Expenditures by Canadian universities on scientific research and development accounted for about 40% of all spending on scientific research and development in Canada in 2006.

Research in the natural and social sciences in Canada, with a few important exceptions, is almost exclusively funded by the Canadian taxpayer and is distributed to universities by five important federal funding agencies, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). Additional monies are also provided by the Canada Research Chairs organization, which provides financing for the staffing of research personnel at Canadian universities and the Canada Foundation for Innovation, which supports the acquisition of scientific research infrastructure by Canadian universities, colleges, research hospitals, and non-profit research institutions.

In 2006, total spending on scientific and industrial research in Canada amounted to C$28.067 billion or about 2 percent of GDP. In 2006, Canadian universities spent C$10.890 billion on research and development, representing about 40 percent of all R&D spending in Canada and about .66 percent of Canada's GDP.

Below are the names of those university institutions that carry out both natural and social science research, although the emphasis here is on the former. The largest part of funding from NSERC, is received by 15 universities, not surprisingly the largest in the country, which have formed an association named the U15. The list below ranks the members of this group in order of NSERC grant size. A number of thematically specialized virtual university research organizations, the Networks of Excellence, have been established and are listed here. Also included are the names of some particular research organizations and projects notable for their large size or for other characteristics. This is followed by a brief description of the expenditures on scientific research and development by sector. Finally the list includes those support organizations that fund scientific research at the university level or contribute to its success in other ways.

U15 largest Canadian research universities

University of Toronto

Toronto, Ontario.

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 54,264

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 245

Research institutes
Natural science research
 Institute for Aerospace Studies
 Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF)
 Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research
 Canadian Drosophila Microarray Centre
 Centre for Environment
 The Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences
 Proteomics Research Centre
 Engineering Research
 Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies
 Centre for Applied Power Electronics
 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering
 Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute
 Emerging Communications Technology Institute
 Energenius Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology
 Hitachi Survey Research Centre
 Intelligent Transportation Systems
 Institute for Knowledge Innovation and Technology
 Centre for Landscape Research InterNetwork
 Lassonde Institute (Engineering Geoscience)
 Centre for Microelectronics Assembly and Packaging
 Molecular Design and Information Technology Center (MDIT)
 Centre for Nuclear Engineering
 Positron Emission Tomography Centre
 Pulp and Paper Centre
Medical research
 Sunnybrook Research Institute
 Institute of Medical Science
 Sunnybrook Centre for studies in Aging
 Banting and Best Diabetes Centre
 Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
 Centre for Health Promotion
 Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre for Cardiovascular Research
 Institute for Human Development, Life Course and Aging
 Centre for International Health, Faculty of Medicine
 R. Samuel McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine
 Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress
 Centre for research in Neurodegenerative Diseases
 U of T Centre for the Study of Pain
 Sleep Medicine and Circadian Biology
Social science research
 Joint Centre for Bioethics
 Clarkson Centre for Business Effectiveness and Board Effectiveness
 Capital Markets Institute
 CERIS – The Ontario Metropolis Centre
 Institute for Competitiveness & Prosperity
 Centre of Criminology
 Centre for research in Education (Medical)
 International Centre for Educational Change
 G8 Information Centre
 Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology
 Centre for Industrial Relations
 Centre for research into Information Studies
 Centre for Innovation Law and Policy
 Centre for Integrative and Anti-Racism Studies
 Institute for International Business
 Centre for International Studies
 Knowledge Media and Design Institute
 Laidlaw Centre (Institute of Child Study)
 Centre for Management of Technology and Entrepreneurship
 Centre for Media and Culture in Education
 Centre for Modern Language
 Multimedia Centre for Learning in the Humanities
 Munk Centre for International Studies
 Institute for Policy Analysis
 Centre de Recherches en éducation Franco-ontarienne
 Centre for Applied Social Research
 Atkinson Centre for Society and Child Development
 Imperial Oil Centre for Studies in Science, Mathematics and Technology Education
 Centre for Study of Education and Work
 Centre for the Study of the United States
 Centre for Teacher Development
 Centre for Technology and Social Development
 Transformative Learning Centre
 Centre for Urban and Community Studies
 Centre for Research in Women's Health
 Institute for Women's Studies and Gender Studies
 Centre for Women's Studies in Education

University of British Columbia

Vancouver, British Columbia.

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 43,004

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 148

Research institutes
Land & Food Systems
Avian Research Centre
UBC Dairy Education and Research Centre
UBC Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research (CAER)
Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO)
 Soil-Water Environmental Laboratory
 UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research
 Wine Research Centre
Natural Science and Engineering
 Institute for Aboriginal Health
 Institute for Applied Mathematics (IAM)
 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
 Institute of Health Promotion Research
 Institute of Mental Health
 Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences (PIMS)
 Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies
 Rick Hansen Institute (RHI)
 Robotics & Intelligent Systems (IRIS)
 Sustainable Development Research Institute (SDRI)
 Institute for Systems Biology (ISB)
Social Science
 Institute of Asian Research
 BC Children's Hospital Research Institute
 English Language Institute (ELI)
 Institute for European Studies
 Human Early Learning Partnership
 Liu Institute for Global Issues
 Institute for Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI)

UBC also operates 65 research centres.

University of Alberta

Edmonton, Alberta.

NSERC Funding 2003 C$M 36,291

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 100

Centres and institutes
Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences
 Alberta Poultry Research Centre
 Alberta Veterinary Research Institute (AVRI)
 Centre for Enhanced Forest Management (EFM)
 Dairy Research and Technology Centre (DRTC)
 Environmental Research and Studies Centre
 Material Culture Institute (MCI)
Engineering
 Alberta Centre for Surface Engineering and Science
 Construction Research Institute for Canada (CIRC)
 Imperial Oil Centre for Oil Sands Innovation
Health Sciences Council
 Alberta Centre on Aging
 Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition
 Community-University Partnership (CUP)
 The John Dossetor Health Ethics Centre
Medicine and Dentistry
 Alberta Asthma Centre
 Alberta Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases
 Alberta Diabetes Research Institute
 Alberta Institute for Viral Immunology (AIVI)
 Alberta Peptide Institute (API)
 Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre (ATAGC)
 Canadian VIGOUR Centre
 Centre for Health Evidence
 Centre for Neuroscience
 Digestive Health Care Centre for Colon Cancer (DHCCC)
 Glaxo Wellcome Heritage Research Institute
 Magnetic Resonance Diagnostics Centre (MRDC)
 Muttart Diabetes Research & Training Centre
 Perinatal Research Group
 Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI)
Nursing
 Institute for Philosophical Nursing Research
 International Institute for Qualitative Methodology
 International Nursing Centre
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
 Centre for Community Pharmacy Research and Interdisciplinary Studies (c/COMPRIS)
 Noujaim Institute
School of Public Health
 Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research
 Centre for Health Promotion Studies
Rehabilitation Medicine
 Centre for Studies in Clinical Education (CSCE)
 Institute for Stuttering Treatment and Research (ISTAR)
 Rehabilitation Research Centre
Science
 Alberta Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS)
 Alberta Cooperative Conservation Research Unit
 Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science
 Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Machine Learning
 Applied Mathematics Institute
 Centre for Mathematical Biology
 Centre for Particle Physics
 Institute for Geophysical Research (IGR)
 Institute for Space Science, Exploration and Technology (ISSET)
 Statistics Centre
 Theoretical Physics Institute

McGill University

Montreal, Quebec.

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 133
Number of Canada Excellence Research Chairs – 2

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 34,984

Research facilities

 Downtown Campus – Faculty of Science and Faculty of Engineering

Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Engineering:

 Bone and Periodontal Research, Centre for
 Advanced Materials, McGill Institute for (MIAM)
 Biodiversity Science, Quebec Centre for
 Bioinformatics, McGill Centre for
 Brain, Language and Music, Centre for Research on (CRBLM)
 Cell Imaging and Analysis Network (CIAN)
 Comparative Medicine and Animal Resources Centre
 Developmental Biology Research Initiative (DBRI)
 Experimental Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory for (LE3)
 High Energy Physics, Centre for
 Institut des sciences mathématiques de Montréal (ISM)
 Intelligent Machines, Centre for (CIM)
 Music, Media and Technology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in (CIRMMT)
 Pain, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on
 Physics of Materials, Centre for the (CPM)
 Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Centre for (CSACS)
 Sustainability in Engineering and Design, Trottier Institute for
 Aerospace Engineering, McGill Institute for
 High Field NMR Facility
 Nanotools Microfab Laboratory
 Phytotron
 Redpath Museum
 Sheldon Biotechnology Centre
 Advanced Systems & Technologies on Communications, Centre for (SYTAcom)
 Water Resources Management, Brace Centre for
 Intelligent Machines, Centre for  (CIM)
 McGill Metals Processing Centre
 Trottier Institute for Sustainability in Engineering and Design (TISED)

Downtown Campus – Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry

 Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain
 Anesthesia Research Unit
 Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre
 Biomedical Ethics Unit
 Centre for Advanced Bone and Periodontal Research
 Centre for Applied Mathematics in Bioscience and Medicine (CAMBAM)
 Centre for Bone and Periodontal Research
 Centre for Bioinformatics
 Centre for Biorecognition and Biosensors
 Centre of Genomics and Policy
 Centre for Research in Neuroscience
 Centre for Nursing Research
 Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music
 Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development
 Centre for Structural Biology (GRASP Research Group)
 Comparative Medicine and Animal Resources Centre
 Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre (CFTRc)
 Douglas Mental Health University Institute
 Facility for Electron Microscopy Research (FEMR)
 Institute for Health and Social Policy
 J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases
 Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (McGill AIDS Centre)
 Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health
 McGill Centre for Studies in Aging
 McGill International TB Centre
 McGill Centre for Translational Research in Cancer
 McGill Centre for the Convergence of Health and Economics (MCCHE)
 McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre
 Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre
 Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital
 Research Institute MUHC
 Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre
 Steinberg Centre for Simulation and Interactive Learning
 The Network for Oral and Bone Health Research

Macdonald campus

 Bioresource Engineering Machine Shop
 CT Scanning Laboratory for Agricultural and Environmental Research
 Ecological Agriculture Projects
 Fermentation and Bioprocessing Laboratory
 Flow Cytometry Core Facility
 Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory
 Macdonald Campus Farm
 J.S. Marshall Radar Observatory
 Mary Emily Clinical Nutrition Unit
 McGill University Herbarium
 Morgan Arboretum
 Pilot Plant
 Plant Science Field Research Facilities
 Plant Science Research Greenhouses and Phytorium
 Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory
 The Trace Metal Analysis Laboratory

Off campus
 Bellairs Research Institute (Barbados)
 Gault Nature Reserve (Mont-Saint-Hilaire)
 Mont-Saint-Hilaire Nature Conservation Centre
 McGill Arctic Research Station
 McGill Sub-Arctic Research Station
 Molson Nature Reserve (Ste-Anne de Bellevue)
 Wilder and Helen Penfield Nature Reserve (Lake Memphrémagog)
 Interuniversity/ Interinstitutional(based at McGill or elsewhere)
 CLUMEQ Supercomputer Centre
 Coriolis II (Rimouski)
 Huntsman Marine Science Centre
 McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre
 Pulp and Paper Research Institute – Canada (PAPRICAN)
 Quebec Interuniversity Centre for Social Statistics (QICSS)
 Centre for the Study of Learning and Performance (CSLP)

University of Waterloo

Waterloo, Ontario

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 29,763

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 48

Research centres and institutes
 Canadian Centre of Arts & Technology (CCAT)
 Canadian Centre for Cultural Innovation (CCCI)
 Centre for Accounting Research & Education (CARE)
 Centre for Advanced Studies in Finance (CASF)
 Centre for Advancement of Trenchless Technologies at Waterloo (CATT)
 Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research (CACR)
 Centre for Business, Entrepreneurship & Technology (CBET)
 Centre for Computational Mathematics in Industry & Commerce (CCMIC)
 Centre for Contact Lens Research (CCLR)
 Centre for Cultural Management (CCM)
 Centre for Education in Mathematics & Computing (CEMC)
 Centre for Mental Health Research (CMHR)
 Centre for Molecular Beams & Laser Chemistry
 Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience
 Heritage Resource Centre
 Institute for Computer Research (ICR)
 Institute for Innovation Research (IIR)
 Institute for Polymer Research (IPR)
 Institute for Quantitative Finance & Insurance (IQFI)
 Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC)
 Institute for Risk Research (IRR)
 Institute for Vision Science & Technology (IVST)
 Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
 Institute of Insurance and Pension Research (IIPR)
 Integrated Centre for Visualization, Design & Manufacturing (ICVDM)
 Mid-Size City Research Centre (MCRC)
 Nortel Networks Institute for Advanced Information Technology (NNI)
 Schlegel – UW Research Institute for Aging (RIA)
 Survey Research Centre (SRC)
 Waterloo Centre for the Advancement of Co-operative Education (WatCACE)
 Waterloo Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
 Waterloo Centre for Automotive Research (WatCAR)
 Waterloo Centre for German Studies
 Waterloo Institute for Groundwater Research (WIGR)
 Waterloo Institute for Health Informatics Research (WIHIR)
 University of Waterloo Management of Integrated Manufacturing Systems Research Group (WATMIMS)

Université Laval

Québec, Québec

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 28,128

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 80

Network of Centres of Excellence
 ArcticNet
 Geoide
 Canadian Institute for Photonic Innovations

Instituts de recherche
 Institut des nutraceutiques et des aliments fonctionnels (INAF)
 Institut d'éthique appliquée (IDÉA)
 Institut d'études anciennes (IEA)
 Institut Hydro-Québec en environnement, développement et société (IHQEDS)
 Institut québécois des hautes études internationales (IQHEI)
 Institut sur le patrimoine culturel (IPAC)
 Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés (IVPSA)
 Institut Technologies de l'Information et Sociétés (ITIS)

Centres de recherche
 Centre d'analyse des politiques publiques (CAPP)
 Centre de recherche en aménagement et développement (CRAD)
 Centre de recherche en biologie de la reproduction (CRBR)
 Centre de recherche en cancérologie (CRC)
 Centre de recherche en économie agroalimentaire (CRÉA)
 Centre de recherche en endocrinologie moléculaire et oncologique (CREMO)
 Centre de recherche en géomatique (CRG)
 Centre de recherche en horticulture (CRH)
 Centre de recherche en infectiologie (CRI)
 Centre de recherche en modélisation, information et décision (CERMID)
 Centre de recherche en neurosciences (CRN)
 Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie (CRRI)
 Centre de recherche en sciences et ingénierie des macromolécules (CERSIM)
 Centre de recherche en sciences et technologie du lait (STELA)
 Centre de recherche et d'intervention sur la réussite scolaire (CRIRES)
 Centre de recherche et d'intervention sur l'éducation et la vie au travail (CRIEVAT)
 Centre de recherche Hôpital Laval
 Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la violence familiale et la violence faite aux femmes (CRI-VIFF)
 Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE)
 Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la littérature et la culture québécoises (CRILCQ)
 Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la mondialisation et le travail (CRIMT)
 Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP)
 Centre de recherche sur l'adaptation des jeunes et des familles à risque (JEFAR)
 Centre de recherche sur l'aluminium (REGAL-LAVAL)
 Centre de recherche sur le bois (CRB)
 Centre de recherche sur le cerveau, le comportement et la neuropsychiatrie (CRCN)
 Centre de recherche sur le métabolisme énergétique (CREME)
 Centre de recherche sur les infrastructures en béton (CRIB)
 Centre de recherche sur les maladies lipidiques (CRML)
 Centre de recherche sur les propriétés des interfaces et la catalyse (CERPIC)
 Centre de recherche sur les technologies de l'organisation réseau (CENTOR)
 Centre de recherche Université Laval-Robert-Giffard (CRULRG)
 Centre de santé et de services sociaux de la Vieille-Capitale (CLSC Haute-Ville-Des-** Rivières) (CSSSVC)
 Centre d'édition et de documentation Fonds Gustave-Guillaume (FGG)
 Centre d'étude de la forêt (CEF)
 Centre d'études interaméricaines (CEI)
 Centre d'études Marie-de-l'Incarnation (CEMI)
 Centre d'études nordiques (CEN)
 Centre d'excellence pour la santé buccodentaire et le vieillissement
 Centre d'optique, photonique et laser (COPL)
 Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec (CHA)
 Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec (CHUQ)
 Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et intégration sociale (CIRRIS)
 Centre interdisciplinaire de recherches sur les activités langagières (CIRAL)
 Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur le saumon atlantique (CIRSA)
 Centre interuniversitaire d'études et de recherches autochthones (CIÉRA)
 Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises (CIEQ)
 Centre interuniversitaire d'études sur les lettres, les arts et les traditions (CELAT)
 Centre interuniversitaire en calcul mathématique algébrique (CICMA)
 Centre interuniversitaire sur le risque, les politiques économiques et l'emploi (CIRPÉE)
 Centre jeunesse de Québec (CJQ)

University of Saskatchewan

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

NSERC Funding 2006/7 C$M 26.5
All Research Funding 2006/7 C$M 140.6

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 40

Internal Research Centers and Institutes (partial list)
 Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture
 Canadian Centre for Nuclear Innovation
 Centre for High Performance Computing
 Global Institute for Food Security
 Institute For Computer and Information Technology
 Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies
 Saskatchewan Drug Research Institute
 Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Centre
 Subatomic Physics Institute
 Toxicology Centre
 Plasma Physics Laboratory
 Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory
 Research Centers and Institutes Operating with Independent Boards from The University
 Canadian Light Source – Synchrotron light source operated as a national facility
 Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit, Inc.
 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization- Vaccine Research with Level 3 laboratory

Université de Montréal

Montreal, Quebec.

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 21,759

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 93

Centres de recherche
 Agora Jules Dupuit (AJD)
 Centre Canadien d'études allemandes et européennes (CCEAE)
 Centre d'études et de recherches internationales (CERIUM)
 Centre d'études ethniques des universités montréalaises (CEETUM)
 Centre d'étude des religions de l'Université de Montréal (CERUM)
 Centre d'excellence en neuromique (CEN)
 Centre d'excellence pour le développement des jeunes enfants (CEDJE)
 Centre de droit des affaires et du commerce international (CDACI)
 Centre de formation et d'expertise en recherche en administration des services infirmiers (FERASI)
 Centre de recherche en droit public (CRDP)
 Centre de recherche en éthique de l'Université de Montréal (CREUM)
 Centre de recherche en neuropsychologie et cognition (CERNEC)
 Centre de recherche en reproduction animale (CRRA)
 Centre de recherche en sciences neurologiques (CRSN)
 Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la violence familiale et la violence faite aux ** femmes (CRI-VIFF)
 Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les aggressions ** sexuelles (CRIPCAS)
 Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les technologies émergentes (CITÉ)
 Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE)
 Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la littérature et la culture québécoises (CRILCQ/U.Montréal)
 Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la mondialisation et le travail (CRIMT)
 Centre de recherche Léa-Roback sur les inégalités sociales de santé de Montréal
 Centre de recherche sur l'intermédialité (CRI)
 Centre de recherche sur les politiques et le développement social (CPDS)
 Centre de recherche sur les transports (CRT)
 Centre de recherches mathématiques (CRM)
 Centre des langues patrimoniales (CLP)
 Centre international de criminologie comparée (CICC)
 Centre interuniversitaire d'études démographiques (CIED)
 Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en économie quantitative CIREQ-CRDE
 Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en toxicologie (CIRTOX)
 Centre interuniversitaire québécois de statistiques sociales (CIQSS)
 Centre Robert-Cedergren de l'Université de Montréal
 Équipe de recherche et d'action en santé mentale et culture (ÉRASME)

Groupes de recherche
 Groupe d'astrophysique de l'Université de Montréal
 Groupe d'étude des protéines membranaires (GÉPROM)
 Groupe d'étude et de recherche sur la sécurité internationale (GERSI)
 Groupe de physique des particules (GPP)
 Groupe de physique numérique (PhysNum)
 Groupe de physique numérique des matériaux
 Groupe de recherche DÉFI Apprentissage (GDA)
 Groupe de recherche Diversité Urbaine (GRDU)
 Groupe de recherche en architecture urbaine (GRAU)
 Groupe de recherche en conception assistée par ordinateur (GRCAO)
 Groupe de recherche en conservation de l'environnement bâti (GRCEB)
 Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique
 Groupe de recherche en gestion thérapeutique (GRGT)
 Groupe de recherche en linguistique du texte (GRELT)
 Groupe de recherche en médecine équine du Québec (GREMEQ)
 Groupe de recherche en modélisation biomédicale (GRMB)
 Groupe de recherche en physique et technologie des couches minces (GCM)
 Groupe de recherche en sciences de la vision (GRSV)
 Groupe de recherche en toxicologie humaine (TOXHUM)
 Groupe de recherche et d'action sur la victimisation des enfants – Alliance de recherche ** pour le développement des enfants dans leur communauté (GRAVE-ARDEC)
 Groupe de recherche et développement en gestion informatisée de la santé animale (DSA R&D)
 Groupe de recherche IF (GRIF)
 Groupe de recherche interdépartemental sur les conditions d'enseignement et d'apprentissage ** (GRICEA)
 Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire en santé (GRIS)
 Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en sciences infirmières de Montréal (GRISIM)
 Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en tutoriel intelligent (GRITI)
 Groupe de recherche Language, Organisation et Gouvernance (LOG)
 Groupe de recherche sur l'apprentissage et l'évaluation multimédias interactifs (GRAEMI)
 Groupe de recherche sur l'avènement et la formation des institutions cinématographique et ** scénique (GRAFICS)
 Groupe de recherche sur l'Amérique latine (GRAL)
 Groupe de recherche sur l'inadaptation psychosociale chez l'enfant (GRIP)
 Groupe de recherche sur la démographie québécoise (GRDQ)
 Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux autonome (GRSNA)
 Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC)
 Groupe de recherche sur les animaux de compagnie (GRAC)
 Groupe de recherche sur les aspects sociaux de la santé et de la prévention (GRASP)
 Groupe de recherche sur les environnements de travail (GRET)
 Groupe de recherche sur les jeunes et les médias (GRJM)
 Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP)
 Groupe de recherche universitaire sur le médicament (GRUM)
 Immigration et métropoles, Centre de recherche interuniversitaire de Montréal sur l'immigration, l'intégration et la dynamique urbaine

Institutes de recherche
 Institut d'études européennes de l'Université de Montréal et de l'Université McGill
 Institut de biotechnologie vétérinaire et alimentaire (IBVA)
 Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV)
 Institut de recherche en immunologie et en cancérologie de l'Université de Montréal (IRIC)
 Institut international de recherche en éthique biomédicale (IIREB)

Laboratoires de recherche
 Laboratoire d'intégration des technologies informatiques à l'enseignement médical (LITIEM)
 Laboratoire d'étude de l'architecture potentielle (LEAP)
 Laboratoire de muséographie
 Laboratoire de recherche et d'intervention portant sur les politiques et les professions en ** éducation (LABRIPROF)
 Laboratoire de recherche sur les musiques du monde (LRMM)
 Laboratoire de recherches métaboliques sur le foie et l'exercice
 Laboratoire LexUM

Observatoires de recherche
 Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte (OLST)
 Observatoire du mont Mégantic (OMM)
 Observatoire international de la création musicale (OICM)
 Observatoire SITQ du développement urbain et immobilier
 Observatoire sur la ville intérieure

Réseaux de recherche
 Calcul Québec
 Réseau Biocontrôle
 Réseau de calcul et de modélisation mathématique (RCM2)
 Réseau québécois de recherche en synthèse organique (RQRSO)
 Unité de santé internationale (USI)

Centres de recherche hospitaliers
 Centre de recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (ICM)
 Centre de recherche de l'Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal
 Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal
 Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur
 Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'UdeM (CRCHUM)
 Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine
 Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin de l'Hôpital Louis-H. Lafontaine
 Centre de recherche Guy-Bernier Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont
 Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain (CRIR)
 Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM)
 Laboratoire de génétique et médecine génomique en inflammation
 Service de recherche de l'hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies

Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 21,571

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 54

University centres and institutes
 Centre for Neuroscience Studies (formerly Centre for the Study of Molecular Neuroscience)
 Centre for Water and the Environment
 GeoEngineering Centre
 High Performance Computing Virtual Laboratory (HPCVL)
 Human Mobility Research Centre
 Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Institute
 Southern African Research Centre

Faculty centres and institutes
 Cancer Research Institute
 (Cancer Clinical Trials Division)
 (Cancer Biology & Genetics Division)
 (Cancer Care & Epidemiology Division)
 Centre for Health Services and Policy Research
 Centre for International Relations Charles Pentland
 Centre for Manufacturing of Advanced Ceramics and Nanomaterials Vladimir Krstic
 Centre for Studies in Primary Care Richard Birtwhistle
 Centre for the Study of Democracy
 Fuel Cell Research Centre
 John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy
 Industrial Relations Centre
 Institute for Intergovernmental Relations Thomas Courchene
 The Monieson Centre Yolande Chan
 Surveillance Studies Centre, David Murakami Wood

McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario.

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 20,694

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 62

Research institutes
 Origins Institute
 McMaster Institute for Applied Radiation Sciences(McIARS)
 McMaster Institute for Energy Studies
 McMaster Institute of Environment & Health
 Institute on Globalization and the Human Condition
 McMaster Institute for Molecular Biology & Biotechnology
 McMaster Institute for Polymer Production Technology
 McMaster Manufacturing Research Institute
 McMaster Palaeogenetics Institute (MPI)
 Population Health Research Institute (PHRI)
 Research Institute for Quantitative Studies in Economics & Population

Research centres
 Antimicrobial Research Centre
 Bertrand Russell Research Centre
 Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research
 Canadian Cochrane Centre
 CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research
 Centre for Advanced Polymer Processing & Design
 Centre for Electrophotonic Materials & Devices
 Centre for Functional Genomics
 Centre for Gene Therapeutics
 Centre for Evaluation of Medicines
 Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis
 Centre for Minimal Access Surgery
 Centre for Peace Studies
 Centre for Spatial Analysis
 Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre (St. Joseph's Hospital)
 Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health
 Henderson Research Centre
 Management of Innovation & New Technology Research Centre
 Mohawk-McMaster Institute for Applied Health Sciences
 McMaster Centre for Automotive Materials
 McMaster Ancient DNA Centre
 McMaster Centre for Pulp & Paper Research
 McMaster eBusiness Research Centre (MeRC)
 Network for Evaluation of Education and Training Technologies
 Offord Centre for Child Studies
 Population Health Research Institute
 R. Samuel McLaughlin Centre for Gerontological Health Research
 Research Centre for the Promotion of Women's Health
 Statistics Canada Research Data Centre
 Steel Research Centre
 Surgical Outcomes Research Centre

Research facilities
 Adaptive Systems Laboratory
 Applied Dynamics Laboratory
 Canadian International Labour Network
 Canadian Workers & Social Cohesion in a Global Era
 Communications Research Laboratory
 Earthquake Engineering Research Group
 Ecowise: The McMaster Eco-Research Program for Hamilton Harbour
 Flow Cytometry Facility
 Generalized Electronic Learning Group
 Geographical Information Systems Laboratory
 Health & Social Services Utilization Research Unit
 Health Information Research Unit
 High Throughput Screening Laboratory
 Independence and Economic Security of the Older Population
 Intestinal Disease Research Program
 Machining Systems Laboratory
 McMaster Advanced Control Consortium
 McMaster Experimental Economics Laboratory
 McMaster Health Sciences International
 McMaster Membrane Research Group
 McMaster Nuclear Reactor
 McMaster Working Group on the Middle Ages and Renaissance
 Mobix Lab
 Nursing Effectiveness, Utilization & Outcomes Research Unit
 Power Research Laboratory
 Program for Educational Research and Development
 Program in Policy Decision Making
 Robotics and Manufacturing Research Laboratory
 SHARCNET
 Smooth Muscle Research Program
 Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population
 Software Engineering Research Group
 Supportive Cancer Care Research Unit
 Water Resources Environmental Information Systems Laboratory
 Walter W. Smeltzer Corrosion Laboratory
 William J. McCallion Planetarium
 Work Function Unit at the School of Rehabilitation Science

University of Manitoba

Winnipeg, Manitoba

NSERC Funding 2009/10 C$M 19.9

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 44

University research centres, institutes, facilities and groups
 Aerospace Materials Engineering Facility
 Applied Electromagnetics Facility
 Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (with St. Boniface General Hospital and Agriculture and Agri-food Canada)
 Canadian Wheat Board Centre for Grain Storage Research
 Centre for Aboriginal Health Research (with Health Sciences Centre)
 Centre for Architectural Structures and Technology (C.A.S.T.)
 Centre for Defence and Security Studies
 Centre for Earth Observation Science (CEOS)
 Centre for Global Public Health
 Centre for Globalization and Cultural Studies
 Centre for Hellenic Civilization
 Centre for Higher Education Research and Development (CHERD)
 Centre for Human Models of Disease
 Centre for Professional and Applied Ethics
 Centre for the Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis
 Centre on Aging
 Crystallography and Mineralogy Research Facility
 Digital Image Analysis Facility
 Great-West Life Manitoba Breast Cancer Research and Diagnosis Centre (with CancerCare Manitoba)
 Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute
 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (with St. Boniface General Hospital)
 Institute for the Humanities
 Institute of Industrial Mathematical Sciences
 Internet Innovation Centre
 Legal Research Institute
 Manitoba Centre for Health Policy
 Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology (with Health Sciences Centre)
 Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology (with CancerCare Manitoba)
 Manitoba Centre for Nursing and Health Research (MCNHR)
 Manitoba Institute for Materials
 Manitoba Regional Materials and Surface Characterization Facility
 Manitoba Research Data Centre
 National Centre for Livestock and the Environment
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Facility
 RESOLVE (Prairie  Research Network on Family Violence)
 Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN)
 Spinal Cord Research Centre
 Transport Institute
 Winnipeg Institute for Theoretical Physics (with University of Winnipeg)
 W.R. McQuade Structural Engineering Laboratory

Research groups include:
 Aquatic Biology Research Group
 Community Acquired Infections Research Group
 Composite Materials and Structures Group
 Developmental Health Research Group
 Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Group
 Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Group

Centres of Excellence
 Allergen
 ArcticNet
 Auto21
 Canadian Arthritis Network
 Canadian Stroke Network
 Canadian Water Network
 GEOIDE
 Graphics, Animation and New Media Canada
 PrioNet Canada
 MITACS

University of Calgary

Calgary, Alberta.

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 19,714

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 75

University research institutes and centres
 Alberta Global Forum
 Calgary Centre for Financial Research – under development
 Calgary Centre for Innovative Technology (CCIT)
 Calgary Institute for the Humanities]
 Canadian Centre for the Study of Higher Education
 Centre for Advanced Technologies of Life Sciences (CAT)
 Centre for Bioengineering Research and Education (CBRE)
 Centre for Environmental Engineering Research and Education (CEERE)
 Centre for Gifted Education
 Centre for Health and Policy Studies (CHAPS)
 Centre for Information Security and Cryptography
 Centre for Innovation Studies (THECIS)
 Centre for Mathematics in Life Sciences
 Centre for Microsystems Engineering (CME)
 Centre for Military and Strategic Studies (CMSS)
 Centre for Public Interest Accounting (CPIA)
 Centre for Research in the Fine Arts (CRFA)
 Centre for Social Work Research and Development
 iNFORMATICS Research Centre
 Institute for Advanced Policy Research
 Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics
 Institute for Gender Research
 Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (formerly the Institute for Quantum Information Science)
 Institute for Space Research
 Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economy
 Institute for United States Policy Research
 Institute of Professional Communication (IPC)
 International Institute for Resource Industries and Sustainable Studies (IRIS)
 Kananaskis Field Stations
 Language Research Centre
 Latin American Research Centre (LARC)
 Markin Institute for Public Health
 Pipeline Engineering Centre (PEC)
 Risk Studies Centre
 World Tourism Education and Research Centre

Partnerships, institutes and centres
 Alberta Bone & Joint Health Institute
 Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre
 Alberta Gaming Research Institute (AGRI)]
 Alberta Sulpher Research Ltd.
 Alberta Synchrotron Institute (ASI)
 Arctic Institute of North America
 Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre
 Banff International Research Station]
 Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI)]
 Canadian Institute of Resources Law]
 Canadian Research Institute for Law and the Family
 Centre for Leadership and Learning
 Hotchkiss Brain Institute
 Institute of Health Economics (IHE)
 Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation
 Institute of Maternal and Child Health
 Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta
 Macleod Institute for Environmental Analysis
 McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health
 Pacific Institute for Mathematical Sciences
 Pine Creek Research Centre for Sustainable Water Resources
 Prairie Regional Data Centre]
 Research and Education for Solutions to Violence and Abuse (RESOLVE)
 Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute]
 Telecommunications Research Laboratories (TRLabs)
 Van Horne Institute for International Transportation
 Vocational and Rehabilitation Research Institute, The (VRRI)

Centres of Excellence
 AUTO21
 Canadian Arthritis Network
 Canadian Bacterial Diseases Network (CBDN)
 Canadian Genetic Diseases Network (CGDN)
 Canadian Language & Literacy Research Network
 Canadian Stroke Network (CSN)
 Canadian Water Network (CWN)
 Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS)
 Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures (ISIS)
 Mathematics of Information Technology and Complex Systems
 Micronet – Microelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems
 PrioNet Canada
 PENCE Inc. Protein Engineering Network
 Stem Cell Network (STEMNet)
 Sustainable Forest Management Network (SFM)
 TeleLearning Network

University of Western Ontario

London, Ontario.

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 17,288

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 61

Science research centres and facilities
 The Biotron Institute for Experimental Climate Change Research
 CCP Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Chemical Physics
 ERW Environmental Research Western
 ISW Interface Science Western
 Laboratory for Stable Isotope Science
 The Nanofabrication Laboratory
 ORCCA Ontario Research Centre for Computer Algebra
 POLARIS Portable Observatories for Lithosphere Analysis and Research
 SHARCNET Shared Hierarchical Academic Research Computing Network
 SSW Surface Science Western
 WINS Western Institute for Nanomaterials Science

Engineering research centres
 Advanced Fluid Mechanics Research Group
 Biomaterials and Medical Devices Research Group BM2D
 Biomedical Engineering
 Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory
 Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre (CREC)
 Concurrent Engineering and Agile Manufacturing
 ECE Robotics and Real-Time Systems Lab
 Environmental Research Western
 Facility for Intelligent Decision Support (FIDS)
 Geotechnical Research Centre
 Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR)
 Multi-Disciplinary Accident Research Team
 Optomechatronics Research Laboratory
 SHARCNet
 The Three Little Pigs Research Project at The Insurance Research Lab for Better Homes
 Western Fluidization Group

Health science research facilities
 Faculty Research Centres
 National Centre for Audiology
 Canadian Centre for Activity & Aging
 www.uwo.ca/actage
 www.ccaa-outreach.com
 International Centre for Olympic Studies
 Additional Research Facilities
 Kid Skills Research Laboratory
 National Rowing Centre
 Nursing Research Unit
 Western Qualitative Health Research Network
 The R. Samuel McLaughlin Foundation Exercise & Pregnancy Laboratory (EPL)
 Research Facilities
 School of Communication Sciences & Disorders
 School of Kinesiology
 School of Nursing
 School of Occupational Therapy
 School of Physical Therapy
 Canadian Language & Literacy Research Network (CLLRNet)

Social science research centres and research groups

 Aging and Health Research Centre
 Allan O'Brien Multilevel Governance Laboratory
 American Studies
 Animal Cognition Research Group
 Behavioural Neuroendocrinology Research Group
 Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network (collaborative)
 Centre for Avian Physiology, Neurobiology and Behavior
 Centre for the Brain and Mind
 Centre for the Study of International Economic Relations (CSIER)
 Centre for the Study of Theory and Criticism
 Child Development Research Facility
 CIBC Human Capital and Productivity Project
 CIHR Group for Action and Perception
 Culture, Cognition and Behavior Research Group (a collaboration with Sociology and Anthropology)
 Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction
 Intergroup Relations and Social Justice Research Group
 Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group
 Moral, Political and Legal Philosophy Research Group
 Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict Research Group
 Philosophy and Psychology Research Group (a collaboration with Philosophy)
 Political Economy Research Group (PERG)
 Population Studies Centre
 Psychoneuroimmunology Research Group
 Research Unit for Work and Productivity
 RBC Financial Group Economic Policy Research Institute (EPRI)
 Self-Regulation Research Group (collaboration for Social, Development, Clinical and Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience areas)
 The Aboriginal Policy Research Consortium
 Transition Economies Research Forum (TERF)
 Workforce Aging in the New Economy

Affiliated research institutes
 Robarts Research Institute
 Lawson Health Research Institute
 London Regional Cancer Program

Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia.

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 14,839

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 50

Research centres, institutes, and groups
 Atlantic Centre of Excellence for Women's Health
 Atlantic Health Promotion Research Centre
 Atlantic Institute of Criminology
 Atlantic Research Data Centre (ARDC)
 Centre for African Studies
 Centre for Foreign Policy Studies
 Dalhousie Infectious Disease Research Alliance (DIDRA)
 Dalhousie Inflammation Group
 Dalhousie Multiple Sclerosis Research Unit
 Energy at Dalhousie
 Health Law Institute
 International Ocean Institute
 Law and Technology Institute
 Marine and Environmental Law Institute
 Neuroscience Institute
 Pediatric Pain Research Lab
 Population Health Research Unit (PHRU)
 Institute for Research in Materials

Technical research facilities
 Aquatron
 Atlantic Region Magnetic Resonance Centre
 Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT)
 Canadian Residential Energy End-use Data and Analysis Center (CREEDAC)
 Centre for Water Resources Studies (CWRS)
 Cosmogenic Nuclide Exposure Dating Facility
 Minerals Engineering Centre (MEC)
 Nova Scotia CAD/CAM Centre (NSCCC)
 Slowpoke Facility
 Trace Analysis Research Centre (TARC)

Affiliated research organizations
 IWK Health Centre
 Global Information Networking Institute
 The Nova Scotia Hospital,
 QEII Health Sciences Centre
 Saint John Regional Hospital

University of Ottawa

Ottawa, Ontario.

NSERC Funding 2003: C$M 14,127

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 49

uOttawa research centres and institutes
 Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG)
 Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
 Centre for Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Management
 Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Citizenship and Minority Studies (CIRCEM)
 Centre for Neural Dynamics
 Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology
 Centre for Research in Photonics
Centre for Research on Educational and Community Services (CRECS)
 Centre for Research on Environmental Microbiology (CREM)
 Centre for Research on French Canadian Culture
 Centre on Governance
 CGA Accounting Research Centre
 CGA Tax Research Centre
 Human Rights Research and Education Centre
 Institute for the Prevention of Crime (IPC)
 Institute of Canadian Studies
 Institute of Population Health
 Institute of the Environment
 Institute for Science, Society and Policy
 Institute of Women's Studies
 Research Centre for Sport in Canadian Society
 University of Ottawa Centre for Neuromuscular Disease

Affiliated research institutes
 Kidney Research Centre
 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI)
 University of Ottawa Eye Institute
 The Ottawa Hospital Regional Cancer Centre
 University of Ottawa Heart Institute
 Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute
 Institute of Mental Health Research
 Élisabeth Bruyère Research Institute

University of Guelph

Guelph, Ontario.

Number of Canada Research Chairs – 39
UoG ranks 14th among the top 50 research universities in Canada, but is not a member of U15.

Research Centres, Institutes and Groups
Guelph-Waterloo Center for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry (GWC2)
Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute (GWPI)
Advanced Analysis Centre
Advanced Foods and Materials Network (AFMNet)
Advanced Robotics & Intelligent Systems Lab
Agri-Technology Commercialization Centre
Aquaculture Centre
AquaSanitas – A Centre for Water Safety and Security
Arboretum Gene Bank
Axelrod Institute of Ichthyology
Bioconversion Network
Biophysics Interdepartmental Group (BIG)
Biodiversity Institute of Ontario
Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
Business Development Office
Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare
Canadian Agricultural Trade Policy and Competitive Research Network
Canadian Arthritis Network Core Facility
Canadian Co-operative Wildlife Health Centre
Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network
Canadian Pollination Initiative
Canadian Research Institute in Food Safety (CRIFS)
Centre for Agricultural Renewable Energy and Sustainability
Centre for Biodiversity Genomics
Centre for Food and Soft Materials Science
Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock
Centre for Land and Water Stewardship
Centre for Nutrition Modelling
Centre for Psychological Services
Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses
Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility
Couple and Family Therapy Centre
Electrochemical Technology Centre
Food Safety Network
Genomics Facility/Advanced Analysis Centre
Guelph Food Technology Centre (GFTC)
Guelph Transgenic Plant Research Complex
Guelph Turfgrass Institute (GTI)
Hagen Aqualab
Health and Performance Centre
Human Nutraceutical Research Unit
Institute for Comparative Cancer Investigation
Institute for Robotics & Intelligent Systems
International Leadership Research Network
Laboratory Services
Landscape Architecture Community Outreach Centre
Mathematics of Information Technology and Complex Systems
Metals in the Human Environment Research Network
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Centre
Organization and Management Solution
Ontario Rural Wastewater Centre
Poultry Welfare Centre
Research Programs (U of G / OMAFRA enhanced partnership)
Shared Hierarchical Academic Research Computing Network
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
TransCanada Institute
Urban Systems Environment Design Centre
Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Weather Innovation Centre

Networks of Centers of Excellence

Health and life sciences
 Accel-Rx Health Sciences Accelerator – Accel-Rx (2014–2019) – Vancouver, British Columbia,
 Aging Gracefully across Environments using Technology to Support Wellness, Engagement and Long Life – AGE-WELL (2014–2019) – Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario,
 Allergy, Genes and Environment Network – AllerGen (2004–2019) – McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
 Biotherapeutics for Cancer Treatment – BioCanRx (2014–2019) – Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario,
 Canadian Frailty Network – CFN (2012–2017) – Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario,
 Canadian Glycomics Network – GlycoNet (2014–2019) – University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
 Cardiac Arrhythmia Network of Canada – CANet (2014–2019) – Western University, London, Ontario,
 CellCAN Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Network – CellCAN (2014–2018) – Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Quebec,
 Centre for Commercialization of Cancer Immunotherapy – C3i (2016–2021) – Montréal, Quebec,
 Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine – CCRM (2011–2017) – Toronto, Ontario,
 Centre for Drug Research and Development – CDRD (2008–2018) – Vancouver, British Columbia,
 Centre for Imaging Technology Commercialization – CIMTEC (2011–2018) – London, Ontario,
 Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization – CPDC (2008–2018) – Hamilton, Ontario,
 Centre for Surgical Invention and Innovation – CSII (2009–2017) – Hamilton, Ontario,
 Centre for the Commercialization of Antibodies and Biologics – CCAB (2014–2019) – Toronto, Ontario,
 Children and Youth in Challenging Contexts – CYCC (2011–2019) – Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
 CQDM (2009–2017) – Montréal, Quebec,
 Exactis Innovation – Exactis (2014–2019) – Montreal, Quebec,
 MedDev Commercialization Centre – MDCC (2014–2019) – University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario,
 NEOMED (2014–2018) – Montréal, Quebec,
 NeuroDevNet (2009–2019) – University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
 Pan-Provincial Vaccine Enterprise – PREVENT (2008–2017) – Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
 Promoting Relationships and Eliminating Violence Network – PREVNet (2005–2009) – Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario and York University, Toronto, Ontario,
 Stem Cell Network – SCN (2000–2011) – University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,
 The Prostate Centre's Translational Research Initiative for Accelerated Discovery and Development – PC-TRiADD (2008–2018) – Vancouver, British Columbia,
 Translating Emergency Knowledge for Kids – TREKK (2011–2019) – University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba

Information and communication
 Canadian Digital Media Network – CDMN (2009–2019) – Kitchener, Ontario,
 Centre of Excellence in Next Generation Networks – CENGN (2014–2019) – Ottawa, Ontario,
 MiQro Innovation Collaborative Centre – C2MI (2011–20121) – Bromont, Quebec,
 Smart Cybersecurity Network – SERENE-RISC (2014–2018) – Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec,
 Wavefront (2011–20121) – Vancouver, British Columbia

Environment
 ArcticNet (2003–2018) – Université Laval, Québec, Quebec
 Canadian Water Network – CWN (2001–2017) – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
 Green Aviation Research and Development Network – GARDN (2009–2018) – Montréal, Quebec,
 Marine Environmental, Observation, Prediction and Response Network – MEOPAR (2012–2017) – Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
 Ocean Networks Canada Innovation Centre – ONC Innovation Centre (2009–2018) – Victoria, British Columbia

Natural resources
 BioFuelNet (2012–2017) – McGill University, Montréal, Quebec,
 Leading Operational Observations and Knowledge for the North – LOOKNorth (2011–2020) – St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador,
 TECTERRA (2009–2016) – Calgary, Alberta,
 Ultra Deep Mining Network – UDMN (2014–2018) – Sudbury, Ontario

Manufacturing and engineering
 Refined Manufacturing Acceleration Process – ReMAP (2014–2018) – Toronto, Ontario

Cross-sectoral
 Advanced Applied Physics Solutions Inc. – AAPS (2008–2017) – Vancouver, British Columbia,
 GreenCentre Canada – GCC (2009–2019) – Kingston, Ontario,
 India-Canada Centre for Innovative Multidisciplinary Partnerships to Accelerate Community Transformation and Sustainability – IC-IMPACTS (2012–2017), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
 MaRS Innovation – MI (2008–2017) – Toronto, Ontario,
 Natural Products Canada – NPC (2016–2021) – Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island

Notable university-related research organizations and projects

Domestic
 Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
 Organization for the theoretical study of gravity, quantum mechanics and cosmology
 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research – HQ, Toronto, Ontario
 A virtual institute for the study of cosmology, gravity, geology, biology, nanotechnology and other advanced scientific topics
 Sudbury Neutrino Observatory – Sudbury, Ontario
 Underground observatory for the study of neutrinos
 Tri-University Meson Facility (TRIUMF) – University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
 Particle accelerator for the study of mesons
 Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Science (ROPOS)
 Robotic study of Canada's Pacific Ocean floor
 Lithoprobe
 Canada's largest earth sciences project involving researchers from universities, the private sector and the federal government.
 Globec Canada
 Project for the study of the effect of environmental change on ocean life.
 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
 A key medical research centre with a focus on cancer research, specifically the use of oncolytic viruses.

International
High Energy Physics – CERN (Geneva) the Large Hadron Collider and the Atlas Experiment
 Canada's participation in the world's largest physics project coordinated by the TRIUMF Particle Physics Research Centre at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
 The Gemini Project
 Canada's participation in the construction of large astronomical telescopes in Hawaii and Chile.
 Canada and the Ocean Drilling Project
 Canada's participation in an international programme studying the Earth's crust under the oceans.
 The North Water Project
 Canada's participation in an international project studying open water areas of the Arctic Ocean

Research and development expenditures in Canada by sector

Canadian Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) by Performing Sectors – 2006 Estimates, C$ Millions

 Business Enterprises:   14,850,    52.4%
 Higher Education:   10,890,    38.4%
 Federal Government:   2,145,    7.6%
 Provincial Government:   345,    1.2%
 Provincial Research Organizations:   127,    0.4%
 Total:   28,357,    100.0%

Support organizations

 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council – Ottawa, Ontario (Federal government funding agency for Canadian university research)
 Canadian Institutes of Health Research
 Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada – Ottawa, Ontario (Federal government funding agency for Canadian university research)
 Canada Research Chair – Ottawa, Ontario (Federal government funding agency for special Canadian university research staffing)
 Canadian Foundation for Innovation – Ottawa, Ontario (Federal government funding agency for research infrastructure for Canadian universities, colleges, research hospitals, and non-profit research institutions)
 CANARIE, Canadian Advanced Network and Research for Industry and Education
 Foundations in Canada – This is a list of philanthropic organizations in Canada. A number of these organization make financial contributions to university research in Canada.

See also

 Canadian government scientific research organizations
 Canadian industrial research and development organizations
 U15 (universities)
 List of Canadian nuclear facilities
 Science and technology in Canada
 Royal Society of Canada

References

 Public web site of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
 NSERC.gc.ca
 Web sites for the "Group of Thirteen" Canada's largest research universities

Scientific organizations based in Canada
Higher education in Canada


The  is a pond within Ueno Park (a spacious public park located in the Ueno section of Taitō, Tokyo, Japan), and a historically prominent Shitamachi feature often appearing in history and works of art. The park occupies the site of the former Kan'ei-ji, a temple closely associated with the Tokugawa shōguns, who had built it to guard Edo Castle against the northeast, a direction believed to be unlucky by traditional geomancy. The temple was destroyed during the Boshin War. The pond, although modified many times and even once drained, is natural.

Position and Dimensions

Situated in the south of Ueno Park, the pond is divided in three sections (see map), one called  because of the plants that during the summer completely cover its surface, one called  from the rental boats it hosts, and the third called , which lies within the limits of the Ueno Zoo and takes its name from the birds that inhabit it.

The pond has a circumference of about 2 km and a surface of about 1,100,000m2. To the north it borders with the Ueno Zoo, to the east with Keisei Ueno Station, to the south and to the west with Shinobazu Dori. At its center lies  on which stands the , a temple dedicated to the goddess Benzaiten.

The park is divided in three parts by two promenades.

Origin of the name
According to the stone inscription on Benten Island, the area between the Ueno Plateau and the Hongo Plateau used to be called , and the pond just took its name from it, but there are alternative theories. According to one, the early name  due to the presence of bamboo grass later turned into Shinobazu. Another claims the name comes from the habit of young men and women to meet secretly here.

History and Changes

In the Jōmon period the entire place used to be just a cove of Tokyo Bay. Later, some centuries into the Common Era, the sea withdrew, leaving behind extensive marshes that covered most of the old Shitamachi. The pond is what remains of those marshes. We know that by the 15th Century the present name was already in use.

In 1625 the Edo shogunate had the Kan'ei-ji built here as a counterpart to Hieizan's Enryakuji in West Japan. The temple's founder Jigen Daishi (Tenkai), liking Lake Biwa, had Benten Island built in imitation of Chikubushima, and then the Bentendo on it. At the time the island was accessible only by boat, but later a stone bridge was added on the east, making it possible to walk to it.

The pond's shape until the beginning of the Meiji Era was very different from now, in particular the northern part where the Ueno Zoo is, which was much wider. At the time, the Aizomegawa flowed into it. In 1884 however, a cooperative horse racing company, wanting to open a racing track, had the pond partly filled, bringing it to the present shape and size. The first horse race took place in the November of the same year in the presence of the Emperor, and until 1892 races took place every spring and summer.

In 1907 the  was built toward the west in occasion of the Tokyo Industrial Fair, making it possible to walk across the whole pond. In 1929 more work divided the pond in four distinct parts. The boat rental business, which continues to the present day, was started in 1939. Today's Cormorants Pond is the result of the fusion of two of those four sections.

During the Pacific War water was pumped out and the pond divided into rice paddies (the so-called . There was later, among others, a plan to build a baseball field on it, but in 1949 it was decided to return the pond to its original form which we still see today.

In September 1967 a hole was opened by accident in the pond during the construction of Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line, and approximately 30 thousand tons of water flowed away.

In the years between 1990 and 1994, the city authorities installed water purification equipment.

Nature

Birds
The pond hosts several dozens of types of migratory and stationary birds, whose number at times is over ten thousand. Among them particularly numerous are tufted ducks, pochard, and northern pintails.

Fish
The pond contains numerous species of fish.

Plants
The lotuses of Lotus Pond, fully grown in summer, cover the entire surface of the water, hiding it almost completely.

Other Fauna
In June 2006, alligator snapping turtles, which are a non-native species, were found in the pond, and there is the possibility that they are breeding. Since then, authorities have posted warnings against alligator snapping turtles and snapping turtles.

Famous Literary Works That Mention The Pond
 Mori Ōgai – Gan (The Wild Geese)
 Yasunari Kawabata – Boshi Jiken (帽子事件)
 Miri Yu - Tokyo Ueno Station (novel) (Japanese: JR上野駅公園口, Hepburn: JR Ueno-Eki Kōenguchi)

Nearby Places of Interest
 Ueno Tōshō-gū shrine
 Saigō Takamori statue
 Shitamachi Museum

  Shrine
 Ueno Zoo

Access
  Keisei Ueno Station
        Ueno Station
   Okachimachi Station
  Ueno-hirokoji Station
  Ueno-okachimachi Station
  Naka-okachimachi Station
  Yushima Station
  Nezu Station

Other information
 The area around the pond used to be the Mecca of Tokyo's homeless, but in 2006 the area was cordoned off and the homeless sent away.
 In the video game Shin Megami Tensei IV the player's party encounter and kill a powerful demon in the pond.

References
 Archive Material and Leaflet from the Shitamachi Museum
This article is a translation of the article 不忍池 of Japanese Wikipedia accessed on January 2008. The references above quoted are those of the original article.

Some material also taken from the following source:
 Edward Seidensticker: Low City, High City: Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake: how the shogun's ancient capital became a great modern city, 1867–1923

External links

Panoramic view of the Pond
 Ueno Park's Map in English

Ueno Park
Parks and gardens in Tokyo
Ponds of Japan


Jason Koxvold (born 1977 in Belgium) is a British artist and director based in New York City in the United States working in photography, interactive media and film. He is also the founder of Gnomic Book, an imprint focused on high quality artist books. Best known for his stark, graphical large-format photographs depicting the topology of globalisation, he works in 4x5" and 8x10" using Kodak film, with lenses by Schneider Kreuznach and Nikkor. He has worked in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the Americas, from China to Kuwait, Afghanistan to South Africa.

Awards

Koxvold has judged the 2007 Emmy Awards, the 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013 & 2014 AICP shows, and the 2009 & 2013 One Show Awards. His short films and music videos have screened at South by Southwest, the Los Angeles Film Festival, Hawaii International Film Festival, San Francisco Independent Film Festival and the RES (magazine) Los Angeles Screenings. His music video for Citizens Here and Abroad, 'You drive and we'll listen to music', won Best Short Film at the Queens International Film Festival and Best Short Film in the Rockstar Games UPLOAD05 competition.

Collaborators
Early in his career, Koxvold directed music videos for San Francisco band Citizens Here and Abroad (now separated), Dealership, and Vervein. He has collaborated with multimedia artists Steve Lambert, Noah Kalina, and Adam Marks; participated in PSST! Pass It On. Koxvold was the title designer for the Ewan McGregor-narrated film 'The Doctor, the Tornado, and the Kentucky Kid', directed by Mark Neale.

References

External links
 Official web site
Gnomic Book
Knives: Visualizing the Evisceration of America’s Rural Communities Lensculture, July 2017
Aint-Bad, Jason Koxvold Aint-Bad Magazine, October 2015
Achter de schermen van de Afghaanse oorlog, National Geographic Traveler, September 2015
Behind the Scenes of Bagram, an Afghan Airbase in Limbo, Wired Magazine, September 2015
Jason Koxvold photographs Operation Resolute Support in Afghanistan, Slate Magazine, August 2015
The Great Leap Sideways, Stanley Wolukau-Wanambwa, December 2011
Landscape Stories, Gianpaolo Arena, June 2010
It's Nice That, 12 April 2010
29 Brilliant Music Videos, January 21, 2008 Smashing Magazine

Living people
British designers
People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College
1977 births


Robert M. Knight is a rock and roll photographer that has been active for around 40 years. He is an author and the subject of the documentary film Rock Prophecies. Knight has photographed Jimi Hendrix, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Steve Vai, and Carlos Santana.

References

External links

 Robert M. Knight official website

 Publisher of Robert Knight's gallery photographs, and global distributors

Rock music photographers
American photographers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Headsets connect over a telephone or to a computer, allowing the user to speak and listen while keeping both hands free. They are commonly used in customer service and technical support centers, where employees can converse with customers while typing information into a computer. Also common among computer gamers are headsets, which will let them talk with each other and hear others, as well as use their keyboards and mice to play the game.

Types
Telephone headsets generally use loudspeakers with a narrower frequency range than those also used for entertainment. Stereo computer headsets, on the other hand, use 32-ohm speakers with a broader frequency range.

Mono and stereo
Headsets are available in single-earpiece and double-earpiece designs. Double-earpiece headsets may support stereo sound or use the same monaural audio channel for both ears. Single-earpiece headsets free up one ear, allowing better awareness of surroundings. Telephone headsets are monaural, even for double-earpiece designs, because telephone offers only single-channel input and output.

Microphone style
The microphone arm of headsets may carry an external microphone or be of the voice tube type. External microphone designs have the microphone housed in the front end of the microphone arm. Voicetube designs are also called internal microphone design, and have the microphone housed near the earpiece, with a tube carrying sound to the microphone.

Most external microphone designs are of either omnidirectional or noise-canceling type. Noise-canceling microphone headsets use a bi-directional microphone as elements. A bi-directional microphone's receptive field has two angles only. Its receptive field is limited to only the front and the direct opposite back of the microphone. This creates an "8" shape field, and this design is the best method for picking up sound only from a close proximity of the user, while not picking up most surrounding noises.

Omni-directional microphones pick up the complete 360-degree field, which may include much extraneous noise.

Headband styles
Standard headsets with a headband worn over the head are known as over-the-head headsets. Headsets with headbands going over the back of the user's neck are known as backwear-headsets or behind-the-neck headsets. Headsets worn over the ear with a soft ear-hook are known as over-the-ear headsets or earloop headsets. Convertible headsets are designed so that users can change the wearing method by re-assembling various parts. There are also under-the-chin headsets similar to the headphones that stenographers wear.

Earpiece styles
Headsets earpieces may be for either one or both ears.  They generally come with one of 3 styles:
 in-the-ear -- these have a small speaker contained in an earbud that fits inside the outer portion of the ear canal.
 on-the-ear -- these have a flat speaker (often cushioned) that sits on the external ear.
 around-the-ear -- these have a larger, cushioned earpad that fits around the external ear and sits against the head, to exclude more external noise.

Telephone

Telephone headsets connect to a fixed-line telephone system. A telephone headset functions by replacing the handset of a telephone. Headsets for standard corded telephones are fitted with a standard 4P4C commonly called an RJ-9 connector. Headsets are also available with 2.5mm jack sockets for many DECT phones and other applications. Cordless bluetooth headsets are available and often used with mobile telephones. Headsets are widely used for telephone-intensive jobs, in particular by call centre workers. They are also used by anyone wishing to hold telephone conversations with both hands free.

 Headset compatibility and pin alignment
Not all telephone headsets are compatible with all telephone models. Because headsets connect to the telephone via the standard handset jack, the pin-alignment of the telephone handset may be different from the default pin-alignment of the telephone headset. To ensure a headset can properly pair with a telephone, telephone adapters or pin-alignment adapters are available. Some of these adapters also provide mute function and switching between handset and headset.

 Telephone amplifiers
For older models of telephones, the headset microphone impedance is different from that of the original handset, requiring a telephone amplifier to impedance-match the telephone headset. A telephone amplifier provides basic pin-alignment similar to a telephone headset adapter, but it also offers sound amplification for the microphone as well as the loudspeakers. Most models of telephone amplifiers offer volume control for the loudspeaker as well as a microphone, mute function and switching between handset and headset. Telephone amplifiers are powered through batteries or AC adapters.

 Quick disconnecting cable
Most telephone headsets have a Quick Disconnect (QD) cable, allowing fast and easy disconnection of the headset from the telephone without having to remove the headset.

A Handset lifter is a device that automatically lifts or replaces a handset off/on a telephone. It is usually connected to a wireless headset and allows cordless headset use on technically primitive desk phones.

Some phones only have a mechanical means of switchhook operation. The lifter allows cordless headsets to be used remotely with such phones. The phone user presses the appropriate headset button to either answer a call or terminate a call. The headset's base station's interface with the handset lifter will take the appropriate action - lift or replace the handset.

The use of a handset lifter is considered archaic by most technical professionals. Technology from decades ago eliminated the need for such device, however many phones, including modern IP phones, still do not have discrete circuitry for switchhook operation.

Computer

Computer headsets generally come in two connection types: standard 3.5 mm and USB connection. General 3.5 mm computer headsets come with two 3.5 mm connectors: one connecting to the microphone jack and one connecting to the headphone/speaker jack of the computer. 3.5 mm computer headsets connect to the computer via a soundcard, which converts the digital signal of the computer to an analog signal for the headset. USB computer headsets connect to the computer via a USB port, and the audio conversion occurs in the headset or in the control unit of the headset.

Gaming headsets for computers are specifically designed for gaming and provide some additional features that can be beneficial for gamers. These features include game-specific sound modes, aesthetic designs inspired by popular games or themes, detachable microphones, and RGB lighting.

Mobile phone

Mobile (cellular) phone headsets are often referred to as handsfree. Older mobile phones used a single earphone with a microphone module connected in the cable. For music-playing mobile phones, manufacturers may bundle stereo earphones with a microphone. There are also third-party brands which may provide better sound quality or wireless connectivity.

Mobile headsets come in a range of wearing-styles, including behind-the-neck, over-the-head, over-the-ear, and lightweight earbuds. Some aftermarket mobile headsets come with a standard 2.5 mm plug different from the phone's audio connector, so users have to purchase an adapter. A USB headset for a computer also cannot be directly plugged into a phone's or portable media player's micro-USB slot. Smartphones often use a standard 3.5 mm jack, so users may be able to directly connect the headset to it. There are however different pin-alignment to the 3.5mm plug, mainly OMTP and CTIA, so a user should find out which settings their device uses before buying a headphone/headset.

Many wireless mobile headsets use Bluetooth technology, supported by many phones and computers, sometimes by connecting a Bluetooth adapter to a USB port. Since version 1.1 Bluetooth devices can transmit voice calls and play several music and video formats, but audio will not be played in stereo unless the cell phone or media device, and the headset, both have the A2DP profile.

Wireless
In 2019, wireless headsets were a new trend for business and consumer communications. There are a number of wireless products, and they usually differ according to application and power management. The first wireless headsets were jointly invented by NASA and Plantronics during Apollo program to improve astronaut's communications during mission.

Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) is one of the most common standards for cordless telephones. It uses 1.88 to 1.90 GHz RF (European Version) or 1.92 to 1.93 GHz RF (US Version). Different countries have regulations for the bandwidth used in DECT, but most have pre-set this band for wireless audio transmission. The most common profile of DECT is Generic access profile (GAP), which is used to ensure common communication between base station and its cordless handset. This common platform allows communication between the two devices even if they are from different manufacturers. For example, a Panasonic DECT base-station theoretically can connect to a Siemens DECT Handset. Based on this profile, developers such as Plantronics, Jabra or Accutone have launched wireless headsets which can directly pair with any GAP-enabled DECT telephones. So, users with a DECT Wireless Headset can pair it with their home DECT phones and enjoy wireless communication.

2.4 GHz
Because DECT specifications are different between countries, developers who use the same product across different countries have launched wireless headsets which use 2.4GHz RF as opposed to the 1.89 or 1.9 GHz in DECT. Almost all countries in the world have the 2.4 GHz band open for wireless communications, so headsets using this RF band is sellable in most markets. However, the 2.4 GHz frequency is also the base frequency for many wireless data transmissions, i.e., Wireless LAN, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth..., the bandwidth may be quite crowded, so using this technology may be more prone to interference.

Because 2.4 GHz Wireless Headsets cannot directly "talk" to any standard cordless telephones, an extra base-unit is required for this product to function. Most 2.4 GHz Wireless Headsets come in two units, a wireless headset and a wireless base-station, which connects to your original telephone unit via the handset jack. The wireless headset communicates with the base-station via 2.4 GHz RF, and the voice signals are sent or received via the base unit to the telephone unit. Some products will also offer an automatic handset lifter, so the user can wirelessly lift the handset off the telephone by pressing the button on the wireless headset.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth technology is widely used for short-range voice transmission. While it can be and is used for data transmission, the short range (due to using low power to reduce battery drain) is a limiting factor. A very common application is a hands-free Bluetooth earpiece for a phone which may be in a user's pocket.

There are two types of Bluetooth headsets. Headsets using Bluetooth v1.0 or v1.1 generally consist of a single monaural earpiece, which can only access Bluetooth's headset/handsfree profile. Depending on the phone's operating system, this type of headset will either play music at a very low quality (suitable for voice) or will be unable to play music at all.

Headsets with the A2DP profile can play stereo music with acceptable quality. Some A2DP-equipped headsets automatically de-activate the microphone function while playing music; if these headsets are paired to a computer via Bluetooth connection, the headset may disable either the stereo or the microphone function. Modern AirPods also have a microphone to use for calls and interactions with Siri digital assistant.

Bluetooth wireless desktop devices
Desktop devices using Bluetooth technology are available. With a base station that connects via cables to the fixed-line telephone and also the computer via soundcard, users with any Bluetooth headset can pair their headset to the base station, enabling them to use the same headset for both fixed-line telephone and computer VoIP communication. This type of device, when used together with a multiple-point Bluetooth headset, enables a single Bluetooth headset to communicate with a computer and both mobile and landline telephones.

Some Bluetooth office headsets incorporate Class 1 Bluetooth into the base station so that, when used with a Class 1 Bluetooth headset, the user can communicate from a greater distance, typically around 100 feet compared to the 33 feet of the more usual Class 2 Bluetooth headset. Many headsets supplied with these base stations connect to cellphones via Class 2 Bluetooth, however, restricting the range to about 33 feet.

Bone conduction headsets
Bone conduction headphones/sets transmit sound to the inner ear primarily through the bones of the skull, allowing the hearer to perceive audio content without blocking the ear canal. Bone conduction transmission occurs constantly as sound waves vibrate bone, specifically the bones in the skull, although it is hard for the average individual to distinguish sound being conveyed through the bone as opposed to the sound being conveyed through the air via the ear canal. Intentional transmission of sound through bone can be used with individuals with normal hearing — as with bone-conduction headphones — or as a treatment option for certain types of hearing impairment. Bone generally conveys lower-frequency sounds better than higher frequency sound.  These headsets/phones can be wired or wireless.

See also

 Safe listening

References

Computer peripherals


The 1996 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation () was held in January 1997. It is part of the Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation series held in Hong Kong.

Top 10 song awards
The top 10 songs (十大勁歌金曲) of 1996 are as follows.

Additional awards

References
 Top ten songs award 1996, Tvcity.tvb.com
 Additional awards 1996, Tvcity.tvb.com

Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation, 1996


Elements of Life is the third studio album by Dutch DJ Tiësto. It was released on 6 April 2007 (see 2007 in music). The album contains collaborations with Jes of Motorcycle, Julie Thompson of Holden & Thompson, Charlotte Martin, Christian Burns, BT and Maxi Jazz of Faithless. BT collaborates with Tiësto for the first time since "Love Comes Again" and Faithless's rapper Maxi Jazz is featuring on "Dance4Life". The album has more tracks featuring vocals than previous albums (excluding the remixed Just Be).

The album was nominated in the category "Best Electronic/Dance Album" at the 50th Grammy Awards. In April 2007 the album moved 72,000 units according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album also received gold certifications in Belgium, Hungary, Netherlands and Romania.

Production
During the production of the album Tiësto in several cases sent a demo with the music to certain artists, and they replied back with the lyrics and vocals and other duration times. In the case of Christian Burns from BB Mak, Tiësto met him through MySpace and got in contact with him and the production of the single "In the Dark".
The album consists of rock, trance and experimental music, which shows the style Tiësto has grown throughout the years since his previous albums which contained lyrics, In My Memory and Just Be. Producer Brian Transeau collaborated with Tiësto in three tracks, he composed "Bright Morningstar" and "Sweet Things", he also performed the vocals in the single "Break My Fall". Together, they produce more tracks which were not released in the album, and Tiësto has mentioned they would work again during the coming summer.

Marketing
In support of the album, he embarked on his Elements of Life World Tour, the Elements of Life World Tour DVD was released in a party which was held on 29 February 2008 from 8 p.m. - 3 a.m. in London at the IndigO2 club. With the successful release of Elements of Life, Tiësto and fashion designer Giorgio Armani collaborated on a limited edition Tiësto T-shirt available at Armani Exchange stores. His single "Sweet Things" comes with the shirt including an exclusive "A|X Remix" by Tom Cloud which shows the great influence Tiësto has in fashion culture. Tiësto and Reebok introduced the new 'Tiësto shoe' in November 2007. The shoebox comes with a special limited-edition Tiësto & Reebok CD, containing the Elements of Life album and the bonus disc. Only 1,000 pair units were available for sale in Netherlands. On 28 April, Tiësto released Elements of Life: Remixed, a recompilation of the Elements of Life album with all songs except "He's a Pirate" being replaced by remixed versions, and "He's a Pirate" being replaced by "No More Heroes", a joint production with mute performer trio Blue Man Group. It was announced in October 2014 that the album would be reissued as a High Fidelity Pure Audio Blu-ray Disc in December 2014, featuring a brand new 9.1 Auro-3D mix as well as a 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio track. Both surround mixes are presented at 24-bit/96 kHz resolution.

Track listing

Notes
 signifies a vocal producer
 signifies an additional producer
 signifies a remixer
In some territories (including the United States), track 12 is "He's a Pirate" (7:00), a remix of the theme music of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl also featured on the CD single, and on initial retail shipments of Best Buy's exclusive version of the movie soundtrack. "Everything (Acoustic Version)" is excluded.
The Limited Edition version contains the original album with the remix of "He's a Pirate" and a bonus disc.

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

See also
 Elements of Life World Tour
 Elements of Life World Tour DVD
 Elements of Life: Remixed

References

7. 72,000 albums sold in the U.S. http://www.tiesto.com/

External links
 Tiesto.com

2007 albums
Tiësto albums


The International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) is a building code created by the International Code Council in 2000. It is a model code adopted by many states and municipal governments in the United States for the establishment of minimum design and construction requirements for energy efficiency. The code is updated every 3 years, to provide a ongoing standard of best practices for energy efficiency.

See also
EnergySmart Home Scale

References

External links
 Building Energy Codes Program by the US Department of Energy
 International Code Council

Building codes
Building engineering
Energy conservation
International standards


José de Jesús Gudiño Pelayo (6 June 1943 – 19 September 2010) was a Mexican jurist and, from 1995 until his death, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation.

Born in Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Gudiño Pelayo studied law at the Universidad Iberoamericana. He worked as a legal advisor within the federal executive and as a judge at various lower levels of the judiciary, and  taught law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He was nominated for the Supreme Court in 1995 by President Ernesto Zedillo.

Gudiño Pelayo died in London, England, on 19 September 2010 while on vacation with wife.

Gudiño Pelayo was noted for his ruling in support for same-sex marriage and adoptions in a predominantly Roman Catholic nation

References

External links
Ministro José de Jesús Gudiño Pelayo SCJN
Fallece ministro Gudiño Pelayo

1943 births
2010 deaths
Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation justices
Mexican LGBT rights activists


SVM, originally known as Stored Value Marketing, is a provider of gasoline, restaurant, and other retail gift cards also known as stored value cards based in Des Plaines, Illinois.

SVM is considered a pioneer in the marketing of stored value products (gift cards).

Corporate history
SVM was founded in 1997 by Marshall Reavis, a former employee at Mobil Oil Corporation. While at Mobil Oil, Reavis was instrumental with the introduction of one of the earliest-known prepaid “gasoline gift cards,” then called the Mobil GO Card.  When SVM first opened, the company only provided gasoline gift cards and had two employees.

In 1998, the company expanded its product offerings with the first non-gasoline gift card product. In the same year, the company expanded it service by adding production, inventory management and fulfillment services. In 1999, SVM hosted its first client internet landing page.

In 2001, SVM began issuing gift cards in an outsourced environment. In 2004 SVM deploys a web-based card reloading system on behalf of a major oil company that enables consumers to reload gasoline gift cards instantly online.  In 2005, SVM establishes a relationship with American Express Incentive Services and becomes a reseller of the American Express-branded Fill It Up Card (prepaid gasoline card). By 2008, SVM hosted multiple client internet landing pages and SVM customizes a multi-use gift card.

In 2015, SVM moved to a 35,000 square-foot headquarters in Arlington Heights, IL. The company also opened a consumer-focused gift card storefront on eBay. In March 2016, SVM acquired 1to1 Card, a leading prepaid card provider.

On April 8, 2020, Blackhawk Network Holdings acquired SVM.

Products and services
SVM's products include gift card for major gasoline brands, fast food and casual dining restaurants, retail, travel, and specialty retailers.

SVM's role in the issuance of gift cards is in two main ways:

In some cases, SVM is the third-party issuer.  In this situation SVM contracts with the processor who holds a database of all card numbers, and SVM holds the funds until cards are redeemed.  SVM then settles with the retail companies.

In other cases, SVM does the same functions as in the first example except that SVM does not hold the funds. Gift cards are resold through an agreement with the retail company. Cards in this scenario may be sold either in a retail store environment, or may be sold directly business to business.

SVM's additional services include card program production, fulfillment of cards (to both retail outlets and customers who purchase the cards), and inventory management services.  SVM also provides customer service and Internet hosting services.

SVM has a “sister company,” SFS (SVM Fulfillment Services), that provides fulfillment of gift cards to actual retail locations.  This company was established in 2005.

References

External links

Marketing companies established in 1997
Companies based in Cook County, Illinois
1997 establishments in Illinois


Yancheng District may refer to:

Yancheng District, Kaohsiung (鹽埕區), Republic of China (Taiwan)
Yancheng District, Luohe (郾城区), Henan, People's Republic of China


Pukepoto is a town in Northland, New Zealand. It lies south west of Kaitaia and north east of Ahipara. The Herekino Forest lies to the south east.

 is a cobalt blue pigment which can be found in clay rock.

Demographics
Pukepoto is in an SA1 statistical area which covers . The SA1 area is part of the larger Tangonge statistical area.

The SA1 statistical area had a population of 165 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 27 people (19.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 15 people (10.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 54 households, comprising 78 males and 84 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.93 males per female. The median age was 37.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 39 people (23.6%) aged under 15 years, 30 (18.2%) aged 15 to 29, 69 (41.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 27 (16.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 34.5% European/Pākehā, 87.3% Māori, 5.5% Pacific peoples, and 1.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 30.9% had no religion, 47.3% were Christian and 16.4% had Māori religious beliefs.

Of those at least 15 years old, 18 (14.3%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 39 (31.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $24,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 6 people (4.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 57 (45.2%) people were employed full-time, 15 (11.9%) were part-time, and 12 (9.5%) were unemployed.

Tangonge statistical area
Tangonge covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Tangonge had a population of 1,134 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 3 people (0.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 93 people (8.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 390 households, comprising 573 males and 558 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.03 males per female. The median age was 42.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 252 people (22.2%) aged under 15 years, 174 (15.3%) aged 15 to 29, 519 (45.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 186 (16.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 62.7% European/Pākehā, 59.5% Māori, 4.2% Pacific peoples, 1.1% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 6.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 35.2% had no religion, 44.2% were Christian, 11.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu and 1.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 108 (12.2%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 198 (22.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $26,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 105 people (11.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 411 (46.6%) people were employed full-time, 144 (16.3%) were part-time, and 42 (4.8%) were unemployed.

Marae

Pukepoto has two marae connected with the iwi (tribe) of Te Rarawa, maunga (mountain) of Taumatamahoe and repo/wai (water/wetland) of Tāngonge. Descendants of these marae identify with the ancestors Tumoana (captain of the Tinana waka), Tarutaru (who consolidated iwi Te Rarawa to revenge the death of Te Ripo), and Ngamotu (the daughter of Tarutaru).

Te Rarawa Marae and meeting house are affiliated with the hapū of Ngāti Te Ao and Te Uri o Hina.

Te Uri o Hina Marae and Hohourongo meeting house are affiliated with the hapū of Ngāti Te Ao, Tahāwai and Te Uri o Hina.

In October 2020, the Government committed $1,407,731 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Te Rarawa Marae, Te Uri o Hina Marae, and 7 other marae of Te Rarawa, creating 100 jobs.

Education
Pukepoto School is a contributing primary (years 1–6) school with a roll of  as of

Notes

External links
 Pukepoto School website

Far North District
Populated places in the Northland Region


Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia, () (20 June 1901 – 27 February 1974), was the elder daughter of Grand Duke George Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna of Russia. A great-granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, she left her native country in 1914, before World War I finished her education in England and spent the rest of her life in exile. In London in 1922, she married Prince Paul Chavchavadze, a descendant of the last king of Georgia. They had one child, Prince David Chavchavadze, born there two years later. In 1927 the family of three moved to the United States and settled in New York. In 1939 they bought a home in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Princess Nina was an artist, her husband worked as an author; he wrote five books and translated several others. Their son, Prince David Chavchavadze, served with the U.S. Army during World War II and, thanks in part to his knowledge of Russian, eventually became a CIA officer. After his retirement, he wrote his memoirs and published those of his grandmother, Grand Duchess George, as well as a book about the grand dukes of Russia.

Early life

Princess Nina was born on  in the New Mikhailovsky Palace on the Palace Embankment in Saint Petersburg, the residence of her paternal grandfather, Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich of Russia. She was the elder daughter of Grand Duke George Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna of Russia. Through her father, she was a member of the Romanov family, and princess of the Imperial blood as a great-granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. Nina's mother was a princess of Greece and Denmark, and on her maternal side, Nina was a granddaughter of King George I of Greece, great-granddaughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and related to members of many European royal families.

Princess Nina spent the first years of her life in the family's apartments at the New Mikhailovsky Palace. In 1905, however, the family moved to a newly built small palace in the Crimea. Constructed in English style, they gave the property a Greek name, "Harax". For nine years the family led a quiet life. A contemporary of Tsar Nicholas II two youngest daughters, Princess Nina and her only sibling Princess Xenia, played sometimes with them, while they were in the Imperial capital.

The marriage of Nina's parents was unhappy. Grand Duke George was a devoted father, and the two sisters were close to him, but Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna never liked Russia and eventually became estranged from her husband. In June 1914, Maria took her two daughters to England on the pretext of improving their health; in reality, she wanted to be separated from her husband. When the war broke out a month after her arrival, the Grand Duchess did not rush back to Russia and later it was too dangerous to attempt a return. Princess Nina and her sister never saw their father again. He was imprisoned by the Bolsheviks, and later he was shot by a firing squad, along with other Romanov relatives in January 1919. During the turbulent years of World War I and the Russian Revolution, Princess Nina remained living safely in London with her mother and her sister. Both sisters treasured their father's memory and resented their mother. In part to escape her control they both married very young.

Marriage
Princess Nina married Prince Paul Alexandrovich Chavchavadze (1899–1971) on 3 September 1922 in London. Paul descended from the House of Chavchavadze of the Kakheti province in Georgia, and also, in a direct line, from the last King of Georgia, George XII. They had first met as children when he was nine and she was seven, at a party at the British embassy in Rome in 1908. When they next met, it was in London many years later. By the time they were married, the world they knew had changed radically, with the collapse of the feudal system in Russia, the rise of the Bolsheviks, and annexation of Georgia by the Soviet Union. Most of their aristocratic riches were lost in the revolution, but they never complained about their material losses. Prince Paul, who also lost his father at the hands of the Bolsheviks, served in the military service on two continents. The couple had an only child, Prince David Chavchavadze, born in 1924 in London.

In 1927, Princess Nina moved with her family to the United States, where they settled in New York. In 1939 they moved to Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Princess Nina was an artist, her husband worked as an author; he wrote five books and translated several others. Their son, Prince David Chavchavadze, thanks in part to his knowledge of Russian, eventually became a CIA officer. After his retirement, he wrote a book about the Grand Dukes of Russia. Princess Nina's husband died in 1971, she outlived him for only a couple of years. She died near Hyannis, Massachusetts in 1974, aged 72. Her son left descendants.

Honours
  House of Romanov: Dame of the Imperial Order of Saint Catherine

Ancestry

Notes

References

Zeepvat, Charlotte (2004). The Camera and the Tsars. Sutton Publishing.

1901 births
1974 deaths
Princesses of royal blood (Russia)
Royalty from Saint Petersburg
Russian people of Danish descent
Russian people of German descent
Russian people of Swedish descent
Russian people of Greek descent
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States


Easy Living or Easy Livin' may refer to:

Films
 Easy Living (1937 film), a screwball comedy directed by Mitchell Leisen
 Easy Living (1949 film), starring Victor Mature and directed by Jacques Tourneur
 Easy Living (2017 film), starring Caroline Dhavernas

Music

Albums
 Easy Living (Paul Desmond album), 1966
 [[Easy Livin' (Clare Fischer album)|Easy Livin''' (Clare Fischer album)]], 1966
 Easy Living (Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Pass album), 1986
 Easy Living (Etta Jones album), 2000
 Easy Living (Frank Morgan album), 1985
 Easy Living (Ike Quebec album), 1987
 Easy Living (Enrico Rava album), 2003
 Easy Living (Sonny Rollins album), 1977
 Easy Livin': Singles A's & B's, an album by Uriah Heep, 2006

 Songs
"Easy Living" (song), a song written by Ralph Rainger and Leo Robin for the 1937 film
"Easy Livin'" (song), a 1972 song by Uriah Heep
"Easy Livin'", a 1983 song by Fastway from the album Fastway"Easy Living", a song by Catherine Britt from the album Dusty Smiles and Heartbreak Cures"Easy Living", a song by Gluecifer from Basement Apes''

Other uses
 Easy Living (magazine), a magazine published by Advance Publications
 Easy Living, a brand of interior paint produced by Sears Holdings


Volodymyr Mykhaylovych Homenyuk (; born 19 July 1985 in Bokiyma, Ukrianian SSR, Soviet Union) is a retired Ukrainian football forward. He has been nicknamed the Wayne Rooney of Crimea.

Career

Club
Before joining Tavriya in the winter of 2005, he played for Ikva Mlyniv. Homenyuk joined Tavriya when he was only 19 years old, and became an integral part of the team and soon became the captain.

Homenyuk joined FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk on 6 January 2009, signing a contract until 31 December 2013. His transfer involved Dnipro giving up Maksym Startsev to Tavriya Simferopol as well as money.

In 2015, he played for Stal Dniprodzerzhynsk in the Ukrainian Premier League.

International career
Homenyuk was called up for the Ukraine national football team on 1 June 2008, in a friendly match against Sweden which Ukraine won 1–0.

References

External links
Player Profile on Official Website of Tavriya
Player Profile on Website Football Agency "S.V.S."

Ukrainian men's footballers
1985 births
Living people
FC Ikva Mlyniv players
SC Tavriya Simferopol players
FC Dnipro players
FC Arsenal Kyiv players
FC Metalist Kharkiv players
FC Stal Kamianske players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukraine men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Ukrainian football managers
NK Veres Rivne managers
Footballers from Rivne Oblast