Muriel Elizabeth Bowser (born August 2, 1972) is an American politician serving  since 2015 as the mayor of the District of Columbia. A member of the Democratic Party, she previously represented the 4th ward as a member of the Council of the District of Columbia from 2007 to 2015. She is the second female mayor of the District of Columbia after Sharon Pratt, and the first woman to be reelected to that position.

Elected to the Advisory Neighborhood Commission in 2004, Bowser was elected to the council in a special election in 2007, to succeed Adrian Fenty, who had been elected mayor. She was reelected in 2008 and 2012 and ran for mayor in the 2014 election. She defeated incumbent mayor Vincent C. Gray in the Democratic primary and won the general election against three independent and two minor party candidates with 55% of the vote. In 2018, she won a second term with 76.4% of the vote, then a third term in 2022 with 74.6% of the vote.

Early life and education
The youngest of six children of Joe and Joan Bowser, Bowser was born in Washington, and grew up in North Michigan Park in northeast D.C. In 1990, she graduated from Elizabeth Seton High School, a private all-girls Catholic high school located in Bladensburg, Maryland. She received a college scholarship due to her above average grades. Bowser graduated from Chatham College in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with a bachelor's degree in history, and she graduated from the American University School of Public Affairs with a Masters in Public Policy. According to Bowser, she never envisioned herself as a elected politician, but possibly an appointed agency administrator.

Political career 2004–2014

Advisory Neighborhood Commission
Bowser began her political career in 2004, running unopposed for the Advisory Neighborhood Commission (ANC). She represented district 4B09, which includes the neighborhood of Riggs Park. She was unopposed again in 2006 when she ran for re-election.

Council of the District of Columbia

2007 election
Adrian Fenty, Member of the Council of the District of Columbia representing Ward 4, ran for Mayor of the District of Columbia. Bowser was his campaign coordinator for Ward 4. When Fenty was elected mayor in 2006, a special election was called to fill his council seat. Bowser, among many others, announced her candidacy for it.

During a political forum with 17 of the 19 council candidates in attendance, Bowser was the only candidate present who supported Fenty's proposed takeover of the District public school system, saying that the school system needed to change.

When Fenty announced his support of Bowser, some critics said that, if elected, she would always vote as Fenty wished, ignoring the needs of her constituents.

Other critics took note of developers who had contributed to Bowser's campaign, claiming she would favor developers over her constituents. While an ANC commissioner, Bowser had voted in favor of a zoning variance for a condominium development to be built by a developer who had contributed several hundred dollars to her campaign, which some critics derided as a conflict of interest. Bowser maintained that she had supported the development project before running for Council.

The editorial page of The Washington Post favored Bowser in the election. The local councils of the AFL–CIO, Service Employees International Union, and the Fraternal Order of Police also endorsed Bowser in the election, but the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees endorsed her opponent, Michael A. Brown.

Bowser won the special election with 40% of the vote.

2008 election
In 2008, Bowser announced her reelection campaign for the council. Three individuals ran against her in the Democratic primary, namely: Baruti Akil Jahi, former president of the Shepherd Park Citizens Association; Malik Mendenhall-Johnson, then serving as Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner of 4B04; and Paul E. Montague, who had been Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner of 4B07 before being recalled in 2004. Both Jahi and Mendenhall-Johnson criticized Bowser, saying she was a rubber stamp for Mayor Fenty and that she was unconcerned with her constituents' needs.

No candidates' names were on the ballot for the Republican or D.C. Statehood Green primaries.

The Washington Posts editorial department endorsed Bowser's candidacy. The Gertrude Stein Democratic Club also voted to endorse Bowser's reelection.

Bowser won the Democratic Party primary election, receiving 75 percent of votes. Jahi received 19%, Montague received 3%, and Mendenhall-Johnson received 2%. With no one else appearing on the subsequent general election ballot, Bowser won the general election with 97 percent of the vote.

In 2011, Bowser was appointed to the Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority board of governors, a position she held until 2015.

2012 election
Bowser ran for reelection in 2012. Bowser said she would not turn down donations from corporations. Candidate Max Skolnik criticized Bowser for receiving campaign contributions from developers, corporate bundlers, and lobbyists, saying that Bowser would favor the interests of these corporate donors. Bowser said she was not in favor of banning corporations from making political donations altogether, saying that doing so would make it more difficult to track where campaign donations come from. She also said that corporations are banned from donating to federal elections, but that corporations still find ways to give to campaigns.

Bowser's candidacy was endorsed by the editorial boards of The Washington Post and the Washington City Paper.

Bowser won the Democratic primary with 66% of the vote, to Renee L. Bowser's (no relation) 13%, Max Skolnik's 9%, Baruti Jahi's 5%, Judi Jones' 3%, and Calvin Gurley's 2%. Unopposed in the general election, she was elected with 97% of the vote.

2014 election
On March 23, 2013, Bowser announced that she would run for Mayor of the District of Columbia in the 2014 election. Her campaign's chair was former council member William Lightfoot.

Bowser emphasized that she can connect with longtime residents concerned about the rapid changes occurring in the District, while still celebrating the changes that had occurred. Bowser disdained business-as-usual and corruption in the District's government. She favored free Metro fares for students. She was against increasing the minimum wage only for employees of large retailers. Bowser was criticized for being too inexperienced for the position, with too few legislative accomplishments while on the council, and for having a platform that was short on details. She limited the number of debates by only agreeing to participate after the field of candidates had been set, which postponed the first debate until August.

Bowser was endorsed by EMILY's List and the editorial board of The Washington Post. She won the Democratic mayoral primary election with 43 percent of the vote. To raise funds for her campaign she accepted contributions in excess of legal limits, for which she was fined after winning the election.

In the general election, Bowser was on the ballot with Independents David Catania, Nestor Djonkam and Carol Schwartz, D.C. Statehood Green Faith Dane and Libertarian Bruce Majors. No Republican filed. Bowser won the election with 80,824 votes (54.53%) to Catania's 35% and Schwartz's 7%, and took office on January 2, 2015.

Mayor of the District of Columbia

Animal control
In 2017, Bowser proposed several animal regulations, including a ban on backyard chickens, a requirement that all cats be licensed, and a provision that seemed to outlaw leaving dog feces in private yards for more than 24 hours. Following public backlash, the City Administrator clarified that "this is not a war on pets" and the proposals were withdrawn. Later the same year, the Department of Health began to enforce an existing law banning dogs from outdoor bar patios. Following public objections, the D.C. Council changed the law to allow business owners to decide whether or not to allow dogs.

Arts and culture
Asserting legal authority that was questioned by the D.C. Council, in 2019 Bowser illegally took control of the art collection owned by the D.C. Commission on the Arts and Humanities and sought to bring the organization under her control. Bowser's power struggle saw staff of the Commission locked out of their jobs without warning. Bowser used her third ever veto to block legislation that would have preserved the independence of the organization, which also provides grants to hundreds of artists.

Autonomous vehicles
In February 2018, Bowser announced the formation of a work group, with members drawn from various agencies, to explore the benefits of, and prepare the District for, autonomous vehicle technology. The city and the Southwest Business Improvement District are also exploring possibilities for a pilot shuttle program along 10th Street, S.W., possibly to supplement an existing service that connects visitors to popular District destinations. A "Request for Information" was released to firms with expertise in autonomous vehicle development.

Budgeting
Bowser released the first budget of her second term in March 2019. The budget increased spending by 8.2% though revenue growth was expected around three percent. D.C. Auditor Kathy Patterson said the budget was not sustainable and fiscally irresponsible. Bowser responded by hailing her plan to make the DC Circulator free of charge.

On multiple occasions, D.C. government agencies under Bowser's authority and led by her appointees lost millions in federal money because deadlines were missed. Over the course of Bowser's first administration, the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development offered the D.C. Department of Housing and Community Development millions for lead remediation of its aging housing supply. The DHCD target of remediating lead paint in 225 homes was not met, federal grant money was not spent, and eventually the program closed.

In 2019, local organizations providing assistance to at risk populations missed out in $3.75 million when the responsible D.C. Government body failed to submit a timely application. Eleanor Holmes Norton and other D.C. officials pleaded with federal authorities to grant D.C. leniency so that local programs including Reading Partners D.C., The Literacy Lab, and City Year D.C. could receive funding.

Campaign finance
In 2015, Bowser's allies formed FreshPAC, a political action committee intended to advance her agenda. The initiative was the first PAC in District politics so closely aligned with a sitting mayor and created by a former campaign treasurer. Thanks to a legislative loophole regulating off-year fundraising, FreshPAC accepted unlimited contributions. Bowser supporters had quickly raised more than $300,000 and had a goal of collecting $1 million by year's end. FreshPAC was chaired by Earle "Chico" Horton III, a lobbyist for a major corporation that sought Bowser's support. Many of the highest donors participated in a trip to China with the mayor. Following outcry from the Washington Post, members of the D.C. Council, and other stakeholders, FreshPAC was shut down in November 2015. Bowser said she thought FreshPAC was a good thing but its message was distorted.

In 2017, the D.C. Office of Campaign Finance fined Bowser's campaign committee $13,000 for accepting contributions beyond legal maximums during her 2014 mayoral campaign. The excess contributions totaled more than $11,000 from more than a dozen developers and contractors, as well as from landlord Sanford Capital, whom the Bowser administration had been slow to fine despite being responsible for more than 1,000 housing code violations. Some of the same contributors later contributed to FreshPAC. Bowser's campaign returned the illegal contributions.

In 2018, the D.C. Council unanimously passed campaign finance legislation that sought to remove the influence of developers and other large donors from politics by publicly financing campaigns. Bowser was staunchly opposed to the act and said that she would not provide financing for implementation of the law.

Contracting
In 2016, the head of D.C.'s Department of General Services resigned and contracting officials were fired following the award of a large construction project. One of the fired employees filed a $10 million whistleblower lawsuit alleging that he had been terminated for the failure to channel contracts to Fort Myer Construction, a major Bowser campaign donor; the other made similar allegations in an administrative proceeding. The episode prompted an investigation by Councilmember Mary Cheh. In 2017, Cheh's report found that in addition to the questionable firings, a city employee had illegally shared confidential information with Fort Myer about a competitor's bid on a separate project. The report found that the D.C. City Administrator - the top Bowser appointed official - had urged quick settlement of unresolved contract disputes with Fort Myer in an attempt to appease it. These actions led to a $4 million in payouts to the firm, an outcome that the District has previously opposed. After fighting unsuccessfully to keep the findings from public view, Bowser refused to comment on any of the points in the report.

COVID-19 pandemic response
Black residents in D.C. were killed by COVID-19 at 5.9 times the rate of white people, the worst disparity in any major city. An investigation attributed the unequal toll to multiple strategic missteps by Bowser's administration. Among the shortcomings, a testing site was not established anywhere east of the Anacostia River and Bowser's health team was slow to solicit bids. In a rush to reopen the District in June 2020, her administration removed data from the government's website to avoid displaying how it had failed to meet a key metric.

In November 2020, Bowser traveled to Delaware with senior staff for a celebration of Joe Biden's victory despite the elevated risk of Coronavirus in the state and a travel advisory discouraging visits. Bowser claimed the trip to the festivities were "essential" while critics pointed out that she violated her own protocols.

As the pandemic subsided and vaccines became more readily available, Bowser's instructions on masking created confusion among business owners and the public. In April 2021, Bowser issued a mayoral order that patrons could enter dining establishments unmasked if they provided proof of vaccination upon request. After confused businesses owners asked for clarification, the mayoral order was removed.

In response to the rising number of COVID-19 cases caused by the Delta variant, in July 2021 Bowser announced a new indoor mask mandate. On the day that the reinstated mandate took effect, Bowser was found to have officiated an indoor wedding while unmasked.

Bowser went under scrutiny for her actions during the COVID-19 pandemic for attending protests to "defund the police" while restricting people of faith from meeting in religious gathering as a congregation, even outside.

Crime

During her first year as mayor, the district saw a 40% increase in homicides. Bowser sought to address the spike by proposing legislation allowing law enforcement officials to perform warrantless searches of violent ex-offenders. The bill was widely opposed by citizen's groups and the D.C. Council, and did not pass.

In 2016, District homicides fell by 17%, to 135, and dropped again in 2017 to 116, or about the same level prior to a 2015 spike. There were 160 homicides in 2018, an increase of 40 percent from the previous year and the most since 2015. Murders continued to rise in 2019, and by September 19, the homicide rate in the District reached 125, a 17 percent increase from the previous year. 2021 marked the fourth straight year of increasing homicides, including a weekend in May in which 11 people were shot in the District. By July 2021, DC had recorded 100 homicides, the earliest point in the year it had reached this milestone since 2003, and 217 killings were recorded by the end of the year, the highest in nearly two decades.

In 2021, carjackings in DC skyrocketed, reaching more than four times the level of the previous year. Following an attack in which a Pakistani Uber Mohammad Anwar was murdered as the result of a brazen carjacking, Bowser released a tweet explaining that carjackings were a crime of opportunity, giving the impression that Anwar was responsible for his own death. Bowser later deleted the tweet, claiming that it was scheduled to go out before the death, but did not apologize or immediately offer any condolences to Anwar's family or condemnation of his killers, who are black, sparking backlash and accusations of racial bias.

In 2021, the District's forensic crime lab lost its accreditation following a probe that determined the lab concealed conflicting findings and pressured examiners to change results in a firearms case and other mistakes. The investigation led to a criminal investigation of the lab's errors and the resignation of its head, Dr. Jenifer Smith. Days after the news about the lab was first reported, Bowser honored Smith as part of the "Washington Women of Excellence Awards."

Development
In February 2015, Bowser cancelled the creation of a public facility for art exhibitions, lectures and educational activities by the Institute for Contemporary Expression. Approved by Gray, the project involved a privately funded conversion of the historic but unused Franklin School and had its first event planned for September 2015. Bowser cited financial concerns for the decision, but critics noted that several of the firms who earlier competed unsuccessfully for the property were among her donors. As of October 2015, proposals were still being considered.

In September 2015, Bowser announced a deal with Monumental Sports owner Ted Leonsis to build a practice facility for the Washington Wizards. Under the deal, District taxpayers would pay 90 percent of the estimated $55 million cost. The government's portion was split between direct government expenditure and Events DC, a D.C.-government-funded body which operates with an independent board. In July 2016, before construction had started, it was announced that costs would exceed estimates by $10 million while the number of seats in the facility would likely decrease. Under the agreement with the developer, the District will be responsible for cost overruns. Once the St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena was completed, operations costs exceeded estimates and the Events DC board approved more than $1 million in additional costs to cover the shortfall. A contract for a firm to find naming rights for the facility was funded at $180,000 per year.

In May 2019, the D.C. auditor found that the Housing Production Trust Fund, which gives developers funding for affordable housing, had awarded funding to proposals that scored poorly and in one case received the lowest score. The successful but low rated projects were all proposed by developers who had made contributions to the mayor's campaign.

Education
In 2015, D.C. Public Schools Chancellor Kaya Henderson routinely bent or broke school placement rules to give preferential treatment to well-connected parents seeking prized enrollments at particular D.C. public schools. Two senior Bowser appointees were among seven parents who benefited from Henderson's misuse of authority by being permitted to bypass the competitive DCPS lottery system. Deputy Mayor Courtney Snowden, who makes $196,000 a year, jumped a waitlist of more than 1000 names to enroll her child. In 2018, it was revealed that Bowser's recently appointed Schools chancellor Antwan Wilson had similarly manipulated the system to transfer Wilson's teenage daughter to a preferred school. Wilson and other staff resigned while Bowser refused a request to testify about Wilson's statement that she was aware of the placement, calling an inquiry "political circus." By 2018, management of D.C. Public Schools prompted investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Education and the D.C. Office of the Inspector General.

Emergency services
In February 2016, Bowser's appointee as medical director of the fire department resigned from her post after one year on the job. Explaining her decision, Jullette Saussy said that she could not be complicit in a failed agency and that its performance was putting Washingtonian's lives at risk. In response, Bowser's spokesperson said that she was committed to achieving change.

In February 2022, Bowser reappointed Karima Holmes to lead the Office of Unified Communications, a position she previously held for six years. During her earlier period as director, the city's 911 system fell short of national standards and resulted in fatal consequences when first responders were sent to the wrong address.

Environment
In January 2018, Bowser announced a $4.7 million investment in two islands in the Anacostia River, 45 acre Kingman Island and 5 acre Heritage Island. She also designated portions of each island as a "state conservation area," which restricts their use to limited purposes including recreation and education. The funds will be used for improvements to the islands, including outdoor classrooms, walkways, a floating lab platform and bathrooms.

Government transparency
In early 2018, the members of the D.C. Board of Ethics and Government Accountability voted unanimously not to renew the contract of Traci Hughes, head of D.C.'s government transparency entity, the Office of Open Government. Activists said Hughes was being punished for her enforcement of District regulations on government transparency. In the preceding year, she had faulted at least two public boards controlled by Bowser appointees for failure to comply with the city's Open Meetings Act, and had issued a decision that the board of United Medical Center, the District's troubled public hospital, had broken that law by secretly discussing and voting to close the facility's nursery and delivery rooms. Hughes said after her dismissal that she had had to resist pressure to ease off in her role of policing District agencies' compliance with the Open Meetings Act and Freedom of Information Act; and that she had been subjected to "personal attacks in an effort to keep [her] from issuing an opinion" relating to Open Meetings Act compliance by the D.C. Commission on Selection and Tenure of Administrative Law Judges.

Gun control

Bowser is a strong advocate of gun control, characterizing herself in her inaugural speech in January 2015 as "a mayor who hates guns."  Bowser has encouraged the D.C. Council to ban bump stocks, with the aim of forcing congressional Republicans to take a stand on the record on gun control and gun violence. "Americans are demanding common-sense action, and as leaders, we must listen and act. Bump stocks, which turn already dangerous weapons into lethal machines, have no place in our society," said Mayor Bowser.   Bowser was also "unusually supportive" of the March for Our Lives rally in Washington, D.C. in March 2018, and in 2018 was said to be positioning herself as a national figure in the gun control movement.

Health care
In 2016, United Medical Center was the sole government-owned hospital in D.C. In March of that year, on the advice of the Director of Health Care Finance, the D.C Council awarded the management of UMC to Veritas, a two-year-old politically connected firm. The husband of the Veritas CEO was a major donor to the Bowser campaign in 2014, and a longtime health-care executive with experience overseeing troubled hospitals. Veritas however failed to improve the quality of care and its tenure saw several cases of preventable patient deaths and negligence. By March 2017, the director of D.C.'s Department of Health was warning the UMC board about serious safety lapses in the hospital's obstetrics unit. By August, the Department of Health had shut down the ward due to its failure to meet minimum standards. Earlier, in July 2017, the hospital allowed a week to pass between the death of a nursing home patient and notification to his family. In August, another patient died under questionable circumstances. In September, the nurses union voted "no confidence" in the hospital's leadership and said that unsafe nurse-patient ratios and a lack of proper equipment were unaddressed. Bowser administration officials refused repeated requests to disclose the specific medical lapses and ultimately the council voted to remove Veritas.

The opioid epidemic ravaged D.C., with a higher rate of fatal overdoses in 2017 among African Americans in D.C. than whites in West Virginia or New Hampshire. Though funding was available, the Department of Behavioral Health failed to establish adequate treatment programs. In December 2018, the District announced an "ambitious" plan aiming to cut opioid deaths by half within about two years, using a combination of treatment, tracking and education. The plan was written by a "group of D.C. agencies, doctors, substance abuse treatment providers, council members and individuals in recovery." Several of the plan's recommendations were described as "vague," or merely expanding on existing programs.

Upon taking office in 2015, Bowser set a goal to halve the number of HIV/AIDS cases in the District by 2020. In 2019, the District continued to have one of the highest rates in the country. The number of diagnoses in the previous year was 360, decreasing by 13 and 5 during each of the previous two years of Bowser's term.

Homelessness
Bowser pledged to end chronic homelessness in the District. In 2018, the results of an annual survey required by federal law reflected a 7.6% drop in the homeless population from 2017, following a 17.3% drop the year before. The estimated total homeless population of 6,904 was, however, still slightly higher than it had been in 2013.

Bowser's approach to resolving the homelessness issue, focusing on homeless families, has been the subject of criticism. During the winter of 2015, the District saw an increase of more than 250 percent over any previous year, in homeless families housed in shelters and overflow motel rooms, although part of the increase was due to the administration's decision to move families into motel rooms before freezing temperatures would require it do so under the law. In February 2016, Bowser unveiled a plan to provide housing for homeless families following the closure of District of Columbia General Hospital. Without any community consultation or input, Bowser announced the location of one shelter in each of the District's eight wards and refused to say how the sites were selected. In March 2016, it was revealed that many of the sites selected were connected to Bowser's contributors. Under Bowser's plan, the monthly cost per unit was $4,500 on average each year for at least the next 20 years. Frustrated by the D.C. Council's efforts to devise its own plan, Bowser lashed out with expletives at Chairman Phil Mendelson.

Housing
In 2018, Bowser nominated Joshua Lopez, former chief campaign aide to both Bowser and ex-Mayor Adrian Fenty, to serve on the board of the D.C. Housing Authority, which reviews contracts and sets policy for public housing. Over the objections of certain council members who considered Lopez unqualified for the position, Bowser proceeded with the nomination, which the Council approved by a vote of 10–3. In April 2018, Lopez held a loudspeaker at a rally while a representative of the Nation of Islam spoke, calling Councilmember Elissa Silverman "a fake jew." Bowser called upon Lopez to apologize but resisted public calls for his resignation.

In October 2021, the Chair of the D.C. Housing Authority, Neil Albert, abruptly resigned after it was revealed that he had channeled multiple contracts to a romantic partner. While Chair, Albert had awarded the Housing Authority's headquarters to a developer, who hired his partner as the architect of record. Bowser had championed Albert's accomplishments in the months before his departure and responded to news that Albert's home had been raided by the FBI with a statement that she holds employees to high standards. Bowser's replacement for Albert, Dionne Bussey-Reeder, owed thousands in unpaid income taxes leading the government to place liens on her property, in violation of DCHA bylaws.

Immigration
Upon the election of Donald Trump to the presidency, and following statements by the President-elect threatening to pull federal funding from sanctuary cities, Bowser issued a statement reaffirming the District's status as a sanctuary city. Soon thereafter Bowser was confronted by a throng of about 100 protesters who were angry that she had not responded more forcefully—as had mayors of some other sanctuary cities—in denouncing Trump's policies and in defending immigrants. In January 2017, following Trump's inauguration and the issuance of a Presidential Executive Order threatening to withhold Federal funding from sanctuary cities, Bowser affirmed that the District would maintain its status as such.

In November 2017, Bowser announced that the District was joining seven other cities in a partnership with the National Immigration Forum to assist some 2,000 green card holders who work for the D.C. Government, as well as family members, in applying for U.S. citizenship. The partnership would provide information, legal help, citizenship test coaching and assist in finding language classes. Participation in the program could save an applicant as much as $2,000 in legal fees.

In 2022, the governors of Texas and Arizona instituted policies to offer migrants released by federal authorities in their states free bus rides to Washington, D.C. Since April 2022, over 9,000 migrants have been sent to D.C. from the two states. Bowser stated that the city and the nation was facing a "migrant crisis" and criticized the governors of Texas and Arizona for what she characterized as "political gamesmanship." Bowser has twice requested assistance from the National Guard in managing the migrants and was denied both times. On September 8, 2022, Bowser declared a public emergency in D.C. and established an Office of Migrant Services to provide services to migrants arriving from Texas and Arizona.

Policing

Bowser has shown strong police support and has not complied with numerous legal requirements regarding transparency in policing.  Her administration repeatedly blocked the release of stop and frisk data as required by the NEAR Act.

Although Bowser supported the outfitting of Metropolitan Police Department with body cameras, out of 25 involved officer shootings from 2016-2018, only three instances of body cam footage were released as of April 2019.

Protests

Mayor Bowser demonstrated support for the Black Lives Matter movement following the murder of George Floyd and the subsequent protests. She renamed the stretch of 16th Street NW in front of the White House, "Black Lives Matter Plaza" and had a mural painted spanning the entire street. DC-based leaders of Black Lives Matter said the act was a distraction from real policy changes and called on the Mayor to defund the police. In response, Black Lives Matter organizers painted "DEFUND THE POLICE" in the same bright letters, feet away from the mural Bowser ordered.

On January 6, 2021, pro-Trump rioters and insurrectionists stormed the US Capitol, in protest of the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Democrat Joe Biden defeated incumbent Republican President Donald Trump.  Bowser imposed a curfew in response, to 6:00 pm that night and end at 6:00 am the following day, though it was ignored by numerous pro-Trump rioters and insurrectionists.

During the 2021 Cuban protests in July, the words "CUBA LIBRE" (translated to "FREE CUBA") were painted in front of the Cuban embassy in support of the Cuban people and opposition to the country's communist regime. By July 20, the words were removed by the Bowser administration, who classified the words as "unauthorized". Bowser received criticism for her double standard of praising Raul Castro in 2016, her allowance of painting "Black Lives Matter" on the same street and her future plans to make the area a permanent dedication to Black Lives Matter.

Public services
In January 2016, traffic throughout the D.C. region was paralyzed by an inch of snow on untreated roads. More than 1,000 accidents were reported and some commuters abandoned their cars amidst impassable roads. Bowser apologized for an inadequate response in the District, explaining that "we should have been there earlier."

For a larger storm later in the same season, a report by the D.C. auditor found that the District had spent over $40 million on removal, much of it charged to the District's credit cards. The District incurred tens of thousands of dollars in credit card fees. In an unprecedented move, JPMorgan Chase shut off the government's line of credit until some of the card balances could be paid. Some of the contractors who benefited most from the snow removal expenses were important Bowser donors, the D.C. auditor found.

Public utilities
In October 2015, Bowser changed her position to support the $6.4-billion merger between two public utilities, Exelon and Pepco. Opponents of the merger decried the lack of transparency in the deal and Bowser's reversal. Community activists raised ethics concerns, claiming that Bowser was swayed by a $25 million pledge to rename the future MLS Soccer Stadium as Pepco Park. In December 2015, it was revealed that Exelon had paid the chairman of FreshPAC, a political action committee affiliated with Bowser's allies, as a lobbyist.

Sexual harassment
In December 2017, Bowser ordered that 30,000 employees of the District receive sexual harassment training by February 2018. Under the order, 1,500 supervisors must also complete advanced, in-person training. At the time, Bowser administration personnel could not say how much taxpayers had paid to resolve sexual harassment claims against the city, or how many such claims there had been. In March 2018, it was reported that taxpayers had recently spent at least $735,000 to settle such suits. Bowser's aides acknowledged they did not have a full grasp of the problem, and the city plans to set up a system to track complaints and settlements.

Traffic safety
In 2015, Bowser announced Vision Zero, a traffic safety initiative that aims to eliminate all traffic fatalities by 2024. To launch the event, Bowser, supporters, and D.C. government employees stood at intersections and waved green signs imploring motorists to slow down. The following year, the number of traffic fatalities increased from 26 to 28 and the number of crash injuries increased from 12,122 to 12,430. Pedestrian fatalities within the total dropped from 15 to 9, during a period when pedestrian deaths nationally had jumped upward by 11 percent. In 2017, traffic fatalities continued to rise. Following a pair of biking fatalities in the summer of 2018, cyclists protested that Bowser had failed at promoting traffic safety. In 2019, a prominent bike advocate was struck and killed by a driver along a stretch of road that was known to be dangerous.

In May 2020, Bowser announced that the default speed limits in D.C. would be reduced to 20 mph, claiming that "slower speeds can help improve safety". While overall traffic declined during the pandemic, DC reported 37 traffic fatalities in 2020, the most in over a decade. 2021 was deadlier, and by mid-November, the number of traffic deaths had already reached 2020's level.

Transportation
As part of her first State of the District Address in March 2015, Bowser promised to get the DC Streetcar "up and running." In September, Bowser as well as the director of the D.C. Department of Transportation promised that the streetcar would be operational by the end of the year. The H Street/Benning line began public service operations on February 27, 2016.

Urban development
After Bowser took office in 2015, she created a new cabinet post to focus on development in the city's poorest areas. She named former Council candidate Courtney Snowden to the new position. In 2017, the Inspector General found that Snowden had improperly used city employees to care for her child. Bowser said that appropriate management action had been taken in response to staff babysitting, without specifying what was done.

In October 2017, Bowser announced a $3 million infusion into housing and retail projects in D.C. Wards 7 and 8 in an effort to remedy the scarcity of grocery stores in the District's poorest wards. District Wards 7 and 8 have only three grocery stores between them, or 50,000 people for every grocery store, compared to 10,000 per store in wealthy Ward 3. Bowser awarded $2.1 million to the Jair Lynch group for redevelopment of a shopping center, and $880,000 to South Capitol Affordable Housing to assist in building out the Good Food Markets project, which also includes 195 units of affordable housing as well as commercial space. Previous attempts to attract grocery stores to these areas have failed.

Youth services
In April 2016, the D.C. Trust, a government-funded entity that disbursed grants throughout the District to non-profits providing youth services, declared bankruptcy and announced plans to dissolve. The decision was attributed in part to overspending by and for staff at the agency. The agency, also known as the City Youth Investment Trust Corp., had suffered a history of abuse and mismanagement. Former councilmember Harry Thomas Jr. was found guilty on felony charges for embezzling $350,000 of the trust's funds between 2007 and 2009. In 2013, Congressional investigators concluded that the agency lacked controls to properly administer a $20 million-a-year, federally funded school-voucher program. Then in January 2016, the agency's board, four of whom had been appointed by Mayor Bowser, learned that a former executive director and a former senior financial officer had used funds to pay tens of thousands of dollars in credit-card charges, including some for personal use. Bowser had recently provided $700,000 in taxpayer funding to the agency. The board members did not know how much of the funding remained or how youth services could be continued.

In 2019, a 9 year old and a 10 year old were handcuffed by the Metropolitan Police Department in separate incidents, sparking public outrage after videos of the incidents were circulated. While the Attorney General said that he would review department policies, Bowser said that "every case is different" and asked whether it was appropriate to circulate photos of juveniles.

Involvement in national politics
In mid-May 2016, ahead of the 2016 District of Columbia Democratic primary, Bowser endorsed Hillary Clinton's presidential candidacy.

Bowser delivered a speech at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, in which she advocated for D.C. statehood.

In late January 2020, Bowser endorsed Michael Bloomberg's campaign in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. In March, after Bloomberg had withdrawn from the race, she endorsed Joe Biden's campaign.

At the 2020 Democratic National Convention, Bowser delivered a speech remotely from Black Lives Matter Plaza.

2018 election
Bowser filed to run for re-election in 2018. James Butler, Ernest E. Johnson, and Jeremiah D. Stanback filed to run against her in the Democratic Party primary election. Ann C. Wilcox filed to run as a D.C. Statehood Green Party candidate. No one filed as a mayoral candidate in either the Republican Party primary election or the Libertarian Party primary election. Noting the nominal opposition and some "stumbles" during her first term, The Washington Post endorsed Bowser's re-election, citing the District's economic prosperity and Bowser's having fulfilled her promise to restore integrity to government. She then won the June 19 Democratic Primary with 83% of the vote, after her most formidable potential challenger, former mayor Vincent C. Gray, declined to enter the race. She went on to win the November 8 general election with just under 80% of the vote against two Independent candidates and one Libertarian.

During the election, Bowser sought to unseat incumbent Councilmember Elissa Silverman, who had frequently questioned the mayor. Bowser endorsed political newcomer Dionne Reeder and provided her with volunteer and fundraising support. Reeder lost by a significant margin and Bowser was not able to deliver a victory in her home base of Ward 4.

Electoral history

2004

2006

2007

2008

2012

2014

2018

2022

Personal life
Bowser is a lifelong Catholic.

In 2015, Bowser bought a home in Colonial Village, moving from a Riggs Park duplex where she had lived since 2000.

In May 2018, Bowser announced that she had adopted a baby whom she named Miranda Elizabeth Bowser. Bowser's eldest sister, Mercia, died of COVID-19 on February 24, 2021. Mayor Bowser wrote, "Mercia was loved immensely and will be missed greatly, as she joins the legion of angels who have gone home too soon due to the pandemic."

See also
 List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States
 List of female governors in the United States

References

External links

 Campaign website
 Official site

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1972 births
Living people
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American politicians
21st-century African-American women
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
2008 United States presidential electors
African-American Catholics
African-American city council members
African-American mayors of Washington, D.C.
African-American people in Washington, D.C., politics
African-American women mayors
American gun control activists
American University School of Public Affairs alumni
Catholics from Washington, D.C.
Chatham University alumni
Mayors of Washington, D.C.
Members of the Council of the District of Columbia
Washington, D.C., Democrats
Washington, D.C., government officials
Women city councillors in the District of Columbia
Women mayors of places in the United States
Women state governors of the United States


was a Japanese poet, activist-writer, feminist, anarchist, ethnologist and historian.

Biography
Takamure was born into a poor family in rural Kumamoto Prefecture in 1894. Her father was a schoolteacher, and educated his daughter in classical Chinese, among other subjects not standard in Japanese women's education at the time. Despite higher academic ambitions, after failing to complete her post-secondary education and working for a time in a cotton-spinning mill, she returned home in 1914 and taught in the same school as her father for three years. In 1917 she met her future partner and editor Hashimoto Kenzō, with whom she lived sporadically after 1919 and who became her legal husband in 1922. Before moving to Tokyo in 1920, she worked briefly for a newspaper in Kumamoto City and undertook the Shikoku pilgrimage in 1918. Takamure's articles on her experiences and the fact that she undertook the pilgrimage as an unmarried woman alone made her something of a celebrity in Japan at the time, and her notoriety only grew after she left her household and husband in Tokyo in the company of another man in 1925. A public scandal ensued despite her speedy reconciliation with Hashimoto, to which Takamure angrily responded in the poem Ie de no shi ("Poem on leaving home"), which was published in her book Tokyo wa netsubyō ni kakatteiru at the end of the year.

In 1926 Takamure met and became friends with the pioneering Japanese feminist Hiratsuka Raichō, herself the famous editor of the defunct feminist journal Bluestocking, and published the first systematic elucidation of her views in Ren'ai sōsei. Her status as her household's primary wage-earner led her to publish a great many articles in various journals and magazines during these years, as well as to engage with other prominent Japanese feminists in print. The most prominent of these exchanges was a debate on marriage and motherhood with Yamakawa Kikue through 1928 into 1929, mostly in the pages of the women's journal Fujin Kōron. Against Yamakawa's standard Marxist critique of marriage as a bourgeois institution of economic oppression, Takamure articulated an anarchist, community-oriented vision of a post-revolutionary future that would preserve the role of mothers in childcare and place the concerns of women and mothers at the center rather than the periphery of society.

Takamure's deepening commitment to anarchism led her to join the anarchist-feminist group Proletarian Women Artists' League (Musan Fujin Geijitsu Renmei) and, in 1930, to found the anarchist feminist journal Fujin Sensen (The Woman's Front). Fujin Sensen lasted for sixteen issues, until it was shut down in June 1931, as part of deepening fascist repression by the government. In response to these developments and to an affair on Takamure's part, Takamure and Hashimoto withdrew to suburban Tokyo in July 1931. From her "House in the Woods" (Mori no ie), named in homage to Henry David Thoreau's Walden, Takamure embarked on the most influential phase of her career, that of a pioneering historian in the field of Japanese women's history.

Despite her anarcha-feminist beliefs, during World War II, Takamure wrote a number of polemical articles in support of Japanese imperialism in Asia, although she also penned criticisms of the sexual violence committed by the Imperial Japanese Army. She also began to research and publish on women's roles and matrilineage in ancient Japanese society, ancient marriage institutions, and the right of women to own and inherit property in earlier times. Only one of these books, Bokeisei no kenkyû (1938), appeared before the end of the war, but it was followed in the postwar period by Shōseikon no kenkyû (1953) and Josei no rekishi (1954).

Takamure's death in 1964 largely predated the uptake of her scholarship into the academy as well as the rediscovery and criticism of her prewar and wartime writings by feminist scholars beginning in the 1970s. Her scholarship and method were heavily influenced by the nativism of Motoori Norinaga, which led her to conclude, against the folkloristic (minzokugaku) conclusions of Yanagita Kunio, that marriage in the Heian period had been largely uxorilocal. Takamure's work was later endorsed by William McCullough, in his classic article on Heian marriage in 1967, and has become the standard position in the field.

Selected works
 (, "Tokyo is Feverish")
 (, "Genesis of Love")
 (, "Study of Matrilineal Systems: Women's History of Great Japan, 1")
 (, "Studies in Uxorilocal Marriage")
 (, "A History of Women")
 (, "An Unmarried Woman's Pilgrimage")
 (, "A Collection of Examples of Japanese Marriage from Ancient Times")

See also
Hiratsuka Raichō
Bluestocking
Yamakawa Kikue

References

Bibliography

Further reading

1894 births
1964 deaths
20th-century Japanese historians
20th-century Japanese poets
20th-century Japanese women writers
Anarcha-feminists
Japanese activists
Japanese anarchists
Japanese ethnologists
Japanese feminists
Japanese women activists
Japanese women historians
Japanese women journalists
Japanese women poets
People from Kumamoto Prefecture


Lahaina Cannery Mall is a shopping mall located in Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii.  It is the island's only fully enclosed, air-conditioned mall, and encompasses .  It has more than 50 boutiques, restaurants and specialty shops.  Opened in 1987, the mall boasts a variety of boutique retail stores combined with casual restaurants and an exceptional international food court.  The mall is also anchored by a 24-hour Safeway grocery store and a Longs Drugs store.

History
West Maui's roots in the historic pineapple industry began in 1912, when David T. Fleming began growing pineapple there for the Maui Pineapple Company.  In 1920 the name was changed to Baldwin Packers, which grew pineapple at the Honolua Plantation and then canned it nearby. Less than a mile from Lahaina harbor, tons of the exotic, succulent fruit were processed and canned at the historic Baldwin Packers pineapple cannery. The Baldwins' growing and canning operations in Lahaina continued for many decades.  However, in 1962 the Baldwins' east and west Maui holdings and pineapple operations were united when Baldwin Packers merged with Maui Pineapple Company.  It was around that time that the Baldwin Packers pineapple cannery in west Maui was closed.

Beginning in the mid-1980s, plans were established for a shopping center on the site of the old cannery.  When developer Hawaii Omori Inc. began planning on the shopping center, the first idea was to reuse the Baldwin Packers cannery.  When that proved impractical, the distinctive corrugated style and factory-like open conduits inside were adopted for the design.  When the mall was built in 1987, it was designed to look like a pineapple cannery.

References

Shopping malls in Hawaii
Shopping malls established in 1987
Buildings and structures in Lahaina, Hawaii
1987 establishments in Hawaii


The Columbus Golden Seals were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the International Hockey League from 1971 to 1973. Columbus operated as a farm team to the National Hockey League's California Golden Seals. The owner of the NHL Seals, Charlie Finley, had acquired the IHL franchise rights to the dormant Columbus Checkers to create the farm team. In 1973, Finley sold the Columbus Golden Seals. The new owner, Al Savill, renamed the team the Columbus Owls for the 1973–74 season.

References

External links
 results and statistics (www.hockeydb.com)

International Hockey League (1945–2001) teams
Sports clubs and teams in Columbus, Ohio
Ice hockey teams in Ohio
Defunct ice hockey teams in Ohio
Ice hockey clubs established in 1971
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 1973
1971 establishments in Ohio
1973 disestablishments in Ohio


Highway 186 (AR 186, Ark. 186, and Hwy. 186) is an east–west state highway in Franklin County, Arkansas. The route of  runs north from Coal Road at Alix through Altus to Philpot Road north of Interstate 40.

Route description
The route begins at County Route 97 (Coal Road) at Alix and runs north and west to Altus. After crossing US 64, AR 186 continues north to pass the Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and enter the Wiederhekr Village corporate limits. The road meets I-40 at exit 41 at a full interchange. Highway 186 continues north to terminate at County Road 90 (Philpot Road).

Major intersections

See also

 List of state highways in Arkansas

References

External links

186
Transportation in Franklin County, Arkansas


Château Rauzan, Château Rausan or Château Rozan, is the name of an estate once the property of Pierre de Rauzan in Margaux and Pauillac, in the Bordeaux region of France, that became partitioned beginning at the end of the 18th century. The modern wine estates are:

In Margaux:
 Château Rauzan-Gassies
 Château Rauzan-Ségla
 Château Desmirail
 Château Marquis de Terme

In Pauillac:
 Château Pichon Longueville Baron
 Château Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande


These 84 quarterbacks have started at least one game for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. They are listed in order of the date of each player's first start at quarterback for the Bears.

Regular season

 * – Indicates that the number of starts is not known for that year for each quarterback

Postseason

 * – For more information on 1921, see the 1921 NFL Championship controversy.
 ** – The 1932 NFL Playoff Game was an extra game used as a tiebreaker that season prior to the creation of a playoff system the following year.

Team career passing records
Through the 2020 NFL Season

See also
 Lists of NFL starting quarterbacks

References

External links
 http://www.bearshistory.com/lore/chicagobearsquarterbacks.aspx

Chicago Bears

Starting quarterbacks


Bình Lục is a rural district of Hà Nam province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 158,023. The district covers an area of 155 km2. The district capital lies at Bình Mỹ.   Bình Lục is where scientists excavated 6 Đông Sơn drums such as Ngọc Lũ drum, Vũ Bị drum and An Lão drum. Bình Lục is where Nguyễn Khuyến's father was born.

References

Districts of Hà Nam province


William D. Revelli (February 12, 1902 – July 16, 1994) was an American music educator and conductor best known for his association with the University of Michigan, where he directed the university's bands including the Michigan Marching Band 1935 to 1971.  During his 36 years as director, the Michigan Marching Band won international acclaim for its musical precision.  Revelli is also credited with innovations that moved college marching bands across the country away from rigid military formations.  Among other things, Revelli’s Michigan Marching Band was the first to synchronize music and movement and the first to use an announcer.

Early years
Born in Spring Gulch, Colorado, Revelli studied violin as a child, graduated from the Beethoven Conservatory of Music in St. Louis, and received degrees from the Chicago Musical College, Columbia School of Music and Vandercook School of Music.  He also played in various pit orchestras in Chicago before accepting a high-school conducting job at Hobart High School in Hobart, Indiana, in 1925.  Revelli transformed the Hobart High School Band into one of the best small high school bands in the country.  He was music director at Hobart from 1925 to 1935, where his bands won either five or six national championships.  In 1934, Revelli's Hobart band was invited to play at the World's Fair, and one newspaper reported: "William Revelli has developed his Hobart, Ind., class B band to a point where it is ranked by many with the best class A organizations from larger schools."  In 1931, Revelli was paid a salary of $5,000 a year,  a large sum at that time.

University of Michigan

Overview of career at Michigan

In 1935 Revelli was hired by the University of Michigan as director of bands.  Revelli almost decided against applying for the Michigan job because the pay was significantly lower than what he was earning in Hobart, but he did apply for and later accept the job, a position he held for 36 years.  Revelli retired in 1972 and was director emeritus until his death in 1994, Under his direction, the Michigan Marching Band was acclaimed for its musical precision, intricate formations and high-stepping style.  The Marching Band under Revelli was “the first to score original music to band shows, to synchronize music and movement, to use an announcer, to do a post-game show, and the first to host a high school Band Day.”

Reputation as taskmaster
Known on Michigan’s campus as “The Chief,” Revelli was known as a tough taskmaster. Revelli had a fierce dedication to excellence and drilled the desire for perfection into his band students.  One former band member recalled that the “sequence of our attitudes toward him often went from fear to anger to respect to awe to reverence.’” Another recalled: “He was a tyrant who was feared by many, and an educator revered by all.”  One of his students from the 1940s recalled the same emotions but noted: “I learned more about music-making in that little class ... than I had learned in my prior 12 years of private lessons.”  It has been said that, if asked, “nearly every student who played under Revelli could vividly recount some memory of him; he left a lasting impression on everyone with whom he crossed paths.”

Interviewed in 1970, Revelli said: "I've been called the Vince Lombardi of Ann Arbor because I just won't compromise. I'm intolerable when it comes to perfection.  Sometimes I'm even downright mean about it."  Revelli added that his pursuit of perfection was about more than the music: "This striving for perfection will carry over into other areas of their lives."  In December 1964, Revelli described the guiding principles that he sought to instill into his students for 36 years.  In a speech delivered to the Marching Band prior to its appearance at the 1965 Rose Bowl game (and published in its entirety in the October 1994 issue of Michigan’s alumni magazine Michigan Today), Revelli said:

"Demand of yourself! How much do you demand of yourself of what I'm talking about? Not even 10 percent, some of you. ... I want to know how you can dedicate yourself to your forthcoming positions in the musical world, when you can't dedicate yourself right now to what you're doing in a simple little march. ... The world is full of people who do things just about right. Just about. And a few on the top do them just right—most of the time. Nobody's perfect! When are you going to start to demand of yourself what I demand of myself? When are you going to be as uncompromising with what you do as I am uncompromising in what I hear and what I insist on? When? Are you waiting for some miracle? The miracle will be when you demand of yourself everything you've got of yourself. That'll be the day. And I don't only mean 5 minutes of 10; I mean 10 minutes out of 10; I mean 60 minutes out of an hour, 24 hours a day, at least all of your waking hours. ... I don't want it just about right! To me, just about right is terrible! ... Now, nobody's killed when you play a half-note as a dotted quarter. But you might, from learning to play a half-note a full half-note, make the difference in the lives of 50,000 little kids. ... You don't piddle with music—it's a good-time-Charlie business, and for me, the wonderful good times come out of hearing somebody play beautifully. I don't care if it's ‘Stars and Stripes,’ ‘The Victors’ or what it is. I mean, there's a pride. And this guy knows he's good! And nobody can take that away from him. When they play sloppy and don't care or don't know—a great many of them don't even know, they don't know how bad it is—they can be forgiven, but more they should be pitied.”

Revelli also viewed school bands as a bulwark against juvenile delinquency.  He noted: "We keep our musicians too interested and busy to get into mischief."  On another occasion, he noted, "Young music students have better things to do than get in trouble."

Development of the Michigan Bands

Revelli recruited talented musicians to Michigan like a football coach recruited top athletes. Revelli required all male wind instrument majors to participate in the Marching Band.  This requirement swelled the number of students in the Marching Band. Revelli was also known for his use of new music in his performances, often commissioning new pieces. Another innovation during Revelli’s years as band director was the introduction of dance steps.  The tradition began with a dance routine to the tune Alexander's Ragtime Band which proved to be a big hit with the crowd.

In the 1930s, General Motors divisions, Buick and Chevrolet, paid for the band to travel to away games.  In a show of appreciation, Revelli had the band line up in a “Buck – I” formation at the 1938 Ohio State game.  Then, while playing Buick’s theme song, the letter "I" moved between the "u" and the "c" in "Buck" spelling out "Buick".  The next morning, athletic director Fielding H. Yost reportedly called Revelli at his home at 2:00 a.m. and said: "Young man,  never do that again!”  Yost did not approve of the injection of commercial advertising onto the college football field.

Revelli was also dedicated to furthering musical education in high schools.  He regularly toured the Midwest offering band clinics in small towns and big cities.  In 1949, Revelli held the first Band Day at Michigan Stadium. Twenty-nine high school bands marched into the stadium and played with the Michigan Marching Band under the direction of Revelli. By the 1960s, the number of Band Day participants had grown to more than 14,000.
Revelli was also the Chairman of the Instrumental Winds Department at the University of Michigan.  He was an advocate within the School of Music for wind music.  Aside from directing the large ensembles, Revelli promoted chamber music as well as the importance of private instruction on each student’s wind instrument at the University.  Starting in 1942, Revelli offered the “Small Wood-wind ensemble,” as a way to encourage wind chamber music.  The vision of professor Revelli helped bring in teachers for every wind instrument and paved the way for the University of Michigan to become one of the premiere music institutions in the United States.

In 1946, the band moved to Harris Hall. Revelli joked that the band was making "progress" as it moved from a building built in 1854—Morris Hall—to one built in 1888. The large upstairs room with its plaster walls and wooden floor provided the perfect acoustical setting for a band rehearsal. Revelli later said the "Michigan Band sound" was in part due to the perfect acoustics of Harris Hall and Hill Auditorium.

In 1961, Revelli and the U-M Symphony Band, under sponsorship of the U.S. State Department, toured the Soviet Union, Romania, Egypt, Greece, and five other Near East countries for 15 weeks.  One of the attendees at the USSR concert in Minsk, USSR - according to the Warren Commission report - was none other than Lee Harvey Oswald - the reported assassin of John F. Kennedy. On other tours, the Symphony Band under Revelli appeared at Carnegie Hall in New York, the Philadelphia Academy of Music, Boston Symphony Hall, and the Shrine Auditorium in Detroit.

Revelli teaches “The Victors” to the football team

When Bo Schembechler was hired as Michigan’s football coach in 1969, Revelli was the first person to visit him when he arrived at his new office: “I’m in my office, and the first visitor that I get, the absolute first visitor is William D. Revelli.”  Revelli sat down and said, “I want you to know that I coach my band exactly the same way you coach your football team. We’ll have discipline, and we’ll do it the way it’s supposed to be done!”  Revelli added, "Anything you need from me or the band, all you need to do is ask."

When the freshmen arrived in the fall of 1969, Schembechler asked Revelli to teach them how to sing "The Victors."  Schembechler said, “He didn't just teach them ‘The Victors.’ He taught them Michigan tradition!”  Schembechler gathered the freshmen at Yost Field House, and Revelli entered in full uniform – described by Schembechler as “a lean, short, distinguished-looking older gentleman—a band director right out of central casting.”  Revelli rose to the podium, tapped his baton, looked right into their eyes and said, "John Philip Sousa called this the greatest fight song ever written.  And you will sing it with respect!"  Revelli brought out a pitch pipe and began the instructions.  “You sing from down in here, in your diaphragm.  You bring it up from down here with feeling.”  Then he blew the starting note on his pitch pipe.  The players started, "Hail to the Victors, valiant –"  Revelli interrupted, “No, No, No!  That’s terrible!  There’s no enthusiasm.  You didn’t sing it without enthusiasm!”  They started again, and Revelli interrupted again.  “No, no, no!  We’re gonna get this right if I’m here all night!”

Schembechler thought so much of Revelli’s performance that he invited him back every year to teach the freshmen what Michigan tradition was about.  Schembechler recalled, “He was absolutely great, and the freshmen absolutely loved it.  And let me tell you, every one of those freshmen came out of that session with Revelli knowing ‘The Victors.’  They knew the words, they knew how to sing it, and they knew how to emphasize the right spots.  They flat out knew how to do it.  And it was only because he came over there with the idea that those guys were going to come out of that meeting room knowing how to sing this fight song the right way or else!  And they did.  That was Bill Revelli.”

The admiration between Revelli and Schembechler was mutual.  In a 1970 interview, Revelli compared himself and his training methods to those of Schembechler.  "Bo and I speak the same language.  Psychologically, our practices are the same.  Both the team and the band have to perfect their fundamentals before they can do anything else.  And both need proper warmups to stay in shape in the off-season.  Sometimes we'll spend 45 minutes on calisthenics of the embouchure (perfecting the position of the lips on the mouthpiece of an instrument).  I had one boy come back who hadn't practiced all summer.  His lips were about six months behind everyone else's."

College Band Directors National Association
Revelli was the founder of the College Band Directors National Association (CBDNA) in 1941. The CBDNA began as a committee of the Music Educators National Conference (MENC). In the fall of 1938 that committee, under the leadership of Revelli, met independently in Chicago. The group met again in December 1941 and formed the University and College Band Conductors Conference. The name of the organization was changed to the College Band Directors National Association in 1947.  Revelli also served as a President of the National Band Association and the American Bandmasters Association, and was named Honorary Life President of the CBDNA.

Revelli International School of Music
In the 1970s, Revelli headed a school in Glion/Montreux Switzerland called the Revelli International School of Music.  High School students from various states attended for a short time and then toured through various countries in Europe.

Awards and honors

Revelli received numerous awards and honors for his contributions to marching band music, music education, and the University of Michigan. These honors include:
 In 1947, the Chicago Musical College conferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Music on Revelli.
 In 1949, at the Twelfth Biennial Convention of Kappa Kappa Psi, National Honorary Fraternity for College Bandsmen, Revelli was honored by being elected to the position of Grand Honorary President, "an honor seldom given and one of the highest honors that could be bestowed upon any conductor or member of the fraternity."
 In 1961, the University of Michigan presented Revelli with the faculty award for distinguished achievement.
 In 1964, Revelli was honored as one of the first ten recipients of Kappa Kappa Psi's Distinguished Service to Music Medal.
 In the 1970s, the Michigan Marching Band moved into a new building constructed specifically to house the band.  The building, located at 350 East Hoover, was named William Revelli Hall.
 In 1981, Revelli was among the first living inductees to the National Band Association Hall of Fame of Distinguished Band Conductors.
 In 1989, the Louis Sudler Foundation and the John Philip Sousa Foundation presented Revelli with their highest award, the Order of Merit.
 In 1989, Troy State University (now Troy University) conferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws on Revelli.
 In 1994, he was posthumously awarded the Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award by Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity for men of music at its national convention in St. Louis, Missouri. The award was accepted on his behalf by his grandson. He had been initiated by the Fraternity's Alpha Lambda chapter at Illinois Wesleyan University in 1935.

Death and family
Revelli died of heart failure on July 16, 1994, at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in Ann Arbor at age 92.  He was preceded in death by his wife, Mary, and his daughter, Rosemary Margaret Revelli Strong.
He is survived by his grandson John William Revelli Strong and Kimberly (Strong) Snyder, and his great grandchildren Sara and William Snyder. He is interred at Washtenaw Memorial Park in  Ann Arbor.

See also
Michigan Marching Band
University of Michigan
Marching band

Notes

External links
 The Legacy of 'The Chief' By Michael Zucker
 The Michigan Marching Band: The William Revelli Years 1935-1971
 The University of Michigan Bands: The Man Behind the Legacies
 William Revelli, “The Five Requisites of a Successful Musical Performance”
 The National Band Association - William D. Revelli Memorial Composition Contest
 Revelli: The Long Note - University of Michigan Heritage Project
 Interview with William Revelli, August 1, 1991

American bandleaders
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
American music educators
Musicians from Ann Arbor, Michigan
University of Michigan faculty
1994 deaths
1902 births
University and college band directors
Distinguished Service to Music Medal recipients
Chicago Musical College alumni
People from Pitkin County, Colorado
People from Hobart, Indiana
20th-century American musicians
20th-century male musicians


Duy Tiên is a town of Hà Nam Province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the town had a population of 131,244. The town covers an area of 134 km2. The district capital lies at Hòa Mạc.

See also
Đọi Sơn Pagoda
Châu Giang

References

Districts of Hà Nam province
County-level towns in Vietnam
Populated places in Hà Nam province


Kim Bảng is a rural district of Hà Nam province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 129,227. The district covers an area of 184 km². The district capital lies at Quế.

See also
Ba Sao, Hà Nam

References

Districts of Hà Nam province


Lý Nhân is a rural district of Hà Nam province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 189,180. The district covers an area of 167 km². The district capital lies at Vĩnh Trụ.

Climate

References

Districts of Hà Nam province


Thanh Liêm is a rural district of Hà Nam province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 144,760. The district covers an area of 175.02 km². The district capital lies at Tân Thanh.

References

Districts of Hà Nam province


Nikola Eftimov (, born 6 October 1968 in Skopje, Yugoslavia, now in North Macedonia) is a Macedonian fashion designer and visual artist.

He graduated at the Faculty of Fine Arts in Skopje (Graphic Art and Fashion Design, 1993) and completed the master studies at Accademia Italiana in Florence, Italy (Fashion as Art, “The Eccentric male costume in the last three centuries”, 1998). After the three years working experience (2006–09) as an academic manager and professor at Accademia Italiana Skopje, currently he is occupied with the researches for his PhD thesis. In October 2009 he started to teach at the Faculty for Art and Design, European University Skopje. He has a wide range of professional interests (fashion as art, fashion as communication, theory, and history of costume and fashion, experimental fashion  techniques, men's wear, theory of collection, haute couture, photography) and his work is focused on research of gender, cultural and social issues of the costume and fashion. From 1994 to 1997 he participates in group exhibitions of graphic art and drawing (1997, Macedonian Drawing ’96 – Award from the National and University Library Skopje).

The period between 1992 and 2010 is marked with work in the fields of fashion and costume design. In 2005, he won “The Coca-Cola light fashion design award” that enabled him presentation of the winning design in Florence and the position of professor at Accademia Italiana Bangkok (2005–2006).

Sani (Macedonian fashion journalist) wearing Eftimov's outfits. Photos by Ivan Blazev, 2003

Photos from the project “Entangled Fragments: ABC of Curatorial Black”, Nikola Eftimov, 2007

References

External links
Official website

1968 births
Living people
Artists from Skopje
Macedonian fashion designers


The Ashland Place Historic District is a historic district in the city of Mobile, Alabama, United States.  The neighborhood gained its name from a Greek Revival antebellum house called Ashland that once stood on Lanier Avenue.  Ashland was famous as the home of Augusta Evans Wilson.  The house burned in 1926.  The Ashland Place Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 23, 1987.  It is roughly bounded by Spring Hill Avenue, Ryan Avenue, Old Shell Road, and Levert Avenue.  The district covers  and contains 93 contributing buildings.  The majority of the buildings date to the early 20th century and cover a variety of historical architectural styles ranging from late Victorian to the Craftsman styles.

References

External links
Photo of Augusta Evans Wilson's home: Ashland

Historic districts in Mobile, Alabama
National Register of Historic Places in Mobile, Alabama
American Craftsman architecture in Alabama
Tudor Revival architecture in Alabama
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama


Bala is a town in Tambacounda Region,  eastern Senegal.  It has a station on the main line of the Dakar–Niger Railway.

See also

 Transport in Senegal
 Railway stations in Senegal

References

Populated places in Tambacounda Region


The 1994 Mercedes Cup,  was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts and held at the Tennis Club Weissenhof in Stuttgart, Germany that was part of the Championship Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. It was the 17th edition of the tournament was held from 18 July until 25 July 1994. Fourth-seeded Alberto Berasategui won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Alberto Berasategui defeated  Andrea Gaudenzi, 7–5, 6–3, 7–6(7–5)
 It was Berasategui's second singles title of the year and 3rd of his career.

Doubles

 Scott Melville /  Piet Norval defeated  Jacco Eltingh /  Paul Haarhuis, 7–6, 7–5

References

External links
 Official website
 ITF tournament edition details
 ATP tournament profile

Mercedes Cup
Stuttgart Open
Mercedes Cup
Mercedes Cup


The Bucks of America was a Patriot Massachusetts Militia company, during the American Revolutionary War, that was composed of African-American soldiers. Few records survive about the unit; most of its history is constructed from eyewitness accounts. No official military records pertaining to the Bucks of America exist or have survived.

Black Patriots in American Revolutionary War
When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, black soldiers—both slaves and freemen—served with white soldiers in integrated militia units in the New England colonies. Later that year, these New England militia units became the nucleus of the newly created Continental Army, the national army of the colonies. The inclusion of black soldiers in the army was controversial.

By the end of 1775, the Continental Congress and the army's Commander-in-Chief, George Washington, decided to stop enlisting black soldiers. Washington soon reversed this decision, however, both because of manpower shortages and because the British had offered freedom to slaves who would escape from Patriot masters to join the British. Washington permitted free blacks to enlist in the Continental Army. White owners could enroll their slaves as substitute forces for their own service.

On the local level, states made independent decisions about the enlistment of African Americans. Massachusetts continued to accept black soldiers in its integrated militia units. It was also one of several northern states to create a segregated unit of black soldiers. Blacks and abolitionists generally disapproved of the creation of segregated units, preferring integrated units.

Military duties
Little is known of the campaign history of the company, but it seems to have operated in the Boston area. It may have acted primarily as an auxiliary police or security service in the city, during the war, and is not believed to have seen action against British soldiers. According to The Liberator newspaper "...a banner presented by John Hancock to a colored regiment called "The Bucks of America"; a flag presented to an association of colored men, called 'The Protectors' who guarded the property of the Boston merchants during the Revolutionary war...".."

Company colonel, George Middleton
George Middleton was one member of the Bucks of America. William Cooper Nell claimed he attained the rank of colonel (although captain is the usual rank for a commander of an Infantry company). Middleton is the only member of the "Bucks of America" to be known by name.  Other members of his unit may also have been members of the Prince Hall Freemasonry Lodge, but proof is lacking.

Company disbanded
The dates when the Bucks were formed and disbanded are unknown.

Bucks of America flag and medallion
The company was celebrated in Boston long after the American Revolution ended. Governor John Hancock and his son, John George Washington Hancock (1778-1787), presented the company with an honor for them, presenting a white silk flag, displaying a leaping buck and a pine tree, the symbol of New England, with the initials, "J-G-W-H", of their benefactor, John George Washington Hancock. The original flag is held by the Massachusetts Historical Society. It is believed to have been made in Boston and presented, around 1789, to the military company. According to The Liberator March 12, 1858, during a commemoration of the 87th anniversary of the Boston Massacre among the African American American Revolution war relics and guests present was a aged woman who was identified as a ".. Mrs. Kay daughter of the Ensign who received the banner presented to the "Bucks of America", were also present." The Bucks of America medallion is an engraved, oval, silver, planchet, with the letters "MW", on the bottom, thirteen stars, for the 13 United States, above a leaping buck, and a shield, with three, fleur de lis flowers, the crest, of the last, French, royal family, the Bourbons, as a symbol of the Franco-American, war alliance, made in honor and recognition of the All Black Patriot, militia company.

Notable Bucks of America
 George Middleton

See also
 Crispus Attucks - considered the first Patriot man killed at the beginning of the American Revolution, during the Boston Massacre.

References

Kearse, Gregory S. “The Bucks of America & Prince Hall Freemasonry.” Prince Hall Masonic Digest Newspaper, Washington, D.C. (2012): 8.
Lanning, Michael Lee. African Americans in the Revolutionary War. Citadel Publishers, 2005.

External links
African Americans and the End of Slavery in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Historical Society.

African Americans in the American Revolution
African-American history of the United States military
African-American history in Boston
Massachusetts American Revolutionary War militia regiments


Ashland Place Historic District may refer to:

Ashland Place Historic District (Mobile, Alabama), listed on the NRHP in Alabama
Ashland Place Historic District (Phoenix, Arizona), listed on the NRHP in Maricopa County, Arizona


The 1994 Legg Mason Tennis Classic was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Washington D.C., United States. It was the 26th edition of the tournament and was held from July 18 through July 24, 1994 and was part of the Championship Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. Second-seeded Stefan Edberg, who entered the tournament on a wildcard, won the singles title.

Finals

Singles
 Stefan Edberg defeated  Jason Stoltenberg 6–4, 6–2
 It was Edberg's 3rd singles title of the year and the 40th of his career.

Doubles
 Grant Connell /  Patrick Galbraith defeated  Jonas Björkman /  Jakob Hlasek 6–4, 4–6, 6–3

References

External links
 Official website
 ATP tournament profile

Legg Mason Tennis Classic
Washington Open (tennis)
Legg Mason Tennis Classic
Legg Mason Tennis Classic
Legg Mason Tennis Classic


Ferries and steamboats of Lake Crescent, Washington were used for water transport of passengers and freight before highways were built in the area in the early 1920s.   Prior to highway construction, Lake Crescent was used as a route from Port Townsend into the northwestern part of the Olympic Peninsula.   Ferries, steamboats and similar water craft were built and used on the lake until the Olympic Highway was completed along the south shore of the lake in 1922.

Points accessed by water

Lake Crescent Lodge
Lake Crescent Lodge was originally known as Singer's Lake Crescent Tavern, built by Avery J and Julia Singer in the early part of the last century.  The ferries on the lake ran to points west from the  East Beach dock near the tavern.

Ovington's Resort
Ovington's was located along the north shore of Lake Crescent, near the modern North Shore picnic area. Built by Edward J. "Ned" Ovington and his wife Emily in 1905, it was one of the most popular resorts on the lake. Guests to Ovington's first arrived by boat, before the construction of the north shore road.

Marymere Hotel
The Barnes family built the Marymere Hotel in 1906.  It was located at Barnes Point at the narrowest part of the lake, on the south shore, at the base of Mount Storm King. Until the road was built on the shore of the lake, guests of the Marymere arrived by boat.  The hotel burned down around 1914.

Construction and operations

The first powered boat on Lake Crescent was the Lady of the Lake built by Paul Barnes and launched in 1891. It served a route between Fairholm and Piedmont. A faster steamer named The Flyer arrived on the lake in 1893.

In 1913, Michael Earles, owner of the Sol Duc Hot Springs Resort, built on Lake Crescent the gasoline-launch Betty Earles (named after his daughter) to take guests bound for his lodge from the head of the lake to Fairholm, at the western end, where they would disembark and ride motor buses up to his resort.  The boat was large for the lake, 65' long, 16.5' on the beam, with an  heavy-duty Frisco Standard engine.

The next year, 1914, Captain O.D. Treiber designed for Clallam County the gasoline-powered side wheel ferry Marjory, which was 65' long, 27' on the beam, and powered by an  Field engine.  Marjory was operated on the same route as the Betty Earles, and had a capacity of seven automobiles and 50 passengers.

Treiber designed another, larger ferry for the Lake Crescent service.  This was Storm King, named after a mountain overlooking the lake.  Like Marjory, Storm King was a sidewheeler, but much larger.  On deck, she was 112' long and measured 31.5' on the beam across her wheels.  (Her hull measurements were 90' long, 20.5' on the beam.)  Storm King, powered by a  Fairbanks-Morse engine, was probably the largest vessel ever on Lake Crescent.  She could carry 21 automobiles and 150 passengers, exactly triple the capacity of Marjory.

Michael Earles’ Sol Duc lodge burned down around 1918, and he moved Betty Earles off Lake Crescent to serve on Puget Sound under the command of Captain O. G. Olson.  Later, in 1924, Betty Earles was sold to Tacoma Tug & Barge Co.  Remarkably, Betty Earles was still in service as a tug as late as 1958, still under her old name.

Lake Crescent also supported its own little fleet of steam and gasoline launches, with idyllic or at least speedy-sounding names: Lady of the Lake, Olympus, Greyhound, and Flyer.

References

External links
Magnuson, Craig, History of Lake Crescent accessed 1/27/08

Steamboats of Washington (state)
History of Washington (state)
Crescent
History of Clallam County, Washington
Transportation in Clallam County, Washington
Lake Crescent


Highway 303 (AR 303, Ark. 303, and Hwy. 303) is a designation for three north–south state highways in Northwest Arkansas. Each connects sparsely populated rural areas to east-west corridors.

Route description

Madison County
Highway 303 begins at Lollar's Creek Road (Madison CR 192) and runs northwest to terminate at Highway 74 east of Wesley.

Washington County

Highway 303 begins at Highway 45 at Mayfield and runs north through unincorporated Washington County to meet US Route 412 at Spring Valley near the historic Spring Valley School. The two routes participate in a  concurrency east until Highway 303 turns north from US  412 near the Madison County line. The route then runs north towards War Eagle and becomes Benton CR 98 which eventually gives access to Highway 12 near Beaver Lake.

Benton County
Highway 303 begins at Highway 12, angling northeast before terminating at Rocky Branch Road (Benton CR 99) near the Rocky Branch School and Beaver Lake.

History
Highway 303 was added to the state highway system as part of a large transfer of county roads to the state system that took place on April 24, 1963. Initially only the portion from Mayfield to the Benton County line was transferred to state maintenance.

Major intersections
Mile markers reset at concurrencies.

See also

 List of state highways in Arkansas

References

External links

303
Transportation in Benton County, Arkansas
Transportation in Madison County, Arkansas
Transportation in Washington County, Arkansas


See also

 Badass (disambiguation)


There are a number of elementary schools named Linda Vista Elementary School:

 Linda Vista Elementary School (Orange, California)
 Linda Vista Elementary School (Mission Viejo, California)


The Mansfield, Coldwater and Lake Michigan Railroad (MCW&LM) is a defunct railroad which operated in southern Michigan and Ohio during the 1870s. By the time it went into foreclosure in the late 1870s it owned two non-contiguous track segments, each of which was leased by a different company.

Corporate history
The company formed on December 28, 1870 through the merger of the Ohio & Michigan Railway and the Mansfield, Coldwater & Lake Michigan Railway, neither of which had yet built track. On January 1, 1874, the Grand Rapids & Indiana leased the "Allegan Division" (Michigan holdings) of the line. On August 28, 1877, the company was sold at foreclosure: the Allegan & Southeastern bought the Allegan Division, while the Pennsylvania Railroad, which had controlled the Ohio properties since 1873 through the Pennsylvania Company, bought the Ohio holdings outright.

Michigan
In September 1871 the MCW&LM completed an  line from Allegan east to Montieth (south of Martin), where it met the GR&I. This constituted the "Allegan Division" of the line. When the GR&I leased the line in 1874 it took complete control of all operations.

The comparatively short segment of the "Allegan Division" enjoyed an unusual history. The MCW&LM had already completed, but not opened, an  extension east from Montieth; the Allegan & Southeastern did not alter the situation during its short (1877–1883) stewardship of the line. Under the Michigan & Ohio (1883–1886), this line was extended another  to Dundee, but by 1937 this extension had been abandoned. In 1913 the Detroit, Toledo & Milwaukee, the then current owner of the Allegan–Dundee line, sold the Allegan–Battle Creek section, which included the old MCW&LM line, to the Michigan & Chicago, an interurban, which electrified the line. The successor to the M&C, the Michigan United, abandoned the Allegan–Montieth section in 1928.

Ohio
At the same time the main part of the MCW&LM, under the control of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), was constructing a  line from Mansfield, Ohio (where it met the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago) northwest toward Allegan. By 1874 a  line from Toledo Junction (near Mansfield) via Tiffin to Fostoria was complete. The prime contractor for this line was Joseph Fisk (1810–1874), who built over  of track in the Midwest during his long career. Although controlled by the PRR, MCW&LM trains operated this section under their own flag.

Although substantial portions of the northwestern extension were graded, most of the track was never laid. The PRR abandoned the idea in 1875 and instead focused on a route north from Tiffin into Toledo, Ohio. To that end, in 1877 the PRR merged the Ohio portion of the MCW&LM with the Toledo, Tiffin & Eastern and the Toledo & Woodville into the Northwestern Ohio Railway, which the PRR in turn leased. The  line linked the PRR's massive network to Toledo for the first time.

Notes

References

Railway companies established in 1871
Railway companies disestablished in 1877
Transportation in Allegan County, Michigan
Predecessors of the Pennsylvania Railroad
Predecessors of the New York Central Railroad
Defunct Michigan railroads
Defunct Ohio railroads
American companies established in 1871


Feradech mac Ross (died c. 557) was a King of Connacht from the Ui Fiachrach branch of the Connachta. He was of the Fir Chera sept of this branch descended from Macc Ercae, a son of Fiachra, the ancestor of the Ui Fiachrach. Feradech was the great-grandson of this Macc Ercae.

Not mentioned in the annals as king, he is however listed in king lists such as the Book of Leinster which gives him a reign of three years after Echu Tirmcharna mac Fergusso (d.556?). Francis J. Byrne places his reign between Echu Tirmcharna and Áed mac Echach (d. 575) who acceded to the throne in 557. In A poem on the Kings of Connaught he is called the fair and a true judge.

His son  Máel Umai was father of a later king Máel Cothaid mac Máele Umai (flourished 601).

See also
Kings of Connacht

Notes

References

 T.M.Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland
 Francis J. Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings
 Book of Leinster, Section 30
 The Chronology of the Irish Annals, Daniel P. McCarthy

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

550s deaths
Kings of Connacht
Monarchs from County Mayo
6th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown


Jean Varin or Warin (6 February 1604 Liège – 26 August 1672 Paris) was a French sculptor and engraver who made important innovations in the process of minting coins.

Born in Liège, Varin moved to Paris in 1626. After demonstrating talent as an engraver, he obtained the support of Cardinal Richelieu and in 1647 was appointed head of the French mint. Varin brought back the use of the screw press in the mint, and used it to produce the Louis d'or, a gold coin featuring a portrait of Louis XIII. In 1665, he was made a member of the Académie de peinture et de sculpture.

See also
 History of mints
 Aubin Olivier

External links
 Painting of Louis XIV and Jean Varin

References

1604 births
1670s deaths
Artists from Liège
17th-century French engravers


The Campground Historic District, also known as The Campground is a historic district in the city of Mobile, Alabama, United States.  Named for the Old Camp Ground, a military encampment that occupied the property during the American Civil War, this historically African-American neighborhood was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 7, 2005.  It is roughly bounded by Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, Rylands Street, St. Stephens Road, and Ann Street. The district covers  and contains 166 contributing buildings.  The houses range from shotgun houses to bungalows and date from the late 19th century to the middle 20th century.

References

Historic districts in Mobile, Alabama
National Register of Historic Places in Mobile, Alabama
African American Heritage Trail of Mobile
Neoclassical architecture in Alabama
Queen Anne architecture in Alabama
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama


The  is an Edo period historical analysis of Japanese history written in 1712 by Arai Hakuseki (1657–1725).

Hakuseki's innovative effort to understand and explain the history of Japan differs significantly from previous chronologies which were created by other writers, such as
 Gukanshō (circa 1220) by Jien, whose work evidenced a distinctly Buddhist perspective; or
 Jinnō Shōtōki (1359) by Kitabatake Chikafusa, whose work evidenced a distinctly Shinto perspective; or
 Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (1652) by Hayashi Gahō, whose work evidenced a distinctly neo-Confucian perspective.

Hakuseki's work avoids such easy categorization, and yet, he would have resisted being labeled non-Shinto, non-Buddhist, or non-Confucianist in his life or work.  His analytical approach to history differed from his predecessors in that the Tokushi Yoron identifies a process of transferring power across generations.  Earlier Japanese histories were intended, in large part, to be construed as documenting how the past legitimizes the present status quo.

Tokushi Yoron is not without its problems.  Hakuseki has been criticized for being overly casual in identifying the sources he used in writing.  For example, he borrowed extensively from Hayashi Gahō's Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; but he felt no need to acknowledge this fact.  Nevertheless, the organizing schema of Tokushi Yoron presented the periodization of history on the basis of changes in political power; and this rational stance sets this work apart from its sources.

See also
 Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo
 International Research Center for Japanese Studies
 Japanese Historical Text Initiative
 Historiography of Japan

Notes

External links
 読史余論抄

References
 Ackroyd, Joyce, tr. (1980). Told Round a Brushwood Fire: The Autobiography of Arai Hakuseki (UNESCO Collection of Representative Works: Japanese series). Princeton: Princeton University Press.   [reprinted by University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1995.  (cloth)]
 _. (1982) Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.  ; OCLC 7574544
 Brown, Delmer M. and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Brownlee, John S. (1997) Japanese historians and the national myths, 1600-1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jimmu. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.   Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.  (cloth)
 _. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).  Annales des empereurs du Japon (Nihon Odai Ichiran).  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
 Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press.
 Yamashita, Samuel Hideo. "Yamasaki Ansai and Confucian School Relations, 1650-16751" in Early Modern Japan, (Fall 2001).  Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

Edo-period works
Historiography of Japan
Japanese studies
1712 books
History books about Japan
Edo-period history books


The Columbus Checkers were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the International Hockey League from 1966 to 1970, and the first professional hockey team in Columbus, Ohio.

Their first game was against the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League on October 12, 1966 at the Ohio Expo Fairgrounds Coliseum.

The team was originally coached by Moe Bartoli, however after the 1967–68 season, Bartoli was involved in a dispute with the teams owners, and left. Jack Turner took over as the team's Head Coach at the start of the 1968 season.

Notably, Alton White, who would become the second player of African descent, after Willie O'Ree, to play on a professional major league ice-hockey team, played for the club over three seasons from 1966 to 1969. He tallied 96 goals and 130 assists for 226 points in 204 games played for the club. He would go on to play 145 games in the WHA for the New York Raiders, Los Angeles Sharks, and Michigan Stags/Baltimore Blades.

The Columbus Checkers became defunct in the spring of 1970 due to low attendance.

Season-by-season results

References

Hockeydb.com Columbus Checkers Statistics

International Hockey League (1945–2001) teams
Sports clubs and teams in Columbus, Ohio
Ice hockey teams in Ohio
Defunct ice hockey teams in Ohio
Ice hockey clubs established in 1966
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 1970
1966 establishments in Ohio
1970 disestablishments in Ohio


John Le Mesurier may refer to:

John Le Mesurier (Alderney) (1781–1843), last hereditary governor of Alderney
John Lemesurier (1826–1891), Canadian politician who served as mayor of Quebec City
John Le Mesurier (British Army officer), (1834-1903)
John Le Mesurier (1912–1983), English actor
John Le Mesurier (b. 1933/34), English carpet salesman and alleged conspirator in the Thorpe affair

See also
John Le Masurier, British athletics coach