Bourcefranc-le-Chapus () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France. The commune was created in 1908 from part of Marennes. Bourcefranc-le-Chapus is a major oyster farming port. Fort Louvois is a fortification built by Vauban on the Chapus islet in front of the town.

Geography
When looking at the entire French Atlantic coast, Bourcefranc-le-Chapus is in the middle section. Above all, the place has a direct connection to the Atlantic Ocean due to its location at the end of a small peninsula protruding into the Pertuis-Charentais sea area. The altitude of the place is between 0 and 18 m above sea level.

Bourcefranc-le-Chapus is located at the mouth of the Seudre River and at the Viaduc d'Oléron bridge to the island of Île d'Oléron. The neighboring communities are: Marennes-Hiers-Brouage to the east, south and southeast, as well as on the opposite side of the Strait of Oléron, Château-d'Oléron and Saint-Trojan-les-Bains on the Île d'Oléron.

History
In the 15th century there were 2 small villages: Bourcefranc and Le Chapus as a fishing village on the tip of the peninsula reaching into the sea.

The name Bourcefranc is traced back to the medieval name Bourg-franc (free settlement); while the name Chapus is said to be derived from the Latin Caput, which here probably refers to the head end of the peninsula.

Bourcefranc was undoubtedly founded in the Middle Ages by the Marennes monastery, which was subordinate to the ladies' abbey Abbaye aux Dames Saintes. The history of the place was long linked to the larger neighboring community of Marennes, to which the current municipal area belonged until the beginning of the 20th century. The separation from Marennes led to the founding of the current municipality in 1908 from the two villages of Bourcefranc and Le Chapus. The municipal name Bourcefranc-le-Chapus has been officially used since 1970.

Economic activities

Due to its location between the neighboring oyster town of Marennes, and the sea, Bourcefranc-le-Chapus belongs to the Marennes-Oléron sub-region, which is home to the most important oyster farms in France. Many former saltworks in the municipality are now oyster parks. Well-known oyster farmers who, among other things, breed quality oysters named Fines de claires vertes with the Label Rouge seal are based in Bourcefranc-le-Chapus.

The coastal community is now also characterized by some tourism. The small harbor of Port du Chapus, which is mainly and traditionally used by oyster fishermen's boats, has also been prepared to accommodate pleasure craft.

Places to see

 Fort Louvois (also: Fort Le Chapus) is a fortress built on a rock in the sea between 1691 and 1694 under the reign of King Louis XIV according to the plans of Vauban. It is 400 m from the mainland point Pointe du Chapus and is accessible via a paved path at low tide (flooding at high tide). Fort Louvois (like Fort Boyard further north) was intended to protect the country from attacks from the sea. It has been listed as a Monument historique since 1929.
 Saint-Louis church from the 17th century. It is said that the church was built around 1687 at the request of Madame de Maintenon, the second wife of King Louis XIV. She wanted to cross to the island of Île d'Oléron in Le Chapus and beforehand say a prayer and asked to visit a church. Since there was none, she brought about a royal decision to build a chapel and sent the necessary sum. The church was built in the center of Bourcefranc and was consecrated as a parish church in 1694.
 La Plataine, 17th century windmill. It was restored by the previous owner and, together with the nearby mill house, was purchased by the municipality of Bourcefranc-le-Chapus in 2003. An association was founded to make the mill functional again and open it to visitors.

 Viaduc d’Oléron (Oléron Bridge). Connects the European continent from the municipality of Bourcefranc-Le-Chapus via the road number 26 (D26) to the island of Ile d'Oléron. When it was completed in 1966, it was the longest bridge in France and replaced existing ferry connections.

Population

Twin City
There has been a partnership with the German community of Rheinbrohl in Rhineland-Palatinate since 1965. Bourcefranc was the first municipality in the Poitou-Charentes region to enter into a municipal partnership, which lives on intensively to this day.

See also
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

 Commune of Bourcefranc-Le Chapus

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated coastal places in France


Boutenac-Touvent () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Bran () is a small commune in southwestern France situated in the department of Charente-Maritime.

The inhabitants of Bran are known as les Brannais and les Brannaises.

Geography

Lieux-dits
Traditional named-places within the commune.

Le Bourg, Chez Cottereau, Le Foucaud, Le Vignac, Les Bardes, Les Rouyers, Meslard, Pied Sec, Chez Bruneau, Chez Rouffaud, La Croix Breau, Chez Marpeau, Chez Désiré, Le Moulin Blanc, Le Fief des Sables, Le Morillon, Taillefer, Le Pas de Bran, Chez Bégaud, La Maison d'école.

Neighbouring communes
 Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde (Charente)  to the north
 Vanzac to the west
 Chantillac (Charente) to the south

Geology and relief
The commune is located in the Campanian, chalky limestone of the Upper Cretaceous which occupies a large southern part of the Charentes.  A small eastern part is occupied by a terrain consisting of kaolinic sand, clays and pebbles dating from the Tertiary.  These soils are often forested with maritime pines and constitute the northwestern edge of the Double saintongeaise.

Two small streams, the Lariat and the Mathelon, cross the commune and are indirect tributaries of the river Seugne.

History
The region has been occupied since prehistoric times; cut flints have been found in several parts of the commune. Many circular ditches remain from Protohistory (Bronze or Iron Age), identified by aerial surveys at Pérat, Moulin Blanc and Foucaud.

The Gallo-Roman period is marked by a Roman road from Saintes to Coutras at a place called Le Pérat. This Roman road passed near the Gallo-Roman villa of Baignes-Saintes-Radegonde at a place called the Petit Moulin (Gadebors), via the Gallo-Roman agglomeration of the plain of Bourelles to the west of the village of Chantillac. This route took the small Roman bridge with a ford located in the town of Polignac to then join the old road called "Charlemagne" before the town of Montguyon.

During the Hundred Years' War many underground passages were dug as refuges and to store food, they can still be found at Le Morillon, at Les Rouyers and Chez Bégaud. After the wars the landowners divided up their properties and installed managers who gave their names to many of the existing lieux-dits.

Administration

List of mayors

Population
In 2014, the municipality had 126 inhabitants, an increase of 3.3% compared to 2009 (Charente-Maritime: 3.21%, France excluding Mayotte: 2.49%)

Places of interest

L'église Saint-André (St Andrew's Church)
The 12th-century parish church of St. Andrew was rebuilt in the 14th and 15th centuries, and was almost completely destroyed during the French wars of religion. Its nave was enlarged in the 15th century and its bell tower was rebuilt in the 19th century. There is an 18th-century limestone pulpit against the south wall of the church.

A major restoration of the church was undertaken from 2009 to 2011 followed by inauguration on January 14, 2012. During the restoration several works were undertaken: repair of floors, interior and exterior coatings, opening of an obstructed mullion window, stained glass installation, clearing of the crypt with access grid, installation of lighting and an electric heating system. A large tableau above the altar, which had been covered with black paint, was cleaned, revealing an 18th-century painting of the crucifixion.

Improvements to the area surrounding the church were carried out in 2016.

Recreation area
The recreation area is located adjacent to a lake at Les Trois Moulins and is equipped with a covered pavilion with barbecue, a picnic area with tables and seats, children's games and a petanque area. An annual festival is held in the recreation area in August.

The lake is used for regular fishing events.

La Croix Sainte Barbe (St Barbara's Cross)
Located at the intersection of the hamlets of Rouffaud and Fiefs des Sables. In the center of the crossroads there was a chapel dedicated to Saint Barbara, virgin of the fourth century, patron saint of Bran. It gave rise to numerous pilgrimages on Whit Monday, in which several communes participated: Chepniers, Baignes, Pouillac, Châtenet, Vanzac, Chantillac, Messac ....

Tradition notes that many miracles happened there. This chapel, fallen into ruin, was destroyed in 1866.

Le Moulin de Pépaillé
Located at chez Rouffaud is the remnant of a windmill dating from 1883. It is on the highest point of the commune at 101 m above sea level.

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


La Brée-les-Bains () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France. It is situated on the Oléron.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Oléron
Populated coastal places in France


Coalford is a village in Drumoak, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is slightly north of the River Dee and about  west of Peterculter. The population is around 100.

Nearby prehistoric sites along the Deeside include Balbridie and Bucharn.
Also nearby is the Roman Camp of Normandykes, which was accessed from Raedykes via the Elsick Mounth trackway.

Historical structures in the vicinity include Crathes Castle, Muchalls Castle, Maryculter House and the Lairhillock Inn.

Nearby is a statue of Rob Roy MacGregor.

Along the River Dee is a church ruin commonly known as "Dalmaik Church" or the "Coalford Church". A plaque at the entrance that it served as the "Kirk of Drumoak" from 1062 to 1836. Graves there date back to the 18th century.

References

Villages in Aberdeenshire


Bresdon () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Breuil-la-Réorte () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Anella Olímpica is an Olympic Park located in the hill of Montjuïc, Barcelona, that was the main site for the  1992 Summer Olympics.

Facilities
The major facilities consist of the Olympic Stadium, the Palau Sant Jordi sports hall, the telecommunications tower designed by Santiago Calatrava, the National Physical Education Institute (INEFC) and the Picornell swimming pools. The Joan Antoni Samarach Olympic and Sports Museum is also located in the Olympic Ring.

The main promenade is located uphill, midway to the Montjuïc Castle. The complex includes the main baseball field opposite the swimming pools. Surrounding areas were grass covered, and green plastic obscured the view of the near Montjuïc Cemetery. This last move showed some opposition, as can be viewed as unnatural.

The original plan was designed around the main square, Plaça d'Europa and the Olympic Stadium. Rational and minimal, it is linked to water through pools and a transversal canal. The communications tower echoed at first the tubular lamps dispersed in the "Anella" and (again) an ensemble of concrete and steel tubes, the elegant sculpture near Isozaki Arata's Palau Sant Jordi. But then, the architect Santiago Calatrava lost a project in the city in the last minute and was commissioned weeks later to re-design the tower, now more futuristic, but maybe damaging the purity of the design.

References
1992 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 153–208.

Venues of the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic Parks
Olympic International Broadcast Centres
Sports venues in Barcelona
Sants-Montjuïc


Increasingly is the first EP by the band 12012, released on April 28, 2004.

Track listing
 "Gallows" - 3:14
 "Incident" - 3:58
 "Humanities" - 00:40
 "Chouchou -Tefutefu-" (蝶々～てふてふ～) - 4:39
 "Itsumo Kokoro ni Juujika wo" (いつも心に十字架を) - 5:08

Notes
Increasingly would later be remastered and be released as "Increasingly -Kanzen Ban-".
Only 3000 copies of the album were pressed.
The name was incorrectly printed as "Increasingry" on the album.

12012 albums
2004 EPs


Breuillet () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

Gallery

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


The 1883 Cleveland Blues finished the season at 55–42, fourth place in the National League.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1883 Cleveland Blues season at Baseball Reference

Cleveland Blues (NL) seasons
Cleveland Blues season


Breuil-Magné () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Brie-sous-Matha (, literally Brie under Matha) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brie-sous-Mortagne (, literally Brie under Mortagne) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Brives-sur-Charente (, literally Brives on Charente) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Brizambourg () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Brousse () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Burie () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bussac-sur-Charente (, literally Bussac on Charente) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

International relations

Bussac-sur-Charente is twinned with Oron-la-Ville, Switzerland.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cabariot () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Geography
The river Boutonne forms part of the commune's southeastern border, then flows into the Charente, which forms all of its southwestern border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Cercoux () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


is a condominium complex located in the Kachidoki district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan. The complex is situated at the confluence of the southwestern section of the Sumida River and Tokyo Bay.

The complex consists of two towers: The southern  on the ocean-facing side and the downtown-facing north . The two outwardly similar towers are currently the second-tallest condominium buildings in Japan, as well as each tower individually containing the most number of floors for a Japanese condominium at 58 apiece.

Other facilities include a golf range, a collection of low-rise buildings housing sports and fitness amenities, and the  alongside the neighboring canal.

Approximately 8,000 people are eventually expected to inhabit the complex. Unit prices ranged from ¥39 million to ¥216 million.

Construction
Height: 193.50 m (2 underground, 58 above ground, 1 tower level)
Households: 2,794 (Owned: 1,981, Rented: 813)
Site area: 29,718.37 m²
Building area: 20,663.65 m²
Total floor space: 383,345.47 m²

Mid Tower
Households: 1,461 (Owned: 648, Rented: 813)
Site area: 12,690.69 m²
Building area: 9,453.76 m²
Total floor space: 183,585.55 m²

Sea Tower
Households: 1,333 (Owned: 100%)
Site area: 17,027.68 m²
Building area: 11,209.89 m²
Total floor space: 199,759.92 m²

References

External links

 The Tokyo Towers for Rent

Buildings and structures in Chūō, Tokyo
Residential buildings completed in 2008
Residential skyscrapers in Tokyo
Twin towers
2008 establishments in Japan


Chadenac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, in the former province of Saintonge in southwestern France. Chadenac has a notable romanesque church and a small museum containing Merovingian and Roman artefacts. It lies 8 km from Jonzac and 9 km from Pons off the D142 road, close to the Way of St. James.

Population

Inhabitants are known as Chadenacais (M) and Chadenacaises (F).

See also
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Eglise Saint-Martin de Chadenac
Romanesque Church in Chadenac
Directory of Mayors' Statistics - Chadenac

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Chaillevette () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

Gallery

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chamouillac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Champagne () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 The Campanian Age of the Cretaceous Period of geological time is named for the commune of Champagne
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


The 1884 Cleveland Blues season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Blues finishing the season at 35–72, seventh place in the National League. After the season, the team was purchased by Charles Byrne for $10,000 and shut down, many of the players being added to Byrne's Brooklyn Grays team.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1884 Cleveland Blues season at Baseball Reference

Cleveland Blues (NL) seasons
Cleveland Blues season


Champagnolles () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Champdolent () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Geography
The Boutonne forms the commune's northern and western borders.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chaniers () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chantemerle-sur-la-Soie is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Chapelle-des-Pots () is a commune in the center-east of the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France,  in the former province of Saintonge.

History
La Chapelle-des-Pots is a village where potters make ceramics for more than eight centuries. Many woods, brooks and local clay allowed the creation of ceramics. Bernard Palissy even worked with local potters.

Population

Places and monuments

In the center of the town: a fountain covered with a dome made of cut stone and thrown into a wash-house, the church of Saint-Front (1786), whose foundations use stones from the old potters' chapel (Municipal Bulletin). A ceramic kiln built in 2006 of the chain type located near the town hall, an old ceramic kiln, call Varoqeau kiln, inscribed in historical monuments.

A school group inaugurated in 1955.

The municipality had an interesting regional museum: the Saintongean Ceramics Museum, where collections of local pottery from XIIIe to XXe. This museum, founded under the mandate of Raymond Viollier was closed by the current municipality.

Exterior of the borough: old seigniory, several small stone washhouses, numerous hiking trails VTT and pedestrian.

Environmental Heritage
The GR 4 which runs from Royan to Grasse crosses the town and runs along the fountain of the center of the town.

Gallery

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department
 Cognac, France

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Chartuzac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Baie de l'Isle-Verte (French for "Green Island Bay") is a  coastal wetland along the southern shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada. It was designated a Ramsar wetland of international importance on May 27, 1987, is classified as a globally significant Important Bird Area, and contains a National Wildlife Area and Migratory Bird Sanctuary. It is located in the Rivière-du-Loup Regional County Municipality, in the municipality of L'Isle-Verte.

Within the wetland is a 797 hectare area managed by the Canadian Wildlife Service, of which 406 hectares was designated a National Wildlife Area in 1980. This was created to protect the spartina marshes, which intertidal zone is an important breeding area for the American black duck and other migratory Anatidae. It also consists of recreational facilities including hiking trails and observation towers, as well as exhibits on peatlands and tidal marshes at the Maison Girard Interpretation Centre, and summer school programmes.

References

External links

Ramsar sites in Canada
Important Bird Areas of Quebec
Bays of Quebec
Landforms of Bas-Saint-Laurent
Protected areas of Bas-Saint-Laurent


Le Château-d'Oléron (; ) is a commune located on the Island of Oléron, in the Charente-Maritime department, southwestern France.

The town is surrounded by fortifications in the form of a Bastion fort (similar to a "star fort".)

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Oléron
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Star forts
Oléron
Populated coastal places in France


Châtelaillon-Plage (, also ), commonly known as Châtelaillon,  is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department, administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.

It is located south of the city of La Rochelle and is also a suburb. It is twinned with Knebworth, England.

History
In the 16th century near the point of Cornard today featured a fortress known as Castrum Allionis, the old capital of Aunis.  On August 1130, the Duke of Aquitaine William X of Poitiers, besieged the château.  The leader of the place Isembert deprived its troops.  The rest of the fortress were totally despaired in the 16th century, a small hamlet with bells of the swamps.  During the 19th century, it had agricultural area in Boucholeurs.  At the end of the nineteenth century, it was linked with rail, it constructed its first baths bains de mar with numerous villas.

Today, the location of the mediaeval château is uncertain, it may also located by the Turge.

Education
École maternelle et élementaire Pierre Jonchery (Pierre Jonchery Maternal and Elementary School)
École maternelle Les Sables
École élémentaire Paul Michaud (Paul Michaud Elementary School)
Collège André Malraux
CIPECMA (Centre Interconsulaire de Perfectionnement et d'Enseignement de la Charente-Maritime).

International relations

Châtelaillon is twinned with Knebworth, Hertfordshire, England, and Evolène, Wallis, Switzerland, and Skierniewice, Łódź, Poland.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Arrondissement of La Rochelle
Aunis
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Chay () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Chenac-Saint-Seurin-d'Uzet () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chérac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cherbonnières () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chermignac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chervettes () is a former commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of La Devise.

Population

Geography
The commune was located near Surgères, Rochefort, and Saint-Jean-d'Angély.

Neighboring communes
Puyrolland

History
An old viticultural commune, Chervettes was marked by an old viticultural properties with a closed heart.  Since the outbreak of phylloxera at the end of the 19th century, the commune subsisted three small areas of winery.  The church known as Notre-Dame-de-l’Assumption was first constructed in the 15th century.  Around the commune, Chiron features an 18th-century built mill.

See also
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

Former communes of Charente-Maritime
Populated places disestablished in 2018


Chives () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Colwood is a village near Warninglid in West Sussex, England. It is the site of Colwood Manor.

References

Villages in West Sussex


USS Wiseman (DE-667) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy for several periods between 1944 and 1973. She was scrapped in 1974.

Namesake
Osborne Beeman Wiseman was born on 20 February 1915 in Zanesville, Ohio. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy on 22 June 1934, and graduated on 2 June 1938. After sea duty in the aircraft carrier  and the destroyer , Wiseman was transferred to the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, for flight training. Detached on 17 March 1941, having won his wings, Wiseman joined Bombing Squadron 3 (VB-3), embarked on the Saratoga. After that carrier was torpedoed by the  off Oahu on 11 January 1942 and sent to the Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington, for repairs and alterations, its aviation units were transferred ashore to operate from Ford Island. When  returned to Pearl Harbor for repair of the damage sustained early in May at the Battle of the Coral Sea, its units were transferred from the ship and replaced by some of Saratogas old units – Bombing Squadron 3, Torpedo Squadron 3 (VT-3) and Fighting Squadron 3 (VF-3). Wiseman reported on board Yorktown in time to take part in the Battle of Midway.

On the first day of the carrier action, 4 June, Lt.(j.g.) Wiseman flew two sorties, one against the carrier  that morning and one against  that afternoon. The latter, by that point, was the last of the four enemy flattops afloat, and the strike in which Wiseman participated proved to be the coup de grâce administered to that ship. Japanese "Zero" fighters, however, swarmed over the Dauntlesses of VB-3 and VB-6. In that melee, Wiseman's plane was shot down. Neither he nor his gunner were seen again.

Construction and commissioning
Wiseman was laid down on 26 July 1943 at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by the Dravo Corp.; launched on 6 November 1943; sponsored by Mrs. June Holton, the widow of Lt.(jg.) Wiseman; and commissioned at Algiers, Louisiana, on 4 April 1944.

 1944–1948
Following shakedown in the Bermuda area and post-shakedown availability in the Boston Navy Yard, Wiseman departed Boston on 24 May 1944 to rendezvous with Task Force 64 (TF 64) and convoy UGS-43 on the first of three round-trip convoy escort runs. She escorted convoy GUS-43 from Casablanca, French Morocco, to New York City, then left Hampton Roads with TF-64 and convoy UGS-50 on 3 August, shepherding convoy GUS-50 from Bizerte to the United States, sailing eastward on 29 August. Following repairs and alterations at Boston (19 September – 5 October), Wiseman conducted work-ups in the waters of Casco Bay, Maine, before resuming convoy escort work as part of TF-64, shepherding UGS-57 from Hampton Roads to Bizerte, returning eastward with TF-64 and GUS-57; passing Gibraltar on 11 November, the ship returned to Chesapeake Bay with that portion of GUS-57 on 30 November, before proceeding to Charleston, South Carolina

Subsequently, converted to a floating power station – the necessity for ship-to-shore electrical facilities haying been proved during the Pacific war – at the Charleston Navy Yard, Wiseman sailed for the Pacific on 11 January 1945. Reporting to Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, for duty on 17 January 1945 upon transiting the Panama Canal, she set course for the Hawaiian Islands in company with the high speed transport .

Making port at Pearl Harbor on 3 February, the destroyer escort operated for a month in the Hawaiian Islands before setting sail for the Philippines on 3 March. Arriving at Manila on the 23d, she commenced furnishing power to that nearly demolished city on 13 April and, over the next five and one-half months, provided some  of electricity. In addition, Wiseman'''s evaporators furnished 150,000 gallons (570 m³) of drinking water to Army facilities in the harbor area and to many small craft. Her radios were also utilized to a great extent. Placed at the disposal of the Navy's port director, the ship's communication outfit was used to handle harbor radio traffic until the director's equipment arrived and was installed ashore.

Following her vital service at Manila and projected operations at Ketchikan, Alaska, shelved, Wiseman shifted to Guam, arriving on 18 December 1945, where she provided power for the Army dredge Harris (YM-25). Departing Guam on 26 March 1946, in company with sister ship , she paused at Eniwetok, in the Marshalls (28–29 March), then returned to the United States via Pearl Harbor (4–6 April 1946). Decommissioned at San Diego, California on 31 May 1946, Wiseman was placed in inactivated status on 19 December 1946, then out of commission, in reserve, on 3 February 1947, and moved to Long Beach. Subsequently, the auxiliary ocean tug  towed Wiseman from Long Beach back to San Diego (16–17 November 1948).

 1950–1961

After the outbreak of hostilities in Korea in the summer of 1950, the Chief of Naval Operations recommended that Wiseman be "reactivated at the earliest practicable [time] for distant duty including use as [an] Electric Power Supply Ship." Accordingly, Wiseman was recommissioned at San Diego on 11 September 1950, and rushed to Korea, reaching the port of Masan, near the mouth of the Naktong River, at the western anchor-point of the former beachhead at Pusan. As she had done at Manila in 1945, Wiseman supplied electricity to a city unable to generate its own. Later, the ship provided comforts-of-home to units of the 1st Marine Division quartered on the nearby pier, providing hot showers, cigarettes, and hot meals cooked in the ship's galley. The destroyer escort also provided instruction in seamanship, gunnery, radar, sonar, and damage control to 80 midshipmen from the Republic of Korea Naval Academy and 120 ROK Navy enlisted men.

Late in 1951, Wiseman returned to the United States and underwent an extensive overhaul at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California, before she conducted refresher training out of San Diego through the spring and summer of 1952. The ship then sailed again for Korean waters, reaching the combat zone that autumn.

In her second Western Pacific (WestPac) deployment since recommissioning, Wiseman screened light carrier task forces off the west coast of Korea; carried out patrol assignments close inshore; blockaded and bombarded segments of the northeastern Korean coast, and provided antisubmarine screen and escort services for replenishment groups. Later in the deployment, she also participated in hunter-killer operations, trained in antisubmarine warfare (ASW) evolutions, and served as division flagship during a goodwill call at Manila.

Over the next few years, Wiseman conducted four more WestPac deployments and spent the interludes between them in training out of San Diego and upkeep at Mare Island Naval Shipyard or the San Francisco Naval Shipyard. Upon occasion, she conducted Naval Reserve training cruises – one taking her to the Hawaiian Islands. During the overseas deployments, Wiseman operated with units of SEATO navies –  Australian, New Zealand, British, Philippine, Pakistani, and Thai – and visited ports from Australia to Japan. Upon completion of her sixth deployment, Wiseman was designated as a Group I Naval Reserve Training (NRT) ship. Accordingly, on 16 May 1959, the ship was decommissioned and turned over to the 11th Naval District. Lt. W. V. Powell was the first officer-in-charge.

For the next two years, Wiseman operated out of San Diego on NRT duties. Every third weekend of the month, a reserve cruise took her to sea for periods of ASW training; and, during the summers, the destroyer escort made two-week reserve cruises.

 1961 – 1973

In 1961, however, the crisis in Berlin changed Wisemans routine after the building of the Berlin Wall heightened tensions in August of that year. President John F. Kennedy ordered the activation of reserve units – including the Selected Reserve Crew and NRT ships. Recommissioned on 2 October 1961, Lt.Comdr. C. V. Wilhoite, Jr., in command, Wiseman was immediately prepared for duty with the 7th Fleet. Since the repair and overhaul facilities at San Diego were overworked, Wiseman was overhauled at Long Beach, spending the pre-Christmas holidays in the Bethlehem shipyards there.

Deploying to WestPac again in January 1962, Wiseman conducted patrol operations off the coast of South Vietnam and participated in the Kennedy Administration's "People to People" program. She received a "well done" for her performance of duty and in March, while conducting training operations with the South Vietnamese Navy, won commendation for giving medical aid to a fisherman with an infected leg on board a South Vietnamese fishing junk. Later that spring, the ship also visited Hong Kong, Subic Bay, and Japanese ports – including Yokohama, where she hosted celebrations for Armed Forces Day on 19 and 20 May.

Returning to San Diego on 17 July, via Midway and Pearl Harbor, Wiseman was decommissioned and placed in service on 1 August, resuming her duties as NRT ship with the Group II Naval Reserve. Before the end of 1962, the ship was assigned to Reserve Destroyer Division 272 of Reserve Destroyer Squadron 27.

Placed in reserve but remaining in service, Wiseman was berthed at San Diego through the remainder of the 1960s as part of the Pacific Fleet's reserve units.
The veteran of World War II and Korean service was stricken from the Navy list on 15 April 1973, and sold for scrapping 29 April 1974, to Levin Metals Corp., San Jose, California for the sum of $65,000. The ship was removed from Navy custody on 22 May 1974.Wiseman'' (DE-667) received six battle stars for her Korean War service.

References

External links

        navsource.org: USS Wiseman
     hazegray.org: USS Wiseman
 Wiseman veterans' website

Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Ships built in Pittsburgh
1943 ships


Clam is a commune with 418 residents (as of January 1, 2017) in the French department of Charente-Maritime in the Poitou-Charentes region. Clam is located in the arrondissement (eng. administrative region) as well as in the canton of Jonzac. The residents are called Clamais.

Geography
Clam lies about 80 kilometers northeast of Bourdeaux. Clam is bordered by Marignac to the north and northwest, Neulles to the north and northeast, Saint-Germain-de-Luisignan to the south and east, as well as Saint-Georges-Antignac to the west.

Population

Places of interest

 The Church of Saint-Martin from the 12th century.

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Don Camillo Carlo Luigi dei Principi Ruspoli (16 January 1865 in Florence – 7 November 1944 in Florence) was an Italian and Spanish aristocrat, son of Luigi Ruspoli y Godoy, 3rd Marquis of Boadilla del Monte and second wife Donna Emilia, Nobile Landi.

He was 4th Marqués de Boadilla del Monte with a Coat of Arms of Ruspoli (Letter of 28 March 1894) and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

Marriage and children
On 7 October 1897, in Florence, he married Emilia dei Conti Orlandini del Beccuto (18 April 1873 in Florence – ?), by whom he had two sons:
 Don Luigi Francesco Maria dei Principi Ruspoli (31 August 1898 in Montughi, Florence – 6 November 1944 in Florence), unmarried and without issue
 Paolo Ruspoli, 5th Marquis of Boadilla del Monte

Additional information

See also
 Ruspoli

Sources

1865 births
1944 deaths
Camillo
Marquesses of Boadilla del Monte


Clérac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

The historian and philologist James Germain Février (1895–1976) was born in Clérac.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Clion () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Geography
The village lies on the west bank of the Seugne, which forms most of the commune's northeastern border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


La Clisse () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


La Clotte () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Liberty (also known as Liberty, A Daughter of the USA) is a 1916 American Western film serial directed by Jacques Jaccard and Henry MacRae, and was the first purely Western serial ever made.  The film is now presumed to be lost. It is one of the most popular serials of all time.

Plot
Liberty Horton, an American heiress, is kidnapped by a Mexican rebel and ransomed to fund his rebellion.

Cast
 Marie Walcamp as Liberty Horton
 Jack Holt as Captain Rutledge
 Eddie Polo as Pedro
 G. Raymond Nye as Pancho Lopez
 Neal Hart as Captain Winston
 Bertram Grassby as Manuel Leon
 Maude Emory as Theresa
 L. M. Wells as Jose Leon
 Charles Brinley as Alvarez
 Tom London as (as Leonard Clapham)
 Roy Stewart
 Hazel Buckham

Production
Liberty, a Daughter of the USA was the first purely Western serial, although Western elements were included in earlier serials such as The Perils of Pauline (1914). A print of Liberty was one of the primary footage sources used for the compilation film The Revenge of Pancho Villa (1930–36).

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 List of lost films

References

External links

1916 films
1916 lost films
1916 Western (genre) films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Jacques Jaccard
Films directed by Henry MacRae
English-language Western (genre) films
Lost American Western (genre) films
Silent American Western (genre) films
Universal Pictures film serials
1910s American films
1910s English-language films


Coivert () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Geography
The Boutonne forms most of the commune's eastern border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Colombiers () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Geography
The river Seugne forms most of the commune's eastern border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Contré () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Corignac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Corme-Écluse () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

The village is noteworthy for its Romanesque church of the eleventh century, with a single nave and transepts with ogival vaulting. The massive crossing tower is supported on a vaulted cupola on pendentives. The richly sculptural west front, with a porch of three bays and an arcade above, was restored about 1860.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Corme-Royal () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


La Couarde-sur-Mer (, literally La Couarde on Sea) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department, New Aquitaine, southwestern France. It is situated on the Île de Ré.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Île de Ré
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated coastal places in France


Courant () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Cagny (; Picard: Cagnin) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

History
The town was occupied by Germany during World War II, and saw fighting during July 1944.  The British attacked on the 18th, but defense from a nearby Flak battery held off the attack, destroying numerous British tanks.  Eventually, the British did succeed in liberating the town.

Geography
Cagny is situated on the D161 road, on the outskirts of Amiens, about  from the centre

Population

Places of interest
The site of Cagny-La-Garenne 2 has evidence of humans Homo heidelbergensis from an inter-Ice-age environment (about 300,000 years ago).

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

(All French language)
Official website

Communes of Somme (department)


Courcelles () is a commune in the southwestern French department of Charente-Maritime.

Geography
The village lies on the right bank of the Boutonne, which forms most of the commune's eastern border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Courcerac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Courçon () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


"Unbelievable" is a song by British singer Craig David. It was written by David, Mark Taylor, and Paul Barry for his third studio album The Story Goes... (2005). The third single from the album, it was rumoured to be a double A-side of fan-favourites, "Hypnotic" and "Johnny", however it was "Unbelievable" that was chosen. It became one of David's smallest hits to date, peaking at number 18 in the UK. The disappointing performance of the song in the UK, where the first two singles charted in the top five, led "Unbelievable" to be the final single from The Story Goes.... The song was slightly remixed for the single release.

Chart performance
"Unbelievable" charted at number eighteen on the UK Singles Chart, spending five weeks within the UK top 75. It remains his second-lowest charting peak, with only "You Don't Miss Your Water ('Til the Well Runs Dry)" charting lower. David's collaboration with Kano also charted at eighteen but had a longer chart run. It did not chart elsewhere.

Music video
The music video was directed by Robert Hales.

Track listing

Notes
  signifies an additional producer

Charts

Release history

References

2005 songs
2006 singles
Craig David songs
Music videos directed by Robert Hales
Songs written by Craig David
Songs written by Mark Taylor (record producer)
Songs written by Paul Barry (songwriter)
Warner Records singles


Courcoury () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Geography
The Seugne river flows into the Charente in the commune, 2.5 km east of the village.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Cozes () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Its inhabitants are Cozillions .
The town of  Cozes forms part of the urban community Royan, which, as of 2006,  had a total population of 72,136 inhabitants.

It is part of the rural hinterland of Royan and is a hub of commercial activities and crafts.

The small town, is grouped around a church dating back to 12th and 13th centuries. Its perfectly preserved market place attracts increasing numbers of  tourists, who are brought into the area by its proximity to the resorts on the Coast of Beauty (La Côte de Beauté). It annually hosts various cultural events including the 'Southern Exposure' festival, dedicated to the cultures of Africa.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
County of Saintonge


Givat Ram () is a neighborhood in central Jerusalem. It is the site of Kiryat HaMemshala (Hebrew: קריית הממשלה, lit. Government complex), which includes many of Israel's most important national institutions, among them the Knesset (Israel's Parliament), the Israel Museum (as well as the private Bible Lands Museum), the Supreme Court, Bank of Israel, Academy of the Hebrew Language, National Library, one of the campuses of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and many government ministries' offices.

Etymology
Two versions:

 Ram is a Hebrew acronym for Rikuz Mefakdim –  , lit. officers' assembly, therefore Giv'at Ram means Officers' assembly hill.
 Ram is a Hebrew acronym for Rehavia Hamurhevet –  , lit. expansion of Rehavia, and there are maps and over evidence for the efforts to build this neighborhood in the 40's.

History

Before 1948, maps of the area drawn by the Survey of Palestine team tagged it as Karam es Sila. The name indicates it was a karam (grape field) belonging to the Sala (שלה might be originally סלע or سلع) family or the grape field near stone quarries.

Before the 1947–1949 Arab-Israeli war, the area in the north was known by the Arabs as Sheikh Badr. In December 1949, the Israeli government, headed by David Ben-Gurion, passed a resolution to build a government precinct in Jerusalem. Givat Ram, a hill in the west of the city, which had been an assembly point for the Gadna Youth Battalions, was chosen for this purpose. The topography of the site was made up of three ridges, meshed with the idea of establishing three clusters of buildings – the government precinct, a university campus and a museum. The Knesset, Israeli government offices, and the Israeli Supreme Court are located in Givat Ram, as are cultural landmarks such as the Israel Museum, the Bible Lands Museum, the Bloomfield Science Museum, a campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,  the National Library of Israel,  and Binyanei HaUma - The National Convention Center.
The northern part of the neighborhood, between the convention center and the university, where the government ministries are clustered, is officially known as Kiryat HaLeom. A new apartment project, Mishkenot Ha’uma, is being built in this area. The Wohl Rose Garden is also located in the neighborhood.

High-Tech village
The Givat Ram High-Tech Village was established jointly by the Jerusalem Development Authority and the Hebrew University. It is one of the first high tech parks in Israel built in proximity to centers of academic research. It provides a starting base for technological start-up companies.

Archaeological findings
The first salvage excavation was conducted before Binyanei HaUma was built, in July- August 1949, by M. Avi-Yonah, who unearthed hewn installations, cisterns and pools of various sizes dating to the Herodian period, bricks and tiles bearing stamps of the Tenth Roman Legion, and the remains of a monastery.

In May–June 1968, before a new hotel (then the Hilton) was built south of Binyanei HaUma, Avi-Yonah conducted a second salvage excavation. He found remains of an oval-shaped potter's kiln, a preparation area for clay, and a deep water cistern. The area had been covered by a thick layer of plaster upon which were found large mortaria and many bricks, some bearing stamps of the Tenth Legion.

During the work on a new international convention center east of Binyanei HaUma, a large salvage excavation was conducted in April–September 1992 on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority, but roughly 60% of the parking lot area had already been dug up by bulldozers.

In July 1993, a small excavation in the northwestern corner dismantled kilns of the Tenth Legion and lifted a mosaic floor of the Byzantine period.

Photo gallery

See also
Kiryat HaMemshala
Sheikh Bader cemetery or Givat Ram cemetery, Jewish Israeli cemetery used between 1948–1951

References

Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem


Cram-Chaban (; known as Cramchaban until 31 December 2022) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department, New Aquitaine, France.

Population

Its inhabitants are known as Cramois or Cramchabanais.

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Arrondissement of La Rochelle
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Crazannes () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Thurlaston is a village and civil parish in Leicestershire, England. It is in the Blaby local government district, just over  west of the City of Leicester. The 2001 census stated that the parish had a population of 745, The 2011 census (including Frolesworth) gave the population as 807.

In 1872 Thurlaston was described as:

"Thurlaston, a parish, with a village and two townships, in Blaby district, Leicester; 3½ miles SSE of Desford r. station, and 6 NE of Hinckley. It has a post-office under Hinckley. Acres, 2,980. Real property, £5,914. Pop., 698. Houses, 148."

History

The history of Thurlaston extends back as far as the Saxon era. Originally declared as "Turchilestone" in the 1086 Domesday Book, it was under the ownership of the Vicount of Leicester, Robert de Bucy from Hugh de Grandmesnil. It is later recorded in 1270 that Thurlaston fell under the ownership of Robert de Champaine, who controlled the land under the pretence of a Knight's fee allocated to him by the King.

The earliest census data regarding industries and professions in Thurlaston is the 1831 Census, with agriculture being the chief industry with 53% of occupants being involved; with handcraft and manufacturing making up the remainder. However, as of 1881's Census a more detailed classification of resident occupation was carried out, revealing 90% of industry being directly related to agriculture, with an entirely male workforce. The only recorded work of women at the time was classed as "Domestic Services". Industry in the present day has declined significantly in the agricultural area, with just 4% of the working population being involved. The prominent occupations now are the repair and trade of motor vehicles, and the manufacturing industry, which over a quarter of the entire working population is involved in.

Census data extends Thurlaston's population history back to 1881, with a population of 533. The population remained stable with little fluctuation until a decline to 378 during the 1961 census, however following this a steady growth saw the total rise to today's figure of 807, the highest figure so far recorded.

Present day

Thurlaston has a close knit community, collectively involved in such events as the Thurlaston Carnival, along with events in the village hall.

Since the 1881 census on local industries there have been large changes in occupation of residents. Agriculture is no longer the primary industry, with just 18 residents out of the 430 who are aged 16 – 74 and in work. Manufacturing has become the primary industry with 100 people being involved in a type of manufacturing in food, textiles or technology. Overall the employment data has moved with the times, with primary work becoming less prominent within communities, and the prominence of secondary and tertiary industries increasing.

Notable places

The Church of All Saints, is Thurlaston's only listed building, listed on 7 October 1957 Extensive restoration was carried out in the 1840s, mainly repairing the slate roof and renewing the Chancel Arch.

Thurlaston Village Hall is the home venue of the Thurlaston Annual General Meeting, where committee members meet to discuss the ongoings of the village. It is a traditional 1920s village hall, recently refurbished. It currently holds a variety of events, and weekly classes such as aerobics and ballroom dancing; as well as children's activities.

Thurlaston Annual Carnival has been running yearly since 1971. It features music and entertainment with varying themes each year. As of 1984 it became the "Thurlaston Craft Fair and Carnival".

Thurlaston Chapel Evangelical Free Church is a house of worship attended by some of the villagers and village families.

References

External links

Thurlaston Listed Buildings on Blaby District Council website

Villages in Leicestershire
Civil parishes in Leicestershire
Blaby


Cressé () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


La Croix-Comtesse () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dampierre-sur-Boutonne (, literally Dampierre on Boutonne) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Geography
The village lies in the southwestern part of the commune, on the left bank of the Boutonne, which forms most of the commune's western border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dœuil-sur-le-Mignon () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Duccio Innocenti (born 20 September 1975, in Prato) is an Italian association football. He is  currently managing the Lucchese football club and is a former player, who played as a defender. He won a gold medal at the 1997 Mediterranean Games in Bari with the Italy national under-21 football team.

Career

Player

Innocenti started his career at Fiorentina football club. Afterward he spent seasons with Pontedera of Serie C2 and Lucchese of Serie B, he was signed by Bari in summer 1998. Innocenti made his Serie A debut on 13 September 1998 against Venezia.

He followed Bari relegated in summer 2001, and played until summer 2003.

He was signed by Lazio on free transfer on 2 July 2003. But on 18 July 2003, he was transferred to Atalanta as part of the deal of Ousmane Dabo and Luciano Zauri.

He was a regular player for Atalanta in their 2003-04 season, but then he was promoted back to Serie A, he only played 8 games. After Atalanta relegated again in summer 2005, he played 6 times.

In January 2006, he was loaned to Messina for their rescue mission on Serie A seat, and lastly Messina stayed in the top division, but the club not willing to sign him permanently.

On 30 August 2006, he finally signed by AlbinoLeffe of Serie B. On 13 August 2007, he was signed by Serie B newcomer Grosseto. In February 2009, he was loaned, until the end of the season, to Vicenza Calcio From the season 2009-10 to 2011-12 he played for Lucchese in Eccellenza Tuscany.

Coach

In the season 2012-13 he is the manager of Lucchese in the Serie D.

References

External links
 gazzetta.it

Italian men's footballers
ACF Fiorentina players
Lucchese 1905 players
SSC Bari players
Atalanta BC players
ACR Messina players
UC AlbinoLeffe players
US Grosseto 1912 players
Lucchese 1905 managers
LR Vicenza players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Men's association football defenders
Sportspeople from Prato
1975 births
Living people
US Città di Pontedera players
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Competitors at the 1997 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in football
Italian football managers
Sportspeople from the Province of Prato
Footballers from Tuscany


Dolus-d'Oléron (, literally Dolus of Oléron) is a commune on the Isle of Oléron in the Charente-Maritime department, southwestern France. The area is mostly residential, with a village-style main street with a church and small complex of amenities including a large supermarket, petrol station, DIY shop and some other retail. At the coast is Vert Bois woods and Vert Bois beach.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Oléron
Populated coastal places in France


Dompierre-sur-Charente () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department, southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Dompierre-sur-Mer (, literally Dompierre on Sea) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department, southwestern France.

Population

Personalities
 Auguste-Louis de Rossel de Cercy
 Jacques Archambault, Early settler of New France with his wife and seven children. Dug first well in Ville-Marie Montreal for Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve.

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Le Douhet () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Échebrune () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Échillais () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Men Bingyue (; 1890–1944) was a general in the Chinese National Revolutionary Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.  As commander of the 7th Cavalry Division he participated in the Suiyuan Campaign in 1936, defeating the Japanese backed Inner Mongolian Army.  After the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 he was made Commander of the 6th Cavalry Army, fighting in the Battle of Taiyuan defending Suiyuan. In 1940 he was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 17th Army Group.  In 1941, he was made Commander of the 7th Cavalry Army.  He died in August 1944 in Chongqing.

Sources
 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations)
 Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang
 Jiangsu People's Publishing House
 Date published : 2005-7-1

 Online in Chinese: https://web.archive.org/web/20090116005113/http://www.wehoo.net/book/wlwh/a30012/A0170.htm
 第二部分：从“九一八”事变到西安事变 日本侵绥的战备企图和中日
 Part II : From the "September 18 Incident" to the Xi'an Incident  Japanese invasion of Suiyuan to prepare their planned union of China and Japan
 Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed.,1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China.

External links
 The Generals of World War II, Generals from China: Men Bingyue

1890 births
1944 deaths
Chinese people of World War II
National Revolutionary Army generals


Écoyeux () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

The inhabitants of Écoyeux are known as Écoziliens.

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Écurat () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Les Éduts () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Les Églises-d'Argenteuil () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Geography
The river Boutonne forms part of the commune's northwestern border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


L'Éguille () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Don Paolo Maria Giulio Camillo Emilio Adriano dei Principi Ruspoli (Montughi, Florence, 8 September 1899 – 1969) was an Italian and Spanish aristocrat, son of Camillo Ruspoli, 4th Marquis of Boadilla del Monte and his wife Emilia dei Conti Orlandini del Beccuto.

He was 5th Marqués de Boadilla del Monte with a Coat of Arms of Ruspoli, and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

He died unmarried and without issue and was succeeded in the title by his second cousin Camilo Ruspoli, 4th Duke of Alcudia and Sueca.

Sources

1899 births
1969 deaths
Paolo
Marquesses of Boadilla del Monte


Épargnes () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Little Oakley is a village in Essex, England, on the western outskirts of Harwich.  The parish population at the 2011 census was 1,171.

It is the site of a fourth-century Roman villa, excavated between 1951 and 1975.

Just north-east of the village is Little Oakley Channel Deposit, a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest.  It is the site of former channel of the River Thames during an interglacial period about 575,000 years ago.

References

External links

 Little Oakley Parish Council

Villages in Essex
Tendring


Esnandes () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France. Its inhabitants are known as Esnandais ().

Geography
This small town north of La Rochelle faces the bay of Aiguillon (formerly Gulf Pictons). It situates on the cliffs overlooking the bays where mussels and oysters are produced which are still culminating to this day.

History
The first written mention of Esnandes dates to 920. In 1987, archaeological excavations traced the history of Esnandes thousands of years ago. Prehistoric sites, including a salt mine is behind an Esnandes church. The Roman occupation left traces in the form of a Roman villa at the Saint-Clement.

Esnandes is famous for its revamped church. In 1622, the Council of the City of La Rochelle ordered its destruction in place for a Catholic stronghold. Its main activity include mussel farming which date back to the 13th century.

The names of the trustees of the parish have come down to us:

1737: François Dugas, mussel farmer
1754: Mathurin Michelon, innkeeper
1754–1759: François Maudet
1759–1765: Jacques Blanchard, merchant, elected on August 19, 1759
1766: Jean-Baptiste Mesnard, merchant, elected on January 24, 1766
1781: Jacques Choyau
1782–1787: Jean Maudet, died on July 13, 1787, at age 56
1787–1789: Charles Valton, mussel farmer

Population

Administration

Esnandes is one of the 28 communes of the Communauté d'agglomération de La Rochelle (Community of agglomeration of La Rochelle). It is the intercommunality with the highest population in Charente-Maritime.

Esnandes is twinned with Thorens-Glières.

Economy

There are
23 aquaculture companies producing mussels with the brand name "Charron"
5 companies in the industry: 12 in construction, 6 shops, 8 services. 8 farms
a baker, a grocery store, a butcher / deli and a coffee shop / newspaper agent.
two doctors, a pharmacist, a dentist, a nurse and a physiotherapist.
1 post office

Religious heritage
The Priory of St. Martin or Church of St. Martin belonged to the Royal Abbey of Saint-Jean-d'Angély since 1029. The original building dates back to the eleventh and twelfth century but was rebuilt and restored in the fourteenth century. Since then, it has been modified several times. In 1840, the church was recognised as a historic monument.

To this date, it still retains its Romanesque style from the twelfth century, which is decorated and framed by two booths which form a complete set of reinforcements. The bell tower is square-shaped and pierced with narrow windows. A spiral staircase gives access to walkways equipped with aliasing, machicolations and bartizans. The east wall is pierced by three windows, a postern and a ditch were added to the defense later. The nave is vaulted with warheads based on columns and form three ships and five spans with flat bed. The two Gothic sacristies are both located behind the side altars.

Religious wars have caused extensive damage. After the fall of La Rochelle (28 October 1628), repairs began in 1629 and continued until 1740. Repairs carried out throughout the building as well as the nave's vault and the choir. The church was restored again starting in 1864 then coverage was repeated in 1996.

Cultural Heritage
'The House of Mussel Culture 'Mytiliculture'

Mussel farms collect approximately 10,000 tons of shellfish products (including mussels) per year from the Bay of Aiguillon, which has been producing shellfish since 1235. The mussel farms of Esnandes (Labellisée Musée de France) reflect the strong local heritage: understanding activity and environment, the House of Mussel Farms offers films, a dynamic and interactive museum and temporary exhibitions (or closely related themes on the region, environment, fisheries, cultural exhibits are conducted jointly with various associations of the township.)

Thus, young and old can follow Mollux, the mascot, throughout the visit (in the form of comics for children) to understand the biology of mold, its environment and its predators, and the production and marketing of the black pearl of our coasts. The coastal path called "customs" attract walkers.

Personalities
Guy lords and Amaury de Vivonne (crusades of 1129 and 1194) who became kings of Cyprus and Jerusalem.
The family of Alcide d'Orbigny, French zoologist lived in a house in Esnandes.
Georges Simenon's books which are often referred to Esnandes and its neighborhoods.

See also
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

Bibliography
Publications de la Société d'Archéologie et d'histoire de L'Aunis.
Esnandes Village d'Aunis, Mme Lafon 1992.
L'Église Saint-Martin d'Esnandes, Mme Lafon 1987.
Essai pour une histoire de la cultures des moules en baie de l'Aiguillon, Jean Louis Mahé 1992.
Graffiti des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles à Esnandes, Luc Bucherie 1980.

External links

Le Piéton d'Esnandes Photographies d'Esnandes

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Populated coastal places in France


Étaules () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Located in the heart of the Arvert peninsula and the touristic region of Royannais, in the continental fringe of the "Côte de Beauté" and near the famous oyster farming zone of Marennes-Oléron, this small town is well situated in the western suburbs of Royan. The city experience constant and sustained growth for over twenty years (its population was 1,413 in 1990 and 2,375 inhabitants in 2012). With its "sisters cities" Arvert, Chaillevette and La Tremblade, Étaules forms a small conurbation of 11,630 inhabitants, with many services and shops.

The town benefits from its proximity to the seaside resorts on the Atlantic coast (Royan, Vaux-sur-Mer, Saint-Palais-sur-Mer, La Palmyre) and the forest of la Coubre, a natural reserve of biodiversity, and has developed tourism-related activities, accommodation Cap France, a camping and several seasonal dwellings. It is also an important oyster production center, with two ports : Orivol and Les Grandes Roches. The city is strongly influences by Royan, the main economic center of the area. Modernization of roads, marked by the opening of a ring road round the downtown, also facilitates connections with La Tremblade, the tiny capital of the canton.

Étaules belongs to the urban community Royan Atlantique (CARA), intercommunal structure gathering 79,441 inhabitants in 2011.

Geography

The town of Étaules is located south-west of the department of Charente-Maritime and the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in the heart of the Arvert peninsula, in the continental section of the "Côte de Beauté". The commune is in a conurbation comprising La Tremblade (the main urban centre), Arvert, and Chaillevette and could be considered part of the outlying "suburbs" of Royan which is the main urban centre and economic hub of the area. Administratively it is part of the Canton of La Tremblade and the Arrondissement of Rochefort.

The city is located 2.3 kilometers from Arvert, 3.2 kilometers from Chaillevette, 4.9 kilometers from Saint-Augustin, 5.2 kilometers from Breuillet, 5.4 kilometers from La Tremblade, 7.8 kilometers from Saint-Sulpice-de-Royan, 9.7 kilometers from Saint-Palais-sur-Mer, 9.9 kilometers from Vaux-sur-Mer, 12.9 kilometers from Royan, 15.1 kilometers from Saujon, 25.6 miles Rochefort, 35.8 kilometers from Saintes, 47.8 kilometers from La Rochelle, and 107.1 km from Bordeaux.

Etaules with the rest of the department belongs to the "Midi de la France", Southern France area - or more specifically "South Atlantic". The commune also lies within two major geographical areas: the Grand-Ouest and the Grand Sud-Ouest. Etaules has an area of 1,155 hectares consisting of a patchwork of salted marshes (the Seudre marshes) or soft marsh partially drained (the St. Augustin marshes), forests areas announcing the nearby forest of la Coubre, pastures, vineyards, agricultural "champagnes" with dominant cereal, and artificialised spaces, steadily a result of further development of the town and an urban sprawl particularly strong, especially along the road to La Tremblade-Saujon (D14), a major focus of the peninsula. This has created a continuous built over nearly seven kilometers from the exit of Chaillevette up Tremblade and Ronce-les-Bains, characterised by the construction of many housing estates and residential areas that unite the old urban cores and many hamlets previously isolated.

Oyster farms are one of the structural elements of the municipal landscape. Established along the estuary of Seudre, which here reaches an impressive width, they form a set which overlap land and water. The countryside consists of humid green meadows and extensive gray-blue mudflats (the Seudre marshes) highlighted by golden lines of reeds, hedges, and aquatic plants with, in line of sight, the Marennes steeple forming a landmark, labyrinth of water space and light, which, in lockers shimmering in the sun (the "claires"), oysters of the basin are set to refine and where they acquire their flavor and special color under the action of a pigment (marennine) produced by a microscopic algae called "navicule bleue".

Two small oyster ports, sometimes brightly painted huts, characteristics of Marennes-Oléron, punctuate this part of the town: Orivol, northwest, on the banks of the channel of the same name, lies at the junction catches of the "prise" of Malletatier and La Sause; Les Grandes Roches, a little above, is between the channels of Les Grandes Roches and Brégauds (the latter forming the administrative boundary with the municipality of Chaillevette when the channel of Orivol serves as a natural border with the town of Arvert). Natural area of rich flora and fauna, the marshes of the Seudre is a repository of rare plants and a bird sanctuary in the foreground.

Descending to the south, on the margins of the estuary of the Seudre, a little accentuated tray serves buttress these wetland areas. Gradually, as it rises towards the Groies and Beauregard, he wears the vineyards for the manufacture of brandies known in the area, cognac and Pineau des Charentes, as well as local wines. Further south lie some soft hills that form somehow the backbone of the peninsula of Arvert. Formed in Cretaceous limestones heights are in places covered with superficial formations (silt, clay) where some forests flourish. The latter, which cover no less than 150 hectares, form a dense canopy where mingle hardwood (oak, holm oaks or "yeuses" in saintongeais dialect, etc.) and softwood (mainly pine trees), the first fruits of the vast pine forest of Coubre remote barely a few kilometers, and whose balsamic scent is noticeable when the summer breezes blow. The main wood of the town are the Bois de Chassagne, the Bois des Clones, the bois des Pérets or the bois des Fougerons.

Further south (beyond a few materialized line or less by the main road), new marshes abut against the tray. The marshes of Saint-Augustin, soft to the contrary the marshes of the Seudre, cover 1586 hectares including 850 only on the comune of Étaules. Forming a transition zone between the coast and dune formations (Saint-Palais-sur-Mer, La Palmyre), they are a relic of the former Gulf of Arvert which became the Barbareu Pond in the Middle Ages, which initially connected to the sea by a small outlet (cove Brajado, now Bréjat) has gradually filled over the centuries, under the action of masses of dune sands which have cut off all communication with the estuary of the Gironde. Small islands emerged from these vast expanses Water: île de Paradis, île de Brèze, île de la Lourde... L'île/Isle d'Étaules - actually a peninsula - has long been the main population center of the parish before it is transferred to its current location. It does not exceed a height of 21 meters and retains many vines that bloom in these limestones and well exposed terrain.

With the closure of the outlet of Bréjat, canals were dug to prevent water stagnation, long disease vectors. The Grand Ecours, which forms the administrative boundary with Saint-Augustin and Les Mathes, is one of the most important. Vast green spaces consist of wet meadows crisscrossed with ditches and punctuated by groves, Saint-Augustin marshes are home to a rich and varied flora, which rushes mingle, pulicaires, water plantain or irises. Near the Fief de Bel-Air (rue du Haut-des-Bois) or L'île d'Etaules (rue du Maine-Videau), panoramic views help to understand the reality of this conservation area.

Transport

Bicycle paths
The commune has a network of bicycle paths as part of the "Pathways of Seudre" - a collaboration between the Department Council, the Agglomeration Community Royan Atlantique, and the Community of communes of the Marennes basin. The network has been operated since 2007 and allows the exploration of oyster farms and the Seudre Marsh landscape.

Public transport
The town is served by the Cara'Bus public transport network which connects to other communes in the Royannaise agglomeration. It was inaugurated on 2 January 2006 under the name " Très Royannais" and was originally composed of hybrid minibuses (electric and diesel). It has been operated since September 2008 by the Veolia Transport company and was renamed "Cara'Bus" since then.

A modernization of the urban transport network in the agglomeration on 5 January 2009 led to the purchase of Heuliez shuttle buses as well as increasing the number of regular routes from three to ten with three additional routes in summer.

Three Cara'Bus stops are located in the commune: Étaules-Syndicat d'initiative, Étaules-Église et Étaules-Cimetière, and a fourth in the entrance of the city, but in the commune of Chaillevette : Chaillevette-Rond-Point. Three bus routes serve the commune:
Route 42 starts at Étaules passing all the stops in the commune and going to La Tremblade, Ronce-les-Bains, and Marennes;
Route 41 starts from Ronce-les-Bains and goes to Cozes via La Tremblade, Arvert, Étaules, Chaillevette, Breuillet (Le Magarin stop), Saint-Sulpice-de-Royan (Fontbedeau stop), Saujon, Le Chay, and Grézac;
Route 22 connects Bramble-les-Bains to the Royan multimodal railway station via La Tremblade, Arvert, Étaules, Chaillevette, Breuillet (Centre-Ville), Vaux-sur-Mer (Val Lumière shopping centre), and Royan.

The commune is also served by the Les Mouettes departmental transport company, more specifically by the routes 409, 410, and 411 which connect Breuillet to Bourcefranc-le-Chapus via Arvert, La Tremblade, and Marennes. This service links to the main cities of the department.

Air transport
The nearest airport is that of Rochefort Saint-Agnant, about 25 kilometres north. The La Rochelle – Île de Ré Airport, 50 kilometres north, has services to some major French cities such as Paris and Lyon as well as the British Isles and Northern Europe. About 100 kilometres south-east of the commune, Bordeaux - Merignac Airport is an international airport with connections to many countries.

Policy and administration

Municipal administration
From 1789 to 1799, under the Act of 14 December 1789, the municipal agents (equivalent to mayors) were directly elected for 2 years and re-elected by the working citizens of the town aged 25 years or more who paid a tax of at least 3 days of work in the commune. Those who were eligible paid a tax equivalent to at least ten working days.

From 1799 to 1848, under the constitution of 22 Frimaire Year VIII (13 December 1799), mayors were appointed by the prefect for communes with less than 5,000 inhabitants. The Restoration established the appointment of mayors and councillors. After the 1831 organic law mayors were appointed (by the king for communes with more than 3,000 inhabitants, by the prefect for smaller) but councillors were elected by censal suffrage for six years.

From 3 July 1848 to 1851 mayors were elected by the municipal council for communes with fewer than 6,000 inhabitants.

From 1851 to 1871 mayors were appointed by the prefect for communes with less than 3,000 inhabitants and for 5 years from 1855. After 1871 mayors were elected again except in the capital towns (of departments, arrondissements, or cantons).

It was on 28 March 1882 that the current law on municipal organization was passed which governed the principle of election of the mayor and the deputy by the council whatever the size of the commune (except for Paris). The law of 5 April 1884 fixed the term to four years, a duration increased to six years on 10 April 1929.

According to its size, the commune has a council of 19 members (Article L2121-2 of the General Code of local authorities).

Canton
Etaules is one of the six communes in the Canton of La Tremblade. In 2010 it was the third most populous town behind La Tremblade and Arvert.

Inter-communality
Etaules is one of 34 communes adhering to the Urban Community of Royan Atlantique which includes the communes in the greater periphery of Royan.

Courts
Etaules depends on the Tribunal d'instance (district court) and the Conseil de prud'hommes (Labour Court) of Rochefort; the Tribunal de grande instance (High Court), the Tribunal pour enfants (Juvenile court), and the Tribunal de commerce (Commercial Court) of La Rochelle; the Tribunal administratif (Administrative Court) and the Cour d'appel  Court of Appeal of Poitiers. The Cour administrative d'appel (Administrative Court of Appeal) is in Bordeaux.

Local taxation

A regional share of the Dwelling tax is not applicable.

Professional tax was replaced in 2010 by the Land premium for companies (CFE) on the rental value of their property and the value added contribution of the business sector (CAVE) (the two forming the Territorial Economic Contribution (CET) which is a local tax introduced by the Finance Act 2010).

Population and society

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 2,475 inhabitants.

Distribution of age groups
The population of the town is relatively young. The ratio of persons above the age of 60 years (32.8%) is a little bit higher than the departmental average (29.0%) and the national average (21.8%). Unlike national and departmental allocations, the male population of the town is less than the female population (47.2% against 48.1% nationally and 48.2% at the departmental level).

Education

Etaules depends on the Academy of Poitiers. The town has a kindergarten (small, medium, and large section) and an elementary school. Both schools have a school restaurant (self-service for students from the CP).

The kindergarten, located on Charles Hervé Street (main axis of the city center), has three classes. Its numbers were 65 children during the 2011–2012 school year. Three teachers, three specialized territorial agents and a school carer supervise children. Place of awakening, kindergarten hosts an activity room (with a floor damping). Workshops educating smaller to other cultures are organized occasionally, as well as educational shows. New games have been installed in the playground by communal workshops in August 2010. Damping mats have been put in place in order to further secure these play spaces.

The elementary school, located rue des Ecoles, has five classes: CP, CE1, CE1 / CE2, CM1 and CM2. Its numbers were 124 students during the 2011–2012 school year. The faculty is composed of five teachers, assisted by an employee of school life. The school organizes sports activities throughout the year, including swimming lessons at the pool of Saujon and sailing courses at Ronce-les-Bains. As for the kindergarten, new games and rigging were set up in the playground in 2010, with the assistance of the company "OCE Loisir". Among these include in particular a secure portal providing vertical wall bars, horizontal wall bars, ladder climbing, climbing net reinforced rope, horizontal bar and a pair of gymnastic rings. The whole is protected by amortissants carpet.

The school has a new school canteen, commissioned in 2011. A home-work (local contract with schooling) has been set up for students in elementary school. In partnership with a municipal employee and in partnership with the "Relais assistance maternelle" of Royan, volunteers carrying two nights a week (Monday and Thursday) to provide assistance to children, but also to frame them for workshops (reading, crafts, etc.) and various activities; the purpose of these devices is "to promote the well-being and success of every child, but also to support the families." Finally, after-school reception service is open to school children in the town, every day of the school year, from 7:45 to 9:00 a.m. and 4:45 to 6:15 p.m.

Students of high schools are directed to the collège Fernand-Garandeau of La Tremblade, Étaules dependent school district of this city. The nearest high schools are located in Royan. The urban transport network Cara'Bus is responsible for student transportation.

Like all municipalities of the Sivom La Tremblade, Étaules adopts new school beats in September 2013. It is distinguished from its neighbors by asking a financial contribution set at €2.50 per child week, with a penalty of €5 per child in case of unjustified absence workshops.

Youth policy

Youth policy is set across the Canton of La Tremblade. It is managed by a SIVOM (Syndicat intercommunal à vocations multiples) and aims to accommodate children outside school times. It consists of three divisions: infants, children (3–12 years), and youths (13–18 years). Three Nursery schools are open to children of the canton: "La Farandole" and "Pirouettes Cacahuètes" in Arvert town centre, and "Les petites goules" at La Tremblade.

The cantonal leisure centre is located in the commune and is open to children from 3 years old. It is a Summer camp without accommodation offering crafts, expression workshops, games, and activities (tree climbing, swimming, horseback riding, etc.). Mini-camps are organized during the summer. Finally, the "Maison de La Treille" at La Tremblade is open to youths aged 13 to 18 years. It offers sports activities, workshops, and outings (surfing, paintball, diving, etc.). It also offers a room with video games and internet access. Young people can also submit their own projects.

The town has a playground dedicated to children 1 to 12 years since December 2013. Designed as a 'Espace multiloisirs ", it is located close to the main stadium and sports facilities of the municipality (skate park, fitness trail). Arranged with the assistance of the company "Quali-Atlantic City", which is responsible for the manufacturing and installation, it consists of six different structures: a game "Squirrel" spring (from 1 to 6 years ), a swing (from 2 to 8 years), a "castle" structure (ladders, climbing net, slide and tunnel - from 2 to 6 years), a "palm tree" structure (net climb, descent mast, slide - from 2 to 12 years), a "pyramid" structure (climbing net - from 6 years) and a portico with two swings.

This recreation area for children reinforces the existing supply in neighboring municipalities including Arvert, which also has a "Parc de Loisirs" of equipment provided to the youngest.

Media

Television
The transmitters at Royan-Vaux-sur-Mer and Niort-Maisonnay allow the reception of 18 free channels of Digital terrestrial television (TNT) across the whole commune including the local France 3 Poitou-Charentes station. On 31 May 2009, the high-power transmitter was among the first to broadcast a new multiplex which allowed the reception of the first transmissions of High-definition television (HD).

Radio
Most national radio stations present in the department can be heard in the commune. Departmental information is relayed by public radio station France Bleu La Rochelle. The local radio stations that can be heard in the commune are mainly:
Vogue Radio (a local radio station of the La Tremblade agglomeration whose studios are in Arvert and which is transmitted throughout the peninsula, including Royan),
Demoiselle FM (general broadcasting from Rochefort with studios in Saint-Georges-de-Didonne)
Terre Marine FM (general broadcasting from Fouras)
Mixx radio (techno, dance, and electronic music broadcasting from Cognac and retransmitted by the Saintes transmitter)
RCF Accords Charente-Maritime (religious broadcasting from La Rochelle).
Wit FM (general broadcasting from Bordeaux) can sometimes be heard but randomly depending on weather conditions.

Press
Local press is represented by the daily Sud Ouest, headquartered in Bordeaux, which has a local edition from Royan.

Broadband Internet
Two Main distribution frame are located in the commune. In 2013, they are unbundled by several alternative operators (SFR, Free, and Bouygues Telecom) in addition to the incumbent operator, Orange. ADSL, ADSL2+, Re-ADSL 2, and ADSL television are available in the commune.

Worship
Etaules belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes which has been a sub-division of the Ecclesiastical province of Poitiers since 2002 (Ecclesiastical Province of Bordeaux before that date) and the Deanery of Royan. The parish is included in the Parish of the Arvert Peninsula centred on La Tremblade.

Etaules houses a Church of the Reformed Church where there are services on some Sundays at 10:30am, alternating between La Tremblade, Marennes, Arvert, and Chaillevette.

Other religions do not have a place of worship in the town.

Economy

The commune is at the centre of an attractive labour pool: the employment zone of Royan (coming from the partition of the former employment zone of Saintonge maritime, which included many communes of Pays Rochefortais, Pays Marennes-Oleron and Pays Royannais), with 27,753 jobs in 2008. The Employment zone of Royan is, with that of La Rochelle, the most dynamic region in Poitou-Charentes with both enjoying "an economic fabric and a dynamic demography" (INSEE). Growth is particularly strong due to the development of tertiary activities.

186 establishments were identified in the commune by INSEE on 31 December 2010 - mostly very small businesses: 30.6% with from 1-9 employees and only 4.3% over 10 employees. The sectors of oyster farming and agriculture remain important in the community, the two of them having 23.7% of employees. Thirty oyster farms are located in Etaules, mostly in the two ports of Les Grandes Roches and Orivol who operate all the production, refining, and shipping of oysters from the Marennes-Oléron basin.

Trades and services are booming as a consequence of the development of the area and the benefits of tourism which does not only concern the coastal communities. The proximity of resorts on the Côte de Beauté (Saint-Palais-sur-Mer, La Palmyre, and also Ronce-les-Bains ) and a pine forest on the outskirts of the town (Forest of la Coubre) account for a growing increase in tourism which has helped in the establishment of appropriate infrastructure (campsites, guest houses and accommodation "Cap France") and a tourist office in the city centre. In 2010, commerce, services (for people and business), and tourism together employed 47.3% of the work force. The construction sector, which is in third place, has also had great development and employs 16.7% of the work force: a figure to be compared with the departmental average which is 10.6%. Public administration, education, health, and social welfare employ 9.6% of the workforce and Industry, which is only slightly represented in the commune, only employs barely 2.7% of the work force.

The commune has many shops that complement those already present in the neighbouring communes of La Tremblade and Arvert: these three towns form a single entity closely linked at the macro-economic level. The shops are concentrated in the town centre, essentially in the Charles Hervé street, La Granderie street and "Place de Verdun". The town centre has two supermarkets (Coop and Vival), two bakeries, one butcher, one library/newsagent, two restaurant (Italian and one fast-food), one bar, two estate agents, a computer store, and two hair salons. The nearby city of Arvert has a supermarket (Carrefour City) surrounded by a small mall with a petrol station, an ALDI hard-discount store and a Super U hypermarket (2,985 square metres of sales area).

The nearest major shopping area are in Royan (CC Val Lumière and Hyper Intermarché in Vaux-sur-Mer and CC Royan II and E. Leclerc in Royan).

Culture
Cultural facilities
Etaules has a Public Library located on Charles Hervé street.

Saintongeais language

The commune is located in the linguistic area of Saintonge, a dialect belonging to the family of Langues d'oïl branch of the Romance languages, which also includes French, Angevin, Picard, and Poitevin with which it is often grouped in the broader classification of Poitevin-Saintongeais.

Saintongeais (saintonjhais) is the vernacular spoken in the former provinces of Aunis, Saintonge, and Angoumois. It is also called Charentais or patois Charentais. Speakers are called patoisants. Saintongeais strongly influenced Acadian and therefore, by extension, Cajun. Quebecois was influenced by dialects such as Norman, Francien, and Saintongeais.

The Saintongeais language has many features in common with languages such as Cajun or Acadian which is explained by the Saintonge origins of some of the emigrants to New France in the 17th century.

Gastronomy
Saintonge gastronomy is mainly focused on three types of products: the products of the land, the sea, and the vine.

Pork preparations dominate the regional cuisine:
gratons or grillons, kinds of Rillettes based on fried meats and preserved in their fat,
gigorit or gigourit, a Jugging combining blood, throat, liver, and onions, sauce de la pire, onions, and local white wine.

The Saintonge kitchen includes many recipes for cagouilles, the local name of the brown garden snail. Saintonge meat is especially cooked "à la charentaise" - i.e. cooked in a broth accented with white wine, garlic, and bread crumbs.

Among other local specialties there are the pibales (Eels) (fry of eel caught in the Gironde, speciality of Mortagne-sur-Gironde and Blaye), oysters from Marennes-Oléron, sardines of Royan, thyeusses de gueurnouilles (Frog legs), and sanglette - a cake prepared with chicken blood and cooked onions.

Traditional desserts are from peasant cuisine: Millas (cornflour cake, found in much of the South-West of France), galette charentaise (Charente waffle) in Charentes-Poitou butter, or "merveilles" (doughnuts).

Etaules is located in the wine production area of "ordinary wood".

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Floirac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, southwestern France. On 1 January 2018, the former commune of Saint-Romain-sur-Gironde was merged into Floirac. Floirac is situated near the Gironde estuary, 27 km southeast of Royan.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime