Wine laws are legislation regulating various aspects of production and sales of wine. The purpose of wine laws includes combating wine fraud, by means of regulated protected designations of origin, labelling practices and classification of wine, as well as regulating allowed additives and procedures in winemaking and viticulture. Legislation affecting all kinds of alcohol beverages, such as the legal drinking age and licensing practices related to distribution and sales, are usually not considered wine laws.

Wine is regulated by regional, state, and local laws. The laws and their relative rigidity differ for New World and Old World wines. Old World wines tend to have more stringent regulations than New World wines.   Various wine laws, however, may include appellation-based regulations that cover boundaries as well as permitted grape varieties and winemaking practice-such as the French Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), Italian Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC), Spanish Denominación de Origen (DO) and Portuguese Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC). In some New World wine regions, such as the United States and Australia, the wine laws of the appellation systems (American Viticultural Area (AVA) and Australian Geographical Indication (GIs)) only pertain to boundary specifics and guaranteeing that a certain percentage of grapes come from the area listed on the wine label.

Some wine laws are established by local governments and are specific to that wine region, such as the 1954 municipal decree in the village of Châteauneuf-du-Pape that banned the overhead flying, landing or taking off of flying saucers in the commune which could negatively affect the region's vineyards and wine production.

History
The oldest known wine laws were created by the Roman emperor Domitian, who c. 92 issued an edict that banned the plantings of any new vineyards in Italy and ordered the uprooting of half of the vineyards in Roman provinces. The purpose of the edict was to improve the food supply of Roman cities by increasing the production of cereals. There is evidence to suggest that Domitian's edict was largely ignored in the Roman provinces. Domitian's edict, while probably not followed to any greater extent, stayed in effect for 188 years until Emperor Probus repealed the measure in 280.

In the Holy Roman Empire, the oldest wine law was created by the Reichstag 1498 to combat wine fraud.

In the wake of the Great French Wine Blight, which led to much wine fraud to supplement diminishing supply, wine laws were created in France to combat fraud. The French wine legislation later evolved to the AOC system, and inspired common European Union regulations.

Comparative wine laws

European Union

In the European Union (EU), much of the wine law is common to all countries through the European Union wine regulations which is a part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The CAP Wine Regime consists of a set of rules that govern the wine sector, with the aim of achieving a balanced and open market. The principal features are rules governing production, oenological practices and processes, classification of wines, a range of structural and support measures, detailed rules governing the description and labeling of wines, and imports from non-EU countries.

In addition to regulations that apply to all EU members, each EU country has its own framework of laws which govern aspects of winemaking such as the percentage of a grape to be included in a wine labeled with that variety name.  For instance, in France wine professionals acribe to the Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC) system, which guarantees the origin of wine and other food products, such as cheese.

United States
In the United States, the wine laws are more flexible than European standards in regards to regulations on what viticultural and winemaking practice are allowed in each wine region. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE) defines and approves applications for regions to become American Viticultural Areas. This system was established in 1978 with the Augusta AVA in Missouri designated as the first recognized AVA on June 20, 1980. A sizable portion of American wine laws relate to wine labelling practices and include the stipulations that if an AVA name appears on the label that at least 85% of grapes used to produce the wine must come from that AVA. In addition to AVAs, every American state and county can produce wine and label it under their state/county wide appellation provided at least 75% of the grapes come from that area. The state of California and Texas have wine laws increasing the requirement to 100% and 85%, respectively, for use of a statewide appellation on the wine label.

The appearance of grape variety (or varietal) and vintage year is also regulated by US wine labeling laws with requirements of at least 75% for the grape variety and 95% being harvested in that vintage year for either to appear on the wine label. The state of Oregon has increased the restriction for grape variety to 90%, with exception of Cabernet Sauvignon which under Oregon wine laws can have a minimum 75%. Additionally, all US wine must include the Surgeon General warning about dangers associated with alcohol consumption and a warning about the possible use of sulfites. Several wineries and importers have had conflicts with the BATFE over these labeling requirements, one notable example being the importer Kermit Lynch. The criticism is typically centered on the absence of inclusion about the potential positive aspects of moderate wine consumption (such as the so-called "French paradox") and that many wineries are forced to label their wines as "containing sulfites" when the decision to use sulfites are normally not made until long after wine labels have been ordered and the finished wine may contain no added sulfites.

See also
Alcohol law

References

External links
 Discussion of new EU regulations requiring labelling ingredients in wine
 Wine Law and Policy, From National Terroirs to a Global Market (Julien Chaisse, Fernando Dias Simões, and Danny Friedmann, eds.) Brill 2020

Law
Alcohol law


Joseph Mary Cataldo S.J. (March 17, 1837 – April 9, 1928) was an Italian-American Jesuit priest, a pioneer missionary in the inland Pacific Northwest, who also founded Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington.

Born in 1837 in Terrasini in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Cataldo was admitted to the Jesuit novitiate in Palermo, Sicily on December 22, 1852.  After ordination, he  was sent to the foreign mission in the Rocky Mountains in the United States.  Due to ill health, Cataldo was then sent to Panama and later to Santa Clara College in Santa Clara, California.  After his recovery, he was then sent north to minister to the Spokane Indians.  He was later made superior of the Rocky Mountain mission which included the Spokane.

Cataldo then opened a small schoolhouse at Saint Michael's Mission where both Native American and white students attended. In order to expand the mission, he was able to purchase two parcels of land totalling  for $936.  The first parcel of  north of Spokane was to be used for the relocation of St. Michael's mission.  This location became the site for the Jesuit scholasticate Mount Saint Michael. The second parcel of  was located on the Spokane Falls, near modern downtown Spokane on the Spokane River. In 1881, Cataldo was encouraged to use the second parcel of land for the establishment of a college to serve the growing Catholic population in the area.  It was here that Cataldo established Gonzaga College, now Gonzaga University.

Cataldo never retired; into his 90s he served the Nez Perce people at Slickpoo near Kamiah, Idaho. He died at age 92 at the Umatilla Indian Reservation, east of Pendleton, Oregon, on April 9, 1928.

References

External links
Gonzaga History 1887-1895 - Gonzaga University

19th-century American Jesuits
20th-century American Jesuits
Religious leaders from the Province of Palermo
1837 births
1928 deaths
Emigrants from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Immigrants to the United States
Gonzaga University
People from Terrasini
University and college founders


Coalspur is a nearly abandoned coal-mining and railroad town in Yellowhead County, Alberta. It is situated on Highway 47 beside the Embarras River in the foothills of the Canadian Rockies.

History

Coalspur was established during the construction of the Alberta Coal Branch, a spur line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (later the Canadian National Railway) during 1911–1912. Located where the east and west lines diverged, it was home to the railroad construction camp and became a transport hub with a roundhouse and repair shops. It later became the headquarters for the Brazeau Forest Reserve and the Alberta Provincial Police.

Soon after the railroad arrived in 1912, a group of British financiers founded the Yellowhead Pass Coal and Coke Company. The original Yellowhead Mine near Coalspur employed 70 men, produced 500 tons of coal per day, and sustained the small community. At the peak of production the mine employed 400 men. A massive underground fire occurred in 1915 and again in 1922. The mine closed in 1923, although other mines in the area continued to operate until the 1950s.

One of the earliest oil wells in the central Alberta foothills was drilled near Coalspur. In 1924 Imperial Oil sank a test well near the community, and discovered a significant flow of natural gas that was used to heat boilers in the mining camp. No commercial quantity of petroleum was found however, and drilling ceased near Coalspur, although several natural gas fields were later discovered in the Coal Branch area.

The population throughout the Coal Branch area declined during the 1950s as the railroads replaced steam locomotives with diesel, and the mines closed due to lack of markets. The Coalspur post office, which opened in 1914, closed in 1963. As of 2001, the community was home to a dozen or so residents.

References

Localities in Yellowhead County


Demetrius was bishop of Antioch in the 3rd century AD. In 253 he was taken to Persia as a captive by Shapur I, where he became the first bishop of Gundeshapur. Despite being far from his original see, Demetrius was not replaced as bishop of Antioch until Paul of Samosata became bishop in 260.

References

Sources

Christians in the Sasanian Empire
Ancient Roman prisoners of war
Iranian people of Roman descent
Christians in the Roman Empire
3rd-century bishops in Roman Anatolia


Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome ("Library of the French schools of Greece and Rome") is the name of two published series of historical documents, such as the letters of 13th century Popes during the Crusades.

Modern history books which cite excerpts from letters of the Crusades, often list the BEF in their citation.

The first series began publication in 1877.

The second series was published 1884–1960.

Selected publications

First series
 Le liber censuum de l'Église romaine
 Sainte Catherine de Sienne: essai de critique des sources

Second series
 Les Registres d'Innocent IV (ed. Élie Berger, 4 vols., Paris, 1884–1921)
 Les Registres d'Alexandre IV (ed. C. Bourel de la Roncière, J. de Loye, P. de Cenival, and A. Coulon, 3 vols., Paris, 1902–1953)
 Les Registres d'Urbain IV (ed. Jean Guiraud, 4 vols., Paris, 1899–1929)
 Les Registres de Clément IV (ed. Edouard Jordan, 6 fasc., Paris, 1893–1945)
 Les Registres de Grégoire X et de Jean XXI (ed. Jean Guiraud and L. Cadier, 4 fasc., Paris, 1892–1906)
 Les Registres de Nicolas III (ed. Jules Gay [and Suzanne Vitte], fasc., Paris, 1898–1938)
 Les Registres de Martin IV (ed. F. Olivier-Martin et al., 3 fasc., Paris, 1901–1935)
 Les Registres d'Honorius IV (ed. Maurice Prou, Paris, 1886–1888)
 Les Registres de Nicolas IV (ed. Ernest Langlois, 9 fasc., Paris, 1886–1893)

Other correspondence includes that of:
 Innocent III, edited by Migne, P.L., vols. 214-16
 Honorius IV, Regesta, edited by Pressutti
 Gregory IX, Registres, Auvray

See also
 French School at Athens
 Victorian societies for text publication

Notes

References
 Generalia, Tomus 3
 References | British History Online
 History Collection - Collection - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries
 Bibliographia

Documents
Academic publishing
13th-century popes
+


Systems on Silicon Manufacturing Company Pte. Ltd. (more commonly known as SSMC) is a Singaporean semiconductor fabrication company located in Pasir Ris Wafer Fab Park. It was incorporated in 1999 and is a joint venture between NXP Semiconductors (until 2006 Philips) and TSMC. Founded by Philips and EDB Investments, the plant was completed in 2000.

History
Founded in December 1998, the company is a joint venture between NXP Semiconductors (until 2006 semiconductor division of Philips) and TSMC. Key technologies that the organisation specializes in range from 0.25-micron to 0.14-micron that support logic, embedded flash memory, mixed signal and RF applications. In addition to manufacturing, the company also offers commercial advice and support services to customer's business process.

In 2006, both NXP and TSMC increased their shares in the company to 61.2% and 38.8% respectively by purchasing shares held by EDB Investments.

Facilities
Systems on Silicon Manufacturing frequently upgrades their manufacturing capabilities and products which are influenced by the demand cycles of the semiconductor industry. In 2007, the company established a research and development center to develop specialized manufacturing process, automotive, near field communication and RF markets. In 2010, SSMC shifted its focus from producing chips catering to devices such as, smartphones and laptops, to high-performance mixed signal (HPMS) semiconductor chips, which are mostly used in biometric passports, to support technology applications aimed at solving everyday challenges.

A new plant was constructed at a cost of S$2 billion, the gross floor area of the plant is about . Construction of the plant started in 2000 and was completed by 2001, with a production output of 30,000 wafers per month. The manufacturing facilities are upgraded constantly to meet market demands and in 2010, its monthly production capacity increased to 53,000 wafers.

In late 2018, SSMC expanded their automotive and specialty chip manufacturing footprint in Singapore with a S$300 million  clean room.

See also
 Semiconductor device fabrication
 List of Semiconductor Fabrication Plants
List of companies of Singapore

References

External links
 Official website

Foundry semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of Singapore
Singaporean brands


Proterochampsidae is a family of proterochampsian archosauriforms. Proterochampsids may have filled an ecological niche similar to modern crocodiles, and had a general crocodile-like appearance. They lived in what is now South America in the Middle and Late Triassic.

Description
Proterochampsids have long, crocodile-like skulls. The posterior portion of the skull is wide while the snout is very narrow. Most proterochampsids also have downturned snouts. Like many early archosauriforms, they also have dermal armour.

Proterochampsids have small holes called dorsal fenestrae at the top of their skulls. Unlike other early archosauromorphs, they do not have a parietal foramin, which in many reptiles holds a parietal eye. The postorbital bones behind the eye sockets have thick, jagged crests. As another diagnostic feature of the group, the holes that allow the passage of the internal carotid artery through the braincase open at the sides of a bony projection called the basipterygoid process. Proterochampsids are primitive in that they have simple plate-like pelvises, but they lack small bones in the vertebra called intercentra that are common in earlier reptiles.

As in most archosaurs, distinguishing features can be seen in the shape of the ankle bones. A projection on the calcaneum bone called the calcaneal tuber is narrow and positioned downward relative to other lateral projections on the bone. The calcaneum also has a facet that attaches to both the fibula bone of the leg and another tarsal, or ankle bone. A hemicylindrical facet on the calcaneum attaches to another bone in the ankle called the astragalus. The astragalus has facets that attach to the tibia and fibula that are adjacent to each other.

Classification
Proterochampsidae was named in 1966 by A.S. Romer in his book Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd edition. Members such as Proterochampsa and Cerritosaurus had been known for several decades prior to the family's creation. Proterochampsids were originally thought to be close relatives of crocodilians based on their similar appearance. In the following years, proterochampsids were frequently associated with Proterosuchia, another group of long-snouted Triassic archosauriforms. As phylogenetic studies became more common in the 1980s and 1990s, proterochampsids were found to be a distinct group closely related to true archosaurs. Recent studies have placed Proterochampsidae as either the sister taxon of Archosauria (the closest relatives of archosaurs), or the sister taxon of Archosauria and Euparkeria. In a 2011 study, the unusual Late Triassic archosauriform Doswellia has been placed as the closest relative of proterochampsids. Because doswelliids are more closely related to proterochampsids than to any other archosauriform, the two groups form their own clade.

Seven species have been assigned to Proterochampsidae: Cerritosaurus binsfeldi, Chanaresuchus bonapartei, Gualosuchus reigi, Rhadinosuchus gracilis, Tropidosuchus romeri, Proterochampsa barrionuevoi, and Proterochampsa nodosa. P. nodosa was assigned to its own genus Barberenachampsa in 2000, but it is generally still considered to be a species of Proterochampsa. Modern studies place Proterochampsids in a larger group called Proterochampsia. Under the classification of Kischlat and Schultz (1999), Cerritosaurus, Proterochampsa, and Tropidosuchus are basal forms, while Chanaresuchus, Gualosuchus, and Rhadinosuchus form the family Rhadinosuchidae. However, more recent studies reduce Rhadinosuchidae to a subfamily level as Rhadinosuchinae to be placed within Proterochampsidae and include advanced proterochampsid, e.g. Chanaresuchus and Rhadinosuchus. Below is a cladogram following the phylogenetic analysis of Ezcurra (2016) that recovered Doswelliidae as the sister taxon of Proterochampsidae (within Proterochampsia). Proterochampsia was found to be the sister taxon of Archosauria, whose living representatives consist of birds and crocodilians.

Genera

Sources
 A. S. Romer. 1966. Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1-468

Proterochampsians
Prehistoric reptile families
Triassic reptiles of South America
Ladinian first appearances
Norian extinctions
Taxa named by Alfred Romer


Aslaug Vaa (25 August 1889 – 28 November 1965) was a Norwegian poet and playwright. Her works contain elements from local tradition and landscape mixed with international influence.

Personal life
Aslaug Vaa was born on Nystog in Rauland, in Telemark county, Norway. She was the daughter of farmers Tor Aanundsson Vaa and Anne Marie Roholt, and was a sister of sculptor Dyre Vaa. She was married to Norwegian psychologist and writer Ola Raknes, and she was the mother of Magli Elster.

Literary career
Vaa graduated with examen artium from Aars og Voss skole in Kristiania in 1909, and with "anneneksamen" from the Royal Frederick University in 1911. After her first studies, she produced works as journalist and translator, including for the magazine Den 17de Mai. While spending longer periods abroad together with her husband, she studied arts at Sorbonne in Paris, and experimental theatre in Berlin.

Vaa made her literary debut in 1934 with the poetry collection Nord i leite, and she followed up with the collections Skuggen og strendan (1935), Villarkonn (1936), and På vegakanten (1939).

Her poem So rodde dei fjordan ("then they rowed the fjords") was frequently recited on radio, has been selected for several anthologies, and was made into a song with melody by Geirr Tveitt.
Vaa's poetry and writing contains elements from local tradition, landscape and language, but also international influence.

Her first play, Steinguden (1938) is treating marriage-related issues. Her second play, Tjugendagen (1947) is set in a rural society around 1850. Honningfuglen og leoparden (first staged in 1955) is inspired from African legends.

Vaa contributed articles to several newspapers and magazines, including Arbeiderbladet, Verdens Gang and Dagbladet.

Selected bibliography

Plays
 1938 Steinguden
 1947 Tjugendagen
 1965 Honningfuglen og leoparden
 1966 Munkeklokka

Poetry
 1934 Nord i leite
 1935 Skuggen og strendan
 1936 Villarkonn
 1939 På vegakanten
 1947 Fotefár
 1954 Skjenkarsveinens visurry
 1963 Bustader

References

Other sources
Mæhle, Leif (2001) Fann eg dei stigar…» Vandringar i Aslaug Vaas dikting (Oslo: Aschehoug)

External links
 NRK - Aslaug Vaa
Dagbladet - Aslaug Vaa

1889 births
1965 deaths
People from Vinje
Nynorsk-language writers
20th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian women poets
Norwegian women dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Norwegian women writers


The Glasgow Bridge spans the River Clyde in Glasgow linking the city centre to Laurieston, Tradeston and Gorbals.  Formerly known as Broomielaw Bridge, it is  at the bottom of Jamaica Street near Central Station, and is colloquially known as the Jamaica Bridge.

The original bridge was completed in 1772, and was designed by William Mylne and built by civil engineer John Smeaton. Its seven-arch structure was honoured by Thomas Telford, the first president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, who replaced it in 1833 with a design built by John Gibb & Son for £34,000.   One of Telford's colleagues,  Charles Atherton, was the resident engineer for the Works.  It became the first in Glasgow to be lit by electricity. Between 1895 and 1899 it was replaced with the current wider bridge which incorporated Telford's stonework and expanded the arches to accommodate larger ships. The present structure is protected as a category B listed building.

Proposed bridge
The Glasgow Bridge was also the name of a proposed bridge. Designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership, it was to be a curved, ramped deck bridge, using a cable stayed compression arch to provide an additional route from Broomielaw to Tradeston. However, late in 2006 funding was withdrawn for this project. The Tradeston Bridge has since been built to serve this function.

References

Bridges in Glasgow
Bridges across the River Clyde
Category B listed buildings in Glasgow
Listed bridges in Scotland
Viaducts in Scotland
Gorbals


Ćiro Truhelka (2 February 1865 – 18 September 1942) was a Croatian archeologist, historian and art historian who devoted much of his professional life to the study of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He wrote about prehistoric, Roman and medieval findings, Turkish documents, Stećci, Roman and medieval money, and bosančica. He was also engaged in albanology. In addition, he was the first curator of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Early life and education
Ćiro Truhelka was born on 2 February 1865 in Osijek to Antun Vjenceslav and Marija (née Schön) Truhelka. His father was of Czech and mother of German origin. He finished elementary school in Osijek after which he enrolled in high school that he eventually finished in Zagreb where he moved after his father's death along with his mother and siblings, Dragoš and Jagoda Truhelka. In youth, he showed interest in painting and technical sciences, but because of his family's poor financial situation, he opted for the study of philosophy at the University of Zagreb which lasted three years. He chose art history and history as main subjects. He received his doctorate in 1885 with the dissertation "Andrija Medulić: His Life and Work".

Professional career
As a student, Truhelka worked with Izidor Kršnjavi at the Strossmayer Gallery of Old Masters and made institutions' first catalog (1885). In 1886, he became secretary of the Museum Society for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the first curator of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. His task was preparing Museum's opening in 1888. He was only 21 years old when he came to Sarajevo in which he lived for 40 years. In the  Museum, he managed the ethnographic, prehistoric, and medieval collections, but as there were not many experts, he cared for all museum collections except those from the field of natural sciences. As a curator, Truhelka arranged Bosnian pavilions at exhibitions in Budapest (1896), Brussels (1897) and Paris (1900). In 1905, he succeeded Kosta Hörmann as director of the National Museum and editor of the Gazette of the National Museum of Music (until 1920). Thanks to him, in 1913, the National Museum got a new building. He retired in 1922. In 1926, he got out of retirement as he was appointed a professor of archeology and art history at the University of Skopje, Macedonia. He eventually retired again in 1931. He served as the president of the Zagreb branch of the Society of Bosnian Croats.

Truhelka made an outstanding contribution to the study of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Work at the Museum has influenced his diverse interest. He was engaged in the excavation of archaeological sites, Ilyrian graves and castles on prehistoric necropolises at Glasinac, a penitentiary settlement in Donja Dolina, a prehistoric cult edifice in Gorica near Posušje, and also dug up the early Christian basilica in Zenica and warned of the phenomenon of "Bosnian churches" and their early Christian background, explored the localities in the valley of Lašva river and around Stolac, the medieval Jajce and many other medieval cities. This brought him the recognition of anthropological congress in Vienna and membership in the Society. In the field of ethnology, he worked on an ethnographic collection and gave an overview of the national life in BiH. Truhelka made many important findings about pre-Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina, and gave a significant contribution to the research of the history of medieval Bosnia by the study of stećaks, material culture, bosančica, topography, numismatics, political, social and religious situation. He also proposed that a grave he found on Vran mountain belongs infect to a Diva Grabovčeva, a 17th century legendary heroin and a virgin in Prozor-Rama local oral tradition, thus claiming that he confirmed the myth. However, the legend was never verified in local or any other written sources, and her existence was neither recorded in chronicles of the local  nor its martyrology. In 1888, Truhelka excavated the mortal remains of a decapitated male at the location called Kraljev Grob () near Jajce, which he proposed are remains of king Stjepan Tomašević. Although never confirmed, these remains are now housed in the Franciscan friary, Jajce. Truhelka studied the Albanian and Turkish languages for his researches.

In addition, his sister Jagoda Truhelka was a renowned Croatian writer.

Controversy
In order to provide anti-Yugoslavist Croat nationalism with a firm scientific basis, Truhelka used racial anthropology to differentiate between Croats and Serbs. Truhelka claimed that Bosnian Muslims were ethnic Croats, who, according to him, belonged predominantly to the Nordic-Dinaric racial type. On the other hand, the majority of Serbs belonged to the degenerate race of the Vlachs, similar to the Jews and Armenians, although Truhelka 'was cautious to distinguish between the dark-skinned Serbs of Vlach descent and the fair-haired Serbs who, according to him, were pure Slavs'.

At the time he was leading "Zemaljski muzej" in Sarajevo, some of scientific work and research were subordinate to the proving some of his pseudo-scientific views and attempts to find a confirmation of exaggerated assertions regarding the presence of Catholicism in Bosnia. On the other hand, in line with the politics of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, everything related to the Serbian heritage or Serbs was systematically avoided or suppressed.

Truhelka, like many others, enthusiastically welcomed the creation of the Independent State of Croatia in 1941. By his death a year later, he wrote some racist and pseudoscientific remarks towards Serbs in his book "Memoires of a Pioneer"; "Serbs are an ethnically-alien racial element that, according to their geopolitical position, belong to different cultural areas, and never had a common cultural history, faith nor cultural life, and that struggle being held in front of our eyes is the struggle of Vlah inhabitants against the indigenous Bosnian population, which has always been only Croatian." He claimed that Bosnian Muslims were ethnic Croats who belonged to the racially superior Nordic race. Miljenko Jergović wrote that the book, if this racist remark was put aside, was "one of the most powerful, literally superior, documentary precious Croatian books about Bosnia and Sarajevo at a time when this city turned from the fringes of the Turkish čaršija into one of the metropolises of the Habsburg Empire".

Works
 Starobosanski pismeni spomenici, 1894
 Starobosanski natpisi, 1895
 Slavonski banovci, 1897
 Osvrt na sredovječne kulturne spomenike Bosne, (1900.)
 Djevojački grob, (1901.)
 Državno i sudbeno ustrojstvo Bosne u doba prije Turaka, 1901
 Kraljevski grad Jajce, 1904
 Naši gradovi, 1904
 Arnautske priče, 1905
 Hrvarska Bosna: Mi i "oni tamo" (Croatian Bosnia: We and "They over There"), 1907
 Crtice iz srednjeg vijeka, 1908
 Dubrovačke vijesti o godini 1463., 1910
 Tursko-slavjenski spomenici dubrovačke arhive, 1911
 Gazi Husrefbeg, 1912
 Kulturne prilike Bosne i Hercegovine u doba prehistoričko, 1914
 Historička podloga agrarnog pitanja u Bosni, 1915
 Das Testament des Gost Radin, 1916
 Stari turski agrarni zakonik za Bosnu, 1917
 Konavoski rat 1430.-1433., 1917
 Nekoliko misli o rješenju bosanskog agrarnog pitanja, 1918
 Sojenica kao ishodište pontifikata, 1930
 Starokršćanska arheologija, 1931
 O porijeklu bosanskih muslimana, 1934
 Studije o podrijetlu. Etnološka razmatranja iz Bosne i Hercegovine, 1941
 Uspomene jednog pionira, Croatian Publishing and Bibliographic Institute, 1942

References

1865 births
1942 deaths
People from Osijek
Anti-Serbian sentiment
Croatian archaeologists
20th-century Croatian historians
Croatian art historians
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Historians of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina art historians
Croatian people of Czech descent
Croatian people of German descent
19th-century Croatian historians
Historians from Austria-Hungary
Archaeologists from Austria-Hungary


The David Espy House is a historic house at 123 East Pitt Street in Bedford, Pennsylvania.  Built in 1770, it is significant as the residence used by President George Washington when he was leading the troops that put down the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1983.  The house is now used for commercial purposes.

Description and history
The David Espy House is located in downtown Bedford, on the north side of East Pitt Street between North Juliana and North Richard Streets. It is a masonry structure  stories in height, with a gabled roof. The front facade is finished in roughly finished rectangular blocks laid in courses, while the sides have a mortared rubble finish. The front facade is three bays in width, with the traditional entrance (now serving the upstairs) in the leftmost bay. The right two bays on the ground floor have been united into a commercial picture window and recessed entry. A wood-frame ell extends to the rear of the stone front section. The ground floor has been adapted for commercial use; the upstairs is residential.

The house was built in 1770–71 for David Espy, a local militia officer and prothonotary (court clerk). He was also a Freemason and served as Junior Warden when Bedford Lodge No. 48 A.Y.M. was warranted in 1790. In 1794, his stone house was probably the finest in the town, and was where President George Washington stayed while leading troops in the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. Bedford was as far as Washington traveled with the troops; he turned their command over to Henry "Lighthorse Harry" Lee and returned to Washington, DC.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bedford County, Pennsylvania

References

External links
Bedford County: The Espy House
Explore Pennsylvania, Historical Markers: Espy House

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1770
Houses in Bedford County, Pennsylvania
History of Bedford County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Bedford County, Pennsylvania
1770 establishments in Pennsylvania


Wayford is a village and civil parish on the River Axe,  south-west of Crewkerne, in the South Somerset district of Somerset, England.

History

The parish was part of the hundred of Crewkerne.

Wayford Manor House was rebuilt around 1600 by Charles Daubeney, probably with William Arnold as master mason. The north wing was completed by Sir Ernest George in 1900. Wayford Woods, close to the house, has an ornamental lake and is known for the large number of fairy doors it used to have.

Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Chard Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Religious sites

The Church of St Michael dates from the 13th century and has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building.

References

External links

Villages in South Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset


Isohumulones are chemical compounds that contribute to the bitter taste of beer and are in the class of compounds known as iso-alpha acids. They are found in hops.

Beer
The bitterness of beer is measured according to the International Bitterness Units scale, with one IBU corresponding to one part-per-million of isohumulone.  When beer is exposed to light, these compounds can decompose in a reaction catalyzed by riboflavin to generate free-radical species by the homolytic cleavage of the exocyclic carbon-carbon bond. The cleaved acyl side-chain radical then decomposes further, expelling carbon monoxide and generating 1,1-dimethylallyl radical. This radical can finally react with sulfur-containing amino acids, such as cysteine, to create 3-methylbut-2-ene-1-thiol, a thiol which causes beer to develop a "skunky" flavor.

Formation
Isohumulones are generated by the isomerization of humulone.

See also
Beer chemistry

References

Bitter compounds
Cyclopentenes
3-Hydroxypropenals
Humulus


Roy William Winsor (April 13, 1912 – May 31, 1987) was an American soap opera writer, creator, producer and mystery novelist. He created three of the longest running soap operas in US television history.

Biography
Winsor was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 13, 1912, and graduated from Harvard College. Before he created television soap operas, he wrote for many radio serials. He also produced the Western show Have Gun – Will Travel for the radio. In 1951 he created the long-running soap opera Search for Tomorrow (1951–1986). For Search for Tomorrow, he first worked with fellow soap opera writer Agnes Nixon. The same year he created Love of Life (1951–1980). Three years later he would create another long-running soap opera The Secret Storm (1954–1974).

He produced episodes for situation comedies such as I Love Lucy and My Little Margie. He created Ben Jerrod in 1963, the first daytime TV drama to be entirely broadcast in color.

The year before The Secret Storm ended, he would take over as head writer of the NBC soap opera Somerset; he wrote for the show from 1973 to 1974. In 1981, after a long break, he returned to soap operas and co-created (with Bob Aaron) the serial Another Life (1981–1984) for Christian Broadcasting Network. Winsor described the family at the center of Another Life as held together by values such as "discipline, loyalty, and moral standards", which he said have been "abused and scoffed at in today's world."

He was the author of three mystery novels, including The Corpse That Walked, which won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America in 1975 for Best Paperback Original. He also wrote Three Motives for Murder, and Always Lock Your Bedroom Door.

Winsor died on May 31, 1987, of a heart attack at the age of 75 in Pelham Manor, New York.

References

External links

1912 births
1987 deaths
Harvard College alumni
American soap opera writers
Writers from Chicago
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American radio writers
American male screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Illinois
Screenwriters from Illinois
American male television writers
American television writers
20th-century American screenwriters


Puente Alsina is an Argentine railway station in the Greater Buenos Aires neighbourhood of Valentín Alsina in the Lanús partido of Buenos Aires Province. The station takes its name from the nearby bridge of Puente Alsina over the Riachuelo River.  On the other side of this bridge lies the neighbourhood of Nueva Pompeya within the city of Buenos Aires.

The station remains inactive since August 2017 after the Puente Alsina – Aldo Bonzi line was closed due to a derailment.

History

Built by the British-owned Buenos Aires Midland Railway, the station was opened in 1908 as the terminus for their metre gauge line to Carhué, in the southwest of the province. The original plan was to boost the importance of the line by extending it from Puente Alsina into the centre of the nearby city. However, the fact that the company held a concession from the province, meant that it was unable to enter the Federal Capital. When the entire Argentine railway network was nationalized in 1948, during Juan Peron's presidency, the BAMR became part of the state-owned company Ferrocarril Belgrano.

As part of the privatization of the whole Argentine railway network in the early 1990s, private company Metropolitano was granted a concession to operate the service, part of the Linea Belgrano Sur, as far as General Belgrano, from 1 May 1994. In spite of the large state subsidies received by the company, a serious decline in the standard of its services led to the concession being revoked on 22 May 2007, after which the line was run by UGOFE, a consortium formed by private companies Ferrovías, Metrovías and Trenes de Buenos Aires.

In March 2015 the station started to be operated by state-owned Trenes Argentinos, after the Government rescinded the contract with private company Argentren signed one year before. Nevertheless, after two years of service under Trenes Argentinos, in August 2017 the Government closed the entire Puente Alsina - Aldo Bonzi line due to a derailment. Since then, there have not been plans for the reactivation of services in the line.

Historic operators

Notes

Bibliography
 British Railways in Argentina 1857-1914: A Case Study of Foreign Investment by Colin M. Lewis, Athlone Press (University of London), 1983
 British Railways in Argentina 1860-1948 by H.R. Stones - P.E. Waters & Associates, Bromley, Kent, England, 1993

References

Railway stations in Buenos Aires Province
Railway stations opened in 1908
1908 establishments in Argentina
Railway stations closed in 2017


FCI Levadia U21 Tallinn, commonly known as FCI Levadia U21, is an Estonian football club based in Tallinn.

Founded as Levadia Tallinn, it was the reserve team of Levadia Maardu from 2000–2004. In 2004, Levadia Maardu moved to Tallinn and became the new Levadia Tallinn, while the reserve team became Levadia II.

Reserve teams in Estonia play in the same league system as the senior team, rather than in a reserve team league. They must play at least one level below their main side, however, so Levadia U21 is ineligible for promotion to the Meistriliiga but can play in the Estonian Cup. As Levadia Tallinn, the club has won 1 Estonian Cup trophy.

In 2017, Tallinna FC Levadia and FCI Tallinn joined, which resulted in their reserves also joining and becoming Tallinna FCI Levadia U21

Honours
 Esiliiga
 Winners (6): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013

 Estonian Cup
 Winners (1): 2001–02

After winning the Estonian Cup they played in the 2002–03 UEFA Cup.

Players

First-team squad

Personnel

Current technical staff

Managerial history

References

External links
Official website

FCI Levadia Tallinn
Levadia U21
2004 establishments in Estonia
Association football clubs established in 2004


Only on the Left Side is the tenth solo studio album by American rapper Daz Dillinger. It was released on August 12, 2008, through D.P.G. Recordz/Fontana Distribution, while had been initially scheduled for an April or May release. Production was handled by Ivan Johnson, Soopafly, Lil' Ronnie, Salam Wreck, Swizz Beatz, and Daz himself, who also served as executive producer. It features guest appearances from Keak da Sneak, Krayzie Bone, Kurupt, Manish Man, Nicole Wray, Obie Trice, Snoop Dogg, Soopafly, Swizz Beatz, Tyrese and Big Von. The album peaked at number 38 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, number 17 on the Top Rap Albums and number 46 on the Independent Albums charts in the United States with 2,132 copies sold in its first week. It was preceded by the only single "Dip Drop Stop Dip".

Track listing

Personnel
Delmar "Daz Dillinger" Arnaud – main artist, producer (tracks: 1, 3–7, 9, 11–15), executive producer
Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean – featured artist & producer (track 2)
Anthony "Krayzie Bone" Henderson – featured artist (track 5)
"Big Von" Johnson – featured artist (track 8)
Charles "Keak da Sneak" Williams – featured artist (track 9)
Albert Lee "Manish Man" Harris – featured artist (track 10)
Priest "Soopafly" Brooks – featured artist (track 12), producer (tracks: 10–12)
Calvin "Snoop Dogg" Broadus – featured artist (track 13)
Tyrese Gibson – featured artist (track 14)
Nicole Wray – featured artist (track 14)
Obie Trice – featured artist (track 16)
Ricardo "Kurupt" Brown – featured artist (track 17)
Ivan L. Johnson – producer (tracks: 1, 3–7, 9, 13–15)
Salam Nassar – producer (track 16)
"Lil' Ronnie" Jackson – producer (track 17)
Young Breezy – cover design
Arnold "Bigg A" White – marketing & promotion

Charts

References

2008 albums
Daz Dillinger albums
D.P.G. Recordz albums
Albums produced by Soopafly
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by Daz Dillinger


Eric Gunnar Gibson (October 3, 1919 – January 28, 1944) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Born in Sweden, Gibson immigrated to the United States and joined the Army from Chicago, Illinois in February 1941. By January 28, 1944, he was a technician fifth grade serving as a cook in the 30th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. On that day, in Cisterna di Latina area near Isolabella, Italy, he was placed in command of a squad during an advance down a streambed. Gibson led his men from the front, repeatedly advancing ahead of the squad and three times attacking German positions alone. He was killed while charging a fourth German position. For these actions, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor eight months later, on September 11, 1944.

Gibson, aged 24 at his death, was buried in Nora Cemetery, Rice Lake, Wisconsin. His parents had moved to Rice Lake while Gibson was serving in Europe.

Medal of Honor citation
Technician Fifth Grade Gibson's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty. On January 28, 1944, near Isolabella, Italy, Tech. 5th Grade Gibson, company cook, led a squad of replacements through their initial baptism of fire, destroyed four enemy positions, killed 5 and captured 2 German soldiers, and secured the left flank of his company during an attack on a strongpoint. Placing himself 50 yards in front of his new men, Gibson advanced down the wide stream ditch known as the Fosso Femminamorta, keeping pace with the advance of his company. An enemy soldier allowed Tech. 5th Grade Gibson to come within 20 yards of his concealed position and then opened fire on him with a machine pistol. Despite the stream of automatic fire which barely missed him, Gibson charged the position, firing his submachine gun every few steps. Reaching the position, Gibson fired pointblank at his opponent, killing him. An artillery concentration fell in and around the ditch; the concussion from one shell knocked him flat. As he got to his feet Gibson was fired on by two soldiers armed with a machine pistol and a rifle from a position only 75 yards distant. Gibson immediately raced toward the foe. Halfway to the position a machinegun opened fire on him. Bullets came within inches of his body, yet Gibson never paused in his forward movement. He killed one and captured the other soldier. Shortly after, when he was fired upon by a heavy machinegun 200 yards down the ditch, Gibson crawled back to his squad and ordered it to lay down a base of fire while he flanked the emplacement. Despite all warning, Gibson crawled 125 yards through an artillery concentration and the cross fire of 2 machineguns which showered dirt over his body, threw 2 hand grenades into the emplacement and charged it with his submachine gun, killing 2 of the enemy and capturing a third. Before leading his men around a bend in the stream ditch, Gibson went forward alone to reconnoiter. Hearing an exchange of machine pistol and submachine gun fire, Gibson's squad went forward to find that its leader had run 35 yards toward an outpost, killed the machine pistol man, and had himself been killed while firing at the Germans.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

External links

1919 births
1944 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military personnel from Chicago
Swedish emigrants to the United States
United States Army non-commissioned officers
Swedish-born Medal of Honor recipients
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Rice Lake, Wisconsin


Stefania Bojda (born 1938, in Cieszyn) is a Polish artist and teacher.

She finished Liceum Pedagogiczne (pedagogical high school) in Cieszyn in 1965 and plastic arts at the University of Silesia in 1978. She worked as a teacher in Bielsko-Biała from 1965 to 1969 and later in Cieszyn.

She wrote and published, with her brother Józef Golec, Słownik biograficzny ziemi cieszyńskiej (vol. 1, 1993; vol. 2, 1995; vol. 3, 1998).

References

External links
 Stefania Bojda in Biographical Dictionary of Cieszyn Silesia

1938 births
Living people
People from Cieszyn
Polish schoolteachers
20th-century Polish educators
21st-century Polish educators


Otumba may refer to:
Otumba, State of Mexico, a municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico
Otumba de Gómez Farías, a town and the municipal seat of Otumba municipality, State of Mexico
Otompan, a pre-Columbian altepetl
Battle of Otumba, a 1520 battle in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire


Winsham is a village and civil parish  south-east of Chard and  from Crewkerne, in the South Somerset district of Somerset, England. The parish, which has a population of approximately 750 residents living in some 335 households, includes the hamlets of Whatley, Bridge, Purtington and Ammerham, and covers an area of approximately .

The village is on the southern border of Somerset, approximately  from the Dorset border, which is marked by the River Axe. Administratively it is in Area West, South Somerset District Council, and has a Parish Council elected by residents. Winsham Parish Council was one of the first to be formed in 1894, shortly after the passing of the Local Government Act of the same year.

History
The name Winsham means Wine's settlement.

In Saxon times the manor formed part of the estate of Wells Cathedral. The parish of Winsham was part of the Kingsbury Hundred.

With its roots in Saxon times, and its listing in the Domesday Book. Three estates had a major influence on Winsham's rural community Forde Abbey, Cricket St Thomas and Leigh House. The Fry family, the chocolate manufacturers from Bristol, who owned the Cricket St Thomas estate from 1897 until 1919, and the Hall family who followed them were particularly active in their support of the village.

The same is true of Leigh House where the Henley and Davies family also played an active part in village affairs. In the nineteenth century, the West of England Woollen Mill employed large numbers (said to be 600 at its peak).  During that time it is believed that the population of Winsham increased to over a thousand. This boom was over by 1850, when the mill closed, having lost its business to the north of England. At a later date, it continued on reduced scale processing jute until the early twentieth century.

Both the village Pub, ’The Bell’, and the village run general store and Post Office have been in continuous business since at least 1850. Also in the centre of the village is the village hall, a gift to the village from Lord Bridport in 1887 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria.  It is known as the Jubilee Hall.

The village school building dates back to 1818.

A more recent structure is the Sports and Social Club (with changing rooms), located on the larger of two recreation grounds near to the centre of the village. This building and the Upper Recreation Ground is managed by the Winsham Playing Fields Charity on a 99 year lease from Winsham Parish Council (dated 1968).  The Charity is legally responsible for all the maintenance, upkeep and insurance of the Upper Rec and the Clubhouse.  The 'Upper Rec' hosts various events such as the Annual Horticultural Show. It is also home to Winsham United Football Club which has been active since the late 19th Century.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.  In September 2017 the Parish Council was awarded Foundation status by the National Association of Local Councils for demonstrating excellent governance, development of councillors and employees, and good engagement.  Sadly in May 2019, following the local elections, 8 new councillors and a new clerk took post, meaning that the Parish Council lost the right to use the Foundation Certificate and the General Power of Competence.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Chard Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and  fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

The village is in the 'Windwhistle' electoral ward. Winsham is the most populous area in the ward but this stretches east to West Crewkerne and north to Dowlish Wake. The total population of the ward taken from the 2011 census was 2,293.

It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Religious sites

The Church of St Stephen originates from the 13th century, though mostly 15th century with 19th century restoration. Designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building. St. Stephen's is an historically important site which attracts many visitors from around the world - it contains a pre-Reformation tympanum (rood screen) of the Crucifixion, and is only one of two to survive anywhere.  It also has a copy of Fox's Book of Martyrs, and other interesting features.

The United Reformed Church dates back to the early 19th Century. Non-conformism has  had a substantial following in the parish since the 17th Century. A number of fascinating historical documents relating to the URC in Winsham can be found on the Winsham Web Museum.

References

External links

 Winsham Web Museum
 Winsham Parish Council Website
 Winsham Parish Web site

Villages in South Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset


Events from the year 1683 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Monarch: Charles II

Events
February 19 – the Evans Baronetcy, of Kilcreene in the County of Kilkenny, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland in favour of William Evans.
June 23 – the Caldwell Baronetcy of Wellsborough in County Fermanagh, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland in favour of James Caldwell, High Sheriff of County Fermanagh.
October 15 – first meeting of the Dublin Philosophical Society, established by William Molyneux.
December 14 – Dominic Maguire, O.P., is elected as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland by the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith.
The titles of Viscount Mountjoy and Baron Stewart of Ramelton in the Peerage of Ireland are conferred upon Sir William Stewart, 3rd Baronet, of Ramelton.

Births

October 25 – Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1757)
Daniel Falkiner, politician (d. 1759)
Thomas Fortescue, politician (d. 1769)
Michael Ward, politician (d. 1759)

Deaths
February 3 – Randal MacDonnell, 1st Marquess of Antrim, Roman Catholic landowner in Ireland and Scotland and political intriguer (b. 1609)
November 28 – Valentine Greatrakes, faith healer (b. 1628)
December 11 – George Lane, 1st Viscount Lanesborough, politician (b. c.1620)
Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont, Dutch-born peer (b. 1643)

References

1680s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 17th century in Ireland


West Hill Dam Reserve is a United States Army Corps of Engineers flood control project with a recreational park and wildlife management area located at Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The West Hill Dam Project was completed in June 1961. It is located on the West River, one of the branches of the Blackstone River which flows from Worcester, MA to Providence, RI. The West River originates in Grafton, Massachusetts, at Cider Mill Pond and Silver Lake, near Upton, Massachusetts, and the Upton State Forest. The dam is unusual in that it isn't filled unless there is a flood.
West Hill Dam was built after devastating floods during the 1950s; it is intended to protect the Blackstone Valley from future destructive flooding. The cities and towns downriver from Uxbridge, including Millville, Blackstone, Woonsocket, North Smithfield, Cumberland, Lincoln, Central Falls, Pawtucket and Providence, Rhode Island, suffered extensive flooding from the Blackstone during Hurricane Diane in 1955. Hurricane Donna tested this new dam in 1960 as the eyewall passed over.
The West Hill Dam is located in the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor near the Blackstone River and Canal Heritage State Park. Park rangers provide visitor assistance and offer scheduled interpretative programs. Fishing, hunting, and wildlife viewing opportunities are available year-round.  The park has a recreation area, 34 picnic sites, one playground, a swimming area and five miles of hiking trails. However, access to the park from West Hill Road is currently blocked as of 2021 because of landowner disagreements.
West Hill Dam (where the Army Corps project is based) is also the field office for the Charles River Natural Valley Storage Area.  It consists of scattered wetlands in the upper and middle Charles River watershed, between the towns of Bellingham and Needham.  The wetlands provide flood storage area, fisheries, wildlife management, and recreation. The Charles River is the well-known watercourse that flows into Boston Harbor.

Geography of West Hill Dam
West Hill is the westernmost hill in Mendon. Nearly all of its western slope is in Uxbridge, and this is where the dam is located. The town of Northbridge is immediately to the north of this site and includes some of the reservoir trapped behind the West Hill Dam. West Hill and West Hill Dam are in the northeastern part of Uxbridge township.  The actual summit of West Hill is in the adjacent town of Mendon. The federal reserve contains 567 acres in the townships of Uxbridge, Northbridge, and Upton, Massachusetts. The New England town or township is a unique municipality unit unlike those of any other geographic region of the United States.

Historic context and location
The West Hill area was one of fourteen sites of Praying Indian Villages, established by the missionary, John Eliot around 1650. Early water powered mills, including some downstream on the West River, and Blackstone River, helped jumpstart America's industrial revolution in this river valley region. The Blackstone Valley is a New England upland region with elevations from approximately two hundred feet to over six hundred feet above sea level. West Hill Dam is located about thirty-four miles west-southwest of Boston, and about fifteen miles southeast of Worcester.

See also
West River (Massachusetts)
Uxbridge, Massachusetts
Northbridge, Massachusetts
Army Corps of Engineers
Blackstone Valley
Blackstone River and Canal Heritage State Park
Charles River Natural Valley Storage Area
West Hill Dam, Master Plan

Notes
US Army Corps of Engineers, West Hill Dam, Uxbridge, Massachusetts

References

United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Uxbridge, Massachusetts
Protected areas of Massachusetts
Dams in Massachusetts
Reservoirs in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Uxbridge, Massachusetts
Lakes of Worcester County, Massachusetts
Dams completed in 1960


National Cycle Route 14 forms part of the National Cycle Network in North East England. It connects Darlington in County Durham with South Shields on the River Tyne. The route has currently (2016) a length of . Much of it uses paths along disused railway lines and is thus free from motor traffic.

Sections

The route is signed in both directions but is described here per Sustrans' publication in the direction from Darlington to South Shields.

Darlington to Hartlepool

From Darlington to Middleton St George the route follows the former Stockton and Darlington Railway line. It continues north-east on a combination of on-road and so-called traffic free (i.e. without motor traffic) sections towards Stockton-on-Tees, passes the latter town on National Cycle Route 1 and continues to Hartlepool. More than half of the latter stretch is separated from motor traffic.

Hartlepool to Durham

Again on a combination of on-road and traffic-free sections, the route turns away from the coast in a north-western direction along the former Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway, now known as the Hart to Haswell Walkway. From a junction east of Wingate,  National Cycle Route 1 also uses the disused railway line. In Haswell, the cycle routes separate, and route 14 continues westwards to Durham, mainly on roads.

Durham to South Shields

After heading west out of Durham, the route follows the Lanchester Valley Railway Path north-west to Consett. Continuing north-east mainly on disused railway lines, it crosses the River Derwent several times. At the mouth of the latter, it meets the River Tyne and continues along its southern bank eastward to South Shields. Most of this section is traffic-free except for some short parts along the Tyne.

Between Stockton-on-Tees and South Shields the route is also signposted as the Three Rivers Cycle Route, between Consett and South Shields it shares the way with the Sea to Sea (C2C) route connecting the west and east coasts of England.

External links
Sustrans Route 14

References

Transport in County Durham
National Cycle Routes


International Superstar Soccer Pro 98 (officially abbreviated as ISS Pro 98, sometimes called International Superstar Soccer '98, and released in Japan in three editions: ,  and ) is a football video game which follows International Superstar Soccer Pro developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo. The Japanese version was re-released in late 1998 as Winning Eleven 3: Final Version with some slight improvements, such as a wider camera option. In Japan, a version of the game featuring only J-League clubs was released in December 1998 titled J-League Jikkyou Winning Eleven '98-'99.

The English commentary for the game is provided by Tony Gubba.

Although it lacked FIFPro licence, the European releases featured Italian striker Fabrizio Ravanelli along with German goalkeeper Andreas Koepke (on German, French and Spanish releases) or English midfielder Paul Ince (on British and Italian releases) on the cover, and the North American release featured Colombian player Carlos Valderrama. The game shares the same cover arts and North American release date with the Nintendo 64 game International Superstar Soccer 98 (and Game Boy's International Superstar Soccer) but they are individual iterations of different game franchises, only released with similar name. This is a characteristic also shared with the previous game, ISS Pro.

Game modes
The features six different game modes. Modes existing in previous version have been developed and the two new have been added.
 Exhibition Mode: a friendly match game against computer or another player with a choice of difficulty, stadium, weather and match length and time of a match. It was also possible to play with another player or with computer against computer. Computer versus computer option was available as well.
 League Mode: 16 international teams participate in league playing either half or full season with a free choice of teams.
 Cup Mode: mainly focused on emulation of FIFA World Cup with the real group draw as in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. This mode also included local cups like European Cup, Asian Cup, African Cup, North American Cup and South American Cup, each based on knockout-stage conditions. Konami Cup was the one with the more adjustable settings like the number of teams and tournament basis. It is also possible to try to qualify for the World Cup.
 All Star Match: a friendly match game between the World Stars Players and European Stars Players.
 Penalty Kick Mode: two teams take a five penalty kicks to select the winner. In case of a draw, they undergo sudden death round.
 Training: practice of shooting free kicks and corner kicks with a selected team.

Teams
Although team line-ups were to reflect 1998 FIFA World Cup squads there are some inconsistencies. For example, players named 'Rabanilli' (representing Fabrizio Ravanelli for Italy), 'Romedio' (representing Romario for Brazil), 'Zabie' (representing Zague for Mexico) or 'Ber' (representing Ibrahim Ba for France) did not participate in the final tournament. Some players in the game of both qualified and non-qualified teams had initially retired for their team one year before the 1998 World Cup. For example, Carlos Hermosillo ('Hermoss') of Mexico had retired from international football in 1997.

Featured teams

Europe

  (now )
Africa

South America

North America

Asia

Oceania

Others

Winning Eleven 3: Final Ver.
The Japanese release, Winning Eleven 3, was re-released in late 1998 as Winning Eleven 3: Final Ver. The major changes and improvements have been focused on graphic and statistical updates rather than on engine itself. The most significant differences from the original are:
 Whole look of the game is less vivid in order to increase the level of realism.
 Some home, away and goalkeepers kits have been updated (including the All Star teams).
 The appearance of goals and nets has been changed.
 Squads have been updated to exactly reflect 1998 FIFA World Cup squads, the number of players in line-ups has been extended to 22 as well.
 Three difficulty levels instead of five: easy, medium and hard.
 The choice of match length has been widen to 30 minutes in spaces of 5.
 Match settings in Exhibition Mode now include the choice of uniforms, extended period, penalty shoot-out and golden goal.
 During the Cup Mode the statistics of scores and assists have been added.
 The imitation of Stade de France, the venue of 1998 FIFA World Cup final, has been added as a new stadium.
 The immediate replays after most interesting moments like missed shots, fouls or offsides have been implemented during the match.
 The most noticeable changes during play covered improved shoot system and added power slide bar during corner kicks.
 A new one-two pass method is added, allowing the first player to pass and run without the second player having to return the ball immediately. This new move added much more variety to the game.

Konami Code support
Every version of ISS Pro 98 / Winning Eleven 3 supports a variation of the Konami Code. When used at the main menu, the player can unlock a special team to be used in Exhibition Matches.

Reception

The game received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40 for J.League Jikkyō Winning Eleven 3, 30 out of 40 for World Soccer Jikkyō Winning Eleven 3: World Cup France '98, and 31 out of 40 for the latter's Final Version edition. GamePro said, "With their superior all-around package, the FIFA games will still reign supreme for most, but ISS certainly deserves a look from soccer fans everywhere."

The game was a bestseller in the UK and Japan.

See also
 International Superstar Soccer Pro
 ISS Series
 Winning Eleven

Notes

References

External links

1997 video games
1998 FIFA World Cup
International Superstar Soccer
Konami games
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Chief Hosea Katjikururume Komombumbi Kutako (1870 – 18 July 1970), was an early Namibian nationalist leader and a founder member of Namibia's first nationalist party, the South West African National Union (SWANU).

"During  his  life,  he  experienced  the  transition  from  independence  to  colonization,  and  the  destruction  of  Herero  society  and  the  loss  of  its  lands,  although he struggled to regain the freedom and self-determination that he and his society had previously known. Initially Kutako campaigned only for his own people, yet at a very early stage he began campaigning for the freedom and self-determination  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  Namibia.  In  this,  Hosea  Kutako  can  be  described as the country’s first truly nationalist politician, a man who strove for the greater good not only for himself but for all. Hosea Kutako was born as a Herero royal, but into a position which, but for the course of history, would never have enabled him to claim leadership of the Herero, let alone of the people of Namibia" Jan-Brand Gewald

Early life
Hosea Komombumbi Kutako was born in 1870 at Okahurimehi, near Kalkfeld.

Career and achievements

In 1920, Hosea Kutako was officially appointed as leader of the Herero people by Frederik Maharero. Mahahero had been empowered to transfer power by his father, Herero chief Samuel Maharero, who had been exiled after the Herero War and was since banned from entering the country by the South African Mandatory Administration. Hosea Kutako took over his role as a commitment to preserve the memory of the Herero before and during the German colonisation as well as of the Battle of Waterberg. The aftermath of this battle was recognised in 2004 by Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, Germany's development aid minister, as being equivalent to genocide.

The seat of his Kutako's chieftaincy was situated at the settlement of Toasis in the Aminuis area.

Also in 1920, he founded the Green Flags, an association to keep up tradition, and went on by founding the Red Flags in 1923, after Samuel Maharero’s death. Kutako prompted and organised the transfer of Samuel Maharero’s body and its funeral on Okahandja next to the grave of Jonker Afrikaner. Kutako also founded the Truppenspieler association. It was intended to attain military importance, but this was opposed both by the South African authorities and by Sam Nujoma, the co-founder of the South West African People's Organisation SWAPO. So, the Truppenspieler had to content themselves with an accompanying role at Herero Day.

Kutako became deputy chief of Namibia's Traditional Leaders Council, and also became Chief of the Botswana Mbanderu people in 1951. Along with the British Anglican priest Rev. Michael Scott, he submitted numerous petitions to the United Nations during the 1950s and 1960s calling on the world body to end South African rule and grant Namibia independence. This eventually led to the UN's recognition of Namibia as a sovereign country under colonial administration by South Africa and the historic 1971 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice that South Africa's continued administration of Namibia was illegal in terms of international law. Hosea Kutako is considered a national hero in Namibia.

He died on 18 July 1970 in the Aminuis Reserve, in the remote eastern part of the Omaheke Region of Namibia.

Recognition
Hosea Kutako is one of nine national heroes of Namibia that were identified at the inauguration of the country's Heroes' Acre near Windhoek. Founding president Sam Nujoma remarked in his inauguration speech on 26 August 2002 that:
Chief Hosea Komombumbi Kutako [...] participated on the anti colonial wars of 1904 as one of the leading commanders. He also played an historic and significant role in petitioning the United Nations Organisation demanding the placement of the then South West Africa under the United Nations trusteeship system. [...] In this
way, he played a major role in Namibia's struggle for freedom and independence. To his revolutionary spirit and his visionary memory we humbly offer our honor and respect.
Kutako is honoured in form of a granite tombstone with his name engraved and his portrait plastered onto the slab.

Windhoek's international airport, the country's primary international airport, is named after him.

In July 2010, Kutako's former home in the Omaheke Region was nominated by the Omaheke Regional Council to become a national heritage site.

References

Further reading
 Kutako's memory cast in bronze  The Namibian, 12 June 1998
 Note: This is a self-published source, so may not meet high standards of reliability.

1870 births
1970 deaths
People from Otjozondjupa Region
Herero people
SWANU politicians
SWAPO politicians
National heroes of Namibia
Namibian centenarians
Namibian revolutionaries
Men centenarians
People from German South West Africa


The Pullman was an American automobile that was manufactured in York, Pennsylvania by the York Motor Car Company from 1905 to 1909 and the Pullman Motor Car Company from 1909 to 1917.

The Pullman automobile was named by industrialist Albert P. Broomell to reflect the quality and luxury of rail cars and coaches made by the Pullman Company, but the two organizations were not related.

History

Six-wheeled Pullman
Albert P. Brumell of Broomell, Schmidt & Steacy Company built his first car in 1903. Named the Pullman, it featured six wheels and was built in the Hardinge factory. The axles were evenly spaced; the endmost two axles were in their conventional fore and aft locations and the middle two wheels, which were the powered wheels, sat directly under the passenger seats.

When steering the front and rear axels would turn in opposition, enabling the car to turn very tightly. If the car passed over a low spot in the road the driving wheels could become suspended and stop the car until it was pushed. When the car reached a particularly high spot in the road, it had a tendency to see-saw. In 1903, this problem contributed to a car crash. The vehicle was subsequently torn apart and items such as the engine were rebuilt in a more conventional four-wheel configuration.

Pullman Motor Car
The revised car was thought to be good enough for production and Brunnell and Samuel E. Baily established the York Motor Car Company in 1905. Also in 1905, master mechanic James A. Kline joined to design an improved car. Originally planned to be called the York, the name Pullman was settled on before the new car went into production. Thirteen York pilot cars were built in 1905, a figure that increased to 273 in 1906, the first full year of production.

Pullman automobiles were sold as premium vehicles, using advertising slogans such as "Not Only The Best at the Price, But the Best at Any Price." The first Pullmans were large Touring and Runabout cars with twenty-hp or forty-hp engines priced from $2,000 to $2,500, .

By 1909, annual production exceeded one thousand cars and was then increased in 1910 to more than two thousand.

Due to the Panic of 1907, financial assistance was needed and Thomas O'Connor and Oscar Stephenson of New York City became investors. In 1908, James Kline and Samuel Baily departed the company and would go back into automobile production with the Kline Kar in 1910.

In 1908, one vehicle was driven from the York factory to San Francisco and back over a period of about a month to prove its reliability. The Lincoln Highway which ran through York had not been fully organized or completed and this was a challenging journey.

In 1909, the company was reorganized as the Pullman Motor Car Company.

A Pullman won the famed Fairmount Park Road Race in Philadelphia in 1910, and in 1911 was awarded three gold medals at the Russian Exposition in Rostov on Don, considered an unprecedented "victory" for an American automobile manufacturer.

In 1912, Pullman introduced a sixty-hp six-cylinder car on a 138-inch wheelbase that was priced at $2,750, .

Annual production by 1915 was more than four thousand cars. The Cutler-Hammer electric gear change was also offered; however, quality issues resulted from the high production and sales severely declined. In late 1915, E. T. Birdsall was brought in from White Motor Company to design a lower priced car to be called the Pullman Junior, but it was too late to save the company.  The Pullman Junior, with a twenty-two-hp Golden Belknap & Schwartz engine that was priced at $740, () was introduced for 1916 and was the only car produced in 1917 while the company was under receivership.

Fate
The Pullman Motor Car Company declared bankruptcy in December 1916 and ceased operations in 1917; the company's assets were then sold in July of that year.

The original building which housed the Pullman factory still exists in York, Pennsylvania at 701 Hay Street currently owned by Hay Street LLC.  There are about 27 known Pullman automobiles still in existence, about half of which have been restored.

Gallery

See also
 New York Times story on new cars for 1909
 Pullman automobiles at ConceptCarz

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Economic history of Pennsylvania
Brass Era vehicles
1900s cars
1910s cars
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Pennsylvania
Cars introduced in 1905
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1905
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1917


Alexander McKee ( – 15 January 1799) was an American-born military officer and colonial official in the British Indian Department during the French and Indian War, the American Revolutionary War, and the Northwest Indian War. He achieved the rank of Deputy Superintendent General in 1794, the second highest position in the British Indian Department at the time.

Biography
Alexander McKee was born about 1735, the second son of Thomas McKee an Irish immigrant (probably Scots-Irish from northern Ireland), fur trader, Indian Agent, and interpreter for General Forbes at Fort Pitt, and Nonhelema Hokolesqua (c. 1718–1786), an 18th century Shawnee leader and sister of Chief Cornstalk. McKee developed a lifelong relationship with the Ohio Indian tribes.

As a young man, Alexander McKee began working with traders who did business with the Indians of the Ohio Country. Soon, he was able to establish his own trading business. Because of his good relations with the Ohio tribes, Indian agent George Croghan enlisted McKee in the service of the Crown's Indian Department. Around 1764, McKee settled in what is now McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, and built a substantial house. George Washington visited him there in 1770, and mentions this in his diary. McKee continued in the service of Pennsylvania for some time after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.

Around 1768 or 1769, McKee married a woman in a Shawnee village on the Ohio River. Her identity is unknown; she may have been a Shawnee woman, or possibly a white captive named Charlotte Brown who had been raised among the Shawnees. They had a son, Thomas McKee.

Following mistreatment by the settlers, he left the Americans in favor of the British at Detroit. It was during this transition that he established his well-known association with Matthew Elliott and the Girty brothers: Simon, James, and George.

During the next 25 years, Alexander McKee led efforts to promote the alliance of the Indians with the British, most especially with the Shawnee, but also with the majority of the Northwest Indian tribes.  He guarded the interests of the Indians and was their honest friend.  The Continental Congress branded him a traitor for remaining loyal to the British Empire and organizing several tribes on the side of the British.
"Alexander McKee, the British Indian Agent, who resided at the Machachac towns, on Mad River, during the incursion of General Logan from Kentucky in 1786, was obliged to flee with his effects. He had a large lot of swine, which were driven on to the borders of this stream, and when the Indians (Shawnee) came on they called the river Koshko Sepe, which in the Shawnee language signified 'The Creek of the Hogs, or Hog Stream'."

McKee negotiated several treaties on behalf of the British authorities with the Indigenous First Nations of Upper Canada in the Detroit area. This included Treaty 2 or "McKee's Purchase", which surrendered a large part of what is now South-western Ontario.

Legacy

McKee died in Upper Canada in 1799. He was mourned and greatly honored by the Northwest tribes. His son Thomas McKee was a Canadian soldier and political figure.

The borough of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, is the site of Alexander McKee's original  land grant, which the agent was awarded on 25 November 1764, by Colonel Bouquet. The McKee plantation was called FairView. George Washington dined at Fairview in 1770, and the eight-room log mansion was mentioned by George Washington in his journal. The home was razed by the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad in 1902.

References

Nelson, Larry L. A Man of Distinction Among Them. Alexander McKee and British-Indian Affairs along the Ohio Country Frontier 1754-1799. Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press, 1999.

External links
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 A Short Biography
 Alexander McKee
Alexander McKee Papers, Special Collections at The University of Southern Mississippi (de Grummond Children's Literature Collection)

1799 deaths
British Indian Department
Colonial American Indian agents
Canadian fur traders
Canadian people of Irish descent
People of the Northwest Indian War
Year of birth uncertain
1735 births


The Closing Chronicles (subtitled: The Breathing Shadow II) is the second studio album by the Swedish rock band Nightingale, released by Black Mark Production in 1996. The album continues the story begun on The Breathing Shadow. This is the first album to feature Dag Swanö (with alias "Tom Nouga") on guitars and keyboards, as well as produce the album.

Track listing

Credits
Nightingale
 Dan Swanö - vocals, guitars, keyboards, drums
 Dag Swanö - guitars, keyboards, bass guitar

Production and design
 Dag Swanö - producer
 Dan Swanö - engineering, mixing
 Peter In de Betou - mastering
 Juha Vuorma - cover art
 Maren Lotz - design, layout
 Anders Storm - photography
 Börje Forsberg - executive producer

References

Nightingale (band) albums
1996 albums


Pourudu () is a 2008 Telugu language action drama film written and directed by Raj Aditya. The film stars Sumanth and Kajal Aggarwal, while Suman, Nassar, Brahmanandam, Ali, Subbaraju, and Kota Srinivasa Rao play supporting roles. The film was produced by Sumanth's sister, Supriya, under the S.S Creations / Annapurna Studios banner. The music score was by Mani Sharma with cinematography by Sudhakar Yekkanti. The film released on 13 January 2008. It was a moderate success at the box office, having a run of 100 days in a couple of centers. The film was later dubbed into Hindi as Giraftaar: The Man on a Mission in 2008.

Plot
Ajay completes his college degree and prepares for the IAS examination. His father Pandu works as a right hand under a powerful mafia leader named Jakeer Bhai. Kasi runs a rival gang in the same city along with his son. Though Pandu is a gangster, his son Ajay has different and more law-abiding aspirations. He concentrates on his studies and completes his IPS preliminaries. At the same time, he is a martial arts expert. Although he does not agree with his father's allegiance to Jakeer Bhai and the criminal world, he still loves him. Ajay and Samyukta, a student at a dance school, fall in love. At this juncture, Hussain takes charge as a CI and tries to nab Jakeer Bhai, Pandu, and Kasi. Unfortunately, he is not able to do so because of their political influence. In an ensuing conflict between Pandu and Kasi's son, the former's life is in danger. Knowing this, Ajay gets involved in the fight and saves his father. Hussain arrests both Pandu and Ajay subsequently. Pandu later learns that Jakeer Bhai is more evil than he is pretending to be and decides to leave him. Not liking this, Jakeer Bhai has Pandu killed by Kasi and his son. Jakeer Bhai wants to control the city, so he asks Ajay to kill Kasi and his son. Ajay then quits his ambition to become an IAS officer to avenge his father's death. In the end, he kills Jakeer Bhai. Hussain makes everyone believe that all those who are killed by Ajay died in a mafia gang war. He then helps Ajay attend the IAS main exams as he wishes. The film ends with the reunion of Samyukta and Ajay.

Cast

 Sumanth as Ajay
 Kajal Aggarwal as Samyukta
 Suman as Pandu
 Nassar as Jakeer Bhai
 Brahmanandam as Church Father
 Ali as Madame Sir
 Subbaraju as Hussain
 Kota Srinivasa Rao as Kasi
 Dharmavarapu Subramanyam as Samyukta's father
 Pragathi as Samyukta's mother
 Raghu Babu as Mastan
 Srinivasa Reddy
 Sunil as Samyukta's prospective groom
 Ahuti Prasad
 Vamsi Krishna
 M. S. Narayana
 Suman Setty

Reception
Jeevi of idlebrain.com gave a review with a rating 3/5, stating "Though there are dialogues justifying the title Pourudu, it is a pure personal revenge story of a Koduku. On the whole, a better climax and good fight sequences make Pourudu an average flick." telugucinema.com gave a review of rating 3/5 stating "Pourudu is a regular action drama. Sumanth scores as actor but he is dogged down by the poor script. It fails to impress as its second half is too boring." Oneindia Entertainment gave a review stating "the storyline is not too impressive, it is just a time pass film. Sumanth, is able to achieve his idea, of reverting his image from a soft and family hero to an action hero. The storyline is based on the theme – When society fails, power will rise, when power fails, a man will rise. It is an okay film for those who like an average action movie. One more time pass film for this Sankranthi." IndiaGlitz gave a review, stating Pourudu' is not your usual masala mix. But if you like something simple, then try it. Be warned though, it gets a tad too bland at times." Sify.com gave a review, stating "Sumanth, who proved his mettle for the first time onscreen with Satyam couldn't repeat the magic this time. As an action hero, he succeeds to a certain , but the film is bogged down by the beaten to death plot line of a son taking avenge on the killers of his father." Rediff.com gave a review stating "Even though the film has an interesting premise (the tagline reads, 'when the system fails a power will rise, when that power fails, a man will rise'), it fails to live up to the expectations."

Soundtrack

The music launch of this film was done in a silent way at Annapurna studios on the night of 27 December 2007. ANR launched the audio and gave the cassette to D Rama Naidu. This function was held without any speeches. ANR, Nagarjuna, Sumanth, Kajal Agarwal, D Suresh Babu Kota, Suman, Akkineni Venkat attended this function.

The song "Nee Pakkanunte" was a remake of Sharma's previous song "Nee Mutham Ondru" from Pokkiri.

References

External links

2008 films
Films scored by Mani Sharma
2000s Telugu-language films
2008 action drama films
2000s masala films
Indian action drama films


National Route 72 of the National Cycle Network, in Northern England is also called "Hadrian's Cycleway". It starts at Kendal and makes its way around the Cumbrian coast via Barrow-in-Furness and Whitehaven to Silloth, and then across the country through Carlisle via Newcastle upon Tyne to Tynemouth at the northern shore or to South Shields at the Tyne's south shore, where the cycleway ends at Arbeia Roman Fort. Much of its route is very close to Hadrian's Wall.

Kendal to Barrow in Furness is mapped on the Walney To Wear map. Ravenglass to Tynemouth is open and mapped on the Hadrian's Cycleway map, though some sections between Ravenglass and Silloth are using interim routes.

External links

Hadrian's Cycleway at cycle-routes.org

Transport in Cumbria
National Cycle Routes


Seven Sleepers' Day () on June 27 is a feast day commemorating the legend of the Seven Sleepers as well as one of the best-known bits of traditional weather lore (expressed as a proverb) remaining in German-speaking Europe. The atmospheric conditions on that day are supposed to determine or predict the average summer weather of the next seven weeks.

Origins

The legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus was first presented by Jacob of Serugh around 500 AD and later popularized by Gregory of Tours. Its Western version was part of the widely distributed Golden Legend hagiography collection compiled by Jacobus de Voragine about 1260. The cult became common during the Crusades of the High and Late Middle Ages, and June 27 was declared a commemoration day in most of the Catholic dioceses. Contrary to popular belief, the name of the day does not refer to the edible dormouse (Glis glis), a rodent known as Siebenschläfer in German for its seven-month hibernation.

The story appears in the Qur'an (Surah Al-Kahf 18:26), where they are called "The people of the cave". The Islamic version includes more details such as the mention of a dog, who accompanied the youths into the cave and appears to keep watch. In this version the people slept for 300 years (according to Gregorian calendar) or 309 years according to the lunar calendar.

Singularity
The Seven Sleepers singularity is contested as quite inaccurate in practice. Objections have been raised that the weather lore associated with the day might have arisen before the 1582 Gregorian calendar reform, and as at this time the difference to the Julian calendar amounted to ten days, July 7 would be the actual Seven Sleepers Day. Based on this date the prediction has a slightly increased probability of about 55–70%, if confined to the southern parts of Germany, where the rule seems to have originated. In contrast, the weather lore is not applicable to Northern Germany and its rather oceanic climate.

Depending on the meandering flow of the polar jet stream in the Northern Hemisphere (Rossby waves) and the emergence of veering low-pressure and high-pressure (anticyclone) systems, the atmospheric conditions tend to stabilize in early July: either a high-pressure ridge takes hold over Scandinavia, which may coalesce with the subtropical Azores High to form a stable and warm macro weather situation; or a high North Atlantic oscillation between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High implies a long-standing influx of wet air masses into Central Europe.

Similar weather lore exists referring to Saint John's Day on 24 June, Saint Medardus' Day on 8 June (especially in the Czech  Republic and Hungary, but also in France), Saints Gervasius and Protasius on 19 June, the Feast of the Visitation on 2 July (pre-1969 calendar), Seven Brothers' Day on 10 July, and St Swithun's Day on 15 July.

See also
Groundhog Day, whose weather is supposed to predict the arrival of Spring
Ice Saints
National Sleepy Head Day for the holiday in Finland
Saint Swithun's Day

References

Weather lore
June observances
Saints' days


The Oon brothers, Oon Chong Teik (温忠德), Oon Chong Jin (温忠哲) and Oon Chong Hau (温忠豪), were badminton playing siblings from Malaysia, each of whom won a variety of international titles while studying toward a medical degree in England. The eldest of the three, Chong Teik, was twice a singles semifinalist (1961, 1962) at the All-England Championships which was then the world's most prestigious tournament for individual players. Chong Jin, the "middle brother," was an All-England singles semifinalist in 1960, and a men's doubles finalist with Danish great Erland Kops in 1965. Chong Hau, the youngest brother by several years, captured the English Junior singles title a record four times. He reached the All-England singles semifinal in 1969, losing to the legendary Rudy Hartono. From the late 1950s through the late 1960s the brothers, collectively, won both men's singles and  men's doubles in the open championships of Belgium, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Scotland. They captured men's singles and mixed doubles in the Welsh Open Championships. In part because they resided abroad during their badminton primes, none of the brothers represented Malaysia in Thomas Cup (world men's team) competition.

References

Malaysian male badminton players
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Malaysian sportspeople of Chinese descent