The 2008 Oakland Raiders season was the 49th overall season of the Oakland Raiders franchise, the franchise's 39th season in the National Football League (NFL), their 14th season since their return to Oakland and the second and final season under head coach Lane Kiffin. The Raiders improved upon their 4–12 record from 2007. This was also the first time in four seasons that the Raiders did not play both contestants from the previous Super Bowl, playing the New England Patriots, but not the New York Giants. This was also the first time in five seasons the team did not finish last in their division but stood alone at third instead.

Offseason

Notable roster losses
 QB Josh McCown – Signed with Dolphins During Free Agency
 QB Daunte Culpepper – Signed with Lions During Free Agency
 RB LaMont Jordan – Signed with Patriots During Free Agency
 RB Dominic Rhodes – Signed with Colts During Free Agency
 RB ReShard Lee – Released
 WR Jerry Porter – Signed with Jaguars During Free Agency
 WR Tim Dwight – Did not Signed
 OT Barry Sims – Signed with 49ers During Free Agency
 C Jeremy Newberry – Signed with Chargers During Free Agency
 DE Chris Clemons – Signed with Eagles During Free Agency
 DE Tyler Brayton – Signed with Panthers During Free Agency
 DT Warren Sapp – Retired on March 4, 2008
 OLB Grant Irons
 ILB Edgerton Hartwell – released
 CB Fabian Washington – Traded to Ravens for a fourth round pick
 CB Chris Carr – Signed with Titans During Free Agency
 S Stuart Schweigert – Signed with Giants During Free Agency
 S Greg Wesley – released
 S Jarrod Cooper – released

Notable roster gains
 WR Javon Walker – Signed as a free agent (previously with Denver Broncos)
 OT Kwame Harris –  Signed as a free agent (previously with San Francisco 49ers)
 C John Wade –  Signed as a free agent (previously with Tampa Bay Buccaneers)
 CB DeAngelo Hall – Acquired from Atlanta Falcons in a trade (released on November 5, 2008, after 8 games)
 S Gibril Wilson – Signed as a free agent (previously with New York Giants)

2008 Draft Board

Roster

Preseason

Schedule

Regular season

Schedule

Standings

Conference standings

Regular season results

Week 1: vs. Denver Broncos

The Raiders began their 2008 campaign at home against their AFC West rival, the Denver Broncos, in the second game of Monday Night Football's doubleheader.  In the first quarter, Oakland trailed early as Broncos QB Jay Cutler completed a 26-yard TD pass to WR Eddie Royal.  In the second quarter, the Raiders continued to trail as kicker Matt Prater got a 26-yard field goal, while FB Michael Pittman got a 3-yard TD run. In the third quarter, Oakland got even more black and blue as Cutler completed a 48-yard TD pass to WR Darrell Jackson, while Prater nailed a 43-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, the Raiders finally got on the board as QB JaMarcus Russell completed an 8-yard TD pass to WR Ashley Lelie.  Denver ended its rout with RB Selvin Young's 5-yard TD run and Pittman's 1-yard TD run.  Oakland would close the game with Russell's 4-yard TD pass to WR Ronald Curry.

With the dismal loss, the Raiders began their season at 0–1 for the sixth straight year.

Week 2: at Kansas City Chiefs

Hoping to rebound from their horrendous home loss to the Broncos, the Raiders flew to Arrowhead Stadium for a Week 2 AFC West showdown with the Kansas City Chiefs. In the first quarter, Oakland came out punching as kicker Sebastian Janikowski nailed a 56-yard and a 25-yard field goal. After a scoreless second quarter, rookie RB Darren McFadden picked up his first-ever career touchdown in the third quarter on a 19-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the Raiders increased its lead with Janikowski getting a 40-yard field goal. The Chiefs would respond with their only score of the game as QB Tyler Thigpen completed a 2-yard TD pass to TE Tony Gonzalez (along with a two-point conversion pass to fullback Mike Cox).  Oakland would close out the game with rookie RB Michael Bush getting a 32-yard TD run.

With the win, the Raiders improved to 1–1.

Darren McFadden (21 carries for 164 yards and a touchdown) would become the first rookie Raider to run for 100 yards since Bo Jackson in 1987.  Also, the Raiders' combined rushing attack would reach 300 yards for the first time since November 1987.

The defense's improvement from Week 1 showed, as they limited Kansas City to 8 points, which is the fewest that Oakland had allowed since December 28, 2002 (0 points allowed, also against Kansas City).

Week 3: at Buffalo Bills

Hoping to build off their divisional road win over the Chiefs, the Raiders flew to Ralph Wilson Stadium for a Week 3 duel with the Buffalo Bills. In the first quarter, Oakland got the early lead with kicker Sebastian Janikowski getting a 23-yard and a 35-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Bills responded with RB Marshawn Lynch getting a 14-yard TD run. The Raiders would end the half with Janikowski kicking a 32-yard field goal.

In the third quarter, the Raiders increased its lead with QB JaMarcus Russell getting a 1-yard TD run. However, in the fourth quarter, Buffalo started to rally as Lynch got a 3-yard TD run. Oakland would respond as Russell completed an 84-yard TD pass to WR Johnnie Lee Higgins, yet the Bills got near as QB Trent Edwards completed a 14-yard TD pass to WR Roscoe Parrish. Later, Buffalo completed its rally as kicker Rian Lindell nailed the game-winning 38-yard field goal.

With the heart-breaking loss, the Raiders fell to 1–2.

After the game, Chris Mortensen of ESPN and Jay Glazer of Fox Sports both erroneously reported that Lane Kiffin would be fired the following Monday; this turned out not to be the case, as Kiffin was coaching the team during Week 4.

Week 4: vs. San Diego Chargers

Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Bills, the Raiders went home for a Week 4 AFC West duel with the San Diego Chargers.  In the first quarter, Oakland struck first as kicker Sebastian Janikowski got a 22-yard goal, with Safety Gibril Wilson sacking Chargers QB Philip Rivers in his endzone for a safety.  In the second quarter, the Raiders increased their lead with QB JaMarcus Russell completing a 63-yard TD pass to TE Zach Miller, along with Janikowski kicking a 28-yard field goal.

Just prior to halftime, Janikowski attempted to kick a 76-yard field goal, a full 13 yards longer than the NFL record and seven yards longer than the record at any level of gridiron football. Predictably, the kick fell well short, not even reaching the end zone (much less the goal posts), and the ball was picked up by Chargers cornerback Antonio Cromartie.

In the third quarter, the Chargers got on the board with kicker Nate Kaeding's 28-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, San Diego took the lead with Rivers' 9-yard TD pass to TE Antonio Gates and RB LaDainian Tomlinson's 13-yard TD run (along with a successful 2-point conversion pass from Rivers to RB Darren Sproles). Oakland tried to prevent another collapse as Janikowski got a 32-yard field goal. However, the Chargers sealed the win with Kaeding nailing a 47-yard field goal and Tomlinson getting a 41-yard TD run.

With the loss, the Raiders went into their bye week at 1–3.

The following Tuesday, Lane Kiffin was officially fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive line coach Tom Cable.

Week 6: at New Orleans Saints

Coming off their bye week, the Raiders flew to the Louisiana Superdome for a Week 6 interconference duel with the New Orleans Saints. In the first quarter, Oakland struck first as kicker Sebastian Janikowski got a 24-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Saints took the lead as RB Reggie Bush got a 3-yard TD run, along with kicker Taylor Mehlhaff getting a 44-yard field goal. In the third quarter, the Saints increased their lead as QB Drew Brees completed an 8-yard TD pass to RB Aaron Stecker and a 15-yard TD pass to Bush. In the fourth quarter, New Orleans closed the game out with Mehlhaff nailing a 33-yard field goal, along with Brees completing a 2-yard TD pass to TE Mark Campbell.

With the loss, the Raiders fell to 1–4.

Week 7: vs. New York Jets

Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Saints, the Raiders went home for a Week 7 duel with the New York Jets. In the first quarter, Oakland trailed early as Jets kicker Jay Feely got a 40-yard field goal. The Raiders responded with kicker Sebastian Janikowski getting a 29-yard field goal. After a scoreless second quarter, Oakland took the lead as QB JaMarcus Russell completed an 8-yard TD pass to WR Javon Walker. In the fourth quarter, New York tied the game as RB Leon Washington got an 11-yard TD run. The Raiders answered with Janikowski making a 37-yard field goal. The Jets would send the game into overtime as Feely got a 52-yard field goal. In overtime, the Silver and Black prevailed as Janikowski nailed the game-winning 57-yard field goal (a franchise record).

With the win, the Raiders improved to 2–4.

Week 8: at Baltimore Ravens

Coming off their overtime win over the Jets, the Raiders flew to M&T Bank Stadium for a Week 8 duel with the Baltimore Ravens. In the first quarter, Oakland trailed early as QB JaMarcus Russell was sacked by LB Jameel McClain in his own endzone for a safety. In the second quarter, the Raiders continued to struggle as Ravens RB Willis McGahee got a 1-yard TD run, while QB Joe Flacco completed a 70-yard TD pass to WR Demetrius Williams. The Ravens closed out the half with kicker Matt Stover getting a 38-yard field goal.

In the third quarter, Oakland got on the board as kicker Sebastian Janikowski got a 22-yard field goal. Baltimore would respond with Stover nailing a 30-yard field goal, yet the Raiders answered with Russell completing a 2-yard TD pass to FB Justin Griffith. In the fourth quarter, the Ravens pulled away as Flacco got a 12-yard TD run.

With the loss, Oakland fell to 2–5.

Week 9: vs. Atlanta Falcons

Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Ravens, the Raiders went home for a Week 9 interconference duel with the Atlanta Falcons. In the first quarter, Oakland trailed early as Falcons QB Matt Ryan completed a 37-yard TD pass to WR Michael Jenkins, while RB Jerious Norwood got a 12-yard TD run.  In the second quarter, the Raiders' struggles continued as Ryan hooked up with Jenkins again on a 27-yard TD pass, while kicker Jason Elam nailed a 48-yard field goal. From then on out, Atlanta would prevent Oakland from getting any kind of positive drive going and the Raiders fell to 2–6 with the shutout loss.

In the loss, Oakland was held to 77 total yards of offense (fewest since 1961), three first downs (tied for the NFL’s third fewest since 1970), and 14:45 time of possession (second lowest since 1991).

Week 10: vs. Carolina Panthers

Hoping to rebound from their shutout loss to the Falcons, the Raiders stayed at home for a Week 10 interconference duel with the Carolina Panthers. With QB JaMarcus Russell recovering from an injury, back-up QB Andrew Walter was given the start.

In the first quarter, Oakland trailed early as Panthers QB Jake Delhomme completed a 3-yard TD pass to WR Muhsin Muhammad. In the second quarter, the Raiders continued to trail as RB DeAngelo Williams got a 69-yard TD run. In the third quarter, Oakland got on the board with kicker Sebastian Janikowski getting a 38-yard and a 45-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, Carolina sealed the win with kicker John Kasay nailing a 32-yard field goal.

With the loss, the Raiders fell to 2–7. This was also the Raiders’ 300th franchise loss.

On a positive note, Janikowski's two field goals helped him surpass George Blanda and become the franchise's all-time career points leader with 865 points.

Week 11: at Miami Dolphins

Hoping to rebound from their three-game losing streak, the Raiders flew to Dolphin Stadium for a Week 11 duel with the Miami Dolphins. In the first quarter, Oakland trailed early as Dolphins WR Ted Ginn Jr. got a 40-yard TD run. In the second quarter, the Raiders responded with kicker Sebastian Janikowski getting a 21-yard field goal. In the third quarter, Oakland started to catch up as DE Jay Richardson sacked QB Chad Pennington in his own endzone for a safety. Miami would answer with RB Patrick Cobbs getting a 10-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the Raiders took the lead as Janikowski got a 37-yard field goal, along with WR Johnnie Lee Higgins returning a punt 93 yards for a touchdown. However, the Dolphins sealed Oakland's fate as kicker Dan Carpenter nailed a 38-yard field goal.

With the loss, the Raiders fell to 2–8.

Week 12: at Denver Broncos

Trying to snap a four-game losing streak, the Raiders flew to Invesco Field at Mile High for a Week 12 AFC West rematch with the Denver Broncos. After a scoreless first quarter, Oakland drew first blood with kicker Sebastian Janikowski getting a 26-yard field goal. The Broncos would respond with kicker Matt Prater getting a 44-yard field goal. The Raiders would close out the half as WR Johnnie Lee Higgins returned a punt 89 yards for a touchdown.

In the third quarter, Denver tied the game with FB Peyton Hillis getting a 6-yard TD run. Oakland would reply with rookie RB Darren McFadden getting a 1-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the Raiders pulled away as QB JaMarcus Russell completed a 4-yard TD pass to former Broncos WR Ashley Lelie, while McFadden got another 1-yard TD run.

With the upset win, Oakland improved to 3–8.

Week 13: vs. Kansas City Chiefs

Coming off their upset road win over the Broncos, the Raiders went home for a Week 13 AFC West rematch with the Kansas City Chiefs. In the first quarter, Oakland struck first as kicker Sebastian Janikowski got a 25-yard field goal. The Chiefs would respond with kicker Connor Barth getting a 38-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Kansas City took the lead as CB Maurice Leggett returned a fumble from a trick play on a field goal attempt 67 yards for a touchdown. In the third quarter, Oakland responded with RB Justin Fargas getting a 1-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the Chiefs replied with RB Larry Johnson getting a 2-yard TD run, along with Barth making a 27-yard field goal. The Raiders tried to come back as Janikowski nailed a 51-yard field goal, but Kansas City's defense was too much to overcome.

With the loss, Oakland fell to 3–9.

Week 14: vs. San Diego Chargers

Hoping to rebound from their home loss to the Chiefs, the Raiders flew to Qualcomm Stadium for a Week 14 AFC West rematch with the San Diego Chargers.  In the first quarter, Oakland trailed early as Chargers kicker Nate Kaeding getting a 20-yard field goal, along with RB LaDainian Tomlinson getting a 3-yard TD run.  The Raiders continued to trail as QB Philip Rivers completed an 8-yard TD pass to RB Darren Sproles and a 59-yard TD pass to WR Vincent Jackson, while Kaeding got a 39-yard field goal.  Oakland responded with CB Justin Miller returning a kickoff 98 yards for a touchdown.  After a scoreless third quarter, San Diego pulled away in the fourth quarter as Rivers hooked up with Sproles again on an 18-yard TD pass.

With the loss, not only did the Raiders fall to 3–10, but they also suffered their sixth-straight 10-loss season.

Week 15: vs. New England Patriots

Week 16: vs. Houston Texans

Hoping to rebound from their loss to the Patriots, the Raiders stayed at home for a Week 16 duel with the Houston Texans.  Oakland would get the early lead in the first quarter as quarterback JaMarcus Russell completed a 20-yard touchdown pass to rookie wide receiver Chaz Schilens.  The Texans would respond with fullback Vonta Leach getting a 1-yard touchdown run, yet the Raiders would answer with kicker Sebastian Janikowski getting a 33-yard and a 30-yard field goal.  Houston would tie the game in the second quarter with kicker Kris Brown getting a 53-yard and a 24-yard field goal.

Oakland would take the lead in the third quarter with wide receiver Johnnie Lee Higgins catching a 29-yard touchdown pass from Russell, followed up by an 80-yard punt return for a touchdown.  The Texans tried to rally in the fourth quarter as Brown nailed a 40-yard field goal, yet the Raiders' defense would shut down any possible attempt.

With the win, Oakland improved to 4–11.

Week 17: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers

After a scoreless first quarter Oakland scored on a 3-yd TD run by second year running back Michael Bush who finished the game with 27 rushes for 177 yards. After a touchdown by both teams the Bucs scored 17 unanswered points to take a 24–14 lead in the fourth quarter but a 12-yd touchdown pass from quarterback JaMarcus Russell to wide receiver Johnnie Lee Higgins and a 67-yard run by running back Michael Bush gave the Raiders a 28–24 lead. on the Bucs’ next drive Jeff Garcia threw an interception to safety Rashad Baker. After a goal line stand by the Bucs defense the Raiders scored a 25-yd field goal via kicker Sebastian Janikowski to gain a 7-point lead. On the next drive the first career sack by rookie defensive end Greyson Gunheims ended the game. The Raiders this ended their season on a 2-game winning streak and finish their season with a 5–11 record; the best since they also went 5–11 in 2004. The Raiders also knocked the Buccaneers out of Playoff contention. Interim head coach Tom Cable was named permanent head coach February 4, 2009.

Following the conclusion of the 2008 season the Oakland Raiders were identified as the “Coach Killers” of the NFL. Following losses to the Raiders during the season, Jon Gruden of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Herm Edwards of the Kansas City Chiefs, Eric Mangini of the New York Jets and Mike Shanahan of the Denver Broncos were all let go from their respective franchises. Gary Kubiak of the Texans was the only head coach to lose to the Oakland Raiders in the 2008 season and keep his job.

Notes

References

Oakland Raiders seasons
Raiders
Oakland
Oakland


Blye () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


The Revenge Tour was a concert tour by Kiss in support of the band's studio album Revenge.

Background
It was the first tour with drummer Eric Singer, replacing Eric Carr who died of cancer on November 24, 1991. Singer had previously performed with Paul Stanley's solo tour and was seen as a 'natural choice' according to Gene Simmons.

Kiss began the tour with a leg of club shows in North America. During the European leg of the tour in the United Kingdom, the stage set from the Hot in the Shade Tour was used. During the show at Cardiff National Ice Rink on May 20, 1992, a pyro cue for "Heaven's on Fire" caused £30,000 worth of damage to the ceiling.

For the North American arena tour, the stage featured a giant 41-foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty in front of a large Kiss logo wall. Halfway through the show during "War Machine", the statue's face crumbled to reveal its skull. Afterward, its right arm and torch crumbled down before its skeleton hand gave the finger, which some audiences took personally. The shows would also include strippers during the song "Take It Off". The stage was hauled by six to ten semi haulers while the replica of the Statue of Liberty had to fit into three trucks.

Due to poor ticket sales, the tour had to be shortened. There was a show set to take place in Spokane on December 13, but had been canceled due to weather affecting the band's travel between shows. The shows in Cleveland, Detroit and Indianapolis were recorded by Eddie Kramer for the Alive III live album.

In the tour program for the band's final tour, Simmons reflected on the tour:

Setlists
These are example setlists performed from one show on the tour, but may not represent the majority of the shows performed.

North American club and European legs
 "Love Gun"
 "Deuce"
 "Heaven's on Fire"
 "Parasite"
 "Shout It Out Loud"
 "Strutter"
 "Calling Dr. Love"
 "I Was Made For Lovin' You"
 "Unholy"
 "100,000 Years"
 "Take It Off"
 "God of Thunder"
 "Lick It Up"
 "Firehouse"
 "Tears Are Falling"
 "I Love It Loud"
 "I Stole Your Love"
 "Cold Gin"
 "Detroit Rock City"
 "I Want You"
 "God Gave Rock 'n' Roll to You II"
 "Rock And Roll All Nite"

North American arena leg
 "Creatures of the Night"
 "Deuce"
 "I Just Wanna"
 "Unholy"
 "Parasite"
 "Heaven's on Fire"
 "Domino"
 "Watchin' You"
 "Hotter Than Hell"
 "Firehouse"
 "I Want You"
 "Forever"
 "War Machine"
 "Rock and Roll All Nite"
 "Lick It Up"
 "Take It Off"
 "Strutter"
 "I Love It Loud"
 "Detroit Rock City"
 "Shout It Out Loud"
 "God Gave Rock 'n' Roll to You II"
 "Love Gun"
 "Star Spangled Banner"

Tour dates

Personnel
 Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar
 Gene Simmons – vocals, bass
 Bruce Kulick – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Eric Singer – drums, backing vocals

Additional musician
 Derek Sherinian – keyboards

References

1992 concert tours
Kiss (band) concert tours


Euphorbia pekinensis, the Peking spurge, is a flowering plant native to Asia.

Medicinal uses
It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called dàjǐ ().

See also
Chinese herbology 50 fundamental herbs

References

External links
Euphorbia pekinensis (Google Images)

Medicinal plants of Asia
Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
pekinensis


The Dălghiu is a left tributary of the river Buzău in Romania. It discharges into the Buzău upstream from Vama Buzăului. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Brașov County


The first of the International Mathematical Olympiads (IMOs) was held in Romania in 1959. The oldest of the International Science Olympiads, the IMO has since been held annually, except in 1980. That year, the competition initially planned to be held in Mongolia was cancelled due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Because the competition was initially founded for Eastern European countries participating in the Warsaw Pact, under the influence of the Eastern Bloc, the earlier IMOs were hosted only in Eastern European countries, gradually spreading to other nations. Sources differ about the cities hosting some of the early IMOs and the exact dates when they took place.

The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. Seven countries entered – Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union – with the hosts finishing as the top-ranked nation. The number of participating countries has since risen: 14 countries took part in 1969, 50 in 1989, and 104 in 2009.

North Korea is the only country to have been caught cheating, resulting in its disqualification at the 32nd IMO in 1991 and the 51st IMO in 2010. In January 2011, Google gave €1 million to the IMO organization to help cover the costs of the events from 2011 to 2015.

List of Olympiads

See also
Asian Pacific Mathematics Olympiad
Provincial Mathematical Olympiad
List of mathematics competitions
List of International Mathematical Olympiad participants

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
Official IMO site
International Mathematical Olympiad Info Page at Mathematical Association of America

International Mathematical Olympiad


This is a list of airlines currently operating in Israel.

Scheduled airlines

International and domestic

Domestic

Cargo

See also
 List of defunct airlines of Israel
 List of airports in Israel
 List of defunct airlines of Asia
 List of airlines

Israel
Airlines
Airlines
Israel


Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a medical inflammatory condition of the eye. The condition presents itself as a necrotizing retinitis. The inflammation onset is due to certain herpes viruses, varicella zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).

People with the condition usually display redness of the eye, white or off-white colored patches that are patches of retinal necrosis. ARN can progress into other conditions such as uveitis, detachment of the retina, and ultimately can lead to blindness.

The disease was first characterized in 1971, in Japan. Akira Urayama and his colleagues had six patients whose cases showed signs of acute necrotizing retinitis, retinal arteritis, choroiditis, and late-onset retinal detachment. The combination of the conditions was given the name acute retinal necrosis. The first reports of ARN came about in 1971. It is unclear whether it was previously just reported as something else. Urayama and his colleagues reported the disease that they saw in six Japanese patients. Since then the disease has been seen in patient's with AIDS, children, and people who are immunocompromised. In 1978, Young and Bird named the disease when presented in both eyes, Bilateral Acute Retinal Necrosis, otherwise known as BARN.

Signs and symptoms
Patients with ARN typically present
 floaters
 redness of the eye
 flashes
 decreased sharpness of vision
 photophobia.
Though uncommon, some patients may experience pain. Most patients will only experience this in one eye (unilateral), though possible for the condition to be seen in both (bilateral, BARN). If the first eye is left without treatment, some cases have shown the disease progressing to the other eye in a month's time. Further progressed stages of the disease can cause blindness in the eye experiencing ARN. Though the disease may be present itself, the inflammation of the retina may not been visualized for decades after the initial signs.

Causes
ARN is associated with people who have latent herpes viruses that have been reactivated.  The most common causes of the disease have been linked to VZV, HSV-1, HSV-2, and CMV respectively.

ARN cases have been reported in patients who have AIDS, are immunocompromised and in children. The disease is not limited to a specific gender. Most cases have been reported in young adults though children and the elderly can be affected.

Specific genetic markers in Caucasians in the United States have shown elevated risk for disease development (HLA-DQw7 and Bw62, DR4) as well as HLA-Aw33, B44, and DRw6 in the Japanese population.

Pathophysiology
ARN presentation in individuals can be characterized by two separate phases as listed below.

Acute Herpetic Phase
The acute herpetic phase is characterized by when viral particles infiltrate the retina and vitreous causing an inflammatory reaction. Together, the viral particles and mononuclear cells in the vitreous cause the retina to become opaque. In response to all this, lymphocytes and plasma cells diffuse into the vitreous as well.

Late Cicatricial Phase
The late cicatricial phase of ARN includes changes in the way the vitreous is organized due to the cellular infiltration seen in the previous phase. In the vitreous and on top of the thinned necrotic retina, contractile membranes may form. If left untreated, 50 to 75% of patients with ARN will experience detachment of their retina in the affected eye.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of ARN is outlined by the American Uveitis Society. Though most diagnoses of ARN are made by clinical features, a physician may take a vitreous sample and have it tested for herpes markers. Common lab tests that are run on the sample include a viral culture, viral PCR, direct/indirect immunofluorescence, viral antibody measurement.

The American Uveitis Society has established the following guidelines for ARN diagnosis:
 Retinal necrosis with one or more focus points borders in the peripheral retina
 In the absence of antiviral treatment, the condition progresses rapidly
 Spreading to the surroundings
 Buildup of blood vessels
 Inflammation of the vitreous.

Prevention
While there is no prevention for ARN, exposing a patient to antiviral agents in the earlier phases of the outbreak tend to decrease the duration of the active phase of the disease. Taking antiviral agents after the issue is resolved seems to lessen the chance of it spreading to the other eye.

Treatment

Medication
Currently treatment of ARN consists of antiviral therapy administered orally. Typical antiviral agents used include famciclovir, valganciclovir, and valacyclovir. While on these medications, a patient's kidney function should be watched. Some physician's also may administer the antiviral agents via intravitreal delivery. Though controversial, some physicians administer steroids (prednisone) and antithrombotic therapy (aspirin).

Some commonly administered antiviral agents are as follows:
 Acyclovir
 Famciclovir
 Valacyclovir
 Gancicilovir
 Valganciclovir

Research
In a study done published by the British Journal of Ophthalmology, the cases of ARN/BARN reported in 2001-2002 in the UK, Varicella Zoster Virus was the most common culprit for the disease and presented mostly in men than in women.

Researchers have also looked at two cases of ARN in patients who have been diagnosed with an immunodeficiency virus. The disease presented itself more so in the outer retina until it progressed far enough to then affect the inner retina. The patients were not so responsive to the antiviral agents given to them through an IV, acyclovir specifically. The cases progressed to retinal detachment. The patients tested positive for the herpes virus. Researchers are now wondering if this type of ARN is specific to those who have the immunodeficiency virus.

See also
 Cytomegalovirus retinitis
 Progressive outer retinal necrosis

References

External links

Disorders of choroid and retina
Varicella zoster virus-associated diseases
Herpes simplex virus–associated diseases


Oleg Velyky (, Oleh Welykyj) (14 October 1977 – 23 January 2010) was a Ukrainian and German handball player. He was a World champion 2007 with the German national team; he was on the team roster, but did not play because of an injury.

Velyky was born in Brovary, Ukraine. He became a German citizen in April 2004. He participated on the German team which finished 4th at the 2008 European Men's Handball Championship.

Club player
Velyky won the EHF Cup in 2005 with the club TUSEM Essen and played for the Rhein-Neckar Löwn and HSV Handball.

Family
Velyky was married to Kataryna and had one son.

Health
He ruptured his cruciate ligament twice, first in 2006 and again in 2008, and sprained his foot in 2007. His health problems limited his international career to the World Championships in 2005 and one game in the 2008 European Championships.

In September 2003, he was diagnosed with a melanoma; it was in remission until the disease returned in March 2008, and caused his death in Kyiv, aged 32, in January 2010.

References

External links

1977 births
2010 deaths
People from Brovary
Deaths from cancer in Ukraine
Deaths from melanoma
Handball-Bundesliga players with retired numbers
Ukrainian male handball players
German male handball players
Naturalized citizens of Germany
Ukrainian emigrants to Germany
Sportspeople from Kyiv Oblast


The Union of Forces for Democracy and Development–Fundamental (UFDD–F) is one of the rebel groups fighting in the war in Chad. It is led by Abdelwahid Aboud Mackaye.

References

Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)
Rebel groups in Chad


The list of shipwrecks in 1894 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during 1894.

According to the American newspapers of 1894, the winter and spring storms of December 1893 to April 1894 proved to be one of the most disastrous for the United States, particularly the Cape Cod area, since 1860. The eastern seaboard of the continent had already faced a fierce hurricane season in 1893 when over 2,000 people died.

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26 August

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29 August

30 August

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September

3 September

7 September

8 September

9 September

10 September

11 September

12 September

13 September

16 September

17 September

18 September

22 September

23 September

25 September

26 September

27 September

28 September

Unknown date

October

1 October

6 October

7 October

8 October

10 October

11 October

12 October

13 October

20 October

21 October

24 October

25 October

27 October

28 October

29 October

31 October

Unknown date

November

2 November

3 November

4 November

5 November

6 November

8 November

12 November

13 November

16 November

18 November

19 November

22 November

23 November

24 November

26 November

27 November

29 November

30 November

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December

1 December

3 December

5 December

7 December

8 December

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12 December

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17 December

22 December

27 December

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31 December

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References

See also

1894


The Elements of Life World Tour was a Tiësto tour in support of his album Elements of Life.

The concept behind his latest album Elements of Life also formed the basis for his global 'Elements of Life World Tour'. The show featured state-of-the-art special effects, moving water systems synchronized with the music and high-definition video screens. 3 trucks were needed to transport this set-up across the world. The tour was captured in the 'Elements of Life World Tour DVD'.

South and Latin America brought some of the biggest crowds on his January and February South American leg of the tour. On January 7, Tiesto played to a crowd of 200,000 people in the streets of Ipanema Beach in Rio de Janeiro. On February 16, 2008 he played in India at the Gachibowli Stadium, Hyderabad, which was his first show in South Asia.

Notable events

Terrorist threat
In late May 2007 the international DJ scene was in a state of alarm after a Lebanese site, Ya Libnan, announced that Dutch DJ Tiësto would be targeted by the radical Islamist group Fatah al-Islam. There were allegedly plans to kill DJ Tiësto during his DJ set in Byblos on Monday July 2 at the Eddé Sands Hotel & Resort. This announcement was later retracted as spurious and based on rumours. Tiësto completed the Byblos gig which turned out to be a huge success and according to Ya Libnan it has "officially become the biggest event in Lebanon's history" breaking the venue's previous record of 16,000 by several thousand – at 2 a.m. the Eddé Sands beach and the neighbouring beach had reached maximum capacity and thousands had to be turned away having to watch from nearby roads and surrounding areas, at this party 18,000 people bought the tickets to watch the concert. In the meantime 23,000 people were outside the zone hearing and dancing on the streets, the people were standing at the last place that the sound can be heard and dancing on the new album Elements Of Life his newest success.

Bahrain incident
On July 4, 2007, Tiësto failed to show up at his scheduled Elements of Life tour concert in Bahrain's capital Manama. Without prior warning, the DJ left a crowd of over 3000 fans waiting until the closing hours. Ticket prices went up to $250, and fans from across the region flew in to Bahrain just to attend the concert. The concert was clearly scheduled on his website, and tickets were still being sold until the last moment by local organizers Prime Time Entertainment and promoter Ayman Al Hamad. Apparently, Tiësto waited until the final hours to get paid in full by the organizers prior to his performance, but according to Tiësto himself they never did. Shortly before closing moments, the crowd started rioting demanding Tiësto's appearance, which forced the local police to intervene. On July 6 Tiësto provided an explanation of what had happened on his website:

Later, promoter Ayman Al Hamad told Bahrain's Gulf Daily News newspaper that Tiësto was very stupid for the statements he provided on his website, and that he believes that the DJ refused to perform because he was expecting more than 3000 fans to show up at his debut in Bahrain. Ayman also said that the DJ was offered the full payment in parts of different currencies, but refused to receive part of the payment in Bahraini Dinar because Tiësto was not willing to recognize it as a valid currency. Al Hamad strongly refuses Tiësto claim that there was nobody to transport him from his hotel to the venue: "Even if I didn't have a car for him any of the fans would be happy to offer one of theirs." He has announced that legal action will be taken against Tiësto and is also urging witnesses who took photographs or videos of the melee to come forward to assist the ongoing investigation into what did in fact take place. According to the news article Prime Time Entertainment had paid Tiësto 18,000 euros in advance to cover his private jet expenses.

Winnipeg bomb threat
On August 23, 2007, during the Winnipeg stop on Tiësto's Elements of Life tour concert in Manitoba's capital Winnipeg, a bomb threat was called in to local authorities, prompting an immediate shut down of the concert in the middle of Tiësto's set. Amid fears that a riot would ensue, the Winnipeg Police Department dispatched over 20 cruisers from around the city to control the crowd. The crowd did not turn violent despite fears they would and the party continued outside when local buskers began to play. The building was searched and cleared and Tiësto resumed his set around 1 am.

Tour dates

See also
 Elements of Life
 Elements of Life World Tour (DVD)
 Elements of Life: Remixed

References

External links

2007 concert tours
2008 concert tours
Tiësto concert tours

es:Elements of Life#Elements of Life World Tour 2007-2008


"Revolution (In the Summertime?)" is a song by the Scottish rock band Cosmic Rough Riders. Released in 2001, it was one of two Top 40 hits for the band that year, along with "The Pain Inside".

Track listing
 "Revolution (In the Summertime?)"
 "Move Along"
 "The Gun Isn't Loaded" (live)
Poptones MC5047SCD

References

Songs about revolutions
2001 singles
2000 songs


Jack Mendelsohn (November 8, 1926 – January 25, 2017) was an American writer-artist who worked in animation, comic strips and comic books. An Emmy-nominated television comedy writer and story editor, he had numerous credits as a TV scripter, including Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, Three's Company, The Carol Burnett Show and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Among his work for feature films, he was a co-screenwriter of Yellow Submarine (1968). In 2004, the Animation Writers Caucus of the Writers Guild gave him a Lifetime Achievement Award.

Personal life

His father was an agent for cartoonist-animator Winsor McCay, and during Mendelsohn's childhood in Brooklyn, he was an avid reader of cartoonist Stan MacGovern's off-beat New York Post comic strip, Silly Milly, an obvious influence on Mendelsohn's cartoon style. Dropping out of high school, Mendelsohn joined the Navy and after World War II, he contributed gag cartoons to The Saturday Evening Post and other magazines.

Mark Evanier reported Jack Mendelsohn died of lung cancer on the evening of January 25, 2017.

Jackys Diary
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, while living in Mexico City, he wrote and drew his innovative comic strip, Jackys Diary. It began January 11, 1959, continuing until 1961. The Sunday-only strip is regarded by many comics buffs as one of King Features most novel and clever humor strips. In Toonopedia, Don Markstein wrote:
It purported to be the hand-illustrated, hand-written diary of a young boy, supposedly Mendelsohn himself in his extreme youth. Thus, it was both written and illustrated as though by a small child—which is not as easy to do as some who have had the misfortune of growing up might think. Week after week, Mendelsohn described trips to the circus, fishing expeditions, visits to members of his extended family, and all sorts of other adventures kids have, in a style simulating that of an actual kid—except, of course, for the fact that it was professionally rendered in every way. Unfortunately, professional work is sometimes best recognized by another professional, or at least by someone who knows what to look for—or at the very least, by someone who could see that this was a spoof, and that childishness was a schtick and not a natural state for Mendelsohn. King Features received complaints from those who didn't "get" it and thought the company was publishing the work of an actual child—or, in the case of those who noticed the byline ("by Jacky Mendelsohn, age ") by an adult whose abilities hadn't progressed since childhood. Often, parents, mistaking the strip's intent, would encourage their own children to send in submissions to what they thought was a kids' participation feature. But that's not why it folded quickly, Mendelsohn said in a later interview. It's simply that a Sunday-only comic is more expensive to produce than a daily, and King just couldn't afford it anymore.

An apostrophe was added to the strip's title when it was reprinted by Dell Comics as Jacky's Diary. Beginning June 2010, Jackys Diary was carried by King Features' DailyINK, but it was dropped from the DailyINK line-up in 2012. DailyINK's Archivist explained, "Unfortunately, we no longer have the rights to publish the strip."

The complete run of the strip was released as a hardcover book in 2014 by IDW Publishing.

Mendelsohn ghostwrote for other comic strips, and he also wrote for comic books, notably as a contributor to EC Comics' Panic. In 2014, Mendelsohn received the Bill Finger Award.

Screenwriting credits
 series head writer denoted in bold

Television
Beetle Bailey (1963)
The Beatles (1965-1967)
George of the Jungle (1967)
The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show (1967)
Rowan %26 Martin's Laugh-In (1968-1969)
The Jim Nabors Hour (1969-1970)
Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1969-1972)
Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down (1970)
Groovie Goolies (1970)
The Carol Burnett Show (1970-1971)
The Funky Phantom (1971)
The Roman Holidays (1972)
The Flintstone Comedy Hour (1972)
The Addams Family (1973)
Speed Buggy (1973)
The New Scooby-Doo Movies (1973)
Yogi%27s Gang (1973)
Hong Kong Phooey (1974)
Partridge Family 2200 A.D. (1974)
Shazam! (1974)
The Great Grape Ape Show (1975)
Chico and the Man (1975-1976)
Doc (1976)
Wonderbug (1976-1977)
Carter Country (1977)
The Skatebirds (1977)
Wonder Wheels (1977-1978)
Three%27s Company (1978-1979)
Hello, Larry (1979-1980)
The Flintstone Comedy Show (1980)
Richie Rich (1981)
The Love Boat (1982)
Meatballs %26 Spaghetti (1982)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (1983)
Paw Paws (1986)
Dennis the Menace (1986)
Beverly Hills Teens (1987)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987-1993): season 1-7 head writer
Camp Candy (1989-1990)
Barnyard Commandos (1990)
Toxic Crusaders (1991)
James Bond Jr. (1991-1992)
Taz-Mania (1993)
The New Adventures of Zorro (1997)
The Fantastic Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor (1998)
Ultimate Book of Spells (2001)
Clifford the Big Red Dog (2002)
Gadget %26 the Gadgetinis (2003)

Film
Yellow Submarine (1968)
The Adventures of Robin Hoodnik (1972)
Gallavants (1984)
Sweet Sea (1985)

Sources
 Province, John. "Jack of All Trades," interview in Hogan's Alley #10 (pages 76–84), Summer 2002.

References

External links
Al Brodax Interview, March 6, 1994

1926 births
2017 deaths
American comics writers
American comics artists
American male screenwriters
Bill Finger Award winners
Deaths from lung cancer
American male television writers
EC Comics
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Deaths from cancer in the United States


Bureau Nigérien du Droit d'Auteur (BNDA) is the Niger office that manages copyright under the technical supervision of the Ministry of Culture and under the financial supervision of the Ministry of Finance.  The director is Ganda Tahirou.

It became a member of the International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers on October 15, 1997.

External links
 Website

Government of Niger
Law of Niger
Copyright collection societies


Herman Le Compte (April 26, 1929, in Aalst – January 3, 2008, in Knokke) was a Belgian physician and gerontologist.

Biography
Known across his native Flanders as the "Vitamin Doctor," Le Compte became famous during the 1960s with a series of books and TV shows dedicated to health and aging. He claimed that vitamins and yeast would increase longevity, and called for elders taking a more active role in society. His claims led to a lifelong ban by the Belgian medical association.

Despite the ban, he continued to practise medicine leading to his arrest.
After a two-decade legal fight he was vindicated by the ECHR and legally allowed to practise again.

Le Compte died in his sleep of a heart attack on January 3, 2008, in Knokke, Belgium.

Bibliography
 Herman Le Compte: Qui Encore a Peur de Moi? Le Credo du Herman Le Compte., Banana Press 1973
 Herman Le Compte: Het is niet nodig gek te zijn, maar het kan helpen, Gottmer 1974,
 Herman Le Compte: Wir Kinder des Methusalem: Alters-Chancen der jungen Gesellschaft,  Econ-Verlag 1978, , ab 1980 als Lizenzausgabe bei Droemer-Knaur,
 Herman Le Compte, Pia Pervenche: So lebt man länger nach Dr LeComptes Erfolgsmethode : vital und gesund bis ins hohe Alter, Falken-Verlag 1982,

References

External links

Belgian gerontologists
Medical controversies in Belgium
People convicted for health fraud
1929 births
2008 deaths
People from Aalst, Belgium
20th-century Belgian physicians


The O'Reilly Foundation is a personal charitable trust set up in 1998 by media magnate, and former CEO of Heinz, Sir Anthony "Tony" O'Reilly. Its stated function is the funding of educational projects; the two main work areas in its active period were funding of capital developments at Irish colleges, and an annual post-graduate scholarship programme for young people normally resident in Ireland, with the aim of "supporting charitable endeavours for the betterment of Ireland and to promote excellence, global vision, community responsibility and leadership."

Governance and staffing
General authority is vested in a board of trustees including, from the beginning, O'Reilly's wife  Chryss Goulandris, Lady O'Reilly, as chairperson, plus his six children from his first marriage: Susan Wildman, Cameron O'Reilly, Justine O'Reilly, Gavin O'Reilly,  Caroline Dempsey, and Tony O'Reilly, Junior.

The oversight of the postgraduate scholarship scheme was vested in the Scholarship Board, first chaired by the economist T. K. Whitaker, and subsequently by former Registrar of University College Dublin, Professor Emeritus John Kelly.

The Foundation has just one staff member, an executive secretary.

Capital projects
The Foundation made a major contribution in May 2000 to complete funding of the 50% privately funded €22.2 million new library building for Dublin City University, later named "The John and Aileen O'Reilly Library" in honour of Dr. O'Reilly's parents.

Scholarship Programme

Sponsorship
The programme, which began in 1999, provided awards of around 25,400 euro annually.  In most years, two Scholars were nominated, for two years each, but in some years, there were three Scholars, and in some years, there could be a Scholar with a one-year award. The Foundation sponsored scholars who have an excellent academic record (First Class Honours - in the Irish / British systems - preferred) and who "have demonstrated leadership qualities", as well as the "potential and desire to make a significant contribution to the future of Ireland" .

The scholarships were stated to be chiefly aimed at Ph.D. candidates but have in fact been awarded for a wide range of types of student.  Certain disciplines were noted as preferences, namely Business Studies and Marketing, Science and Technology, Arts, Media Studies and Law.

Alumni
Over the first eleven years, or as the official website calls them, "cycles", of the programme, there were 26 awards made. Among the awardees were:
 Ruth Gilligan, 11th cycle, commencing 2009, BA in English Literature at Cambridge University, to be followed by a Masters in Creative Writing at a US university

Suspension of new awards, 2009
After 11 cycles, the Trustees decided to invite no applications and make no award in 2009, pending a review of the work of the Programme to date by the Board of Trustees, with inputs from the Scholarship Board.

References

External links
 The O'Reilly Foundation website (primarily on the Scholarship Programme)

Educational foundations
Scholarships in the United States


Xu Yuanyuan (; born March 8, 1981) is a Chinese WGM-titled chess player.

Chess career
In 1995 Xu won the World U14 Girls Chess Championship held in São Lourenço, Minas Gerais, Brazil. In October 1997 she won the World U16 Girls Chess Championship in Yerevan, and in 2000, also in Yerevan, she won the World Junior Girls U-20 Championship by a large margin – she began with seven consecutive wins and finished with a score of 11/13.

On July 11–21, 2003, Xu won the China Women's National Chess Championship (FIDE Zone 3.3 qualifier) held in Yongchuan District, Chongqing, with a final score of 6.5/9. In November 2003, Xu won the Chinese Women's Individual Chess Championship in Shan Wei with a final score of 8.5/11. In April–May 2004, she came joint third in the Chinese Women's Team Chess Championship in Jinan City.

She used to be the No. 1 ranked girl chess player in the world on the January 2001 Top 20 Girls FIDE rating list. Her highest position on the Top 50 Women FIDE rating list was 25th (also in January 2001).

Xu Yuanyuan's daughter Lu Miaoyi is one of the top rated girls under 13.

Xu Yuanyuan is an official representative of Aigo. "Aigo Chess" is a chess variant created in 2004 by the president of the company. The idea consisted of introducing a piece from Chinese chess called "cannon" into the chess game.

Opening repertoire
Xu Yuanyuan usually opens with white with 1. d4, and replies to it as black with the Slav. With black against 1. e4 she usually plays the Caro-Kann Defence.

See also
Chess in China

References

External links

 FIDE Rating World Top Lists for Xu Yuanyuan

 Chessmetrics Career ratings for: Xu Yuanyuan

1981 births
Living people
Chess woman grandmasters
Chinese female chess players
Chinese chess players
World Youth Chess Champions
World Junior Chess Champions
Chess players from Anhui
People from Hefei


Ahmed Samir Abdel Moneim Aboual Amaim (; born 3 October 1981) is an Egyptian retired footballer. He is currently working as a youth coach for Zamalek SC.

Career
In January 2008, Samir joined Lierse from Egyptian team Haras El-Hodood. Samir was given the shirt number 10. He quickly established himself in Lierse's first team and effectively contributed to Lierse promotion to the Belgian First Division in 2009-10 season.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Egyptian men's footballers
Egyptian expatriate men's footballers
Baladiyat El Mahalla SC players
Zamalek SC players
Haras El Hodoud SC players
Lierse S.K. players
Al Masry SC players
Egyptian Premier League players
Challenger Pro League players
Men's association football fullbacks
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium


Shelby Hearon (January 18, 1931 - December 10, 2016) was an American novelist and short story writer.

Early life
Hearon was born in 1931 in Marion, Kentucky.  She attended the University of Texas at Austin, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1953.

Career
Armadillo in the Grass, her first novel, was begun in 1962 and accepted for publication by Knopf in 1967. Hearon had a teaching career at several colleges, and served on the Texas Commission on the Arts and the New York State Council on the Arts.

Awards and recognition
Hearon has been awarded fiction fellowships from the Ingram Merrill Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts.  She has received the Texas Institute of Letters award twice, and a lifetime achievement award from the Texas Book Festival.  Five of her short stories were awarded NEA/PEN syndication Short Story Prizes and she received a NEA Creative Writing Fellowship. She has also received a New York Women in Communications Award.

Her novel Owning Jolene won an American Academy of Arts and Letters Literature Award.

Bibliography
 Armadillo in the Grass (1968)
 The Second Dune (1973)
 Hannah's House (1975)
 Now and Another Time (1976)
 A Prince of a Fellow (1978)
 Barbara Jordan, a self portrait (1979)
 Painted Dresses (1981)
 Afternoon of a Faun (1983)
 Group Therapy (1984)
 A Small Town (1985)
 500 Scorpions (1986)
 Owning Jolene (1989)
 Hug Dancing (1991)
 Life Estates (1994)
 Footprints (1996)
 Ella in Bloom (2001)
 Year of the Dog (2007)

References

External links
 Shelby Heardon 1931-2016
 A Conversation with...Shelby Hearon from The Borzoi Reader
 "Laying It All Out: Shelby Hearon Makes an Art of the Little White Lie" in the Austin Chronicle
 Hearon's Papers at the Texas State University Library - Southwestern Writers Collection
 Inventory of Hearon's papers at Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin
 Addition to inventory of Hearon's papers at Harry Ransom Center

1931 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
American women short story writers
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Novelists from Kentucky
People from Marion, Kentucky
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
Kentucky women writers


This is a list of nations, as represented by National Olympic Committees (NOCs), that have participated in the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 2020 (held in 2021). As of the 2020 Games, all of the current 206 NOCs have participated in at least two editions of the Olympic Games. Athletes from Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy and Switzerland have competed in all twenty-nine Summer Olympic Games.

History

Early years

Early Games were not clearly documented with respect to participating nations. Competitors from 11 to 16 nations participated in the inaugural 1896 Games, in Athens. Eleven nations (Australia, Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) are mentioned in the official report for the Games, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) states that 14 nations were represented.
The NOCs for Bulgaria and Chile each claim that they were represented by a single athlete in Athens. Other sources also list Egypt, Italy, and the Turkish Empire.

While official report was actually the summary of the sporting events held at the 1900 Exposition Universelle and so can not be considered as reliable source, the IOC states that 24 nations participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, but additional sources list up to 28 nations, with Haiti, Iran, Luxembourg, and Peru being the additions.
The 1904 Games, held in St. Louis were the first Olympics outside of Europe, with very few top-class athletes from outside the North America taking part, and saw the participation of 12 to 15 nations, including a not yet existing Union of South Africa represented by a Boer team of extras from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
Although the Intercalated Games of 1906 are no longer considered official Games of the Olympiad by the IOC, they helped restore the Olympic movement. Participation at subsequent Games grew steadily, with 22 nations in London for 1908 and 28 nations in Stockholm for the 1912 Games.
At these two Games (only), one of the delegations was actually a combined team of athletes from Australia and New Zealand, designated Australasia.
The Games of 1916, planned for Berlin, were cancelled due to World War I.

Inter-war years
After the First World War, the Olympic Games resumed in 1920, in Antwerp. Twenty-nine nations participated, but not Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, or Turkey, none of which were invited because of their roles in the war. Several newly created European states, such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, made their Olympic debut.

The Games grew rapidly for the 1924 Summer Olympics, in Paris, with 44 nations present,
even though Germany was still not invited back to the Games. This situation would change for the 1928 Games where Germany returned to join a total of 46 participating nations.
Competitors from 37 nations travelled to Los Angeles for the 1932 Summer Olympics.
The 1936 Summer Olympics, in Berlin, were attended by 49 nations (a new high) but were highly politicized.
The scheduled Games of 1940 in Tokyo or Helsinki and 1944 in London were each cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

Post-war years and Cold War era

Twelve years after the previous Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, in London, attracted competitors from 59 nations, including 14 that made their Olympic debut; once again, Germany was not invited to take part, and neither was Japan. The 1952 Games, in Helsinki, again set a new high, with 69 nations participating, including the first appearance by the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China and the return of Germany and Japan. The 1956 Summer Olympics, attended by 67 nations in Melbourne, were the first to be marred by a boycott. Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon withdrew in response to the Suez Crisis, and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland withdrew in response to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. Because of Australian quarantine restrictions, the equestrian events were held five months earlier in Stockholm, with a total of 29 participating nations, including five nations that did not compete in Melbourne.

Participation by African and Latin American nations increased significantly during the 1960s. A total of 84 nations were represented at the 1960 Summer Olympics, in Rome, 94 nations at the 1964 Games, in Tokyo, and 112 nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics, in Mexico City.
The 1968 Games also marked the first time that West Germany and East Germany competed as independent teams. For the previous three Olympiads (1956–1964), the two NOCs were jointly represented by a united German team. The 1972 Summer Olympics, in Munich, featured 121 nations, the highest total yet.

The next three Games were each marred by significant boycotts. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, in Montreal, only 92 nations were represented.
Twenty-nine African nations (Ivory Coast and Senegal being the only two exceptions) boycotted the Games because of New Zealand's participation, as New Zealand maintained other sporting relations with apartheid South Africa. The largest Olympic boycott took place at the 1980 Games, in Moscow, when only 80 nations participated. The United States led the boycott in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and were joined by more than 60 other nations. In response, the 1984 Summer Olympics, in Los Angeles, were boycotted by the Soviet Union and their allies, yet a total of 140 nations did participate.
The 1988 Games, in Seoul, marked a new high, with 160 participating nations.

Recent Games
Several events in the 1990s led to a large increase in participating nations at the Olympic Games. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Baltic states competed as independent nations for the first time since 1936 at the 1992 Games, in Barcelona.
The remaining twelve ex-republics of the Soviet Union competed together as the Unified Team for these Games. A single German team competed for the first time since 1964, after the German reunification in 1990, while the breakup of Yugoslavia resulted in the Olympic debut of new nations.

The Centennial Olympics, in Atlanta, were attended by athletes from 197 nations, including 24 nations making their Summer Games debut. Czechoslovakia had split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and all ex-Soviet republics competed as independent nations. The Games continued to grow, with 199 nations represented in Sydney, for the 2000 Summer Games, and 201 nations in Athens, for the 2004 Summer Olympics.

A record number of nations (204) were represented at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with Marshall Islands and Tuvalu making their Olympic debut. After competing together as Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, Serbia and Montenegro sent independent teams to Beijing. Only Brunei failed to participate in the Games, after failing to register any athletes for competition.
The 2012 Games in London increased this record to 206 nations, even though only 204 NOCs were represented. Brunei returned to the Games, but athletes from the former Netherlands Antilles competed as Independent Olympic Athletes, after the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 as a consequence of the dissolution of the Caribbean country. One athlete from South Sudan also competed as an independent athlete, since the nation had not yet formed a National Olympic Committee after its independence in 2011.

A further increase occurred in the 2016 Summer Olympics, with 206 nations represented: South Sudanese athletes were able to compete under their nation's flag and Kosovo made their debut as an independent team. There was also a team made up of refugees, made up of athletes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, South Sudan and Syria who had fled their home countries and could not compete under their home NOC.

Despite the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the 2020 Summer Olympics in 2021 also had 206 teams represented, with only North Korea boycotting. However, the Russian Olympic Committee was banned, and Russian athletes competed as independent athletes with no national flag and anthem, due to doping sanctions.

List of nations

Description
This list includes all 206 current NOCs, 21 obsolete NOCs and 3 other entries, arranged alphabetically. The three-letter country code is also listed for each NOC. Since the 1960s, these codes have been frequently used by the IOC and each Games organizing committee to identify NOCs, such as within the official report of each Games. However, in this section, several countries uses long-form names designated by the United Nations uses short form common names such as for example: Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic), North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), and Moldova (Republic of Moldova).

Several nations have changed during their Olympic history. Name changes due to geographical renaming are explained by footnotes after the nation's name, and other notes are explained by footnotes linked within the table itself.

Obsolete nations
Obsolete nations are included in the table to more clearly illustrate past Olympic appearances for their successor nations.
ANZ. In the 1908 and 1912 Games, athletes from Australia and New Zealand competed together as a single team, designated Australasia (ANZ).
ROC. The Republic of China (ROC) was designated as China from 1932 to 1948, representing all of China (including Taiwan at the 1948 Games). After the Chinese Civil War, Taiwan participated using the Republic of China designation in 1956, 1960, and 1972.
BOH, TCH. Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia after World War I, athletes from Bohemia (BOH) (now part of the present-day Czech Republic) competed in 1900, 1908, and 1912. Czechoslovakia (TCH) participated in 1920–1992, from 1996 represented by two successor NOCs of Czech Republic (CZE) and Slovakia (SVK).
SAA, EUA, FRG, GDR. Due to the partition of Germany after World War II, Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games—Germany and the Saar (SAA). The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany in 1956, and Saar athletes then competed for Germany. East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team, as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted "provisional" recognition by the IOC in 1955. For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a United Team of Germany (GER), representing the National Olympic Committees of both East Germany and West Germany. Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team. After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG) participated as two distinct teams at the Games of 1968–1988.
MAL, NBO. Prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, athletes from Malaya (MAL) competed at the 1956 Games and 1960 Games, and athletes from North Borneo (NBO) competed at the 1956 Games.
AHO. The NOC of the Netherlands Antilles (AHO) was recognized by the IOC from 1950 until 2011 upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.
RU1, URS, EUN, ROC. The Russian Empire (RU1) participated in three Games prior to World War I. Soviet Union (URS) participated at the Games of 1952–1988. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the fifteen ex-republics of the Soviet Union were all represented at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania participated as independent teams, and the other twelve nations participated as a combined Unified Team (EUN). Since 1996 they are represented by fifteen successor NOCs. Russian athletes competed as the Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) at the 2020 Summer Olympics due to doping-related sanctions.
YUG, IOP, SCG. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) participated as Yugoslavia (YUG) in five Games before the Second World War. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia also participated using the Yugoslavia (YUG) designation, for all Games between 1948–1988. Because of United Nations sanctions in Security Council Resolution 757, athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) competed as Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) at the 1992 Games. They were not permitted to compete in team sports such as basketball, handball, or water polo, and the Olympic flag was used in medal ceremonies. Athletes from the Republic of Macedonia also competed as Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) at the 1992 Games because their NOC had not been formed. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later State Union of Serbia and Montenegro), consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, participated at the Games of 1996 and 2000 as Yugoslavia (YUG), and at the Games of 2004 as Serbia and Montenegro (SCG). In 2008 and 2012, the former republics of Yugoslavia were represented by six successor NOCs. In 2016, the autonomous province of Kosovo, which declared independence in 2008 and is partially recognised as a sovereign state, became the seventh successor NOC.
BWI. Athletes from Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago competed as the British West Indies (BWI) at the 1960 Games. The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958–1962, so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964.
YMD, YAR. Prior to Yemenite unification in 1990, North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) in 1984 and 1988, and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic (YMD) in the 1988 Games.

Other entries
ZZX. Between 1896 and 1904 Olympic Games allowed for individuals in a team, designated later as Mixed teams, to be from different nations.
IOA. Athletes from Timor-Leste competed as Individual Olympic Athletes (IOA) at the 2000 Games. Athletes from the former Netherlands Antilles and South Sudan competed as Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) at the 2012 Games. Athletes from Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) at the 2016 Games.
ROT. Owing to the refugee crisis, a refugee team was formed at the 2016 Summer Olympics. It consists of athletes from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Sudan  and Syria, who have fled their home countries and cannot compete under the home NOC. It returned for the 2020 Summer Olympics and was expanded to include athletes from Afghanistan, Cameroon, Congo, Eritrea, Iran, Iraq, Sudan and Venezuela.

Table legend

Alphabetical list

Notes

Name changes notes

Participation notes

See also

 List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games
 List of participating nations at the Summer Paralympic Games
 List of IOC country codes
 Lists of National Olympic Committees by continental association:
 Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa
 European Olympic Committees
 Oceania National Olympic Committees
 Olympic Council of Asia
 Pan American Sports Organisation

References

External links
 Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee
 Olympic Review and Revue Olympique. library.la84.org
 Official Reports. library.la84.org

Participating Nations At The Summer Olympic Games


Richard Wüerst (22 February 1824 – 9 October 1881) was a German composer, music professor and pedagogue.

Wüerst was born and died in Berlin.  He was a pupil of Carl Friedrich Rungenhagen at the Prussian Academy of Arts and a pupil of Felix Mendelssohn's. He later taught in the conservatory of Theodor Kullak (what would soon become the Stern Conservatory) and edited the Neue Berliner Musikzeitung (from 1874 to 1875). One of his notable students was Heinrich Hofmann.

Selected works

Operas
Der Rotmantel (1848 Berlin)
Vineta (21 December 1862, Bratislava)
Die Gastspielreise, Dramatisch-musikalischer Scherz en un acte (after Adolf von Winterfeld). Publié à  Berlin: Bloch, ca. 1868.
Faublas, comic opera in three acts, after a Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray, libretto by Ernst Wichert (1873 Berlin)
A-ing-fo-hi, comic opera in three acts, after a story by Anton Giulio Barrili, libretto by Ernst Wichert (28 January 1878, Berlin)
Die Offiziere der Kaiserin (1878 Berlin)
Der Stern von Turan

Symphonies
Three symphonies (including opus 21 in F, second symphony opus 54(2?) in D minor and opus 36 in C minor, no. 3)
A concerto for violin, op. 37

Instrumental music
Russian Suite for Strings, op. 81
Three string quartets, op.33 (A minor, D major, G major)

Sources
Chrysander, Friedrich and Müller, Joseph. . Knuf. Volume 2, 9 Mar. 1864 issue.
Opera Glass
Wüerst, Richard Ferdinand; Butler, Maynard, trans. (1893) . 5th edition. Boston Music Company.

Notes

External links

 Author: Wüerst, Richard. Digitalisierte Werke in der Bayer. Staatsbibliothek

1824 births
1881 deaths
German Romantic composers
German opera composers
Male opera composers
German music educators
Musicians from Berlin
19th-century classical composers
German male classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians


, also known as RIN: Daughters of Mnemosyne, is a six-episode Japanese anime television series produced by Xebec and Genco. The anime was produced to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the AT-X network, which it originally aired on. Funimation licensed the series in North America. The plot, rich in the mix of murder and action, is set in modern and near-future Tokyo, and revolves around Rin Asougi, an immortal private investigator. A light novel and a manga adaptation have also been published.

Plot
A mysterious tree known as Yggdrasil would often appear in the world of the humans, releasing many small orbs into the human world. A small proportion of the orbs are special ones known as "Time Fruits". If a Time Fruit enters a female, she becomes Immortal. If a Time Fruit enters a male, he becomes a crazed winged being known as an "Angel". Rin Asougi is an immortal who runs a private investigation agency in Tokyo's Shinjuku district alongside her assistant, Mimi who is also immortal. Rin often converses with a mysterious unknown individual on the phone. She is often being hunted down by an assassin named Laura who was hired by Apos, an angel who persecutes immortals and is the current guardian of the Yggdrasil.

The story begins in the year 1990. During a search for a missing cat, Rin instead finds Koki Maeno, a young man with distorted memories. As she investigates his past, she discovers that he is a clone created by Sayara Yamanobe, a woman searching for immortality. After discovering this, Koki decides to work for Rin in her agency. In 2011, Koki marries a former client, Yuki. Sayara Yamanobe returns, kidnaps Rin and attempts to attack Japan with biological weapons. Koki, after becoming an Angel, sacrifices himself to save Rin and Japan. In 2025, Rin ends up investigating a case involving Koki's son, Teruki, after he meets his long-term cyber girlfriend in reality. Rin manages to save Teruki; however, she ends up sacrificing herself.

In the year 2055, Rin has lost her memory and goes by the name Tamaki Saito. She had fallen in love with a mortal man named Ihika. However, she regains her memories when Laura discovers she's alive and attempts to kill her. After Apos kidnaps Rin, Mimi and Teruki's daughter Mishio travel to Apos' castle to save her. Rin is locked in a room with an angel and kills him, later discovering him to be Ihika. It is revealed that the unknown man on the phone was Tajimamori, Rin's savior from a thousand years earlier, a former guardian of the Yggdrasil, and Apos' father. After impregnating Rin, he is killed by Apos, who is himself locked away in the roots of the Yggdrasil. Later, Rin gives birth to a baby boy, who will one day become the tree's new guardian.

Characters

Main characters

The protagonist of the series. Her appearance is that of someone in her mid-twenties but her real age is unknown, but she has stated to be born some time in the 11th century. In episode six, she says she has been looking for Tajimamori for a thousand years, making her at least a millennium old. She usually wears a black suit and glasses. Her whimsical personality serves as a front for a cunning, ruthless mind and extraordinary martial art skills. She always keeps a number of throwing blades and a garrote wire concealed on her body. At some point in the past, a "Fruit of Time" (also known as a "time fruit") entered Rin's body, effectively making her immortal, unable to age, and capable of surviving and regenerating from a phenomenal amount of bodily damage. In episode four, she is sucked inside a running jet engine and regenerates her entire body over 25 years, albeit at the cost of all her memories (they return when she is briefly killed by Laura). In episode five, Apos removes Rin's time fruit, seemingly killing her just like Sayara and Maeno before, but it is revealed in episode six that her death is not certain as long as her time fruit remains intact. Rin's time fruit is then brought to Apos' castle, where its proximity to Yggdrasil, the fabled source of all time fruits, speeds up her revival, which would have normally taken many decades. She and Mimi run the detective business Asogi Consulting together in West Shinjuku until their office is demolished in episode four.

Rin's assistant, who is also an immortal. Mimi has a bright personality and is fond of alcoholic drinks despite having the appearance of someone in her teens. Her job scope includes financial management, information processing, and other miscellaneous tasks. She cares for Rin very much and would do anything to ensure her safety, even while nagging her to do the job properly. She feels indebted to Rin as Rin saved her from being devoured by an angel during their first encounter and has been protecting her ever since. She is a formidable hacker but is outmatched by Katsuyuki Kamiyama in episode four. After Rin disappears in episode four, she leaves with Genta and becomes a Buddhist nun. In episode six, believing there still being a chance that Rin is still alive, Mimi constantly displays her resolve in rescuing Rin from Apos' sadistic scheme.

Maeno family

A young man with distorted memory whom Rin accidentally saves in episode one. He is, in fact, a clone created by Aoyama Pharmaceutical company. The original Koki Maeno died during an experiment that involved his vivisection. His memory lacks realism, as it is actually the memory of the original Koki written into the clone's brain by artificial means. After discovering the truth, he chooses to keep on living and starts working at Asougi Consulting, where he spends the next twenty-one years. Some time between episodes two and three, he marries Yuki Shimazaki and has a son named Teruki with her.
In episode three, he is shot by Sayara while rescuing Rin, and has to consume Shogo Shimazaki's time fruit in order to survive as an angel. After saving Rin and having one last tender moment with her, he returns to consume Sayara, but is killed (unlike that of immortals, the death of an angel is permanent regardless the time fruit) by Apos before he can finish. Koki's time fruit is lost in the sea but is inexplicably found by Rin while she regenerates in the ocean between episodes four and five. His granddaughter Mishio acquires it after Rin's body is destroyed in episode five, unwittingly brings it to Apos' castle in episode six, and passes it to Rin as the latter is consumed by Yggdrasil. Koki's spirit then helps Rin to break free.
 née

Koki's wife, whom he meets in episode two. During Koki's involvement in the case of her brother Shogo, the two grow fond of each other and marry some time between episodes two and three. In episode three, they have a son named Teruki. After Koki's death, Yuki continued to raise Teruki alone.

Yuki's older brother, who becomes an angel prior to episode two. Although most angels succumb to their primal desires quickly, Shogo's exceptional willpower allows him to retain consciousness for a very long time, which he uses to exact revenge upon people who previously maltreated him. After he finally loses his consciousness and attacks Rin, she has to kill him by impaling him with a tree branch. Apos expresses desire to obtain Shogo's time fruit but Rin instead gives it to Maeno, who eventually uses it to become an angel himself, saving Rin from Sayara. After Maeno is killed by Apos, his time fruit falls into the ocean and is lost until episode five.

Koki and Yuki's only son, who first appears as a child in episode three and becomes the male lead in episode four. Some time between episodes three and four, Rin saves his life in a car accident, and he states that he has felt watched over and protected by her ever since. Their formal introduction takes place in episode four, when Tamotsu brings him to Asougi Consulting due to his involvement in the Ruon case. He appears again in episode five, now the CEO of Maeno Holding Group company, with a teenage daughter named Mishio.

Teruki Maeno's only daughter and Koki's granddaughter, first appearing as a teenager in episode five. Finding Teruki's old video of Rin, she starts investigating her, frequently comparing herself to Sherlock Holmes. Upon the first meeting, they quickly grow fond of each other, and Mishio sticks with Rin and Mimi for the rest of the series. In episode six, Rin explains that Mishio is the youngest of Tajimamori's descendants.

Antagonists

The primary antagonist of the series. As revealed in episode five, Apos possesses great qualities which according to him makes himself a master. He seems to have no concept of human morals but instead, has a sadistic sense of amusement and beauty. In the early episodes, Apos demonstrates interest in Rin, to the point that he hires mortal killers to target her. In episode three, he reveals that he is after Rin's time fruit. Apparently, time fruits contain the immortals' memories and Apos enjoys consuming them. It is also revealed that he has the ability to instantly remove the fruits from both immortals and angels (thus killing them). Anyone else wishing to kill someone with a time fruit must physically dig through their victim for the time fruit. In episode six, Apos is revealed to be the child of Tajimamori, the previous Guardian of Yggdrasil, and the current Guardian himself. Guardians are supposed to switch every once in a (long) while, but Apos desires to become a permanent guardian by sacrificing Rin to Yggdrasil.

An assassin skilled with firearms and other weapons who is repeatedly sent to assassinate Rin by Apos. Although Rin kills Laura in most of the engagements, Apos resurrects her so that she can attack Rin again. In episode four, she becomes a cyborg, though the extent of her transformation is left open. Episode five reveals that Laura is in possession of an android body designed to resemble Rin and telepathically linked to Apos' torture victim, and she further elaborates in episode six that only her brain remains intact, apparently as the result of Apos' sadistic manipulations. Rin extracts the Fruit of Time from there and feeds it into Apos at Laura's own request so that he would feel her memory and pain.

The head of the Aoyama Pharmaceutical research lab in Sayama. Originally researching bacteria, she discovered one that could be the key to cloning, moving on to conduct illegal cloning experiments aiming to achieve immortality. She has a sadistic personality, often torturing her captives to death. In episode one, Sayara is last seen being surrounded by the delirious zombies she created. In episode three, she is revealed to have been saved by Apos in the last moment, who injects her with a time fruit after her body is already considerably mutilated. As a result, she remains crippled and waits twenty-one years until a powered exoskeleton capable of supporting her is invented. After one last confrontation with Rin and Maeno, she is finally killed by Apos, who removes and consumes her time fruit.

The antagonist in episode four. The daughter of the "modern von Neumann" Katsuyuki Kamiyama, Ruon's consciousness was removed from her body by Katsuyuki and uploaded onto the net (2.0) as an artificial intelligence, effectively killing her. Katsuyuki implies that this event was the cause of Great Network Crisis of 2020. Ruon spends five years posing as an online sex doll until she becomes infatuated with Teruki because he is the first person to want to meet her offline. Following the events of the episode, her physical (android) form is destroyed through an airplane jet engine.

Others

A police investigator and a close acquaintance of Rin, first introduced in episode one. He enjoys Rin's company and provides her with useful information. He is killed by a military sniper following AI Ruon's orders in episode four. Immediately before his death, he reminisces about what may have been an intimate moment with Rin. He is affectionately referred to as "Tamo" by Rin, and despite his constant (bad) attempts to keep their meetings low-key during the first two episodes, he does not object to being called by that name.

Rin and Mimi's female dog who lives at their office. As an immortal, she does not age throughout the series and survives being shot on multiple occasions without any visible lasting injuries. Mimi takes her with her after the Asougi Consulting office is demolished in episode four. Genta is killed in episode five, leaving only ashes behind, just like human immortals whose time fruits are removed.

 (first)
 (second)
 (Japanese) (third)
A group or organization of women who provide Rin and Mimi with crucial information in regards to their investigations throughout the series and whose names have never been revealed. The first informant is introduced in episode two and is mentioned to have died prior to episode four. The second informant is introduced as an assistant of the first one in episode three and inherits her position in the next episode. In return for their services, both demand sex with either Rin or Mimi. Mimi is extremely uncomfortable and unnerved by this at first but seems to have entered into some sort of relationship with the second informant by episode four. In episode six, the second informant is apparently dead as well, replaced by a third one, with whom Mimi keeps a strictly professional relationship. In episode 3 during their search for information on Rin, Koki Maeno was forced to watch the informants have sex with Mimi or else no information would be given. All three informants showed a fondness for grasshoppers.

Rin's mortal lover after she loses her memories in episode five. He proposes to her twice in the episode but is killed by Laura soon after Rin accepts his second proposal. In episode six, Ihika is revived by Apos in his castle as an angel and chained next to Rin to torment her. Rin, seeing him in a berserk frenzy and about to break free, is then forced to kill him in self-defense, realizing his identity only as he turns into ashes. His time fruit is lost when Laura throws it out of the window.

Finally identified in episode six, Tajimamori is the previous Guardian of Yggdrasil and the father of Apos. According to a legend told in episode five, he was once tasked by an emperor to find a Fruit of Time for him but when he discovered it, the emperor already died. The legend is based upon Shinto myths. As a Guardian of Yggdrasil, he doesn't age but isn't invulnerable like the immortals. He can grow angelic wings like Apos and his presence has the same effect on Mimi as an angel's, but he doesn't exhibit the primal savageness of regular angels. He is seen talking to Rin on the phone throughout the series, often in an intimate or fatherly manner. In episode six, it is revealed that he and Rin fell in love with each other over a thousand years ago, but he chose to distance himself from her. He is also revealed to be the progenitor of the Maeno line which tied all his descendants' fate to Rin's. Shortly before his death at Apos' hands in episode six, Tajimamori fathers a child with Rin.

Media

Print media
A light novel adaptation titled  was serialized in Hobby Japan's light novel magazine Charano! between the January and September 2008 issues. The light novel is written by the writer of the anime, Hiroshi Ōnogi, and illustrated by Chūō Higashiguchi. A single volume containing five chapters was released on April 1, 2009.

A manga adaptation illustrated by Miss Black serialized two chapters in Kill Time Communication's oriented manga magazine Comic Valkyrie volume 12 on May 27, 2008 and volume 13 on July 26, 2008, respectively.

Anime
Mnemosyne is a six-episode television series of 45-minute episodes directed by Shigeru Ueda and written by Hiroshi Ōnogi. The animation was handled by Xebec, but planning and production was shared with Genco, that also had a part in the original concept creation. Original character design is by Chūō Higashiguchi, and was used as a template by the character designer for the anime version, Mitsuru Ishihara. Music direction was headed by Takayuki Negishi. The series' opening theme is "Alsatia" and the ending theme is "Cause Disarray"; both songs were written by Yama-B, composed by Syu, and performed by Galneryus. Funimation licensed Mnemosyne in February 2009 for a North American release under the title RIN ~Daughters of Mnemosyne~.

The series was produced by the Yggdrasil Executive Committee which included Xebec and Genco. The plot of the episodes is set in Tokyo and revolves around Rin Asōgi, an immortal private investigator, as she explores the secrets of modern and near-future world and the supernatural events that surround the fictional society of immortals like herself. There are large time gaps in the internal chronology between the first five episodes, ranging from one to thirty years.

The six episodes were broadcast monthly on AT-X channel in Japan, between February 3 and July 6, 2008. Each episode is 45 minutes long. Two pieces of theme music are used for the episodes: the opening theme "Alsatia" and the ending theme "Cause Disarray". Both were composed and performed by the Japanese metal band Galneryus. The series was produced to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the AT-X network it originally aired on.

Reception
Zac Bertschy from Anime News Network regards Mnemosyne as a "totally edgy anime for adults" that he felt "like halfway-decent dark erotica" that presents some unique ideas for the plot. He acknowledges that "it's difficult to honestly care about any of these characters" but its confusing and yet compelling aspects grasp the audience's attention. He criticized the amount of violence and sex that resulted in exhaustion and unpleasantness that led to "the whole trashy appeal". In conclusion, this is a series that should not be taken seriously and recommended it to those who are looking for "fun, weird, entertaining sleaze without a hint of irony or cutesiness". Others differ from Bertschy's interpretation. Tom Tonthat argues that Mnemosyne features animation which is memorable and tells a good story, with mundane cases spiraling into sinister plots that endanger humanity itself, but is also a clearly adult series due to the level of nudity and sex. He adds that while the anime series is an "erotic thriller" it has high production values with some beautifully animated and well-choreographed fights between characters. This is coupled with an engaging story and each episode representing a year of the timeline between 1990 and 2055, including different technological developments which either change characters or the plot. He ends the review by stating that this anime does a good job of telling a story, a "guilty pleasure anime" for which you should give much thought to the "blood smoothie or angel sex", concluding it is a form of "supernatural film noir" worth a look at, although hindered by the "heavy use of shocking sex and violence".

On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listed Rin: Daughters of Mnemosyne among 38 anime and manga titles banned in China.

References

External links
Funimation's official Rin ~Daughters of Mnemosyne~ website
Xebec's official Mnemosyne website
Comic Valkyrie's official Mnemosyne manga website

2008 Japanese television series debuts
2008 Japanese television series endings
2008 Japanese novels
2008 manga
Action anime and manga
Anime with original screenplays
Censored television series
Funimation
HJ Bunko
Japanese LGBT-related animated television series
Light novels
Neo-noir television series
Novels set in Tokyo
Seinen manga
Supernatural anime and manga
Television censorship in China
Yuri (genre) anime and manga
Yuri (genre) light novels
Xebec (studio)
IG Port franchises
Works banned in China
Fiction about immortality
Occult detective anime and manga
AT-X (TV network) original programming


SV Seligenporten is a German association football club from Pyrbaum, Bavaria. It is part of a sportsclub established 23 July 1949 which also has departments for handball, Ju-Jitsu, horseback riding, dancing, singing, and women's recreational sport.

History
The footballers first rose above amateur level in Middle Franconia when they earned promotion to the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte (V) in 2004. The enjoyed a successful 2006–07 campaign that saw them beat FC Augsburg II 3–0 on their way to a 1–0 win over Würzburger FV in the final of the Bavarian Cup. This earned the club an appearance in the opening round of the DFB-Pokal (German Cup) where they were eliminated 0–2 by Bundesliga side Arminia Bielefeld.

In the 2007–08 season, a second place in the Landesliga allowed the club to move up to the Oberliga Bayern. Like with their promotion in 2004, they finished runners-up to the FSV Erlangen-Bruck.

SVS experienced a difficult 2008–09 season and had to continue its fight for Bayernliga survival in the post-season, having finished on equal points with Würzburger FV (14th) and TSV Rain am Lech (16th) and therefore requiring a set of deciders to be played. After losing to Rain 5–1 and beating Würzburg 4–0, the team had to face FC Affing in the promotion/relegation round. A 3–0 victory over Affing put the club into the final, where it faced SpVgg Landshut and won 1–0, retaining its Bayernliga status.

At the end of the 2011–12 season the club managed to finish in the top nine of the Bayernliga and thereby directly qualified for the new tier four Regionalliga Bayern, where it since plays.

After three seasons in the league with a seventh place in 2014 as its best result the club finished seventeenth in 2014–15 and was relegated from the league but won the Bayernliga Nord in 2015–16 and made a direct return to the Regionalligam where it played until relegation in 2018.

Honors
The club's honours:

League
 Bayernliga Nord (V)
 Champions: 2016
 Landesliga Bayern-Mitte (V)
 Runners-up: 2008
 Bezirksoberliga Mittelfranken (VI)
 Runners-up: 2004
 Bezirksliga Mittelfranken-Süd (VII)
 Champions: 2001

Cup
 Bavarian Cup
 Winners: 2007
 Mittelfranken Cup
 Winners: 2007

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onward were elevated one tier.

Recent managers
Recent managers of the club:

DFB Cup appearances
The club has qualified for the first round of the German Cup just once:

Source:

References

External links
Official team site

Football clubs in Germany
Neumarkt (district)
Football clubs in Bavaria
Association football clubs established in 1949
Football in Upper Palatinate
1949 establishments in West Germany