The medieval household was, like modern households, the center of family life for all classes of European society. Yet in contrast to the household of today, it consisted of many more individuals than the nuclear family. From the household of the king to the humblest peasant dwelling, more or less distant relatives and varying numbers of servants and dependents would cohabit with the master of the house and his immediate family. The structure of the medieval household was largely dissolved by the advent of privacy in early modern Europe.

Variations were immense over an entire continent and a time span of about 1000 years. Yet it is still possible to speak of a classical model of the medieval household, particularly as it evolved in Carolingian France and from there spread over great parts of Europe.

Historical background
Neither Greek nor Latin had a word corresponding to modern-day "family". The Latin familia must be translated to "household" rather than "family". The aristocratic household of ancient Rome was similar to that of medieval Europe, in that it consisted – in addition to the paterfamilias, his wife and children – of a number of clients (clients), or dependents of the lord who would attend upon him, counsel him and receive rewards. Where it differed from its medieval equivalent was in the use of slaves rather than paid servants for the performance of menial tasks. Another difference was that, due to the relative security and peacefulness within the borders of the Roman Empire, there was little need for fortification. The aristocratic household of medieval Europe, on the other hand, was as much a military as a socio-economic unit, and from the 9th century onwards the ideal residence was the castle.

Composition
As a result of the military nature of the medieval noble household, its composition was predominately male. Towards the end of the medieval period the ratio leveled out somewhat, but at an earlier date the feminine element of the household consisted only of the lady and her daughters, their attendants, and perhaps a few domestics to perform particular tasks such as washing. Many of the male servants were purely military personnel; there would be a gatekeeper, as well as various numbers of knights and esquires to garrison the castle as a military unit. Yet many of these would also serve other functions, and there would be servants entirely devoted to domestic tasks. At the lower level, these were simply local men recruited from the localities. The higher level positions – in particular those attending on the lord – were often filled by men of rank: sons of the lord's relatives, or his retainers.

The presence of servants of noble birth imposed a social hierarchy on the household that went parallel to the hierarchy dictated by function. This second hierarchy had at its top the steward (alternatively seneschal or majordomo), who had the overriding responsibility for the domestic affairs of the household. Taking care of the personal wellbeing of the lord and his family were the Chamberlain, who was responsible for the chamber or private living-quarters, and the Master of the Wardrobe, who had the main responsibility for clothing and other domestic items.

Of roughly equal authority to the steward was the marshal. This officer had the militarily vital responsibility for the stables and horses of the household (the "marshalsea"), and was also in charge of discipline. The marshal, and other higher-ranking servants, would have assistants helping them perform their tasks. These – called valets de chambre, grooms or pages, ranking from top to bottom in that order – were most often young boys, although in the larger royal courts the valet de chambres included both young noble courtiers, and often artists, musicians and other specialists who might be of international repute. Assigning these the office of valet was a way of regularising their position within the household.

One of the most important functions of the medieval household was the procurement, storage and preparation of food. This involved both feeding the occupants of the residence on a daily basis, and preparing larger feasts for guests, to maintain the status of the lord. The kitchen was divided into a pantry for bread, cheese and napery, and a buttery for wine, ale and beer. These offices were headed by a pantler and a butler respectively. Depending on the size and wealth of the household, these offices would then be subdivided further. The following is a list of some of the offices one could expect to find in a large medieval aristocratic or royal household:

In addition to these offices there was a need for servants to take care of the hunting animals. The master huntsman, or the veneur, held a central position in greater noble households. Likewise, the master falconer was a high-ranking officer, often of noble birth himself. There were spiritual needs to be cared for, and a chapel was a natural part of every large household. These household chapels would be staffed by varying numbers of clerics. The chaplains, confessors and almoners could serve in administrative capacities as well as the religious ones.

Noble households

The households of medieval kings were in many ways simply aristocratic households on a larger scale: as the Burgundian court chronicler Georges Chastellain observed of the splendidly ordered court of the dukes of Burgundy, "after the deeds and exploits of war, which are claims to glory, the household is the first thing that strikes the eye, and which it is, therefore, most necessary to conduct and arrange well." In some ways though, they were essentially different. One major difference was the way in which royal household officials were largely responsible for the governance of the realm, as well as the administration of the household.

The 11th century Capetian kings of France, for instance, "ruled through royal officers who were in many respects indistinguishable from their household officers." These officers – primarily the seneschal, constable, butler, chamberlain and chancellor – would naturally gain extensive powers, and could exploit this power for social advancement. One example of this is the Carolingians of France, who rose from the position of royal stewards – the Mayors of the Palace – to become kings in their own right. It was the father of Charlemagne, Pepin the Short, who gained control of government from the enfeebled Merovingian king Childeric III. Another example can be found in the royal House of Stuart in Scotland, whose family name bore witness to their background of service.

Eventually the central positions of the royal household became little else than honorary titles bestowed upon the greatest families, and not necessarily even dependent on attendance at court. In Flanders, by the thirteenth century, the offices of constable, butler, steward and chamberlain had become the hereditary right of certain high noble families, and held no political significance.

Finally, the royal household differed from most noble households in the size of their military element. If a king was able to muster a substantial force of household knights, this would reduce his dependence on the military service of his subjects. This was the case with Richard II of England, whose one-sided dependence on his household knights – mostly recruited from the county of Cheshire – made him unpopular with his nobility and eventually contributed to his downfall.

In England, the semi-royal household of Edward of Carnarvon, later Edward II when Prince of Wales, is the earliest for which detailed knowledge can be obtained from sources.

Itineration
The medieval aristocratic household was not fixed to one location, but could be more or less permanently on the move. Greater nobles would have estates scattered over large geographical areas, and to maintain proper control of all their possessions it was important to physically inspect the localities on a regular basis. As the master of the horses, travel was the responsibility of the marshal. Everything in the noble household was designed for travel, so that the lord could enjoy the same luxury wherever he went.

Particularly for kings, itineration was a vital part of governance, and in many cases kings would rely on the hospitality of their subjects for maintenance while on the road. This could be a costly affair for the localities visited; there was not only the large royal household to cater for, but also the entire royal administration. It was only towards the end of the medieval period, when means of communication improved, that households, both noble and royal, became more permanently attached to one residence.

Regional variations

The aristocratic society centered on the castle originated, as much of medieval culture in general, in Carolingian France, and from there spread over most of Western Europe. In other parts of Europe, the situation was different. On the northern and western fringes of the continent, society was kin-based rather than feudal, and households were organised correspondingly.

In Ireland, the basis for social organisation was the "sept", a clan that could comprise as many as 250 households, or 1250 individuals, all somehow related. In Viking-age Scandinavia, housing arrangements were more humble than those of contemporary France or England, but also here the greater lords would own grand halls wherein they might entertain large numbers of guests.

In the Byzantine Empire, slaves were employed until the end of the Empire, as were eunuchs. Little is known of the living arrangements of the Byzantines, as very few buildings remain. From historical and architectural evidence it is known that, even though castles were rare, the wealthy lived in palaces of varying magnitude, with chapels and gardens, and rich decorations of mosaics and frescoes.

Common households

Rural
The households of medieval peasant families were naturally smaller than those of the aristocracy, and as such resembled modern households more. The patterns of marriage fluctuated greatly over the course of the Middle Ages. Even though most of the available evidence concerns the higher classes, and the source material for southern Europe is richer than for the rest, it is still possible to make some rough generalisations. It seems clear that the average age of marriage during the Early Middle Ages was comparatively high, in the early twenties, and quite equal for men and women. The reason for this can be found in traditions brought forward from the Germanic tribes, but equally in the fact that habitation was confined to small areas, a factor that enforced restrictions on population growth.

As more land was won for cultivation, this trend changed. During the High and Late Middle Ages, women were increasingly married away in their teens, leading to higher birth rates. While women would be married once they reached reproductive age, men had to possess independent means of sustenance – to be able to provide for a family – before entering into marriage. For this reason, the average age of marriage for men remained high, in the mid- to late twenties.

Even though peasant households were significantly smaller than aristocratic ones, the wealthiest of these would also employ servants. Service was a natural part of the cycle of life, and it was common for young people to spend some years away from home in the service of another household. This way they would learn the skills needed later in life, and at the same time earn a wage. This was particularly useful for girls, who could put the earnings towards their dowry.

The houses of medieval peasants were of poor quality compared to modern houses. The floor was normally of earth, and there was very little ventilation or sources of light in the form of windows. In addition to the human inhabitants, a number of livestock animals would also reside in the house. Towards the end of the medieval period, however, conditions generally improved. Peasant houses became larger in size, and it became more common to have two rooms, and even a second floor.

Urban
The medieval world was a much less urban society than either the Roman Empire or the modern world. The fall of the Roman Empire had caused a catastrophic de-population of the towns and cities that had existed within the Empire. Between the 10th and 12th centuries, however, a revival of the European city occurred, with an increase in the urbanisation of society.

The practice of sending children away to act as servants was even more common in towns than in the countryside. The inhabitants of towns largely made their livelihood as merchants or artisans, and this activity was strictly controlled by guilds. The members of these guilds would in turn employ young people – primarily boys – as apprentices, to learn the craft and later take a position as guild members themselves. These apprentices made up part of the household – or "family" – as much as the children of the master.

Later perspectives

Towards the end of the Middle Ages, the functions and composition of households started to change. This was due primarily to two factors. First of all, the introduction of gunpowder to the field of warfare rendered the castle a less effective defence, and did away with the military function of the household. The result was a household more focused on comfort and luxury, and with a significantly larger proportion of women.

The second factor that brought about change was the early modern ascendancy of the individual, and focus on privacy. Already in the later Middle Ages castles had begun to incorporate an increasing number of private chambers, for the use both of the lord and of his servants. Once the castle was discarded to the benefit of palaces or stately homes, this tendency was reinforced. This did not mean an end to the employment of domestic servants, or even in all cases a reduction in household staff. What it did mean, however, was a realignment whereby the family – in a genealogical sense – became the cornerstone of the household.

See also

 Royal Household
 Medieval cuisine
 Medieval demography
 Medieval fortification
 Medieval gardening
 Medieval hunting

Notes

a.  The chronicler Einhard sardonically wrote: "Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne, held the office for some years, under, if that is the word, King Childeric III..."

b.  It should be mentioned that many – if not most – of these apprentices never achieved guild membership for themselves, but ended up spending their whole life as wage laborers.

c.  The idea of the invention of the individual in Renaissance Italy is primarily associated with Jacob Burckhardt. In spite of later criticism, this thesis is still highly influential.

References

Sources

 The Medieval Peasant Household  by J. G. Hurst
 Cantor, Norman F. (1994). The Civilization of the Middle Ages. New York: Harper Perennial. .
 Cummins, John (2001). The Hound and the Hawk: The Art of Medieval Hunting. London: Phoenix. .
 Herlihy, David (1985). Medieval Households. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press. .
 Hollister, C. Warren (2001). Medieval Europe: A Short History, 9th edition, Boston, London: McGraw-Hill. .
 Horrox, Rosemary and W. Mark Ormrod (2006). A Social History of England, 1200-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Hussey, Joan Mervyn (1982). The Byzantine World. Greenwood Press Reprint. .
 Maslakovic, Anna et al. (eds.) (2003). The Medieval Household in Christian Europe, c.850-c.1550: Managing Power, Wealth, and the Body. Turnhout: Brepols. .
 Morris, Marc (2003). Castle. London: Channel 4 Books. .
 The New Cambridge Medieval History (1995–2005) 7 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Woolgar, C. M. (1999). The Great Household in Late Medieval England. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. .

Household
Family economics
Royal households
Medieval society


Colonel Buster Mills (September 16, 1908 – December 1, 1991) was an American outfielder, coach, scout and interim manager in Major League Baseball.  A native of Ranger, Texas, in his playing days, he stood  (181.6 cm) tall, weighed 195 pounds (88.5 kg), and threw and batted righthanded.

Mills' father, Elvis, owned a general store in Ranger, Texas. Elvis and Lucy Mills gave their fourth child the first name of Colonel, after the rank of either Elvis' best friend or a Civil War great-uncle. (During World War II, he enjoyed introducing himself to officers as "Colonel Mills".) He lettered in football, basketball, track and baseball at the University of Oklahoma and was named all-Big Six quarterback. He graduated with a degree in geology in 1931.

A St. Louis Cardinals scout saw Mills hit for the cycle (including two doubles) in a baseball game against Washington University in St. Louis. However, when he asked for the player's name, he was told it was Wahl. The scout had to leave, but left a message to sign the (wrong) player. Mills signed with Cleveland, but ended up in the extensive St. Louis Cardinals farm system during the early 1930s, receiving a 29-game trial with the  "Gashouse Gang" Cardinals and then a 17-game tryout with the  Brooklyn Dodgers. He played the rest of his MLB career in the American League, for the Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Browns, New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians (1937–40; 1942; 1946). He was traded, along with Bobo Newsom and Red Kress, from the Red Sox to the Browns for Joe Vosmik on December 3, 1937. Overall, he played in 415 games, and compiled a lifetime batting average of .287 with 14 home runs and 163 runs batted in. In , Mills batted .397 in 63 at bats for the Yankees, largely as a pinch hitter.

After military service in World War II, Mills became a coach for the Indians (1946), Chicago White Sox (1947–50), Cincinnati Redlegs (1953) and Red Sox (1954) and managed in minor league baseball. He was the interim manager of the 1953 Redlegs, finishing the unexpired term of Rogers Hornsby, who resigned late in the season. Mills' record in Cincinnati was 4–4 (.500).

After his coaching career, Mills spent many seasons as a scout for the Kansas City Athletics, then the Yankees.

Mills died in Arlington, Texas, at the age of 83.

Managerial record

References

Spink, J.G. Taylor, ed., The Baseball Register 1954 edition. St. Louis: The Sporting News.

External links

1908 births
1991 deaths
Baseball players from Texas
Boston Red Sox coaches
Boston Red Sox players
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Chicago White Sox coaches
Cincinnati Redlegs coaches
Cincinnati Redlegs managers
Cleveland Indians coaches
Cleveland Indians players
Elmira Red Wings players
Kansas City Athletics scouts
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
New York Yankees players
New York Yankees scouts
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Mobile Red Warriors players
Newark Bears (International League) players
Oklahoma Sooners baseball players
Oklahoma Sooners football players
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Louis Browns players
St. Louis Cardinals players
People from Ranger, Texas


Pélican was a ship in French service for colonial duty in the transport of colonists to French North America.

History
In January 1704, the ship left Loire, France for La Mobile, La Louisiane, New France. The ship that brought additional pioneers and yellow fever to the French colony of the original Mobile site, arriving in August 1704. The ship brought filles à la casquette to help found the colony with womenfolk for the menfolk; also called Pelican Girls, after the ship they were transported on; and Casket Girls or Cassettes, for the boxes, called casquettes, used to carry their belongings. The yellow fever had been acquired in a stopover in Cuba on the way to Mobile.

References

See also
 French ship Pélican (1693)

Pelican
1700s ships


Christopher Minard (born November 18, 1981) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Pittsburgh Penguins and Edmonton Oilers before finishing his career in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Minard began his professional career in 2002 with the Pensacola Ice Pilots of the ECHL. His brother, Mike Minard, also played briefly in the NHL, as a goaltender for the Edmonton Oilers.

Playing career
During the 2004–05 season he played with the Alaska Aces, and made his AHL debut, playing one game with the Milwaukee Admirals. During the NHL lockout, Minard played on a line with Scott Gomez, who had returned to his hometown of Anchorage to play for the season. During the season, Minard posted career highs in goals scored. This led to Gomez influencing New Jersey Devils management to give Minard a training camp slot, where he would earn a spot for the 2005–06 AHL season with the Albany River Rats, and the 2006–07 season with the Lowell Devils.

Minard was signed by the Penguins on July 12, 2007. He made his NHL debut on January 21, 2008 against the Washington Capitals. On February 26, Minard recorded his first NHL point, with an assist against the New York Islanders. Minard scored his first NHL goal on March 12, 2008, beating Ryan Miller of the Buffalo Sabres.

On July 13, 2009 he signed a one-year deal with the Edmonton Oilers, one month after the Pittsburgh Penguins won the Stanley Cup.  Minard was included on team picture, and awarded a Stanley Cup Ring.  He did not play enough games to get his name stamped on the Stanley Cup.

After three seasons in the German DEL, with Kölner Haie and failing the qualify for the playoffs in the 2014–15 season, Minard opted to leave the club and sign a two-year contract with rivals Düsseldorfer EG on March 4, 2015. At the conclusion of his second year with Düsseldorfer in the 2016–17 season, having contributed with just 9 points in 49 games, Minard opted to end his professional career after 15 seasons.

Career statistics

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Alaska Aces (ECHL) players
Albany River Rats players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Düsseldorfer EG players
Edmonton Oilers players
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Sportspeople from Owen Sound
Kölner Haie players
Lowell Devils players
Milwaukee Admirals players
Oshawa Generals players
Owen Sound Platers players
Pensacola Ice Pilots players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
San Angelo Saints players
Springfield Falcons players
Toronto St. Michael's Majors players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States


WCDA (106.3 FM, "Hits 106.3") is a radio station licensed to Versailles, Kentucky, United States, broadcasting to the greater Lexington metropolitan area. It plays adult top 40 music, as it is a Mediabase Hot AC reporter.  It is owned by L.M. Communications. The station's studios are located at Triangle Center in downtown Lexington, and its transmitter is located atop Lexington Financial Center, also in downtown.

Current programming
Kidd Kraddick In the Morning,
Marissa 9a to 2p,
Mandy and Shayna 2p to 6p,
Mike Adams 6p to 10p

References

External links
Official site of Hits 106.3

CDA
Adult top 40 radio stations in the United States
1973 establishments in Kentucky
Radio stations established in 1973
Versailles, Kentucky


Erigeron aphanactis is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name rayless daisy, or rayless shaggy fleabane. This wildflower is native to the western United States, primarily the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau regions (eastern California, Nevada, Utah, western Colorado, northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, southern Idaho, eastern Oregon).

Erigeron aphanactis grows in sage, scrub, and open woodland habitat. It is a short, clumping perennial with stem and foliage covered in stiff hairs and resin glands. Most of the narrow, fuzzy leaves are near the base of the plant. The erect stems hold inflorescences of one or more flat, buttonlike flower heads, which contain numerous golden yellow disc florets but no ray florets. Each head is about 10 mm (0.4 inches) wide.

Varieties
Erigeron aphanactis var. aphanactis - Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah
Erigeron aphanactis var. congestus (Greene) Cronquist - California, Nevada, Utah

References

External links
The Jepson Manual 2013
United States Department of Agriculture plants profile
CalPhotos photo gallery, University of California

aphanactis
Flora of the Western United States
Plants described in 1865
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


A private electronic market (PEM) uses the Internet to connect a limited number or pre-qualified buyers or sellers in one market. PEMs are a hybrid between perfectly open markets (e.g. exchanges where there is no pre-existing relationship between buyer and seller - similar to eBay) and closed contract negotiations (such as a sealed bid tender, where there is no visibility between competitors and hence no response to competition). The core idea of PEMs is to create competition among buyers/sellers while allowing buyers/sellers to adjust all those aspects of the deal that are typically only dealt with in a negotiation.
This creates a problem of "comparing apples and oranges": bids may be quite different in many dimensions and therefore cannot easily be compared. Apart from the dimension of price these could include pre-negotiated discounts (e.g. for loyalty), specific qualities, combinations of goods and services with conditional pricing, freight differentials, contract fulfillment timing, payment terms, or deliberate constraints such as market share limits.

Practical examples
VicForests, a government-owned agency in Australia, conducts bidding for native timber supply via a website called Forest Auctions. Saw Mills may submit bids specifying various conditions,  including quantity, species of timber, and payment terms. Compared to the traditional sealed bid tender approach, the use of this private market reportedly resulted in a substantial revenue increase for VicForests.

Swiss online auction site Firstpex allows qualified investors to buy and sell private equities to each other through a bidding process.

Relevance
The overall effect of a well designed Private Electronic Market is what is described as allocative efficiency or in simple terms: a win-win for the seller (who maximizes revenue) and buyers (acquiring exactly what is of highest value to them). PEMs are based on game theory and combinatorial auction theory.

See also
 Dark pool
 Online auction
 Electronic markets

References

Bibliography
 Factors influencing suppliers’ participation in private electronic markets, Sang M. Lee (Department of Management, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 209 CBA, Lincoln, NE 68588–0491, USA) & Seong-bae Lim (Jones School of Business, SUNY-Geneseo, 103 South Hall, 1 College Circle, Geneseo, NY 14454, USA)
 Transaction automation on the internet: open electronic markets, private electronic markets and supply network solutions, Matteo Di Biagi in International Journal of Electronic Business (IJEB), Vol. 2, No. 6, 2004

Online marketplaces

Financial markets
Online auction


The Liberian Super Cup is a pre-season football competition held the week before the season begins in Liberia every year, in April. It is contested by the winners of the National Premier League and the Liberian Cup in the previous season, as a curtain raiser to the new season. It is played at the Antoinette Tubman Stadium.

Winners

See also
Liberia national football team

References

External links
Liberiansoccer.com - "the official home of Liberian football" - "FIFA approved" - current official standings provided

Football competitions in Liberia
National association football cups


The Doubble Donkey Disc is the second studio album by American rock band Ozma.

Track listing

Personnel
 Daniel Brummel – vocals, bass, balalaika
 Pat Edwards – drums
 Jose Galvez – guitar, vocals
 Ryen Slegr – vocals, guitar, balalaika
 Star Wick – keys, flute

References

2002 albums
Ozma (band) albums


Aurora Venturini (December 20, 1922 – November 24, 2015) was an Argentine novelist, short story writer, poet, translator and essayist.

Biography
Aurora Venturini was born in 1922 in La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. She graduated in Philosophy and Education Sciences at the National University of La Plata. She was an adviser to the Institute of the Child's Psychology and Re-education (Instituto de Psicología y Reeducación del Menor) where she met Eva Perón who was an intimate friend and with whom she worked. In 1948, Jorge Luis Borges personally handed her the Initiation Award (Premio Iniciación) for her book El solitario. She studied Psychology at the University of Paris, city in which she self-exiled for 25 years after the Liberating Revolution.  In Paris she lived in company of Violette Leduc and became a friend of Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, Eugène Ionesco and Juliette Gréco; in Sicily she frequented the friendship of Salvatore Quasimodo. She was married to historian Fermín Chávez. She was Philosophy professor at the Antonio Mentruyt Normal School (Escuela Normal Antonio Mentruyt) in Banfield. She translated and wrote critical essays on poets such as Isidore Ducasse, Conde de Lautréamont, François Villon and Arthur Rimbaud; for the translations of the latter two authors she received the Iron Cross decoration granted by the French government. In 2007, she received the Página/12 New Novel Award for Las primas (The Cousins). She died on November 24, 2015, in Buenos Aires at the age of 92.

Works
 Versos al recuerdo (1942)
 El anticuario (1948)
 Adiós desde la muerte (1948)
 El solitario (1951)
 Peregrino del aliento (1953)
 Lamentación mayor (1955)
 El ángel del espejo (1959)
 Laúd (1959)
 La trova (1962)
 Panorama de afuera con gorriones (1962)
 La pica de la Susona; leyenda andaluza (1963)
 François Villon, raíx de iracunida; vida y pasión del juglar de Francia (1963)
 Carta a Zoraida; relatos para las tías viejas (1964)
 Pogrom del cabecita negra (1969)
 Jovita la osa (1974)
 La Plata mon amour (1974)
 Antologia personal, 1940-1976 (1981)
 Zingarella (1988)
 Las Marías de Los Toldos (1991)
 Nosotros, los Caserta (1992)
 Estos locos bajitos por los senderos de su educación (1994)
 Poesía gauchipolítica federal (1994)
 Hadas, brujas y señoritas (1997)
 45 poemas paleoperonistas (1997)
 Evita, mester de amor (1997), in collaboration with Fermín Chávez.
 Me moriré en París, con aguacero (1998)
 Lieder (1999)
 Alma y Sebastián (2001)
 Venid amada alma (2001)
 Racconto (2004)
 John W. Cooke (2005)
 Bruna Maura-Maura Bruna (2006)
 Las primas (2008)

References

Argentine women novelists
Argentine women poets
Argentine essayists
French–Spanish translators
1922 births
2015 deaths
Argentine women essayists
20th-century translators
Argentine expatriates in France


Erigeron argentatus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name silver fleabane. It is native to the western United States (Utah, Nevada, eastern California, northern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, southern Colorado).

Erigeron argentatus grows in woodlands and rocky mountainous habitat. It is a small perennial attaining a maximum height from 10 to 40 centimetres (4–16 inches). It grows in clumps with leaves and erect stems covered in dense white or silvery hairs. Most of the leaves are near the base of the plant and are somewhat erect and a few centimetres long. The stems bear single flower heads each 1–2 centimetres (0.4–0.8 inches) wide with blue or lavender ray florets and golden yellow disc florets.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

argentatus
Flora of the Western United States
Plants described in 1873
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


West Cold Spring station is a Metro SubwayLink station in Baltimore, Maryland. It is located at the intersection of Wabash Avenue and Cold Spring Lane in the Arlington neighborhood, adjacent to the Towanda-Grantley neighborhood. It is the sixth most northern and western station on the line, with approximately 300 parking spaces.

The station features the sculpture "Wabash Outcrop" by Jim Sanborn. In 2021, funding was allocated for a community driven public art project, Towanda LaneScape, adjacent to West Cold Spring station.

Station layout

References

External links

Metro SubwayLink stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1983
1983 establishments in Maryland
Railway stations in Baltimore


Igor Newerly or Igor Abramow-Newerly (24 March 1903, Białowieża – 19 October 1987, Warsaw, Polish People's Republic) was a Polish novelist and educator.  He was born into a Czech-Russian family. His son, Jarosław Abramow-Newerly, is a Polish novelist . His grandfather Józef Newerly, was a Czech national, who held a title of Lovtchiy (, : "Master of the Hunt") to the court of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.

Igor Newerly lost one leg as a child. He studied law at Kiev University but he was relegated for political reasons, arrested and sent to Odessa. In 1924 he emigrated illegally to the newly independent Poland and was active in the field of pedagogy in Warsaw.  He worked together with the renowned educator Janusz Korczak, and in 1926 became his secretary. From 1932 to 1939 Newerly worked for Mały Przegląd (Little Review). He married Barbara Jarecka.

Under the Nazi German occupation of Poland Newerly was a member of the Polish resistance. He helped Janusz Korczak at his Orphanage and saved his diary of martyrdom. He also hid from Nazi persecution several of his Jewish colleagues from Nasz Przegląd daily – among them Kuba Hersztein – and transported Lejzor Czarnobroda to Warsaw after he escaped from the train to Treblinka and broke his leg. Newerly was arrested at the beginning of 1943 by the German Gestapo and imprisoned at Pawiak in Warsaw. Until the end of the war he was an inmate of Nazi concentration camps: Majdanek, Auschwitz, Oranienburg and Bergen Belsen where he was liberated.

After the war in 1945, he resumed a pedagogical career.  Based on Newerly's novel Pamiątka z Celulozy (A Souvenir from the Cellulose Mill), the Polish director Jerzy Kawalerowicz made two films: Celuloza (Cellulose Mill) and Pod gwiazdą frygijską (Under the Phrygian Star).

His son, is Jarosław Abramow-Newerly, is a writer.

Works
Chłopiec z Salskich Stepów 1948
Archipelag ludzi odzyskanych 1950
Pamiątka z Celulozy 1952
Leśne morze 1960
Żywe wiązanie 1966
Rozmowa w sadzie piątego sierpnia, Warszawa, Czytelnik 1978
Za Opiwardą, za siódmą rzeką..., Warszawa, Czytelnik, , 1985
Wzgórze błękitnego snu, Warszawa, Czytelnik, , 1986
Zostało z uczty bogów, Paryż, Instytut Literacki, , 1986

Film screen-plays
Król Maciuś I, 1957
Pod gwiazdą frygijską
Celuloza, 1953

Notes

Bibliography
 Igor Newerly, Zostało z uczty bogów
 Michał Grynberg, Księga Sprawiedliwych (Book of the Righteous), Warsaw, PWN, 1993. (ill., ports., 766 pp.)

1903 births
1987 deaths
Polish schoolteachers
20th-century Polish novelists
Polish male novelists
Polish resistance members of World War II
Polish Righteous Among the Nations
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Majdanek concentration camp survivors
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors
Recipients of the Order of the Banner of Work
People from the Russian Empire of Czech descent
Soviet people of Czech descent
Polish people of Czech descent
Polish people of Russian descent
People from Hajnówka County
20th-century Polish male writers
Soviet emigrants to Poland
Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)


The 1983 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation () was held in January 1984. It was the first Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation ever held in Hong Kong.

Top 10 song awards
The top 10 songs (十大勁歌金曲) of 1983 are as follows.

Additional awards

References
 Top ten songs award 1983, Tvcity.tvb.com 年度十大勁歌金曲頒獎典禮
 Seasonal votes awards, Tvcity.tvb.com 勁歌金曲季選最受歡迎獎

Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards
Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation, 1983


The Society for Preventing Parents from Naming Their Children Jennifer (SPPNTCJ) was a popular and sometimes controversial website that contributed to early web culture, online from 1996 to 2000.  The SPPNTCJ home page was created and updated by Jennifer Farwell, one of the three founding members of the SPPNTCJ.  Other founding members were Jennifer Rich and Jennifer Ang.

Background
The SPPNTCJ began as an inside joke on an email discussion list that both Farwell and Rich subscribed to, which included five or more Jennifers who actively posted at that time.  One of the Jennifers tossed out the comment that there should be "a society for preventing parents from naming their children Jennifer."  The idea took off, and Farwell created the SPPNTCJ's website.  It welcomed more than 2 million visitors while online.

During its run, the SPPNTCJ was noted by the Richmond Times-Dispatch, Yahoo! Internet Life magazine, Thunder Bay Television News, 580 CKPR radio program Tech Talk, California State University, Chico, SignsOnSanDiego.com, WebMD and more. It received several Internet "cool site" acknowledgments, from Cool Central, Seven Wonders, Twoeys, Fallen Thinkers, and Secret Einstein.

References

Further reading

 "Could this Happen Again?"  Cat Bytes. California State University, Chico, Spring 2000, retrieved 3 September 2017.
 Dawson, Bill. "Namesakes join forces on the Web." SignOnSanDiego.com by the Union-Tribune, 3 October 2002.
 Kyber, Paul. "Jennifers unite to save others from their fate". Richmond Times-Dispatch, 7 November 1996, D8.
 Smith, Michael. (Reviewer). "What's in a Child's Name?  A Lot". WebMD feature, retrieved 21 January 2008.

External links
Baby Name Resources

Naming organizations
Defunct websites
Internet memes
Internet properties established in 1996


Yookamurra Sanctuary is a 50 km2 private protected area in the Murraylands region of South Australia, between the eastern slopes of the Mount Lofty Ranges and the Murray River, 24 km north-east of the town of Sedan.  It is owned and managed by the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC).

History
Yookamurra is a consolidation of several properties acquired by Earth Sanctuaries for wildlife conservation from the late 1980s to 1998, before being purchased by AWC in 2002.

Landscape and climate
The reserve consists of gently undulating country with shallow soils overlying calcrete, at an altitude of 80-90 m.  It lies at the southern end of the semi-arid zone of South Australia and the climate is one of cool winters and hot summers.  The average annual rainfall, mainly falling in winter, is 270 mm.

Ecosystems
Most of Yookamurra's habitats are variations of mallee woodlands and shrublands.

Fauna
Threatened fauna species include malleefowl, emu, southern hairy-nosed wombat, western grey kangaroo, red kangaroo, numbat, greater bilby, boodie, woylie and short-beaked echidna. An attempted reintroduction of the greater stick-nest rat failed.

References

External links
Official webpage
Webpage on the Protected Planet website

Private protected areas of South Australia
Australian Wildlife Conservancy reserves
1998 establishments in Australia


Kirat Mundum, (Nepali: किरात मुन्दुम) also known as Kiratism, or Kirati Mundum, is an animistic folk religion of the Kirati ethnic groups of Nepal, Darjeeling and Sikkim, majorly practiced by  Yakkha, Limbu, Sunuwar, Rai, Thami, Jirel, Hayu and Surel  peoples in the north-eastern Indo subcontinent. The practice is also known as Kirat Veda, Kirat-Ko Veda or Kirat Ko Ved. According to some scholars, such as Tom Woodhatch, it is a blend of shamanism, animism (e.g., ancestor worship of Yuma Sammang/Tagera Ningwaphumang and Paruhang/Sumnima), and Shaivism. It is practiced by about 3.17% of the Nepali population as of 2021.

Religious texts
It has the religious scripture and folk literature of the Kirat people of Nepal and India. All four Kirats  Khambu (Rai), Limbu (Subba), Sunuwar (Mukhia) and  Yakkha (Dewan) have slightly different religious texts. Religious texts means the power of great strength Mundhum in the Limbu language, Mewahang call it muddum, Yakka as mintum, Sunuwar as mukdum among Kulung as ridum Bantawa as Mundum and Chamling as dum. It covers many aspects of the Kirat culture, customs and traditions that existed before Vedic period in the ancient Indian subcontinent.

The religious texts for each tribe consists of customs, habits, rituals, traditions, and myths passed down from the Kirati tribe's ancestors. Religious texts serve, in a way, as customary laws which guide Kirats in their daily lives. Their religious texts also distinguishes each Kiranti tribe from other Kirati and non-Kiratis as well.

Practices
Kirants practice shamanism and their rituals are mostly related to the worship of Mother Nature, ancestors, the Sun, the Moon, wind, fire and the main pillar of the house. Almost all sacred rituals in Rai are performed by Nakchhong, Mangpa/Bijuwa/the Rai tribal priest. Similarly, the Limbus have phɛdɑŋmɑ/bɑ, yɛbɑ/mɑ, sɑmbɑ/mɑ to perform rituals accordingly. Rai's supreme deity is Sumnima. Sumnima is a female goddess which is believed to be the Mother Earth (Mother Nature) and Paruhang is a male god also known as the Sky God. The Limbus's supreme deity Tagera Ningwaphuma: tɑgɛrɑ niŋwɑphumɑ is personified as Yuma Sammang as female and Theba Sammang as male in earthly form. Some Limbus have their own distinct form of worship known as Yuma Sammang is mother goddess of all the Limbus, their follower are Yumaism; they venerate a supreme goddess.

Festivals

All four Kirants celebrate some similar and different festivals throughout the year. Some common festivals are Udhauli, Ubhauli and New year Yele Sambat (Maghe Sankranti).

Sakela is the main festival of Kirat Khambu Rai. In this festival, they worship mother nature and their ancestors, who are believed to be staying in their Chulla.  A Chulla is a fireplace of three stones in the garden, with each stone having a unique meaning. This festival is celebrated twice a year and is distinguished by two names Ubhauli and Udhauli. Sakela Ubhauli is celebrated during Baisakh Purnima (full moon day, which lies in the month of Baisakh in calendars of the Indian subcontinent) and Sakela. Udhauli is celebrated during the full moon day in the month of Mangsir. In Ubhauli they pray for the goodness of their family, good weather for cultivation; in Udhauli they thank mother nature and their ancestors for their blessings and good harvest.

Newars Celebrate Yenna, and Indrajatra and other festivals of the Valley, relationg to Yalamaber, Yela, Khopa, Ye.

In both Ubhauli and Udhauli, they sacrifice a rooster and offer ginger, rice, homemade alcohol, and tree resin (resin is put in the burning coal for fragrance) as worship, they also conduct a Sakela dance. In this dance, they perform all of their daily life activities such as planting rice, harvesting etc.  During the dance the will also copy the behavior of animals and birds which are part of their day-to-day life. The Limbu Kirant celebrates Udhauli Chasok Tangnam on the day of Mangshir Purnima and Ubhauli (Yokwa Tongnam) in the month of Baisakh. Other Kirants (Yakkha and Sunuwars) also celebrate in their own way.

Sakela Sili is observed twice a year in the month of Baisakh Purnima and Mangsir Purnima, namely Ubhauli (going up) and Udhauli (coming down), indicating the migration pattern of the birds named Karyangkurung respectively. A Nakchhong performs the sacrificial offering, chula puja and other rituals in the Sakela Than. The dance is then led by a Silimappa and Silimamma and the Kirat community people come together in their traditional attire to form a circle and sing and dance together to the beats and rhythms of drums (Dhol) and cymbals (Jhyamta) enacting their daily life activities as well as mimicking different animals and birds. The sili or the dance moves reflect different aspects of human life and their relationship with nature.

Kiratis worship nature; therefore, Sakela Puja also known as Bhumi Puja is a prayer to Mother Nature. During Ubhauli, Kiratis worship Mother Nature for good crops and protection from natural calamities during the time of cultivation and farming. Likewise, Kiratis offer their gratitude and thanks to Mother Nature during Udhauli (harvesting time) for bestowing them with good crops.

See also

 Folk Hinduism
 Hindu denominations
 Religion in Nepal
 Tribal religions in India
 Bon religion
 Buddhism in Nepal
 Hinduism in Nepal
 Demographics of Nepal
 Limbu language
 Bantawa language
 Chamling language
 Rai languages
 Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe
 Mundhum

References

External links
 Mundhum Kirat Yakthung Chumlung
 Dances of the Kiranti
 Kiranti Limbus in Qatar

Indian religions
Religion in Nepal
Religious texts
Kiranti
Asian shamanism
Culture of Koshi Province


These watercourses (rivers, creeks, sloughs, etc.) in the San Francisco Bay Area are grouped according to the bodies of water they flow into.  Tributaries are listed under the watercourses they feed, sorted by the elevation of the confluence so that tributaries entering nearest the sea appear first.  Numbers in parentheses are Geographic Names Information System feature identifiers.

Pacific Coast north of the Golden Gate

Sonoma Coast
Watercourses which feed into the Pacific Ocean in Sonoma County north of Bodega Head, listed from north to south:

The Gualala River and its tributaries
Gualala River (253221)
North Fork (229679) – flows from Mendocino County.
South Fork (235010)
Big Pepperwood Creek (219227) – flows from Mendocino County.
Rockpile Creek (231751) – flows from Mendocino County.
Buckeye Creek (220029)
Little Creek (227239)
North Fork Buckeye Creek (229647)
Osser Creek (230143)
Roy Creek (231987)
Soda Springs Creek (234853)
Wheatfield Fork (237594)
Fuller Creek (223983)
Sullivan Creek (235693)
Boyd Creek (219738)
North Fork Fuller Creek (229676)
South Fork Fuller Creek (235005)
Haupt Creek (225023)
Tobacco Creek (236406)
Elk Creek (223108)
House Creek (225688)
Soda Spring Creek (234845)
Allen Creek (218142)
Pepperwood Creek (230514)
Danfield Creek (222007)
Cow Creek (221691)
Jim Creek (226237)
Grasshopper Creek (224470)
Britain Creek (219851)
Cedar Creek (220760)
Wolf Creek (238086)
Tombs Creek (236448)
Marshall Creek (228139)
McKenzie Creek (228391)

Northern Sonoma Coast
Watercourses which feed into the Pacific Ocean in Sonoma County between the Gualala and Russian Rivers, numbered from north to south:
Deadman Gulch (222120)
Cannon Gulch (220545)
Chinese Gulch (221069)
Phillips Gulch (230598)
Miller Creek (228727)
Warren Creek (237257)
Wildcat Creek (237784)
Stockhoff Creek (235498)
Timber Cove Creek (236355)
Kolmer Gulch (226673)
Fort Ross Creek (223705)
Russian Gulch Creek (1723332)
East Branch Russian Gulch (222861)
Middle Branch Russian Gulch (228574)
West Branch Russian Gulch (237436)

The Russian River and its tributaries
Russian River (267200) – flows from Mendocino County.
Willow Creek (237879)
Sheephouse Creek (232916)
Orrs Creek (230114)
Freezeout Creek (223863)
Austin Creek (218466)
Kohute Gulch (226672)
Kidd Creek (226569)
East Austin Creek (222846)
Black Rock Creek (219403)
Gilliam Creek (224171)
Schoolhouse Creek (232673)
Thompson Creek (236259)
Gray Creek (224517)
Lawhead Creek (234146)
Devil Creek (222279)
Conshea Creek (221468)
Tiny Creek (236385)
Sulphur Creek (235703)
Ward Creek (237225)
Big Oat Creek (219223)
Blue Jay Creek (219496)
Pole Mountain Creek (230900)
Bearpen Creek (218919)
Red Slide Creek (231390)
Dutch Bill Creek (222756)
Lancel Creek (226842)
North Fork Lancel Creek (229689)
Smith Creek (233315)
Hulbert Creek (253871)
Mission Creek (246001)
Livereau Creek (227433)
Fife Creek (223491)
Redwood Creek (231420)
Pocket Canyon (230836)
Mays Canyon (228268)
Hobson Creek (225380)
Green Valley Creek (224576)
Atascadero Creek (218443)
Purrington Creek (231100)
Mark West Creek (228118)
Windsor Creek (238013)
Pool Creek (230927)
Laguna de Santa Rosa (226766)
Santa Rosa Flood Control Channel (232565)
Abramson Creek
Piner Creek
Paulin Creek
Santa Rosa Creek (232563)
Matanzas Creek (228216)
Spring Creek (235241)
South Fork Matanzas Creek (235025)
Brush Creek (231600)
Salt Creek (232297)
Blucher Creek (219480)
Five Creek (223565)
Hinebaugh Creek (225359)
Crane Creek (221795)
Washoe Creek (237318)
Gossage Creek (224355)
Copeland Creek (221533)
Porter Creek (230952)
Humbug Creek (225753)
Van Buren Creek (236996)
Porter Creek (230951)
Press Creek (231039)
Dry Creek (222623) – flows from Mendocino County.
West Slough
Foss Creek (1657225)
Norton Slough (1657226)
Mill Creek (228686)
Felta Creek (223436)
Wallace Creek (237193)
Palmer Creek (230265)
Pine Ridge Canyon (230719)
Kelley Creek (226456)
Crane Creek (221794)
Grape Creek (224441)
Wine Creek (238037)
Peña Creek (230478)
Chapman Branch (220914)
Boyer Creek (219744)
Pechaco Creek (230457)
Redwood Log Creek (231443)
Dutcher Creek (222780)
Fall Creek (223368)
Schoolhouse Creek (232676)
Warm Springs Creek (237246)
Little Warm Springs Creek (227406)
Picnic Creek (230623)
Seven Oaks Creek (232821)
Bear Creek (218806)
Rancheria Creek (231215)
Little Rancheria Creek (234172)
Strawberry Creek (235583)
Little Strawberry Creek (227381)
Willow Springs Creek (237952)
Wild Cattle Creek (237748)
Bearpen Creek (218918)
Fall Creek (223365)
Brush Creek (219923)
Yorty Creek (238273)
Smith Creek (233325)
Cherry Creek (233660)
Galloway Creek (224021) – flows from Mendocino County.
Rail Creek (231170)
Maacama Creek (227883)
Franz Creek (223840)
Bidwell Creek (219108)
Redwood Creek (231421)
Foote Creek (223653)
Kellogg Creek (226462)
Yellowjacket Creek (238248)
Briggs Creek (219834)
Little Briggs Creek (227202)
Coon Creek (221498)
McDonnell Creek (228350)
Sausal Creek (232603)
George Young Creek (224117)
Burns Creek (220208)
Grapevine Creek (224446)
Gird Creek (224187)
Miller Creek (228731)
Gill Creek (224167)
Crocker Creek (221835)
Barrelli Creek (218695)
Porterfield Creek (230956)
Cloverdale Creek (221256)
Big Sulphur Creek (254619)
Little Sulphur Creek (227384)
North Branch (229605)
Lovers Gulch Creek (227735)
Anna Belcher Creek (218287)
Frasier Creek (223845) – flows from Mendocino County.
Squaw Creek (235310)
Alder Creek (218097) – flows from Mendocino County.
Hummingbird Creek (225758) – flows from Mendocino County.
Ash Creek (218427) – flows from Mendocino County.

Central Sonoma Coast
Watercourses which feed into the Pacific Ocean in Sonoma County between Goat Rock Beach and Bodega Head, numbered from north to south:
Scotty Creek (232742)
Rough Creek (231923)
Salmon Creek (232281)
Finley Creek (223507)
Coleman Valley Creek (221373)
Fay Creek (223419)
Tannery Creek (236018)
Nolan Creek (229570)
Thurston Creek (236333)

Bodega Bay
Watercourses which feed into Bodega Bay, numbered clockwise from Bodega Head to Sand Point:
Cheney Gulch (220937)
Shorttail Gulch (233054)
Estero Americano (223257)
Ebabias Creek (253711)
Americano Creek (254563)
Estero de San Antonio (253212)
Stemple Creek (253932)

Marin Coast
Watercourses which feed into the Pacific Ocean in Marin County south of Sand Point, listed from north to south:

Tomales Bay
Watercourses which feed into Tomales Bay, numbered clockwise from Sand Point to Tomales Point:
Walker Creek (255208)
Keys Creek (254852)
Chileno Creek (254740)
Frink Canyon (223952)
Verde Canyon (237053)
Salmon Creek (232280)
Arroyo Sausal (254577)
Millerton Gulch (228754)
Grand Canyon (224386)
Tomasini Canyon (236446)
Lagunitas Creek (255208)
Olema Creek (234410)
Nicasio Creek (229534)
Halleck Creek (224814)
Redwood Canyon (231415)
San Geronimo Creek (232400)
Big Carson Creek (219156)
Cataract Creek (220721)
East Fork Lagunitas Creek (222888)
White Gulch (237641)

Point Reyes Peninsula
Watercourses which feed into the Pacific Ocean between Tomales Point and Bolinas, numbered north to south:

Home Ranch Creek (225499)
Glennbrook Creek
Santa Maria Creek
Coast Creek (233695)
Alamere Creek (233404)
Arroyo Hondo

Bolinas Lagoon
Watercourses which feed into Bolinas Lagoon, numbered clockwise from Bolinas to Stinson Beach:
Pine Gulch Creek (234476)
Copper Mine Gulch (221541)
Wilkins Gulch (237829)
Pike County Gulch (230651)
Audubon Canyon (218457)
Volunteer Canyon (1808968)
Morses Gulch (229094)
McKinnan Gulch (228412)
Stinson Gulch (235491)

Southern Marin Coast
Watercourses which feed into the Pacific Ocean between Stinson Beach and the Golden Gate, numbered north to south:
Webb Creek (237375)
Lone Tree Creek (227525)
Cold Stream (221345)
Redwood Creek (231428)
Fern Creek (223455)
Tennessee Valley (255127)

San Francisco Bay and its tributaries

Northern San Francisco Bay
Watercourses which feed into San Francisco Bay and its tributary bays between the Golden Gate and Point San Pedro, numbered south to north:

Coyote Creek (221733)
Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio (254575)
Old Mill Creek (229976)
Cascade Creek (220661)
San Clemente Creek (217925)
Corte Madera Creek (Marin County, California) (258743)
Tamalpais Creek (235983)
Ross Creek (231905)
San Anselmo Creek (232364)
Sleepy Hollow Creek (249570)
Fairfax Creek (223329)
Carey Camp Creek (220595)
Cascade Creek (220663)
San Rafael Creek (232467)

Northern San Pablo Bay and Carquinez Strait
Watercourses which feed into San Pablo Bay or the Carquinez Strait between Point San Pedro and the Benicia-Martinez Bridge, numbered west to east:
Gallinas Creek (224018)
South Fork Gallinas Creek (235006)
Miller Creek (228730)
Novato Creek (229802)
Arroyo San Jose (218406)
Bowman Canyon (219721)
Petaluma River (253749)
Black John Slough (219372)
Rush Creek (232023)
Basalt Creek (218716)
Tule Slough (236607)
San Antonio Creek (253817)
Schultz Slough (232702)
Adobe Creek (217990)
Washington Creek
East Washington Creek
Lynch Creek (234217)
Capri Creek
Lichau Creek (234157)
Willow Brook (269133)
Tolay Creek (236414)
Sonoma Creek (234882)
Napa Slough (229414)
East Branch (222851)
Second Napa Slough (232776)
Third Napa Slough (236244)
Railroad Slough (231180)
Steamboat Slough (235419)
Schell Slough (232647)
Schell Creek (232645)
Arroyo Seco Creek (218408)
Nathanson Creek (229419)
Haraszthy Creek (224911)
China Slough (221058)
Fowler Creek (223770)
Rodgers Creek (231809)
Champlin Creek (220901)
Felder Creek (223431)
Lewis Creek (262425)
Carriger Creek (220639)
Agua Caliente Creek (218327)
Hooker Creek (225537)
Wilson Creek (237965)
Butler Canyon (220277)
Whitman Canyon (237706)
Calabazas Creek (254687)
Stuart Creek (235613)
Graham Creek (224379)
Yulupa Creek (238301)
Bear Creek (218803)
Napa River (255110)
Napa Slough (229414)
Devils Slough (222329)
Huichica Creek (225741)
White Slough (237683)
Rindler Creek (231615)
Blue Rock Springs Creek (219520)
American Canyon Creek (218229)
Carneros Creek (220626)
Suscol Creek (235838)
Tulucay Creek (255164)
Kreuse Creek (226687)
Murphy Creek (229347)
Milliken Creek (234307)
Sarco Creek (232579)
Napa Creek (229413)
Redwood Creek (231429)
Soda Creek (234828)
Dry Creek (233800)
Conn Creek (233707)
Rector Creek (234547)
Sage Creek (234602)
Clear Creek (233687)
Chiles Creek (233665)
Moore Creek (229017)
Bale Slough (218624)
Sulphur Creek (235712)
York Creek (238269)
Mill Creek (228685)
Ritchey Creek (252565)
Nash Creek (229417)
Southampton Creek

Lake Berryessa
Watercourses which feed into Lake Berryessa, numbered clockwise from Monticello Dam:
Wragg Creek (238192)
Capell Creek (220581)
Smittle Creek (234731)
Trout Creek (236563)
Pope Creek (234501)
Maxwell Creek (228249)
Hardin Creek (261085)
Burton Creek (220252)
Stone Corral Creek (253935)
Butts Creek (233590) – flows from Lake County.
Routan Creek (234593) – flows from Lake County.
Snell Creek (234752)
Putah Creek (234522) – flows from Lake County.
Hunting Creek (225798)
Cement Creek (220810)
Dyer Creek (222789)
Eticuera Creek	(223262)
Adams Creek (217966)
Nevada Creek (229475)
Zim Zim Creek	(238320)

Suisun Bay and Grizzly Bay
Watercourses which feed into Suisun Bay and Grizzly Bay, listed clockwise from Benicia to Martinez:

Sulphur Springs Creek (235735)
Suisun Slough (253945)
Cordelia Slough (221556)
Green Valley Creek (224575)
Wild Horse Creek (237756)
Montezuma Slough (234323)
Sacramento River (1654949) – flows from Sacramento County
American River
San Joaquin River (273488) – flows from Sacramento County
For tributaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, see List of rivers in California.

Mount Diablo Creek (234334)
Hastings Slough (225003)
Seal Creek
Pacheco Creek (230192)
Grayson Creek (224526)
Murderer's Creek
Walnut Creek (237199)
Galindo Creek (224011)
Grayson Creek (224526)
San Ramon Creek (232471)
Las Trampas Creek (226900)
Grizzly Creek (224628)
Lafayette Creek (226748)
Tice Creek (236338)
Green Valley Creek (224574)
Sycamore Creek (235918)
Bollinger Canyon Creek (254643)
Peyton Creek

Southern Carquinez Strait and San Pablo Bay
Watercourses which feed into the Carquinez Strait or San Pablo Bay between the Benicia-Martinez Bridge and Point San Pablo, numbered east to west:

Arroyo del Hambre (255059)
Alhambra Creek (218119)
Bull Valley Creek
Elkhorn Creek
Edwards Creek
Cañada del Cierbo (220523)
Rodeo Creek (231801)
Refugio Creek (231480)
Ohlone Creek
Pinole Creek (230743)
Garrity Creek (224083)
Rheem Creek
Karlson Creek
San Pablo Creek (232457)
Lauterwasser Creek (226957)
Bear Creek (218800)
Castro Creek (220706)
Herman Slough
Wildcat Creek (237791)

Northeastern San Francisco Bay
Watercourses which feed into the east shore of San Francisco Bay between Point San Pablo and the Bay Bridge, numbered north to south:

Meeker Slough
Baxter/Stege Creek
Fluvius Innominatus/Central Creek
Cerrito Creek (254734)
Middle/Blackberry Creek
Schoolhouse Creek
Codornices Creek (254755)
Marin/Village Creek
Strawberry Creek (235581)
Potter Creek
Derby Creek
Temescal Creek (236092)

Eastern San Francisco Bay
Watercourses which feed into the east shore of San Francisco Bay between the Bay Bridge and the San Mateo–Hayward Bridge, numbered from north to south:

Glen Echo Creek (224215)
Indian Gulch (225879)
Sausal Creek (232602)
Shephard Creek (232958)
Palo Seco Creek (230277)
Peralta Creek (230520)
Lion Creek (227172)
Arroyo Viejo (218410)
Elmhurst Creek
San Leandro Creek (232428)
Redwood Creek (231419)
Miller Creek
Kaiser Creek (254842)
Buckhorn Creek (220052)
Moraga Creek
Indian Creek (225858)
San Lorenzo Creek (232434)
Castro Valley Creek
Chabot Creek
Crow Creek (233742)
Cull Creek (221904)
Norris Creek (229589)
Bolinas Creek (219604)
Palomares Creek (230280)
Eden Canyon Creek (222968)
Sulphur Creek (235709)
Ward Creek (237227)

Southeastern San Francisco Bay
Watercourses which feed into the east shore of San Francisco Bay between the San Mateo–Hayward Bridge and the Dumbarton Bridge, listed north to south:

Mount Eden Creek (229145)
North Creek (229624)
Alameda Creek (1654946)
Dry Creek (222606)
Stonybrook Canyon (235553)
Arroyo de la Laguna (218389)
Vallecitos Creek (236963)
Sinbad Creek (233170)
Arroyo Valle (255060)
Arroyo Bayo (218394)
San Antonio Creek (232367)
Arroyo Mocho (218404)
Arroyo Las Positas (218402)
Arroyo Seco (218407)
South San Ramon Creek (235109)
Alamo Creek (218055)
Coyote Creek (221729)
Sheridan Creek (234690)
San Antonio Creek (1654950)
Indian Creek (225864)
Apperson Creek (218316)
La Costa Creek
Williams Gulch (237847)
Pirates Creek (230775)
Haynes Gulch (225064)
Welch Creek
Calaveras Creek (254688)
Arroyo Hondo (233435)
Isabel Creek (254822)
Long Branch (227538)
Bonita Creek (219639)
Smith Creek (233323)
Sulphur Creek

Southern San Francisco Bay
Watercourses which feed into the San Francisco Bay south of the Dumbarton Bridge, listed clockwise:

Newark Slough (229511)
Plummer Creek
Mowry Slough (229219)
Mud Slough (229250)
Laguna Creek
Agua Caliente Creek (218017)
Cañada Del Aliso (220520)
Sabercat/Sabre Cat Creek
Washington Creek
Mission Creek (228831)
Morrison Creek (229079)
Vargas Creek

Coyote Creek (255083)
Scott Creek (232723)
Line C – man-made drain, connecting creeks which historically dispersed into marsh
Toroges Creek (236468)
Agua Fria Creek (218018)
Lower Penitencia Creek
Calera Creek
Berryessa Creek
Arroyo de los Coches
Piedmont Creek
Upper Penitencia Creek
Arroyo Aguague
Lower Silver Creek
Miguelita Creek
Babb Creek (218488)
South Babb Creek (234920)
Thompson Creek
Upper Silver Creek
Las Animas Creek (226891)
San Felipe Creek (234625)
Guadalupe River (253220)
Alamitos Creek (218054)
Arroyo Calero (218395)
Guadalupe Creek (253236)
Hicks Creek (220964)
Pheasant Creek (230590)
Canoas Creek (254700)
Los Gatos Creek (227672)
Ross Creek (231908)
Guadalupe Slough (224698)
Saratoga Creek (253826)
San Tomas Aquino Creek (232477)
Smith Creek
Calabazas Creek (220373)
Prospect Creek (253793)
Regnart Creek
Stevens Creek (1667885)
Heney Creek
Gold Mine Creek
Indian Creek
Bay Creek
Gold Mine Creek
Swiss Creek
Montebello Creek
Permanente Creek (234449)
Hale Creek (224788)
Adobe Creek (217989)
Purisima Creek (253797)
Barron Creek (239012)
Matadero Creek (228215)
Arastradero Creek (218335)
Deer Creek (253877)
San Francisquito Creek (232397)
Corte Madera Creek (254779)
Sausal Creek (1654941)
Alambique Creek (218044)
Dennis Martin Creek (228169)
Bear Creek (218820)
Dry Creek
West Union Creek
Los Trancos Creek (254941)

Western San Francisco Bay
Watercourses which feed into the west shore of San Francisco Bay between the Dumbarton Bridge and the Golden Gate, listed south to north:

Redwood Creek (255118)
Arroyo Ojo de Agua (238759)
Cordilleras Creek (221557)
Pulgas Creek (234518)
Belmont Creek (254600)
Laurel Creek (226937)
Borel Creek
Beresford Creek
Leslie Creek
San Mateo Creek (1655002)
San Andreas Creek
Laguna Creek
Polhemus Creek (230901)
Poplar Creek
Burlingame Creek
Upper Terrace Creek
Ralston Creek
Cherry Canyon Creek
Sanchez Creek (232485)
Lower Terrace Creek
Easton Creek (233826)
Mills Creek (234308)
Millbrae Creek
Green Hills Creek
San Bruno Creek (234623)
El Zanjon
Colma Creek (221398)
Twelvemile Creek
Guadalupe Valley Creek (224700)
Visitation Valley Creek
Yosemite Creek
Islais Creek (254827)
Precita Creek
Mission Creek
Hayes Creek
Arroyo Dolores
El Polin Creek (Tennessee Valley)
Dragonfly Creek

Pacific Coast south of the Golden Gate

San Francisco Coast
Watercourses which feed into the Pacific Ocean between the Golden Gate and Thornton Beach, from north to south:

Lobos Creek (227449)

Northern San Mateo Coast
Watercourses which feed into the Pacific Ocean between Thornton Beach and Miramontes Point, numbered north to south:

Milagra Creek
Calera Creek
Rockaway Creek
San Pedro Creek (234639)
North Fork (234373)
Middle Fork (234291)
South Fork (235049)
San Vicente Creek (234642)
Denniston Creek (233779)
Arroyo de en Medio (233428)
Naples Creek
Frenchmans Creek (233909)
Locks Creek (234179)
Pilarcitos Creek (253889)
Arroyo León (233436)
Mills Creek (228769)
Madonna Creek (227924)
Apanolio Creek (233421)
Corinda Los Trancos Creek (233718)
Nuff Creek (234390)
North Branch
South Branch

Central San Mateo Coast
Watercourses which feed into the Pacific Ocean between Miramontes Point and Pigeon Point, numbered north to south:

Cañada Verde Creek (1786133)
Purisima Creek (253798)
Whittemore Gulch (237717)
Walker Gulch (237174)
Grabtown Gulch (224371)
Soda Gulch (234832)
Lobitos Creek (254929)
Schoolhouse Creek (232672)
Rogers Gulch (231823)
Tunitas Creek (236624)
Dry Creek (222617)
East Fork (222904)
Rings Gulch (234568)
Mitchell Creek (228864)
San Gregorio Creek (232403)
Coyote Creek (221728)
Clear Creek (221185)
El Corte de Madera Creek
Bogess Creek (219583)
Kingston Creek (226613)
Harrington Creek (224956)
Alpine Creek (254555)
Mindego Creek (228782)
La Honda Creek (226707)
Woodruff Creek (238152)
Weeks Creek (237398)
Spanish Ranch Creek (235161)
Pomponio Creek (230913)
Long Gulch (227559)
Dairy Gulch (221978)
Pescadero Creek (234452) – flows from Santa Cruz County
Butano Creek (220266)
Little Butano Creek (227209)
South Fork (234979)
Bradley Creek (219762)
Chandler Gulch (220906)
Honsinger Creek (225527)
Windmill Gulch (238011)
Big Chicken Hollow (219158)
Little Chicken Hollow (227221)
Newell Gulch (229514)
Roy Gulch (231988)
Bloomquist Creek (219470)
Peterson Creek (230568)
McCormick Creek (228321)
Hoffman Creek (225382)
Jones Gulch (226336)
Harwood Creek (224997)
Dark Gulch (222021)
Carriger Creek (220638)
Keyston Creek (226557)
Tarwater Creek (236033)
Rhododendron Creek (231522)
Peters Creek (230562)
Evans Creek (223287)
Bear Creek (218799)
Lambert Creek (226834)
Fall Creek (223364)
Slate Creek (233236)
Oil Creek (229945)
Little Boulder Creek (227199) – flows from Santa Cruz County
Waterman Creek (237336)
Arroyo de los Frijoles (218391)
Spring Bridge Gulch (235229)
Yankee Jim Gulch (238228)

Southern San Mateo Coast
Watercourses which feed into the Pacific Ocean south of Pigeon Point, numbered north to south:

Gazos Creek (224105) – flows from Santa Cruz County.
Old Womans Creek (229991) – flows from Santa Cruz County.
Old Womans Creek (1701701)
Whitehouse Creek (237690) – flows from Santa Cruz County.
Cascade Creek (220660) – flows from Santa Cruz County.
Green Oaks Creek (224554) – flows from Santa Cruz County.
Año Nuevo Creek (254567) – flows from Santa Cruz County.
Cold Dip Creek (252424) – flows from Santa Cruz County.
Finney Creek (223512) – flows from Santa Cruz County.
Elliot Creek (223153) – flows from Santa Cruz County.

See also

Hydrography of the San Francisco Bay Area
List of lakes in the San Francisco Bay Area
List of rivers of California

References

External links
 Guide to San Francisco Bay Area Creeks

Water
Watercourses


Falcon Motorcycles is a company founded by Ian Barry and Amaryllis Knight in Los Angeles, California in 2008 to build a series of custom motorcycles. Barry set out to design, engineer, and fabricate ten custom motorcycles built around rare engines in a series entitled The Falcon Ten.

Motorcycles
The Falcon Ten series is named after the raptor genus known as Falco. The ten motorcycles are individually titled after various species of falcon: the Bullet, Kestrel, Black, White, Altai, Merlin, Peregrine, Grey, Saker, and Vespertine. Barry has completed The Bullet (2008), The Kestrel (2010), and The Black (2011). inspired and powered by a 1950 Triumph Thunderbird, a modified 1970 Triumph Bonneville, and a 1952 Vincent Black Shadow engine, respectively.

Barry has previously engaged a staff of up to six craftsmen to assist with the fabrication process of various aspects of his motorcycles. Preferring to work on each part personally, Barry currently employs only one CNC programmer. The Bullet was a customized factory-made bike. Since completing The Bullet in 2008, Barry has stopped customizing motorcycles and instead has developed a practice of designing, engineering, and machining each entire motorcycle, with the exception of the engine, carburetor, rims, and tires. Barry starts each motorcycle with a rare or iconic engine, creating an overall design. He then engineers and fabricates each part with CNC machine tools and by hand. According to the Los Angeles Times, Barry's work reflects an "ethos of extreme evolution and design", and each motorcycle is "an engineering feat as much as it's a piece of art".

The first motorcycle in The Falcon Ten series, The Bullet, was a customized 1950 Triumph Thunderbird built out with parts from other rare bikes as well as newly fabricated parts. Commissioned by skateboarder and actor Jason Lee, over 1,000 hours went into its fabrication.

The second motorcycle in the collection, The Kestrel was designed around a 1970 Triumph Bonneville engine that was cut in half and completely re-engineered. The only other parts on The Kestrel that came from factory-made motorcycles are a BSA transmission, the rims, the Dunlop tires, and a portion of the gas tank. Each original part was made by hand or with CNC machine tools and was finished by hand. The Kestrel was named one of Cycle World's 2010 "World's coolest bikes" and was noted for its "purity and depth in both aesthetic and functional execution", for the "mind-bending volume of time spent on the details."

Falcon's third motorcycle, the 'Black', was built around a 1950 Vincent Black Shadow engine unit. Their fourth machine, the 'White' is currently under construction (as of November 2012), and is based on a 1967 Velocette Thruxton motor and gearbox.  The 'Black' was displayed for one year at the Petersen Museum in Los Angeles in the 'Custom Revolution' exhibition in 2018.

Awards
 Legend of the Motorcycle International Concours (2008)
 The Quail Motorcycle Concours (2010)
 The Quail Motorcycle Concours (2011)

References

External links

Motorcycle builders
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California


Collins Avenue, partly co-signed State Road A1A, is a major thoroughfare in South Florida, United States. The road runs parallel to the Atlantic Ocean in Miami Beach, Florida, one block west. It also runs through the cities of Surfside and Sunny Isles Beach to the north. Collins Avenue was named for John S. Collins, a developer who, in 1913, completed Miami’s first bridge, Collins Bridge, connecting Miami Beach to the mainland across Biscayne Bay.

Background

Collins Avenue is home to many historic Art Deco hotels, and several nightclubs to the north.

North of 41st Street this boulevard lies between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Creek, lined by palm trees, and famous hotels from the 1950s and 1960s such as the Eden Roc and the Morris Lapidus-designed Fontainebleau Hotel, built in the curvy, flamboyant Neo-baroque fashion that defined the 1950s "Miami Beach" resort hotel style.

Significant events

The annual Miami International Boat Show occurs on Collins Avenue. On February 2, 1973, a mentally ill man firebombed a cafeteria at 1921 Collins Avenue in Miami Beach, killing three people and injuring over 130. On June 24, 2021, an apartment building at 8777 Collins Avenue in Surfside partially collapsed, resulting in 98 fatalities.

References

Further reading
 Kleinberg, Howard, Woggles and cheese holes : the story of Miami Beach hotels,  Miami Beach, FL : Greater Miami & The Beaches Hotel Association, 2005.
 Kleinberg, Howard, Miami Beach : a history, Miami, FL : Centennial Press, 1994.
 Lejeune, Jean-François, et al., The making of Miami Beach, 1933-1942: the architecture of Lawrence Murray Dixon, Miami : Bass Museum of Art, 2000

Roads in Miami Beach, Florida
Roads in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Shopping districts and streets in the United States
Tourist attractions in Miami-Dade County, Florida


Fredric Uberall "Fred" Dicker is a former columnist for the New York Post. He served as the state editor for New York since 1982, where he covered the administrations of Hugh Carey, Mario Cuomo, George Pataki, Eliot Spitzer, David Paterson, and Andrew Cuomo.

Prior to 1982, Dicker was a state government reporter for the Albany Times Union, a morning daily newspaper owned by the Hearst Corporation. He broke the story in November 1976 of alleged Latvian war criminals hiding in the U.S., naming Vilis Hāzners, an upstate New York resident, based on official Latvian publications and Hazners' mention by name to Gertrude Schneider on her visit to Latvia. The information provided eventually proved to be a KGB hit list, per the author, Pauls Ducmanis, of Daugavas Vanagi, Who Are They, and Imants Lešinskis, the KGB operative and "minister" who made the Hazners allegation to Schneider. Dicker subsequently covered the federal deportation trial precipitated against Hazners for the Times Union.

In October 1987, Dicker was physically shoved out of the offices of the New York State Assembly House Operations Committee by Norman Adler, a senior aide to the then Assembly Speaker Mel Miller, creating quite a public stir. A 2005 New York Observer story on Dicker stated that he is a "political institution in his own right" and his reporting "regularly drives news coverage". Dicker broke the Troopergate scandal in July 2007 and engaged in a heated argument with Republican gubernatorial candidate Carl Paladino in October 2010, in which Paladino accused Dicker of authorizing a photographer to take pictures of his daughter.

Dicker retired from the Post in September 2016.

In addition to his newspaper work, Fred Dicker also hosted a talk show from 1997 to 2018 on WGDJ in Albany and WVOX in New Rochelle. He abruptly ended the radio show in November 2018 due to a family illness and his relocation to Florida.

References

American columnists
New York Post people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


A resin-retained bridge (also known as resin-bonded-bridge or resin-bonded fixed dental prosthesis (RBFDP)) is a bridge (a fixed dental prosthesis) replacing a missing tooth that relies for its retention on a composite resin cement. It is one of many available dental restoration methods which is considered minimally invasive and conservative of tooth tissue. The resin-retained-bridge has gone through a number of iterations. Perhaps the best known is the Maryland bridge and other designs used in the past include the Rochette bridge. The five-year survival rate is around 83.6% and the ten-year rate at 64.9%. The case selection is important and as with any dental prosthesis, good oral hygiene is paramount for success. In recent years, the indications for the use of resin-retained-bridges have diminished significantly and there have been changes in the principles underpinning their design. Resin-retained-bridges should be considered when a fixed prosthesis retained by natural teeth is required. The use has been driven by the advent of evidence-based dentistry showing the benefits to patients of reduced tooth preparation and the importance of an intact enamel structure for the long-term health of the teeth. The bridge is currently in favour in the United Kingdom for these reasons. Indeed, recent contemporary research shows resin retained bridges have better success rates than implants and are a cheaper alternative.

Types of material used for resin-retained-bridges
Traditionally resin-bonded-bridges were composed of ceramic bonded to a substructure made of non-precious metal. In recent years fibre-reinforced and high strength all-ceramic resin-retained-bridges have become popular.

Metal framed
Conventionally made a substructure that is a non-perforated and sandblasted non-precious metal that is cemented with a chemically active resin cement. A disadvantage to this type of bridge is the appearance of the abutment tooth which can appear grey due to the decreased translucency. The metal substructure can also be visible and will not suit every aesthetic need.

Fibre-reinforced composite
Bridges made from fibre-reinforced composite are considered to have better aesthetics and adhesion of luting agent to the framework as well as lower costs. Composite is usually fibre-reinforced with glass, ultra-high molecular polyethylene or Kevlar fibres. Areas predicted to have high stress, benefit from having fibres in one direction (unidirectional) which can improve the mechanical properties. These bridges can be fabricated in the mouth during a single visit or indirectly in a dental laboratory. Fracturing and wear of the composite can sometimes be seen.

All-ceramic
Previously glass-infiltrated aluminium oxide ceramic frameworks have been used. More recently, yttrium tetragonal zirconia polycrystal-based materials such as Lava (3M ESPE) and Cercon (Degudent) have come into use. These frameworks can be designed by wax-ups or using CAD-CAM. The main advantage of this type of bridge is the aesthetics as well as good biocompatibility and lower levels of plaque accumulation. Connector dimensions however are greater than those needed for in the other types of resin-retained-bridges.

Types of designs used for resin-retained-bridges
Resin-retained bridges have a variety of designs:

Fixed-fixed
In this design the connectors are rigid and there are one or more abutments at each end of the span; allowing load to be distributed more equally on abutment teeth.

Fixed-movable
This design includes one movable connector, allowing differential movement between abutments.

Cantilevers
This design is simple without the requirement of linking abutments at each end of the bridge span. However, it is the most mechanically unsound out of all the designs as the load is transmitted to one abutment.

Complex or Hybrid
Complex bridge is the traditional term to describe fixed prosthesis with different types of bridge making up the overall prosthesis. More modernly, the term hybrid has been used as it permits the inclusion of fixed prosthesis using a variety of both designs and retainers.

Principles of design for resin-retained-bridges
A resin-retained bridge requires a very specific set of design principles. The following should be followed when designing the bridge:
 Design should be kept as simple as possible
 Should cover as much of the abutment tooth or teeth as possible
 Be rigid
 Permit the control of the occlusal contacts

Components

Framework
A resin-bonded bridge consists of a cast metal framework that is cemented with resin composite to an abutment(s) which has preparation(s) confined either entirely or almost entirely to enamel.

Wing or retainer
The wing or retainer must be rigid and is usually fabricated from a metal alloy. The inner surface must fit closely to the abutment tooth. The intaglio is treated in some way to enhance the micromechanical adhesion between the prosthesis and the composite resin cement. In the past various methods have been used, ranging from metal-weave patterns to tin plating. The modern resin-retained bridge retaining wing is usually sandblasted with an alumina powder.  The metal wing needs to engage as much of the sound enamel. In the majority of cases the metal wing is taken to the incisal edge of anterior teeth and overlapping of the occlusal (biting) surface of the teeth for posterior teeth.

Pontic
The pontic is usually made from dental porcelain. The whole restoration is thus a porcelain fused to metal restoration.

Cementation
Current cement brands commonly used for this procedure include Panavia and Nexus. The use of Panavia is shown to have a higher survival rate compared to other luting cements. All are either autocure or dual-cure luting cements  to ensure complete polymerisation of the resin under the wing. Great care must be taken during cementation to avoid contamination of the operative field as this will lower the bond strength of the cement and lead to premature failure. For this reason rubber dam is often advocated for placement, though this can bring its own difficulties.  In the majority of cases, with good four handed dentistry, rubber dam is not required and does not improve success.

Complications
One major advantage of the resin-retained bridge over a conventional bridge is the failure mode is likely to be debonding of the retainer. In conventional bridges, the failure mode is likely to be complete fracture of the abutment tooth with difficult-to-manage sequelae, possibly requiring root canal treatment. With a resin-retained bridge the prosthesis can usually be cleaned off and rebonded in position with minimal inconvenience to the patient.

There are a number of complications from resin-retained-bridges, the most common being debonding and porcelain fracture.
 Debonding
 Porcelain fracture
 Caries
 Framework fracture
 Root resorption
 Retained cusp fracture
 Loss of abutment due to periodontitis
 Minor rotation

References

Prosthodontology
Restorative dentistry


Bondage Goat Zombie is the seventh studio album by the Austrian blackened death metal band Belphegor. Artwork by Ralph Manfreda. It is the first album to feature bassist Serpenth.

Some of the tracks deal with the writings of the Marquis de Sade. The album was, like its predecessor, Pestapokalypse VI, recorded and produced with German producer Andy Classen. The album leaked onto P2P file sharing networks on 17 March 2008. Hecate provided lyrics on track 7.

Track listing

Personnel

"Bondage Goat Zombie"
"Bondage Goat Zombie" is the first single by Belphegor. It was released on 22 February 2008, by Nuclear Blast.

Track listing

Charts

Release history

References

Belphegor albums
2008 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
German-language albums
Albums produced by Andy Classen


For the NBC Western anthology, see Frontier (1955 TV series).

Frontier Justice is a CBS Western anthology television series which had thirty-one telecasts over the summers of 1958, 1959, and 1961. It was a repackaging of episodes from CBS's Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre, and was hosted by Lew Ayres, Melvyn Douglas, and Ralph Bellamy, one each summer. The program was a production of Four Star Television.

References

1950s Western (genre) television series
1960s Western (genre) television series
CBS original programming
1958 American television series debuts
1961 American television series endings
1950s American anthology television series
1960s American anthology television series
Television series by Four Star Television
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Black-and-white American television shows


Peter du Moulin (1601–1684) was a French-English Anglican clergyman, son of the Huguenot pastor Pierre du Moulin and brother of Lewis du Moulin. He was the anonymous author of Regii sanguinis clamor ad coelum adversus paricidas Anglicanos, published at The Hague in 1652, a royalist work defending Salmasius and including a strong attack on John Milton.

Life
He was born at Paris on 24 April 1601. After studying at Sedan and Leyden, he spent time at Cambridge, where he received the degree of D.D. About 1625, after an imprisonment at Dunkirk, he was appointed to the living (refused by his father) of St John the Baptist's Church, Chester, but there is no record of his having resided there. In 1640, however, on becoming D.D. at Leyden, he described himself as holding that benefice.

He was rector of Witherley, Leicestershire, in 1633, and of Wheldrake, Yorkshire, in 1641. During the First English Civil War he was first in Ireland as tutor in the Boyle family, and was next tutor at Oxford to the sons of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, Charles Boyle, 3rd Viscount Dungarvan and Richard Boyle (d. 1665), frequently preaching at St. Peter-in-the-East in Oxford. He was rector of Adisham, Kent, from 1646 (with a short intermission in 1660 on the reinstatement of John Oliver) till his death.

He sided, like his father, with the royalists, and wrote the scurrilous reply to Milton, Regii Sanguinis Clamor, at the time mistakenly attributed to Alexander More. Du Moulin concealed his authorship until the Restoration, was consequently unmolested, and was in 1656 made D.D. at Oxford.

At the Restoration he was rewarded by a chaplaincy to Charles II and by succeeding in 1660 to his father's prebend (Stall IV) at Canterbury Cathedral. He took up his residence there.

Du Moulin died 10 October 1684, and was buried in the Cathedral. Another brother, Cyrus, was for a time French pastor at Canterbury.

Works
He published A Treatise of Peace and Contentment of the Soul (1657), A vindication of the sincerity of the protestant religion in the point of obedience to sovereigns (1679) and about twenty other works in English, French, and Latin. Anthony à Wood styles him "an honest, zealous Calvinist".

He translated his father's work, Tirannie que les papes ont exercé depuis quelque siècles sur les roys d'Angleterre [Tyranny that the Popes exercised for some centuries over the kings of England] (1674).

Notes

External links

Attribution

1601 births
1684 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
French Anglican priests
French emigrants to England
Clergy from Paris
People from Adisham


Tirawa basin is a large impact crater on Saturn's moon Rhea, at . It was glimpsed by Voyager 1 during its flyby of the moon and later photographed in greater detail by the Cassini orbiter.

Tirawa is  deep in places, as measured in NASA Voyager images, and is  across.

The crater has a slightly elliptic outline and an elongated central peak complex suggesting it was caused by an oblique impact. Tirawa overlaps Mamaldi, a larger and more degraded basin to its southwest.

References

Impact craters on Saturn's moons
Rhea (moon)


Chotoviny is a municipality and village in Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,900 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
Villages of Beranova Lhota, Broučkova Lhota, Červené Záhoří, Jeníčkova Lhota, Liderovice, Moraveč, Polánka, Řevnov, Rzavá, Sedlečko and Vrážná are administrative parts of Chotoviny.

Geography

Chotoviny is located about  north of Tábor. It lies mostly in the Vlašim Uplands. There are several small ponds in the municipal territory.

History
The first written mention of Chotoviny is from 1266. Existence of a fortress in Chotoviny is documented in 1407. From 1856 to 1871, the railway from Prague to Vienna through Chotoviny was built.

Transport
The D3 motorway (part of the European route E55) runs through the municipality.

Sights
In 1770–1780, the fortress in Chotoviny was rebuilt to a Neoclassical castle. In the 19th century, it was reconstructed to its present Neo-Renaissance form and the adjacent castle park with an area of  was founded. It is dendrologically valuable.

A church was probably founded here already between 990 and 1000. The Church of Saints Peter and Paul was built originally in the Gothic style and was rebuilt in 1781–1786, when the Empire tomb of the Nádherný noble family in the style of a Doric temple was added.

References

External links

Villages in Tábor District


Erigeron blochmaniae is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names Blochman's erigeron and Blochman's leafy daisy.

Erigeron blochmaniae is endemic to California, where it is limited to the coastline of San Luis Obispo and northern Santa Barbara Counties. It lives in sand dunes and coastal hillsides, habitat which is currently declining as it is claimed for development.

Erigeron blochmaniae is a perennial herb growing from a stout woody caudex or rhizome and reaching heights of 40 to 80 centimeters (16-32 inches). Its stem is lined with evenly spaced narrow straight leaves, each one to three centimeters (0.4-1.2 inches) long. Atop each hairy stem is an inflorescence, with flower heads each just over a centimeter (0.4 inches) wide bearing light blue, lavender, or white ray florets surrounding golden yellow or greenish disc florets.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

blochmaniae
Plants described in 1896
Endemic flora of California


A Rochette bridge is a type of dental prosthesis popular in the 1970s, and described by Alain Rochette in 1973 as a form of resin retained bridge that relied on countersunk holes perforating the metal abutment wing. These would be filled with composite cement on seating the restoration, providing macromechanical retention for the prosthesis.

This type of bridge fell out of fashion as modern cements and treatments of the retainer intaglio enabled better retention without the loss of strength inherent in perforation of the retainer wing. Nonetheless, some Rochette bridges remain in service even today.

References

Prosthodontology
Restorative dentistry


Peace Review is a quarterly  peer-reviewed academic journal published by Routledge and covering peace and conflict studies. It was established in 1992 by John Harris (Stanford University), although the editorship was soon assumed by Robert Elias (University of San Francisco). Katerina Standish, Director of the Arthur V. Mauro Institute for Peace & Justice Studies at St. Paul’s College, University of Manitoba, has been Editor-in-Chief since 2021.

External links

Peace and conflict studies
Political science journals
Academic journals established in 1992
Quarterly journals
Routledge academic journals


The Brebu is a right tributary of the river Bâsca Mică in Romania. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Buzău County


William Chilufya (born 25 December 1983 in Lusaka) is a Zambian footballer, whose last known club was 1º de Maio, of the Angolan league in 2011.

Career
The striker played previously with FC Civics of the Namibia Premier League, who was in the 2004-2005 season, named as the Namibia Sport Player of the Year. In 2007, Chilufya led the league in scoring with 17 goals. A feat also achieved in the 2001/02 league.

Clubs
  1998-2000 Katima Mulimo Wanderers
  2000-2002 Liverpool
  2002-2003 Blue Waters
 2003-2008 FC Civics
 2008–2009 Estrela Clube Primeiro de Maio

References

1983 births
Living people
Zambian men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Angola
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Jamar Austin, also known as Sacario is an American rapper and songwriter best known for writing the song "If I Could Go" for Angie Martinez. Billboard named the song among the biggest songs of the year in 2002. It was featured on Totally Hits 2002: More Platinum Hits, which is Certified Platinum by the RIAA with sales of over 1,000,000 copies.

His first two releases, "Live Big (Car Keys)" (2002) and "If I Could Go", were both included on The Transporter movie soundtrack. In the first deal of its kind EA Trax packaged "If I Could Go" with the NBA Live 2003 video game Soundtrack. The soundtrack sold 1.3 million copies worldwide and was inducted into the Guinness World Records as the "first officially released video game soundtrack to be RIAA certified platinum". According to Guinness World Records, NBA Live 2003 soundtrack went platinum in six months. In 2004 MTV announced his nomination in the Mixtape Artist of the Year category at The Annual Mixtape Awards.

Animal House and Elektra Records
On September 28, 2001 Sacario signed a production deal with Angie Martinez's Animal House Productions. In addition, three months later he signed a record deal with Elektra Records. The two joint venture labels first Sacario release was a "Live Big (Car Keys)" remix. The remix included Angie Martinez and rapper Fat Joe, and was featured on The Transporter movie soundtrack. Sacario started a successful career as a ghostwriter, while he was signed as an artist. He wrote all of Angie Martinez's Animal House album.

Animal House debuted with the Rick Rock produced single "If I Could Go" featuring Sacario and singer Lil Mo. It remained on numerous Billboard charts including The Billboard Hot 100, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Top 40 Mainstream Charts for 36 consecutive weeks. The song won two Nielsen BDS Spin Awards for 50,000 radio spins and 100,000 radio spins.

A cover of "If I Could Go" was recorded by the Kidz Bop Kids and was released on Kidz Bop 3 children's album. The album debuted #1 on Billboard Kid Albums chart, #17 on Billboard 200 Album chart, "marking the highest chart debut ever for a non soundtrack children's album in the history of Billboard 200". The album is Certified Gold by the RIAA selling over 500,000 copies.

On August 20, 2002  Animal House debuted at #11 on Billboard 200 Album charts, and #6 on Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, selling 92,000 copies its first week. Rolling Stone gave the album a favorable 3 out of 5 star review. Sacario is also listed as one of the album's executive producers.

Elektra Entertainment President Sylvia Rhone was offered an EVP position at Universal Records. and Elektra closed its Urban Department in 2004.

Additional credits
Sacario wrote the songs "Break Yourself" "Harder" on the Man vs. Machine album by West Coast rapper Xzibit. Man vs. Machine has been certified a gold record by the RIAA for selling over 500,000 copies in the U.S., certified Canadian gold by the CRIA for selling over 50,000 copies and certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for selling 35,000 copies.

Televised performances
Sacario performed on Good Day Live. BET's 106 & Park. He performed a freestyle in the "Booth" on Rap City followed by a brief interview by Big Tigger. He appeared on Last Call with Carson Daly, and was a special guest on Canada's Much Music Show alongside Angie Martinez. He performed with singer Lil Mo and Angie Martinez on Showtime at the Apollo. He also performed on Soul Train alongside Tank.

Media
Sacario is featured in issue 36 of XXL. His Sacario the Boss mixtapes are heavily bootlegged on many hip-hop websites throughout Asia. He was featured on the Jade Jagger disc of Renaissance Presents Pacha Ibiza album. Canadian recording artist Promise asked Sacario to feature alongside rapper Drake on the record titled You Got Me. Sacario has a two-page spread interview in Bloque Urbano, a magazine based in Dominican Republic. He recorded the theme song for the NBA Washington Wizards girls 2012/13 season.

Discography

Collaborative singles

Official mixtapes
Invincible (2001)
Best of Sacario Hosted by Angie Martinez (2002)
Sacario The Boss Part 1 (2003)
Sacario The Boss Part 2 (2004)
Sacario The Boss Part 3 (2004)
Sacario The Boss Part 4 (2005)
Sacario The Boss Part 5 (2006)
My Movie (2008)
Sneak Attack (2010)

Studio albums (collaborative)

Compilation albums

Soundtracks

See also
Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2002

References

African-American male rappers
American male rappers
American hip hop musicians
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
Hispanic and Latino American rappers
Living people
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century African-American musicians


Erigeron bloomeri is a North American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae known by the common name scabland fleabane.

Erigeron bloomeri is native to the slopes, meadows, and hillsides of the western United States (California,  Nevada, Oregon, Idaho, northwestern Utah).

Erigeron bloomeri is a short, small perennial herb rarely more than 20 cm (8 inches) tall, forming clumps over a taproot. It has mostly basal leaves several centimeters long which may be densely hairy to nearly hairless. Atop the short erect stems are inflorescences consisting of single flower heads. Each head is 1-2 centimeters (0.4-0.8 inches) wide and is packed with many small golden yellow disc florets, but no ray florets.

Varieties
Erigeron bloomeri var. bloomeri - California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah
Erigeron bloomeri var. nudatus (A.Gray) Cronquist - Del Norte and Siskiyou Counties in extreme northern California

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

Plants described in 1865
bloomeri
Flora of the Western United States
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


James Christopher Dunn (September 11, 1866 – June 9, 1922), also known as "Sunny Jim" Dunn, was a businessman and baseball team owner of the Cleveland Indians from 1916 until his death in 1922, during which time the team won its first World Series in 1920.

Biography
Dunn was born in Marshalltown, Iowa and became wealthy through his partnership in a railroad construction firm. In 1916 he was recruited by American League president Ban Johnson and his secretary, Bob McRoy, to head up a syndicate to buy the Cleveland Indians baseball team from Charles Somers for $500,000.
During his tenure the team's ballpark League Park was renamed "Dunn Field" and in 1920 the Indians won their first World Series. At his death at Chicago in 1922 at age 57, control of the team passed to his surviving spouse, Edith Dunn, and his estate, thus making Mrs. Dunn one of the first women to own a major league baseball team. In 1927 ownership of the Indians changed hands when Dunn's widow Edith, by then known as Mrs. George Pross, sold the franchise for $1 million to a group headed by Alva Bradley.

References

Baseball executives
Cleveland Indians executives
People from Marshalltown, Iowa
1865 births
1922 deaths
American sports businesspeople