Zindani, a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist" (Al-Zindani was one of the spiritual advisors of Osama bin Laden, and is on the UN 1267 Committee's list of individuals belonging to or associated with al-Qaeda.)

The commission describes its mission as "showing, verifying and publishing  Scientific Signs" found in the Quran and Sunna, an endeavor that has also been described as attempting to prove that "the Qur'an prophesied the Big Bang theory, space travel and other contemporary scientific breakthroughs," or Bucailleism; an example of seeking scientific foreknowledge in sacred texts.

As of 2006 the commission has organized eight International Conferences on Scientific Signs in the Qur'an and Sunnah.  The first, held in Islamabad in 1987, was attended by "200 Muslim delegates from all over the world" and funded "by the Pakistani state to the tune of a couple of million dollars." At the seventh conference in Dubai, "more than 150 scientists and researchers" attended.  One of the highlights at the Eighth International Conference in Kuwait was the announcement of a possible cure for AIDS based on "a herbal extract that was prescribed in the Prophetic Sunnah for the treatment of other ailments."

Controversy
A criticism made of the commission is that in its enthusiasm to prove that evidence in favor of Qur'anic scientific miracles “is clear and obvious" and to demonstrate that "a group of eminent non-Muslim scholars in several fields” has testified to this miraculous connection, the commission has spread misleading, out-of-context statements by several of these non-Muslim scholars.

In 1984, a member of the commission, Mustafa Abdul Basit Ahmed, moved to the United States to recruit non-Muslim Western scientists to verify the miraculous signs of the Quran. However, in a 2002 story in the American newspaper The Wall Street Journal, several non-Muslim scientists spoke of questionable practices used by the commission to coax statements from them, such as hard-sell interviews by Sheikh Abdul Majeed al-Zindani,
and promises to be “completely neutral” that were not kept.

The commission drew the scientists to its conferences with first-class plane tickets for them and their wives, rooms at the best hotels, $1,000 honoraria, and banquets with Muslim leaders — such as a palace dinner in Islamabad with Pakistani President Mohammed Zia ul-Haq shortly before he was killed in a plane crash. Ahmed also gave at least one scientist a crystal clock.

Marine scientist William W. Hay complained of having fallen into a "trap" in interviews, while embryologist Gerald Goeringer claimed "mutual manipulation" between the scientists and conference organizers. Retired Geologist Professor Alfred Kröner of the University of Mainz has a standard e-mail reply clarifying his "out of context" remarks during one of the conferences and has described the proceedings which resulted in his remarks being used by Muslim apologists.

One product of Abdul Majeed al-Zindani's efforts was a video on "scientific miracles" called "This is Truth", which included clips of Western scientists allegedly expressing their astonishment with the prescience of the Quran on various scientific matters. In 2012, four of the Western scientists featured in "This Is The Truth" -- Alfred Kröner, William W. Hay, Allison (Pete) Palmer, and Tom Armstrong—were featured again in video interviews, this time by the video channel "This Is The Truth Uncut". They told the interviewer ("TheRationalizer") they were misrepresented, their video quotes were taken out of context (often after days of preparation to get them to say words that could be used in the video), and were sometimes quoted in written works saying things they had no recollection whatever of saying.

Sources
 World Book and Sunnah Association (ioqas.org.sa)
 Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah archived website

References

Notes

Citations

Quran
Islamic organisations based in Saudi Arabia
Islam and science


Kindwiller (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, France.

Geography
The village is positioned some fifteen kilometres (nine miles) to the west-north-west of Haguenau.

Most of the houses are on the single main street.   Outside the village the land is mostly used for farming.

History
The first surviving record of the village dates from 1317 when it was named as Kintwilre, the residence of a family of that same name.  The area was at that time owned by Haguenau.   The High German name "Kindweiler" emerges later.

During the wars of religion that spilled into Alsace in the sixteenth century, the village became protestant in 1545 but reverted to Catholicism in 1561.

Kindwiller also enjoyed the privileges of an imperial village.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Imperial Villages


Jay Clark Jr. (January 25, 1880 – February 6, 1948) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

In 1920 he won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team clay pigeons competition. He was born in Newton, Iowa and graduated from Grinnell College and Harvard Law School.

References

External links
Jay Clark at databaseOlympics.com

1880 births
1948 deaths
American male sport shooters
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
People from Newton, Iowa
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Grinnell College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
20th-century American sportsmen


Kirchheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of northeastern France.

Geography
Kirchheim lies on the western edge of the Alsace plain where it meets the first foothills of the Vosges Mountains, 19 km west of Strasbourg, 18 km southeast of Saverne, and 8 km north of Molsheim. Adjacent communes are Marlenheim to the north, Odratzheim and Scharrachbergheim-Irmstett to the south, and Wangen to the northwest.

The village is within easy walking distance of the main road connecting Saverne to Strasbourg. The former railway line from Molsheim has been developed into a cycle path traversing the commune. Bus services link Kirchheim to Strasbourg (route 207) and Molsheim (route 212), both starting from Wasselonne, a short distance to the northwest.

The commune's eastern boundary is provided by the small River Mossig, a tributary of the Bruche, flowing from north to south. The ecosystem includes a riparian zone which provides a biological corridor for wildlife. Resident species include the endangered Great Hamster of Alsace.

Most of the surrounding land is either ploughland or laid to grass, although there are vineyards to the southeast and, to a limited extent, the northwest.

Economy
A packaging company provides two-thirds of the jobs in the village. Several other firms provide a relatively small number of jobs. In the early twenty-first century, there were 80 employed positions in the commune.

The agricultural sector, currently dominated by maize cultivation, is also significant in the village economy. There are virtually no shops, but basic shopping is available from travelling van-based businesses.

History
Local discoveries of Roman relics suggest the presence of a settlement in the Roman period. An early surviving reference from the seventh century gives the name of the village as Chirichheim.  There is also evidence of a royal residence frequently used by Charles the Fat and the Empress Richarde in the later Merovingian period.

The village was part of the territory of the Empire, and was a dependency of nearby Wasselonne with which, according to records of the time, Kirchheim shared its history until it came under the control of Strasbourg. The Convent of Haslach held a cour domaniale (regional court) there and retained certain rights. There is evidence of some sort of religious monastery or convent in the eleventh century, which later, in 1274, was taken under the protection of Rudolf I of Germany.

The village's coat of arms features an open book and an ink pad—an indication, it is believed, of the presence of several printing firms in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Kirchheim came under the ecclesiastical administration of the chapter of Molsheim. Kirchheim Church was, in turn, the mother church of those at Marlenheim and Odratzheim, an arrangement that continued until the start of the nineteenth century.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Communes of Bas-Rhin


The Neo were a fictional race of superhumans appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are depicted in the Marvel Universe and were created by Chris Claremont. Before facing global extinction, the Neo were another of Earth's races, apparently a very ancient one that preferred to live in seclusion. They appear to be a subspecies of mutants, but much more powerful. This is seen in the way they call mutants "spikes," as if they didn't even register on Neo's power scales.

Species Biography
The existence of the Neo was kept hidden for millennia as they had chosen a solitary life in their own community. They prospered until the day the High Evolutionary activated his machines (from an orbital space station) that switched off all mutant genes. Worldwide, all mutants lost their powers and became baseline humans. The Neo suffered many casualties. Among the dead was the daughter of Domina and Hunter, the leaders of one of Neo's warclans. They swear revenge on whoever is responsible.

The Neo engaged in fighting the X-Men, who had no intention of letting them destroy the world. It was the Neo who sabotaged the High Evolutionary's space station, destroyed 17 of Mister Sinister's bases, and hunted down the mutants hidden by Charles Xavier in NYC. They are all top-notch fighters and can withstand significant punishment before going down. They are also quite technologically advanced.

The Neo themselves had split up into several different factions or tribes. Apart from the Warclan, the different X-Men teams also fought other groups of Neo called "The Shockwave Riders", who have psionic powers and ride anti-grav skimmers, "The Lost Souls", who psychically trap souls near death and cause them to despair forever, "The Goth", a trio of super-powered individuals who acted as a shadowy underground slave trade organization under the lead of a man that called himself "The Goth". They used their own group of inter-dimensional slavers known as the "Crimson Pirates". The Neo groups persisted as legends among mutants even in Cable's time, where it's said even Apocalypse respected them, a testament to their power.

Domina's Warclan was later attacked by Magneto, who demanded that they join him in war against the humans and stop the internecine warfare between themselves and other mutants. They refused, and Magneto slaughtered two of them in a few seconds, buying Domina's (who was amazed by his might) obedience as a result. Domina and her Warclan have not been seen since the attack on Genosha, and it is not known whether any of them survived.

They later faced the Young X-Men, although this appears to be part of Prodigy's Danger Cave.

Other groups of Neo, known as the Guardian Clan, War Clan, Spirit Clan, and Mind Clan, have been revealed to still exist; the latter two are based respectively in Southeast Asia and the Arctic. The Guardian Clan and War Clan jointly attacked Utopia in search of answers as to why many of the members of their species had lost their powers and no new births had occurred. Before Cyclops could explain these events, a group of supreme beings called the Evolutionaries intervened and, in the blink of an eye caused the global extinction of the entire Neo subspecies based on the premise that the Neo had ceased to evolve and thereby posed a threat to the survival of baseline Homo Superior.

Apparently, due to their inter-dimensional travels, the Crimson Pirates were able to survive the global extinction of their species and have since reappeared in the Nightcrawler solo series. One of their members, Bloody Bess, teamed up with Nightcrawler to fight against the other Crimson Pirates and Tullamore Voge (see Nightcrawler (vol. 4) #8-12)

Powers and abilities
The Neo were a more powerful variety of mutant. Like the mutants, they have an array of individual powers. They also appear to have slightly greater strength, speed, endurance, and reflexes than the average mutant.

See also
Mutant (Marvel Comics)

References

External links

Characters created by Chris Claremont
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics mutants
X-Men supporting characters


Kirrberg () is a commune in the northwest of the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It lies  to the west of Phalsbourg.

History
The earliest surviving record, naming the village as Villa Teurino, dates from 512.   The first appearance of a precursor to the present name occurs in 1501 with the name Kirpberg.

During the Thirty Years' War the village was almost entirely destroyed by fire.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kleingœft () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Surrounding communes are Wolschheim and Maennolsheim to the northeast; Westhouse-Marmoutier to the southeast; and Lochwiller to the west.

Landmarks
Chapel of Betbur
Constructed in the twelfth century, the chapel was originally the parish church of Betbur. Betbur was destroyed during or before the German Peasants' War, and a new village was constructed nearby on the site of what is now known as Kleingœft.   The chapel retained its role as a parish church, now being the parish church of Kleingœft, its cemetery being the Kleingœft village cemetery.  Later a new larger church was built in the centre of Kleingœft, but the Chapel of Betbur is still open and can be visited:  occasionally religious services are still celebrated in it.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Knœrsheim (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Knœrsheim is positioned some  to the south-east of Saverne.   Surrounding communes are Zeinheim and Rangen to the south-east, Zehnacker in the south and Westhouse-Marmoutier to the north-west

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kogenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
The commune is on the east of the Route Nationale RN83, till recently the main road linking Strasbourg with Colmar and still, despite extensive official 'declassification' following the opening of the Autoroute A35 a short distance to the west, a major regional road artery.   Kogenheim also has its own railway station.

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kolbsheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Between June 1974 and January 1983 the commune was merged with Duppigheim.

Geography
Kolbsheim is an Alsatian village positioned a short distance to the south-west of Strasbourg, and less than two kilometres from Strasbourg Airport.  Adjacent communes are Hangenbieten, Breuschwickersheim and Ernolsheim sur Bruche.

Notable people
 Jacques Maritain

See also
 Château de Kolbsheim
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Krautwiller () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Krautwiller is positioned close to Brumath.

History
In a transaction document dating from 742, the settlement is named as "Chrodoltesvillare".

In the medieval period, until 1504, the parish was administratively dependent on Wingersheim.

Landmarks
The chapel has a nave dating back to the eleventh century. A Romanesque doorway (today walled up) was originally the entrance to this ancient chapel dedicated to Saint Ulrich.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kriegsheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin département in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
Kriegsheim lies  to the north of Strasbourg and  to the southwest of Haguenau, in the Brumath hills on the western edge of the Upper Rhine valley. The Lohgraben, an 11-kilometre long stream that flows into the Moder, has its source in the Kriegsheim commune. (It should not be confused with Kriegsheim in Germany, a village that is now part of the town of Monsheim, Germany.)

Surrounding communes are Niederschaeffolsheim in the north, Weitbruch to the east, Brumath to the south and Rottelsheim in the west.

The departmental road RD263 crosses the village, connecting to Haguenau in the north and the cantonal capital of Brumath five kilometres to the south.   Brumath is the access point for the Autoroute A4 linking Paris with Strasbourg, and which here doubles as the European Highway E25.

History
The discovery of Merovingian period graves demonstrates that the area was already settled before the eighth century.

The first surviving written record of the village dates from 823 and occurs in an exchange of documents between Prince Erchanger and Bernold, Bishop of Strasbourg.   In 953 the Monastery at Lorsch received a grant of assets in Kriegsheim by imperial decree.

In 1236 Kriegsheim is listed as one of 28 villages in the region subject to shared ownership of the Bishopric of Strasbourg and The Empire.

Following the Habsburgs ascent to the throne, Kriegsheim achieved the privileges of an imperial village, falling within the bailiwick of Haguenau. In terms of civil administration, the village adhereded to the Batzendorf Schultheiß right up until 1789.

In 1460 half of the village was granted to St. Thomas, Strasbourg. At the height of the Thirty Years War, in 1625, Georg Dietrich von Wangen received the other half, which he and his heirs held until the French Revolution.

Landmarks
The church of Saint Ulrich contains a modern organ, installed in 1977/1978 but the original frontage of the 1861 Martin Wetzel organ has been retained.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Imperial Villages


Kurtzenhouse () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Until January 1955 the commune was known by its German language name of "Kurtzenhausen".

Geography
The village is positioned about ten kilometres (six miles) south of Haguenau:  the surrounding countryside is largely taken up with agriculture. Through the south-eastern side of the commune runs the departmental road RD 37, and beside that the rather indirect railway line that connects Haguenau with Strasbourg to the south.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kuttolsheim (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

It has been built along an old Roman road leading from Strasbourg to Saverne.

Geography
Saverne is approximately twelve kilometres (seven miles) to the north-west while Strasbourg is approximately twenty-five kilometres (fifteen miles) to the east. The twentieth century route nationale 4 connecting the two avoids Kuttolsheim but passes through Marlenheim, a short distance to the south.

Landmarks
Sainte-Barbe chapel: classified as a historic monument; the tower has been built in the 13th century near a sultry spring, probably on the place of an elder sanctuary. The nave dates from the seventeenth century.
Schwefelsee (sulfur lake): known since the Roman era, its water was then piped to Strasbourg. The lake is a small natural water retain at the outlet of the Souffel's spring. The spring's rate of flow reaches 17 litres per second, its temperature is constant (about 12-13 °C) and therefore the lake never freezes. The sulfur content of the water allowed it to be used since the Roman era until the 1950s in thermae : its curative properties were mostly used to cure skin diseases. The lake also served as a horse bath (als: Rosschwemm) : a mild slope allows them to quietly go into water.
Saint-Jacques-le-majeur church: the choir tower, built by the architect Bernach in the 12th century, is classified as a historic monument. The present choir and nave have been rebuilt in 1865 after a fire.
Buddhist temple: Since 1978, Kuttolsheim is one of the four places in Alsace where a Buddhist centre can be found. Since it is the European Institute of Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lama went there many times.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Kochersberg

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pleumeleuc (; ; Gallo: Ploemenoec) is a commune in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine in Brittany in the northwest of France.

Geography
The town of Pleumeleuc is part of the county of Montfort-sur-Meu and of the town of Rennes.
It stretches over 19,51 km2 and had 2.824 inhabitants in 2009. It is surrounded by Montfort-sur-Meu, Bédée, La Nouaye, Breteil, Iffendic, Talensac, Saint-Gonlay.
La Vaunoise river goes through the town and many pedestrian paths follow the banks.

Histoire
Pleumeleuc was a former early parish which included the towns of Bédée, Breteil, Clayes, Le Lou-du-Lac and La Nouaye.
During the 11th century, the parish of Pleumeleuc was given to the benedictin monks of Saint-Melaine abbey.
In 1218, Raoul, bishop of Saint-Malo, made it know that the abbot of Saint-Melaine had introduced him to the clierc Pierre de Tinténiac to be in charge of the church of Pleumeleuc. Pierre de Tinténiac, reserving all the rights on the taxes of the parish for himself, the bishop said that he had entrusted him the souls and had left him the place in the church.
During the 17th century, the two priories of Bédée and Hédé shared the charges of Pleumeleuc. But, during the 18th century, as the priest had to be paid, the monks of Saint-Melaine only asked for 2/3 of the tithe of Pleumeleuc and left all that was left to the priest for his own money bag.

Population
Inhabitants of Pleumeleuc are called Pleumeuleucois in French.

Tourism
Tourism management in Montfort-sur-Meu" is entrusted by Montfort Community to the Tourist Office of the district of Montfort.

Sights

Buildings
The church Saint-Pierre
The early church is probably dated from the 11th century, when the Benedictine monks of Saint-Melaine arrived to the parish.
We can still see nowadays on the wall of the nave of the church a cut in the shape of a fishbone which would probably date from this period.
The building had to be restored so most of the walls are dated from the 15th century.
At first, the church was the Lord of Montfort-sur-Meu's because he had superiority and foundation rights on it.
However, in 1630, the Duke of Trémoille sold the church and so the rights on the monument to François Glé, Lord of La Besneraye. That's why we can see on the stained glass windows the flash of the Lords of La Besneraye. The chapels of the western side have been added during the 16th century.

Touristic places
Valley of the Vaunoise river
The Vaunoise river, 32 km long, crosses the North East of the district and is a nice steep-sided valley. Several marked paths follow the banks.
Circuit de Vaunoise-La Motte
The circuit starts next to the church of Pleumeleuc. It lasts 1h45 and is about 7 km long. The circuit follows the Vaunoise river for some time and goes through the countryside of Pleumeleuc.
Circuit de Vaunoise-La Monneraye
The start is also next to the church, near the roundabout of the town hall. It lasts 1h15 and is 5 km long. The circuit follows most of the time the Vaunoise river.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website Pleumeleuc
Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Kutzenhausen may refer to:

Kutzenhausen, Bas-Rhin
Kutzenhausen, Germany


Torremocha can refer to:

The name of several places in Spain:

 Torremocha, Cáceres
 Torremocha de Ayllón, a village in Soria, part of the municipality of San Esteban de Gormaz
 Torremocha del Campo, a town in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha
 Torremocha de Jadraque, a town in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha
 Torremocha de Jarama, a town in the province of Madrid
 Torremocha de Jiloca, a town in the province of Teruel, Aragon
 Torremocha del Pinar, a town in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha


Pleugueneuc (; ; Gallo: Ploegenoec) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Pleugueneuc are called Pleugueneucois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Forest Waldemar "Seluya" McNeir (August 16, 1875 – May 9, 1957) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Washington, D.C., and died in Houston, Texas.

In 1920, McNeir won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team clay pigeons competition.

References

External links
Forest McNeir at Olympic Database
Forest McNeir at US Trapshooting Hall of Fame

1875 births
1957 deaths
American male sport shooters
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics


Kutzenhausen is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Kutzenhausen lies  to the south of Wissembourg, but still within the Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord.

Twin towns
  Kutzenhausen, Bavaria since 1987.

List of mayors

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord site

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gone Country is an American celebrity reality television show in which contestants compete to become a country music singer. The winner gets a country single produced by host John Rich, one-half of the country duo Big & Rich. It aired on CMT, with reruns on TV Land, and VH1. On the first-season finale, Julio Iglesias Jr. was named the winner.

Season 1 contestants
Bobby Brown – an R&B star of the late 1980s and early 1990s, member of boy band New Edition.
Maureen McCormick – best known from her role as Marcia Brady from the hit television show The Brady Bunch.
Diana DeGarmo –  American Idol season 3 runner-up and a Broadway actress
Julio Iglesias Jr. – son of singer Julio Iglesias, brother of Enrique Iglesias, and a soulful dance-pop singer. (Winner)
Sisqó – Member of the R&B group Dru Hill. He is most widely known for his solo hit, the "Thong Song."
Dee Snider – lead singer of the 1980s heavy metal band Twisted Sister.
Carnie Wilson – daughter of Beach Boys front man Brian Wilson, Carnie Wilson was also a member of the pop band Wilson Phillips.

Season 2 contestants
Jermaine Jackson – a member of The Jackson 5 alongside brothers Michael, Marlon, Tito and Jackie.
Chris Kirkpatrick – member of the boy band *NSYNC.
Sean Young – Appeared in movies such as Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, Fatal Instinct, Wall Street, No Way Out and Blade Runner.
Mikalah Gordon – American Idol season 4 finalist
Sebastian Bach – Former lead singer of the glam metal band Skid Row. (Winner)
Lorenzo Lamas – played "Tom Chisum" in Grease and starred on Falcon Crest, Renegade and The Bold and the Beautiful.
Irene Cara – played "Coco Hernandez" in the film Fame in 1980 and also is best known for the theme songs for both "Fame" and Flashdance. Left the show in episode 2 after Sean Young's drunken actions during the night.

Season 3 contestants
Tara Conner – Miss USA 2006
Micky Dolenz – former Monkees singer and drummer
George Clinton – funk master; leader of the band Parliament-Funkadelic
Richard Grieco – 21 Jump Street actor
Taylor Dayne – 1980s pop star
Sheila E. – Drummer and singer (Winner)
Justin Guarini –  American Idol season 1 runner-up

See alsoOutsiders Inn'', the 2008 reality television series spin-off featuring McCormick, Brown, and Wilson.

References

External links
Official homepage

2008 American television series debuts
CMT (American TV channel) original programming
VH1 original programming
2000s American reality television series
2009 American television series endings


Stanwellia grisea, also known as the Melbourne trapdoor spider, is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Pycnothelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1901 by British arachnologist Henry Roughton Hogg.

Description
Female spiders grow up to 35 mm in body length; males to 25 mm. The body is brown; the abdomen may be paler with a darker, rib-like pattern on the upper surface. Large cheliceral fangs are displayed when the spider feels threatened.

Distribution and habitat
The spiders are found in southern Victoria in tall open forest habitats. Their range includes the environs of the city of Melbourne and the Grampian Mountains. The type locality is Macedon.

Behaviour
The spiders are fossorial, terrestrial predators. Both males and females dig individual silk-lined burrows, up to 40 cm deep in soft earth, with silk threads radiating from the entrances. They ambush insects and other small prey at night from the burrow entrances which, despite the common name, do not have trapdoors. During autumn and early winter, males leave their burrows and wander widely in search of mates.

Interactions with humans
The spiders, especially the roaming males, can be encountered in gardens and urban areas. Their fangs are capable of delivering a deep and painful bite, which may cause a local reaction.

References

grisea
Spiders of Australia
Endemic fauna of Australia
Arthropods of Victoria (state)
Spiders described in 1901
Taxa named by Henry Roughton Hogg


Lalaye (; ) is a commune in the southwest of the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The inhabitants are known as Lachenois.

Geography
Lalaye is positioned approximately fifteen kilometres (nine miles) to the west-north-west of Sélestat on the departmental road D39, one of a number of minor roads that twists across the Vosges Mountains into Lorraine. It is three kilometres (two miles) upstream of the town Villé and on the left bank of a branch of the Giessen river which tumbles down from Urbeis to the west-south-west.   To the north the commune is bounded by the Honel ridge which continues at an altitude of around 600 meters to the Blanc-Noyer peak (822 meters) which dominates the area.  To the south a line of lower peaks running from the Kohlberg (500 meters) to the Goutte Henri (610 meters) a separates the Urbeis Giessen from the "Giessen proper".

The village itself is positioned at the lower end of the valley, having an average elevation of just 310 meters, shortly before the Charbes stream and the Urbeis Giessen converge.   The houses are stretched along the south facing side of the narrow Charbes valley.

Mining
The commune contains significant mineral deposits and has a long mining tradition:  the oldest evidence of exploitation is in place known as La Hollée. The principal mineral here, Galena (lead ore) was being extracted on a daily basis at the end of the Middle Ages. Along the route to the hamlet of Charbes is another mine known by the local language name of "Haus Osterreich" and which was worked during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Both these sites have been subjected to several modern investigatory excavations, during the course of which an ancient well was discovered which was equipped with a water wheel and a two chamber water pump.

Seams of antimony at Wolfsloch were mined during the same period, for a century between 1648 and 1748. More important was the coal mining, which provided high quality coal, principally used in forges. After lapsing for several years, mining returned to the village during the German occupation in 1901.   Other mines, some better documented than others, include those at Sachelingoutte (sixteenth century), Pransureux, Le Beheu and Ruisseau.

An old mylonite quarry which was still being exploited after the Second World War is located at Molloch, on a part of the same site as the old lead mine at La Hollée. The rock extracted here was chiefly used as an underlay rock for road construction.

History

Etymology
The name Lalaye comes from the German and local dialect name "Lach" and from the Latinate patois equivalent "Lela".   A range of spelling variants turns up through the centuries.   The Germanic name "Lach" is recorded in 1303 and again in 1561.   Following the French occupation of Alsace, francophone versions gain currency:  La Ley in 1768, Lallay on Cassini's eighteenth century maps, Lalay in 1758 and finally Lalaye.   As in the rest of Alsace, periods of German occupation between 1871 and 1918, and again between 1940 and 1944, saw a return to German versions of the name.

Origins as part of the Villé seigniory
The precise age of the village is not known.   The first surviving record of it appears in an inventory compiled in 1303 by a notary named Burkhard von Fricke who was working for the powerful Habsburg family.   In the middle of the thirteenth century the Habsburgs owned the Albrecht Valley:  the notary's task was to inventory the family's rights and revenues in all the villages including "Lach".   Subsequently the village passed through several hands, either in absolute possession or else as a fiefdom.   Most noteworthy among these proprietors were the Rathsamhausen zum Stein family and, later, the noble Bollwiller family.

The Thirty Years' War
Lalaye was one of many Alsatian villages ruined by the Thirty Years' War.   After 1648 the French entrusted the Lalaye lands to Choiseul-Meuse.   The village was repopulated by migrants from Lorraine who brought their latinate patois with them.

Religious
The Roman Catholic community of Lalaye was affiliated to the parish of nearby Villé:  it was therefore necessary for citizens to make the four kilometre (two and a half mile) trek to Villé in order to attend Sunday Mass.    Later, in 1665, a report on "The Condition of the Parishes" in the Villé lordship mentions the lack of any chapel at Mittelscheer, but indicates the presence of a suitable building at Lalaye (at that time still called Lach) in good condition and dedicated to Saint Dorothy.   At the time the Abbess of Andlau enjoyed the tithe while the priest from Villé administered this chapel and celebrated the mass in it.

In 1777 the old chapel was demolished and work began on a church, planned by the architect Christiani and which would be built on the same spot.   The church was far larger than the chapel it replaced, which had become necessary because of immigration to the village during the eighteenth century.   Between 1720 and 1750 the size of the registered congregation increased from about twenty souls to about fifty.   In 1803 a vicar was assigned to Lalaye-Charbes, and from 1810 he was able to reside in a newly constructed presbytery.   Lalaye obtained parish status in 1820.

Emigration
From the nineteenth century Lalaye experienced a major population exodus, primarily due to a lack of work in the valley.   Some residents migrated to cities such as Paris while others crossed the Atlantic to the United States or, like the missionary Jean Gaire, to Canada.   Often early emigrants were joined subsequently by others from the commune.

Schools
Two schools were constructed during the nineteenth century:  one at Charbes in 1832 and the other at Lalaye in 1860.

Twentieth century
The village was relatively lightly touched by the two great wars of the twentieth century.   During the First World War the village lost 17 inhabitants, and 14 during the Second World War.

People
 Jean Gaire 1853 - 1925, missionary to the Canadians, was born in Lalaye.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Plesder () is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Plesder are called plesderois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Lampertsloch is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It is located less than nine kilometres (5 miles) from the French–German border.

The commune is part of the Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord.

Lampersloch was historically a German-speaking town. In the middle ages it was part of the lordship of Lichtenberg, a small German territory within the Holy Roman Empire. By marriage it later became part of the County of Zweibrücken-Bitsch, another German territory. In 1570 it became part of the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg, which was also a German territory. Immediately afterwards, the ruler, Philipp V of Hanau-Lichtenberg, made the territory officially Lutheran. During the reign of Louis XIV of France the territory came under French dominance, although it continued to be ruled by the counts of Hanau. After the death of the last Hanau count, Johann Reinhard III, the county was inherited by the son of his only daughter Charlotte, the hereditary prince and later Landgrave of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, Ludwig IX. Following the French Revolution the area was annexed by France. In 1871 it became part of Germany, and after the First World War it again became part of France. While the area was occupied by Germany from 1940, it was not formally annexed.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Langensoultzbach () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The commune is part of the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.

Geography
The village is some twenty kilometres (twelve miles) to the south-west of Wissembourg and the closest crossings of the Franco-German frontier reachable on a classified road.  Slightly more direct and shorter routes to Germany may be available to hikers.

The village is a couple of kilometres from departmental road RD 27, which runs between the villages of Lembach and Wœrth, beyond which it continues to Haguenau.  The heart of the village is set in farmland, although most of the surrounding countryside is still made up of woodland.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Drew Davis Band was an American country music group established in 2001 by Drew Davis (lead vocals, guitar), Mike Drake (guitar, harmonica, fiddle), Loren Ellis (banjo, guitar, mandolin, vocals), Jay Hawks (drums), Mo Levone (bass guitar, vocals), and Roger Malinkowski (keyboards).

In 2004, the band competed in and won the Colgate Country Showdown; shortly afterward, they were signed to Windswept Publishing, with a self-titled EP being released that year. Eventually, they were transferred to 903 Music, a short-lived record label founded by Neal McCoy; upon the label's closure in 2007, the band was transferred to Lofton Creek Records. Both Mike Drake and Jay Hawks have since left the group. The band's debut single, "Back There All the Time", has entered the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. It was included on both their self-titled EP and on their 2008 album Crossroads. Roger Malinowski left the band in 2009 to be David Spade's stuntman.

The Drew Davis Band was featured on an episode of Gene Simmons Family Jewels on August 9, 2009.  The episode also featured a guest appearance by Trace Adkins. They also performed the theme song for the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

References

Country music groups from California
Lofton Creek Records artists
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 2004


Lembach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Etymology
The toponym Lembach is of Germanic origin, cognate to modern German Lehm, denoting clay. The Germanic hydronym *-bak(i) entered the French language via High German, and took on two forms: the Germanic form -bach and Romantic -bais.

Geography
Lembach lies in the Sauer valley, surrounded by the woods and sandstone cliffs of the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve. It is located on Departmental Road 3 which runs from Wissembourg, 12 km to the east of Lembach, to the north-western tip of Bas-Rhin and the onward route to Bitche in the department of Moselle. The German frontier lies some 5 km to the north.

In the village centre is a Protestant church dating from 1750 (but incorporating a tower from the late Medieval period) as well as a nineteenth-century Catholic church.

The commune, which covers an extensive land area, much of it uninhabitable owing to the topography, also includes the small village of Mattstall and the hamlet of Pfaffenbronn.

Tourism
The spectacular scenery and the fortifications of past centuries, coupled with the limited possibilities for agriculture in the immediate area, make tourism a key source of employment.

The presence in Lembach of a well regarded haute cuisine restaurant has in recent years made the village something of a "centre of pilgrimage" for gourmets, many of whom cross the border from such nearby population centres as Karlsruhe, Germersheim, and Mannheim.

Clearly marked footpaths, some of them leading to ruined fortifications or to picturesque rock faces, are promoted as another tourist attraction. The best known and most substantial of the medieval period fortifications is probably the Château du Fleckenstein. The commune also includes a section of the Maginot Line.

History
The extensive territory has often found itself a crossing-point between the French and German worlds in times both of peace and of war.

In September 1972 the commune of Lembach was merged with the neighbouring village of Mattstall to the south. Mattstall retains the semi-independent status of an associated commune.

Notable people
 Author and doctor Paul Bertololy lived in Lembach and died there in 1972. (At the time of his birth at Frankenthal in 1892, Lembach was a part of Germany, and German was the mother tongue in which Bertololy wrote.)
 Claude-Hélène Perrot (1928-2019), historian and Africanist
 Astronaut Rusty Schweickart is the grandson of a couple who emigrated from Lembach to the United States. He has visited the village twice and given his name to one of its streets.

Landmarks
 Fleckenstein castle
 Frœnsbourg castle
 The extensive Maginot line fortifications, known as "Ouvrage Four-à-Chaux"
 Lembach mill
 Fleckensteins' manor (Le manoir des Fleckenstein)
 Lembach farm and tile works (La ferme et tuilerie de Lembach)

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Communes of Bas-Rhin


Plerguer (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Plerguer are called in French Plerguerrois.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Leutenheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It lies  east of Haguenau and a short distance west of the Rhine, which here defines the frontier between France and Germany.

History
In eighth- and ninth-century records the village appears as Lithaim.

In around 1140 Königsbrück Abbey was founded here, a Cistercian nunnery, dissolved during the French Revolution.

Before the Rhine was channeled, the landscape here was marshy and criss-crossed by branches of the river. Accordingly, the settlement is constructed on warfts.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lichtenberg () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The village forms a part of the Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord.

Geography
Surrounding communes are Baerenthal in the neighbouring Moselle département to the north-east, Offwiller et Rothbach to the south-east, Ingwiller in the south, Wimmenau in the south-west and Reipertswiller to the north-west.

Landmarks
 Château de Lichtenberg (Lichtenberg Castle)
 The Catholic Church contains Stations of the Cross by Marie-Louis Sorg (Wikipedia France).

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Torrijo can refer to:

The name of several places in Spain:

 Torrijo del Campo, a town in the province of Teruel, Aragon
 Torrijo de la Cañada, a town in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon