Tlalpujahua (; formally Tlalpujahua de Rayón) is a town and municipality located in the far northeast of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. It is a former mining town, home of the Dos Estrellas Mine, which was the leading producer of gold in the early 20th century. A major landslide of mud and mining debris damaged this mine and buried about one-third of the town in 1937. Mining continued until 1959, but nationalization of the mine by President Cardenas in the 1930s led to the demise of the mine and impoverishment of the town. In the 1960s, a local by the name of Joaquín Muñoz Orta began making Christmas tree ornaments here. This eventually grew into what is now one of the largest producers of ornaments called Adornos Navideños SA de CV. In addition to this and another factory, there are about 150 small workshops dedicated to making Christmas items, with about 70% of the town's economy based on it. In 2005, the town, with its narrow stone streets and adobe/stone houses with red tile roofs, was made a Pueblo Mágico as part of its efforts to attract tourism.

The town

Mining town

The town proper is small with only 3,704 residents (2005). It is filled with stone paved streets which rise and fall markedly, with the rugged terrain it is built on. Along the streets there are houses with thick walls made of adobe and/or pink sandstone, topped with peaked roofs covered in red tile. A number has wooden balconies and other wood details and look like chalets. The houses are built this way due to the winter months which are cold and sometimes snowy. (decarlan) Surrounding the town are rugged forested mountains.  In 2005, Tlalpujahua became the 20th town to be declared a Pueblo Mágico, as part of its efforts to attract tourism. However, it is still quiet with few traffic problems despite the narrow streets.

Tlalpujahua's history is tied to mining, with the peak period for this activity spanning the very late 19th century to the 1930s, although mining had been done in this area since pre-Hispanic times.  The major mine of the area was the Dos Estrellas Mine, which was established when a miner by the name of Nacho Ramírez found a rich vein, while employed by Frenchman Francois Joseph Fournier in 1898. This mine was the largest producer of gold, producing  of gold and  of silver.  A major landslide caused damage to the mine in 1937. Nationalization of the mine by President Cardenas in the 1930s led to decreased investment and modernization that was previously provided by its private French owners, and the government controlled mine closed in 1959, devastating the economy of the town. Today, the mine has been converted into a museum called the Museo Tecnológico Minero Siglo 19. The exhibits are housed in the mine's original buildings, almost all of which have been preserved. The mine museum contains mining equipment and a collection of old photographs depicting the life and times of the area during its mining heyday, and is the first of its kind in Mexico.  Some of the buildings also hold workshops and other events and others have been left as they were, such as the old mechanics shop, which is claimed to be where parts of the first airplane made in Mexico were forged. The garden areas of the museum contain sculptures made with materials found in the mine in forms such as butterflies and erupting volcanoes. They were made by Gustavo Bernal, the director of the museum and the one to bring the museum into existence. The museum also has a bookshop and café. http://www.museominadosestrellas.com.mx

Christmas tree ornaments

Tlalpujahua is one of a number of former mining communities in this area, along with Angangueo and El Oro, Mexico State. What sets it apart is that it has become a major producer of Christmas tree ornaments, especially glass spheres. The industry began with Joaquín Muñoz Orta, who left his hometown with his family in the 1950s to Chicago, where he worked at a factory making artificial Christmas trees. He returned to Mexico in the early 1960s, but since there was still no work in Tlalpujahua, he went to Mexico City where he set up a small Christmas tree workshop with his family. They initially sold the trees in places such as the La Merced Market, but soon after they began to offer blown glass Christmas tree ornaments as well. These were more popular than the trees. By the end of the decade, they decided to move their workshop home to Tlalpujahua, which has since become Adornos Navideños SA de CV. Today, the company has about 1,000 employees, five plants and fifteen workshops. It is considered the largest such enterprise in Latin America,(esferas) and one of the five largest in the world. Each year, the factory produces about 38 million spheres, 26 million of which are exported.

This is one of two established large factories in the town. In addition, there are about 150 smaller workshops making various kinds of handcrafted Christmas decorations and most families in the area make them on the side at home.  Even with large-scale production, creation of the glass spheres is still mostly artisanal, including the blowing of the glass and painting. Handcrafted spheres are blown, usually by men.  When cool, the glass spheres are usually taken to be covered in a silver nitrate or similar solution, to give them a metallic look.  Colors vary and include red, pink, yellow, blue gold and pearl. The classic ornaments are simple glass spheres but there are over a thousand different models available with shapes such as fruits, Santa Claus, pencils, dolls, snowmen, monkeys and many more. Workshops in the area have over 300 standard designs for the sphere, which include hearts, stars, harlequins, flowers, comets and more. Most of the painters are women. A number of the designs of the glass spheres are unique to the town.  The creation of these glass spheres have given the town a reputation. Local authorities see the ornament industry as a way to stem emigration out of the area. The industry employs about 10,000 people, and accounts for about 70% of the town's economy. As of 2015, there were about 200 workshops in town that produced more than 100 million ornaments per year. From November to early December, the seat hosts an annual fair dedicated to Christmas decorations called the Arte Navideño. It exhibits ornaments, trees and other Christmas decorations. About 5% of the ornaments are sold during the fair, 35% in the rest of Mexico and about 60% are exported to countries such as the US, Canada, Argentina, Japan and Malaysia.

Churches

The main church of the town is alternately called the Parish of San Pedro y San Pablo or the Del Carmen Sanctuary/Temple. The Santuario del Carmen was formerly dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul. It was constructed in the first half of the 18th century, when mining in the area was good by Felipe Neri Valleza. It originally had rich Baroque ornamentation both inside and out. Today, one can still see the Baroque portal of two levels and a crest that forms a pinnacle. The levels are divided by paths which guard religious figures in its niches. In 2009, outside lights were installed to illuminate the church as part of efforts to bring tourism to the town as a Pueblo Mágico. The interior's original decoration, including its original five Baroque altars were destroyed and redone between 1858 and 1871.  The last remodeling of the interior came in the late19th and very early 20th centuries. The project was sponsored by Father José María Galván and done by artisan Joaquín Orta Menchaca, using new techniques to sculpt flowers, other vegetative motifs, mouldings and more in plaster and ceramic on the walls of the church. All of these and the remaining flat spaces on the walls and ceiling were painted in various colors. This style has been repeated in the Church of San Francisco in Tlalpujahua and the Sanctuary of Guadalupe in Morelia. At first glance the work of Orta Menchaca looks to be a late version of Baroque, but it is really an eclectic style. It is considered to be an original work and a contribution to Mexican art.

The church was originally dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul. Today, the main altar has an image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel painted on a portion of an adobe wall flanked by images of Saints Peter and Paul. The Mount Carmel image comes from a former chapel dedicated to her, which was built in the 16th century by hacienda owner Juan Galindo. The image itself dates back at least to the 18th century. In 1937, a major landslide buried much of the town's principle blocks, and killed over 400 people.  All that can be seen from the buried area is the bell tower of the chapel. The wall on which the image was painted was also undamaged. According to local lore, the face of the image was also above the debris and the landslide stopped just short of the wall.  The salvation of the image was considered to be a miracle. This adobe wall was carefully cut away from the rest of the ruined building and moved to the parish church over 1.5 km away. The project was realized by the residents themselves with an estimated 12,000 taking part in some way.  In 1965, Our Lady of Mount Carmel was declared the patroness of the municipality and on 16 July, she is honored, bringing thousands to the church from in and  around the municipality.

The monastery of San Francisco was built in Baroque style in the 17th century. It was home to poet Manuel Martínez de Navarrete, who is exhibited in effigie in the central courtyard. The Santiago Puxtla Church was built in the 16th century and its fronted by a graveyard. It is a simple construction which originally was a church for the local indigenous. It is still used by locals and one of its main events is Day of the Dead. The chapel of Señor Jesús del Monte is one of the oldest churches in the municipality. It contains a Christ image in “pasta de caña” (corn stalk paste), made using indigenous techniques.

Other landmarks and events

The Casa de los López Rayón (Rayon House) is a museum dedicated to the town's mining past and the Rayon brothers’ role in the War of Independence. The museum was opened in 1973 and contains items such as photographs, machines, plans, utensils, helmets, archives and letters.  On 13 November, local schools participate in parades and theatrical depiction about the Lopez Rayon brothers, Ignacio, Francisco, José María and Ramón.

The town's crafts and food are offered for sale, especially on Sunday, the weekly market day. Most craft items are related to Christmas, but other crafts such as locally made pre-Hispanic style feather work and items make of wood, brass, iron, stone and silver as well as pottery are available as well. One local workshop called La Estanzuela produces high fire ceramics. In the markets and restaurants in town popular dishes such as barbacoa, and  “cabeza de res” (beef head), both traditionally cooked in adobe ovens, are available. Other common dishes include soups made with local mushrooms, preserved fruits and bread made with pulque, corundas, turkey in mole, pickled nopales and a sweet bread called pan de pucha.

Since 2008, at the end of the October, it hosts the annual Festival Internacional de Cine Fantástico y de Terror Mórbido (International Festival of Fantasy and Morbid Terror Cinema). While movies and film are featured, there are also events related to local culture, workshops, seminars, music and dance. The films are from both Mexico and abroad, from classics of the 1950s to new films. The event is sponsored by a number of organizations including Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografía, the Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, the state of Michoacán and local authorities. Tlalpujahua is host to the most important horror film festival in Mexico. The films are shown in a number of venues, including the town's old theatre and even inside an old mine. The festival gives young filmmakers a chance to show their work and have it voted on by attendees. The 2010 festival paid homage to the Cardona family, which has made over one hundred films, many of which were of the horror and suspense variety. (morbido)

The municipality
As municipal seat, the town of Tlalpujahua is the local governing authorities for about 80 named communities, which cover an area of .  The municipality has a total population of 25,373 (2005), but on 3,704 live in the town proper. The municipality is located in the far northeast of the state, and borders the municipalities of Contepec, Senguuio and Maravatío with the State of Mexico to the east. It is 156 km from the capital of Morelia.  The municipality is connected to Atlacomulco and Morelia via Federal Highway 126. There are state highways that link it to Venta de Bravo, Santa María de los Angeles and Angangueo. Other important communities include San Francisco de Los Reyes, Tlacotepec, Tlapujahuilla, San Pedro Taríbaro, Los Remedios and Santa María de los Angeles.  As of 2005, there were only 49 people in the municipality that spoke an indigenous language, mostly Purépecha. While the municipality had a negative growth rate in the 1990s, due to emigration, it has since grown from 18,376 in 1995 to 25,373 in 2005. Almost all profess the Catholic faith with a small community of Evangelicals.

The municipality lies within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. It is mountainous dominated by the Sierra de Tlalpujahua, with peaks such as Somera, Campo del Gallp, Aguilas, San Miguel and Santa Maria. It has one river called the San José, with arroyos such as the Naranjas and Ciénega. There are also fresh water springs and two dams called the Brockman and the Estanzuela. It has a temperate climate with rain all year round. Average temperatures vary from  to . The municipality is dominated by forests of pine, oyamel and juniper with some areas having holm oak and cedar. Wildlife includes cacomixtle, raccoons, weasels, armadillos, and wild fowl.  The area is part of a rugged mountain chain that separates the state of Michoacán from neighboring State of Mexico. Like neighboring areas such as Angangueo and El Oro, State of Mexico, it is an area historically rich in minerals. While not part of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, it is only  from the Sierra Chincua, which is the second most important sanctuary in the Reserve.

Mining is no longer performed in the municipality, although there are still deposits of gold, silver and copper. The most important economic activity now is industry, mostly the making of Christmas related items. This is concentrated in the town of Tlalpujahua and the community of San Francisco de Los Reyes, and accounts for 29% of GDP. Other products include pencil sharpeners, stone products and textiles. Agriculture and livestock is second in importance. Principle crops include corn, beans and fava beans. Livestock include cattle, pigs, sheep and domestic fowl. It accounts for twenty percent of economic activity.  In recent years, the municipality has been making efforts to attract tourism including gaining the status of Pueblo Mágico in 2005. Commerce and services is limited to small and medium –sized enterprises catering to local and tourist needs.

Outside the municipal seat, there are a number of tourist attractions. The Hermanos Rayón National Park, also called the Campo del Gallo Park, was created in 1952 by President Miguel Alemán Valdés. This was the area in which the López Rayón brothers had their headquarters during the early War of Independence. At the highest point, there is a monument in their honor. Another ecotourism area is the Mineral Casa de Campo, located in a forest with oaks, holm oaks, oyamels and eucalyptus trees. The area offers cabins for up to twelve people and tours of nearby monarch butterfly sanctuaries. The Brockman Dam offers activities such as camping, mountain biking, skiing, canoeing and more. It is located 15 minutes outside the town.

History
In pre-Hispanic times, the area was initially dominated by the Mazahuas, with Tlalpujahuac as its original name. This comes from Nahuatl and means spongy or flabby land. The Purépecha took over the area in 1460, but the Aztecs invaded under Axayacatl. The area remained a point of contention between the Aztec Empire and Purépecha Empire until the Spanish conquest of both empires.

After the Spanish conquest, the area was made part of the Tarimeo encomienda, under the control of Gaspar de Avila.  Gold had been mined by the indigenous in the area before the Spanish arrived,  and by 1558, the Spanish rediscovered mining in these mountains. This rediscovery brought an influx of Spanish settlement to the area and the mining camp took on the name of Real de Minas de Tlalpujahua in 1560. In 1570, it was named a “alcaldia mayor” (principal town) which was under the direct control of the viceroy.  In 1593, the leader of the mining community, Gaspar de Solís, under orders from the viceroy, created the first parish for the indigenous, and traced out the first blocks of a formal Spanish town. In 1603, it was formally established. Around this time, chapels such as the Nuestra Señora del Carmen and San Lorenzo were constructed.  The monastery and church of San Francisco was also established. After the bishopric of Michoacán was split from that of Mexico City, there was conflict again as to which Tlalpujahua belonged. Eventually, the interventions of Vasco de Quiroga made it part of Michoacán.

At the beginning of the 18th century, a fire destroyed part of the town, taking with it a number of important buildings and archives.  A new parish church was constructed in 1750. By 1765, the parish also included the communities of San Miguel Tlacotepec, San Juan Tlalpujahuilla, Santa Maria, Nuestra Señora de los Remedios and San Pedro Tarimangacho. The early mines began to give out in 1769.

The town played a role in the early part of the Mexican War of Independence. Ignacio López Rayón formed an insurgent group after the death of Hidalgo called the Suprema Junta Nacional Americana in Zitácuaro. When royalist troops arrived to that city, he retreated to his hometown of Tlalpujahua and established his base of operations. Along with his brothers, he fortified the Cerro del Gallo Mountain, created arms and munitions and reestablished the armed insurgency.  It is from here as well that Ignacio Rayon sent to José María Morelos a document called Elementos de nuestra Constitución (Elements of Our Constitution),  which contained individual guarantees to be granted to those in insurgent held territories. They also set up a printing press at the site. However, in 1813, royalist troops took Tlalpujahua and forced the evacuation of the Cerro del Gallo. Another supporter of independence, Father Juan Antonio Romero was executed in the town, before Francisco López Rayón took it back in 1815.  The war shattered the economy of the town, and most of its mines were abandoned. Despite this, it became a municipality in 1822.  Mining was reactivated in 1825, with the arrival of the English, but it lasted only for three years.

In 1859, the municipality's name was changed to Mineral de Rayón, to honor the López Rayón brothers. It would later be changed to the current Tlalpujahua de Rayón.  In 1861, it was the seat of a district comprising Angangueo, Contepec, and itself. In 1862, Conservative forces took control of the town, which was taken back a short time later by Liberal General Rafael Cuéllar.

In 1874, the state of Michoacán attempted to restart large scale mining.  However, success came at the very end of the century, when a large vein of gold ore was found on the Cerro de Somero by a worker employed by Frenchman Francois Joseph Fournier. The strike was rich and made Tlalpujahua the most important producer of gold between 1908 and 1913. This strike consolidated into the Dos Estrellas Mine. This and other older mines returned to profitability due to French and English technology, made Tlalpujahua and neighboring El Oro, a magnet for foreign workers, who came from Europe, the U.S. and even Asia. It also brought modern infrastructure such as railroad telegraph. Tlalpujahua claims to have had electric lights first in the country, even before Mexico City.

Mining came to an abrupt halt when on 27 May 1937, a major landslide buried about one-third of the town and damaged the Dos Estrellas Mine. The material was actually mining debris from deep inside the earth, so when it settled, it formed into a kind of concrete. Only the tower of the former chapel is visible today. This damaged the mine, but it was the nationalization of the mine by President Cardenas in the 1930s that led to it closing in 1959. As Dos Estrellas was the main economic engine of the area, its closing all but killed mining in Tlalpujahua, and people began migrating to other parts of Michoacan. The population dropped from 25,000 in the 1930s to only 600 in 1960.

All mining activity ended in 1959. The rise of the Christmas tree ornament industry and tourism has revived the economy somewhat. The industry began with Joaquín Muñoz Orta, who left his hometown with his family in the 1950s to Chicago, where he worked at a factory making artificial Christmas trees. He returned to Mexico in the early 1960s, but since there was still no work in Tlalpujahua, he went to Mexico City where he set up a small Christmas tree workshop with his family. They initially sold the trees in places such as the La Merced Market, but soon after they began to offer blown glass Christmas tree ornaments as well. These were more popular than the trees. Eventually, they decided to move their workshop home to Tlalpujahua, which has since become Adornos Navideños SA de CV. Today, the company has about 1,000 employees, five plants and fifteen workshops.

References

Municipalities of Michoacán

Mining communities in Mexico
Pueblos Mágicos
Populated places established in 1560


The Kitchener Spirit were a professional soccer team in Kitchener, Ontario that played in the Canadian Soccer League.  The team debuted in the 1990 season as the Kitchener Spirit and were renamed the Kitchener Kickers in 1991. The club folded following the 1991 season.

History

In 1990, the team joined the semi-professional Canadian Soccer League as the Kitchener Spirit. During their debut season, they set a league record for goals scored in a game with an 8–1 victory over the London Lasers. They finished fourth in their division, advancing to the playoffs, where they defeated the Toronto Blizzard in the first round in penalty kicks before falling in the semi-finals against the Hamilton Steelers. They were coached by John McGrane in 1990, but he departed after the season.

After the 1990 season, the team changed owners and became known as the Kitchener Kickers with player Drew Ferguson becoming the team's head coach. The club failed to make the playoffs, winning only four matches amid rumours of financial instability. Just three weeks before the start of the 1992 league season, the club folded.

The Kitchener–Waterloo region was without a professional team since the Kickers departed in 1991, until SC Waterloo Region joined the later Canadian Soccer League in 2011, while K–W United FC played in the pre-professional Premier Development League from 2013 until 2017.

Seasons

Coaches
 John McGrane (1990)
 Drew Ferguson (1991)

Notable players

References

Canadian Soccer League (1987–1992) teams
Defunct soccer clubs in Canada
Soccer clubs in Ontario
Sport in Kitchener, Ontario


David Edward 'Davey' Boyd (16 August 1927 – 15 December 2017) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Port Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

Port Adelaide
Boyd was a key member of the strong Port Adelaide side of the 1950s, playing in seven premiership sides.

He made his debut in 1948 and although he started as a forward he soon developed into a centreman, the position that he would play the majority of his career in. He was a Magarey Medallist in 1956 and a regular interstate representative for South Australia, appearing in three carnivals. He finished his career in 1960 after playing a total of 222 games for Port Adelaide.

Personal life
Boyd's sons Greg and Russell also played for Port Adelaide.

Honours
He is a half forward flanker in Port Adelaide's official 'Greatest Team' from 1870 to 2000.

References

External links

Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
1927 births
2017 deaths
Place of birth missing


Indrabhuti (alternatively King Ja) is a name attributed to a number of individuals that have become conflated in Vajrayana Buddhism. One Indrabhuti, considered a Mahasiddha, was a disciple of Lawapa.

Identities of the king
Samten Karmay attempted to identify the different personages known as Indrabhutai.

Conflation of Indrabhuti related to conflation of Oddiyana
The matter of the conflation of Indrabhuti and at least one evocation of the historicity of a particular personage by that name is intimately connected with the location of 'Oddiyana' (the locality denoted by the term 'Oddiyana' whether in each case cited is Swat Valley or Odisha or some other location is glossed with a suite of orthographic representations and near homophones which require further case-by-case examination and exploration), Odisha and the cult of Jaganath and a number of texts that inform the matter such as the Sādhanamālā, Kālikā Purāṇa, Caturāsiti-siddha-Pravṛtti, Jñānasiddhi as Donaldson (2001: p. 11) frames an overview of some of the debate and then ventures further salience:
In his argument, P. C. Bagchi states that there are two distinct series of names in Tibetan: (1) O-rgyān, U-rgyān, O-ḍi-yā-na, and (2) O-ḍi-vi-śā, with the first series connected with Indrabhūti, i.e., Oḍiyăna and Uḍḍiyāna, while the second series falls back on Oḍi and Oḍiviśa, i.e., Uḍra (Orissa) and has nothing to do with Indrabhūti. N.K. Sahu objects, however, and points out that these two sets of names are seldom distinguished in Buddhist Tantra literature, and opines that the words Oḍa, Oḍra, Uḍra, Oḍiviśa and Oḍiyāna are all used as variants of Uḍḍiyāna. In the Sādhanamālā, he further points out, Uḍḍiyāna is also spelt as Oḍrayāna while in the Kālikā Purāṇa, as indicated earlier, it is spelt either Uḍḍiyāna or Oḍra. There is also evidence, Sahu continues, that Indrabhūti is the king of Orissa rather than of the Swāt valley. The Caturāsiti-siddha-Pravṛtti, for example, mentions him as the king of Oḍiviśa while Cordier, in his Bṣtān-ḥgyur catalogue, gives sufficient indications of his being the king of Orissa. Also, in his famous work Jñānasiddhi, king Indrabhūti opens it with an invocation to Lord Jagannātha, a deity intimately associated with Orissa and with no other area of India.

King Ja, receiver of gifts from the sky
According to Nyingma tradition, King Ja (also known as Indrabhuti) taught himself intuitively from "the Book" of the Tantric Way of Secret Mantra (that is Mantrayana) that magically fell from the sky along with other sacred objects and relics "upon the roof of King Ja" according to Dudjom (1904–1987), et al. (1991: p. 613 History) this happened on the Tibetan calendar year of the Earth Monkey, which Dudjom  et al. identify as 853 BC[E]. King Ja taught Kukuraja, the "Dog King", from "the Book." This date of 853 BC[E] is problematic as it puts the event prior to the dates of the historical Buddha Shakyamuni circa 500 BCE as well as prior to the emergence of Tantra in any of its historical permutations according to modern Western peer-reviewed scholarship bar the lineages of the Bonpo (the dates are according to Bonpo tradition which are contended with) which not 'officially' tantric have many elements akin to tantra traditions. Moreover, it should be stated that the falling of Buddhadharma relics upon a Tibetan royal palace also happened in the case of Thothori Nyantsen and these two stories (i.e. the story of Thothori Nyantsen and the narrative of King Ja) may have influenced each other as they share a distinctive motif of magical realism.

Dudjom (1904–1987), et al. (1991: p. 460 History)  also include another important source that impacts on this story of King Ja and salient dates for the greater tantric tradition, particularly the dating of the emergence of the texts of Anuyoga with the provision of a quote of what Dudjom  et al.  identify as a "prediction" found in the fifth chapter of the 'Tantra which Comprises the Supreme Path of the Means which Clearly Reveal All-Positive Pristine Cognition' (Wylie: kun bzang ye shes gsal bar ston pa'i thabs kyi lam mchog 'dus pa'i rgyud, Nyingma Gyubum Vol.3) which Dudjom,  et al., render in English thus:
The Mahayoga tantras will fall onto the palace of King Ja. The Anuyoga tantras will emerge in the forests of Singhala [Dudjom et al. identify Singhala as located in Ceylon].

Indrabhuti, at the time of Tilopa, disciple of Kambalapada
Choudhury (2007: p. 6) states in relation to Indrabhuti who was the disciple of Kambalapada (fl. 10th century):
The Sidhacharyas popularised the tenets of vajrayana by composing numerous texts. Indrabhuti, disciple of the saint Kambalapada, created a sensation by composing his famous treatise 'yajnasidhi'.

Indrabhuti learned of 'insight' (Sanskrit: prajñā) though the instruction of Tilopa (988–1069 CE).

See also
Luipa
Dream Yoga

References

Mahasiddhas
Indian scholars of Buddhism
Buddhist yogis
History of Sambalpur
People from Sambalpur


Route 133 is a state highway in western Connecticut, running from U.S. Route 202 in Brookfield to Route 67 in Bridgewater.

Route description

Route 133 begins as Junction Road at an intersection with US 202 in western Brookfield. It heads east across the Still River and US 7 without a junction along the "Lance Corporal John T. Schmidt Memorial Bridge", heading towards Brookfield Center. At Brookfield Center, it has a junction with Route 25, which leads to the Brookfield Four Corners (the town center) and to Newtown. Past Route 25, it becomes Obtuse Road, passing by Center Elementary School, as it continues for another  to the Housatonic River and Lake Lillinonah. It crosses the Housatonic on the Southville Bridge and enters the town of Bridgewater. In Bridgewater, the road turns north and becomes Main Street South as it proceeds towards the town center. It continues north in Bridgewater as Main Street North for another , until it ends at an intersection with Route 67 north of the town center.

History
In the 1920s, the alignment of modern Route 133 was known as State Highway 182. In 1932, Route 133 was created and used part of old Highway 182 from Federal Road (US 202) to Brookfield Center, then turned north along Whisconier Road (modern Route 25) to end back at Federal Road in Brookfield village. The portion of Old Highway 182 north and east of Brookfield Center was assigned as part of Route 25. In April 1943, the alignments of Routes 25 and 133 in Brookfield were exchanged to conform to traffic patterns, which relocated the northern terminus of Route 133 to Clapboard Road, a former alignment of Route 67. The bridge over the Housatonic River was replaced in 1955 as part of the creation of Lake Lillinonah. In 1959, Route 67 was re-routed from Clapboard Road to its current location and Route 133 extended to meet the new alignment.

Major intersections

References

External links

Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Transportation in Litchfield County, Connecticut
133
Brookfield, Connecticut
Bridgewater, Connecticut


Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School is a public high school located in Hyde Park, New York in Dutchess County. Named for President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who grew up in Hyde Park, the school serves about 1,300 students in grades 9 to 12 in the Hyde Park Central School District.

History

The original high school building (now Haviland Middle School) was built on land donated to the town by local farmer Ben Haviland. Construction began in 1938 and was one of three schools erected as a Depression-era Public Works Administration project in Hyde Park.

It was originally called the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Junior-Senior High School and may be the only public high school in the United States built under the auspices of, and named for, a sitting president. President Roosevelt dedicated the school to the town in 1940, and the school graduated its first class in 1941.

As enrollment increased, the town began construction on the current high school building which opened in 1965. An addition was added to the rear of the school in 1976. The outdoor athletic complex was upgraded in 2013 with a new multi-sport football field, grandstands, track and field facilities, and a concession stand.

The original building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

Notable alumni

Artists
Joe Quinones, comic book artist best known for his work on such titles as Spider-Man, Star Wars, and the Eisner award-winning, Wednesday Comics.

Authors
Carolyn Adams Garcia — author, artist, former wife of Jerry Garcia
Keith W. Olson — author of 20th-century history in U.S.
Justin Taylan — World War II historian and author
Bradford Pearson — journalist and author of "The Eagles of Heart Mountain" (2021)

Business
Anthony Noto — current Chief Executive Officer of SoFi (Social Finance, Inc)

Film and television
Bill Duke — actor and film director
Hafsteinn Hafsteinsson — Icelandic actor in film, television and advertising

Music
Jeff Tyzik — conductor, arranger, and trumpeter with the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra

Sports
Wes Bialosuknia — former professional basketball player with 1967–1968 Oakland Oaks in ABA
Craig Capano — former professional soccer player who played for Chicago Fire (2002–2006) of MLS, and USA U-20s
Frank Cimorelli — former professional baseball pitcher for 1994 St. Louis Cardinals
Will Daniels — professional basketball player with Nizhny Novgorod in Euroleague
Ricky Horton — former Major League Baseball pitcher for St. Louis Cardinals and 1988 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers; broadcaster on Fox Sports Midwest
C. J. Hunter — former Olympic shot putter and gold medalist at 1999 World Championship
Patrick Manning — five-time member of U.S. National Rowing Team and silver medalist at 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in men's heavyweight coxless four
Jeff Pierce — former middle relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox
Richard Rinaldi — former professional basketball player with Baltimore Bullets and New York Nets in ABA
Brett Wilkinson — former member of U.S. National Rowing Team who competed at 2004 Summer Olympics in men's quadruple sculls
Kyle Winter — former professional rugby player and member of 2009 Indonesian National Rugby Team

See also

List of high schools in New York#Dutchess County
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dutchess County, New York

References

Hyde Park, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Dutchess County, New York
Public high schools in Dutchess County, New York
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
1940 establishments in New York (state)


Roadmender may refer to:

 The Roadmender, a 1902 Christian spiritual book by Margaret Barber
 Roadmender (nightclub), a nightclub and concert venue in Northampton


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1912 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 5, 1912. California gained three seats as a result of the 1910 Census, all of which were won by Republicans. Of California's existing districts, Republicans lost three, two to Democrats and one to a Republican-turned-Progressive.

Overview

Delegation composition

Results

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

See also
63rd United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
United States House of Representatives elections, 1912

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1912
California United States House of Representatives
1912 California elections


Erik Hiljus (born December 25, 1972) is a former right-handed Major League Baseball pitcher. Hiljus was drafted by the New York Mets in the 4th round of the 1991 amateur draft but did not debut in the major leagues until September 10, 1999, with the Detroit Tigers.  Hiljus played for the Tigers in 1999 and 2000 and the Oakland Athletics in 2001 and 2002. In four seasons he earned a record of 8-3 with a 4.72 career ERA in 124 innings pitched.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders

References

Living people
1972 births
Detroit Tigers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Oakland Athletics players
People from Panorama City, Los Angeles
American expatriate baseball players in Australia
Arkansas Travelers players
Binghamton Mets players
Capital City Bombers players
Gulf Coast Mets players
Jacksonville Suns players
Kingsport Mets players
Lakeland Tigers players
Sacramento River Cats players
St. Lucie Mets players
Toledo Mud Hens players
American sportspeople convicted of crimes
American people convicted of tax crimes


Norfolk and Western 1218 is a preserved four-cylinder simple articulated 2-6-6-4 steam locomotive, built in June 1943 by the Norfolk and Western's (N&W) Roanoke (East End) Shops in Roanoke, Virginia as part of the N&W's class "A" fleet of fast freight locomotives. It was retired from regular revenue service in July 1959, and was later restored by Norfolk Southern for excursion service for their steam program, pulling excursions throughout the eastern United States from 1987 to 1991. It is currently on display at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke, Virginia.

Historic significance
No. 1218 is the sole survivor of the Norfolk and Western's class A locomotives and the only surviving 2-6-6-4 steam locomotive in the world.  While smaller than Union Pacific's famous and more numerous "Challenger" class of 4-6-6-4 locomotives, Norfolk and Western's design racked up unmatched records of performance in service.

During No. 1218's excursion career, it was the most powerful operational steam locomotive in the world, with a tractive effort of , well above Union Pacific 3985, the next-strongest-pulling operational steam locomotive, with a tractive effort of ). Since May 2019, however, No. 1218 became the locomotive with the second highest tractive effort, after Union Pacific 4014, which has a tractive effort of . Unlike diesel-electric locomotives of similar high tractive effort (for starting heavy trains) but typical for a steam locomotive, it could easily run at 70 miles per hour (113 km/h) and more.

History

Revenue service and preservation

No. 1218 was the ninth member of the second batch of fifteen class A locomotives (Nos. 1210–1224) built in June 1943 at the East End Shops in Roanoke, Virginia by the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W). It was initially assigned to haul fast freight trains, heavy coal trains, and even heavy passenger trains on the N&W's Scioto Division, between Williamson, West Virginia and Columbus, Ohio, along with an occasional side trip to Cincinnati, Ohio. In the late 1950s, No. 1218 was moved to the Norfolk Division, running between Roanoke and Norfolk, Virginia.

In July 1959, No. 1218 was retired and purchased by the Union Carbide Co. in Charleston, West Virginia, where it was used alongside its sister locomotives Nos. 1202 and 1230 as stationary boilers at a chemical plant in South Charleston, West Virginia. In 1964, Nos. 1202 and 1230 were scrapped, but No. 1218 was in fairly good condition as it was rescued by New England millionaire F. Nelson Blount for his private collection of steam locomotives at Steamtown, U.S.A. in Bellows Falls, Vermont a year later. Additionally, many of the parts on Nos. 1202 and 1230 such as the air pump, crosshead guide yokes, front side rods, and gauges were salvaged as donors for the No. 1218 locomotive.

In 1967, Blount died in an airplane crash, resulting in the Steamtown foundation running into financial trouble. As part of their effort to recoup their financial losses, the foundation put No. 1218 on a long-term lease to the Roanoke Transportation Museum, and the locomotive was cosmetically restored at the East End Shops in Roanoke, Virginia, the same place where the locomotive was built. Afterwards, it was put on display as a temporary exhibit at the Roanoke Transportation Museum in 1971.

Excursion service

In 1982, the N&W and Southern (SOU) railways were both merged to form the new Norfolk Southern Railway (NS). Additionally, No. 1218's feedwater pump was removed to replace the damaged one on ex-N&W J Class No. 611, which was restored to operating condition for excursion service on the NS steam program, which started in 1966 by the SOU. By the end of 1984, the NS steam program, needed a more stronger and powerful steam locomotive to pull the longer and heavier excursion trains along with assisting No. 611. After some subsequent disputes took place, NS and the Steamtown foundation settled on a trade where the former acquired No. 1218, and the latter received two EMD diesel locomotives in return.

On May 10, 1985, the No. 1218 locomotive was towed out of the museum and moved to the Norris Yard Steam Shop in Irondale, Alabama, where it would be restored to operating condition at a cost of roughly $500,000. No. 1218 presently received a replacement pump from one of the B&O Railroad Museum's steam locomotives. On January 13, 1987, No. 1218 moved under its power for the first time in 28 years and was ready for main line excursion service for the NS steam program. During the Roanoke Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society (NRHS) convention in August 1987, No. 1218 pulled an empty 50-hopper car train, where it ran side by side with No. 611, who pulled an excursion passenger train from Roanoke to Radford, Virginia in which the former was double-headed with the latter for the return trip later on.

In July 1989, it performed a rare doubleheader excursion with Nickel Plate Road 587 from Salisbury to Asheville, North Carolina for the Asheville Chapter of the NRHS convention. In June 1990, No. 1218 traveled to St. Louis, Missouri, where it met up with locomotives Cotton Belt 4-8-4 No. 819, Frisco 4-8-2 No. 1522, and Union Pacific 4-8-4 No. 844 to participate in another rare NRHS convention, which took place at the former Union Station.

On November 3, 1991, during Norfolk Southern's 25th Anniversary of their Steam Program, No. 1218 joined Southern Railway 4501 and N&W 611 to triple head a 28-car passenger excursion train from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Atlanta, Georgia. At Ooltewah, Tennessee, No. 4501 took a few coaches for a complete round trip, turning around at Cleveland, Tennessee. Afterwards, No. 611 and No. 1218 completed the rest of the trip to Atlanta.

Current disposition

At the end of the 1991 excursion season, after completing a round-trip excursion from Huntsville, Alabama to Chattanooga, Tennessee, No. 1218 returned to Irondale, Alabama for an extensive overhaul, where its flues need to be replaced and the portions of the firebox need to be repaired. There were originally plans to have the No. 1218 locomotive running again for the beginning of the 1996 excursion season, but NS chairman David R. Goode cancelled the steam program in 1994 due to serious safety concerns, rising insurance costs, the expense of maintaining steam locomotives, a yard switching accident involving nine passenger cars in Lynchburg, Virginia, and decreasing rail network availability.

After the NS steam program was discontinued, the No. 1218 locomotive was partially reassembled and towed back to Roanoke to be stored at the Roanoke Shops in 1996, the year its overhaul was supposed to be completed. In 2000, the locomotive was moved out of the Roanoke Shops and put on the turntable for a nighttime photoshoot, hosted by O. Winston Link. A year later, the NS donated No. 1218 to the City of Roanoke, clearing the way for the locomotive to once again be put on display at the Virginia Museum of Transportation (VMT), formerly known as the Roanoke Transportation Museum. After a cosmetic restoration by Norfolk Southern, the 1218 was towed to the Virginia Museum of Transportation on June 11, 2003, and pushed into place in its new home next to No. 611.

In 2007, Nos. 1218 and 611 were both temporarily put on display at the East End Shops to commemorate its 125th anniversary. On April 2, 2012, the City of Roanoke officially donated both Nos. 1218 and 611 to the VMT. The No. 1218 locomotive continues to sit on display underneath the VMT's Robert B. Claytor and W. Graham Claytor Jr. Pavilion shed, next to another former N&W steam locomotive, G-1 class No. 6, with the No. 611 locomotive restored to operating condition.

See also
Birmingham District
Norfolk and Western 433
Norfolk and Western 475
Norfolk and Western 2156
Western Maryland Scenic Railroad 1309

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Norfolk and Western Class A #1218 - Virginia Museum of Transportation

2-6-6-4 locomotives
Simple articulated locomotives
Historic American Engineering Record in Alabama
Individual locomotives of the United States
1218
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Freight locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1943
Preserved steam locomotives of Virginia


Raphi Kanchanaraphi (1936 – February 19, 2010) was a world-class badminton player who represented both Thailand and Canada in international competition, and won national doubles and mixed doubles titles in both countries.

Career
Known for his anticipation and racket control, Kanchanaraphi was one of a cadre of fine Thai doubles players who helped Thailand to strongly contend for the Thomas Cup (men's international team competition trophy)  in both 1961 and 1964. In partnership with Narong Bhornchima, Kanchanaraphi won 15 of his 18 Thomas Cup doubles matches in those two seasons, the wins including both of his doubles matches against Indonesia in the 1961 Challenge Round.  Kanchanaraphi and Bhornchima were men's doubles runners-up in the prestigious All-England Championships in 1962, narrowly losing to the famous Danes Finn Kobbero and Jorgen Hammergaard Hansen. In 1969 Kanchanaraphi migrated to Canada where he won more titles, and competed in the Thomas Cup campaigns of 1973 and 1976 for Canada with former Thai teammate Channarong Ratanaseangsuang.

Achievements

Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

International tournaments
Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

References

Raphi Kanchanaraphi
Canadian male badminton players
1936 births
2010 deaths
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Badminton players at the 1962 Asian Games
Badminton players at the 1966 Asian Games
Raphi Kanchanaraphi
Raphi Kanchanaraphi
SEA Games medalists in badminton
Raphi Kanchanaraphi
Raphi Kanchanaraphi
Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games
Competitors at the 1959 SEAP Games


Gyulhyeon station () is a subway station on Line 1 of the Incheon Subway in Gyeyang-gu, Incheon, South Korea.

Development
Gyulhyeon area was a green forest with no development. However, 182 pyeong of this area is scheduled to be developed into a "new city." Committee of planning Incheon city permitted to make these area into mini city area by 2010.

Station layout

Vicinity
Exit 1 : Gyeyang Middle School, Gyulhyeon Train Depot

References

Metro stations in Incheon
Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Railway stations in South Korea opened in 1999
Gyeyang District


Minisztár was a Hungarian pop group formed in 2005 and consisting of Georgina ('Gina') Polyákovics, Vivien Gonda and Márkó ('Márk') Takács. The band has released two albums to date, as well as a video DVD, before disbanding in the summer of 2007. The group is one of many to cover the popular song Dragostea Din Tei.

Discography
 Minisztár (2005)
 Minidiszkó (2006)

Track list
 Minisztâr (2005)

 Minidiszkó (2006)

DVD releases
 Mini tánc (2006)

See also
 "Dragostea Din Tei"

References

External links
 Talent Studio article about Minisztár (Hungarian)
 Minisztár's cover of "Dragostea Din Tei"

Musical groups established in 2000
Hungarian pop music groups


Franc Luz (born December 22, 1950) is an American actor of stage, film, and television seen in popular leading dramatic film roles in the 1980s and 1990s. These credits were supplemented with TV guest appearances and several regular roles in TV series. Luz is perhaps best known for his parts in The Nest, Ghost Town, When Harry Met Sally..., and, to Star Trek fans, as the symbiont Odan in a 1991 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, in the season 4 episode "The Host".

Career

Beginnings
Luz hails from Massachusetts and is of Portuguese and Irish descent. He attended New Mexico State University, with the intention of studying and breaking into dramatic arts as a career. He studied both singing and theater arts to double his future prospects in show business. After graduation, Luz won parts in many local and regional theater productions. His first breakthrough arrived in the late 1970s, when he landed the major role of policeman Floyd in Fiorello, which ran at the Equity Liberty Theater in New York City. In 1979, he received attention playing Wanenis, the noble North American savage in the period piece Whoopee!. Both of the latter led to his first movie role, which also arrived that year; he was cast in a supporting part in the film Voices.

On the heels of this film exposure, Luz made his first transition to television. He auditioned for and won the role of Dr. John Bennett on NBC's daytime serial The Doctors. This role made him instantly noticed by daytime viewers, and he was nominated for a 1980 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. Luz continued in the role for another year before leaving the show in 1981. During this period, Luz made an appearance as one of the cast of stars on the NBC daytime version of The Hollywood Squares on the week of December 4, 1979, as a part of the show's soap opera week. Luz was featured in the top left-hand corner square alongside Nancy Pinkerton, his co-star from The Doctors.

1980s

After his departure from The Doctors, Luz returned to theatre work. He was often seen in the early 1980s playing the role of the sadistic dentist in the original off-Broadway production of Little Shop of Horrors. For this, he was nominated for the 1983 Drama Desk Award in the Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical category. The voices of Luz, Lee Wilkof, Jennifer Leigh Warren and others are featured in the 1992 CD release Little Shop of Horrors Soundtrack - Original Off-Broadway Cast.

Along the way, he joined other daytime soaps; in 1983, he played Tommy Lobo on One Life to Live. Shortly after, he appeared on Ryan's Hope for a particularly heated story arc in 1984; he played Steve Latham, lover of Delia Reid Ryan Coleridge (played at the time by Robin Mattson), who held Delia captive while she was still committed to marry Matthew Crane (Harve Presnell). Their affair was indirectly responsible for leading Crane to accuse Delia of attempted murder. Luz claimed in a 1985 interview that playing Steve Latham was particularly satisfying to him as an actor, since he got to play a sinister character who wasn't hapless or taken advantage of. His previous roles on The Doctors and One Life to Live were "nice guys" who had their lovers stolen away by more ruthless counterparts.

In 1985, Luz assumed a co-starring role on a primetime series, the CBS dramedy Hometown, a TV adaptation of the hit 1983 film The Big Chill. Luz played the husband of Jane Kaczmarek in the series, and another co-star was Daniel Stern. The series did not fare well in the ratings, however, and was cancelled after two months. He appeared in a recurring role on another new CBS series the following season, playing the ex-boyfriend of Patricia Kalember in the medical drama Kay O'Brien. This series, too, was cancelled after two months.

Guest roles for Luz in 1987 included Dee Dee McCall's late police sergeant husband, in flashbacks, on Hunter and Professor Richard Katt, who was rumored to have had an extramarital affair with student Blair Warner, on The Facts of Life.

Luz then assumed two leading roles in the popular 1988 horror films The Nest, in which he led a team of scientists who battled man-eating cockroaches, and Ghost Town, where he played a deputy bent on protecting his Western town from ghosts and the forces of evil. The following year, he guest starred as artist Kristopher Gentian on CBS' Beauty and the Beast (in season two's "When the Bluebird Sings"), and played Julian in Rob Reiner's romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally.... After production on that film was complete, Luz signed to co-star in the ABC comedy Free Spirit, which premiered in September 1989. He portrayed lawyer Thomas J. Harper, a widower with three children who hires a housekeeper/nanny named Winnie (Corinne Bohrer), whom only the kids know is a witch. Luz's daughter on the show was played by a young Alyson Hannigan. Free Spirit turned out to be another short-lived series for Luz, as ABC cancelled it mid-season.

1990s

In the 1990s, Luz continued his string of TV guest appearances on such shows as Sisters, L.A. Law, The Young Riders, and Silk Stalkings, while keeping up appearances in motion pictures. He is best known to Star Trek fans as Beverly Crusher's Trill boyfriend Odan in "The Host" (the 97th episode of the American syndicated science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 23rd episode of the fourth season).  In 1991–92, he starred in the Broadway production of Larry Gelbart's City of Angels, alongside Richard Kline and Michael Rupert. He made a guest appearance on Walker, Texas Ranger as a notorious cult leader in its episode "In the Name of God". His most notable role in 1990s cinema was that of Don Antonio in Jeremy Leven's Don Juan DeMarco (1995), which starred Johnny Depp in the title role. Prior to that, Luz had appeared on daytime TV again, playing Seth Tanner on All My Children in 1993. In 1999, Luz appeared in the independent film The Pornographer and in Restraining Order, co-starring with Eric Roberts.

Beyond
A longtime enthusiast of the fine arts, Luz became involved in many New York area museums and exhibition halls since retiring from acting in 1999. He has become a trustee for several of them, and also works as a tour guide.

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Cambridge, Massachusetts
New Mexico State University alumni
American people of Portuguese descent


A parent–teacher conference, parent–teacher interview, parent–teacher night, parents' evening or parent teacher meeting is a short meeting or conference between the parents and teachers of students to discuss a child's progress at school and find solutions to academic or behavioral problems. Parent–teacher conferences supplement the information conveyed by report cards by focusing on students' specific strengths and weaknesses in individual subjects and generalizing the level of inter-curricular skills and competences.

Most conferences take place without the presence of the students whose progress is being discussed, although there is evidence that their inclusion increases the productivity of the meetings. The meetings are generally led by teachers who take a more active role in information sharing, with parents relegated mostly to the role of listeners.

Types
Parent–teacher conferences exist in a variety of different forms, depending on a country, school district and individual school. The subtypes are characterized by the following attributes.

Mode
Like most other meetings, parent–teacher conferences can take the form of face-to-face meetings in which parents and teachers meet in person, or electronic meetings that are conducted over the phone or via video conferencing systems like Microsoft Teams, Zoom or Google Meet. Face-to-face meetings offer personal contact but require that parents and teachers meet at physically the same place during the meeting. These interviews are usually between five and fifteen minutes long.

In case of electronic parent–teacher conferences, neither parents nor teachers need to be at school or other common location and can participate in the meeting from home or while working or traveling. The school does not need to reserve rooms for the meetings and there is more flexibility in finding suitable time. The disadvantages of electronic are a lack of face time that many participants are used to and a need for the availability to unfailing technology.

Parent–teacher interviews are a tradition in Western school systems, such as Australia, Canada, the UK and the United States. In the United States, many elementary schools will shorten the school day by 2–3 hours (often for an entire week) in mid fall to allow extra time for teachers to give these conferences.

Participants
Parent–teacher conferences can be
 one-on-one meetings between a parent and a teacher. This type is used when different subjects are taught by different teachers and parents meet the teachers for all different subjects individually. The type offers most confidentiality and allows the discussion of information specific to a student in a particular subject. The downside of the type is that the meetings are hard to schedule because they require multiple time slots and meeting places.
 many-to-one meeting is a meeting between multiple parents and one teacher. Usually the students whose parents attend the meeting are in the same class/year and the teacher is either the teacher of a particular subject or the assigned class teacher. This type is common in elementary schools. It is relatively easy to schedule but lacks privacy for discussing the progress of particular students.
 one-to-many meeting between one parent and multiple teachers. This type can be used if a child has problems in multiple subjects or when a parent comes to school outside the regularly scheduled parent–teacher conference time to meet several teachers at once.
 many-to-many meetings between multiple parents and multiple teachers. This type of meeting is easy to use for electing board members or disseminating general information about school, calendar of events, changes in common regulations, etc. It is inefficient for discussing issues that are specific of particular students and lacks needed privacy.

Frequency
Parent–teacher conferences usually take place once every school term, although some schools organize only one meeting during (mostly at the beginning of) the school year.

Duration
The duration of parent–teacher conferences depends on the frequency of conferences and the number of participating parents and teachers. Annual meetings with multiple participants may last two hours or longer; one-to-many and many-to-one meetings once a term may last for an hour; one-on-one meetings once a year may last 15 minutes, one-on-one meetings once a term tend to last 5–10 minutes.

Location
Most face-to-face meetings take place at school. One-to-many meetings may take place in separate meeting rooms, many-to-one meetings in larger classrooms and one-to-one and many-to-one meetings in the school hall, aula or auditorium, with many one-to-one meetings happening simultaneously in different parts of the room.

Regional variations

Australia
In Australian educational system, the meetings are known as parent–teacher interviews or parents' nights. The exact practice varies by state and by school type. Some states mandate that the interviews be conducted, others do not. Government and non-government schools also follow different federal educational laws.

Some schools have only one round of interviews per year, others have more. Two rounds is common, with terms 1 (February–April) and 3 (July–September) being popular times. Many schools offer multiple dates, splitting interviews either by class or by name (e.g. a-k/l-z).

There is often keen demand by parents for times with teachers, though a common observation from teachers is that it is the parents who they do not need to see who attend interviews, while parents who should attend often do not.

Canada
In Canadian educational system, the meetings are known as parent–teacher interviews.

Parent–teacher interviews are mandatory for all Ontario (Canada) elementary and secondary school teachers. Parents have the right to be allotted time for this purpose under the Ministry of Education.

Canadian Living criticizes parent–teacher interviews for their class bias. Often only the most privileged children's parents will attend the interviews and the children more likely to need extra assistance will not have their parents attend.

Singapore
In Singapore, the meeting is known as parent–teacher meeting.

United States
In US educational system, the meeting is known as parent–teacher conference.

The conferences are usually held twice a year, at the end of the first quarter and at the end of the third quarter, with each meeting lasting about 15–20 minutes. The parents typically choose the time that is best for them, and the teacher schedules the conference accordingly. The specific practices vary within school districts.

In the United States, many elementary schools will shorten the school day by 2–3 hours (often for an entire week) in mid fall to allow extra time for teachers to give these conferences.

The difference between parent–teacher conferences and a PTA meetings is that the former focus on students' academic progress while the latter organize more extra-curricular activities.

Some counties in the US have proposed to consider it a legal violation for parents or guardians who fail to attend at least one parent–teacher conference during the school year. Some charter schools have already made the event a required event for parents to attend.

United Kingdom
In UK educational system, the meeting is known as parent–teacher conference or parents' evening. The event is often held in the school hall and adjacent communal spaces where parents move through a series of eight to nine face-to-face 5 minute consultations with individual teachers. Some schools during 2020 and 2021 replaced this with an online version due to COVID-19.

Scheduling

The task
Scheduling parent–teacher conferences involves finding a time that suits both parents and teachers with their existing time constraints and finding locations for the meetings. If all meetings would be independent without any dependencies, the planning of the meetings simplifies to unordered timetabling rather than full-scale scheduling where events need to be scheduled in a certain order, often because the output of one event forms an input for another.

In most cases, certain dependencies exist: parents prefer not to wait too long between different interviews but need long enough breaks to move from one location to another or locations in close proximity. Also sometimes these conferences can be done online. These conferences talk about a childs or students grade.

Methods
Various methods exist for scheduling parent–teacher conferences.

In the simplest case, the meetings are not pre-scheduled at all, parents come to school and line up to see each teacher they want to see. Meetings happen on a first-come basis.

Meetings can be scheduled in person, by phone or online.

In person
In person scheduling can be done in two ways:
 Parents come to school's administrative office to schedule meetings; scheduling is done by a school administrator.
 Students schedule meeting times with teachers by carrying a booking sheet and asking teachers to allocate times that are still available. Teachers have their own booking sheet and they mark the time on both sheets. Parents usually have the option of indicating which teachers they wish to see and the preferred times.

The advantage of the first is that teachers need not be involved in scheduling, the disadvantages are that a special middleman is required. The method is centralized in the sense that it is directed by neither a parent nor a teacher.

The advantage of the second is that parents need not be involved in scheduling, the disadvantages are that teachers need to do the scheduling after their classes are over or during break times that they would otherwise need for rest, prepare for classes or advising students, parents do not know which slots the teachers have available and often get times that aren't suitable or optimal (booking schedules are optimized from the point of view of the teacher, not the parent); if a student doesn't want his/her parent to see teachers, all he/she may just not make the bookings, or leave it so late that there are no times available.

By phone
Scheduling by phone also involves a parent and a school administrator to do the scheduling without parents needing to be physically at school at the time of the scheduling. In principle, the middlemen could be avoided by automated scheduling by phone but is currently hindered by the lack of sophisticated speech analysis. This process can cause high levels of demand on school offices.

Online
Online scheduling is done by using appointment scheduling software on the internet. The advantages of the system are that it is automated without a need for a middleman, centrally optimized both for parents and for teachers without the need to involve students.

Complexity
Computationally, the scheduling problem is a NP-complete problem and in the same complexity class with other problems that involve
constraint satisfaction and combinatorial optimization (so no fast algorithms are known for solving it).

This can be seen as follows. We can check in time polynomial to the input size whether certain time slot assignment satisfies parent–teacher conference scheduling (PTCS) constraints. Therefore, PTCS ∈ NP. Ignoring constraints that complicate scheduling even further, let's only consider the constraints on parent availability (e.g. assuming that all teachers, rooms and time slots are always available). Then there exists a simple polynomial transformation of the class-teacher assignment problem with teacher availability constraints (CTTA) in school timetable construction   to the PTCS problem: namely, map class instances to teacher instances, teacher instances to parent instances, time slots to time slots (identity map), and teacher availability to parent availability. So if the PTCS problem were polynomial-time solvable by some algorithm, the transformation described above and the algorithm could be used to solve the CTTA problem too and the CTTA task would be polynomially solvable as well. But CTTA has been earlier proved to be NP-complete by the reduction from the NP-complete 3-SAT problem, so the PTC scheduling problem cannot be polynomially solvable either, and has to be NP-complete.

Management
Optimized scheduling is advantageous only as long as the participants keep to the schedule by attending the meetings and starting and finishing on time. The latter can be achieved by a school bell or electronic voice-over message played over the school PA system, at each change of interview time (E.g. "Please move to your next interview"), avoiding to schedule very short interview times that are harder to keep running on time, scheduling empty slots at intervals to assist in bringing events back onto time if they are running over. General time management techniques apply.

On-time running
Parents sometimes complain that schedules are not running on time, causing them to miss interviews, or be cut short. This is usually due to either parents or teachers electing to continue talking beyond their booked time slot. One factor that naturally reduces this effect is the presence of another parent ready to start the next interview and clearly in view of the teacher. There are several other options that can assist on-time running of events:
 Bell, chime or electronic voice-over automatically played over the school PA system, at each change of interview time. (E.g. "Please move to your next interview")
 Large clock display projected on the hall screen, ensuring there is no doubt of the exact time, and encouraging participants to be mindful of the time.
 Strongly reminding, and encouraging teachers to stick to advertised times.
 Steering away from very short interview times, which are harder to maintain on-time running (e.g. 5 minutes), in favour of slightly longer duration interviews that may better suit the time required to talk about issues. Short durations like five minutes ensure more can fit into the event, yet if on-time running fails, the benefit is lost.
 Provision of spacer interview slots at intervals for all teachers with busy schedules, to act as a time buffer – assisting in bringing events back onto time if they are running over.
 Systems that offer optimised scheduling of interviews can provide significantly more compact parent schedules. Parents then have reason to finish their current conversation on time, namely to get to their own next meeting. The natural tendency is often for parents stay longer at an interview, which may be acceptable if both the parent and the teacher do not have another interview immediately following. Optimised parent schedules are also beneficial to the parents by reducing time on-site, and by significantly reducing numbers of idle parents (event congestion).

Discussion
Parent–teacher conferences have been criticized for their class bias and inefficiency because the meetings are attended mostly by the parents of more privileged children, while the parents of the children who are more likely to need extra assistance do not attend.

See also
 Educational assessment
 Personal development planning
 Parent Teacher Organization

References

School terminology
Student assessment and evaluation


Route 135 is a Connecticut state highway running entirely in the town of Fairfield. It connects U.S. Route 1 in downtown Fairfield to Route 58 in the northern part of town.

Route description
Route 135 begins as North Benson Road at an intersection with US 1 in downtown Fairfield and heads north, intersecting I-95 at southbound Exit 22 about  later. Route 135 continues north, passing by Fairfield University, then turns right onto Stillson Road. It then heads northeast for another  until it ends at an intersection with Route 58. Route 135 is two lanes wide and is classified as a minor arterial road for its entire length. It carries traffic volumes of about 14,600 per day.

History
Modern Route 135 was created at an undetermined time between 1943 and 1953. It was established as a route from the Fairfield Business District to the Merritt Parkway and points north via Route 58. Prior to the creation of modern Route 135, an earlier Route 135 was established in 1932 in the Greater Waterbury area, which has since been absorbed into modern Route 188.

Major intersections

References

Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut
135
Fairfield, Connecticut
1953 establishments in Connecticut


Guillermo Cañas was the defending champion, but chose not to participate that year.

Nicolás Almagro won in the final 7–6(7–4), 3–6, 7–5, against Carlos Moyá.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 Draw
 Qualifying draw

Singles


The articular disc of the sternoclavicular joint is flat and nearly circular, interposed between the articulating surfaces of the sternum and clavicle.

It is attached, above, to the upper and posterior border of the articular surface of the clavicle; below, to the cartilage of the first rib, near its junction with the sternum; and by its circumference to the interclavicular and anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments.

It is thicker at the circumference, especially its upper and back part, than at its center.

It divides the joint into two cavities, each of which is furnished with a synovial membrane.

See also
 Articular disc

References

Upper limb anatomy


Étienne Marie Victor Lamy (2 June 1845, in Cize, Jura – 9 January 1919) was a French author.

He was educated at the College Stanislas and became a doctor of law in 1870. From 1871 to 1881 he was a deputy from his native department, Jura, and his earlier writings were political and historical. In the House of Deputies he was a member of the Left, but he broke with his party and became a clerical reactionary, writing for the Gaulois and the Correspondant. In 1905 he became a member of the Académie française (seat #21), and in 1913 he succeeded Thureau-Dangin as its perpetual secretary. Among Lamy's works are:
 Le tiers parti (1868)
 L'Armée et la democratie (1889)
 La France du Levant (1898)
 Etudes sur le second empire (1895)
 La femme de demain (1899)
 an edition of the memoirs of Aimée de Coigny (1900)
 Témoins de jours passés (1909, 1913)
 Au service des idées et des lettres (1909)
 Quelques œuvres et quelques œuvriers (1910, 1913)

Notes

References

External links

1845 births
1919 deaths
People from Jura (department)
Members of the Académie Française
French political writers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French male non-fiction writers


The following is a list of the busiest airports in Brazil by aircraft movements (how busy the runways are) and passengers traffic (how busy the terminals are). For each airport, the lists cite the principal city associated with the airport, not (necessarily) the municipality where the airport is physically located. The tables consider only airports operated by Infraero, DAESP and Terminais Aéreos de Maringá - SBMG S.A.

In graph

2022

Brazil's busiest airports by passenger traffic

2021

Brazil's busiest airports by passenger traffic

2020

Brazil's busiest airports by passenger traffic

2019

Brazil's busiest airports by passenger traffic

2018

Brazil's busiest airports by passenger traffic

2017

Brazil's 50 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2016

Brazil's 40 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2015

Brazil's 40 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2014

Brazil's 40 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2013

Brazil's 40 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2012

Brazil's 25 busiest airports by aircraft movements- DAESP

2011

Brazil's 25 busiest airports by aircraft movements- Infraero 2011

2010

Brazil's 20 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2009

Brazil's 15 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2008

Brazil's 15 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2007

Brazil's 15 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2006

Brazil's 15 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2005

Brazil's 15 busiest airports by passenger traffic

2004

Brazil's 15 busiest airports by passenger traffic

See also
Infraero
DAESP

References

Br
Busiest

de:Liste der Verkehrsflughäfen in Südamerika#Brasilien


Timecode may refer to:
Timecode, a sequence of numeric codes generated at regular time intervals
Timecode (1997 film), the second skateboarding film released by Alien Workshop
Timecode (2000 film), an experimental film directed by Mike Figgis
Timecode (2016 film), a live-action Spanish short film


Ansan station () is a subway station on Seoul Subway Line 4 and the Suin–Bundang Line of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. The station is located in the Wongok neighborhood of Ansan, Korea and is one of multiple stations serving the city.

Before the extension of Line 4 to Oido station, Ansan station served as the line's terminus station. It is still a terminal station for some trains. It is located close to the factory section of the town. There are many restaurants and shops located around the station. Ansan has a large and growing foreign community living in this neighborhood and there are many foreign restaurants close to the station.

Station layout

Passengers

References

Metro stations in Ansan
Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Railway stations opened in 1988
Railway stations in South Korea opened in the 1980s


Erythronium montanum, the avalanche lily or white avalanche lily, is a member of the lily family native to coastal British Columbia and the alpine and subalpine Olympic and Cascade Ranges of the Pacific Northwest of Washington and Oregon.

Erythronium montanum flowers shortly after the snow melts in late spring, in damp subalpine woodlands and alpine meadows, often in extensive patches.  Blooming plants may persist into midsummer about the edges of snowfields.  In the central Cascades, it is often found flowering admixed with Clintonia uniflora and Trillium ovatum at the lower elevation end of its range, and with Anemone occidentalis at higher elevations. Distinguishing characteristics of this species are the oblong-lanceolate unmottled leaves and tepals that are white with a yellow base. Except for flower color, it is similar to Erythronium grandiflorum, which has a range that includes that of E. montanum.

References

External links

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Erythronium+montanum
Photo gallery

montanum
Flora of Oregon
Flora of British Columbia
Flora of Washington (state)
Plants described in 1891
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Luke Erceg (born 11 August 1993) is an Australian actor. He appeared on the children's television show Mortified (2006–2007) and A Gurls Wurld (2009).

References

1993 births
Living people
Australian male television actors
Male actors from New South Wales


Salahuddin Mian (1938 – 28 February 2006) was Pakistan's first ceramic or pottery artist.

He was born Mian Salahuddin. According to Mian, his inspiration to become a ceramicist was because he was "born in the locality of potters in the town of Kasur."

Early life
Mian was born in Kasur, Punjab, British India to an upper-middle-class Arain family of 10 children.  His father, Mian Mohammad Rafi was a landowner and farmer as well as member of the local council.

Education
He graduated from Government School in Kasur. In 1958, he joined the National College of Arts (NCA), Lahore, graduating four years later in 1962. While there, he studied under the Japanese ceramist, Koichi Takita Sensei.

He was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship in 1965.

Personality
He reportedly "had a complex personality, respected among his peers but a loner". His father's murder deeply affected him. Shakir Ali, principal at the National College of Arts, Lahore, Pakistan used to take deep interest in his students, was delighted at the news that Mian Salahuddin had received the Fulbright Scholarship for a Ph.D degree in the United States. But when he suggested to Mian Salahuddin that he leave his artwork behind at NCA, Lahore, as he leaves for the United States, "Mian went berserk, smashing his pots in a rage until Shakir Ali and Adil stopped him". Shakir Ali then said, "Do what you like". Mian used to be very possessive of his artwork and used to get very nervous as the artwork was moved from one venue to the other.

His work
Mian Salahuddin was a talented artist and produced pieces of art liked by many people. He referred to groups of similar pieces as "the families". His contemporary painters in Pakistan included Bashir Mirza and Adil Salahuddin.

Teaching
He started his teaching career at National College of Arts (NCA) in 1963. Reportedly, as a teacher, he was a strict disciplinarian. He retired in 1998 as the head of the department.

Students
Amongst his students was Sheherezade Alam, Pakistan's first female ceramicist.

Death
He died as a result of brain cancer on 28 February 2006.

Exhibitions
 1970: First solo exhibition, The Gallery, Karachi.
 2008: Pottery Exhibition at the Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture, Karachi

References

Further reading
 Born of Fire, Edited by Noorjehan Bilgrami, Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture, Karachi, Pakistan 2008.

Pakistani ceramists
Pakistani potters
1938 births
National College of Arts alumni
2006 deaths
20th-century ceramists
20th-century Pakistani male artists
20th-century Pakistani artists


Ginty Vrede (July 18, 1985 – January 28, 2008) was a Dutch kickboxer and 2008 WBC Muaythai Heavyweight World champion.

Biography and career
Vrede won the WBC Muaythai heavyweight World title by beating the previously unbeaten Shane del Rosario in Las Vegas on January 12, 2008, by KO in the first round. Two weeks later, despite being medically tested before his fight in Las Vegas, Vrede died aged 22 from cardiac arrest during a training session in Amsterdam. He was trained by Harry Berepoot who has produced several other World champion fighters in both Muay Thai and Mixed Martial Arts.

Vrede made a habit of knocking out all comers and boasted a high rate, which led to him being compared with K-1 superstar Remy Bonjasky. He was known for his lightning low kicks which he delivered with power, timing and precision. He also had a reputation for hard righthand pin-point punches and powerful knee strikes.

Ginty was on an impromptu training session in the Pancration Sports Centre in Amsterdam when at some point he stated that he did not feel very well, and collapsed moments later. CPR administered for nearly half an hour could not save him. He died on his way to the hospital.

Titles
2008 WBC Muaythai Heavyweight World champion.

Kickboxing record

See also
List of male kickboxers

References

External links
Bear Paw Gym
Ginty Vrede Hyves Website
Ginty Online Memorial
Ginty Vrede Official Hyves Website

1985 births
2008 deaths
Dutch male kickboxers
Dutch Muay Thai practitioners
Heavyweight kickboxers
People from Heiloo
Sportspeople from Paramaribo
Surinamese emigrants to the Netherlands
Surinamese male kickboxers
Surinamese Muay Thai practitioners
Sportspeople from North Holland


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1910 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1910. Complete Republican dominance of California's congressional delegation ended when Democrats narrowly won one district.

Overview

Delegation composition

Results

District 1

District 2

District 3

Knowland was the nominee for both the Republican and Democratic Parties

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

See also
62nd United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
United States House of Representatives elections, 1910

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1910
California United States House of Representatives
1910 California elections


Dorothy Combs Morrison (born Dorothy Marie Combs, May 8, 1944)<ref>[https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/8781/TXBTH_1944_000217m?pid=3931048&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc%3DRQh6660%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource%26usePUBJs%3Dtrue%26gss%3Dangs-g%26new%3D1%26rank%3D1%26gsfn%3Ddorothy%26gsfn_x%3D0%26gsln%3Dcombs%26gsln_x%3D0%26msbdy%3D1944%26msbpn__ftp%3DLongview,%2520Gregg,%2520Texas,%2520USA%26msbpn%3D77167%26msbpn_PInfo%3D8-%257C0%257C1652393%257C0%257C2%257C0%257C46%257C0%257C1231%257C77167%257C0%257C0%257C%26cpxt%3D1%26cp%3D12%26catbucket%3Drstp%26MSAV%3D1%26uidh%3Djq5%26pcat%3DROOT_CATEGORY%26h%3D3931048%26dbid%3D8781%26indiv%3D1%26ml_rpos%3D1&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=RQh6660&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997. Texas: Texas Department of State Health Services, Ancestry.com]</ref> is an American gospel music singer.  She sang lead vocal on the song "Oh Happy Day" recorded in 1967 by the Edwin Hawkins Singers.

Biography
She was born in Longview, Texas, and grew up in Richmond, California. The seventh child of ten, Dorothy showed early signs of her talents. She began singing at the age of 13 and released her first single "I Am Free", while singing with her siblings as 'The Combs Family'. Dorothy's continued exposure while appearing with her family at church events led to her talents being noticed by others in the San Francisco and Oakland Bay Area.

In the 1960s, she then joined the Edwin Hawkins Singers and was the lead vocalist on the Grammy Award-winning Hall of Fame hymn, "Oh Happy Day". She toured with Edwin Hawkins, Van Morrison, Boz Scaggs, and Delaney and Bonnie, among others. She appeared on TV shows including The Carol Burnett Show and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

Morrison's appearance at the 1969 Big Sur Folk Festival is seen in the film Celebration at Big Sur; with the Combs Sisters, she sang "All God's Children Got Soul", which reached #95 on the Billboard Top 100 in October, 1969. In Canada, her version of "Spirit in the Sky" reached #47 on the RPM Magazine top 100 singles, as well as #99 on Billboard's Hot 100 in October, 1970.

At home in the East Bay area, she performed for the Mayor of Oakland Jerry Brown; in the City Town Square, and in 2002 she was awarded the key to the city of Oakland. She sang on the Huey Lewis and the News cover of "Respect Yourself", released on their 2010 album Soulsville''.

Morrison continues as one of the four Blues Broads, with leader Angela Strehli, Annie Sampson, and Tracy Nelson, as of 2019. The Blues Broads are based in Marin County, where Angela Strehli lives and works.  Their live November 4, 2011, performance from the Throckmorton Theatre was released as a CD + DVD recording by Delta Groove Productions in 2012. Morrison has toured all over the world with the group.

References

External links

American gospel singers
People from Longview, Texas
Living people
1944 births
Singers from Texas
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
Singers from California


A waveguide rotary joint is used in microwave communications to connect two different types of RF waveguides.  Because coaxial parts are symmetrical in ø direction, free rotation without performance degradation is accomplished.  In the rotating part, electrical continuity is achieved by λ/4-chokes eliminating metal contacts.  The Rotary Joints can have both waveguide ports at a right angle to the rotational axis, "U-style", one waveguide port at a right angle and one in line, "L-style" or both waveguide ports in line. "I-style". Waveguide Rotary Joint modules are available for all frequency bands.

References

Radio technology


"Shallow" is a song by British progressive rock band Porcupine Tree, released in 2005 as the first single from the Deadwing album.

Background
This single was released in February 2005 exclusively in the United States for radio broadcast purposes. The song managed to enter the Billboard's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, peaking at #26, without the help of any music video.

A European version of the single was first intended but rejected at the last minute, even though it had already started being manufactured. The band and their management asked to destroy all copies but a few made their way to the surface and were sold at some German and Polish stores. The management quickly bought all the remaining copies and sold them (signed only) at the shows for 40 Euro.

"Shallow" was featured in the movie and on the soundtrack for the film Four Brothers in which credits Colin Edwin curiously appears as Colin Balch; he is also credited under this name in the manuscript book for Deadwing.

Track listing

Personnel
 Steven Wilson – vocals, guitars, piano, keyboards, hammered dulcimer
 Richard Barbieri – keyboards, synthesizers
 Colin Edwin – bass guitars
 Gavin Harrison – drums, percussion

Chart position

References

2005 singles
Porcupine Tree songs
2005 songs
Songs written by Steven Wilson
Songs written by Richard Barbieri
Songs written by Colin Edwin
Songs written by Gavin Harrison


Darryl M. Chan is an accomplished Hollywood stuntman, martial artist, and actor of Chinese descent.  He grew up in San Francisco as the second of four boys.  His career spans from the early 1980s to the present. Chan has worked with virtually all the leading Asian actors and filmmakers, and counts Brandon Lee as one of his closest friends at the time of Lee's death.  Darryl is also a sports medicine specialist, and has trained many of the entertainment industry's actors and musicians to prepare for roles and world tours.

Stunt Work
The Girl from the Naked Eye (2008) (post-production) (stunts)
Heroes (stunt double) (4 episodes, 2006–2007) (stunt performer) (3 episodes, 2007)
The Line (2007) TV episode (stunt performer)
Four Months Later... (2007) TV episode (stunt performer) (uncredited)
How to Stop an Exploding Man (2007) TV episode (stunt performer)
Unexpected (2007) TV episode (stunt double)
Hiros (2006) TV episode (stunt double) (2 more)
Pushing Daisies (stunt double) (1 episode, 2007)
The Fun in Funeral (2007) TV episode (stunt double) (uncredited)
Chuck (stunt performer) (1 episode, 2007)
Chuck Versus the Tango (2007) TV episode (stunt performer)
Balls of Fury (2007) (stunt fighter)
Rush Hour 3 (2007) (stunts)
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007) (stunt performer)
... aka P.O.T.C. 3 (USA: promotional abbreviation)
... aka Pirates 3 (USA: informal short title)
24 (stunt performer) (3 episodes, 2007)
Day 6: 3:00 a.m.-4:00 a.m. (2007) TV episode (stunt performer)
Day 6: 2:00 a.m.-3:00 a.m. (2007) TV episode (stunt performer)
Day 6: 6:00 a.m.-7:00 a.m. (2007) TV episode (stunt performer)
Watch Over Me (stunts) (1 episode, 2006)
Appearances (2006) TV episode (stunts)
The Unit (utility stunts) (1 episode, 2006)
Silver Star (2006) TV episode (utility stunts)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) (stunt performer) (uncredited)
... aka P.O.T.C. 2 (USA: promotional abbreviation)
... aka Pirates 2 (USA: informal short title)
Alias (stunt double: horse stunts) (1 episode, 2006)
I See Dead People (2006) TV episode (stunt double: horse stunts) (uncredited)
Heroes" (stunt double) (1 episode, 2006)
Episode #1.1 (2006) TV episode (stunt double)
Rent (2005) (stunt actor) (uncredited)
Last Mountain (2005) (stunt double: horse stunts)
Collateral (2004) (stunts)
Forbidden Warrior (2004) (stunt actor)
Biker Boyz (2003) (stunts)
Monk (stunts) (1 episode, 2002)
Mr. Monk and the Candidate: Part 1 (2002) TV episode (stunts)
V.I.P." (stunts) (3 episodes, 1999-2001) (stunt performer) (unknown episodes)
 ... aka V.I.P. - Die Bodyguards (Germany)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Val (2001) TV episode (stunts)
Magnificent Val (2000) TV episode (stunts)
Mao Better Blues (1999) TV episode (stunts)
Planet of the Apes (2001) (stunt double: horse stunts)
Nash Bridges (stunts) (9 episodes, 1996-2001) (stunts: multiple episodes) (unknown episodes)
... aka Bridges
Bear Trap (2001) TV episode (stunts)
Warplay (1998) TV episode (stunts)
Live Shot (1998) TV episode (stunts)
Wild Card (1997) TV episode (stunts)
Rampage (1997) TV episode (stunts) (4 more)
Paper Bullets (2000) (stunts)
... aka American Samurai (UK)
Chain of Command (2000) (stunts)
Stageghost (2000) (stunt rider)
... aka Stage Ghost (USA: video box title)
Martial Law" (stunt performer) (7 episodes, 1998–1999)
Call of the Wild (1999) TV episode (stunt performer)
This Shogun for Hire (1999) TV episode (stunt performer)
Requiem (1999) TV episode (stunt performer)
Breakout (1999) TV episode (stunt performer)
Wild Life (1999) TV episode (stunt performer) (2 more)
Bowfinger (1999) (stunts) (uncredited)
Mystery Men (1999) (stunts)
The 13th Warrior (1999) (stunt fighter)
... aka The Thirteenth Warrior
Air America (stunts) (2 episodes, 1998)
 The Hit (1998) TV episode (stunts) (multiple episodes)
 Abduction (1998) TV episode (stunts) (multiple episodes)
Rush Hour (1998) (stunts)
Lethal Weapon 4 (1998) (stunts) (uncredited)
... aka Lethal 4 (USA: promotional abbreviation)
The Magnificent Seven (1998) TV series (stunts) (unknown episodes)
Pensacola: Wings of Gold (1997) TV series (stunt performer) (unknown episodes)
Red Corner (1997) (stunts)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (stunt performer) (1 episode, 1997)
... aka BtVS (USA: promotional abbreviation)
... aka Buffy
... aka Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Series
Angel (1997) TV episode (stunt performer)
Beverly Hills Ninja (1997) (stunt actor)
Total Force (1997) (stunt actor)
White Cargo (1996) (stunts)
Theodore Rex (1995) (V) (stunt double)
... aka T. Rex
Kuang qing sha shou (1995) (stunts)
... aka Dragon Killer
Batman Forever (1995) (stunts) (uncredited)
Fist of the North Star (1995) (stunt actor)
... aka Hokuto no Ken
Hard Justice (1995) (V) (stunts)
Mortal Kombat: The Journey Begins (1995) (V) (assistant stunt coordinator) (stunt actor)
Deadly Target (1994/I) (stunts)
... aka Fire Zone
Blue Tiger (1994) (stunts)
... aka Irezumi (Japan)
Vanishing Son (1994) (TV) (stunts: multiple episodes) (as Darryl M. Chan)
Pointman (1994) (TV) (stunt actor)
American Yakuza (1993) (stunts)
Harts of the West (1993) TV series (stunts) (unknown episodes)
Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993) (stunt double)
Walker, Texas Ranger (stunts) (1 episode, 1993)
... aka Walker (Australia)
A Shadow in the Night (1993) TV episode (stunts)
Best of the Best 2 (1993) (stunt double)
Rapid Fire (1992) (stunts)
Showdown in Little Tokyo (1991) (stunts)
Double Impact (1991) (stunts)
Tour of Duty (1987) TV series (stunts) (unknown episodes)

Acting Roles
Heroes ... Fake Kensei / ... (2 episodes, 2007)
The Line (2007) TV episode .... White Beard's Guard
Four Months Later... (2007) TV episode (uncredited) .... Fake Kensei
Balls of Fury (2007) ... Feng's Bodyguard
Watch Over Me ... Man in Black #2 (1 episode, 2006)
Appearances (2006) TV episode .... Man in Black #2
Rent (2005) ... Thug
She Spies ... Chang (1 episode, 2003)
Rane of Terror (2003) TV episode .... Chang
Robbery Homicide Division ... Man (1 episode, 2003)
... aka R.H.D./LA: Robbery Homicide Division/Los Angeles (USA: complete title)
Absolute Perfection (2003) TV episode .... Man
V.I.P. ... Chung (1 episode, 2001)
... aka V.I.P. - Die Bodyguards (Germany)
 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Val (2001) TV episode .... Chung
Knight Club (2001) ... Bouncer
Stageghost (2000) ... Appaloosa Indian
... aka Stage Ghost (USA: video box title)
Jade (1995) ... Tommy Joy
Fist of the North Star (1995) ... Novak
... aka Hokuto no Ken
The Shadow (1994) ... Mongol
Leather Jackets (1992) ... Su
Missing Pieces (1991) ... Young Chinese Man

Trainer credits
Heroes (personal trainer: james kyson lee) (16 episodes, 2006–2007)
Parasite (2007) TV episode (personal trainer: James Kyson Lee) (uncredited)
 Company Man (2007) TV episode (personal trainer: James Kyson Lee) (uncredited)
Unexpected (2007) TV episode (personal trainer: James Kyson Lee) (uncredited)
Run! (2007) TV episode (personal trainer: James Kyson Lee) (uncredited)
Distractions (2007) TV episode (personal trainer: James Kyson Lee) (uncredited) (11 more)
The Dead Zone (2002) (V) (personal trainer: Anthony Michael Hall)
Lone Hero (2002) (personal trainer: Lou Diamond Phillips)
... aka Héros solitaire (Canada: French title)
Band of Brothers (2001) (mini) TV mini-series (gym trainer: Ron Livingston)
Knight Club (2001) (on-set trainer: Lou Diamond Phillips)
Supernova (2000/I) (on-set trainer: Lou Diamond Phillips)
Office Space (1999) (gym trainer: Ron Livingston) (uncredited)
... aka Cubiculos de la oficina (USA: Spanish title)
Martial Law (1998) TV series (trainer: tzi ma) (unknown episodes)
The Big Hit (1998) (trainer: Lou Diamond Phillips)
Metro (1997) (personal trainer: Michael Wincott)
Courage Under Fire (1996) (on-set trainer: Lou Diamond Phillips) (uncredited)
Mortal Kombat: The Journey Begins (1995) (V) (motion capture actor: Shang Tsung, Sub-Zero, Duroc)
The Crow (1994) (on set trainer: Brandon Lee)
Cage II (1994) (trainer: Shannon Lee)
... aka Cage II: The Arena of Death
Rapid Fire (1992) (trainer: Brandon Lee) (as Darryl M. Chan)
Missing Pieces (1991) (personal trainer: Lauren Hutton)
Kill Squad (1982) (assistant martial arts coordinator) (as Darryl M. Chan)
... aka Code of Honor

External links

American male television actors
American male film actors
American stunt performers
American people of Chinese descent
Male actors from San Francisco
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Arts '73, Arts '74 and Arts '75 was a Canadian television series which aired on CBC Television between March 8, 1973, and June 22, 1975. The show was hosted by Helen Hutchinson (1973), Sol Littman (1974) and Pat Patterson (1974–1975)

Some of the featured people included painter A.Y. Jackson, radio producer Andrew Allan, painter Jack Chambers, film historian John Kobal, tapestry maker Tamara Jaworski and composer Marek Norman.

Arts was a newsmagazine which featured items and guests from the subject of arts including visual, literary and performing arts in Canada and international.

Notes

External links
 Queen's University Directory of CBC Television Series (Arts '73/'74/'75 archived listing link via archive.org)
 Arts '73/'74/'75 at the Canadian Communications Foundation
 TVArchive.ca article
 Memorable TV article

1973 Canadian television series debuts
1975 Canadian television series endings
CBC Television original programming
1970s Canadian television news shows


Raphael Bronstein (June 25, 1896 – November 4, 1988) was a violinist and violin professor.

Early life
He was born in a Jewish family in Vilnius, Lithuania and studied violin with Leopold Auer at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. He arrived in the United States in 1923 to take a job as an assistant to Auer. Bronstein had one daughter, Ariana Bronne, who taught at the Manhattan School of Music.

Career
Bronstein's teaching career spanned 65 years and was responsible for a large number of the current generation of leading violin teachers and performers. He taught at the Hartt School in Hartford, Boston University, Manhattan School of Music, Queens College, City University of New York and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He is remembered annually at the Manhattan School of Music with the Raphael Bronstein Award. Bronstein's students have included Elmar Oliveira, Margaret Jones Wiles, Michael Ludwig, Martha Strongin Katz, Lya Stern, Jay Zhong, Kerry McDermott, Judith Morse, Estelle Kerner, Richard Auldon Clark and his own daughter Ariana Bronne.  Daniel Kobialka and Phillip Ruder are also among Bronstein's most noteworthy students.

He founded and conducted the Bronstein Symphonietta in 1949. He wrote the Science of Violin Playing.

Later life
He died at St. Luke's Hospital in Manhattan, New York City on November 4, 1988.

References

Further reading
Applebaum, Samuel. The way they play, Paganiniana Publications, 1984.
Press, Jaques Cattell. Who's Who in American music. Classical, 1st edition, R. R. Bowker, 1983.

1896 births
1988 deaths
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American violinists
American male violinists
Violin pedagogues
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Classical violinists from the Russian Empire
Jewish classical musicians
University of Hartford Hartt School faculty
Boston University faculty
Manhattan School of Music faculty
CUNY Graduate Center faculty
Male classical violinists
Queens College, City University of New York faculty