Water resources and irrigation infrastructure in Peru vary throughout the country. The coastal region, an arid but fertile land, has about two-thirds of Peru’s irrigation infrastructure due to private and public investment aimed at increasing agricultural exports. The Highlands and Amazon regions, with abundant water resources but rudimentary irrigation systems, are home to the majority of Peru's poor, many of whom rely on subsistence or small-scale farming.

The Peruvian Government is undertaking several programs aimed at addressing key challenges in the irrigation sector like increasing water stress, competing interests, deteriorating water quality, poor efficiency of irrigation, drainage systems (including low technology systems and underutilization of existing infrastructure), weak institutional and legal frameworks, low cost recovery (i.e., operation and maintenance costs above actual collections), and vulnerability to climate variability and change, including extreme weather conditions and glacier retreat.

History of the irrigation sector

Agricultural land under irrigation/past and present trends
Agriculture in Peru dates back more than 5,000 years when the Chavin culture built simple irrigation systems and canal networks north of Lima. By the 15th and 16th centuries, the Inca Empire boasted an advanced irrigation systems, supplying water to 700,000 hectares of diverse crops in the fertile coastal zone. For the next 300 years, Spanish colonialists shifted the country's focus to mining, which caused a reduction in agricultural production to 300,000 hectares in the coast.

The 20th Century represented a period of agricultural stagnation especially during the 1970s and 1980s. In the past 30 years, the Peruvian Government has invested about US$5 billion to improve hydraulic infrastructure, including dams, and irrigation and drainage systems, producing an increase of the land under irrigation mostly in the coastal region.

Today, approximately 1.7 million hectares of Peru's cultivated hectares have some irrigation infrastructure available. However, only 1.2 million hectares are actually irrigated each year due to poor performance of irrigation systems.

Institutional development
The 20th century began with an important institutional development in Peru's irrigation sector with the creation of the Mining and Water Engineering Body (1904) and the Hydrological Service (1911). However, it was not until the 1920s that the first large-scale State irrigation projects were launched. Public investment in irrigation in 1905 accounted for 8.7% of the total, reaching 18.62% in 1912, a trend that continued in the 1920s and 1930s.

From 1945 to 1948, the Government approved a National Plan for Improving Irrigation. Between 1945 and 1956, public investment reached unprecedented levels with up to 50% of total investment. Examples of the projects implemented at this time and during the 1960s are the water transfers from the Quinoz River to the intermittent Piura River in the Piura Region and from the Chotano River to Chancay-Lambayeque River in the Lambayeque Region, both located in the northern part of the coastal plain. Between 1950 and 1980, 90% of irrigation investment was directed to the coastal region and only 10% to the highlands.

The 1969 agrarian reform expropriated all estates above a certain size, usually 100 hectares. Most Peruvian peasants were independent smallholders and thus continued to farm their land individually after the reforms. The agrarian reform and political instability contributed to the poor performance of agriculture, since they profoundly changed the relationships of production in the countryside, disrupted the organization of productive systems on the best agricultural lands, and forced out part of the entrepreneurial capacity. The agrarian reform and the General Water Law (1969) made the existing informal water users organizations official and part of an organizational model promoted by the state. In 1989, the decree 037-89-AG (Decreto Supremo) decentralized operational, maintenance, and management of irrigation systems to water user boards (Juntas de Usuarios-WUBs). The decree aimed to incorporate private investment and spur independence and financial sustainability within water user organizations by establishing water tariffs to cover operational and maintenance costs (O&M). However, low tariffs and collection capacity produced insufficient financial support for WUBs to maintain and develop irrigation systems. The Peruvian Government continued to be the major actor in irrigation development which focused on the coastal region. Some 76% of investment in the coastal region between 1978 and 1982 was concentrated in three major irrigation projects at Majes (Arequipa Region), Chira-Piura (Piura Region) and Tinajones (Lambayeque Region). This trend was maintained in the 1990s.

In 1996 the government created the Subsectoral Irrigation Program (Programa Subsectorial de Irrigacion – PSI), aiming to develop some WUBs' capacities, reduce the role of the public sector in irrigation, improve sustainability through increased cost recovery, and increase investment in technical improvement of irrigation systems. The project, considered a big success, expanded to all WUBs in the Costa and is in the process of being expanded to the Sierra.

Relevance of irrigation for agriculture and rural development

According to The Economist, Peru is South America's fastest-growing economy. That performance owes much to record prices for mineral exports. However, newer export products, such as mangoes and artichokes, are also flourishing. Irrigated agriculture has become increasingly important in Peru's development and growth, especially after a period of stagnation and limited development in the 1970s and 1980s. The agriculture sector employs 30% of Peru's population and accounts for 13% of GDP and more than 10% of total exports (US$1.6 billion in 2005). Two-thirds of agricultural GDP is produced on the Pacific coastal strip, a region totally dependent on irrigation due to low rainfall. High-value crops and irrigation technology have had a major impact on the coast's rural development. In 2001, rural poverty in the region was 5.2%. Poverty has fallen only slowly in the Andean region, where poverty reaches 70 percent of the population. Many Andean Indigenous remain trapped in subsistence farming on small plots and rudimentary irrigation systems. The region produces only one-third of the country's agricultural GDP.

Irrigation plays a fundamental role in increasing agricultural production and diversification, rural employment, and food security.  President Alan Garcia has set an ambitious target of cutting poverty to 30 percent by the end of his term, in 2011. For the first time in three decades the state has money to invest and —with the help of the World Bank-the government has drawn up a new anti-poverty strategy which includes ramping up social spending and agricultural development while trying to target more closely on the poorest areas, most of them in the southern Andes.

Rural and Urban Poverty by Natural Regions in Peru (%)

Source: INEI 2001

Irrigation development

Irrigation infrastructure

Peru's agricultural land is only 4.3% of its territory, with 5.5 million ha in use, of which 3.75 million ha is under rainfed agriculture and 1.75 million ha with irrigation infrastructure. The following chart reflects irrigation infrastructure allocation in Peru.

Area with Irrigation Infrastructure and irrigated areas (In thousands of hectares)

Source: Portal Agrario (1994)

About 80% of all water withdrawal in Peru is used for irrigation, yet much of this water (65%) is lost due to reliance on inefficient irrigation systems. Overall efficiency of water use in irrigation systems is estimated at about 35%, which is considered poor performance and is due mainly to leaky distribution systems and the wide use of unimproved gravity and flooding irrigation methods with an overall estimated efficiency of 50%.

Water is rarely metered and fees are mostly based on hectarage rather than on the volume of water used. Inadequate irrigation management together with inefficient irrigation systems lead to pervasive irrigation practices, with farmers applying water in excess of crop requirements and water availability.

The coastal region, due to climatic conditions, depends on the water supplied by rivers (surface water) of the Andean Chain  channeled through irrigation systems. In 1997, surface water supplied 97% of the fields by gravity irrigation (822473 ha) and 3% by pressurized irrigation (19680 ha). In the Costa landholdings are relatively large and agriculture is mostly commercialized and devoted to exports.

In the Sierra and Selva, with 97% of Peru's water availability, surface water supplies agricultural fields by furrow irrigation. Irrigation systems consist of an open canal network, generally unlined, with rudimentary water intakes and distribution systems supplying small plots devoted mostly to subsistence agriculture. Less than 5% of irrigated land is equipped with improved on-farm irrigation systems.

Linkages with water resources

Peru has a high availability of water resources with about 106 river basins, and a per capita availability of 77,600 m3—the highest in Latin America. The Andes divide Peru into three natural drainage basins: (i) Pacific basin, with 53 rivers, (ii) Atlantic basin, with 32 rivers, and (iii) Titicaca basin, with 13 rivers.

The dry Pacific basin, with 37 million cubic meters (m3) available per year, contains just 1.8% of Peru's water resources. Some 53 rivers, flowing west from the Andes to the coast, supply the bulk of the water used for irrigation. Of these rivers, only about 30% are perennial. Year-round irrigation water supply for about 40% of the irrigated area is unreliable, without some form of regulatory storage. The Atlantic basin holds 97% of all available water and receives almost 2 billion cubic meters annually. The Lake Titicaca area receives 10 million cubic meters annually. The majority of the rainfall occurs between November and May; the rest of the year irrigation depends on low-tech systems.

Source: INEI (2007)

Environmental impacts of irrigation
Environmental effects of irrigation concern:
 in the irrigation project:  waterlogging, soil salination, pollution of drainage water, loss of natural habitats of flora and fauna
 downstream of the project: reduced surface water availability, increased groundwater inflow,  water logging, polluted incoming water
 see also: Environmental impact of irrigation

The environmental effects often impoverish tail-end farmers.

Loss of habitat, water pollution and downstream effects have been scarcely looked at, because insufficient economic resources have limited the involvement of institutions responsible for environmental preservation.

The most encompassing survey of soil salinity problems was realized in the period of 1971 to 1975 by ONERN with collaboration of CENDRET, later SUDRET.

The following table shows irrigation developments, cultivated and degraded areas in particular years from 1964 to 2000 in the coastal zone. It shows the fast development of irrigation water resources and irrigable land, the lagging behind of the actually cultivated land and the fast increase of degraded land. Up to 1984 there was also a considerable increase of the amount of water applied per ha of irrigated land that shows the possibility of using excessive irrigation.

1) Including double cropping in a year  2) due to waterlogging and salinity
Sources: (1) CENDRET, 1974 ”Evaluación de los problemas de drenaje y salinidad en la costa Peruana”, (2)  IPROGA, 1988 ”Gestión del Agua y Crisis Institucional”, (3)  INADE, 2002 “Plan de Gestión de la Oferta de Agua de los proyectos Hidráulicos de costa“.

Drainage problems are also affecting 150,000 hectares in the Selva.

Agricultural runoff, together with mining and industrial waste water, is also having an impact on water quality. Of the 53 rivers in the coastal area, 16 are partly polluted by lead, manganese and iron. Excessive deforestation in upper river basins due to nomadic agricultural practices is causing erosion problems in the Sierra, where 55-60% of the land is affected, and is increasing the amount of soil transported downstream.

Legal and institutional framework

Legal framework
Peru's Constitutional framework establishes sole ownership and managerial responsibility of water resources by the national government. The government allows water use under special conditions and appropriate payment of a water tariff, while maintaining ownership and ultimate control.

The General Water Law 17752 (Ley General de Aguas, 1969) considers water as an agricultural commodity. The 1997 Natural Resources Law 26821 allows the transfer of water rights, including irrigation, from one party to another, which is incompatible with the General Water Law, and presents significant obstacles to the establishment and management of water property rights.

In 2003 the government approved a 10-year National Irrigation Strategy (Ministerial Resolution 0498-2003-AG) aims at improving irrigation and drainage system technologies by creating a framework for national, regional, and local cooperation in the planning and implementation of irrigation projects (see below). Also, the Technical Irrigation Program (Programa de Riego Tecnificado-PRT-Law 28585 and its Regulation DS 004-2006-AG), approved in 2006, aims to repair, develop, and improve irrigation systems throughout Peru.

A draft National Water Resources Management Initiative, currently under revision by the Agrarian Committee, (see Water resources management in Peru) will recognize water's multisectoral nature and modify the previous institutional and legal framework, including irrigation, to carry out integrated water resources management.

Institutional framework
The institutional reforms of the past decade reduced the technical tasks under the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG) and created numerous semi-autonomous executive units and special programs at the national, regional, and local levels. PSI (Programa Subsectorial Irrigacion), is the institution carrying out the PSI programs aimed at improving the WUBs' managerial and technical capacities. The National Watershed Management and Conservation Soils Project (Programa Nacional de Manejo de Cuencas Hidrograficas y Conservacion del Suelo-PRONAMACHCS), promotes integrated water resources management and conservation in river basins, with emphasis on the highlands. The National Meteorological and Water Resources Service (Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia e Hidrologia-SENAMHI) studies and disclosures information regarding climate events and their impacts on water resources.

In 2008, Peru’s government created a National Water Authority (Autoridad Nacional del Agua, ANA), under MINAG, replacing the Intendancy of Water Resources. ANA is responsible for designing and implementing sustainable water resources policies and irrigation nationally. ANA has local offices at each of Peru’s 14 hydrographic regions, the Autoridades Administrativas del Agua (AAA); and Autoridad Local del Agua (ALA) at the local level—replacing the former Technical Administration of Irrigation Districts (Administración Técnica del Distrito de Riego, ATDR).

The national government continues to transfer duties to the regional and local governments, especially after the Decentralization Law and the 2003 law establishing regional governments. One of the newest responsibilities of these bodies consists of the implementation of the Technical Irrigation Program and the operation and maintenance (O&M) of major public hydraulic infrastructure (i.e. headwork such as dams and inter-basin transfers transferred to them as part of the decentralization process). Water User Boards (WUBs) responsible for operation and maintenance (O&M) of minor irrigation infrastructure. Finally, the newly approved Water Resources Law (Ley de Recursos Hídricos – LRH, published March 31, 2009) includes River Basin Councils (Consejos de Recursos Hidricos de las Cuencas, CC) as part of the National Water Resources System. The CCs will be in charge of elaborating River Basin Plans including allocation of water to different users and planning of new infrastructure which will impact irrigation.

Key Legal Issues that Arise in Irrigation PPPs
There are a number of legal and commercial issues that will affect how these projects move forward and are structured.  Whilst some of the legal issues are not confined to irrigation PPPs they can take on a new dimension and complexity when applied to irrigation: Land ownership; water extraction; public sector counterpart. These will be key issues in a PPP as the private provider will want to ensure a steady revenue stream.

There are also the usual legal considerations that need to be checked when developing PPPs in any sector, such as legal restrictions on the type of PPP arrangement that can be entered into, relevant procurement rules for entering into PPPs, existence of restrictions on foreign investment, taxation and potential for tax holidays and the ability to assign rights such as security and step in rights to lenders.

Farmers/organizations and on-farm water management
There are 112 WUBs in Peru comprising about 1,500 Irrigation Commissions (Comisiones de Regantes–CIs). Most of the irrigation infrastructure in coastal areas is managed by 64 WUBs, comprising about 300,000 water users. WUBs are less developed in the Andes and the Amazon, where water for irrigation is managed by more traditional organizations, Irrigation Committees (Comites de Regantes).

WUBs are private, nonprofit, and collectively owned organizations responsible for the O&M of collective irrigation infrastructure and the administration of water tariffs in one particular irrigation district. WUBs consist of representatives of Irrigation Commissions (Comisiones de Regantes) and non-agricultural water users groups which are responsible for water distribution in their irrigation subsectors and must participate financially in the planning and maintenance of the collective irrigation infrastructure. WUBs elect a Board of Directors to administer financial resources and implement WUB agreements and dispositions.

WUBs face several challenges: (i) increased pressure of water resources due to competing demands, (ii) deteriorating irrigation infrastructure, (iii) lack of financial sustainability, (iv) lack of technical capacity to manage irrigation, and (v) ambiguous role of Juntas, Commission, and Committees among themselves and with the Government.

National irrigation strategy
In 2003, the Peruvian Government approved a National Irrigation Strategy (Politicas y Estrategia Nacional de Riego en el Peru) Resolucion Ministerial N 0498-2003-AG. The strategy had been prepared by a multisectorial technical commission consisting of representatives from the Ministries of Agriculture; Housing, Construction and Sanitation; Economy and Finance; and the National Association of Users of Irrigation Districts.

The Strategy aims at increasing the profitability and competitiveness of irrigated agriculture through sustainable use of land and efficient water use. The strategy aims at increasing water use efficiency through the rehabilitation and modernization of irrigation infrastructure and the improvement of its O&M; promoting equitable and sustainable water use through the technical improvement of irrigation and drainage infrastructures; developing technically and financially self-sufficient WUBs responsible for the O&M of irrigation infrastructure; and enhancing farmer investment in irrigation infrastructure by regularizing water rights, taking into account water availability and water use efficiency. The ultimate goal is promoting an integrated water management system aimed at considering multisectoral use of water, river basin conservation, and disaster reduction.

Economics

Water tariff and cost recovery
WUBs are in charge of collecting water tariffs. Only 50% of WUBs are financially and technically independent. The remaining WUBs are in the process or in need of assistance to achieve financial and technical sustainability. Tariffs fluctuate from US$20–30 per ha, and collection rates vary from 10% in the Amazon to 68% in the Costa region.

The majority (83%) of the tariff revenues fund WUB activities. The remaining returns are allocated to cover O&M costs (8%) and to support the regional water authority, ATDR (8%). In 2006, the Peruvian Government approved DS 054-2006-AG, by which 2% of the water tariff component aimed at funding WUBs (86% of the total tariff), will now fund the recently created Fondo Nacional de Agua (FONAGUA). FONAGUA, a multisectoral body, aims to promote integrated water use management in Peru.

Investment and financing
According to MINAG, the cost of minor and major irrigation infrastructure in Peru is 11% and 48% higher, respectively, than the world average. Decentralization, together with the development of water resources management and irrigation institutions, created a multitude of entities responsible for irrigation investments at the national, regional, and local levels. The National Government has been investing in major irrigation infrastructure, mostly located in the coastal region although it plans to extend its efforts to the highlands as well. According to 2000 data, the National Government invested US$3.468 million to develop irrigation schemes in ten coastal projects.

Minor irrigation infrastructure is financed by the National Government in collaboration with the beneficiaries through a cost-sharing system. Since the creation of the Technical Irrigation Program (under PSI), financially sustainable WUBs have improved 5,282 ha of irrigation infrastructure, benefiting 1,085 producers, by raising US$5.5 million of a US$13.6 million project. NGOs, Municipal Savings and Loan Banks, and Savings and Loan Cooperatives operating in almost all departments of the country are also providing products specifically designed to serve agricultural producers in Peru, including loans for agricultural micro-enterprises and irrigation improvement.

External cooperation
In 1997, the World Bank contributed US$85 million, out of a total of US$172.4 million, to a Subsectoral Irrigation Project (Proyecto Subsectorial de Irrigacion). The aims of the PSI were (i) increasing water use efficiency through the rehabilitation and modernization of irrigation infrastructure, (ii) institutional strengthening of selected WUBs, and (iii) improving technical irrigation systems. In 2005, the World Bank increased its involvement with PSI II, by investing US$10.26 million of a US$22 million project, aimed at extending improved irrigation systems and WUBs capacity building to all the coastal region. Currently the World Bank is collaborating with Peru's Government to extend PSI's technical and financial support to the Sierra.

In June 2007, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) approved US$200 million for a water resources reform program (WRRP) that would include irrigation structures and institutional and legal reform. In August 2007, the IDB approved an additional US$5 million to support capacity building efforts contained in the WRRP. The IDB is also implementing a water resources management plan for Peru's Maschón and Chonta watersheds. The objective of this US$1.2 million grant is to define the appropriate measures for improving integrated water resources management.

Possible climate change impacts on irrigated agriculture

The effects of climate change in Peru can be seen in more extreme weather conditions and El Niño Southern Oscillation causing droughts and floods, and the retreat of Andean glaciers. The combined impacts of global warming and extreme weather are likely to severely impact hydrology, decreasing the water flow available for irrigation downstream in the coastal region and altering crop productivity. The Andean Community (CAN) estimates that climate change will cause US$30,000 million in losses or 4,5% of the GDP annually starting in 2025.

El Niño hits Peru approximately every seven years, producing economic and environmental damages and loss of life. In 1997-1998 El Niño caused US$2 billion in damages. Climate change is increasing the severity of this and other storms, increasing the vulnerability of Peru's poor, and damaging low technology irrigation infrastructures and agricultural crops. In the mountains, deforestation and slash-and-burn agriculture increase erosion and the risk of landslides. These effects are felt both at their source and further downstream and include damage to crops, water resources, and irrigation.

Peru contains roughly 71% of the world's tropical glaciers. Some of Peru's perennial rivers are fed by glaciers that are rapidly disappearing due to climate change. Since 1980 Peruvian glaciers have lost 22% of their surface area (500 km2), equivalent to 7,000 million cubic meters of water (about ten years of water supply for Lima). Glacier retreat in the Andes has important repercussions on Peru's water resources, including irrigation production and hydropower generation. This trend will continue, and it is believed that the increased runoff will cause Peru to suffer from severe water stress over the next 20 years. Peru's water supply is predicted to then decrease dramatically between 2030 and 2050.

Lessons learned from the Peruvian model
PSI (Proyecto Subsectorial de Irrigacion) is delivering positive results on the Peruvian coast, combining financial support and capacity building with regularization of water rights. The model's success in the coast has led to its current expansion in the Andean region.

Part of the success comes from the Government and WUBs sharing investment responsibilities for irrigation infrastructure improvements through a cost-sharing system. The cost sharing system encourages WUBs to increase tariffs and collection rates in order to raise a percentage of the total investment (15% for large investments and 35% for on-farm investments) which would then qualify for the Government to fund the rest of the project. Since its implementation, 63,730 producers belonging to 19 WUB have improved the irrigation infrastructure of 197,150 ha along the coast, contributing 14% of the total investment. WUBs have also technically improved 5,282 ha of irrigation infrastructure on the land benefiting 1,085 producers by raising US$5.5 million of the US$13.6 million.

Infrastructure rehabilitation and modernization is complemented by improving the management of irrigation schemes to ensure effective and sustainable use of irrigation systems. The capacity-building aspect of the Peruvian model includes strengthening the operation and maintenance requirements of the systems, and improvement of financial performance through increased volumetric metering, water tariff structure, and collection rate. Improving financial performance of the WUBs is linked to increasing farm incomes and therefore farmers' capacity to contribute to O&M costs as well as irrigation improvement investments.

In addition, MINAG began a Special Program for Land Titling (Proyecto Especial de Titulacion de Tierras y Catastro Rural-PETTCR) in 1992 to combat the uncertainty of property rights and the atomization of the agrarian structure. The implementation of PETTCR has increased the number of registered agricultural lands from 7% to 81% in 2005. PETTCR includes a proactive regularization of water rights based on water availability. Water security provided by formalized water rights is likely to encourage farmers to invest in their farming systems: for example, in improved on-farm irrigation technologies or conversion to higher value crops.

Gender in Irrigation
In spite of their many functions, WUB have in many cases limited capacity. PSI carried out a study of their capacity during the first phase, in the coast, where the state of the art irrigation practices are found. The study established that only 65% of them have acceptable water management. As a result, PSI held training and capacity building programs and found that the majority of participants were male. However, women do most of the agriculture work in rural areas as a result of male migration to the cities. Nevertheless, their representation in WUB is limited. Furthermore, in the board, most times they hold non relevant positions or their presence is nominal.

The PSI encouraged women to participate and water management in trainings through some pilots held in the Highland municipalities of Cajamarca, Junín and Arequipa with the support of the World Bank (a US$30,000 donation from the Gender Action Plan).
The pilots did a diagnosis on the audience; established the baseline, objectives, and indicators; developed a program for male and community sensitization; and obtained quantitative and qualitative results on women participation and leadership. For the future, PSI intends to mainstream all gender issues in projects, thus helping increase gender equity and therefore democracy in water management.
There is a video on the pilots Here

See also
Water resources management in Peru
Water supply and sanitation in Peru
Electricity sector in Peru

References

External links
Portal Agrario
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática del Peru
Water, Agriculture and Poverty in the Andes
Irrigation, Flood/Erosion control at high altitudes in the Andes.

Agriculture in Peru
Environment of Peru
Peru


Where Forever Begins is the second studio album by American country music artist Neal McCoy. It was released in 1992 on the Atlantic label. The album's title track was McCoy's first Top 40 hit on the Billboard country music charts. "Now I Pray for Rain" and "There Ain't Nothin' I Don't Like About You" were also released as singles.

Track listing

Personnel
Mark Casstevens - acoustic guitar, mandolin
Larry Franklin - fiddle
Sonny Garrish - dobro, steel guitar
Steve Gibson - electric guitar
Jana King - background vocals
Chris Leuzinger - electric guitar
Brent Mason - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Lynn Massey - drums, percussion
Randy McCormick - piano, synthesizer
Neal McCoy - lead vocals, background vocals
Roger McVay - bass guitar
Dee Murray - bass guitar
Lorne O'Neil - bass guitar, background vocals
Donny Parenteau - fiddle, background vocals
Gary Prim - piano, synthesizer
Steve Segler - piano, synthesizer, background vocals
Glenn Shankle - acoustic guitar, background vocals
Milton Sledge - drums
Joe Spivey - fiddle
James Stroud - drums
Glenn Worf - bass guitar
Curtis Young - background vocals

Chart performance

Singles

References

1992 albums
Atlantic Records albums
Neal McCoy albums
Albums produced by James Stroud


Buvilly is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


The University of Edinburgh Business School (known as the University of Edinburgh Management School until 2008; abbreviated as UEBS) is the business school of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. The university has offered business education since 1918, and the MBA degree since 1980.  The business school is tied to the University of Edinburgh, which received its royal charter in 1582.

History
In 1916, the University was encouraged by the Edinburgh Chamber of Commerce to consider instituting a degree suitable for study by its members. And so, in 1918, the Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) was launched. A year later, the Chair of Accounting and Business Method was founded, the first such Chair in Scotland. Originally part of the Faculty of Arts, these initiatives led to the creation of the Department of Business Studies and the Department of Accounting and Business Method. The BCom degree survived until the start of the 21st century before giving way to the Master of Arts (Scotland) (MA) in Business Studies.

The Master of Business Administration (MBA) was first offered in 1980, followed by the Part-time MBA in 1984. Since then, over 3,500 students from a wide variety of backgrounds, nationalities and business specialisms have completed these programmes. The first Master of Science (MSc) was launched in 1996.
In August 2010 the School relocated to a nearby building located at the heart of the University campus. This state-of-the-art building houses all school staff, features eight lecture theatres, multiple syndicate rooms, an executive education suite and a cafe. It represents an investment of £17 million by the University. Beyond the School and the University, Edinburgh itself has a wide array of venues, both historic and contemporary.

Research

At the UEBS, numerous research centres and institutes have been established.
UEBS offers a wide range of business-oriented degrees at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

A strong focus is put on the following fields of research:
 Accounting and Finance
 Entrepreneurship and Innovation
 Management Science and Business Economics
 Marketing
 Organisation Studies
 Strategy

Since 2005, the E Club promotes entrepreneurial activity and supports new venture creation.

Alumni
 Chris Beard, former CEO of Mozilla (MBA 2004)
 Alan Jope, CEO of Unilever (BCom 2000)
 Susie Wolff, CEO of Venturi Racing (Attended, 2001)
 David Carnegie, 4th Duke of Fife (MBA 1990)
 Judy Murray, tennis coach (MBA 1981)

UEBS's global alumni network numbers around 16,000 members in over 120 countries. The students are advised and trained by the MBA careers advisors and/or the student development team in career, personal development and soft-skills issues.

Accreditation and Ranking Data
UEBS is accredited by EQUIS, AMBA and AACSB. This gives the Business School triple crown accreditation. Some selected rankings are shown below:
 3rd for female students in Financial Times 2017 Global MBA Rankings
 35th in Financial Times Masters in Finance Pre-experience ranking 2017
 59th in The Economist  MBA rankings 2020
 4th in student quality The Economist  MBA rankings 2020
 55th in QS Global MBA ranking 2022
 91st in Financial Times 2017 Global MBA Ranking

Tartan
 The University of Edinburgh Business School tartan is registered under the Scottish Register of Tartans, STA ref: 6107

See also
 List of business schools in Europe
 Business school
 Master of Business Administration
 University of Edinburgh

References

External links
 University of Edinburgh Business School website (Official website)

1918 establishments in Scotland
Business schools in Scotland
Schools of the University of Edinburgh
Universities and colleges established in 1918


Reverend Carlton W. Veazey is a minister in the National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., and the President of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice (RCRC). Veazey founded RCRC's National Black Church Initiative.
Veazey was the 7th pastor of the Zion Baptist Church of DC from 1960 to 1993, when he was removed by vote of the membership.
Veazey is a graduate from the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff and the  Howard University School of Divinity.

From April 3, 1970, to Aug 8, 1973 he was a Republican member of Washington, DC's appointed City Council just before the beginning of home rule, having been appointed by Nixon.

In addition to being an outspoken proponent of reproductive rights, he has also been an outspoken critic of theocracy in the United States and Christian fundamentalism.

He is a collaborator to the bulletin Religion Dispatches.

See also
 Katherine Hancock Ragsdale
 Christianity and abortion

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American abortion-rights activists
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff alumni
Howard University alumni
21st-century African-American writers
National Baptist Convention, USA ministers
African-American Baptist ministers
20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
21st-century Baptist ministers from the United States


James or Jim Holloway may refer to:
James L. Holloway Jr. (1898–1984), U.S. Navy admiral, superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy
James L. Holloway III (1922–2019), U.S. Navy admiral, Chief of Naval Operations, 1974–1978
Jim Holloway (climber) (born 1954), American boulderer
Jim Holloway (artist) (?–2020), artist who worked for TSR in the 1980s
James Holloway (conspirator) (died 1684), English merchant
Jim Holloway (baseball) (1908–1997), Major League Baseball pitcher
James Holloway (historian) (born 1948), British art historian
Red Holloway (James Wesley Holloway, 1927–2012), American jazz saxophonist


Six ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Druid, after the Druids of Celtic polytheism, whilst another was planned:

  was a 10-gun sloop launched in 1761 and sunk as a breakwater in 1773.
  was a 16-gun sloop, formerly in civilian service under the name Brilliant. She was purchased in 1776, converted into a fire ship and renamed HMS Blast in 1779, and was finally sold in 1783.
  was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1783, converted into a troopship in 1798 and broken up in 1813.
  was a 46-gun fifth rate launched in 1825 and sold in 1863.
  was a wooden screw corvette launched in 1869 and sold in 1886.
  was an  launched in 1911 and sold in 1921.
 HMS Druid was to have been a  destroyer but she was renamed  in 1946 before being launched in 1952.

Royal Navy ship names


Mirugam () is a 2007 Indian Tamil-language masala film written and directed by Samy. The film stars debutant Aadhi and Padmapriya. The music was composed by Sabesh–Murali with editing by Suresh Urs and cinematography by Ramnath Shetty. The film released on 14 December 2007.

Plot
The story is set in a village near Ramnad. Ayyanar is a carefree villager who uses his muscles rather than his brain for any situation and behaves like an animal. He is a terror to the whole village as he is a womaniser, sleeps with sex workers, and rapes housewives. There is no woman in the village that he has not had an encounter with. He beats up anyone, including his mother. He makes a living through his bull, which he hires out for its stud services. During one of Ayyanar's visits to the local brothel, he rapes the queen sex worker Savithri but refuses to pay for her services. He sleeps with her multiple times and uses her in his sexual play. Once, he is seen playing cards on the outskirts of the neighbouring village, when the wife of a player comes and scolds him. Ayyanar, smitten by the wife, wins all the bets and gets the player drunk. He takes him to his home, gives the player's kids stolen chicken curry to eat outside, and silently rapes the player's wife.

One day, Ayyanar meets Alagamma, a tomboyish girl. Her beauty strikes him and he manages to marry her, but he treats her like one of his conquests. On the first night, he rapes her and continues with his sexual exploits. She silently tolerates all the sexual activities that he performs on her, but she soon changes her mind after knowing his past of him being a son of a prostitute, whose mother was raped and molested multiple times in front of him. He has seen her having sex with multiple men at the same time. He later killed the manager of the ring and escaped to Ramnad, where he was adopted. Alagamma decides to change Ayyanar and bring him on change him with love, sex, and affection.

Fate takes a turn as Ayyanar is hauled in by the cops after a drunken fight, and he is sentenced to a year in jail. In jail, he gets addicted to drugs, using the same syringes and needles with other prisoners. He rapes two men in jail in front of other inmates. After coming out of jail, he returns to his old ways. He wants to kill his pregnant wife, whom he believes had an illicit relationship with her uncle, which he later learns is not true.

Soon, he is infected with virus and later is afflicted by AIDS. The villagers ignore him, but his loyal and devoted wife stands by him. The film ends with Ayyanar dying of aids and his wife living with her uncle.

Cast
Aadhi as Ayyanar
Padmapriya Janakiraman as Alagamma
Ganja Karuppu as Idi Thangi
Bhanu Chander
Sona Heiden as Savithri

Controversy
Director Samy misbehaved with the actress Padmapriya and harassed her by slapping her in front of the crew and the village people. The South Indian Film Industry imposed a one-year ban on him for his behaviour on set, but the ban was lifted due to constant lobbying by Producers' Associations.

Soundtrack

Critical reception
Sify wrote "The film strikes a chord because the concern of the director to highlight the plight of an AIDSpatient in the post interval scenes is facetious. Throughout the film the director becomes more of a voyeur and dialogues loaded with sexual overtones. And surely Samy knows the difference between exploitation and cause-orientation". Rediff.com wrote "Watch Mirugam for some realistically done rural fare. With all the dollops of sex, action, and messages, it harks back to the good old masala genre, spiced according to today's specifications." Behindwoods wrote "While the AIDS issue could have remained the focus of the movie, Sami, on the other hand, indulges mostly in other shoddy matters providing it with an overdose of sex delving too much into it. His lack of clear conviction on the subject is glaringly visible that probably made him adopt other ways and means reducing the movie to a mediocre product."

References

External links

2000s masala films
2000s Tamil-language films
2007 films
HIV/AIDS in Indian films


Butch Pierre (born October 4, 1962) is a college basketball coach, currently serving as head coach at Northwest Florida State College. Prior to his stint at Northwest State Florida College, Pierre served as the director for player personnel for the University of Memphis Tigers men's basketball team under coach Tubby Smith during the 2017-18 season. Prior to that, he was an assistant coach for the NC State Wolfpack men's basketball team, Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball team and is also the former interim head coach of the Louisiana State University men's basketball team. Pierre, a 9-year assistant at LSU, replaced former head coach John Brady, who was fired on February 8, 2008.

Pierre was born in Darrow, Louisiana. He is a 1984 graduate of Mississippi State University with a degree in education. He received a master's degree in education from Mississippi State in 1986.

Head coaching record

References

External links
Official Bio @ LSUSports.net
Official Bio @ nwfraiders.com

1962 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Louisiana
Basketball players from Louisiana
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Charlotte 49ers men's basketball coaches
Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns men's basketball coaches
LSU Tigers men's basketball coaches
Mississippi State Bulldogs men's basketball coaches
Mississippi State Bulldogs men's basketball players
Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball coaches
Point guards


Billah () is an Arabic phrase meaning with God or through God. It is used in various standard sayings, such as the Hawqala and the Ta'awwudh. It is also often used as a component of compound personal proper names, particularly as regnal names by caliphs and other rulers when it might be seen as a counterpart of the Christian usage by the grace of God. It is used for example as follows:

Al-Aziz Billah (), mighty through God
Al-Aziz Billah (955–996), fifth Fatimid Caliph
Baqi Billah (), everlasting through God
Khwaja Baqi Billah (1563–1603), Sufi saint from Kabul
Al-Mahdi Billah (), rightly guided through God
Muhammad al-Mahdi Billah (744 or 745 – 785), third Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (873–934), founder of the Fatimid dynasty
Muhammad II al-Mahdi Billah (976–1010), fourth Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba
Al-Mansur Billah (), he who is victorious through God
Al-Mansur Billah (914–957), third Fatimid Caliph
one of the names of Muhammad al-Badr (1926–1996), King and Imam of Yemen
Al-Muhtadi Billah (), rightly guided through God
Al-Muhtadi Billah (died 870), fourteenth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Muhtadee Billah (born 1974), heir to the Sultan of Brunei
Al-Muktafi Billah (), contented with God alone
Al-Muktafi Billah (877/78 – 908), seventeenth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
one of the names of Mahmud of Terengganu (1930–1998), Sultan of Terengganu, Malaysia
Al-Muntasir Billah (), he who triumphs in God
Al-Muntasir Billah (837–862), eleventh Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Mustafa Billah (), one who is chosen through God
one of the names of Abdullah of Pahang (born 1959), Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia
Al-Musta'in Billah (), one who asks for help through God
Ahmad al-Musta'in Billah (836–866), twelfth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Sulayman al-Musta'in Billah (965–1016), fifth Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba
Abbas al-Musta'in Billah (1390–1430), tenth Abbasid Caliph of Cairo.
one of the names of Ahmad Shah of Pahang (1930–2019), Sultan of Pahang, Malaysia
Al-Mustakfi Billah (), desirous of being satisfied with God alone
Al-Mustakfi Billah (905–949), twenty-second Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Muhammad III al-Mustakfi Billah (976–1025), tenth Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba
Al-Mustakfi Billah I (1285–1340), third Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
Al-Mustakfi Billah II (1388–1451), twelfth Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
Al-Musta'li Billah (), exalted through God
Al-Musta'li Billah (1074–1101), ninth Fatimid Caliph
Al-Mustamsik Billah (), one who restrains himself through God
Al-Mustamsik Billah (died 1521), sixteenth Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
Al-Mustanjid Billah (), one who implores for help through God
Yusuf al-Mustanjid Billah (1124–1170), thirty-second Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Yusuf al-Mustanjid Billah (died 1479), fourteenth Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
Al-Mustansir Billah (), one who asks for victory through God
Al-Hakam II al-Mustansir Billah (915–976), first Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba
Al-Mustansir Billah  (1029–1094), eighth Fatimid Caliph
Abu Ja'far al-Mustansir Billah (1192–1242), thirty-sixth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Ahmad al-Mustansir Billah (died 1261), first Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
Ali Shah al-Mustansir Billah (died 1480), thirty-second Nizari Isma'ili Imam
Gharib Mirza al-Mustansir Billah (died 1498), thirty-fourth Nizari Isma'ili Imam
Al-Mustarshid Billah (), one who seeks direction through God
Al-Mustarshid Billah (1092–1135), twenty-ninth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Musta'sim Billah (), he who holds fast through God
Abd Allah al-Musta'sim Billah (1213–1258), last Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Zakariya al-Musta'sim Billah (died 1389), eighth Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
Al-Mustazhir Billah (), one who knows by heart through God
Abd al-Rahman V al-Mustazhir Billah (1001–1024), ninth Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba
Al-Mustazhir Billah (1078–1118), twenty-eighth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Mu'tadid Billah (), seeking support in God
Al-Mu'tadid Billah (853/4 or 860/1 – 902), sixteenth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Mu'tadid Billah I (died 1362), sixth Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
Al-Mu'tadid Billah II (died 1441), eleventh Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
Al-Mu'tasim Billah (), abstaining from sin through God
Al-Mu'tasim Billah (796–842), eighth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
one of the names of Abdullah al-Mutassim Billah Shah of Pahang (1874–1932), Sultan of Pahang, Malaysia
one of the names of Abdul Aziz al-Mutasim Billah Shah of Perak (1887–1948), Sultan of Perak, Malaysia
one of the names of Abdul Halim of Kedah (1927–2017), Sultan of Kedah, Malaysia
Proper given name of Mutassim Gaddafi, son of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi
Motasim Billah Mazhabi (born 1964), Afghan politician
Qazi Mu'tasim Billah (1933–2013), Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and teacher
Al-Mu'tazz Billah (), he who is strengthened by God
Al-Mu'tazz Billah (847–869), thirteenth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Muqtadir Billah (), mighty through God
Al-Muqtadir Billah (895–932), eighteenth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Qadir Billah (), powerful through God
Al-Qadir Billah (947–1031), twenty-fifth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Qahir Billah (), victorious through God
Al-Qahir Billah (899–950), nineteenth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Radi Billah (), content with God
Al-Radi Billah (909–940), twentieth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Rashid Billah (), rightly guided through God
Al-Rashid Billah (1109–1138), thirtieth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Wathiq Billah (), he who holds trust through God
Al-Wathiq Billah (812–847), ninth Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
Al-Wathiq Billah I (died 1341), fourth Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
Al-Wathiq Billah II (died 1386), ninth Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
one of the names of Taimur bin Feisal (1886–1965), Sultan of Oman
one of the names of Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu (born 1962), Sultan of Terengganu, Malaysia

References

Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names


Unrein (German for "Impure") is the fifth studio album by German rock band Oomph!. It is the first album released on Virgin Schallplatten.

Track listing
 Mutters Schoß (Mother's Lap) (01:12)
 Unsere Rettung (Our Salvation) (05:04)
 Die Maske (The Mask) (06:06)
 My Hell (05:19)
 Gekreuzigt (Crucified) (04:22)
 Zero Endorphine (03:06) (instrumental)
 Willst du mein Leben entern? (Do You Want to Board My Life?) (04:20)
 (Why I'll Never Be) Clean Again (05:28)
 Unrein (Impure) (05:51)
 Anniversary (04:51)
 Foil (04:31)
 Bastard (06:51)
 Another Disease (05:30)
 Meine Wunden (My Wounds) (07:15)

2019 Napalm Records re-release bonus tracks
15. This Time (4:36)
16. Monolith (4:20) (instrumental)

Credits

 Produced by Oomph!
 Music composed by Oomph!
 Lyrics written by Dero Goi

External links
 Oomph! - Unrein at Discogs

Oomph! albums
1998 albums
Virgin Records albums
German-language albums


No Doubt About It is the third studio album by American country music artist Neal McCoy. Released in 1994, it is considered his breakthrough album, and has been certified platinum in the United States. Both the album's title track and "Wink" reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts, the latter holding its peak position for four weeks. The album's third single, "The City Put the Country Back in Me", was also a Top 5 hit.

Critical reception
In New Country magazine, Brian Mansfield referred to the lyrics of other songs as "rang[ing] from the simple-minded to the genuinely embarrassing" and gave the album two stars out of five. He was more positive in his review for Allmusic, giving it four-and-a-half stars and saying that it "was the first to capture the rock-influenced sound of McCoy's stage show."

Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a C− rating, criticizing the title track in particular: "If radio thinks this blander-than-generic ballad is the future of country, we might as well just move to the middle of the road right now."

Track listing

Personnel
Eddie Bayers – drums, percussion
Barry Beckett – keyboards
Gary Burr – background vocals
Paul Franklin – steel guitar
Neal McCoy – lead vocals
Phil Naish – keyboards
Donny Parenteau – fiddle, mandolin
Don Potter – acoustic guitar
Michael Rhodes – bass guitar
Brent Rowan – electric guitar
Harry Stinson – background vocals
Dennis Wilson – background vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Singles

References

1994 albums
Atlantic Records albums
Neal McCoy albums
Albums produced by Barry Beckett


Kanna is a 2007 Tamil-language drama film by Anand starring Raja and Sheela.

Plot
The story takes place in Coimbatore, where Annapoorani, the daughter of Raghunath, a managing director of a company, has everything in life; loving family and friends and, studies in year 10 in a Catholic secondary school. She goes on a school organised educational tour to Ooty with her class mates and is accompanied by her class teacher Aashirvaatham and her biology teacher.

Whilst they were staying in a bungalow in Ooty, Poorani meets Kannaa, a florist by profession. Kannaa is introduced as Eric to the tourist group and agrees to be the group's tour guide on the request of the bungalow's caretaker. Since meeting, both Poorani and Kannaa are at loggerheads. Though Kannaa enjoys teasing her in a friendly manner knowing Poorani's wariness, Poorani seems to think that he has bad intentions. Eventually, her animosity towards him vanishes and she begins to develop an interest in him.

When Annapoorani returns to Coimbatore, she is unable to forget Kannaa and longs to be with him. One day when her friend tells her of how she is planning to meet her boyfriend in person, Poorani becomes influenced and decided to meet Kannaa in person with a gift in hand. She borrows a Scooter and leaves to Ooty. On the way, the bike breaks down, so she continues her journey on foot. In the meantime at home, her parents panic when they find that she has not returned from school and begin searching for her everywhere.

The rest of the movie depicts the learnings of Annapoorani, who is at the cusp of becoming an adult, on life and responsibilities.

Cast
Raja as Eric aka. Kannaa
Sheela as Annapoorani aka. Poorani
Prakash Raj as Raghunath, Annapoorani's father
Seetha as Annapoorani's mother
Livingston as Aashirvaatham Sir, Annapoorani's class teacher
Sona Nair as Teacher
Crane Manohar as Bus driver

Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by Ranjit Barot.
"Kuyil Paadum" - Shreya Ghoshal
"Ragasiya Kanna" - Sujatha
"Thullum" - Balaraman, Mahalakshmi Iyer
"Sembaruthi" - Manikka Vinayagam, Mukesh Mohamed, Vinaya
"Aayiram Kelvigal" - Hariharan
"Azhagiya Penne" - Karthik

Reception
Indiaglitz wrote "Debutant director Anand has to be appreciated for choosing a poignant story without restoring to gimmicks." Behindwoods wrote "Kanna on the whole, is a well made product. The director must be appreciated for what he has brought out on screen." Sify wrote "Director Anand has come out with a sweet movie with a nice message that shows how an adolescent mind due to immaturity falls to infatuation. However the trouble with the film is that it moves at snail pace, and is made like a mushy television serial." Rediff said "movie that tries very hard to be subtle and sensuous, exhibiting the Art of Love but instead falls flat on its face."

References

Films shot in Ooty
2007 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Ranjit Barot
Indian coming-of-age films
2007 directorial debut films


Zephyr National is Tom Fogerty's third solo album. His brother John played on the album, but recorded his parts separately from former CCR band members Doug Clifford and Stu Cook on the one song ("Mystic Isle Avalon") on which they all performed. This marked the final recording where all four members of Creedence Clearwater Revival played on the same song.

Track listing
All compositions written by Tom Fogerty
 "It's Been a Good Day"  – 2:25
 "Can You Feel It" – 2:06
 "Mystic Isle Avalon" – 2:38
 "Reggie" – 2:15
 "Money (Root the Root)" – 2:42
 "Hot Buttered Rum" – 2:04
 "Joyful Resurrection" – 3:51
 "Heartbeat" – 2:22
 "Fate" – 3:11
 "Goin' Back to Okeefenokee" – 3:26

Personnel
 Tom Fogerty – guitar, harmonica, vocals
 John Fogerty – guitar on "Mystic Isle Avalon"
 Stu Cook – bass, synthesizer, lead guitar on "Joyful Resurrection"
 Doug Clifford – drums, vocals
 Tom Phillips – guitar, pedal steel
 Gary Potterton – guitar
 Russ Gary – guitar, vocals, producer
 Stephen Funk – keyboards
 Jeff Nerell – steel drums
 Ron Stallings – saxophone
 The Stovalls – vocals

Charts

References

External links
Zephyr National in deaddisc.com

1974 albums
Tom Fogerty albums
Creedence Clearwater Revival
Fantasy Records albums


Never Never Land is a single from Lyfe Jennings from his third studio album Lyfe Change.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
Columbia Records singles
Lyfe Jennings songs
Songs written by Lyfe Jennings


Puli Varudhu () is a 2007 Indian Tamil language romantic comedy film directed by G. V. Kumar, starring Jithan Ramesh and Mallika Kapoor, with Manivannan, Saranya, Karunas, and Livingston in supporting roles. The music was composed by Srikanth Deva, and the film released on 21 December 2007 to mixed reviews.

Plot
Ramesh (Jithan Ramesh) is the son of Manivannan and Saranya. Karuppa (Karunas) and other friends stay in Ramesh's house as paying guests. Ramesh's parents treat them as their own. Ramesh's parents want their son to fall in love and get married, but Ramesh prefers an arranged marriage.

A mutual friend of Ramesh and Karuppa is getting a fixed marriage. Along with Karuppa, Ramesh goes to their friend's village to attend the marriage. On the way there, he has a dream that he meets a beautiful girl Shenbagam (Mallika Kapoor), but also that his friend would die in an accident. He wakes up with a shout and later attends the wedding with Karuppa. Ramesh later meets Gayathri (Mallika Kapoor again) and falls in love with her. Karuppa informs the love of Ramesh and Gayathri to Ramesh's parents.

Upon returning home, Ramesh's parents accept his love and affection for Gayathri. They plan to meet her and her parents in order to finalize their engagement and fix the marriage date. Ramesh then dreams again of his engagement to Gayathri. This time, before the marriage, his father passes away due to a heart attack, and Gayathri attempts to commit suicide. He again wakes up from the dream with a shout. Ramesh's parents ask him about the sudden scream, but he refuses to tell. Karuppa then asks him about it, and Ramesh tells his dream. In the morning, they wake up in the village. Things go as planned, but some of Ramesh's dreams become reality. Gayathri speaks to him, and they visit some of the places that she took him in his dream. After the engagement, Ramesh, his friends, and his family return home.

Ramesh fears that more of his dreams might come true and panics. He begins to avoid everyone and everything, including Gayathri. He even goes to the extent of cancelling the wedding. Does Ramesh overcome his fearsome dreams and do the lovers marry?

Cast

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Srikanth Deva with lyrics written by Na. Muthukumar.

"Oru Murai" — Madhu Balakrishnan, Anitha Karthikeyan
"Aasai Vachen" — K. S. Chithra, Vijay Yesudas
"Theru Varudhu" — Manikka Vinayagam, Ramesh Rao
"Kanava Nejama" — Anuradha Sriram, Harish Raghavendra
"Kadhalikka Solludi" — Manikka Vinayagam, Swarnalatha, Senthildass Velayutham, Karunas

Critical reception
Sify wrote "While provision has to be made for suspension of disbelief in popular entertainment; Puli Varuthu stretches beyond belief and endurance too and ends up as a big bore". Behindwoods wrote "Director GV Kumar comes in for adulations for having chosen a wafer thin plot and adding some interesting twists and turns to what is otherwise only an average fare." Indiaglitz wrote "Debutant director G.V. Kumar has succeeded in narrating a wafer thin story based on the fear psychology in an entertaining manner."

References

2007 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Srikanth Deva


Ned Cromar Hill (born 1945) is the American National Advisory Council professor of business management and was dean of the Marriott School of Business (MSB) at Brigham Young University (BYU) from 1998 to 2008. From 2011 to 2014, he served as president of the Romania Bucharest Mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Career
Prior to his appointment as the MSB's dean, he served for two years as an assistant to BYU president Merrill J. Bateman, with responsibility for strategic planning in the areas of facilities and space management, distance learning, information systems, and assessment. Before joining the administration, Hill chaired the MSB's Department of Business Management. He joined the MSB faculty as the Joel C. Peterson Professor of Business Administration in 1987 and received the school's Outstanding Faculty Award in 1992.

During 1976 to 1977, Hill was an assistant professor at Cornell University. From 1977 to 1987 he was a finance professor on the faculty of Indiana University. MBA students at both BYU and Indiana University elected him their outstanding teacher several times.

Hill is a widely published author and frequent speaker on the subjects of treasury management, electronic commerce, and personal finance. He was founder and senior editor of EDI FORUM: The Journal of Electronic Commerce and has written four books and more than 70 professional articles. For several years he served on the Information Technology Commission for the state of Utah, and he has been a regional director of the Financial Management Association.

Hill holds a PhD in finance from the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University, a master's degree in chemistry from Cornell, and a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Utah.

On January 25, 2011, the MSB announced the creation of a new chaired professorship, the Ned Cromar Hill Professorship of Finance. The professorship was established and funded by Hill's longtime friends, Brent and Bonnie Jean Beesley.

Criticism surrounding Mitt Romney's presidential bid
On October 9, 2006, Hill and MSB associate dean, W. Steve Albrecht, sent an e-mail to 50 BYU Management Society members and 100 members of the school's National Advisory Council asking them to support Mitt Romney's potential bid for the presidency. Hill and Albrecht signed the message with their official BYU titles, sent the e-mail from a BYU e-mail address, and began the message "Dear Marriott School Friend." Both the LDS Church and BYU, as tax-exempt, nonprofit organizations, are prohibited by federal law from advocating on behalf of a particular candidate or political party. Albrecht said that he should not have sent it in his capacity as a BYU dean: "It wasn't something BYU did, it wasn't something I probably should have done, and it was bad judgment."

Personal life
As a young man, Hill served as an LDS Church missionary in Germany. During his time at Indiana University, Hill served as president of the church's Bloomington Indiana Stake. He and his wife, Claralyn, are the parents of five children. Hill's wife unsuccessfully ran for the Utah State House of Representatives as a moderate Democrat in 2008.

References

Cornell University faculty
American business writers
Living people
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Brigham Young University faculty
Indiana University faculty
Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management alumni
University of Utah alumni
1945 births
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Utah Democrats
American male non-fiction writers
American Mormon missionaries in Germany
Mormon missionaries in Romania
20th-century Mormon missionaries
21st-century Mormon missionaries
Business school deans
Latter Day Saints from Indiana
Latter Day Saints from Utah
American university and college faculty deans


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The Royal Hunt Cup is a flat handicap horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged three years or older. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 1 mile (1,609 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June.

History
The event was established in 1843, and it was originally contested on a right-handed course over 7 furlongs and 166 yards. The inaugural running was won by Knight of the Whistle, with a triple dead-heat for second between Bourra Tomacha, Epaulette and Garry Owen.

The race's distance was shortened to 7 furlongs and 155 yards in 1930, and it was extended to its present length in 1956. It is now run on a straight course, and it usually features a large field.

The Royal Hunt Cup is currently held on the second day of the five-day Royal Ascot meeting. It is one of three perpetual trophies at the meeting, along with the Gold Cup and the Queen's Vase, which can be kept permanently by the winning owners.

Records
Most successful horse (2 wins):
 Master Vote – 1947, 1948

Leading jockey (4 wins):
 Charles Wood – Thuringian Prince (1875), The Mandarin (1879), Elzevir (1883), Gay Hermit (1887)
 Lester Piggott – Spaniard's Close (1963), Casabianca (1965), Kamundu (1969), Jumping Hill (1976)

Leading trainer (5 wins):
 James Jewitt – Sweetbread (1882), Elzevir (1883), Shillelagh (1888), Suspender (1892), Knight of the Thistle (1897)

Winners since 1980
 Weights given in stones and pounds.

Earlier winners

 1843: Knight of the Whistle
 1844: The Bishop of Romford's Cob
 1845: Evenus
 1846: Leaconfield
 1847: Tragical
 1848: Conyngham
 1849: Collingwood
 1850: Hagley
 1851: Sir Charles
 1852: Ephesus
 1853: The Friar
 1854: Brocket
 1855: Chalice
 1856: Forbidden Fruit
 1857: Rosa Bonheur
 1858: Hesperithusa
 1859: King at Arms
 1860: Crater
 1861: Buccaneer
 1862: Canary
 1863: Victor
 1864: Gem of the Sea
 1865: Gratitude
 1866: Attache
 1867: Jasper
 1868: Satyr
 1869: See Saw
 1870: Judge
 1871: Valuer
 1872: Ripponden
 1873: Winslow
 1874: Lowlander
 1875: Thuringian Prince
 1876: Hopbloom
 1877: Cradle
 1878: Julius Caesar
 1879: The Mandarin
 1880: Strathern
 1881: Peter
 1882: Sweetbread
 1883: Elzevir
 1884: Acrostic
 1885: Eastern Emperor
 1886: Despair
 1887: Gay Hermit
 1888: Shillelagh
 1889: Whitelegs
 1890: Morion
 1891: Laureate
 1892: Suspender
 1893: Amandier
 1894: Victor Wild
 1895: Clorane
 1896: Quarrel
 1897: Knight of the Thistle
 1898: Jaquemart
 1899: Refractor
 1900: Royal Flush
 1901: Stealaway
 1902: Solicitor
 1903: Kunstler
 1904: Csardas
 1905: Andover
 1906: Dinneford
 1907: Lally
 1908: Billy the Verger
 1909: Dark Ronald
 1910: Bachelor's Double
 1911: Moscato
 1912: Eton Boy
 1913: Long Set
 1914: Lie-a-bed
 1915–18: no race
 1919: Irish Elegance
 1920: Square Measure
 1921: Illuminator
 1922: Varzy
 1923: Weathervane
 1924: Dinkie
 1925: Cockpit
 1926: Cross Bow
 1927: Asterus
 1928: Priory Park
 1929: Songe
 1930: The MacNab
 1931: Grand Salute
 1932: Totaig
 1933: Colorado Kid
 1934: Caymanas
 1935: Priok
 1936: Guinea Gap
 1937: Fairplay
 1938: Couvert
 1939: Caerloptic
 1940: no race
 1941: Time Step *
 1942–44: no race
 1945: Battle Hymn
 1946: Friar's Fancy
 1947: Master Vote
 1948: Master Vote
 1949: Sterope
 1950: Hyperbole
 1951: Val d'Assa
 1952: Queen of Sheba
 1953: Choir Boy
 1954: Chivalry
 1955: Nicholas Nickleby
 1956: Alexander
 1957: Retrial
 1958: Amos
 1959: Faultless Speech
 1960: Small Slam
 1961: King's Troop
 1962: Smartie
 1963: Spaniard's Close
 1964: Zaleucus
 1965: Casabianca
 1966: Continuation
 1967: Regal Light
 1968: Golden Mean
 1969: Kamundu
 1970: Calpurnius
 1971: Picture Boy
 1972: Tempest Boy
 1973: Camouflage
 1974: Old Lucky
 1975: Ardoon
 1976: Jumping Hill
 1977: My Hussar
 1978: Fear Naught
 1979: Pipedreamer

* The race was run at Newbury in 1941.

See also
 Horse racing in Great Britain
 List of British flat horse races

References
 Paris-Turf:
, , ,
 Racing Post:
 , , , , , , , , ,
 , , , , , , , , ,
 , , , , , , , , ,
 , , , , ,

 galopp-sieger.de – Royal Hunt Cup.
 pedigreequery.com – Royal Hunt Cup – Ascot.

Flat races in Great Britain
Ascot Racecourse
Open mile category horse races
Recurring sporting events established in 1843
1843 establishments in England


The Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Império Serrano is a samba school of the city of Rio de Janeiro, that was created on March 23 of 1947 after a disagreement of the extinct samba school Prazer da Serrinha. It was nine times champion of the Carnaval and can be considered one of the most traditional schools of the samba of the city. One of the principal vainglories of its members is the open democracy of the school, established in the school's foundation. Its history is normally confused with the history of the Morro da Serrinha, despite its headquarters being in Avenida Ministro Edgard Romero near the Estação Mercadão de Madureira, but in the same neighborhood: Madureira.

The Ala de Compositores (Ala of the Composers) of Império is one of the most respected, having in its history people such as Silas de Oliveira, Mano Décio, Aniceto do Império, Molequinho, Dona Ivone Lara (first woman to participate in the ala of the composers of the samba schools), Beto sem Braço, Aluizio Machado, and Arlindo Cruz.

The school's history is crowned by splendid sambas, true classics of the samba-enredo such as Aquarela Brasileira ("Brazilian Aquarelle") (1964 and 2004), Exaltação a Tiradentes ("Exaltation to Tiradentes") (1949), Os Cinco Bailes da História do Rio ("The Five Balls of the History of Rio") (1965), Heróis da Liberdade ("Liberty Heroes") (1969), Bumbum paticumbum Prugurundum (1982), among others.

In 1982, the singer Clara Nunes recorded the samba Serrinha, in homage to Mauro Duarte and Paulo César Pinheiro.

In the 1990s, the school confronted serious political problems that resulted in three downgradings (1991, 1997, and 1999).

The school returned to the elite of the Carnaval in 2001, though struggling to remain in the group. That year, the school brought the samba of Arlindo Cruz, Maurição, Carlos Sena, and Elmo Caetano, and it was considered by the reviewers as the most beautiful of the year. The samba narrated the story of the Resistance, nickname of the Syndicate of the Stevedores of Rio de Janeiro, with which many of the school's members were connected.

In 2004, the Império repeated the samba-enredo Aquarela do Brasil, considered one of the most beautiful sambas-enredo in history, and despite financial problems and internal disputes, received a Sambadrome standing ovation. In 2007, the school fell again to the Grupo de Acesso, but won the title in 2017, resulting in a 2018 return to the Special Group.

Classifications

References

External links
Official site

Samba schools of Rio de Janeiro
1947 establishments in Brazil


Clint Catalyst (born April 8, 1971) is the nom de plume of Clinton Green, an American author, actor, spoken word performer, and stylist. He has covered music, fashion, LGBT issues, and popular culture for magazines including LA Weekly, Frontiers, Out, Surface and Swindle.

Early life
Born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Catalyst was raised an only child to Southern Baptist parents. Other than a year in Germany on scholarship, he remained there until he attended Hendrix College, where he started As If magazine and received a Bachelors in English with honors distinction.
British journalist Mick Mercer describes As If as an "excellent magazine in terms of its international content, the artwork and contributions. Normally poetry-based things can cause your spleen to explode with fury at wasted space but Clint knows who means what." Upon graduation, Catalyst went to San Francisco, where he earned a Master of Arts in writing from the University of San Francisco. He said he knew he was gay from a young age, but identifies with the term "queer" in regards to his orientation.

Writing in the LA Weekly, Linda Immediato called Catalyst a "Midwestern ex–meth head who came to L.A. by way of San Francisco, where he was a goth art-club darling — the most photographed model of the underground." In Los Angeles in the 1990s "he became the most sought-after nightclub... guest-list gatekeeper, wooed by seemingly every hip promoter in the city."

Awards

In 1989, Catalyst was one of 25 graduating high school seniors in the U.S. to be awarded the Congress-Bundestag Youth Exchange scholarship through Nacel Open Door, which enabled him to live and study a year in Germany. Other awards include the Isaac Andrew Campbell Memorial Prize for Poetry, The Congress/Bundestag Scholarship, First Place in the San Francisco Levi-Strauss "Poetry Slam", First Place in the Mixed Media category, Second Place in the Short Story category, and Second Place in Poetry for the annual Murphy Foundation Programs in Literature and Language competitions.

Published work

In 2000, Manic D Press published Catalyst's book Cottonmouth Kisses, which developed a cult following and topped Amazon's list of bestselling Gay & Lesbian books. The first section of the book, Caresses Soft as Sandpaper, was originally a chapbook published by November–March. Cottonmouth Kisses went into its second printing in 2007, when it was described as a "cult hit".

While touring together in the year 2000, Catalyst and artist Michelle Tea came up with the idea to solicit first-person narratives for their 2004 anthology Pills, Thrills, Chills and Heartache, which was published by Alyson Books. Described by Publishers Weekly as a "celebrat[ion of] the avant-garde", the book reached No. 10 on the Los Angeles Times non-fiction paperback bestseller list in its first week of release. Moreover, the book was a 2004 Lambda Literary Awards finalist in the Anthologies/Fiction category.

Film and television
In 2004, Catalyst and writing partner Darren Stein co-created a proposed drama The Flyover States in a development deal with Touchstone/ABC.
As an associate show producer, he worked for three cycles (2005–2006) on the reality series America's Next Top Model.

In the 2007 short film In the Spotlight, Catalyst was cast opposite Guinevere Turner as a charlatan named Bell Wartock. Catalyst also appeared in Darren Stein's 2007 short Color Me Olsen in a small role as an Oompa-Loompa impersonator. He also plays the role of Járéd Silver—a parody of Catalyst's close friend, the designer Jared Gold—in Lisa Hammer's feature film, POX.

In February 2008, Catalyst won the first place for TV Host in CBS's Big Shot Live contest. His role for the follow-up winner's episode was red carpet commentator for the 50th Grammy Awards. In November 2008, Catalyst had a cameo as the stylist for Antoine de Caunes in Allez a L.A.!, a five-part series that ran on the French Cable Network Canal Plus. In March 2009, Catalyst appeared as a special guest in an episode of the reality television series Germany's Next Topmodel, hosted by Heidi Klum.

As 'Himself', Catalyst appeared in a celluloid version of the off-musical comedy Forever Plaid, shown nationwide in theatres for one night in 2009 to celebrate the play's 20th anniversary. However, his recent role as 'The Interviewee' in Matthew Mishory's short film "Delphinium: A Childhood Portrait of Derek Jarman" has been seen at film festivals around the world. It had its world premiere at the 2009 Reykjavik International Film Festival in Iceland, its UK premiere at the Raindance Film Festival in London, and its California premiere at the 2010 Frameline International Film Festival in San Francisco. It won the Eastman Kodak Grand Prize for Best Short Film at the 2010 United States Super 8 and DV Film Festival.

Catalyst also appears as "Johnny the Bartender" in Matthew Mishory's 2012 feature Joshua Tree, 1951: A Portrait of James Dean, which stars James Preston.

Ramzi Abed's psychological thriller Noirland is still listed as "in production", though from press the film has already generated, Catalyst is credited in the role of 'The Baron.' Conversely, in Hilary Goldberg's experimental cross-genre feature recLAmation (2010), he has the role of 'Gaylord Wilshire [a] Queer Superhero.'

Catalyst is an interview subject in Christopher Hines film The Adonis Factor (2010), a documentary about body issues among men within the gay community. Among the film's reviews, Catalyst is described as "one of two interviewees who 'stand[s] out'" for being a "gothic artist model who is so painfully awkward that he becomes beautiful."

In 2011, he portrayed Salvador "The Ice Fiend Man" for episode #4.6 ("Better Them Than Us") of the SPIKE TV series 1000 Ways to Die.

As of 2019, he is the story producer of TV series The Boulet Brothers' Dragula.

Live performances, modeling, and events
Catalyst has appeared as a spoken word performer at events including the Bumbershoot festival, Outfest, the Dark Arts Festival, Writers With Drinks, Scutterfest,
and Convergence 9. He has also hosted literary events, including a monthly spoken word series entitled The Unhappy Hour at the Parlour Club (where he also created performance art night Touché).

He has had a variety of modeling assignments, including appearances on the covers of books, including The Best of Alice Joanou and the anthology Sons of Darkness: Tales of Men, Blood and Immortality. In March 2008, Catalyst was chosen to appear in a national Peta2 "Fur Is Dead" campaign. Moreover, from May 3 to August 31, 2008, a portrait of Catalyst, along with a filmed version of his spoken word/performance piece "To Push Away or Clutch" was on display in The Andy Warhol Museum (Pittsburgh, PA). Deemed an 'Uberstar'—along with designer Rami Kashou, photographer Dirk Mai, journalist Rose Apodaca, model/designer Audrey Kitching, and internet celebrity Cory Kennedy—Catalyst was hand-picked by sculptor/visual artist Glenn Kaino to represent his 21st Century take on Andy Warhol's Superstars.

Catalyst was a celebrity judge for the Asian Pacific AIDS Alliance Quest Beauty Pageant and was hired by Paper Magazine as a judge for Audrey Kuenstler's 'High Fashion Wrestling' event. He has also been hired as a guest host for magazine release parties and social events - he was Buzznet's official red carpet host for the 2007 Emmy Awards.

He has been described as the "muse" for avant-garde designer Jared Gold, and has worked as an event producer for some of Gold's fashion shows. In November 2009, the duo released their first collaborative design effort: a set of prize ribbons with awards such as "Epic" and "Hedonist."

Works
 Caresses Soft as Sandpaper  (1994)
 Full Force  (1995)
 Cottonmouth Kisses (2000)
 Pills, Thrills, Chills, and Heartache: Adventures in the First Person (with Michelle Tea) (2004)
Best Gay Stories 2012 (edited by Peter Dubé; story Sugar Rush was chosen as one of 15 inclusions), Lethe Press 2012

References

External links
 Official website

 Hiccup, Volume 4 - Dramatic Reading by Clint Catalyst (Adobe Flashplayer)

1971 births
Living people
American male poets
Hendrix College alumni
University of San Francisco alumni
People from Jonesboro, Arkansas
American performance artists
American short story writers
American essayists
American columnists
Male actors from Arkansas
American spoken word poets
Male models from Arkansas
Goth subculture
Queer men
American LGBT poets
American LGBT actors
LGBT people from Arkansas
Queer writers
Queer actors
Queer artists
American male essayists
American male short story writers
21st-century American poets
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American LGBT people


Elena "Nina" Dan (née Burlacu, 1967–1996) was a Romanian opera singer.

Biography
Elena Burlacu was born in 1967 in Adjud, Romania. She was the younger sister and only sibling of Angela Gheorghiu. She joined Angela at the music boarding school in Bucharest and also graduated from the National University of Music Bucharest. She made her international debut in Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore at Opéra National de Lyon in 1996. The opera was filmed and recorded and was made and is still available on DVD and CD.

Angela and Elena were, as Angela puts it 'inseparable, like twins'. In 1994, Angela Gheorgiu described Elena as follows: 'she is more beautiful than I and sings even better!'. Angela dedicated her 'Mysterium' recording to her sister.

Elena Dan died in 1996 in an accident. Angela Gheorghiu commented, "she was more than a sister to me... She was only a year younger. We were inseparable almost like twins, although she was blonde and green-eyed. She was another me. But, of course, it's worse for my mother. She is really very badly hit."

Elena Dan married a doctor, Andrei Dan, whilst still attending the National University of Music in Bucharest. In 1990, she and Andrei had a daughter called Ioana. After Andrei's death in 2001, Ioana was adopted by her sister, Angela Gheorghiu. Ioana now lives in the UK and is a university student.

Recordings
Donizetti - L'Elisir d'Amore (Alagna, Gheorghiu, Scaltriti, Alaimo, Dan / Pido, Lyon Opera) CD - complete recording (Decca, 1997)
Donizetti - L'Elisir d'Amore (Alagna, Gheorghiu, Scaltriti, Alaimo, Dan / Pido, Lyon Opera) DVD (Decca, 1997)
Donizetti - L'Elisir d'Amore (Alagna, Gheorghiu, Scaltriti, Alaimo, Dan / Pido, Lyon Opera) DVD Special Edition with Highlights CD (Decca, 2002)

References

External links
Angela Gheorghiu fansite with information about Elena Dan

1967 births
1996 deaths
Romanian operatic sopranos
Road incident deaths in Romania
National University of Music Bucharest alumni
People from Adjud
20th-century Romanian women opera singers


Onbadhu Roobai Nottu () is a 2007 Tamil-language drama film directed by Thangar Bachan, based on Bachan's own same-titled novel. It depicts the tragic life and fall of Madhava Padayachi, a simple villager, played by Sathyaraj, and his family. Also starring Archana, Nassar and Rohini in supporting roles, the film was released on 30 November 2007 to high critical acclaim and was praised as one of the best movies in Tamil cinema.

Plot
A seventy-year-old man, Madhava Padayachi, meets his old friend's 23-year-old son Murugan in Chennai, who was leaving for their native village for his father's death day rites. Padaychi has been away from his village for twelve years and narrates his exile life to Murugan. Murugan feels for Madhava, who was a rich farmer long time back in his village and takes him along by bus.

Madhava is fondly called Madhavar and has lived since birth in his village where he is respected. He and his loving wife Velayi, their three sons, and two daughters live a happy life in their village. He is an honest and hardworking farmer who will do anything for others. Despite being earning well, Madhavan does not engage in unnecessary expenditures which continuously irks his family except Velayi. When Velayi beats her sons for not getting educated, Madhavan shields them and spoils them. Years later, his daughters get happily married and settle down in neighboring towns. Madhavan's two sons get married and have children. Madhavan's eldest son's in-laws also come to stay in Madhavan's home.

In the meantime, Dhandapani, a rich relative and neighbor of Madhavan discovers that his daughter has become pregnant by an illiterate nephew of his. Dhandapani plans to abort the child, kill his nephew, and get his daughter married elsewhere. The village heads, under Madhavan, intervene and ensure that Dhandapani gets his girl married to her lover. This causes Dhandapani to grow deep hatred against Madhavan and he poisons Madhavar's children's mind slowly. In the meantime, Madhavan's last son falls in love with a girl from a lower caste, and the entire village, including Velayi, is against the marriage. That year, Madhavan reaps a huge profit from harvest and gives it to his wife for safekeeping. Upon Dhandapani's influence, Madhavan's two sons and their wives rebel against them and create a huge verbal fight in the house.

This deeply hurts Madhavar and he leaves his home with his wife. Madhavar goes to Chennai to meet his good old friend Hajabhai and his wife Kameela and accommodates himself in their house. Hajabhai was direly helped by Madhavar in his bad times in the past, and Hajabhai gives Madhavan six acres land of his own, to rear cattle and settle. Madhavan and Velayi live there for six years. One day Madhavan sees his youngest son in a nearby town. His son works as a coolie for Dhandapani (who is shown to have accepted his son-in-law as heir) and is deeply poor. This melts his heart, and he tells velayi about it. The couple plan to return home, but Velayi dies that night, bitten by a snake. Madhavan sells of all goats and visits Hajabai to give the money. At the same time, Hajabai is to leave for Bangalor for a surgery. Hajabhai informs Kamila's brothers that he has registered that six acres of land on Madhavan's name, enraging the brothers who have been managing Hajabai's industries and properties.  An unforeseen scuffle incident makes Madhavar leave Hajabhai's home for good, and he sets off on a long journey that recalls the last years of his life.

Madhavan and Murugan reach their village past midnight, and Murugan accommodates him at his house. Murugan's mother is shocked to see Madhavan alive and tells what happened in his absence. Dhandapani had instigated fights between the three brothers and caused them to partition their properties. Since the two elder brothers wanted to live in leisure, they sold their properties to Dhandapani for meager rates, over the years. Even Madhavan's ancestral house was sold to Dhandapani. Madhavan's second was falsely blamed for a murder and due to repeated legal issues, he killed himself, and his wife went back to her father's place with her kids. Madhavan's eldest son lives like a drunken coolie, while Dhandapani is the richest in surrounding villages. Only, Madhavan's last son, ostracized by the village, lives in Madhavan's jack fruit farm with his family. Madhavan's eldest grandson lives modestly as a cycle-repair shop owner and party local chief. Madhavan's two daughters are safe and happy in their lives.

Hearing that his entire lineage has crumbled to nothing after many years of his hard work, Madhavan dies the next morning. Madhavan's body is brought back to Murugan's house and his final rites are performed. Madhavan's grandchildren beat Dhandapani black and blue for his actions. Murugan decides to quit his job in Chennai and start farming again.

Cast
 Sathyaraj as Madhava Padayachi
 Archana as Velayi
 Nassar as Hajabhai
 Rohini as Kameela
 Sivashankar as Dhandapani
 Pathman
 Sathish
 Suryakanth
 Nitish Veera as Madhava Padayachi's youngest son
 Appukutty
 Nitesh Kumar
 Inbanila
 Telephone Raj

Production
The film was launched in February 2004 and progressed slowly through production. Some of the scenes were shot in Ambur.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Bharadwaj.

Critical reception
Behindwoods wrote: "Thankar Bachan has all elements of his creative genius and is sure to make an impact as a masterpiece among true movie lovers. Onbadhu Roobai Nottu is sure to find favors among true movie buffs and would entice great circulation especially among people who love films as passionately as any art form. The film may find good patrons among women and is sure to represent Indian cinema in many of the international film festivals."

Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu wrote "Thankar Bachan's films follow certain laudable norms.‘Onbadhu Roobai …’ is another such. Satyaraj's admirable underplay ought to catapult him to the National Award bracket straightway. You cannot forget this Madhavar for a long time to come."

Indiaglitz wrote: "Thankar Bachachn is one of the rare filmmakers in Tamil industry, who believe in story rather than stars or fanfare. He has chosen a strong story and selected the cast accordingly. His handling of the stars and execution of the scenes are praiseworthy."

Rediff wrote: "If movie critics' words are taken seriously by the mandarins in the Union Information and Broadcasting Ministry and those in their panel to choose the best actor, anyone having watched Onbathu would undoubtedly vote for Sathyaraj as the best actor at the national level."

Awards
Best Actor Award for Sathyaraj at Vijay Awards given by STAR Vijay group.

References

External links

2007 films
Films based on Tamil novels
2000s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)
Films about old age
Films directed by Thangar Bachan


The Morelia Institute of Technology (in ), also known as Morelia Tech (Tec de Morelia), is a public university in Morelia, Michoacán, México founded in 1964.

Academics

Undergraduate programs
 Mechanical Engineering
 Industrial Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Electronics Engineering
 Computer Engineering
 Biochemical Engineering
 Materials Science
 Administration
 Enterprise Management Engineering
 Computer Science
 Information Technologies and Communications
 Accounting

Graduate programs
 Master of Industrial Engineering
 Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering
 Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
 Master of Science in Electronical Engineering
 Master of Science in Metallurgy
 Master of Science in Computer Sciences

Doctoral programs
 Electrical Engineering
 Engineering Science (Electronics, Materials Technologies and Metallurgical Sciences)

Student life

Students can create student groups and participate in a number of events running every year. They can choose to take many recreational activities in the areas of athletics and the arts.

References

External links
Official site (in Spanish)

Universities and colleges in Michoacán


Harold Alva Garman (February 26, 1918 – August 13, 1992) was a United States Army soldier, combat medic and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Garman joined the Army from Albion, Illinois in 1942, and by August 25, 1944, was a private serving as a medic in Company B, 5th Medical Battalion, 5th Infantry Division. On that day, near Montereau, France, he participated in the evacuation of wounded soldiers across the Seine river. When a boat loaded with wounded came under fire from a German machine gun on the opposite bank, Garman dove into the river, swam into the machine gun fire to reach the boat and towed it to safety. For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor seven months later, on March 29, 1945.

Garman reached the rank of technician fifth grade before leaving the Army. He married Mary I. Jones and had two children, Steven and Sherry. He died at age 74 and was buried at Samaria Baptist Church in Albion, Illinois.

Awards and decorations

Medal of Honor citation
Private Garman's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. On 25 August 1944, in the vicinity of Montereau, France, the enemy was sharply contesting any enlargement of the bridgehead which our forces had established on the northern bank of the Seine River in this sector. Casualties were being evacuated to the southern shore in assault boats paddled by litter bearers from a medical battalion. Pvt. Garman, also a litter bearer in this battalion, was working on the friendly shore carrying the wounded from the boats to waiting ambulances. As 1 boatload of wounded reached midstream, a German machinegun suddenly opened fire upon it from a commanding position on the northern bank 100 yards away. All of the men in the boat immediately took to the water except 1 man who was so badly wounded he could not rise from his litter. Two other patients who were unable to swim because of their wounds clung to the sides of the boat. Seeing the extreme danger of these patients, Pvt. Garman without a moment's hesitation plunged into the Seine. Swimming directly into a hail of machinegun bullets, he rapidly reached the assault boat and then while still under accurately aimed fire towed the boat with great effort to the southern shore. This soldier's moving heroism not only saved the lives of the three patients but so inspired his comrades that additional assault boats were immediately procured and the evacuation of the wounded resumed. Pvt. Garman's great courage and his heroic devotion to the highest tenets of the Medical Corps may be written with great pride in the annals of the corps.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 Desmond Doss
 Thomas W. Bennett
 Joseph G. LaPointe Jr.
 Gary M. Rose

References

1918 births
1992 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Wayne County, Illinois
United States Army non-commissioned officers
Combat medics
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Albion, Illinois


Konstantin Velichkov (full name Konstantin Velichkov Petkov; in ; 1855 – 3 November 1907) was a Bulgarian writer and public figure.

Biography
He was born in the town of Pazardzhik.

Velichkov received his education in the Galatasaray High School in Istanbul where he studied from 1868 to 1874. After returning to his home town he became a teacher in geography, history, French and Bulgarian as well as chairman of the local Chitalishte (reading club). Pretty soon, he became an active member of the local revolutionary committee aiming at liberating Bulgaria from Ottoman domination. Together with Todor Kableshkov, he participated in the preparations for the April uprising. After the failure of the insurgents, Velichkov was arrested and sentenced to death by the Ottoman authorities. Before the sentence could take place, he was let free thanks to the committee sent by European powers to investigate the Turkish atrocities during the suppression of the rebellion. Subsequently, Velichkov worked for the Bulgarian Exarchate until 1877.

Immediately after the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) that resulted in the creation of a new liberated Bulgarian state, Velichkov returned to Pazardzhik. Soon it became obvious, though, that the Great powers had other intentions. San-Stefano Bulgaria was partitioned into several parts, some of which gained independence, others were returned to the Empire. Velichkov's home town became part of the newly formed state of Eastern Rumelia which remained a vassal to the Sultan. He started a political career and in 1894 got to head the ministry of education. All this time Velichkov actively participated in the strive for unification between Eastern Rumelia and the Principality of Bulgaria. All efforts were rewarded in 1885 when the actual unification took place. Meanwhile Velichkov managed to study law in France (till 1881) and later, during Stefan Stambolov's rule in Bulgaria, painting in Florence, Italy. Later he taught in the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki and lived for a few years in Istanbul.

Velichkov continued his political career with the People's party ()  and was minister on a number of times as well as ambassador in Serbia (1902-1904). He was an active member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Konstantin Velichkov died on his way to Grenoble in November  1907. Two years later his remains were returned to Sofia.

On January 28, 1998, a Sofia metro station was named in his honor.

References

External links
 There is a Mathematical High School in Pazardjik named after him.  http://www.mgpz.telecablenet.com/

Notes

1855 births
1907 deaths
People from Pazardzhik
People's Party (Bulgaria) politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
Bulgarian educators
Bulgarian male writers
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Galatasaray High School alumni
19th-century Bulgarian people
Bulgarian memoirists
19th-century memoirists
People from the Ottoman Empire