Parcy-et-Tigny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Drachenbronn Air Base (Base Aérienne 901 Drachenbronn) of the French Air and Space Force is located in the community of Drachenbronn-Birlenbach in the Bas-Rhin département. It houses the Centre de détection et de contrôle 05/901.

The base uses the underground facilities of the former Ouvrage Hochwald of the Maginot Line.  Its mission is the surveillance of aviation movements in eastern France. Under budget cuts announced in October 2014 it will become an outstation of Nancy – Ochey Air Base.

History

In 1946 the Air Force began studies for the creation of a radar station on top of the ouvrage.  Construction began in 1952, and in 1955 major construction was undertaken in the ouvrage for a radar control room and operations center, which was placed in operation in 1957, originally designated Station Maître Radar 50/921.  The facility was briefly called Ouvrage H and was connected by data links to Ouvrage G at the Fort du Salbert near Belfort and Ouvrage F at Fort François de Guis at Metz. In 1960 the facility was renamed Base Aérienne 901. In 1991 the base was named for Commandant de Laubier, a hero of the defense of Sedan in 1940.

The operations center was again renovated in 1964 to accommodate the VISU/STRIDA II system, and again in 1984 for the VISU/STRIDA IV system. It was yet again renovated in 2007 with a new operations room.

A three-dimensional radar was installed on the nearby Hochwald hill, which dominates the Alsace plain and the Rhine valley.

See also
Maginot line
French air defence radar systems

References

External links
 Base Aérienne 901 official site.
 Website dedicated to Commandant de Laubier, namesake of the base.

French Air and Space Force bases
Bunkers in France


Parfondru () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jean-Marie Aubry (born 3 April 1969 in Forbach, Moselle) is a French retired footballer. He currently plays for the French national Beach Football Team.

References

Stats

1969 births
Living people
People from Forbach
French men's footballers
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
Angers SCO players
Lille OSC players
AS Monaco FC players
Stade Malherbe Caen players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Men's association football goalkeepers
French beach soccer players
Footballers from Moselle (department)


Pargnan () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pargny-Filain () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette forms part of the commune's northeastern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pargny-la-Dhuys () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

Sights
The commune's church is St. Martin Church, which has Gothic arches and a slender belfry.

Pargny-la-Dhuys is a former forge that was built on an iron mine belonging to the County of Braine in the fifteenth century .

The last lord of the commune was the Count de la Tour du Pin.

This is the location of the catchment of the : an aqueduct of 131 km built between 1863 and 1865 that now supplies the city of Paris and the park at Marne-la-Vallee with water.

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

External links

Pargny-la-Dhuys on the Official website of the tourist office of the Canton of Condé-en-Brie

Communes of Aisne


The Erkunt Group was established in 1953 in Turkey. The company was initially a casting and pattern shop. The tractor division of the Erkunt group is owned by the Indian giant Mahindra & Mahindra.

History
The company was established in 1953 in Turkey, as a general Foundry & pattern shop. By 1955, it had become a factory for machining parts as well as casting. The factory was chiefly engaged in the production of waste water pipes to NATO standards. Following 8 years of growth in 1961 the company became a corporation. Erkunt was then producing intermediate goods for the automotive, agricultural tractor and motor industries, utilizing the most advanced technology of the day.

Erkunt has grown to employment 174 white collar and 851 blue collar workers, totalling 1025 in a 60,000 ton/year capacity complex that is the leader in Turkey for grey iron and nodular casting production and mechanical processing.

For the past 20 years the company has increasingly been increasing exports to Europe. Production has grown to 60,000 tons per year. Erkunt exports %85 of total production of which 76% is machined, and 24% is raw castings. The companies products are produced to ISO/TS 16949 and the company registered to ISO 9001  and one of the largest independent casting and machining company in Europe.

Since 2017 the tractor division of Erkunt group is fully owned by Indian giant Mahindra & Mahindra.

Erkunt Tractor

In 2003, the Erkunt Group started the tractor division with the establishment of Erkunt Tractor  Ind. Inc. and became a member of OEM group.

Tractor production started in September 2004. In the following 6 years, 8268 tractors were sold in domestic market through 73 dealers and 105 sales points. The company, which entered the market with only two models, is now able to offer potential customers in different countries almost 40 different models between 58 and 83 hp. At the end of year 2010, Erkunt's market share in Turkey is 18% and is the second biggest tractor manufacturer in Turkey.
Erkunt distributes tractors under ArmaTrac brand in international markets and works on distributorship basis.  Currently, Erkunt has distributors in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Cyprus, Serbia, Greece, Austria, Finland, Portugal, Poland, Malta and Croatia in Europe as well as Morocco, Tanzania, Angola, Sudan, Yemen, Senegal and Mali in Africa; Barbuda and Antigua  in America and Iraq in Asia.  They have plans to grow and increase exports, including to the UK.

The tractors are designed by Turkish engineers, which is unusual in the Turkish tractor market, as most other manufacturers build them under license. The tractors are built to order. The tractors use ZF and Carraro transmissions built under license by them in Turkey.

Diesel Engines
Perkins and Deutz manufacture the diesel engines.

See also
List of tractor manufacturers

References

External links
ArmaTrac webpage
Erkunt Tractor Industry, Inc. webpage

Tractor manufacturers of Turkey
Turkish brands
Mahindra Group


Valença is a Brazilian city in the state of Bahia and has an estimated population of 97,233. It is visited by tourists because it is the main access to the island of Ilha de Tinharé, famous for the town of Morro de São Paulo.

The municipality contains part of the  Caminhos Ecológicos da Boa Esperança Environmental Protection Area, created in 2003.

The town

Valença is the largest city in the Dendê Coast (costa do dendê), but it is also a placid 16th century colonial fishing town and a dynamic commercial and service center of the region. Famous for its shrimp, Valença has a quay in the port lined by colonial-period buildings such as the Town Hall, sobrados, and warehouses.  Valença offers rich historical patrimony that lives in harmony with the picturesque boats on the Una River that divides the city.  Three bridges link both sides of the city.

Valença was the first industrial center in Brazil, with cotton textile mills and other industries.  It is also known for its natural resources, including the  of beaches in Guaibim, the Candengo waterfalls, the Ponta do Curral and the Una River with its mangroves.

The city is served by Valença Airport.

Crime

In recent history, Valença has become notorious for its high crime rate and drug trafficking. Tourists passing through Valença to get to Morro de São Paulo are advised to be cautious and aware of their surroundings.

History

The territory in which the municipality of Valença is located, at the time of the discovery of Brazil, was inhabited by peaceful Tupiniquim Indians.  When Don João III, King of Portugal divided Brazil in 1534 into huge estates (called, capitanias hereditárias), the area of Valença belonged to the Ilhéus estate under the jurisdiction of Vila de Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Cairu, location where the first populace was established.

People settled on the margins of the river Una in their farms of sugar cane and fodder. Apart from these"civilized" settlers, there was also a small village of sugar mills that belonged to a man called Sebastião de Pontes.  This violent tempered yet honest man, who was accustomed to wars and fighting and disdained anyone who would contradict or offend him, had taken sides against the indigenous people.  At around 1573, a peddler arrived in the sugar mill dared to offend of Sebastião de Pontes, who immediately ordered the intruder be whipped and marked with a hot iron.

It has been told that this peddler, once in Portugal, managed to present himself before the King when he was walking to Mass.  The peddler dropped his cloak and revealed the mark on his back, crying for justice.  Orders were immediately sent to the capital of Brazil for Sebastião de Pontes to be imprisoned and sent back to Lisbon.  The royal government went to Morro de São Paulo in a war ship. The commander of the ship tricked Sebastião de Pontes into boarding the ship and, during lunch, imprisoned him and sent him back to Portugal.  He died in a prison in Limoeiro and, with his disappearance, Una lost the only man that had brought so much prosperity.  From then on, invaded by the violent Aymores Indians, progress shrunk and colonization of Valença stopped for many years.  After the bloody retaliations of the bandeirantes of João Amaro Maciel Parente, the location was finally able to progress, justifying the proposal for the creation of a village in the populace of Una.  On 23 January 1799, the Vila de Nova Valença do Santíssimo Coração de Jesus was created, with territory taken from the municipality of Cairu.

At this time, the extraction of wood began used for the building of royal army ships and the deforested area was then occupied by farm activities, mostly cassava (mandioca), rice, coffee, black pepper and cinnamon.

The inhabitants of the neighboring islands that lived in constant confrontation with the Indians and were therefore unable to plant, slowly returned to the area, which was already establishing a population nucleus in the areas surrounding the Nossa Senhora do Amparo chapel. The name Valença was attributed by these newcomers for which the location represented a solution to their problems, Land of Valença, of salvation.  Another version says that the name came from counselor Baltasar da Silva Lisboa who wished to pay homage to minister Marques de Valença, subsequently granting the populace the state of village on 10 June 1789, naming it Nova Valença.

At around this time, construction of the church Santíssimo Coração de Jesus began.

In 1849, the municipal area received the title of city, named Industrial Cidade Valença.

Other interesting historical facts
The region suffered under the Dutch invasion in Bahia in 1624 and actively participated in the battles for the independence of Bahia.

It harbored the fleet of Lord Cochrane, who came to fight the Portuguese in 1823.  The role of the city in this battle was so impressive that it received the title of "the decided one" as stated in the city's anthem.

WWII

During the Second World War, Valença also participated when the German submarines bombarded the ships Itajiba e Irará at its coast.  The passengers were saved by the Araripe barge and the wounded were taken to the improvised hospital in the building of the Textile Workers Syndicate, a building with French design and neoclassical architecture. This same building was also the first blood bank of the region. For its active participation, Valença received the title of "city of hospitality".

Determined, peaceful and friendly, Valença currently has the main shipyards of Bahia, where ships, barges, sailboats, schooners and even caravels are built, like the copy of the Niña, from the fleet of Christopher Columbus for the film: 1492: Conquest of Paradise, by Ridley Scott.

Historic structures

Valença is home to numerous colonial-period historic structures, some designated as Bahian state monuments. The Historic Center of Valença (Centro Histórico de Valença) lacks state or federal protection, but is home to numerous historic homes, government buildings, and churches.

 House of the City Council of Valença (Casa da Câmara dos Vereadores)
 House of Dr. Heitor Guedes Mello (Casa do Dr. Heitor Guedes Mello (Estância Azul))
 Birthplace of Zacarias Góes de Vasconcelos (Casa onde nasceu o Conselheiro Zacarias Góes de Vasconcelos)
 Parish Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Igreja Matriz Sagrado Coração de Jesus)
 Church of Our Lady of Protection of Valença  (Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Amparo de Valença)

Notable people
Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos, prime minister of Brazil during the imperial era

References

External links
  Valança for travelers in Bahia

Populated coastal places in Bahia
Populated places established in 1849
1849 establishments in Brazil
Municipalities in Bahia


Gogu Neagoe is a Romanian cartoonist and a member of the Romanian Association of Professional Caricature since 2006, and since 2008 is a member of the International Association of Fine Arts in Germany UNESCO. He has participated in numerous national and international painting and caricature festivals, and his works are in private collections in Romania and abroad.

The artist's cartoons are exhibited in art museums in Australia, USA, Los Angeles, Iran, France, Italy, Germany, China, Japan, Bulgaria, Belgium, Greece.

In 2013, the cartoonist donated 4 painted works, worth 15,000 euros, to a charity event for children with health problems and the poor.

World records
In 2004, Neagoe entered the Guinness World Records for the first time by doing 131 caricatures  through the phone, without ever seeing the subject.

Neagoe entered the Guinness World Records a second time by drawing celebrities and politicians in 1,200,000 images on 12 36mm film rolls, measuring 2 km in length, and weighing 3 tons.

Notes

Living people
1976 births
Romanian caricaturists
Romanian editorial cartoonists


The 68th Airlift Squadron is a United States Air Force Reserve squadron, assigned to the 433d Operations Group, stationed at Kelly Field Annex, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. The squadron operates Lockheed C-5M Super Galaxy aircraft providing global airlift. If mobilized, the wing is gained by Air Mobility Command.

History

World War II
The 68th flew troop carrier missions in New Guinea, Philippines, and the western Pacific from 1943 to 1945 and participated in the airborne assault at Aparri, Luzon, 23 June 1945.

Activation in the reserve and Korean War mobilization
The squadron was activated in the reserve in 1947 and conducted flying training until it was mobilized in 1950. It served on active duty until 1952, moving to Germany in 1951.

Reserve airlift operation
Between 1955 and 1985, the squadron trained for and flew tactical airlift missions at home and abroad, often taking part in joint exercises, humanitarian airlift operations, and firefighting missions.

In 1985, it converted to strategic airlift missions. The 68th took part in Operation Just Cause in 1989-1990, flying medical supplies, tanks, and field rations to Panama. The squadron also took part in the defense of Saudi Arabia and liberation of Kuwait in 1990 and 1991, airlifting men and materiel destined for southwestern Asia.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 68th Troop Carrier Squadron on 22 January 1943
 Activated on 9 February 1943
 Inactivated on 15 January 1946
 Activated in the reserve on 3 August 1947
 Redesignated 68th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 27 June 1949
 Ordered into active service on 15 October 1950
 Inactivated on 14 July 1952
 Activated in the reserve on 18 May 1955
 Redesignated 68th Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 July 1967
 Redesignated 68th Military Airlift Squadron on 1 April 1985
 Redesignated 68th Airlift Squadron''' on 1 February 1992

Assignments
 433d Troop Carrier Group, 9 February 1943 – 15 January 1946
 433d Troop Carrier Group, 3 August 1947 – 14 Jul 1952
 433d Troop Carrier Group, 18 May 1955
 433d Troop Carrier Wing, 14 April 1959
 922d Troop Carrier Group (later 922d Tactical Airlift Group), 17 January 1963
 921st Tactical Airlift Group, 30 June 1974
 433d Tactical Airlift Wing (later 433d Military Airlift Wing, 433d Airlift Wing), 1 November 1974
 433d Operations Group, 1 August – present

Stations

 Florence Army Air Field, South Carolina, 9 February 1943
 Sedalia Army Air Field, Missouri, 19 March 1943
 Laurinburg–Maxton Army Air Base, North Carolina, 9 June 1943
 Baer Field, Indiana, 1-15 August 1943
 Port Moresby Airfield Complex, New Guinea, c. 1 September 1943
 Nadzab Airfield Complex, New Guinea, c. 15 November 1943 (detachment operated from Tadji, New Guinea, 18 May-4 June 1944)
 Biak, Netherlands East Indies, 15 November 1944 (detachment operated from Nadzab, New Guinea until 5 January 1945)
 Tanauan, Leyte, Philippines, c. 15 February 1945
 Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, c. 15 June 1945
 Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 25 August 1945
 Ie Shima, Ryuku Islands, c. 10 September 1945
 Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, c. 30 September 1945 – 15 January 1946
 Cleveland Municipal Airport, Ohio, 3 August 1947
 Greenville AFB (later Donaldson Air Force Base), South Carolina, 16 October 1950 – 20 July 1951
 Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, 6 August 1951 – 14 July 1952
 Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, 18 May 1955
 Kelly Air Force Base (later Kelly Field Annex, Lackland Air Force Base, Joint Base Lackland-San antonio), Texas, 21 May 1960 – present

Aircraft

 Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1943–1945)
 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress (1944)
 Curtiss C-46 Commando (1944–1945, 1949–1950, 1955–1958)
 Beechcraft T-11 Kansan (1948–1951)
 Beechcraft T-7 Navigator (1949–1951)
 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (1950–1952, 1958–1971)
 North American T-28 Trojan (1955)
 Beechcraft C-45 Expeditor (1955–1958)
 Lockheed C-130 Hercules (1971–1985)
 Lockheed C-5 Galaxy (1985–present)

References

Notes

Bibliography

0068
Military units and formations in Texas


Patočka (feminine Patočková) is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Barbora Patočková (born 1998), Czech ice hockey player
 František Patočka (1904–1985), Czech physician, microbiologist, serologist
 František Patočka (sculptor) (1927–2002), Slovak sculptor (sk)
 Jan Patočka (1907–1977), Czech philosopher and dissident, a key figure in phenomenology and Charter 77
 Jürgen Patocka (born 1977), Austrian football player
 Libuše Patočková (1933–2010), Czech cross-country skier

See also
Patoka

Czech-language surnames


The San Bernabe AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in southern Monterey County, California.  It is part of the larger Monterey AVA.  San Bernabe is located in the Salinas Valley, between the Salinas River on the east, and the Santa Lucia Mountains on the west.  To the north of the appellation is Pine Canyon and to the south is the San Lucas AVA.

The San Bernabe AVA was created in 2004 as a result of a petition by Delicato Family Vineyards, whose  make it the largest in the region.

San Bernabe vineyard
The San Bernabe Vineyard is part of the San Bernabe American Viticultural Area in Monterey County, California.

References

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of California
Salinas Valley
Geography of Monterey County, California
2004 establishments in California


Pargny-les-Bois is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Parpeville () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Situated 24 kilometers east of Saint-Quentin and 28 kilometers northwest of Laon, Parpeville overlooks the surrounding plains due to its varying altitudes, ranging from 79 meters to 144 meters above sea level.

History and architecture
Parpeville has a number of notable landmarks. These include Parpeville Castle, which was built in 1722 by John Macquerel, lord of Quesmy and Parpeville. The castle's main building, flanked by two wings, is built wuith a combination of brick and white stone and has a Mansart-style slate roof. This building has remained in the possession of the same family since its construction. The castle's facade and roofs have been listed as Historical Monuments since 1928.

The village itself has several houses constructed during the 18th and 19th centuries, exemplifying a mix of brick and limestone, sometimes reinforced with sandstone in the foundations. Many houses in Parpeville feature carved or engraved dates of construction.

Railway past
Parpeville's history is also intertwined with its former railway line, which operated from 1900 to 1958, connecting Ribemont to La Ferté-Chevresis. The line carried significant passenger and freight traffic during its heyday, but the rise of automobiles led to its eventual closure in 1958. Today, some sections of the old railway line remain as hiking trails.

Demographics and land use
Parpeville has a small population of around 193 inhabitants as of 2020. The commune's land use is primarily agricultural, with approximately 97.5% of the land dedicated to agricultural purposes, particularly arable farming.

Religious heritage
The village has played host to the Congregation of Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Heart since its founding in 1867. The congregation, established by Father Virgile Adam, focused on educating young girls and caring for orphans. The sisters later wore the habit of the Third Order of Saint Francis.

Politics and administration
Parpeville is part of the community of communes of Val de l'Oise, an inter-municipal cooperation institution. Administratively, it belongs to the arrondissement of Saint-Quentin, the department of Aisne, and the Hauts-de-France region. The municipality's mayor, as of July 2020, is Jeremy Twins.

Places and monuments
Aside from the Parpeville Castle, other local landmarks include the modern Church of Saint-Leu, featuring two chapels in the transept and a 14th-15th-century stone statue of Saint Leu. Additionally, a commemorative stained glass window crafted by Alphonse Léopold De Troeyer in 1930 stands in memory of the village's fallen soldiers during World War I. There is also a wayside cross and a memorial.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The huge moth family Noctuidae contains the following genera:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Tabomeeres
Tachosa
Tadaxa
Taenerema
Taeniopyga
Taeniosea
Tafalla
Taivaleria
Talapa
Talapoptera
Talariga
Talmela
Tamba
Tamila
Tamseale
Tamseuxoa
Tamsia
Tamsola
Tandilia
Tanocryx
Tantura
Taphonia
Tarache
Tarachephia
Tarachidia
Taraconica
Taramina
Targalla
Targallodes
Tarista
Tarsicopia
Taseopteryx
Tathodelta
Tathorhynchus
Tatorinia
Tautobriga
Taveta
Tavia
Tavila
Taviodes
Technemon
Tectorea
Tegarpagon
Tegiapa
Tegteza
Teinoletis
Teinoptera
Telmia
Telorta
Temnoptera
Tendarba
Tephrialia
Tephrias
Tephrinops
Tephriopis
Tephrochares
Teratocera
Teratoglaea
Tesagrotis
Tesomonoda
Tetanolita
Tetracme
Tetrapyra
Tetrapyrgia
Tetrargentia
Tetrastictypena
Tetrisia
Teucocranon
Thalatha
Thalathoides
Thalatta
Thalerastria
Thalomicra
Thalpophila
Thargelia
Thaumasiodes
Thausgea
Thecamichtis
Thegalea
Thelidora
Thelxinoa
Themma
Theotinus
Therasea
Thermesia
Thermosara
Thiachroia
Thiacidas
Thiochroa
Thiona
Thioptera
Tholera
Tholeropsis
Tholocoleus
Tholomiges
Thopelia
Thoracolopha
Thoracolophotos
Thria
Throana
Thurberiphaga
Thurnerichola
Thursania
Thyas
Thyatirina
Thyatirodes
Thyreion
Thyrestra
Thyria
Thyridospila
Thyriodes
Thyrostipa
Thysania
Thysanoplusia
Tibiocillaria
Tibracana
Tigrana
Tigreana
Tiliacea
Timora
Tineocephala
Tinnodoa
Tinolius
Tipasa
Tipasodes
Tipra
Tiracola
Tiridata
Tiruvaca
Tisagronia
Tmetolophota
Toana
Toanodes
Toanopsis
Tochara
Tolnaodes
Toanopsis
Tolnosphingia
Tolpia
Tolpiodes
Tornacontia
Tornosinus
Tosacantha
Toxocampa
Toxonprucha
Toxophleps
Trachea
Tracheoides
Tracheplexia
Trachodopalpus
Trachysmatis
Tracta
Tranoses
Transbryoleuca
Transeuplexia
Translatix
Transsimyra
Trapezoptera
Trauaxa
Treitschkendia
Triaena
Trichagrotis
Trichanarta
Trichanua
Trichestra
Tricheurois
Trichobathra
Trichoblemma
Trichocerapoda
Trichoclea
Trichocosmia
Trichofeltia
Trichogatha
Tricholita
Tricholonche
Trichopalpina
Trichophotia
Trichoplexia
Trichoplusia
Trichopolia
Trichopolydesma
Trichoptya
Trichordestra
Trichorhiza
Trichoridia
Trichorthosia
Trichosellus
Trichosilia
Trichospolas
Trichotarache
Trichypena
Tricopis
Tricraterifrontia
Tridentifrons
Tridepia
Trigeminostola
Trigonephra
Trigonistis
Trigonochrostia
Trigonodes
Trigonodesma
Trigonophora
Trilophia
Trilophonota
Tringilburra
Triocnemis
Triommatodes
Triphaenopsis
Tripseuxoa
Tripudia
Trisateles
Trispila
Trissernis
Trissophaes
Tristyla
Trisula
Trisulana
Trisulopsis
Tritomoceras
Troctoptera
Trogacontia
Trogatha
Trogoblemma
Trogocraspis
Trogogonia
Trogotorna
Tropidtamba
Trothisa
Trotosema
Trudestra
Trumuspis
Tschetwerikovia
Tuerta
Tuertella
Tumidifrontia
Tunocaria
Tunza
Turacina
Turanica
Turbula
Tycomarptes
Tycracona
Tympanobasis
Tyrissa
Tyta
Tytroca

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuid genera T


Pasly is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Passy-en-Valois () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Passy-sur-Marne (, literally Passy on Marne) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pavant () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pernant () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Benjamin C. Wedeman (born September 1, 1960) is an American journalist and war correspondent. He is a CNN senior international correspondent based in Rome. He has been with the network since 1994, and has earned multiple Emmy Awards and Edward Murrow Awards for team reporting.

Early life and family
Wedeman's father, Miles G. Wedeman (January 23, 1923 – October 23, 2013), was a diplomat and civil servant from Pennsylvania. He was a devout Quaker. His mother, Martha Jean (née Hall) Wedeman was a reporter for The Washington Post.

Wedeman spent most of his childhood outside the United States, after having moved with his family to South Korea in 1968. Subsequently, the family moved to Bangkok and Phnom Penh, Cambodia (during the Cambodian Civil War). His father also served in the Ivory Coast and Syria working for USAID.

Wedeman attended boarding schools in Beirut, Lebanon (in 1974–75, just as the civil war broke out); Tangier, Morocco; and Windsor, Connecticut. He graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a bachelor's degree in Asiatic Languages and Linguistics in 1982 and from the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies with a master's degree in Middle Eastern Studies.

Career
From 1988 to 1992, Wedeman was based in Aleppo, Syria, and worked as a communications specialist for the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas.

Wedeman was originally hired by CNN as a local Jordanian employee in 1994 as a "fixer/producer/sound technician." One of his duties was to help reporting staff get through checkpoints, since he is fluent in multiple dialects of Arabic. He was eventually appointed as CNN's Bureau Chief in Amman.

From 1998 to 2006, Wedeman was CNN's bureau chief in Cairo, where he led CNN's coverage of the uprising against then-President Hosni Mubarak as well as the wider unrest in the Middle East.  In 2009, CNN appointed Wedeman as the Jerusalem bureau's correspondent.

In October 2000, Wedeman was shot in the back while covering a clash between Palestinians and Israelis near the Karni border crossing between Gaza and Israel.

In August 2011, Wedeman was in Sabah, Libya, covering the 2011 civil war that overthrew Muammar Gaddafi. Pursuing a lead which led him to an abandoned warehouse, he discovered thousands of barrels containing bags of a yellow powder labeled as radioactive. It was later confirmed by the IAEA that this powder was Yellowcake uranium.

Following the September 11 attacks, Wedeman was one of the first journalists to gain access to Iraq prior to the Iraq War. He was the only Western journalist granted access for an interview with Uday Hussein.

In August 2012, he was in Aleppo, Syria, covering a battle of the civil war.

Outside of the Middle East, Wedeman has traveled to war zones in Afghanistan, the Balkans, and Africa. In 2022 and 2023, he reported for CNN in Ukraine war zones.

Awards
 With his team, Wedeman won the 1996 overseas press club Edward R. Murrow Award for Best TV interpretation or documentary on foreign affairs for the network's coverage of Jordan's relationship with Israel after their peace treaty, as well as for its coverage of Iraq  under Saddam Hussein.
 He led the team that won an Emmy award for its 2000 coverage of the civil war in Sierra Leone. This coverage also earned him an Edward R. Murrow award.
 His team won the RTNDA Edward R. Murrow Award for its coverage of the 2006 Lebanon War, where they stayed in Lebanon, documenting the experience of the Lebanese people.
 In 2010, he won the Outstanding Contribution to Broadcasting Award at the sixth annual International Media Awards in London, hosted by the International Council for Press and Broadcasting<ref>"Guardian Middle East editor wins peace-through-media award", The Guardian, 11 May 2010</ref>
 In 2012, his team won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Live Coverage of a Current News Story – Long Form'' for his reporting in "Breaking News Simulcast of Revolution in Egypt: President Mubarack Steps Down"

References

American television reporters and correspondents
American war correspondents
CNN people
Alumni of SOAS University of London
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
Living people
American expatriates in Egypt
American expatriates in Jordan
Edward R. Murrow Award (CPB) winners
News & Documentary Emmy Award winners
Place of birth missing (living people)
1960 births
Loomis Chaffee School alumni


Petit-Verly () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The organization of the artist is a method used by architect Frank Gehry that places the artist in control of the design throughout a building construction and deliberately eliminates the influence of politicians and business people on design.

Gehry enforces this organizational set-up  when his designs are being built to avoid subordination of the design creator and to manage the project effectively. The heart of the phrase "organization of the artist" is to ensure that the design of the artist is actually built and not some compromise decided by political and business interests.

Origin
Gehry initially developed the concept of the organization of the artist as a reaction against what he calls the "marginalization of the artist."

Gehry argues that the organization of the artist, in addition to making possible artistic integrity, also helps keep his buildings on time and budget, which is rare for the type of innovative and complex designs that Gehry is known for. The organization of the artist thus serves the dual purpose of artistic freedom and economic prudence.

Application

In other projects Gehry has been less successful in enforcing the organization of the artist. For the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles (1989–2003) there was much interference from business and political interests, which caused large delays and cost overruns and an attempt to oust Gehry from the project. The integrity of Gehry's design was preserved only by the Disney family stepping in and demanding that Gehry stay on and finish the building.

The organization of the artist is particularly relevant to organizations that place innovation and innovators at the core of their business model. Apple Inc. and Pixar are such organizations and they are both organized according to versions of the organization of the artist. Former Apple CEO Steve Jobs explicitly celebrated the ideas of Frank Gehry in Apple's "Think different" campaign.

References

Architectural design


Pierremande () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette forms part of the commune's southern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pignicourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


H. D. Thoreau Jr. (April 13, 1923 – December 29, 2007) was a track and field authority as well as an Olympic official.

Early life and career

Thoreau was born in Denver, when he was young he moved with his family to California. He attended his first Olympic games in 1932 when he was 9 years old. Enthralled with baseball as a young man but not a gifted athlete, he used his ability with numbers to keep track of team sports. He would eventually apply that gift to track and field. After graduating from high school in Pasadena, California. Thoreau completed two years at Stanford University before serving in US Army Intelligence during World War II. After the war, he completed his degree at Stanford, majoring in journalism. He was president of his graduating class in 1947.

In the early 1950s, he went to work in New York for the NCAA, where he was one of the early editors of the NCAA college sports guides.

In 1956 California state officials appointed him general manager of the 1960 Winter Olympics. As general manager, he oversaw construction of many of the facilities. "That was four years of the hardest work I've ever done," Mr. Thoreau once told the Times. For the 1984 Games, Mr. Thoreau oversaw the renovation of Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum facilities that included the installation of the composition track with new curbs for better drainage and safer running. Thanks to Thoreau's knowledge with statistics that year had some of the best scoreboards available.

Death

For several years after he retired Thoreau contracted Alzheimer's. Shortly before 2008 he died of a Stroke as his Alzheimer's got worse.

References

1923 births
2007 deaths
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
United States Army personnel of World War II


Pithon () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

External links

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Plessier-Huleu () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ploisy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Plomion () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

History

Plomion was the site of a massacre by retreating German forces on the evening of August 31, 1944 as the American army approached pushing toward the Belgian border. Sixty German Waffen SS members who had been quartered in the village for six days, murdered fourteen men rounded-up at random and shot them with machine guns after lining them up in a meadow prior to retreating. Five men from a single family were dragged from their home during supper. The ages of the victims ranged from 70 to 17. After murdering the men, they set part of the town on fire. American troops arrived the following morning and their early arrival was credited by residents with preventing further murders.

Population

Sport
Plomion has been host to the French Sidecarcross Grand Prix in the past and hosted it again in 2010, on 2 May.

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ployart-et-Vaurseine is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

With a population of only 21 in 2018, Ployart-et-Vaurseine is the 3rd least populated town in the department of Aisne.

Tower of Vaurseine
Within the commune is a medieval tower, built circa 1400.

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

External links

 Aisne Department Website

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pont-Arcy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department
 List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pontavert () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pontru is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pontruet is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pont-Saint-Mard () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette forms most of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pouilly-sur-Serre (, literally Pouilly on Serre) is a commune in the Aisne department, Hauts-de-France, northern France with approximately 530 inhabitants. Pouilly-sur-Serre is 3 km southwest of Crécy-sur-Serre and 13 km north of Laon. The river Serre forms the northern border of the commune. Pouilly is in the middle of a huge agricultural plain, where the fields are typically used for growing vegetables and grains.

History
The village was given to Saint Remi, the Bishop of Reims (b. 437) by
Clovis I, the Frankish king from 481 to 511. Saint Remi himself made the contribution of the Laon church. In 1568, the village was pillaged and sacked by Calvinists. Pouilly was the location of a leprosy facility that was part of a Laon religious order. In 1883, Pouilly took the name "Pouilly-sur-Serre".

Economy

In Pouilly chicory, grains, beets, and potatoes are cultivated. The William Saurin company employs 343 people. About 75,000 tonnes of Italian, exotic, and quenelles dishes are made each year, under the trademarks "Garbit", "Petitjean" and "Panzani".

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Prémont () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Presles-et-Boves () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Presles-et-Thierny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Priez () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ibtisam Barakat () is a Palestinian-American bilingual author, poet, artist, translator, and educator. She was born in Beit Hanina-East Jerusalem.

Barakat received her bachelor's degree from Bir Zeit University, near Ramallah in the West Bank. In 1986, she moved to   New York City, where she interned with The Nation magazine. She went on to earn a master's degree in journalism and another master's degree in human development and family studies from the University of Missouri.

Bibliography

What a Song Can Do: 12 Riffs on the Power of Music (2004)
Barakat contributed to this anthology that "explores the powerful impact that music has in our lives." The anthology was published June 8, 2004 by Knopf Books for Young Readers.

Other contributors include Jennifer Armstrong, Ron Koertge, Joseph Bruchac, David Levithan, Jude Mandell, J. Alison James, and Sarah Ellis.

Tasting the Sky: A Palestinian Childhood (2007)
Tasting the Sky: A Palestinian Childhood was published February 20, 2007 by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

The memoir is about growing up under Israeli occupation following the 1967 Six-Day War and the persistence and resistance of the Palestinian struggle for liberation.

Tasting the Sky received the following accolades:

 Dorothy Canfield Fischer Children's Book Nominee (2009)
 International Reading Association's Best Nonfiction for Young Adults (2008)
 Arab American Book Award in the Children/ Young Adult Category (2008)
 Middle East Council Best Literature Book Award (2007)

Free?: Stories About Human Rights (2010)
Barakat contributed to this anthology that explores the concept of freedom. Free? was published April 27, 2020 by Candlewick.

Other contributors include David Almond, Margaret Mahy, Meja Mwangi, Jamila Gavin, Eoin Colfer, Michael Morpurgo, Theresa Breslin, and Sarah Mussi.

Al Ta' Al Marbouta Tateer (2011)
Al Ta' Al Marbouta Tateer, التاء المربوطة تطير, translated as The Letter Ta Escapes  or The Taa' That Flies, is about a letter in the Arabic alphabet that refuses to do what it is supposed to do in a word.

The book won the Anna Lindh Foundation award for Best Literature for Arabic children.

Hadeyyah Lel-Hamzah (2014)
Hadeyyah Lel-Hamzah, هدية للهمزة, translated as A Present for the Letter Hamzah, which Barakat wrote and illustrated, was published by The National Library of the United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi.

Balcony on the Moon (2016)
Balcony on the Moon: Coming of Age in Palestine was published October 15, 2016 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. In 2017, the book was nominated for the Arab American Book Award for Children's/Young Adult Literature.

The book also received the following accolades:

 Junior Library Guild Selection
 Palestine Book Award Shortlist Selection
 VOYA Nonfiction Honor Roll Selection
 Skipping Stones Honor Book
 Arab-American National Museum Honor Book
 Bank Street College of Education Best Book
 American Library Association/Amelia Bloomer Project Top Ten Book
 Notable Book for a Global Society
 News & Observer Newspaper's Wilde Best Book Award Winner
 Middle East Book Award Honorable Mention

The Jar that Became a Galaxy (2019)
The Jar that Became a Galaxy الجرة التي صارت مجرة was published by Tamer Institute in Ramallah, Palestine, and illustrated by Walid Taher.

The book gave the national reading campaign in Palestine its title.

The Lilac Girl
The Lilac Girl, published by Tamer Institute, won the prestigious Sheikh Zayed Book Award.

Books

Tasting The Sky (2007)

Savoring the sky (2010)

Balcony on the Moon: Coming of Age in Palestine (2016)

Two Homes in Omar's Heart - Spanish (2022)

References

External links

 Profile of Ibtisam Barakat at the Institute for Middle East Understanding
 An Interview with Ibtisam Barakat, Critical Mass, 14 May 2007
 Awards and honors won by Tasting the Sky by Ibtisam Barakat at Macmillan
 Ibtisam Barakat on Mahmoud Darwish at IMEU.net
 Interview by Molly Bennet, The Nation, June 4, 2007

Birzeit University alumni
University of Missouri alumni
21st-century Palestinian poets
Palestinian women writers
People from Jerusalem
American poets
American writers of Palestinian descent
American women poets
Living people
21st-century Palestinian women writers
1963 births
American Arabic-language poets
21st-century American women writers


Al-Mustansiriya Madrasa () was a medieval-era scholarly complex that provided a universal system of higher education. It was established in 1227 CE and was named after and built by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir in Baghdad, Iraq. The Madrasa taught many different subjects, including medicine, math, literature, grammar, philosophy, and Islamic religious studies. However, the major focus of education was Islamic law. It became the most prominent and high-ranking center for Islamic studies in all of Baghdad. Madrasas during the Abbasid period were used as the predominant instrument to foster the spread of Sunni thought as well as a way to extend the founder's pious ideals.

The architecture of the Madrasa was also an important example of Islamic architectural development in Baghdad. The Madrasa has experienced several periods of decline and reemergence throughout its history. The most significant degradation to the Madrasa's architecture and position within Baghdad was the Mongol Siege of Baghdad (1258). Today, the Madrasa is in a state of restoration as is it being overseen by the Directorate of Antiquities in Iraq. It is currently a part of al-Mustansiriya University, and is located on the left bank of the Tigris River. Adjacent landmarks include Souk al-Sarai, the Baghdadi Museum, Mutanabbi Street, the Abbasid Palace, and Caliph's Street.

Historical background

Establishment
The madrasa was established by Caliph al-Mustansir and its cost amounted to 700 thousand dinars, and it was opened for study on the 6th of April, 1233, and a large celebration and feast was held in its opening. It was the first Islamic university in which the study of jurisprudence based on the four schools of thought; Hanafi, Shafi’i, Maliki, and Hanbali and all were combined into “one school.” This inspired al-Salihiyya Madrasa in Cairo which was established almost a decade after al-Mustansiriya Madrasa and also taught four schools of thought into one. The management of the Madrasa was carried out by a headmaster who was chosen by the senior state employees. The headmaster was assisted by a number of assistants, led by the supervisor, who was like the financial inspector. A number of employees were also hired to serve the teachers and students. Teachers usually consisted of senior Sheikhs and Imams from Iraq, the Levant and Egypt who were known for their deep research and study. Some of the teachers were also assisted by higher teachers. Employees of the Madrasa also had a salary. In 1235, an early monumental water-powered alarm clock that announced the appointed hours of prayer and the time both by day and by night was completed in the entrance hall of al-Mustansiriya Madrasa in Baghdad.

Education and features

Within the school of Islamic studies, there were specific divisions of Islamic knowledge. The divisions included the Dar al-Qur'an and the Dar al-Hadith. The Dar al-Qur’an, or the House of Qur’an, was dedicated to the study and recitation of the Qur’an. There was a designated reciter of the Qur'an and a fellow aid to help teach the students. Along with the students, there were thirty orphans who were housed in the complex. All students, including the orphans, were designated an equal wage, bread, and stew. The Dar al-Hadith was dedicated to the study of the sayings and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. Within this school, there was a senior scholar, or shaykh, who held the highest position of education within the school.

Additionally, the School of Medicine was housed in al-Mustansiriya Madrasa. The School of Medicine was led by a senior Muslim physician who was required to have ten students employed to him. There was also a hospital located in the Madrasa, allowing medical students to learn and practice medicine within the same complex.

Al-Mustansiriya Madrasa included a variety of buildings such as a hammam, public hospital, pharmacy, food storage site, and kitchen. There was also space designated for student residences. The Madrasa provided food, lodging, clothing, and a monthly stipend for its students. Its library had an initial collection of 80,000 volumes, given by the Caliph. The collection was said to have grown to 400,000 volumes, although the reports of both these figures may have been exaggerated. Even though the libraries’ collection survived the Mongol sack of 1258 CE, it was merged with that of al-Nizamiyah Madrasa in 1393 CE, whose collection had subsequently been dispersed or disappeared. As a result of the Ottoman invasion and capture of Baghdad in 1534 CE, books from the palaces and libraries were taken as the spoils of war and became an important part of the royal library in Istanbul.

Decline and later use

After the 13th century, the Madrasa experienced a period of decline in prominence, followed by fluctuating centuries of purpose and power. The widespread annihilation and conquest of the Mongols throughout the Middle East resulted in the first stages of transformation for the complex. The Mongol Sack of 1258 devastated parts of the Madrasa that were later restored. After the initial attack, the Mongols settled in Baghdad under the emperors of the Il-Khanids. Among the notables of the madrasa during this period was the librarian and historian Ibn al-Fuwati who returned to Baghdad in 1281 and was appointed director of the Madrasa. Under Tamerlane, the madrasas of Baghdad, including this one, suffered greatly and studies in them were suspended. He had destroyed Baghdad twice, first in 1392 and second in 1400, and destroyed its schools; he took many of its writers, engineers, and architects to Samarkand. The Madrasa's library has also lost thousands of books and a large number of its scholars left Baghdad to Egypt, the Levant, and other Islamic countries at the time. Two centuries after Tamerlane's destruction, there was an attempt at revival in 1589 but it closed its doors in 1638. In its place, the Mosque-Madrasa of al-Asifyah was established and connected to the Madrasa.

In 1534, the Ottoman Turks seized control, maintaining a stable reign until the British accession in the early 20th century. During the late 18th to early 20th century, al-Mustansiriya Madrasa was used largely for military purposes such as serving as a place of rest and resource as well as a storage house for soldier uniforms. This multipurpose building also became known as the Khan al-Muwasilah in the 18th century specifically, which served as a caravanserai for traders passing through Baghdad. Over the years, the madrasa suffered from neglect, and much of the building was lost until 1960 when the Iraqi government restored the Madrasa's complex and opened it for visits and tourists as a historic monument.

Architecture

Layout

Al-Mustansiriya Madrasa is one of the only buildings still standing that provides evidence for Baghdad's role as a center for Islamic Art and for the city's role in the development of geometric ornaments. The layout of the Madrasa is a basic four-iwan plan fit into a two-story rectangular building with a large courtyard. Each school of Islamic law was designated to a separate corner of the building.

Decorations
Some of the main decorative features includes muqarnas; series of interconnected vaults used to highlight squinch zones of domes or exterior of minarets and domes. Al-Mustansiriya incorporates arabesque and carved brick decoration in an exterior tripartite facade. The main entrance is made up of three conical archways, star and polygon figures, and an inscription describing the patron of the building, Al-Mustansir. Earlier Umayyad and Abbasid themes of foliage and greenery are also evoked in the exterior facade of the entrance archways. The other entrances are ornately decorated with geometric patterns of zig-zags, square designs, and ornamentation centered around water. The southwestern entrance also includes a later inscription about the Ottoman Sultan Abd al-Aziz.

Water clock
There's evidence that suggests that in 1235, the madrasa contained an example of an early monumental water-powered alarm clock that announced the appointed hours of prayer and the time both by day and by night in the entrance hall as the Abbasids had many of these water-powered clocks at the time. The clock was said to be built by a man named "Ali Ibn Tha’lab" and based on the traditional clocks found in Damascus at the time. The clock included metallic and golden doors; bird figurines dropping metal balls into vessels that told the elapsing of an hour during the day as well as functions and lighting to announce the night which mirrored the movements of celestial objects. Furthermore, the clock was mentioned with great detail in aI-Hawadith al-Jami'a Wal-Tajarub al-Nafi'a Fi al-Mi'a al-Sabi'a by Ibn al-Fuwati which dealt with the period of Iraq before the Mongol invasion. It is safe to assume that since Ibn al-Fuwati was a native of Baghdad, the following description he gave on the clock was either his eyewitness account or one that he heard firsthand from another person. Ibn al-Fuwati recounts:“On the outside wall of this counter was a circle on which there was a depiction of the heavens, and on it were many finely decorated bronze arches housing finely decorated doors. Within the circle were two model falcons, made of gold, each inside a golden bowl. Two bronze ball bearings were positioned behind each falcon so that they were not visible to the observer. At the moment of the elapsing of an hour, the mouth of each falcon opened, and out fell the ball bearings. Each time a ball bearing fell, one of the doors inside the arches opened. The doors were golden, but they then became silver (i.e. the golden door was replaced by a silver one). When the ball bearings fall into the bowls below they then run back to their original positions. Then golden planets ascend into the azure sky within this depiction of the heavens simultaneously with the rising of the real sun in the sky. They move [on the clock face] mirroring the movement of the sun across the sky [so that they eventually] descend and disappear with the setting of the sun. When night comes then there are planets that gradually emerge [to the observer] because of a light glowing from behind them. The [strength of the] light emitting from the discs of the planets [grows gradually and] reaches its fullest intensity on the completion of a full hour. Then this process begins in the next planet-disc and so on until the night ends and the sun begins to rise. In this way, you can know the times of the prayers.”

Modern-day use and restoration
In 1973, al-Mustansiriya Madrasa was overseen by the Directorate of Antiquities in Iraq. Since then, the complex has been in a consistent state of reconstruction. Recently, the modern businesses surrounding the Madrasa have been demolished with the intention of restoring the original perimeters of the complex. As a result of the reconstruction and conservation of this complex, al-Mustansiriya Madrasa still plays an important role in Baghdad as the Madrasa is now part of al-Mustansiriya University. Currently, the Minister of Culture takes care of the complex of the madrasa. Al-Mustansiriya Madrasa was included on the list of the Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) in 2013, due to its great importance and significance in Islamic history. Generally, al-Mustansiriya Madrasa is considered the first university of its time. In 2020, the Madrasa was closed for maintenance and restoration purposes although the restoration was stretched due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The complex is also fenced with an iron fence surrounding it on all sides.

See also

 Abbasid architecture
 Abbasid Palace
 Education in Iraq
 Al-Khulafa Mosque

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20070930022328/http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=12&reading_id=118&sequence=10
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033359/http://hnn.us/comments/9850.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100702145209/http://www.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/english_index.html

1233 establishments in Asia
Education in Baghdad
Madrasas in Iraq
Buildings and structures in Baghdad
Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate
13th-century madrasas


Frank Wiblishauser (born 18 October 1977) is a German former professional footballer who played as a central defender.

Career
Wiblishauser began his career with his hometown club, FC Memmingen, before joining the Youth Team of Bayern Munich in 1994. He was promoted to the reserve team a year later, and spent five years playing in the Regionalliga Süd. He was also a member of Bayern's first-team squad from 1996, but did not make a first-team appearance.  In 2000, he left for 1. FC Nürnberg, where he spent five years, and was involved in two promotions and two relegations between the 2. Bundesliga and the Bundesliga. His time there, though, was marred by injury and he was only able to make 76 appearances.

Wiblishauser left for Switzerland shortly after the beginning of the 2005–06 season, signing for FC St. Gallen. A year later he returned to Germany to sign for TuS Koblenz, where he stayed until being released in 2010, at which point his career ended.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Bayern Munich footballers
FC Bayern Munich II players
1. FC Nürnberg players
FC St. Gallen players
TuS Koblenz players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
People from Memmingen
Footballers from Swabia (Bavaria)


Prisces () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Proisy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Proix () is a commune in the Aisne department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Golden Basket is a 1990 basketball video game developed and published by Opera Soft under their Opera Sports label for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, MSX, and DOS.

Gameplay
The game features a five-a-side basketball match, showing a lateral view.

References

External links

Golden Basket at Spectrum Computing

1990 video games
ZX Spectrum games
DOS games
Europe-exclusive video games
MSX games
Amstrad CPC games
Basketball video games
Video games developed in Spain


Prouvais () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The 97th Guards Mechanized Brigade () was a rifle, and then a motor-rifle division of the Soviet Union's Army, before becoming a mechanized brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces, based in Slavuta in western Ukraine.

The full name of the division was the "97th Guards Poltava Motor-Rifle Division, Red Banner, Suvorov's, Bogdan Khmelnitsky". After the division became part of Ukrainian Armed Forces it was known as the  (97-ma okrema mekhanizovana bryhada).

History

World War II
The division was formed in August–September 1941 as the 343rd Rifle Division near the city of Stavropol. Over the next twelve months it was assigned to the 56th, 6th, 9th, 21st, and 24th Armies.
The division took part in the defensive operations at Rostov, then in the Rostov and Barvenko-Lozovaia offensive operations. Later, it fought in the Second Battle of Kharkov, then fled eastward to take part in defensive operations near Stalingrad. On July 17, 1942, when the 21st Army joined the Stalingrad Front, the division had 2,795 men and fewer than 20 artillery pieces. After October, 1942, it was assigned to the 66th Army, which later became the 5th Guards Army.

On May 4, 1943, the division was re-designated as the 97th Guards Rifle Division. Its order of battle was as follows:
 289th Guards Rifle Regiment from 1151st Rifle Regiment
 292nd Guards Rifle Regiment from 1153rd Rifle Regiment
 294th Guards Rifle Regiment from 1155th Rifle Regiment
 232nd Guards Artillery Regiment from 903rd Artillery Regiment
 104th Guards Antitank Battalion from 567th Antitank Battalion
 110th Guards Sapper Battalion from 620th Sapper Battalion
 141st Guards Signal Battalion from 791st Signal Battalion
 100th Guards Reconnaissance Company from 402nd Reconnaissance Company
The day before its re-designation the division was assigned to the newly-formed 33rd Guards Rifle Corps. On May 2, the commander of the division, Matvei Usenko, was promoted to the rank of Major General. Just ten days later he was killed after being blown up by a land mine while crossing a road in a vehicle.

The division took part in the Battle of Kursk, along with the rest of 5th Guards Army as part of the Steppe Front. Later, it fought in the liberation of left-bank Ukraine. In September, the division was awarded the 'Poltava' honorific, along with its sister divisions, the 13th and 95th Guards Rifle Divisions. In 1944 and 1945, it took part in the Kirovograd, Uman-Botoshany, Lvov-Sandomir, Sandomir-Silesia, Upper and Lower Silesia, Berlin, and Prague offensives. The division ended the war in 32nd Guards Rifle Corps, still in 5th Guards Army.

Postwar
After World War II, the division was stationed in Austria, with the Central Group of Forces, where it remained until 1946. During that time, the division belonged to the 5th Guards Army. After its relocation to Slavuta, it became part of the 13th Army. After it moved to Slavuta, the division was downsized into the 28th Separate Guards Rifle Brigade, but became a division again on 16 September 1949. In 1957, it was reorganized from a Rifle into a Motor Rifle division. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the division was reorganized into a Brigade, which continued to exist until November 2004, when it was disbanded.

Commanders
Division commanders included:

 General-mayor Matvei Usenko (4–12 May 1943)
 Colonel Vasily Yakovlevich Kashlyayev (13–30 May 1943)
 Colonel Ivan Ivanovich Antsiferov (1 June 1943–19 April 1944, general-mayor from 25 September 1943)
 Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Ivanovich Lashkov (20 April–22 May 1944)
 General-mayor Ivan Ivanovich Antsiferov (23 May–8 October 1944)
 Colonel Yefrem Mikhailovich Golub (9 October–28 December 1944)
 Colonel Anton Prokofyevich Garan (29 December 1944–16 June 1945)
 General-mayor Leonid Kolobov (16 June 1945–20 March 1947)
 General-mayor Fyodor Zakharovich Borisov (20 March 1947–21 February 1948)
 General-mayor Vasily Ivanovich Shcherbenko (21 February 1948–12 September 1955)
 Colonel Vasily Poyarov (12 September 1955–2 July 1958, general-mayor from 27 August 1957)
 Colonel Pyotr Yegorovich Litvinenko (2 July 1958–19 December 1961, general-mayor from 9 May 1961)
 Colonel Stepan Aleksandrovich Fedorenko (19 December 1961–15 January 1966, general-mayor from 13 April 1964)
 Colonel Pyotr Timofeyevich Latuk (15 January 1966–unknown, general-mayor from 25 October 1967)
 Colonel Leonid Ivanovich Pinchuk (general-mayor from 28 October 1976)

Order of battle
During the late 1980s, the division included the following units.
110th Tank Regiment
289th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment
292nd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment
294th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment
232nd Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
1094th Guards Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment

Awards
September 1943 received the honorific "Poltava"
19?? received Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky
19?? received Order of Suvorov
19?? received the Order of the Red Banner

References

Sources

Further reading
I.A. Samchuk, “Guards from Poltava" (Moscow, Voenizdat, 1965) (Russian)
"World War II, Soviet Encyclopaedia, 1985, p. 573 [М. М. Козлов. Великая Отечественная война 1941-1945: Энциклопедия. — М: «Советская энциклопедия», 1985. — С. 573. — 832 с. — 105 000 экз.]
Феськов В. И., Калашников К. А., Голиков В. И. Глава 2. Стрелковые и воздушно-десантные войска, укрепленные районы Красной Армии в годы Великой Отечественной войны // Красная Армия в победах и поражениях 1941-1945 гг.. — Томск: Издательство Томского университета, 2003. — 619 с. — .
Чуйков В. И. Сражение века. — М.: Советская Россия, 1975. — 317 с.
Жадов А. С. Четыре года войны. — М.: Воениздат, 1978. — 334 с.
Военный энциклопедический словарь. — под. ред. Н. В. Огаркова. — Военное издательство, 1983. — С. 573. — 863 с. — ISBN ББК 68я2 В63.
Родимцев А. И., Гвардейцы стояли насмерть, 2 изд., М., 1973

External links
Matvei Alekseevich Usenko

Mechanized brigades of Ukraine
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations established in the 1990s
Military units and formations disestablished in 2004
Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner


Proviseux-et-Plesnoy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Puiseux-en-Retz is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Puisieux-et-Clanlieu () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Quincy-Basse () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Quincy-sous-le-Mont () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Raillimont () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ramicourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Regny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Remies () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Renansart () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References
Renansart on INSEE

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rick Vincent is an American country music artist. Signed to Curb Records in 1992, Vincent released his debut album, A Wanted Man, the following year, and charted two singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. The album and its two singles remain Vincent's only contributions as a recording artist.

Vincent moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1989 to pursue his musical career. After songwriter and producer Wendy Waldman discovered one of his demo tapes, he signed to Curb Records in 1992. His lone Curb album, A Wanted Man, charted two singles: "The Best Mistakes I Ever Made" and "Ain't Been a Train Through Here in Years". The album received a positive review from Brian Mansfield of Allmusic, who said that Vincent "writes thoughtful and literate lyrics" while praising Vincent's singing voice. Similarly, a review in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette praised Vincent's lyricism and influence from the Bakersfield sound, while also noting his "strong, rich baritone". A third single from the album, "Hello, She Lied", did not make the charts, and Vincent never recorded again. However, he co-wrote the song "Heartbroke Every Day", a top 20 hit on the country charts for Lonestar in 1996.

Discography

A Wanted Man (1993)

Track listing
"The Best Mistakes I Ever Made" (Vincent) – 3:01
"Hello, She Lied" (Vincent, Will Jennings) – 2:54
"When the Smoke Clears" (Vincent, Brad Parker) – 3:45
"Ain't Been a Train Through Here in Years" (Vincent, Steve Hill) – 3:17
"You're Not in This Alone" (Vincent, Tim Lancaster) – 2:30
"Outlaw Heart" (Vincent, Kevin Ball) – 3:30
"A Wanted Man" (Vincent, Rick West, Bill Shore) – 2:47
"Cottonwood Creek" (Vincent) – 2:48
"'Round the Honky Tonk Bend" (Vincent, Ball) – 4:17
"San Joaquin" (Vincent) – 4:19

Personnel
From A Wanted Man liner notes.
Musicians
Eddie Bayers – drums
Karla Bonoff – background vocals
Sam Bush – mandolin
Jerry Douglas – Dobro
Dan Dugmore – steel guitar
Kenny Edwards – mandolin, background vocals
Steve Gibson – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin
Andrew Gold – background vocals
Rob Hajacos – fiddle
Sid Page – fiddle
Brad Parker – electric guitar
Gary Prim – piano
Michael Rhodes – bass guitar
Brent Rowan – electric guitar
Rick Vincent – acoustic guitar, lead and background vocals
Wendy Waldman – acoustic guitar, background vocals
Willie Weeks – bass guitar
Technical
Steve Hall – mastering
Brad Parker – assistant producer
Dennis Ritchie – recording, mixing
Wendy Waldman – producer

Singles

Music videos

References

American country singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from California
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Curb Records artists
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Country musicians from California
American male singer-songwriters
20th-century American male singers


Renneval () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Résigny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Arco Iris is the name of the 2006 debut album of the American indie pop band, Skybox. It was recorded by Jamie Woolford (The Stereo, Let Go) and mastered by Jason Livermore (The Ataris, Rise Against, MxPx).

Track listing
 The Caravan Cabaret - 2:55
 Disco Duck - 1:26
 Silly Things That People Say - 2:14
 Superglued to My Spaceship - 2:28
 Various Kitchen Utensils - 2:46
 Infinity & Blue Skies - 3:35
 It's a Bumpy Ride on the Back of a Camel - 3:56
 The Lass, the Bitch & the Butcher - 2:10
 Cue Conversation - 3:49
 Bee Mee - 3:40
 Gravity Can't Keep Us Down (Unless We're on Earth) - 6:51
 The Devil's Road - 4:22
 Werewolf - 3:05
 Don't Get Spin Spin - 4:06

References

 http://cdbaby.com/cd/skybox
 http://www.last.fm/music/Skybox/Arco+Iris

External links

 The album's Last.fm page

2006 albums


Ressons-le-Long () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Retheuil () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Reuilly-Sauvigny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The village is located in Condé-en-Brie, in the south of the Aisne department, bordering on the Marne department. About 10 kilometres to the east of the commune is Château-Thierry, which is located on a hillside in Marne.

History
Two surrounding fords meant it was easiest to cross la Marne at the top of the commune, making it a strategic point during the two World wars, during which Reuilly was very heavily damaged.

Heraldry
The Reuilly-Sauvigny coat of arms is emblazoned with:
Green with a golden sword, three lioncubs stitched on a silver waving fabric

Sights
 Église Saint Blaise, dating back to the 13th century

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Révillon () is a former commune in the department of Aisne in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Les Septvallons.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Former communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Ribemont () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. It is the birthplace of Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794), figure of the French Revolution

History
Two treaties were signed in Ribemont:
The Treaty of Ribemont in 880 was the last treaty on the partitions of the Frankish Empire. It was signed by the German king Louis the Younger and the kings of Western Francia, Louis III and Carloman.
 The Treaty of Ribemont in 1179 was signed on 2 May 1179 by the two eldest sons of the late Duke Matthias I of Lorraine.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department
 List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Shawn Weller (born July 8, 1986) is an American professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for the Adirondack Thunder of the ECHL. He attended Clarkson University and graduated from South Glens Falls. Weller was drafted in the third round, 77th overall by the Ottawa Senators in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft

Playing career
Weller played prep hockey for South Glens Falls High School until his sophomore year when he decided to play junior hockey with the Capital District Selects of the Eastern Junior Hockey League. Weller was playing for Capital District Select during his draft eligible year. He was named an EJHL All-Star and EJHL MVP prior to the 2004 draft. Weller was drafted in the third round, 77th overall by the Ottawa Senators in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. The pick had been received in a trade with the Los Angeles Kings for Radek Bonk.

After being drafted, Weller enrolled in Clarkson University as a Business major. He played three seasons for the Clarkson Golden Knights. His freshman season began late due to NCAA eligibility issues that forced Weller to sit out the first four games of the season. However, once he was able to play, he scored his first two collegiate goals in his debut against Niagara on October 29, 2004. During the first round of the 2004 ECAC Hockey Tournament, the Golden Knights beat the Union Dutchmen in three games with Weller scoring the winning goal in overtime to win game three and help the Golden Knights advance to the quarterfinals. The Golden Knights eventually lost to the Harvard Crimson in the Championship match.

In his sophomore year, Weller increased his offensive scoring and recorded 14 goals, a new career high. He stepped it up again in his junior season by leading the Golden Knights in scoring with 41 points, including a team-high 19 goals, and was named to the  ECAC All-Tournament Team. After Weller had finished the NCAA season with the Golden Knights, he was signed to an entry-level contract with the Senators on March 30, 2007. He made his professional debut with Ottawa's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Binghamton Senators for five games.

Weller was traded to the Anaheim Ducks on September 4, 2009, in exchange for Jason Bailey.

On July 26, 2010, Weller signed an AHL Contract, with the Manitoba Moose. He remained in the AHL the following season, splitting the year between the St. John's IceCaps and the Texas Stars.

On October 1, 2012, with limited AHL interest, Weller signed a one-year contract with ECHL club, the South Carolina Stingrays for the 2012–13 season. As captain of the Stingrays, Weller featured in 24 games for 15 points before he returned on loan to the St. John's IceCaps. On January 25, 2013, while with the IceCaps, Weller's ECHL rights were traded by the Stingrays to the Stockton Thunder. Weller finished the season with the Thunder, producing 11 points in 23 post-season games to help reach the Kelly Cup finals.

On August 3, 2013, Weller agreed to his first European contract on a one-year deal with German club, Starbulls Rosenheim of the DEL2. He played one season with club, scoring 70 points in 44 games. In May 2014, he signed with EV Ravensburg of the DEL2.

In the 2017–18 season, he captured the DEL2 championship with SC Bietigheim-Bissingen and was named Most Valuable Player of the playoffs.

Weller played seven seasons in the DEL2 before returning to North America and sitting out the pandemic shortened 2020–21 season. On August 6, 2021, Weller resumed his professional career in returning to the ECHL in signing with the Kansas City Mavericks. In the 2021–22 season, Weller made 19 appearances with the Mavericks before he was traded to the Adirondack Thunder in exchange for future considerations on January 13, 2022.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Abbotsford Heat players
Adirondack Thunder players
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Bakersfield Condors (1998–2015) players
Binghamton Senators players
Clarkson Golden Knights men's ice hockey players
Dresdner Eislöwen players
Elmira Jackals (ECHL) players
ETC Crimmitschau players
Kansas City Mavericks players
Ottawa Senators draft picks
Manitoba Moose players
People from Saratoga County, New York
Ravensburg Towerstars players
St. John's IceCaps players
South Carolina Stingrays players
Starbulls Rosenheim players
Stockton Thunder players
Texas Stars players
SC Bietigheim-Bissingen players
American expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
American expatriate ice hockey players in Germany


Rocourt-Saint-Martin () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The M75 is a 40mm automatic grenade launcher that was used primarily as an aircraft weapon in United States service and was one of the first weapons to use the high velocity 40x53mm grenade.

Overview
Development of the M75 began in the late 1950s by the Philco-Ford Corporation (later referred to in this time period as Ford Aerospace).  While 40mm low velocity grenades were being developed for infantry use, the M75 was to be an aircraft weapon using a higher velocity grenade for additional range.  While an aircraft gun pod designated the XM13 was developed for it, it would see far greater use as a helicopter weapon, mainly during the Vietnam War. The most notable systems the M75 was part of were the M5 used on the UH-1 Iroquois and the turreted M28 system used on the AH-1 Cobra. In the last case the weapon was quickly replaced by the improved M129 launcher.

Design
The weapon is described as an "air-cooled, electrically powered, rapid firing weapon."  All portions of the firing cycle are powered this way, so the unit requires an external power source. Other important features are the reciprocating barrel and cam assembly that drive the other components of the system. All phases of the weapon cycle are positively controlled by the drum cam assembly in which a planetary gear train is enclosed, responsible for reducing the motor's high speed to the desired rate for the gun. The  28 Volts DC motor is mounted on the turret bracket and drives the drum cam through a flexible shaft in order to isolate it from the weapon's recoil. The weapon accepts linked ammunition, which was fed from rotary drums in the case of the M5 and M28 systems, and from boxes in the case of the XM9 systems.  The M5 could also use a box magazine.

Derivative

While the M75 had no variants, Philco-Ford developed an improved derivative, the M129, which quickly supplanted the M75.  The M129 was effectively a redesign of the older weapon to incorporate a concentric cam and improved mount, as well as a higher rate of fire of 400 rpm. The major problem with the M75 was the torque created due to the barrel being below the operating drum. In the M129 the barrel is concentric with the drum and the excessive torque is thus eliminated. The M129 was used in the XM8 and the aforementioned M28 helicopter armament systems, as well as the XM51 for the ill-fated AH-56 Cheyenne and being trialed as a door gun for the UH-1 series with the XM94 system.  Operation of the weapon is extremely similar to that of the M75, with the reciprocating barrel and cam assembly still presenting itself, and the weapon still being electrically driven.

See also
 List of grenade launchers
 List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces
 Mk 19 grenade launcher
 M129 grenade launcher
 United States 40 mm grenades
 U.S. aircraft gun pods
 U.S. Helicopter Armament Subsystems
 Comparison of automatic grenade launchers

References

Citations

Sources
 Gervasi, Tom.  Arsenal of Democracy III: America's War Machine, the Pursuit of Global Dominance.  New York, NY: Grove Press, Inc, 1984.  .
 Gunston, Bill.  The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft Armament.  New York, NY: Orion Books, 1988.  .
 United States.  Headquarters, Department of the Army.  FM 1-40 Attack Helicopter Gunnery.  Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army, 1969.

External links
 M75 40mm Grenade Launcher - Global Security
 TACOM-RI U.S. Army Helicopter Weapons
 Helicopter armament subsystems during the Vietnam War

Aircraft guns
Automatic grenade launchers
40×53mm grenade launchers
Grenade launchers of the United States


The San Ysidro District AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Santa Clara County, California. It is part of the larger Santa Clara Valley AVA and is located in the foothills of the Diablo Range.  San Ysidro District is significantly cooler than other parts of Santa Clara Valley.  Cooling breezes can reach the area via the Pajaro River which cuts into the nearby foothills.

References

External links
 TTB AVA Maps

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of the San Francisco Bay Area
Geography of Santa Clara County, California
1990 establishments in California


Rogécourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rogny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Romeny-sur-Marne (, literally Romeny on Marne) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

Personalities
Jules Ernest Renoux
Edith Piaf
Marcel Cerdan

Geography
The village is located along the Marne (right bank), 4.5 km east of Charly-sur-Marne, 2 km north of Nogent-l'Artaud and 12 km southwest of Château-Thierry.

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Roucy () is a small commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Notable features of this town include the wide central plaza on which village fetes occur every summer.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rougeries () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Roupy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rouvroy-sur-Serre (, literally Rouvroy on Serre) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Royaucourt-et-Chailvet () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette forms small part of the commune's southern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rozet-Saint-Albin is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rozières-sur-Crise () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rozoy-Bellevalle () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. It is part of the canton of Essômes-sur-Marne and the arrondissement of Château-Thierry.

Population

Personalities
Balloonist Henry de La Vaulx lived at the castle there and is buried there.

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rozoy-sur-Serre (, literally Rozoy on Serre) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saconin-et-Breuil () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sains-Richaumont () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Algis is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Bandry () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Christophe-à-Berry () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sainte-Preuve is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Erme-Outre-et-Ramecourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Saint-Erme station has rail connections to Reims and Laon.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Remi
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Gengoulph () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Gobert () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Martin-Rivière () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne


Nubar Sarkis Gulbenkian (; 2 June 1896 – 10 January 1972) was an Armenian-British business magnate and socialite born in the Ottoman empire. During World War II, he helped organize the underground network that would become known as the Pat O'Leary Line to repatriate British airmen who became stranded in France.

Early years
The son of Calouste Gulbenkian, he was born in Kadıköy, Ottoman Empire but his family fled from the country when he was a few weeks old due to the Hamidian massacres of Armenians. Taken by his father to England, he was educated at Harrow School, Trinity College, Cambridge and in Germany. He was admitted as a student to the Middle Temple on 18 October 1917, but was not Called to the Bar. As a consequence of his educational background Gulbenkian saw himself as British and strove to live up to the model of the English gentleman.

Gulbenkian was living in what became Vichy France when Nazi Germany invaded and occupied France in summer 1940. From July to October, he was an agent for the British intelligence agency MI9. Working with Ian Garrow, he laid the groundwork for the creation of a network of people to guide stranded allied soldiers over the Pyrenees mountains to non-belligerent Spain, from where they could be repatriated to the United Kingdom. As the war went on most of the escapees became airmen shot down over occupied Europe.  Following Garrow's arrest, the urban network was led by Albert-Marie Guérisse, and became known by his nom de guerre, the Pat O'Leary Line. Later, Gulbenkian was attached to the Iranian Embassy in London in an honorary role (as he held Iranian citizenship). This helped him during the war as his neutral passport allowed him to cross between France and Spain with little trouble and thus gain access to British intelligence in Gibraltar.

Business

Gulbenkian began as an unpaid worker for his father, who was as noted for his miserly tendencies as his son would be for his spending, but later sued his father for $10 million, bizarrely after a refusal by the company to allow him $4.50 for a lunch of chicken in tarragon jelly. Ultimately the incident contributed to Calouste Gulbenkian's decision to leave $420 million of his fortune to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Portugal.

Although he ultimately inherited $2.5 million from his father, as well as more in a settlement from the Foundation, Gulbenkian also became independently wealthy through his own oil dealings. He was initially the protégé of Henri Deterding at Royal Dutch Shell but later made an independent fortune which allowed him to live a highly extravagant lifestyle.

Eccentricity
Gulbenkian's long beard, monocle and the orchid in his buttonhole which was replaced daily led to him becoming noted for a fairly eccentric life, with a number of stories building up around his name. Indeed, his character was summed up by an associate who claimed that "Nubar is so tough that every day he tires out three stockbrokers, three horses and three women". He was a regular face on the international playboy scene.

An aficionado of the London taxi, he frequently stated that 'It turns on a sixpence, whatever that is!' He had two Austin FX4 cabs converted to his own specifications, with the passenger compartment re-modelled as the rear part of a horse-drawn Hackney carriage, and despite their somewhat bizarre appearance, one of the vehicles sold for £23,000 in 1993.

He was an early guest of John Freeman on the BBC series Face to Face in 1959, but refused to sign a contract or accept a fee for his appearance. During the interview he attacked the Trustees of the Gulbenkian Foundation in what bordered on slander. Following his appearance, he sued the Corporation to be given a copy of the episode, which he claimed had been promised in lieu of a fee, although the suit was not successful.

A well-known gourmet, he was quoted as saying that 'the best number for a dinner party is two – myself and a damn good head waiter.' Other stories attached to his name include stating his "position in life" on a market research form as "enviable".

Personal life
He was married three times, "I've had good wives, as wives go, and as wives go, two of them went". In 1922, he married Galician socialite Herminia Elena Josefa Rodríguez-Borrell Feijóo. In 1928, he married Dora Freeland (aka Doré Plowden) in London. He courted Marie Berthe Edmée de Ayala, daughter of the French champagne tycoon Louis d'Ayala, for 14 years before they married in 1948. He had no children.

He lived at Arlington House, a block of flats close to London's Ritz Hotel, and at a former rectory in Hoggeston, near Bletchley, Buckinghamshire.

He died on 10 January 1972 at the English Hospital in Cannes, France, and had lived nearby at his "sumptuous estate" the Domaine des Colles at Valbonne.

Will
Controversy continued to follow him after his death due to the vague nature of his father's will, which appeared to suggest that everybody Nubar was employed by or stayed with during his life should receive some money (See Re Gulbenkian's Settlements [1970] AC 553). The case was eventually taken to the House of Lords before settlement.

References

External links
Picture of Gulbenkian
Time profile of Gulbenkian
Telegraph article on Gulbenkian's Rolls-Royces

1896 births
1972 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Armenian businesspeople
Armenian businesspeople in the oil industry
Businesspeople in the oil industry
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
People educated at Harrow School
Socialites
People from Kadıköy
Survivors of the Hamidian massacres
20th-century British businesspeople
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United Kingdom


Saint-Nicolas-aux-Bois () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne


Saint-Paul-aux-Bois () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette forms most of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Pierre-Aigle () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Pierre-lès-Franqueville is a commune in the Aisne department and Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Thibaut () is a former commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. On 1 January 2022, it was merged into the new commune of Bazoches-et-Saint-Thibaut.

Saint-Thibaut (abbreviated on local signage as St.-Thibaut) was the site of heavy fighting between American and German troops during the Vesle campaign (July–August 1918) of World War I.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Former communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2022


Samoussy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sancy-les-Cheminots () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia