Spain participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song "Baila el Chiki-chiki" written by Rodolfo Chikilicuatre and Friends. The song was performed by Rodolfo Chikilicuatre. The Spanish broadcaster Televisión Española (TVE) organised the national final Salvemos Eurovisión in order to select the Spanish entry for the 2008 contest in Belgrade, Serbia. Ten artists and songs competed in the televised show where a public televote selected "Baila el Chiki-chiki" performed by Rodolfo Chikilicuatre as the winner.

As a member of the "Big Four", Spain automatically qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. Performing in position 22, Spain placed sixteenth out of the 25 participating countries with 55 points.

Background

Prior to the 2008 contest, Spain had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty-seven times since its first entry in 1961. The nation has won the contest on two occasions: in 1968 with the song "La, la, la" performed by Massiel and in 1969 with the song "Vivo cantando" performed by Salomé, the latter having won in a four-way tie with France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Spain has also finished second four times, with Karina in 1971, Mocedades in 1973, Betty Missiego in 1979 and Anabel Conde in 1995. In 2007, Spain placed twentieth with the song "I Love You Mi Vida" performed by D'Nash.

The Spanish national broadcaster, Televisión Española (TVE), broadcasts the event within Spain and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. TVE confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest on 14 August 2007. In 2006, TVE selected both the artist and song that would compete at the Eurovision Song Contest via an internal selection. In 2007, TVE organised a national final featuring a competition among several artists and songs to select both the artist and song that would represent Spain, a procedure which was continued for their 2008 entry.

Before Eurovision

Salvemos Eurovisión
Salvemos Eurovisión was the national final organised by TVE that took place on 8 March 2008 at the Estudios Buñuel in Madrid, hosted by Raffaella Carrà. The show was broadcast on La 1, TVE Internacional as well as online via TVE's official website rtve.es. Ten artists and songs competed with the winner being decided upon through public televoting. The national final was watched by 1.96 million viewers in Spain with a market share of 16%.

Competing entries
A submission period was open from 22 January 2008 until 13 February 2008 for artists to upload their entries through the Salvemos Eurovisión MySpace platform. At the conclusion of the submission period, 536 entries were received. Internet users had between 16 February and 25 February 2008 to distribute five votes for their favourite entries per day via the platform and the top five entries that qualified for the national final were announced on 26 February 2008. A five-member committee consisting of Daniel Rodríguez Villasante (director of TVE music programmes), Mauro Canut (musician, editor and deputy director at the digital branch of TVE), Borja Prieto (content director of MySpace Spain), Fernando Montesinos (music producer) and Toñi Prieto (executive producer of TVE music programmes) evaluated the remaining entries and selected an additional five entries for the national final, which were announced on 28 February 2008. "Mourning" performed by Null System was disqualified from the national final on the same day due to the song having been commercially released before 1 October 2007 and replaced with the song "Piensa gay" performed by Lorena C.

Final
The televised final took place on 8 March 2008. The running order for the ten participating entries was announced on 4 March 2008. The winner, "Baila el Chiki-chiki" performed by Rodolfo Chikilicuatre, was selected exclusively by a public televote through the combination of votes cast before the show starting from 4 March (20%) and votes cast during the show (80%). "Baila el Chiki-chiki" received 56% of the total votes.

The five members of the expert panel that commented on the entries were:

José Luis Uribarri – television presenter and director, commentator of the Eurovision Song Contest for Spain
 Bibiana Fernández – actress
 Mauro Canut – musician, editor and deputy director at the digital branch of TVE
 Boris Izaguirre – television personality
 Rosa López – singer, represented Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002

In addition to the performances of the competing entries, guest performers included La Pajarraca, Muchachada Nui and the show host Raffaella Carrà.

Controversy
TVE highlighted that the involvement of a MySpace platform in Salvemos Eurovisión was to make the selection process "more democratic" with the idea of discovering new talents. However, the Internet voting process, which the general public could vote for any of the artists interested in participating, was accused of being easily distorted with the participation of comedic acts including the eventual winner Rodolfo Chikilicuatre, a comedian who collaborates on the late night show Buenafuente, hosted by popular comedian Andreu Buenafuente on the private channel laSexta.

During the Internet vote, "La bicicletera" performed by comedic act El Gato received over 70,000 votes in two days, however most of them were removed after allegedly discovering that they were fraudulent. Users of Internet forums claimed they decided to rise El Gato to the first places of the vote after Buenafuente refused to recognize the fraudulent support for Chikilicuatre.

Preparation
Following Salvemos Eurovisión, the lyrics of "Baila el Chiki-chiki" were changed for the Eurovision Song Contest in accordance to the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) rules, due to its political content regarding the referencing of political figures Mariano Rajoy, Hugo Chávez and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. The official video of the song premiered on 14 March 2008 on RTVE's website. The music video served as the official preview video for the Spanish entry.

Promotion
Rodolfo Chikilicuatre's pre-contest promotion for "Baila el Chiki-chiki" was focused in Spain, including appearances on the morning show Esta mañana on La 1 and on the news programme El Intermedio on laSexta on 3 February. On 30 April, Chikilicuatre performed "Baila el Chiki-chiki" during the 2008 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix, which took place at the Circuito de Jerez in Jerez de la Frontera.

At Eurovision
It was announced in September 2007 that the competition's format would be expanded to two semi-finals in 2008. According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top nine songs from each semi-final as determined by televoting progress to the final, and a tenth was determined by back-up juries. As a member of the "Big 4", Spain automatically qualified to compete in the final on 24 May 2008. In addition to their participation in the final, Spain is also required to broadcast and vote in one of the two semi-finals. During the semi-final allocation draw on 24 January 2008, Spain was assigned to broadcast and vote in the first semi-final on 20 May 2008.

In Spain, the first semi-final was broadcast on La 2 and the final was broadcast on La 1 with commentary by José Luis Uribarri. The Spanish spokesperson, who announced the Spanish votes during the final, was Ainhoa Arbizu. The broadcast of the final was watched by 9.336 million viewers in Spain with a market share of 59.3%. This represented an increase of 31.3% from the previous year with 5.963 million more viewers.

Final

Rodolfo Chikilicuatre took part in technical rehearsals on 17 and 18 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 23 and 24 May. During the running order draw for the semi-final and final on 17 March 2008, Spain was placed to perform in position 22, following the entry from Greece and before the entry from Serbia.

The Spanish performance featured Rodolfo Chikilicuatre on stage wearing a purple shirt and jeans, joined by five dancers wearing short dresses in various colours. The performance began with Chikilicuatre playing the nursery rhyme "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" on a toy guitar. The stage lighting and LED screens displayed bright colours and the names of the four distinct dances mentioned in the song: "brikindans", "crusaíto", "maiquelyason" and "robocop". The performance also featured the use of smoke and pyrotechnic effects. The choreographer for the performance was Mayte Marcos. The five dancers that joined Rodolfo Chikilicuatre were Disco, Gráfica (Silvia Abril), Leticia Martín, María Ángeles Mas and Cecilia López. Martín, Mas and López were selected by Marcos through the special casting show Dansin Chiki Chiki. During the performance, Gráfica purposely slipped and danced clumsily without knowing the basic dance steps. Spain placed sixteenth in the final, scoring 55 points.

Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Spain and awarded by Spain in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Andorra in the semi-final and to Romania in the final of the contest.

Points awarded to Spain

Points awarded by Spain

References

External links
 Official Spanish site (TVE)
myspace.com/eurovision2008 Official Spanish site (Myspace)
Rodolfo Chikilicuatre's website (in Spanish)

2008
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008
Eurovision
Eurovision


On 23 January 2008, Hamas militants in the Gaza Strip set off an explosion near the Rafah border crossing, destroying part of the 2003 wall. The United Nations estimates that as many as half the 1.5 million population of the Gaza Strip crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies. Due to fears that militants would acquire weapons in Egypt, Israeli police went on increased alert.

Egypt had closed the Rafah border crossing in June 2007, days before the Hamas took control of Gaza at the end of the Fatah-Hamas conflict; The breach followed a blockade of the Gaza Strip by Israel beginning in part that same June, with fuel supply reductions in October 2007. A total blockade had begun on 17 January 2008 following a rise in rocket attacks on Israel emanating from Gaza.

Although Israel demanded Egypt reseal the border due to security concerns, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak ordered his troops to allow crossings to alleviate the humanitarian crisis, while verifying that the Gazans did not attempt to bring weapons back into Gaza. In five days, Gazans spent some US$250 million in the North Sinai Governorate's capital of Arish alone. The sudden enormous demand there for staple products led to large local price rises and some shortages.

On 24 January, the United Nations Human Rights Council condemned Israel for the fifteenth time in less than two years, calling the blockade collective punishment. However, the proceedings were boycotted by Israel and the United States. On 27 January, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert promised that Israel would no longer disrupt the supply of food, medicine and necessary energy into the Gaza Strip. Meanwhile, President Mubarak announced plans to meet separately with representatives of Hamas and Fatah in order to come to a new border control agreement.

On 3 February, Gaza's Foreign minister, Mahmoud al-Zahar, announced that Hamas and Egypt would cooperate in controlling the border without Israeli control, "perhaps jointly with Abbas". Abbas' Government said that Egypt had agreed to restore the 2005 border agreement giving Abbas control over the Rafah crossing, but excluding Hamas. Israel, on the other hand resisted Abbas' control of any crossing point. The border was closed—except to travelers returning home—eleven days after the breach.

Background
Egypt had pledged to help control their border with Gaza along the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier subsequent to the Israel's unilateral disengagement plan which ended their 38-year occupation of Gaza in 2005 (q.v. Philadelphi Route). U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice brokered a deal with Israel giving the Palestinian National Authority control over the Rafah Border crossing under the remote video observation of European Union and Israeli monitors (q.v. European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah).

After Hamas won the 2006 Palestinian legislative election in January 2006, an international diplomatic and financial boycott of the new Hamas-led government began. Beginning in June 2006, a series of battles erupted between Palestinian gunmen and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict, which ended in a truce on 26 November.

In December 2006, Hamas began fighting to expel Fatah. Hundreds of rocket attacks on Israel from Gaza had continued despite the November truce. In March 2007, the Palestinian Legislative Council established a national unity government, with 83 representatives voting in favor and three against. Government ministers were sworn in by Mahmoud Abbas, the chairman on the Palestinian Authority, in a ceremony held simultaneously in Gaza and Ramallah. In June 2007, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip and removed Fatah officials. Following the Battle of Gaza, the international sanctions were terminated in June 2007 while at the same time a new and more severe blockade of the Gaza Strip was initiated.

In response to the violent clashes, President Abbas declared a state of emergency and dissolved the national unity government on 14 June. Hamas gained complete control of the Gaza Strip on 15 June, after forcing out Fatah. The Israeli government closed all check-points along its border with Gaza in response to the violence. Egypt closed its border when fighting between Fatah and Hamas started on 7 June. The European Union monitors ended their oversight at the frontier on 14 June due to security concerns. Egyptian officials said that a decision to reopen Gaza's border would be made in consultation with the European Union and Israel. Hamas seized control of Gaza on 15 June.

Humanitarian crisis

Beginning in June 2007, Israel limited its exports to Gaza to nine basic materials. Out of 9,000 commodities (including foodstuffs) that were entering Gaza before the 2006 elections, only 20 commodities were to be allowed in. In July 2007, Israeli officials planned to open the border crossing at Rafah to allow stranded Palestinians to return to Gaza but were deterred by Hamas's threats to open fire on the refugees.

In October 2007, Israel began limiting fuel supplies to the territory. Ongoing rocket attacks on Israeli civilian population centers, such as Sderot, prompted the Israeli government to declare the Gaza Strip a hostile entity in September 2007, enabling it to further limit exports to Gaza. Hamas responded that Israel had effectively declared war by labeling Gaza as an "enemy entity."

In December 2007, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) confirmed the need for humanitarian relief in the Palestinian territories. In a statement, the ICRC described the living conditions of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip as "alarming" and called for Israel to ease restrictions on the movement of goods into Gaza and the West Bank.

According to a United Nations study, by January 2008, the economic effects of the blockade had reached a critical threshold. Finally, on 17 January 2008, following a rise in the number of rocket attacks, Israel sealed the border completely.

On 20 January, the only power plant in Gaza shut down. The United Nations officials implored Israel to reverse its decision to seal all border crossings with the Gaza Strip, warning that the violence in the region and the lack of crucial supplies for 1.4 million Palestinians was provoking a humanitarian crisis. Israel accused Hamas of "fabricating" the power shortage, pointing out that the power plant in Gaza produces only a minority of the territory's power. Israel stated that the blackout occurred for media purposes and stated that Hamas had timed it themselves. Israel said it was still providing nearly 70 percent of the territory's power directly.

Following widespread international concern about an impending humanitarian crisis, and a warning from the United Nations that World Food Programme aid to about 860,000 Gazans could be halted within days because of the blockade, Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak decided to ease restrictions on the flow of goods into Gaza for a day on 22 January, permitting shipments of fuel for Gaza's power plant and cooking oil to enter Gaza.

Breaching of wall

On 22 January, gunfire erupted after a group of Hamas demonstrators, mostly women, forced open the door of the Rafah Border crossing and fled into Egypt.

Overnight on 23 January, gunmen set off a number of explosions along the wall near the crossing. Palestinians packed into cars and donkey carts, crossed the border into Egypt from Gaza on foot, to buy essential goods. Between 200,000 and 700,000 Palestinians crossed over to Egypt and bought items at shops at the Egyptian half of Rafah and the North Sinai Governorate's capital, Arish. A Palestinian security guard later told The Times of London that militants had been steadily cutting through the base of the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier with oxyacetylene torches for months.

While Egypt allowed Palestinians to enter Egypt, it did not let them travel very far; Palestinians were not allowed to travel further than Arish. Egypt said that it would not use force to send back Palestinians. Foreign ministry spokesman Hossam Zaki said the border would be closed again when all the Palestinians had returned.

Ahmed Yousef, a senior adviser to Gaza's Prime Minister Ismail Haniya, warned that "The next time there is a crisis in the Gaza Strip, Israel will have to face half a million Palestinians who will march toward Erez," a border crossing with Israel, and on to towns left during the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight. Israeli security officials said militants had exploited the breach in the border wall to send armed men into the Sinai to infiltrate Israel across the Sinai-Israel border. The officials said the militants were eager to hit back in response to Israeli attacks in recent weeks and predicted attacks from Sinai within the next two weeks.

On 25 January, Egyptian security forces blocked almost all illegal entry points along the border with Gaza to try to stem the flow of Palestinians wanting to leave. Egyptian forces in riot gear erected barbed wire and chain-link fences along the border to prevent more Palestinians from crossing. Palestinians attempted to break through, and several were injured in the resulting clashes.

After the repair, Palestinians used a bulldozer to knock over the new fence, creating an opening once more. As the border crossings entered their fifth day, Egyptian border police began stopping Gazans from entering in vehicles and blocked off the road beyond Rafah to Arish. In Rafah there was little left to buy, and it appeared Egypt had decided to restrict the resupply of goods to El Arish and Rafah in order to peacefully end the crossings and reestablish control over the border.

On 28 January, Egyptian security forces and Hamas militants strung barbed wire across one of the breaches, sealing it off. The Egyptians began repairing one of the two remaining breaches on 29 January.

UN reaction
On 24 January, the United Nations Human Rights Council condemned Israel for the fifteenth time in less than two years. The Council released a statement calling on Israel to stop its military operations in Gaza and to open the Strip's borders to allow the entry of food, fuel and medicine. It asked the international community to ensure that Israel stop its actions in Gaza, which it referred to as "collective punishment of the Palestinian civilians that leads to disastrous humanitarian and environmental consequences."

An official resolution was presented by Syria and Pakistan on behalf of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference to the United Nations Security Council but could not be agreed upon. Thirty nations voted in favor of the resolution, one (Canada) voted against the resolution, 15 countries abstained, and one (Gabon) was absent. Both Israel and the United States boycotted the proceedings, which ended with a call for Israel to lift its siege of Gaza but made no mention of the Palestinian rocket attacks on communities in the western Negev.

Israeli government response
Israel demanded Egypt reseal the border and launched air strikes against the Gazan half of Rafah overnight on 24 January, killing Mohammed Abu Harb, the commander of Hamas's military there.

At a court hearing on 27 January, the Israeli government promised to resume supplies of fuel, but not at normal levels, for another week. Later that day, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert promised that Israel would no longer disrupt the supply of food, medicine and necessary energy into the Gaza Strip. Israel then launched additional air strikes targeting the Gazan military in Rafah, but there were no injuries.

Border-control talks
Ehud Olmert, the Israeli prime minister, and Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority which controls the West Bank, held talks on 27 January in Jerusalem on the border breach. Abbas reportedly wants to take over Gaza's border crossings, including the one with Egypt that Palestinians in Gaza breached, but Israel resisted the idea of giving the West Bank-based government control of the Gaza crossings, citing concerns about security.

Hamas and Fatah, who controlled Gaza before the last election, have accepted an invitation from Egypt to hold separate talks in Cairo on the border crisis. All sides hoped to create a plan to keep the border between Egypt and Gaza open. A Hamas delegation also met with Saudi Prince Saud al-Faisal who has acted as a mediator between Hamas and Fatah.

An Israeli defense delegation secretly visited Cairo on 28 January and discussed the situation with top Egyptian officials the London-based Asharq Alawsat newspaper reported. According to the report, the delegation relayed to Egypt Israel's fears that Palestinian militants would smuggle weapons and explosives through Egypt's open border with the Gaza Strip. The Egyptians stressed that Israel was the one responsible for the deterioration of the situation in the Gaza Strip and the eventual breaching of the border wall.

Hamas stated they would accept a return of the EU monitoring mission if it were to reside in Egypt or the Gaza Strip, as opposed to being based in Israel.

Border closure
The border was closed by Egypt with Hamas's cooperation, except for travelers returning home, on 3 February.

Economic effects

In Arish alone, Gazans spent some US$250 million over five days. Palestinians and Egyptians complained about soaring prices and shortages, especially of food. Enormous demand for staple products from Gaza caused rampant inflation, as did the Egyptian government's decision to restrict goods coming into the border region in an effort to encourage the Palestinians to go back home. Palestinians also accused Egyptians of price gouging, where prices have risen to the point where the cost of goods is sufficiently high that supply matches demand.

The breach created tens of thousands of temporary new jobs in Gaza where the returning caravans set up shop; unemployment had been at 40 percent. Egyptian merchants also crossed into the Gaza Strip to sell their wares. The food brought in from Egypt during the first six days would last Gazans three months, fuel about two days and cement for two weeks if the borders are resealed, according to various estimates from economists, business leaders and gas station owners.

However, were the border to remain open long term, Gaza's workers and manufacturers who had worked in the more upscale Israeli market before layoffs during the Second Intifada would have trouble competing in Egypt's low-wage economy, according to West Bank economist Nasser Abdel Karim.

International response
  Tehran offered to send aid to Egypt to alleviate the effects of the breach.

  U.S. President George W. Bush condemned Hamas for delivering "misery" to the Palestinian people, and called for talks to create a Palestinian state.

  The EU said it would consider sending its monitors back to Gaza's border with Egypt, and unveiled a new plan for getting aid to Palestinians.

See also

 Blockade of the Gaza Strip
 Israeli–Palestinian conflict
 Political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
 Governance of the Gaza Strip

References

Conflicts in 2008
Breach Of The Gaza-Egypt Border
Gaza–Israel conflict
Egypt–Gaza Strip border crossings
Human rights in the Gaza Strip
2008 in the Gaza Strip
Rafah


John Deane may refer to:
John Deane (Australian politician) (1842–1913), politician in Queensland, Australia
John Deane (colonial administrator) (fl. 1723–1732), administrator of the East India Company
John Deane (inventor) (1800–1884), co-inventor of the diving helmet
John Deane (MP) (1583–1626), English Member of Parliament, 1621–1622
John Deane (of Oxenwood) (c. 1632–1694), English Member of Parliament elected in 1689
John Deane (sailor) (1679–1761), English sailor
John Bathurst Deane (1797–1887), curate, antiquary and author
John F. Deane (born 1943), Irish poet and novelist
John M. Deane (1840–1914), U.S. soldier
John R. Deane (1896–1982), U.S. Army officer and author
John R. Deane Jr. (1919–2013), U.S. soldier
John Deane, radio astronomer and CSIRO co-inventor of IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi networking standard

See also
John Dean (disambiguation)


In the Java programming language, heap pollution is a situation that arises when a variable of a parameterized type refers to an object that is not of that parameterized type. This situation is normally detected during compilation and indicated with an unchecked warning. Later, during runtime heap pollution will often cause a ClassCastException.

Heap pollution in Java can occur when type arguments and variables are not reified at run-time. As a result, different parameterized types are implemented by the same class or interface at run time. All invocations of a given generic type declaration share a single run-time implementation. This results in the possibility of heap pollution.

Under certain conditions, a variable of a parameterized type may refer to an object that is not of that parameterized type. The variable will always refer to an object that is an instance of a class that implements the parameterized type.

Heap Pollution in a non-varargs context
public class HeapPollutionDemo
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Set s = new TreeSet<Integer>();
        Set<String> ss = s;              // unchecked warning
        s.add(new Integer(42));          // another unchecked warning
        Iterator<String> iter = ss.iterator();

        while (iter.hasNext())
        {
            String str = iter.next();    // ClassCastException thrown
            System.out.println(str);
        }
    }
}

Further reading

References

Java platform


Arthur Leslie Scottorn Broughton (8 December 1899 – 30 June 1970), better known as Arthur Leslie, was a British actor and playwright, best known for original character of public house landlord Jack Walker in television soap Coronation Street.

Early life
Leslie was born in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, but moved to Lancashire at an early age. During World War I, he served on board various convoys in the north of the Atlantic Ocean.

Career
His first job was in 1916 at the Old Queen's Theatre in Farnworth, and he also had a spell as actor-director at the Hippodrome theatre in Wigan.
Leslie's best known role is as Jack Walker, genial landlord of the Rovers Return Inn in television soap Coronation Street. Jack ran the pub alongside his wife Annie (played by Doris Speed). The Walkers were extremely popular characters, and both Leslie and Speed were much liked and respected by fellow cast members. Jack appeared in the show from the second episode on 14 December 1960 until his last appearance on 24 June 1970. In addition to acting, Leslie was also a playwright, and wrote under the name "Arthur S. Broughton". One such play, Welcome Little Stranger, enjoyed success in repertory theatre.

Death
On 30 June 1970, six days after his last appearance on Coronation Street, Leslie died suddenly of a heart attack whilst on holiday in Cardigan, Wales. His character, Jack Walker, was the first character to be written out of the soap following the death of the actor who played them, by means that he suffered the same fate. Out of respect for Leslie's family, Jack's funeral took place off-screen, and his death (unlike those of future characters who were written out for the same reason) was presented as a known fact to the main characters from the beginning of the episode broadcast on 8 July 1970, and did not dominate the storyline. Doris Speed considered leaving the programme as well, but was persuaded to stay, which she did until 1983. Leslie is buried in the churchyard of St Stephen on-the-Cliffs in Blackpool. He was survived by his wife of 45 years, Betty Powell, and their son, actor Tony Broughton, who would go on to appear in several episodes of Coronation Street.

References

External links

English male stage actors
1899 births
1970 deaths
English male soap opera actors
Royal Navy personnel of World War I

People from Newark-on-Trent
Male actors from Nottinghamshire
Male actors from Lancashire


Isabella may refer to:

People and fictional characters
 Isabella (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
 Isabella (surname), including a list of people

Places

United States
 Isabella, Alabama, an unincorporated community
 Isabella, California, a former settlement
 Lake Isabella, California, a man-made reservoir
 Isabella, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 Isabella County, Michigan
 Isabella, an unincorporated community in Isabella Township, Michigan
 Isabella, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 Isabella, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 Isabella River (Minnesota)
 Isabella, Oklahoma, a census-designated place and unincorporated community
 Isabella, Pennsylvania (disambiguation)
 Isabella Furnace, a cold-blast charcoal iron furnace, Pennsylvania

Elsewhere
 Isabella River (New South Wales), Australia
 Isabella Island, Tasmania, Australia
 Isabela Island (Galápagos)
 Isabella, Manitoba, Canada, a settlement
 Isabella Lake (Alberta), Canada
 Isabella, Estonia, a village
 Isabella Plantation, an ornamental area in Richmond Park in London, United Kingdom
 Isabella (crater), on Venus
 210 Isabella, an asteroid

Arts and entertainment
 Isabella (painting), a 1906 painting by Simon Maris
 Isabella (Millais painting), an 1849 painting by John Everett Millais, also known as Lorenzo and Isabella
 Isabella, or the Pot of Basil, an 1818 narrative poem by John Keats adapted from a story in Boccaccio's Decameron
 Isabella (novel), by Finnish author Kaari Utrio
 "Isabella" (The Sopranos), the twelfth episode of the TV show
 Isabella, Duchess of the Devils, a 1969 film from Italy/West-Germany
 Isabella (1988 film), a 1988 film from India
 Isabella (2006 film), a 2006 film from Hong Kong
 Isabella (album), a 2002 album by German Schlager group Die Flippers

Species
 Agathodes isabella, a moth species
 , a bug species
 Antispila isabella, a moth species
 , a spider species
 Cancilla isabella, a sea snail species
 Chesias isabella, a moth species
 Damias isabella, a moth species
 Eois isabella, a moth species
 Eschata isabella, a moth species
 Funisciurus isabella or Lady Burton's rope squirrel, a rodent species
 Inquisitor isabella, a sea snail species
 Luria isabella, a sea snail species
 Platygraphis isabella, the only species in the moth genus Platygraphis
 Pyrrharctia isabella, a moth species
 Stiltia isabella or Australian pratincole, a bird species
 Strioterebrum isabella, a sea snail species

Transportation
 Isabella (ship), various ships
 Borgward Isabella, an automobile manufactured by Carl F. W. Borgward GmbH from 1954 to 1962
 Isabella station, a former station on the Chicago Transit Authority's Evanston Line

Other uses
 Isabella (grape), an American hybrid grape variety
 Isabella High School, Isabella, Alabama, United States
 Isabella piercing, a female genital piercing
 Isabella quarter, an American commemorative coin struck in 1893
 Isabelline (colour) or Isabella, a greyish-yellow or light buff colour
 Operation Isabella, a German World War II plan that was never implemented

See also
 Isabel (disambiguation)
 Isabela (disambiguation)
 Isabelle (disambiguation)
 Isabella River (disambiguation)


In Lisp programming languages, a fexpr is a function whose operands are passed to it without being evaluated. When a fexpr is called, only the body of the fexpr is evaluated; no other evaluations take place except when explicitly initiated by the fexpr. In contrast, when an ordinary Lisp function is called, the operands are evaluated automatically, and only the results of these evaluations are provided to the function; and when a (traditional) Lisp macro is called, the operands are passed in unevaluated, but whatever result the macro function returns is automatically evaluated.

Origin of the name "fexpr"

In early Lisp, the environment mapped each symbol to an association list, rather than directly to a value. Standard keys for these lists included two keys used to store a data value, to be looked up when the symbol occurred as an argument ( and ); and four keys used to store a function, to be looked up when the symbol occurred as an operator. Of the function keys,  indicated a compiled ordinary function, whose operands were evaluated and passed to it;  indicated a compiled special form, whose operands were passed unevaluated;  indicated a user-defined ordinary function; and  indicated a user-defined special form. The only difference between a FEXPR and an EXPR was whether the operands were automatically evaluated.

In strict original usage, a FEXPR is therefore a user-defined function whose operands are passed unevaluated. However, in later usage the term fexpr may describe any first-class function whose operands are passed unevaluated, regardless of whether the function is primitive or user-defined.

Example

As a simple illustration of how fexprs work, here is a fexpr definition written in the Kernel programming language, which is similar to Scheme. (By convention in Kernel, the names of fexprs always start with .)
($define! $f
   ($vau (x y z) e
      ($if (>=? (eval x e) 0)
           (eval y e)
           (eval z e))))
This definition provides a fexpr called , which takes three operands. When the fexpr is called, a local environment is created by extending the static environment where the fexpr was defined. Local bindings are then created: symbols , , and  are bound to the three operands of the call to the fexpr, and symbol  is bound to the dynamic environment from which the fexpr is being called. The body of the fexpr, ..., is then evaluated in this local environment, and the result of that evaluation becomes the result of the call to the fexpr. The net effect is that the first operand is evaluated in the dynamic environment, and, depending on whether the result of that evaluation is non-negative, either the second or the third operand is evaluated and that result returned. The other operand, either the third or the second, is not evaluated.

This example is statically scoped: the local environment is an extension of the static environment. Before about 1980, the Lisp languages that supported fexprs were mainly dynamically scoped: the local environment was an extension of the dynamic environment, rather than of the static environment. However, it was still sometimes necessary to provide a local name for the dynamic environment, to avoid capturing the local parameter names.

Mainstream use and deprecation

Fexpr support continued in Lisp 1.5, the last substantially standard dialect of Lisp before it fragmented into multiple languages. In the 1970s, the two dominant Lisp languages — MacLisp and Interlisp — both supported fexprs.

At the 1980 Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming, Kent Pitman presented a paper "Special Forms in Lisp" in which he discussed the advantages and disadvantages of macros and fexprs, and ultimately condemned fexprs. His central objection was that, in a Lisp dialect that allows fexprs, static analysis cannot determine generally whether an operator represents an ordinary function or a fexpr — therefore, static analysis cannot determine whether or not the operands will be evaluated. In particular, the compiler cannot tell whether a subexpression can be safely optimized, since the subexpression might be treated as unevaluated data at run-time.

Since the decline of MacLisp and Interlisp, the two Lisp languages that had risen to dominance by 1993 — Scheme and Common Lisp — do not support fexprs. newLISP does support fexprs, but calls them "macros". In Picolisp all built-in functions are , while Lisp-level functions are exprs, fexprs, , or a mixture of those.

Fexprs since 1980

Starting with Brian Smith's 3-Lisp in 1982, several experimental Lisp dialects have been devised to explore the limits of computational reflection. To support reflection, these Lisps support procedures that can reify various data structures related to the call to them — including the unevaluated operands of the call, which makes these procedures fexprs. By the late 1990s, fexprs had become associated primarily with computational reflection.

Some theoretical results on fexprs have been obtained. In 1993, John C. Mitchell used Lisp with fexprs as an example of a programming language whose source expressions cannot be formally abstract (because the concrete syntax of a source expression can always be extracted by a context in which it is an operand to a fexpr). In 1998, Mitchell Wand showed that adding a fexpr device to lambda calculus — a device that suppresses rewriting of operands — produces a formal system with a trivial equational theory, rendering it impossible to make source-to-source optimizations without a whole-program analysis. In 2007, John N. Shutt proposed an extension of lambda calculus that would model fexprs without suppressing rewriting of operands, avoiding Wand's result.

See also

 ISWIM
 DWIM

The following languages implement fexprs or near equivalents:

 the ECL programming language provides parameter type ("bind-class") UNEVAL, which specifies that a syntax tree for the argument expression is to be bound to the parameter.
 io, methods (blocks) can use introspection, using call to refer to the entire call and manipulate that. See call and self slots in io.
 Kernel uses $vau to create fexprs, similar to how lambda creates functions in Scheme.
 newLISP uses define-macro to define fexprs. See section "Fexpr macros and rewrite macros".
 In PicoLisp, (de foo X ...) defines an fexpr foo that when called binds X to the list of unevaluated argument expressions. See Evaluation in PicoLisp.
 R parameters are generally bound to promises (resulting in lazy evaluation), and calling substitute(param) on a parameter yields the argument expression, see Substitutions in R.
 In REBOL, argument expressions not to be evaluated need to be wrapped in a block (square brackets) by the caller. In other words, you can not define a callee that prevents argument evaluation. See this article with examples. In this sense, REBOL does not have fexprs, it just makes it easy to emulate some of their uses. In a language with true fexprs, fexpr calls look like normal function calls. In REBOL on the other hand, calls where the arguments are not evaluated always look different from normal function calls.

Footnotes

References

  Accessed May 11, 2010.
 John C. Mitchell, "On Abstraction and the Expressive Power of Programming Languages", Science of Computer Programming 212 (1993), pp. 141–163. (Special issue of papers from Symp. Theor. Aspects of Computer Software, Sendai, Japan, 1991.) Accessed January 24, 2008.
 Kent M. Pitman, "Special Forms in Lisp", Proceedings of the 1980 ACM Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming, 1980, pp. 179–187. Accessed January 25, 2008.
 Kent M. Pitman, The Revised MacLisp Manual (Saturday evening edition), MIT Laboratory for Computer Science Technical Report 295, May 21, 1983.
 John N. Shutt, "vau-calculi and the theory of fexprs", talk, New England Programming Languages and Systems Symposium Series (NEPLS), October 18, 2007. Abstract accessed January 27, 2008.
 Guy L. Steele and Richard P. Gabriel, "The Evolution of Lisp", ACM SIGPLAN Notices 28 no. 3 (March 1993), pp. 231–270.
 Mitchell Wand, "The Theory of Fexprs is Trivial", LISP and Symbolic Computation 10 no. 3 (May 1998), pp. 189–199. Accessed January 25, 2008.

Lisp (programming language)
Programming constructs


James Bond: The Spy Who Loved Me is a video game adaptation of the 1977 James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. The game was released for the Amiga, Atari ST, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, DOS computers, and ZX Spectrum in 1990.

The Spy Who Loved Me is a top-down shooter game in which the player navigates James Bond driving Wet Nellie, a modified Lotus Esprit. It features the characters from the film and some new characters.

Critical reception
The game received a good, but not excellent, reaction on the ZX Spectrum, with CRASH! giving it a 79% rating and saying "Good Mr. Bond, but not quite good enough to deserve an accolade", Sinclair User giving it 72% and saying "This one will leave you shaken but not stirred; A competent movie licence", and Your Sinclair rating it at 76%, saying "Half good/half bad Bond game. There's quite a lot here though, so it's not bad value." It was less well received on the Commodore 64, with Zzap!64 giving it a rating of 38%, describing it as "an uninspiring and unambitious conversion".

See also
 Outline of James Bond

References

External links

 MI6 :: James Bond 007 Video Games - The Spy Who Loved Me
 Movie Game Database - The Spy Who Loved Me

1990 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
Domark games
DOS games
James Bond video games
ZX Spectrum games
Cold War video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom


The Georgetown Hoyas football team represents Georgetown University in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision level of college football. Like other sports teams from Georgetown, the team is named the Hoyas, which derives from the chant, Hoya Saxa. They play their home games at Cooper Field on the Georgetown University campus in Washington, D.C. Their best season in the recent era was produced in 2011 when the team, produced an 8-3 record.

History

The first football team at Georgetown was formed on November 1, 1874, with the earliest recorded intercollegiate games dating to 1887. By the 1940s, Georgetown played in the Orange Bowl, where they lost 14–7 to Mississippi State.

As the college game became more expensive after World War II, Georgetown's program began to lose money rapidly. The Hoyas' last successful season was 1949, when they lost in the Sun Bowl against Texas Western.

After a 2–7 season in 1950, Georgetown attempted to salvage its program by softening its schedule, replacing major opponents such as Penn State, Miami, and Tulsa with Richmond, Bucknell, and Lehigh.  The program was losing too much money, however, and on March 22, 1951 the University's president canceled the football program.

In 1962, Georgetown allowed its students to start a football program as an exhibition-only club sport. New games began in 1964, with their first match drawing 8,000 spectators to see the Hoyas host another university with an unofficial program, New York University (NYU).  Varsity football resumed in 1970 at what later became known as the Division III level. In 1976, Georgetown began an annual rivalry game with the Catholic University Cardinals for the Steven Dean Memorial Trophy. The competition ended in 1993, when Georgetown moved into the Division I Football Championship Subdivision because of NCAA legislation forbidding Division I or II schools from playing football in lower divisions.

In 1993, the team joined the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, a mostly Catholic conference on the East Coast. With eight wins, the team won the conference championship outright in 1997, and were co-champions in 1998 with nine wins.

In 2001 the team joined the Patriot League, with the lowest football budget in the league. In 2012, the Patriot League transitioned to 60 full scholarships but Georgetown remained non-scholarship, further hurting its competitiveness in that conference. The Hoyas have posted just one winning season since 2000, an 8-3 record in 2011, just prior to the Patriot League's decision to add scholarships. Head coach Kevin Kelly was named the conference Coach of the Year.

Classifications
1937–1950: NCAA University Division
1951–1963: No team
1964–1969: National Club Football Association
1970–1972: NCAA Division II
1973–1992: NCAA Division III
1993–present: NCAA Division I–AA/FCS

Conference memberships
1887–1906: Independent
1907–1921: South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association
1922–1950: Independent
1951–1963: No team
1964–1972: Independent
1970–1972: Division II Independent
1973–1992: Division III Independent
1993–1999: Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
2000: Division I–AA Independent
2001–present: Patriot League

Stadiums

Georgetown has played football at various on-campus intramural fields. From 1891 until 1893, the stadium known as Boundary Field played host to Georgetown football. From 1921 until 1950, Griffith Stadium played host to Georgetown football.

Currently, the Hoyas play at Cooper Field, previously called Multi-Sport Field, which was upgraded from Harbin Field in 2003. Construction on Cooper Field was sidelined for 15 years until it was completed in 2020. The facility will open in the fall of 2021 with capacity for 4,000.

D.C. Cup Rivalry Game

The Hoyas had a brief cross-town rivalry with Howard University for a title known as the DC Mayor's Cup (awarded by the mayor of Washington).  Three games were held (2008, 2009 and 2011).  The series has Georgetown leading 2–1–0 following their 2011 victory. The series was slated to resume in 2019 but Howard discontinued the series to sign a series instead with Maryland.

Conference championships
The Hoyas have won six conference championships, highlighted by a run of four conference championships in seven years, although Georgetown went 78 years without a conference championship, in part due to not being part of a conference from 1921 to 1993.

† denotes co-championship.

Bowl games
Georgetown competed in two major bowl games, including a New Year's Day bowl game.

Polling

Georgetown was ranked in the AP Poll while a member of the Major College Division.

Alumni
Perhaps the football team's most accomplished athlete was Al Blozis, who played for the NFL's New York Giants before being killed in action in World War II. Blozis's great athletic accomplishments, however, came in shot put and discus. He set the world indoor record for the shot put, throwing it 56 feet 4.5 inches in 1941. He was the national indoor and outdoor shot put champion in both 1942 and 1943.

"Big Jim" Ricca, an NFL defensive end and offensive lineman, graduated in 1949 and was the last Hoya to play in an NFL game.

Jim Schwartz, former head coach of the NFL's Detroit Lions, was a four-year letterman at linebacker. He received Distinguished Economics Graduate honors and earned numerous honors in 1988, including Division III CoSIDA/GTE Academic All-America, All-America, and team captain.

In 2007, the Washington Redskins made Alex Buzbee a reserve player, becoming the first Georgetown player on an NFL team since Ricca retired in 1956. In 2010, Buzbee joined the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League.

Comedian and actor Jim Gaffigan was a wide receiver at Georgetown in 1985 after briefly playing at Purdue.

Players in the NFL Draft

Future non-conference opponents
Announced schedules as of November 22, 2019.

References

External links

1874 establishments in Washington, D.C.
American football teams established in 1874


Berteaucourt-lès-Thennes (, literally Berteaucourt near Thennes; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D935 road, close to the banks of the Somme some  southeast of Amiens. The soil around the town comprises alluvial deposits in the valley of the Luce, the small river that separates Berteaucourt from Thennes, red diluvium around the school and out towards Thézy-Glimont, chalk towards the slopes and Eocene clay on the higher ground.

Population

History
Being very close to the front line during much of World War I 1914–1918, the town was all but destroyed. Every building, as well as the cemetery, suffered a great deal of damage. The German attack of 21 March 1918 on the front line from Saint-Quentin to La Fère had succeeded in creating a pocket  deep into the combined British and French lines. General Seely set up his headquarters at Berteaucourt-lès-Thennes in March, 1918. On 8 August 1918 the French troops left Thennes and Berteaucourt-lès-Thennes, counter-attacking towards Villers-aux-Érables.

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Eccles (. Brythonic/Welsh: Eglwys) is a village and agricultural parish near Kelso in Berwickshire in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. The village is conjoined with Birgham and Leitholm.

Etymology

Like other 'Eccles'-names in Britain, this is taken to derive from the Brittonic word which survives in Welsh as eglwys 'church'. The word was originally borrowed into Brittonic from Latin ecclesia.

History

It is said that there was a Christian enclave at Eccles in the 6th century or possibly before. Watson gives the derivation as most likely from the Welsh (or Cumbric) eglwys meaning church  and places with this name element are thought to indicate ancient Christian sites. Gospatric, Earl of Dunbar (or his wife) founded St. Mary's Cistercian convent at Eccles in 1156.

Regent Albany stayed at Eccles Priory in November 1522 during an unsuccessful siege of Wark Castle. It was burnt by the Earl of Hertford's forces in 1545, then laicised to the Home family. Only two barrel-vaulted cells of the east range at the west end of the churchyard survive as well as architectural fragments built into later garden walls, although the parish church, rebuilt in 1774, may include some mediaeval stones. Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar, who died on 31 December 1232, was interred in the convent at Eccles.

Lairds

The principal landed proprietors in the vicinity of Eccles in 1696 appears to have been George Home of Kames (which is situated towards Birgham) who had 9 hearths, Purves Hall, then occupied by Marjory Flemming, had twelve hearths, and Simon Marjoribanks of Stainrig who had six. (Purveshall and Stainrig are closer to Leithholm than Eccles). In 1843 it was James Greig who resided at Eccles House, which abuts the village.

Kirk
The Church of Scotland Parish Church, rebuilt in 1774, is a large 5-bay building with some stained glass windows (notably the 'War Memorial Window') in 'Gothick' glazing-patterned sashes in round-headed openings. There is a vernacular bell-tower at the east end holding a bell dated 1659. The last additions and internal alterations were carried out in 1930. The earliest Presbyterian Minister appears to be Robert French, who was at Eccles from 1567 to 1574. The Reverend John Lauder, who had previously been the incumbent at Lilliesleaf, was ordained into Eccles 28 May 1691, when objectors opposed to him interrupted the ceremony. Two of these were Richard Edgar of Newtoun, (an Episcopalian and opposed to the government of William & Mary), and Henry Home of Kames. Reverend Lauder from Eccles was a member of the General Assembly in 1692. On Sunday 31 March 1695 Mr. Lauder was not present at Eccles to take the service, he "being sent to preach in the north as is ordered by the last Assembly that every Presbytery should send so many quarterly there." He was succeeded at Eccles by the Reverend Matthew Dysart MA, on 9 September 1729, Lauder having died in July that year. Dysart remained the incumbent at Eccles for a staggering forty three years.

Today Eccles is conjoined with the parishes of Birgham and Leitholm.

Notable residents

Possibly the district's most famous son is Henry Home, Lord Kames.
 William Baird (physician) (1803-1872), physician and zoologist
  William Barron (1805-1891), landscape gardener and park designer, born here
 Thomas Creak Craik was a resident of both Eccles and Temple Village. He was one of the early modern farmers and owned Whitrig Farm, but the family also managed other properties. In 1832 Thomas funded the building of a New Church, in Temple Village.

In popular culture

The village was also mentioned in Wolfbloods Dark rune episode.

See also
Crosshall cross
List of places in the Scottish Borders
List of places in Scotland

Notes

External links

RCAHMS/Canmore record of Eccles House
RCAHMS/Canmore record of "Braw Bothy"
RCAHMS record of the Parish of Eccles

Berwickshire
Villages in the Scottish Borders
Parishes in Berwickshire


A water timer is an electromechanical device that, when placed on a water line, increases or decreases the water flow through the use of an  electro-mechanically actuated ball valve or embedded (solenoid) valve. It is used in conjunction with irrigation sprinklers to form an automated or non-automated sprinkler system, capable of administering precise amounts of water, at a regular basis. A water flow timer using a ball valve contains an electric motor with gears to stop or start the water flow by turning a perforated ball within the water flow line. The gearbox in a ball valve timer makes a rumbling sound when actuated. The solenoid type switching timers contain a solenoid that relieves pressure on a diaphragm in the water-flow tube or moves a stopper into the water flow area to regulate flow. The solenoid type uses no gears and makes a tapping sound when the solenoid is activated. Battery powered garden hose timers are the most commonly seen water timers and are seen in two types, the ball valve timer that is actuated by a motor with gears, and the diaphragm timer that is actuated by a solenoid. The solenoid/diaphragm timer uses more battery power throughout the "on" cycle because the solenoid must be actuated the entire time that the water flow is "on". The ball valve timer using the motor and gear actuator only uses more battery power during the few seconds that motor is used to  turn the water flow on or off.

Alternatives
An alternative to a water timer to administer precise amounts of water at a regular basis, is to precisely calculate the needed waterflow and arrange a system composed by a Time switch and an electric pump that. The electric pump is to be arranged to be turned on and off at regular intervals by the time switch to administer (fairly) precise and regular water quantities. This approach, used frequently in DIY watering systems, allows financial savings as the water timer can be discarded. For high-end applications, water timers sometimes allow more flexibility.

See also
Sprinkler system timer, an electrical device? that can control water timers
Solenoid valve

References

Irrigation
Gardening aids
Appropriate technology


These are the official results of the Men's marathon event at the 1986 European Championships in Stuttgart, West Germany, held on 30 August 1986.

Medalists

Abbreviations
All times shown are in hours:minutes:seconds

Final ranking

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 28 athletes from 16 countries participated in the event.

 (2)
 (1)
 (2)
 (2)
 (2)
 (1)
 (1)
 (3)
 (1)
 (3)
 (1)
 (2)
 (1)
 (3)
 (2)
 (1)

See also
 1983 Men's World Championships Marathon (Helsinki)
 1984 Men's Olympic Marathon (Los Angeles)
 1986 Marathon Year Ranking
 1987 Men's World Championships Marathon (Rome)
 1988 Men's Olympic Marathon (Seoul)

References

External links
 Results
 marathonspiegel

Marathon
Marathons at the European Athletics Championships
1986 marathons
Men's marathons
Marathons in Germany


Oslo West Station () or Oslo V, is a former railway station located in Vika in Oslo, Norway. It was the terminus of the Drammen Line between 1872 and 1980, until the Oslo Tunnel opened. The station remained in use until 1989, when all traffic was moved to the new Oslo Central Station. Until its closure it was the main station for trains on the Sørland Line, the Drammen Line and the Vestfold Line. There was no passenger rail connection to Oslo Ø, the eastern station that served the eastern lines and trains to Bergen. The only connection was the Oslo Port Line that went partially through some of the most trafficked streets in Oslo.

The station building was designed by architect Georg Andreas Bull in the then-fashionable Italiante style and built of plastered brickwork. The facade against City Hall Square is flanked by two low towers. Windows and doors are arched. After the station closed, the building was used by, among others, the Nobel Peace Center.

On 13 April 1921, the restaurant was taken over by Norsk Spisevognselskap, after it had received a renovation, which was completed on 1 May. In 1922, the company and Narvesen opened two kiosks at the station. After the station was partially destroyed on 2 February 1942, it remained closed until 1 June.

References

External links

 Entry at the Norwegian Railway Club

Railway stations in Oslo
Railway stations on the Drammen Line
1872 establishments in Norway
1989 disestablishments in Norway
Railway stations opened in 1872
Railway stations closed in 1989
Disused railway stations in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1870s


Valentino S.p.A. is an Italian luxury fashion house founded in 1960 by Valentino Garavani and part of the Valentino Fashion Group. Since October 2008, the creative director is Pierpaolo Piccioli, jointly with Maria Grazia Chiuri from 2008 to 2016. The company is headquartered in Milan, while the creative direction is in Rome. The Valentino Beauty license is held by L'Oreal.

History

Early history
Valentino was founded in 1960, when Garavani opened a fashion house on Via Condotti in Rome, Italy, with the backing of his father and his father's associate Giancarlo Giammetti.

Rise to popularity
Valentino's international debut took place in 1962 in Florence, the Italian fashion capital of the time. Valentino gained popularity in 1967 after releasing their “no colour” collection which consisted of white, beige, and ivory apparels. The collection did not use any psychedelic patterns, a commonly used design during this time. The V logo was also introduced and the years following the brand expanded to New York City and Ro The label staged the first Valentino menswear show at Milan Fashion Week in 1985.

Valentino has also, especially, designed wedding dresses for Elizabeth Taylor, Anne Hathaway, Jennifer Lopez, Courteney Cox, Sophie Hunter, Nicola Peltz and Princess Madeleine of Sweden.

HdP Group, 1998–2002
In 1998, Garavani and Giammetti sold the company for approximately $300 million to the Holding di Partecipazioni Industriali (HdP), an Italian conglomerate controlled, in part, by the late Gianni Agnelli, the head of Fiat.  HdP put Valentino inside the same unit as the apparel producer GFT Net and alongside the sportswear manufacturer Fila.

In 2001, Opera – a fund controlled by the Rome jewelry firm Bulgari – started talks to buy Valentino, but pulled out after it was unable to agree on a price.

Marzotto Apparel, 2002–2007
In 2002, Valentino S.p.A., with revenues of more than $180 million, was sold by HdP to Marzotto Apparel, a Milan-based textile giant, for $210 million. It was rumored that HdP was displeased with Garavani's and Giammetti's personal expenses, a claim at which Giammetti has bristled.

The Marzotto family, which controlled Valentino through several holding companies, including Tidus Srl and PFC Srl, spun off its fashion assets in 2005 to create Valentino Fashion Group.

Permira, 2007–2012
From 2007, Valentino was controlled by private equity group Permira which had acquired the brand from the Marzotto Group for 2.6 billion euros ($3.5 billion). Later that year, Valentino and Giammetti announced that both would resign from the company in early 2008.

In 2008, Valentino opened its first boutique in China, at the Peninsula Palace Hotel in Beijing. By December 2009, hit by the financial crisis, Valentino had to restructure its debt.

Mayhoola, 2012–present
In 2012, Qatari aristocrats acquired Valentino for 700 million euros through an investment vehicle called Mayhoola for Investments S.P.C. Mayhoola bought up both Permira's stake and Marzotto's minority interest.

In 2020, the fashion house announced that it would no longer use alpaca wool and severed ties with Mallkini, the world's largest privately owned alpaca farm in Peru. The move followed revelations of animal abuse within the alpaca industry.

Under the leadership of its CEO Jacopo Venturini, Valentino went fur-free in 2022. It also decided to focus on the main Valentino line, ending the REDValentino one, aimed more at younger customers, with the fall-winter 2023–24 season.

In 2021, Valention adopted a co-ed model - the mixing of men's and women's shows - for its presentations. By 2023, it abandoned that model again and returned to Milan Fashion Week.

Kering purchased 30% of Valentino in July 2023, they intend to purchase the entire company by 2028.

Other brands

Perfumes
Valentino's fragrances have included: Valentino Classique for women (1978), Vendetta By Valentino for women (1991), Very Valentino for women (1998), Very Valentino for Men for men (1999), Valentino Gold for women (2002), V for women (2005), Valentino V Absolu for women (2006), Valentino V Ete By Valentino for women (2006), Rock'n'Rose for women (2006), V pour Homme for men (2006), Rock n' Rose Couture for women (2007), and Valentina for women (2011).

In 2020, Valentino Beauty announced the release of a new perfume, Voce Viva, and announced Lady Gaga as its égérie.

From 2010 to 2018, Valentino Perfumes was licensed to Puig. Since then, it has been working with L'Oréal. More International Cigarette in Philippines was launched in the 1980s

Eyewear
In addition to L’Oréal for beauty and fragrances, Valentino has only one other license, for eyewear. For years, it worked with Marchon Eyewear and Luxottica (2017–2021). In 2021, the label signed a 10-year license agreemend with the Switzerland-based Akoni Group for the design, manufacture and worldwide distribution of the brand's prescription frames and sunglasses.

Creative directors
 Valentino Garavani – 1959 to 2007
 Alessandra Facchinetti – 2007 to 2008
 Maria Grazia Chiuri & Pierpaolo Piccioli – 2008 to 2016
 Pierpaolo Piccioli – 2008 to present

Notable campaigns
For Valentino's Spring/Summer 2016 women's ready-to-wear collection, which referenced African culture, sporting prints and motifs commonly seen across the continent, photographer Steve McCurry shot a campaign set against the backdrop of Amboseli National Park in Kenya and included local Maasai people. The campaign sparked criticism on social media regarding perceived racial insensitivities.

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Piccioli enlisted 23 celebrities – including Laura Dern, Frances McDormand and Gwyneth Paltrow – for his campaign. Instead of being paid for their work, all of the Valentino subjects donated their fees (a total of 1 million euros) to the Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases in Rome; in return, they got to pick who would capture their image, as well as what word they thought represented the values society needed at that time.

Legal issues
In 2020, Valentino and Amazon filed a joint lawsuit against New York-based Kaitlyn Pan Group for allegedly counterfeiting Valentino's Rockstud shoes and offering them for sale online.

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Valentino sought in June 2020 to end the lease for its American flagship on New York's Fifth Avenue nine years early, saying the pandemic made it impossible to run the store "consistent with the luxury, prestigious, high-quality reputation" of its neighborhood. After a New York state trial judge dismissed that lawsuit, the landlord sued Valentino for $207.1 million, mainly to recover unpaid rent and to repair store damage. By 2023, Valentino settled litigation with the landlord.

See also

 Black and white Valentino dress of Julia Roberts
 Valentino Ready-to-Wear runway collections
 Valentino: The Last Emperor
 Yellow Valentino dress of Cate Blanchett

References

External links

Italian suit makers
Clothing brands of Italy
Haute couture
High fashion brands
Fashion accessory brands
Watch manufacturing companies of Italy
Clothing companies established in 1960
Design companies established in 1960
Italian companies established in 1960
Private equity portfolio companies
Eyewear brands of Italy
Manufacturing companies based in Milan
Valentino Fashion Group


A Rage to Live is a 1965 American drama film directed by Walter Grauman and starring Suzanne Pleshette as a woman whose passions wreak havoc on her life. The screenplay by John T. Kelley is based on the 1949 novel of the same name by John O'Hara.

Plot
The sexual voraciousness of newspaper heiress Grace Caldwell threatens to destroy the reputation of her wealthy Pennsylvania family.  As a precocious teenager, she is assaulted in her room in her own house by her older brother Brock's friend Charlie Jay, to whom she finally yields willingly, the first of a long series of lovers. Grace understands her weakness but goes on in her path of seduction, until she meets San Francisco real estate broker Sidney Tate at a Christmas party. The two fall in love and he proposes marriage. Grace confesses her past but despite being taken aback, Sidney marries her and she commits herself to a relationship, a pledge she keeps for the first few years of their union, which produces a son and a seemingly idyllic life on a farm.

Problems ensue when lusty contractor Roger Bannon, the son of one of her mother's former servants, confesses to Grace he's been in love with her for years. An affair ensues and when she eventually ends it, he becomes enraged, gets drunk, and accidentally crashes his truck, killing himself. Reports of his death include details about his tryst with Grace, rumors which reach her husband. Under pressure, Grace admits her guilt to him and swears it will never happen again.  At this point, however, the alcoholic wife of newspaper editor Jack Hollister, who is also in love with Grace, makes a scene during a charity ball accusing Grace of seducing her husband. Sidney, who witnesses the scene, is once more convinced that his wife has lied to him and goes away. Grace runs after him, swearing she had nothing with Jack Hollister. Still, Sidney departs, leaving her behind in a state of despair.

Cast

Original novel
The novel was O'Hara's fourth book and his first in eleven years. The New York Times called it "his most ambitious book. It is by no means entirely successful, but it does express a vibrant vitality."

O'Hara said his earlier books "were special books about specialised people; but this is the big one, the over-all one."

The novel was a best seller.

Text displayed after credits
At the end of the film, these lines of an Alexander Pope poem are displayed:

Production
Film rights were bought by the Mirisch Corporation in 1959; the Mirisches had a deal with United Artists. The sale was on similar terms to O'Hara's From the Terrace – instead of selling the book for a flat price of $500,000 they had a five-year lease to make the film, with a down payment of $100,000 and O'Hara got 25% of the profits.

The novel was one of a series of properties the Mirisches bought around this time, others including Hawaii, West Side Story and Two for the Seesaw.

In July 1963 John T Kelly was reported as working on the script.

By May 1964 Lewis J Rachmill was assigned to produce, Walter Graumann was the director and Suzanne Pleshette had been cast in the lead. Graumann had just made 633 Squadron for the Mirisches. Ben Gazzara was given a male lead; it was his first film since finishing Arrest and Trial. Bradford Dillman played the other male lead.

Filming started 1 June 1964.

Grauman later signed to do three more films with the Mirisches.

Critical reception
Variety said, "In this banal transfer from tome to film, the characters in John O'Hara's A Rage to Live have retained their two-dimensional unreality ... Nympho heroine goes from man to man amidst corny dialog and inept direction which combine to smother all thesps."

TV Guide rates it  out of a possible four stars and adds, "In the transfer from novel to screen, O'Hara's characters have been transformed from vital, living personalities into stiff, unmotivated soap opera fodder."

Awards and nominations
Howard Shoup was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design, Black and White but lost to Julie Harris for Darling.

References

External links

1965 films
1965 drama films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
Films about sex addiction
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Walter Grauman
Films scored by Nelson Riddle
Films set in Pennsylvania
United Artists films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films


Enter TV was a Serbian television channel with regional frequency.

Created on the ashes of the defunct YU Info channel, it started broadcasting during spring 2007.

Television stations in Serbia
Television channels and stations established in 2007


An avocation is an activity that someone engages in as a hobby outside their main occupation. There are many examples of people whose professions were the ways that they made their livings, but for whom their activities outside their workplaces were their true passions in life. Occasionally, as with Lord Baden-Powell and others, people who pursue an avocation are more remembered by history for their avocation than for their professional career.

Many times, a person's regular vocation may lead to an avocation. Many forms of humanitarian campaigning, such as work for organizations like Amnesty International and Greenpeace, may be done by people involved in the law or human rights issues as part of their work.

Many people involved with youth work pursue this as an avocation.

People whose avocations were not their vocations

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Fictional people whose avocations were not their vocations

See also
Alter ego
Otium
Secret identity
Vocation
Volunteering
List of amateur mathematicians

References

External links

Hobbies
Occupations
Philanthropy


Houcine Slaoui (pronounced Husyn Slawi, ; real name Houcine Ben Bouchaïb; 1918–1951) was a Moroccan singer and composer who had a considerable influence on early-modern Moroccan Chaabi music.

Biography

Early life
As a child, Houcine Ben Bouchaïb would skip school to practice music with an improvised instrument in the quiet of the cemetery. He became a popular entertainer known as a hlaiqi (from  halaqa, a form of popular theater and entertainment, such as the kinds performed at Jemaa el-Fnaa), a troubadour, at the age of 12. His music addressed the ills of the new urban society in Morocco brought about under the French Protectorate: the tears in the social fabric, the rural exodus, and the proletarianization of the population. He traveled around back and forth across Morocco, ailing the wounds with his music.

Early career
He got his break at 17 when offered a contract while performing with a halaqa in the Morocco pavilion at the 1937  in Paris. He later adopted the nickname "Slaoui," from by his birthplace, Salé, and emerged as one of the principal craftsmen of the modern Chaabi songs in Morocco.

Dakhlat l-Marikan
He spent some years in France, where he became friends with the Tunisian Mohammed Jemmoussi and the Algerian Amraoui Missoum. With the onset of World War II, Slaoui returned to Morocco. He witnessed the Allied invasion of Morocco in 1942 and the famine known as the  1944–45. In response to the American invasion, he composed and recorded in 1944 his most celebrated song: "" ("Dakhlat l-Marikan" lit. 'The Americans Have Arrived'), a ballad ironically chronicling the American landing and occupation that has been covered by various artists and remains popular in Morocco.

Return to France
Upon his return to France after the war, he stayed by the Moroccan footballer Larbi Benbarek. Slaoui signed with Pathé-Marconi, which had also signed Frank Sinatra and Édith Piaf. He recorded in a studio in the neighborhood of Saint-Michel in the Latin Quarter near a  owned by Mohammed Ftouki—father of the singer who would come to be known as Warda Al-Jazairia—where stars of North African and Middle Eastern music including Farid al-Atrash, Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Warda, and Nasri Shamseddine performed. Slaoui performed there too. He was offered a role with the rising Lebanese star Sabah.

He was one of the first to introduce modern musical instruments into Moroccan music. He was influenced by such Middle Eastern artists as Mohammed Abdel Wahab and blended some of the styles of early Egyptian pop music into his songs.

Until this day his death circumstances remain mysterious.

Discography
 Aîta Bedaouia
 Hdi Rassak
 Ya Amina
 El American
 El Kahla
 El Kass Hlou
 N'zaha
 Dak Babaq
 Smra
 Sania Oul Bir
 Tanja ya al Alia
 Lalla Ilali
 Samra wa Khomouria
 Hahoua Tani
 Errada
 Sidi Lahbib
 Ya Mouja Ghani
 Ya Ghrib Lik Allah
 El Haïlat

References

1921 births
1951 deaths
Moroccan composers
20th-century Moroccan male singers
People from Salé
20th-century composers


Bertrancourt (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. It is also the home of Belfast Linfield Football Club Somme Memorial, to commemorate ex-players and fans who paid the ultimate sacrifice during the Great War.

Geography
Bertrancourt is situated on the D176 and D144 road junction, some  northeast of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

Communes of Somme (department)


Frecheville Comprehensive School was a secondary school located in Frecheville, South Yorkshire, England. When built, the school was in Derbyshire, but became a Sheffield city school following a boundary change in 1967. The school opened in 1936, merged with the nearby Thornbridge School, now The Birley Academy, in 1986, and closed permanently in 1987. The site is now a housing estate.

Notable alumni

Joanne Catherall, musician and member of synth-pop band The Human League. Attended the school between 1974 and 1979.
Geoff Dey, Sheffield United and Scunthorpe United football player.
Steve Faulkner, Sheffield United football player.
Wayne Furniss, musician and early member of rock band Pulp.
Mark Pearson, Manchester United, Sheffield Wednesday, Fulham and Halifax Town football player
Ian Reddington, actor who played Richard Cole in EastEnders and Vernon Tomlin in Coronation Street.
Susan Ann Sulley, musician and member of synth-pop band The Human League, attended the school between 1974 and 1979.
Neil Warnock, football manager and player.
Alan Woodward, Sheffield United football player.
Rodger Wylde, Sheffield Wednesday, Oldham Athletic, Sporting CP, Sunderland, Barnsley and Stockport County football player

Notable former teachers

 Veronica Hardstaff, who has served as a City councillor in Sheffield and Labour MEP from 1994 to 1999 for Lincolnshire and Humberside South, and married to Alan Billings, the South Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner since 2016, taught German from 1979 until the school's closure in 1986.

Film and television
The BBC TV children's programme, The Best in Football, with the football legend George Best, was filmed on Frecheville School's playing fields in c.1971.

References

Defunct schools in Sheffield
The Human League
1936 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in 1936
1987 disestablishments in England
Educational institutions disestablished in 1987


Tom Root (born September 20, 1973) is an American writer, producer, director and voice actor for Robot Chicken.

Early life
Root was born in Iowa City, Iowa. He attended Central Michigan University, graduating with a degree in journalism. While at CMU, Root edited the student newspaper CM Life.

Career
Root was one of the original staffers of ToyFare magazine, and was a staff writer and copy editor for Wizard Entertainment's family of publications. While at ToyFare he was a co-writer of the magazine's 's popular Twisted ToyFare Theatre feature.

Root co-wrote Writers on Comics Scriptwriting, vol. 2, with Andrew Kardon in 2004. He also wrote Archie Comics' 200th issue of Jughead in 2010.

Root and Robot Chicken co-creator Matthew Senreich created the Adult Swim series Titan Maximum which premiered on September 27, 2009. He was a writer on Lucasfilm's Star Wars Detours animated series. Root also wrote The Simpsons' Robot Chicken-style animated opening in 2013.

Filmography
Tom Root's production company is called Tom is Awesome and produces many television shows, seen in the table below.

References

External links

 Interview on G4

Living people
1973 births
American male television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Annie Award winners
American male television writers
American male voice actors
Central Michigan University alumni
Primetime Emmy Award winners
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers


The Pyrgini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, the Pyrgini contained the largest number of genera among these. But this overly wide delimitation has since turned out to be paraphyletic.

One of the traditional Pyrginae tribes, the Eudamini, had to be raised to subfamily rank as Eudaminae.  Some genera now in the Eudaminae were placed in the Pyrgini in earlier times. In addition, a number of additional tribes – Achlyodidini, Carcharodini and Erynnini – are now usually recognized again. These are close relatives of the Pyrgini sensu stricto, and may just as well be included in them as they used to be: together they do still form a monophyletic group. Most authors prefer to keep them separate however, as each is an apomorphic and biogeographically distinct lineage of the Pyrgini sensu lato. Of these newly recognized tribes, the Achlyodidini are closest to the Pyrgini, but conspicuously differ from the latter in their unusually-shaped wings.

Genera
The genera of the Pyrgini, after genomic research published in 2019, are:

 Anisochoria Mabille, 1877
 Antigonus Hübner, 1819
 Bralus Grishin, 2019
 Burnsius Grishin, 2019 (New World checkered-skippers)
 Canesia Grishin, 2019
 Carrhenes Godman & Salvin, 1895
 Celotes Godman & Salvin, 1899 (streaky-skippers)
 Chirgus Grishin, 2019
 Clito Evans, 1953
 Diaeus Godman & Salvin, 1895
 Eracon Godman & Salvin, 1894
 Heliopetes Billberg, 1820 (white-skippers)
 Onenses Godman & Salvin, 1895
 Paches Godman & Salvin, 1895
 Plumbago Evans, 1953
 Pseudodrephalys Burns, 1998
 Pyrgus Hübner, 1819 (checkered-skippers)
 Santa Grishin, 2019
 Spioniades Hübner, 1819
 Systasea W. H. Edwards, 1877 (powdered-skippers)
 Trina Evans, 1953
 Xenophanes Godman & Salvin, 1895
 Zobera Freeman, 1970
 Zopyrion Godman & Salvin, 1896

Footnotes

References

  (2007): Tree of Life Web Project – Pyrgini. Version of 2007-MAR-04. Retrieved 2009-DEC-26.

Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister
Butterfly tribes


2008 Hong Kong–Shanghai Inter Club Championship is the 3rd staging of Hong Kong-Shanghai Inter Club Championship.

Result

South China AA
Shan
Hong Kong–Shanghai Inter Club Championship


Chemical Wedding (released in the U.S. as Crowley) is a British science-fantasy horror film produced by Bill and Ben Productions in conjunction with the London-based Focus Films. It is directed by Julian Doyle. The story is based on an original screenplay by Bruce Dickinson, front man of heavy metal band Iron Maiden. Dickinson released a solo album entitled The Chemical Wedding in 1998, which, despite sharing the title and title track from the film's soundtrack, is otherwise unrelated.

Plot
Upon entering a virtual reality machine, Professor Oliver Haddo, a modern Cambridge scholar, becomes possessed by the spirit of  infamous occultist Aleister Crowley, as the machine's program has been corrupted by a former follower of Crowley's. Resurrected 50 years after his death, Crowley begins his occult practices anew, seeking a new "scarlet bride" whom he can marry in an occult ceremony, which will increase his power.

Cast
Simon Callow as Professor Oliver Haddo/Aleister Crowley
Kal Weber as Dr. Joshua Mathers
Lucy Cudden as Lia Robinson
Jud Charlton as Victor Nuberg
Paul McDowell as Symonds
John Shrapnel as Aleister Crowley (original)
Terence Bayler as Professor Brent
Mike Shannon as Alex
Bruce Dickinson as Crowley's landlord and as a blind man
Richard Franklin as Dean of Trinity College University of Cambridge

Production
The film was originally proposed in 2000 and was to have been produced by Terry Jones' Messiah Films, but was later adopted by Focus Films. David Pupkewitz and Malcolm Kohll produced the film, with Ben Timlett and Justin Peyton of Bill and Ben Productions and Duellist Film Production in association with MotionFX and E-Motion. Executive producers are Andy Taylor, Paul Astrom-Andrews, and Peter Dale.

Warner Music released the film's soundtrack in the UK, while Edward Noeltner's Cinema Management Group handled international sales. The film received its world première at the Sci-Fi-London film festival on 4 May 2008.

According to Rockerparis, Iron Maiden lead singer Bruce Dickinson was in Paris on 26 November to promote the film's DVD release. The screening and press conference were held in a private cinema in front of Europe 1 radio near the Champs Elysées. Dickinson, who has a small cameo role in the film, has stated, "On several levels, I think it will be nice for them ([Iron Maiden fans]) to see somebody from Maiden doing something else that gets the band's name out there and also potentially gets a bit of respect for heavy metal and all the rest of it....But, in addition, I think they'll just enjoy it. It's a rollicking good story."

Reception

Horror.com praised the film, calling it "a mixed bag of tricks to be sure, but it's worth a look for the curio factor. (At least it's not a remake, a J-horror knock-off, or torture porn.)"

Soundtrack
Track listing:
 "Chemical Wedding" – Bruce Dickinson
 "Hush Hush Here Comes the Bogie Man" – Henry Hall / Val Rosing
 "Fanlight Fanny" – George Formby
 "Man of Sorrows" – Bruce Dickinson
 "The Wicker Man" – Iron Maiden
 "Can I Play with Madness" – Iron Maiden
 "Separation" – Skin
 "Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune" – Debussy
 "The Hallelujah Chorus" – Handel
 (Excerpt) "Violin Concerto" – Mozart

References

External links
Official site

2008 horror films
Iron Maiden (band)
2000s science fiction horror films
British supernatural horror films
British science fiction horror films
Cultural depictions of Aleister Crowley
2008 films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
English-language science fiction horror films


A declaration of incompatibility in UK constitutional law is a declaration issued by a United Kingdom judge that a statute is incompatible with the European Convention of Human Rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 section 4. This is a central part of UK constitutional law. Very few declarations of incompatibility have been issued, in comparison to the number of challenges.

Human rights in the United Kingdom
Section 3(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 reads as follows: "So far as it is possible to do so, primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights". Where the court determines a piece of legislation is inconsistent with the Convention rights, the court can issue a declaration of incompatibility under section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998. However, the declaration of incompatibility is often seen as a last resort as the judiciary will attempt to interpret primary legislation as being compatible. Such a declaration will only be issued if such a reading is not possible.

Once the court has issued a declaration of incompatibility, the law remains the same until Parliament removes the incompatibility. The courts must still apply the legislation as it is and the parties to the actual case are unaffected by the declaration. Hence, the declaration has no actual legal effect and the parties neither gain nor lose by it. A declaration of incompatibility is only the start of a remedy to a Human Rights Act 1998 claim. Section 8 of the Act enables the court to make any further remedy it sees fit.

In England and Wales, the High Court, Court of Appeal, Supreme Court, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and the Courts Martial Appeal Court can issue declarations of incompatibility. In Scotland, in addition to the Supreme Court, the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary are also able to issue declarations of incompatibility. In Northern Ireland, the Northern Irish High Court or Court of Appeal can issue a statement of incompatibility for Acts of the Northern Irish Assembly.

By section 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998, a "fast track" option of a remedial order (a type of statutory instrument) can be used by the ministers to amend non-compliant legislation which has been declared incompatible (except if it is a measure of the Church of England). As of 2016 this option has been used twice: in 2001 for the Mental Health Act 1983, and in 2009 for the Sexual Offences Act 2003.

List of cases

There had been 46 declarations of incompatibility by July 2022, with 10 having been overturned on appeal.

The following cases involved declarations of incompatibility that were overturned on appeal:

The following cases remain subject to appeal, as of July 2022:

The following cases involved the court finding that a statute was incompatible but not making a formal declaration of incompatibility:

See also
Sections 4 and 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998

Notes

References

External links
Responding to human rights judgments: 2014 to 2016. Ministry of Justice, 2016. Includes a list of all declarations of incompatibility since the Act came into force in 2000 and the government's response to them.
Law Reports -- Is there still a grey area in the operation of sections 3 & 4 HRA 1998 ?
"Responding to Human Rights Judgments" - Report presented to Parliament in September 2011 by Ministry of Justice

Human rights
Human rights in the United Kingdom


Paolo Polidori (4 January 1778 – 23 April 1847) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church.

Biography
Paolo Polidori was born in Iesi, Marche; where he studied at the seminary of Perugia.

He was ordained as a priest in 1800 and became vicar general of Viterbo and later of the suburbicarian diocese of Ostia. During the French occupation of Rome, he was arrested and exiled from the city until 1814. He continued his career in the Roman Curia as Secretary of the Congregation of the Council. He was appointed Secretary of the papal conclaves of 1829 and 1830-1831.

Polidori was made cardinal priest of Sant'Eusebio in the consistory of 23 June 1834 by Pope Gregory XVI. He was made Prefect of the Congregation of the Regular Discipline on 21 November 1834. He opted for the title of Santa Prassede on 12 July 1841 after the suppression of the Sant'Eusebio title in 1839. He was then appointed Prefect of the Congregation of the Council on 15 September 1841 and held that post until his death.

Polidori was named titular archbishop of Tarsus on 22 January 1844 and received his episcopal consecration on 11 February. He participated in the papal conclave of 1846.

Polidori died on 23 April 1847 in Rome and was buried in the church of Sant'Ignazio in accordance with his will.

References

External links
 The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary
 Catholic Hierarchy data for this cardinal

1778 births
1847 deaths
People from Iesi
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
19th-century Italian cardinals
Members of the Sacred Congregation of the Council
Cardinals created by Pope Gregory XVI


Olga Averino (November 15, 1895 – January 17, 1989) was a Russian-born soprano and voice teacher. A white émigré to the United States in the wake of the Russian Civil War, she was prominent in the musical life of Boston for over 60 years, first as a singer and later as a distinguished voice teacher.

Biography

Olga Averino was born into a family of musicians in Moscow in 1895. Her father, Nicholas Averino, was a violist and director of the music conservatory in Rostov. Her mother, Olga Laroche, was a pianist, the daughter of the Russian musicologist Herman Laroche and the god-daughter of the composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Averino, herself was the god-daughter of the composer's brother Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky. She trained in piano and voice at the Moscow Conservatory and married the violinist Paul Fedorovsky.

In 1918, the Bolshevik Revolution and ensuing civil war led the young couple to flee Russia with their baby daughter. They travelled across Siberia to Vladivostok and down into Manchuria. After living in Beijing for several years, they eventually made their way to the United States, settling in Boston in 1924 where Fedorovsky became a violinist in the Boston Symphony Orchestra; Averino appeared frequently as a soprano soloist.

She was a regular soloist with the Boston Symphony during the Koussvitzky era. Amongst the many works in which she performed there, were Beethoven's 9th Symphony, Bach's Mass in B Minor, Ravel's Sheherazade, Debussy's Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, and the American premiere of Alban Berg's Lied der Lulu.  During her long career as a performer she sang in lieder, oratorio and opera and worked with many prominent 20th century composers including Ravel, Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Rachmaninoff, and Glazunov.

She was a noted recitalist and is credited with having established the success of Ravel's Chansons madecasses in the United States. She also toured the United States in a series of joint recitals with the cellist Gregor Piatigorsky, where her accompanist was Alexander Siloti, the last pupil of Franz Liszt.

Olga Averino taught voice at the Longy School of Music, Middlebury College, Wellesley College, and The New School of Music. She also gave a lecture series at Harvard University. However, she is most closely associated with the Longy School, where she was the head of the voice department from 1938 to 1976, returning occasionally for master classes after her retirement, the last of which she gave in 1987. It was also at the Longy School that she gave her final public recital, at age 74.

Among her many pupils, perhaps the most prominent was American soprano, Phyllis Curtin, who studied voice with Averino at Wellesley College during the 1940s. Curtin said of her teacher:

Impatient of sloppy musicianship, demanding emotional commitment, she gave me a vision of the art of singing that led me the rest of my life. On the few occasions when she sang, I learned what a great singing artist is.

Her charismatic teaching style was also recalled by composer and critic, Greg Sandow, who studied under her at the Longy School:

[She] would bring her students all together for a class. Somebody would sing, and, in her Russian accent, Olga typically would ask, 'What emotion does the person in the song feel?' 'The person in the song is angry,' the student would reply. 'But which kind of anger?' Olga would demand, and then sing the opening of the song six times, in six precisely differentiated shades of anger, as distinct as six different people.

Olga Averino and Paul Fedorovsky's daughter Irina Lasoff (1918 – 2006) became a noted choreographer and teacher.

Last years

Following her husband's death in 1958, Averino moved from their home in Boston's Back Bay to an apartment in Cambridge where she continued to teach private pupils until a few days before her death. Olga Averino died in her sleep in Cambridge at the age of 93.

Recordings
South American Chamber Music (Soprano Olga Averino, Violinist Alfredo St Malo, Cellist Fritz Magg, Pianist-Arranger Nicolas Slonimsky) Columbia Records, 1941.
French Songs (Soprano Olga Averino), Victor records, 1940.

Book
Olga Averino, Principles and Art of Singing, Novis, 1989

Averino wrote Principles and Art of Singing in the late 1970s and continued to revise it through 1987, circulating mimeographed copies amongst her students and friends. The book, edited by her daughter, Irina Lasoff, was finally published posthumously in late 1989. The final words of the book are a summation of her teaching philosophy:

Singing is an expression of life, and if you have no time for your life, how can you sing? Quality always needs time, not only in music but also in life itself.

References

Further Sources
Richard Dyer, Averino Opened Doors in the World of Music, Boston Globe, January 21, 1989; accessed via subscription January 24, 2008.
Robert Wilder Blue, American Icon: Phyllis Curtin, USOperaWeb, Autumn 2002; accessed January 24, 2008.
Obituary: Olga Averino, New York Times, January 21, 1989; accessed January 24, 2008.

External links
Portrait sculpture of Olga Averino by Anna Coleman Ladd, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Photograph Archives, Washington D.C.

1895 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Russian women opera singers
Russian operatic sopranos
Sopranos from the Russian Empire
Voice teachers
White Russian emigrants to the United States
Singers from Moscow
Russian music educators
Russian women music educators
Moscow Conservatory alumni


Béthencourt-sur-Mer (, literally Béthencourt on Sea; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D19 and D229 road junction, some  from the seaside and  west of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The Best Science Fiction Stories: 1949 is a 1949 anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Everett F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty. It was the first published anthology to present the best science fiction stories for a given year.  The stories had originally appeared in 1948 in the magazines Planet Stories, Astounding Science Fiction, Blue Book, Comment, and Thrilling Wonder Stories. The anthology was later combined with the 1950 volume and reissued as Science Fiction Omnibus.

Contents

 Trends in Modern Science-Fiction, by Melvin Korshak
 Preface, by Everett F. Bleiler & T. E. Dikty
 "Mars is Heaven!", by Ray Bradbury
 "Ex Machina", by Lewis Padgett
 "The Strange Case of John Kingman", by Murray Leinster
 "Doughnut Jockey", by Erik Fennel
 "Thang", by Martin Gardner
 "Period Piece", by J. J. Coupling
 "Knock", by Fredric Brown
 "Genius", by Poul Anderson
 "And the Moon Be Still as Bright", by Ray Bradbury
 "No Connection", by Isaac Asimov
 "In Hiding", by Wilmar H. Shiras
 "Happy Ending", by Henry Kuttner

Reception
L. Sprague de Camp received the anthology favorably, describing it as "a superior product . . . with all the stories readable and some excellent."

Notes

References

1949 anthologies
Best Science Fiction Stories 1949


The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture is one of the awards given by the Screen Actors Guild.

History

The award recognizes the work of stunt performers and coordinators and was first presented at the 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards for performances by SAG's members in 2007 films.

There is a corresponding SAG Award for work in television.

Winners and nominees

Legend:

2000s

2010s

2020s

Franchises

Multiple Awards
2 Wins
James Bond
MCU
Wonder Woman

Multiple Nominations

10 Nominations
MCU
4 Nominations
Batman
X-Men
3 Nominations
Bourne

2 Nominations
Black Panther
Fast & Furious
James Bond
Mission: Impossible
 Transformers
Wonder Woman

References

Stunt Ensemble Motion Picture
Stunt awards
Awards established in 2008