Carska Bara () is the largest individual bog in Serbia, in the municipality of Zrenjanin. Along with the neighboring pond of Stari Begej (old arm of the Begej river) it forms the Special nature reserve "Carska Bara" ().

Location

Carska Bara is 17 kilometers south of the town of Zrenjanin, in the west-central part of the Serbian section of Banat, near the mouth of the river Begej into the Tisa. The southern border is bounded by the final, navigable section of the Begej before it empties into the Tisa (followed by the Belgrade-Zrenjanin road), while to the north are the vast Ečka fishponds, the largest in Serbia and second largest in Europe. Entire bog belongs to the municipality of Zrenjanin.

Settlements and human history
Even though it is in the triangle of large cities Belgrade-Novi Sad-Zrenjanin (largest cities in Serbia, Vojvodina and Serbian Banat, respectively), all settlements in the vicinity of Carska bara are smaller ones, ranging from 1,500 to 6,000 inhabitants.  The closest settlements are Perlez, in southern corner, on the Begej, and Belo Blato, east of the bog, on the southern shore of Ečka fishpond.  In the north are the villages of Lukino Selo, Ečka and Stajićevo, while Knićanin is southwest of it. Town of Titel is right across the bridge on the Tisa.  Gallery of the painting colony of "Ečka" is located on the northern tip of the bog.

Human history in the area surrounding Carska bara goes back to 4,000 years BC, with uncovered mounds near Mužlja (Batka) and Titel (Kalvarija). According to legend, the bog (carska bara, Serbian for "imperial bog"), was named after Attila, king of the Huns, but other sources claim that the bog was named that way because of the Austrian emperors which used to hunt in the area. Count László Lukács owned some land in the area, and often invited members of the Austrian royal family to hunt. Among them were princes Rudolf and Franz Ferdinand.

Geography

The entire, physically connected wetland of Carska Bara covers an area of  and the entire system consists of three ponds (Carska, Perleska and Tiganjica) connected by the  long canal of Old Begej (Stari Begej), a former distributary of the Begej river. It extends  along the Begej (approximately from its ). Until 1964, the Old Begej was regular part of the Bega river, navigable, naturally flowing river. That year, the digging of a new Bega canal began, which became part of the cast Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal system. Former river became an oxbow lake, named Old Begej and in time became muddy and marshy.

Wetland consists of many smaller bodies of water: rivers, canals, lakes and ponds, covered with reed beds, willow thickets and rushes and it is known for its color diversity. The central, lake section is known for its blue, clear water, while the surrounding salt marshes have white and yellow waters, all within green woods. Previously, Carska Bara consisted of smaller and larger swamps, but in time it basically turned into a complex of Begej's meanders which are naturally getting shortened and narrowed and the bog gets more and more inclined compared to the river bed.

The Begej river is  deep in this area, while the bog itself is only  deep.

Biology

Flora

Some areas of water are covered in pond algae. Many rare and autochthonous plants live in the wetland, but also many imported ones. Some representatives of the water plants include water fern, European white water lily, Nuphar lutea, lax-flowered orchid and water farina. Meadow plants are represented by Plumbago, Achillea, wormwood, mallow and meadow sage, and marsh plants by flowering rush, yellow flag iris, water mannagrass, common sweet flag, bulrush, reed, etc.

Altogether, there are some 500 plant species registered in the reserve, including rare or protected species, like yellow pheasant's eye, St John's wort, Orchis and buttercup. The colonies of old willow groves are preserved, so as the forests of the black poplar and narrow-leafed ash. There are rare specimens of pedunculate oak. Once abundant, the oak was heavily cut, but its number began to grow after the area was protected in 1955.

The main invasive species is the water caltrop. It anchors to the bottom of the ponds with its spikes and grows extremely fast, draining large amounts of oxygen from the water. The avoid the massive dying of the fish, the plant is being regularly cut from the bottom.

Fauna

In Carska Bara and nearby Begej river there are 24 different species of fish. The muddy waters are ideal for northern pike. There are also colonies of zanders, which thrives in different waters (clearer, rocky, sandy). They remained from the period before 1964, when the Old Begej was a "live river", used for navigation. After being transformed into the oxbow lake, the population of zander remained in it, adapting to the new environment.

Amphibians (fire salamander, edible frog) and reptiles (sand lizard, European pond terrapin) are also abundant. Despite being a marshland, in Carska Bara there is a noticeable absence of mosquitos which local biologists attribute to the large number of frogs. Both frogs and tadpoles are feasting of mosquito larvae, while those who manage to hatch are prayed upon by the frogs and 18 species of dragonflies.

There are also numerous frogs and snakes. Terrapins are strictly protected and considered the "cleaners" of the bog, as none of the other animals (birds, snakes) are not eating dead fish.

Carska Bara is the best known for its abundant bird life, the first ornithological exploration of which began in the late 19th century. There are 240 bird species recorded in the area. There are thriving colonies of herons (grey heron, little egret, black-crowned night heron) and cormorants (including pygmy cormorant). Other species include buzzards, Eurasian sparrowhawks, common spoonbills, western marsh harrier, Montagu's harrier, red-breasted goose, osprey, greylag goose, stork and woodcock etc. Some 110 bird species are migratory.

Herons are considered the most important for the ecosystem. They nest in large colonies which are periodically moved from one locality within the reserve to another, based on the abundance of fish and its successful spawning. The number of herons vary greatly from season to season. By the late 20th century, their number differed from several hundred nests to over 10,000. All 10 species of herons living in Serbia can be found in Carska Bara, so herons became a symbol of the wetland. Some 50,000 greater white-fronted geese spend December-January each year in Carska Bara on their voyage from Siberia to the South Europe, via the Carpathian Mountains.

Other birds include whiskered tern, rails, swans, white-tailed eagles, ferruginous ducks, 8 species of herons, gulls and pelicans, while the cormorant colonies have 3,000 members. It is suggested that such a large number of birds actually prevents the bog from freezing during the winter. Swans in the reserve show aggressive behavior, attacking nests of all other birds, except for the migratory greater white-fronted geese.

Numerous birds, including kingfishers and cormorants, try to feed on the nearby Ečka fishponds. Cormorants especially reduce the fish population, so the birds are being chased away from the fishponds with the gas cannons. It was estimated that cormorants alone would eat over two tons of fish daily, if not chased away. The cormorants colony in Carska Bara has been described as the "horror movie set", with the trees dried from their droppings, with the strong smell of ammonia spreading around.

White-tailed eagles are on top of the food chain in the wetland. They are also the largest birds, with a wingspan of  and weight of . They are known to pray on herons. In 2022, osprey and snake eagle were spotted in the reserve.

Variety of mammals include otters, European ground squirrel, wildcats, bank vole and also wild hog, roe deer, red fox, European brown hare, muskrat, bats, hedgehog, mole, weasel, hamster, European polecat, etc. The otters are under the strict protection. Wild hogs are also protected but in time their number greatly increased as they have no natural enemies in Carska Bara. They began to roam outside of the reserve, greatly damaging crops, especially in Belo Blato village. Residents sued the state for damages but lost. Instead, the state granted them permission to kill a quota of animals, if caught in their fields.

Nature Reserve

Special Nature Reserve "Carska Bara" was proclaimed in 1955, with its status revised in 1995. It covers an area of , wider than Carska Bara itself. It was declared a Ramsar site on March 25, 1996.
Fish farm "Еčka" was appointed by Decree of the government of Republic of Serbia to act as an administrator and manager of Special Nature Reserve "Carska Bara" ("Official  Gazette RS" No 56/94, 86/05 and 46/2011). The Ramsar protected area includes the oxbow lake Old Begej and the all three ponds: Tiganjica, Perleska, Carska, covering an area of .

Hotel "Sibila" was open at the entrance into the reserve. The visiting season lasts from May to October and the number of visitors in limited to 15,000 per year. Navigation is forbidden on the ponds, but it is allowed along the Old Begej.

Controversies

Fish ponds

Condition of the reserve gradually worsened since 2001. Fish farm "Еčka" was privatized and sold to the "Mirotin" company from Vrbas, and the maintenance of the reserve stopped almost immediately. Additionally, the fish ponds of "Еčka“ extends directly to the north from the Carska Bara and are considered the greatest polluters of the bog. City of Zrenjanin formed a special ecological institute "Natural reserves" and since 2014 has been asking the state government to change the decision on the reserve's management, claiming that it is not logical that the greatest polluter administers the reserve, that Vojvodina's provincial government provided funds for the dredging of the canals but that hasn't been done and that managers of the company openly stated that they have neither the experts nor the interest to work on the preservation of the bog. In August 2017 the touristic cruise by the boat on the bog was suspended as the canals got filled with silt, due to the lack of maintenance, which prevents the navigation.

"Еčka" disputed the claims, alleging that they take care of the reserve, maintain it properly and feed the pond with the fresh water from their fish ponds and pumping it from the Tisza, which is some  to the west. They also claim that the boating is temporarily closed due to the low water level caused by the big drought of 2017. Local environmentalists maintain that the drought is not the only reason. They claim that fishpond, though obliged by the law, doesn't monitor the oscillations of the water. In spring, the fishpond should fill the Carska Bara with the fresh water, allowing for the spawning to occur, but they don't do that. However, during fall, they discharge the polluted wastewater into the pond. By this, they reduce the spawning, block the natural fluctuation of the water and fills the pond with mud. That way, the delicate flora and fauna change quickly, rapidly dying out.

In August 2019, local environmentalist groups asked again for the change of the caretaker of the reserve as, after two decades of neglect, the situation is bad and only getting worse. The private owner of the fish ponds is also given the task of maintaining of the reserve by the state. As the reserve is being buried under the silt and sludge, in the near future Carska Bara will transform from wetland into steppe. The Stari Begej is already not navigable during a dry season, the only confirmed nesting ground of wild geese is destroyed, the reed and willows are already growing on the deposited silt, while some 50 bird species moved out of the reserve.

There is also a problem with the local population and attempts at illegal fishing in the reserve, as the fishing is forbidden. The caretaker significantly reduced number of rangers.

2018 fire

Caused by stubble burning set on 14 October 2018, which is prohibited but fairly common at the end of the harvesting season, a massive fire broke out on 15 October fuelled by the strong wind. It spread to  when reeds, grass and undergrowth along the Bega river were caught by fire. The most heavily affected was the Tiganjica section. Though the fire was extinguished by 16 October, with continuous smoldering in the next days, several hundred of hectares of the reserve were burned.

There was no concern for the bird life, though, as most of the migratory birds already moved out, and also there were no chicks because of the late season. The only scenic lookout in the reserve, which was made of wood, was burned to the ground. An 81-year old man was later arrested for causing the fire. Minister of Environmental Protection Goran Trivan said that in the end a total of  of the reserve was caught by fire. He added that there are some artificial ways of revitalizing the damaged terrain. Only in 2022 the area began to visibly recover and birds returned in greater number.

2020s

After almost 30 years of power wrestling between the environmentalists and authorities, the legal status of the reserve was changed in 2022, and the "Natural Reserves" institute from Zrenjanin became a caretaker. The institute was formed specifically to administer the reserve. This allowed the revitalization of the area, which degraded in time. Parts of the reserve became "significantly degraded", Tiganjica pond dried out, while Perleska pond reduced to 30% of its original size. Plans include dredging of the Old Bega river on its entire course, so it will become navigable for touristic boats again. The water pumps for extinguishing further fires were placed through the reserve. Discharging of the wastewater from the fishponds was aborted, though it would take several years for the ecosystem to revitalize, and the ranger service was enhanced. Construction of the system of scenic viewpoints, observation towers, children's playgrounds and touristic facilities will start in 2022.

References

External links

 More information about Carska Bara - Serbian only official site www.carskabara.rs

Lakes of Serbia
Ramsar sites in Serbia
Nature reserves in Serbia
Zrenjanin


Marcellus Ephraim Jones (June 5, 1830 – October 9, 1900) is reported as being the soldier who fired the first shot at the Battle of Gettysburg (1863).

Early life
Jones was born in Pawlet, Vermont, a son of Ephraim and Sophia (Page) Jones. In 1858, Jones moved to DuPage County, Illinois. He lived in Danby (now Glen Ellyn), until the American Civil War when Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers.

Civil War
Jones enlisted in Company E of the 8th Illinois Cavalry on August 5, 1861. He was commissioned a second lieutenant on December 5, 1862, first lieutenant July 4, 1864, and captain on October 10, 1864. All three commissions were signed by Illinois Governor Richard Yates.

On July 1, 1863, at Gettysburg, Jones commanded one of the regiment's sentry posts on the Chambersburg Pike, the road Robert E. Lee's Confederate army used to march from Cashtown to Gettysburg. About 7:30 a.m., Jones noticed a cloud of dust on the road to the west, indicating that the Confederates were approaching. At that point, Jones borrowed Corporal Levi S. Shafer's carbine, aimed it with the assistance of a fence rail, and fired a shot at "an officer on a white or light gray horse."

Honors

In 1886 a memorial was placed at the location where Jones fired the first shot of the battle. Jones was present for the dedication of the memorial, which remains on the north side of U.S. Route 30 (Chambersburg Pike) at the intersection of Knoxlyn Road.

Death
Jones died on October 9, 1900, and was buried at Wheaton Cemetery in Wheaton, Illinois.

References

External links
The Battle of Gettysburg: Who Fired the First Shot?
Marcellus Jones' Marker
Marcellus Jones' House
Biography of Marcellus E. Jones

1830 births
1900 deaths
Union Army officers
People of Vermont in the American Civil War
People from Poultney (town), Vermont
People from Glen Ellyn, Illinois
Military personnel from Illinois


The Archdiocese of Évora ()is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Portugal with Évora Cathedral as its see. It has as suffragans  the diocese of Beja and diocese of Faro. The current archbishop of Évora is José Francisco Sanches Alves.

History
Évora was raised to archiepiscopal rank in 1544, at which time it was given as suffragans the diocese of Leiria and diocese of Portalegre; in 1570 and later were added the diocese of Silves, diocese of Ceuta, diocese of Congo, diocese of São Tomé, diocese of Funchal, diocese of Cabo Verde, and diocese of Angra.

Its bishop, Quintianus, was present at the Synod of Elvira early in the fourth century. There exists no complete list of his successors for the next two centuries, though some are known from ancient diptychs. In 584 the Visigothic king, Liuvigild, incorporated with his state the Kingdom of the Suebi, to which Évora had hitherto belonged. From the sixth and seventh centuries there remain a few Christian inscriptions pertaining to Évora. In one of them has been interpolated the name of a Bishop Julian (1 December, 566); he is, however, inadmissible. Thenceforth the episcopal list is known from the reign of Reccared (586) to the Islamic invasion (714), after which the succession is quite unknown for four centuries and a half, with the exception of the epitaph of a Bishop Daniel (January, 1100).

Until the reconquest (1166) by Afonso I of Portugal, Évora was suffragan to the archdiocese of Mérida. Under this king it became suffragan to the archdiocese of Braga, despite the protests of the Archbishops of Compostella, administrators of Mérida. In 1274, however, the latter succeeded in bringing Évora within their jurisdiction. Finally, it became suffragan to the archdiocese of Lisbon from 1394 to 1544, when it was made an archbishopric.

Portuguese writers have maintained that the first bishop of Évora was St. Mantius, a Roman, and a disciple of Jesus Christ, sent by the Apostles into the Iberian Peninsula as a missionary of the Gospel.

Episcopal ordinaries

Suffragan bishops

Ancient diocese
The earliest bishops are legendary:

  (d. c. 312)

 Quintianus (303–314)
 Julian (566)
 Zosimus I (597)
 Sisiclus (633–646)
 Abientius (653)
 Zosimus II (656)
 Peter (666)
 Tructemund (681–688)
 Arcontius (693)

Restored diocese
 Soeiro I (1166–1179)
 Fernando I (1179)
 Paio (1180–1204)
 Soeiro II (1204–1229)
 Fernando II (1230–1235)
 Martinho I Pires (1237–1266)
 Durando Pais (1267–1283)
  (1284–1289)
 Pedro I Colaço (1289–1297)
 Fernando III Martins (1297–1313)
 Rodrigo Pires (1313), elect
  (1314–1321)
 Gonçalo Pereira (1321), elect
 Pedro II (1322–1340)
 Martinho II Afonso (1341–1347)
  (1347–1352)
 João I Afonso (1352–1355)
 João II Gomes de Chaves (1355–1368)
 Martinho III Gil de Basto (1368–1382)
  (1382–1404)
 Martinho IV (1404–1406)
  (1406–1415)
 Álvaro I Afonso (1415–1419)
  (1419–1423),
 Vasco I (1423–1426)
  (1429–1440)
 Vasco II Perdigão (1443–1463)
 Jorge da Costa (1463–1464)
 Luís Pires (1464–1468)
  (1468–1471)
  (1471–1484)
  (1485–1522)
 Afonso III (1523–1540)

Metropolitan archbishops

 Henrique de Portugal  (24 Sep 1540 Appointed – 21 Jun 1564 Appointed, Archbishop of Lisboa {Lisbon})
 João de Melo  (21 Jun 1564 Appointed – 6 Aug 1574 Died)
 Henrique de Portugal  (15 Dec 1574 Appointed – 4 Jul 1578 Resigned)
 Teotónio de Bragança, S.J.  (7 Dec 1578 Succeeded – 29 Jul 1602 Died)
 Alexandre de Bragança  (27 Nov 1602 Appointed – 11 Sep 1608 Died)
 Diogo de Sousa  (1 Mar 1610 Appointed – 30 Dec 1610 Died)
 José de Melo  (18 Jul 1611 Appointed – 2 Feb 1633 Died)
 João Coutinho  (3 Dec 1635 Appointed – 12 Sep 1643 Died)
 Diego de Sousa  (19 Jan 1671 Appointed – 23 Jan 1678 Died)
 Domingos de Gusmão, O.P.  (6 Jun 1678 Appointed – 19 Nov 1689 Died)
 Luís da Silva Teles, O.SS.T.  (27 Aug 1691 Appointed – 13 Jan 1703 Died)
 Simão da Gama  (1 Oct 1703 Appointed – 5 Aug 1715 Died)
 Miguel de Távora, O.E.S.A.  (19 Dec 1740 Confirmed – 16 Sep 1759 Died)
 João Cosme da Cunha (de Nossa Senhora da Porta), O.C.S.A.  (24 Mar 1760 Confirmed – 31 Jan 1783 Died)
 Joaquim Xavier Botelho de Lima  (15 Dec 1783 Appointed – 10 Apr 1800 Died)
 Manuel do Cenáculo (Vilas-Boas), T.O.R.  (9 Aug 1802 Confirmed – 26 Jan 1814 Died)
 Joaquim de Santa Clara Brandão (Lopes), O.S.B.  (22 Jul 1816 Confirmed – 11 Jan 1818 Died)
 Patrício da Silva, O.E.S.A.  (21 Feb 1820 Confirmed – 13 Mar 1826 Confirmed, * Patriarch of Lisboa {Lisbon})
 Fortunato de São Boaventura, O. Cist.  (24 Feb 1832 Confirmed – 6 Dec 1844 Died)
 Francisco da Mãe dos Homens Anes de Carvalho, O.A.D.  (24 Nov 1845 Confirmed – 3 Dec 1859 Died)
 José António da Mata e Silva  (13 Jul 1860 Confirmed – 5 Sep 1869 Died)
 José António Pereira Bilhano  (6 Mar 1871 Confirmed – 18 Sep 1890 Died)
 Augusto Eduardo Nunes  (18 Sep 1890 Succeeded – 11 Jul 1920 Died)
 Manuel Mendes da Conceição Santos  (24 Jul 1920 Appointed – 30 Mar 1955 Died)
 Emanuele Trindade Salgueiro  (20 May 1955 Appointed – 20 Sep 1965 Died)
 David de Sousa, O.F.M.  (15 Nov 1965 Appointed – 17 Oct 1981 Resigned)
 Maurílio Jorge Quintal de Gouveia  (17 Oct 1981 Appointed – 8 Jan 2008 Retired)
 José Francisco Sanches Alves (8 Jan 2008 Appointed – Present)

Notes

Evora

Evora, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of


In the United States and Canada, Victor airways are low-altitude airways. They are defined in straight-line segments, each of which is based on a straight line between either two VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) stations, or a VOR and a VOR intersection, hence the beginning letter V (pronounced as Victor in the ICAO phonetic alphabet).

United States
In the United States, Victor airways are designated by the FAA in FAA Order JO 7400.11. They are available for flight below Flight Level 180 (approximately  above mean sea level (AMSL)) under either instrument flight rules (IFR) or visual flight rules (VFR).

Victor airways have minimum (and possibly maximum) altitudes for IFR operations established. For VFR operations, victor airways are just a subset of so-called Federal airways (which also include so-called colored airways), which are designated as Class E, and hence are extended from  above ground level (AGL) up to, but not including,  above mean sea level (AMSL).

Victor airways are depicted as black solid lines on IFR Low-Altitude Enroute charts and as thick faded blue lines on VFR Terminal and Sectional Area charts. They are identified by a number, similar to an interstate highway (for example, a pilot could say that he/she is "flying Victor Eight").

The width of the victor corridor depends on the distance from the navigational aids (such as VORs):
When VORs are less than 102 nautical miles (NM) (189 km) from each other, the airway extends 4 NM (7.4 km) on either side of the centerline (8 NM (14.8 km) total width).
When VORs are more than 102 NM from each other, the width of the airway in the middle increases to account for the increased margin of error in the VOR signal. The width of the airway beyond 51 NM from a navaid is 4.5 degrees on either side of the centerline  (at 51 NM from a navaid, 4.5 degrees from the centerline of a radial is equivalent to 4 NM). The maximum width of the airway is at a designated changeover point between the two navaids, usually half way.

Canada
Controlled low-level airways extend upwards from 2,200 ft AGL up to, but not including 18,000 ft ASL.

VHF/UHF airways
The basic VHF/UHF airway width is at least 4 NM on each side of the centerline prescribed for such an airway, and is expanded along a line diverging 4.5° on each side of the centerline from the designated facility.

LF/MF airways
The basic LF/MF airway width is at least 4.34 NM on each side of the centerline prescribed for such an airway, and is expanded along a line diverging 5° on each side of the centerline from the designated facility.

Mixed airways
Where a Victor airway is established based on a VOR/VORTAC and NDB, the boundaries of that airway will be those of an LF/MF airway.

T-routes
Low-level controlled fixed RNAV routes have dimensions of 4 NM of primary obstacle protection area, plus 2 NM of secondary obstacle protection area on each side of the centreline. The airspace associated with RNAV T-routes is 10 NM on each side of the centreline. RNAV T-route airspace and protection areas do not splay with distance from the waypoint.

References

External references
  (cited as 7400.2)
  (cited as 7400.11)
  (cited as TERPS)
  (cited as 8260.19)
  (cited as PHAK)

Radio navigation
Air navigation
Air traffic control
Aviation in Canada
Aviation in the United States
Airline routes


Manharter was a politico-religious sect which arose in Tyrol in the first half of the nineteenth century.

History

Founding
The founder of Manharter was a Roman Catholic priest, Kaspar Benedict Hagleitner of Aschau, who was the only one of the clergymen of Brixental to refuse to take the oath of allegiance prescribed by Napoleon's edict of 30 May 1809, for the ecclesiastical and secular authorities of the province of Salzburg, of which Brixenthal was then a part. His notion was that priests who took this oath were by that act excommunicated jointly with Napoleon. It was not long before zealous supporters rallied to him from among Austrian sympathizers and patriots in the Brixenthal villages of Westendorf, Brixen im Thale, Hopfgarten, Itter, and from Unter-Innthal, principally in the villages of Wörgl and Kirchbichl. There were two laymen also with Hagleitner at the head of this movement, Thomas Mair, a tanner, and Hagleitner's brother-in-law, and Sebastian Manzl, the parish magistrate of Westendorf. The latter was surnamed Manhart after his estate, the "Untermanhartsgut", and it was from him that the sect derived its name. Hagleitner himself lost his cure, and in 1811 went to Vienna, where he was appointed curate in Wiener-Neustadt. He kept in touch however with his partisans in Brixenthal, and on Tyrol being restored to Austrian rule, he was given once more a cure in Wörgl in November, 1814. But new intrigues again resulted in his removal the following summer. He thenceforth lived a private life in and around Innsbruck until the summer of 1818, when he was ordered by the Government to repair to Vienna. He was named Kaplan shortly after in Kalksburg near Vienna, and died there as parish priest in 1836.

Schism
The schism reached its full development at Easter, 1815, when for the first time Manzl and his household refused to receive the sacraments from the vicar of his home parish of Westendorf. Thenceforth Hagleitner was looked upon by the Manharter as the only priest of that region who "had the power" to confess and to administer Holy Communion. As a rule they no longer attended public Catholic worship, but held independent reunions of their own. They refused even to receive the Last Sacraments. Thus the Manharter first of all cut themselves off from their priests, because they considered them to have been excommunicated. They went further and proclaimed that the majority of French and German bishops and priests, as supporters of Napoleon in the established Church, had severed themselves from the supreme pontiff, and therefore from the Catholic Church itself. Consequently, they were now devoid of sacerdotal powers; all of their ecclesiastical functions were null and void; they could neither consecrate nor absolve validly. The Manharter thus believed themselves to be the only genuine Catholics in the land, and they professed to be true adherents of the pope. As strictly conservative champions of traditional custom, they protested likewise against a series of innovations which had been introduced into the Austrian Church, against the abolition of indulgences and pilgrimages, the abrogation of feast-days, the abolition of the Saturday fast, and the mitigation of that prescribed for the forty days of Lent. They likewise opposed textbooks recently brought into the schools, which were not Christian in tone, and finally they combated the vaccination of children, as an offence against faith, and for this additional reason reproached the clergy with countenancing and supporting this state regulation. A spell of apocalyptic extravagance took hold of the Manharter about this period, when they united with the so-called "Michael Confraternity", or the Order of the Knights of Michael. This was a fanatical secret society founded in Carinthia by the visionary Agnes Wirsinger and by a priest, Johann Holzer of Gmünd. Its adherents awaited the impending destruction of the wicked by the Archangel Gabriel, at which time they, the undefiled, were to be spared and to receive the earth in heritage. The heads of the Manharter began their relations with this society in the autumn of 1815, and in 1817 Hagleitner secured their formal admittance into it. One phase of this society's apocalyptic expectations led its members to regard Napoleon as Antichrist already come upon the earth.

Attempts at reconciliation
The administrator of the Archdiocese of Salzburg, Leopold Maximilian von Firmian, tried unsuccessfully on his pastoral visitations during the summer of 1819 to convince the Manharter that they were in error. The latter questioned the genuineness of his episcopal character and refused to hear anyone but the pope. Bernhard Galura, spiritual counsellor to the Government, could not persuade them either. Even punishments inflicted by the civil authorities for the holding of secret reunions and for continued disobedience did not succeed. The Manharter persisted in their request that they be permitted to send a deputation to Rome to obtain a decision from the pope in person, but this the Government refused to allow. , the archbishop of Salzburg, was eventually able to convince most of them to reconcile with Rome. His endeavours in the course of a pastoral tour made through Brixenthal in 1824, and his appeals to them in a pastoral letter of 25 May 1825, failed, but he obtained their promise to believe in and to obey him, provided the pope himself should declare that he was their lawful bishop. Archbishop Gruber then secured leave from the emperor for Manzl, Mair, and Simon Laiminger, to make the journey to Rome with an interpreter. They started in September, 1825, were received affectionately in the Eternal City, and by order of the Pope were given a long course of instruction by Camaldolese abbot Mauro Capellari (afterwards Gregory XVI). Finally, on 18 December, they were received in private audience by Leo XII, who confirmed everything to them and received their submission. The three deputies returned home in January 1826, appeared before the archbishop, and declared to him their allegiance. Two canons, sent into Brixenthal as representatives of the archbishop, received the profession of allegiance of the remaining Manharter. However, in Innthatl, a minority of the sect, led by Maria Sillober of Kirchbichl, refused to submit and continued to persist in their sectarianism. They argued that Leo XII, having set himself in contradiction to Pius VII, was not a lawful pope, and that the Holy See was for the time vacant. Thus the sect endured still a few dozen years with a restricted following until at last it disappeared completely with the death of its last adherents.

References
 cites:
Flir, Die Manharter. Ein Beitrag zur Gesch. Tirols im 19, Jahrh. (Innsbruck, 1852).

History of the papacy
History of Tyrol (region)


Richard Foster (born 1945) is a British painter, principally of portraits.

Life
Foster was born in East Lexham, Norfolk and educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Oxford with further artistic training at Studio Simi, Florence and the City and Guilds of London Institute.

Foster has been a member of the Royal Society of Portrait Painters since 1976 and President since 2017. Furthermore, he served as Vice-President from 1991 to 1994 and Treasurer from 2003 to 2006. Foster has also acted as a member of the Art Workers Guild since 1980.

Over his career, he has tried to be as diverse as possible and has painted a great variety of pictures in both oil and watercolour, not just single portraits and groups, but also landscapes and compositions which he exhibits  at his one-man shows every three or four years .

List of works
 Portrait of Ed Coode- Girton College, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire
 Portrait of Francis Curzon, 3rd Viscount- Kedleston Hall, Kedleston, Derbyshire
 Portrait of Sir Douglas Ranger- UCL Art Museum, Bloomsbury, Greater London
 Portrait of Michael Checkland- Broadcasting House, Marylebone, Greater London
 Portrait of Sir Edmund Compton- Royal Academy of Music, Regent's Park, Greater London
 Portrait of Sir Douglas Black- Royal College of Physicians, Regent's Park, Greater London
 Portrait of Maj-Gen. Sir George Burns- County Hall, Hertford, Hertfordshire
 Portrait of Robert Hume- Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanarkshire
 Portrait of Diana, Princess of Wales- Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanarkshire
 The Nativity, Saint Andrew the Fisherman and The Second Coming- St. Andrew's Church, East Lexham, Norfolk
 Portrait of Dr Vivian H. H. Green- Lincoln College, Oxford, Oxfordshire
 Portrait of Burke St. John Trend- Lincoln College, Oxford, Oxfordshire
 Portrait of Lt. Oswald Phipps, 4th Marquess- Green Howards Regimental Museum, Richmond, North Yorkshire

References

External links

 The Royal Society of Portrait Painters - Richard Foster

1945 births
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
21st-century English male artists
English portrait painters
Living people
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
20th-century English male artists


Aboncourt-sur-Seille (, literally Aboncourt on Seille; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Aboncourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Ars-Laquenexy (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Languimberg (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Peter Geoffrey Taylor (1926–2011) was a British botanist who worked at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew throughout his career in botany. Taylor was born in 1926 and joined the staff of the herbarium at Kew in 1948. He published his first new species, Utricularia pentadactyla, in 1954. In 1973, Taylor was appointed curator of the orchid division of the herbarium and, according to Kew, "under his direction, orchid taxonomy was revitalised and its horticultural contacts strengthened."

One of Taylor's main botanical focuses was the genus Utricularia. He authored many species in the genus and provided the most comprehensive monograph on the genus in 1986 and revised in 1989  as The genus Utricularia - a taxonomic monograph. The bladderworts Utricularia petertaylorii and Utricularia tayloriana are named in his honour, as are Acacia taylorii, Chaetopoa taylorii, Genlisea taylorii, Indigofera taylorii, Karina tayloriana, Platystele taylorii, Phyllanthus taylorianus, and Spermacoce taylorii. Genlisea subgen. Tayloria (and by extension Genlisea sect. Tayloria) are also named after him.

References

 Schnell, Donald. (1991).  Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 20(1–2): 4–5.
 Schnell, Donald. (1991).  Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 20(1–2): 6–7.
 Taylor, Peter. (1991).  Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 20(1–2): 34–43.

Further reading
From the June 2012 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter, dedicated to the memory of Peter Taylor:
 van den Broek, M. 2012. Peter Geoffrey Taylor 1926-2011. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(2): 44.
 Taylor, G. 2012. Memories of Peter Geoffrey Taylor (1926-2011). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(2): 45–51.
 Harley, R.M. 2012. My memories of Peter Taylor. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(2): 52–53.
 Rice, B.A. 2012. In memory of a mentor. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(2): 54–55.
 Schlauer, J. 2012. Peter Taylor's nomenclatural legacy (Phanerogams). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(2): 56–66.
 Fleischmann, A. 2012. The new Utricularia species described since Peter Taylor's monograph. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(2): 67–76.

External links
IPNI profile

1926 births
2011 deaths
British botanists


Laning (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Laquenexy (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Laudrefang (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Laumesfeld is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Launstroff () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Launstroff is a small agricultural community consisting of 50-60 houses, with few exceptions over fifty years old.

Geography
Launstroff is located 1.5 km from the German border.

History
In the village square, next to the church, is a war memorial to those who gave their lives in the World War I and World War II. During World War II, there are records of US troops being in the village, which is located almost on the Siegfried Line.

Sights
Many large stone sculptures can be found in the area. Just outside the village, running along the international border, many smaller carved stones can be found marking the border as it has changed over the last 250 years.

Economy
The economy is based on agriculture. There are no shops, restaurants, or hotels in the village.

Transportation
The village has a bus service linking it to nearby communities. There is no link by public transport into Germany and no rail link. The village is surrounded by pathways and lies on several cycle routes.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Lelling (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Alaincourt-la-Côte (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Amelécourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

It is located on the main D674 road, north of the town of Chateau-Salins.

Neighbouring villages include Lubécourt, Gerbécourt, Vaxy, and Salonnes.

Population

See also
Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)
Moselle communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Leyviller (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Lengelsheim (; Lorraine Franconian: Lengelse) is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.

The village belongs to the Pays de Bitche and to the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Léning (; Lorraine Franconian: Läning; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Lhor (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Lixing-lès-Rouhling (, literally Lixing near Rouhling; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Lixinglesrouhling


The National Acadian Day () is observed in parts of Canada each year on August 15, to celebrate Acadian culture.  It was during the first National Convention of the Acadians held at Memramcook, New Brunswick, in 1881 that the Acadian leaders received the mandate to set the date of this celebration, which is also the feast of the Assumption of Mary.

The choice of the date was the object of a debate at the convention between those wishing for Acadians to celebrate June 24, Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, and National Day of French Canadians since 1834 and National Holiday of Quebec since 1977, and others wishing the celebration to occur on August 15.

The arguments put forth by those who favoured June 24 were:

 Acadians must unite with the other francophone Canadians in common objectives before the anglophone majority of Canada.
 August 15 occurs during harvest, so it would be difficult for all to be free for the celebration.

The arguments put forth by those who favoured August 15 were:

 The Acadians constitute a distinct nationality/ethnicity and must adopt their own national day.
 The adoption of a national day distinct from that of French Canadians will not prevent unity between the two peoples.
 June 24 occurs during seeds, so it would be equally difficult for all to be free for the celebration.
 August 15 is Assumption Day, Catholic celebration of Virgin Mary, patron saint of the Acadians.

During this period of time, a good number of people among the Acadian leaders were traditionalists wishing for the conservation of the values and customs of pre-revolutionary France. This did not however prevent the Acadians from adopting a tricolor flag three years later at the Miscouche convention.

Abbot Marcel-François Richard, who favoured August 15, is believed to have had an influence on the decision with the speech he gave at the convention. He said:

In the end, the members present at the convention decided on August 15.

The Vatican ratified the choice of the Acadian convention many years later in a proclamation issued on January 19, 1938.

The Parliament of Canada made National Acadian Day an official Canadian holiday on June 19, 2003.

National Acadian Day is often dubbed by Acadians in Chiac as "Quinze zou des fous" (Quinze-Août des Fous) or simply "Quinze zou".

Notes

See also

 Tintamarre
 Flag of Acadia

Acadian culture
August observances


Lixing-lès-Saint-Avold (, literally Lixing near Saint-Avold; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Lixinglessaintavold


Longeville-lès-Metz (, literally Longeville near Metz;   - 1915-18 and 1940-44) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Notable people
 Jeff Roland, artist

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Longevillelesmetz


Longeville-lès-Saint-Avold (, literally Longeville near Saint-Avold; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Longevillelessaintavold


Lorry-lès-Metz (, literally Lorry near Metz; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

 https://www.lorrylesmetz.fr/

Lorrylesmetz
Duchy of Bar


Lorry-Mardigny (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Lorrymardigny


Lostroff (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Ancy-sur-Moselle () is a former commune in the Moselle department in northeastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Ancy-Dornot.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

Former communes of Moselle (department)
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Kopitareva Gradina () is a square and an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Stari Grad.

Location

Kopitareva Gradina is located in the east-central section of the municipality. It is located between the streets of Džordža Vašingtona, Hilandarska, Šafarikova, Đure Daničića, Bulevar despota Stefana, Jelene Ćetković and the square of Kopitareva Gradina itself. In the east it extends into the neighborhood of Jevremovac, in the south-east into Palilula, into Trg Republike on the west and into Dorćol in the north.

History

Originally, the area was under the vineyards and was known as Mitropolitova bašta ("metropolitan's garden"), after a garden build and kept by the metropolitan of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Mihailo Jovanović. The area began to develop in the 1860s, following the construction of the First Town Hospital in Džordža Vašingtona Street in 1868. First houses were built in the late 19th century and city administration built a plan for the neighborhood in the early 1900s so for the most part, the area was urbanized in the period 1900-1914. City plan of creating lots was finished by 1905 and in 1907 a green square was built at the place of the Mitropolitova bašta and in 1924 the name of the neighborhood is changed to Kopitareva Gradina ("Kopitar's garden"), after Jernej Kopitar, Slovene philologist and collaborator of Vuk Karadžić, major reformer of the Serbian alphabet.

Characteristics

Kopitareva Gradina is a unique ambiental and architectural neighborhood within Belgrade. Though urbanized in the 1910s, the dominant features in its skyline are for the most part preserved until today. Series of low, residential houses with back yards was built. The neighborhood is built in two different architectural styles: Classicism (and Academism) and Secession. Examples of the first are the houses built by the architect Sreten Stojanović, and of the latter work of Milan Antonović. At the time, Kopitareva Gradina was a place where many politicians and public figures built their own houses. The square itself is somewhat secluded and has no traffic importance. In Hilandarska Street is the museum, Memorial house of Laza K. Lazarević. Apart from Lazarević, other notable residents include Jovan Cvijić, Ljubomir Stojanović, Petar Palavičini and architect Antonović himself, and the houses were designed by the architects like Stojan Titelbah, Danilo Vladisavljević and the first Serbian woman architect Jelisaveta Načić.

Central section of the neighborhood remains a green area. Slightly trapezoid-shaped lot was adapted into the small park, which covers .

As an important cultural-historical complex, it has been declared a cultural property and protected by law on 27 December 1968 as the spatial cultural-historical unit.

Features

Building of Petar Putnik

At 10 Đure Daničića Street, on the corner with the Džordža Vašingtona, there is  a Building of Petar Putnik. A residential building, it was constructed in 1910 by Putnik himself, who was an engineer, for his family. Aside from bricks and steel beams, the reinforced concrete was used, which makes this building, along with the Belgrade Cooperative in the Savamala neighborhood, one of oldest edifices built using this material in Belgrade. In 1926 two additional floors and the mansard roof were added, completely keeping the architectural characteristics and style of the original building.

The building is designed in the Vienna Secession style and the main characteristic is the rich secessionist façade, considered as the "uniquely beautiful" in Belgrade. The dominant motifs of the lavish decoration are the female  (carved masked faces), which form a garland in the third floor area. Originally, the entire building was surrounded by garlands of triglyphs and metopes (decorative indentations and spaces between them), had carved ornaments between the windows and imitation of stone slabs on the lower levels. However, in time most of these ornaments perished.

In 2018 the renovation of the façade began. It was decided that only the ornaments visible before the renovation started will be preserved, though the local residents opted for the total reconstruction of the original façade. The contractor discovered the original ornaments from 1910 after the old plaster was removed, but they were plastered back again. Institute for the protection of the cultural monuments then "suggested" to the contractor to make old ornaments visible wherever possible. Though neglected for decades, the building and its surrounding were used as a location for numerous films and TV serials, including I Even Met Happy Gypsies (1967), Otpisani (1974), Nešto između (1983) and Bolji život (1987).

Monument to Jernej Kopitar

In 2017 the reconstruction of the square on the southwestern edge of the neighborhood was announced. Though small, six streets are conjoining at the square (two branches of Džordža Vašingtona, Palmotićeva, Milana Kašanina, Dalmatinska and Hilandarska). It was also announced that the monument to Jernej Kopitar, after whom the neighborhood was named, will be erected at the pedestrian section of the square. It was a result of collaboration of Belgrade and Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, as Belgrade donated the monument of Vuk Karadžić to Ljubljana in 2016. Ljubljana organized the design competition and among 11 designs selected the one by Matjaž Počivavšek.

The surrounding square was also projected by the Slovene architect, Roko Žnidaršič. The central part will be paved with three-colored granite cubes and left empty to serve as the multi-purposed area for various public events. There will also be new trees, benches, climbing wall and street-light candelabras. Work at the square and preparations for the monument began in April 2020. The project caused some controversy, both for the way it has been done and for the extended deadlines. Architect Borislav Stojkov described it as "unbelievable miss, too expensive, amateurishly designed and wretchedly realized". The deadlines continued to extend (July, between July and December, end of December). By the August 2021, the square wasn't finished yet and it was announced that the monument will probably not be placed before 2022. The pedestal was placed, but was demolished because of the changed design, and then the workers left. By December 2021 the plateau was dug out again. The monument was finally unveiled on 23 March 2022.

The plateau, however, wasn't completed. Street furniture was placed in May 2022, but the problems with the planned, ground level fountain remained, due to the installation's problems. Local residents responded that they don't care whether there will be a fountain or not, as they only waited for the overlong and sloppy construction works to finish after two years. After some 900 days and four extensions, the works were declared finished (without functional fountain), but the plateau already began to deteriorate.

References

External links
 Photos of Kopitareva Gradina

Squares in Belgrade
Neighborhoods of Belgrade
Stari Grad, Belgrade


Hombourg-Budange (; ; Lorraine Franconian: Homréch-Biddéngen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Hombourgbudange


Sainte-Marie-aux-Chênes (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Coat of arms
The town's name means "Saint Mary at the oaks" in French, and the town's coat of arms can be described as canting: Azure an oak tree eradicated or, between two letters S and M of the last.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Saintemarieauxchenes


Rurange-lès-Thionville (, literally Rurange near Thionville; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Rurangelesthionville


Flastroff (; ; Lorraine Franconian: Flooschtroff) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Localities of the commune: Zeurange (German: Zeringen).

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Saint-Louis-lès-Bitche (, literally St. Louis near Bitche; ; Lorraine Franconian: Minzdal) is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.

The village belongs to the Pays de Bitche and to the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park. As of the 2013 France census, the village's population is 512. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Ludoviciens and Ludoviciennes.

The village is famous for its Saint-Louis Glass Manufacture, as it is the oldest glass manufacturer in France with roots dating back to 1586 and the first crystal glass manufacturer in continental Europe (1781).

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Saint-Louis (glass manufacturer)

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Saint-Privat-la-Montagne (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Saint Privat is located between the former French-German frontier as it was between 1871 and 1918 and between 1940 and 1944. It was famous at the scene of the battle of 18 August 1870 between the Germans under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia and the French under General Francois Certain Canrobert.

See also
 Gravelotte
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Saintprivatlamontagne


Saint-Quirin (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)
Plus Beaux Villages de France
Three Bishoprics


Gavisse (; ; Lorraine Franconian: Gawiss) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Gerbécourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Givrycourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Frauenberg (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Reva Rice is an American musical theatre actress and singer, best known for originating the role of Pearl in Starlight Express on Broadway.

Background
Rice was born in Toledo, Ohio to Flute and Pearl Esterine Shields Rice. She began training in dance, theatre, and piano at the age of five, and later graduated from the Boston Conservatory of Music.

Career
After originating the role of Pearl in Starlight Express on Broadway, she subsequently played the role in the London production after its 1992 revision as well as on tour in the US and in Las Vegas.

In 1991 Rice became one of the finalists on the television talent show Star Search.

In 1999, Rice took over Valarie Pettiford's role in the Broadway production of Fosse, based on the work of choreographer Bob Fosse. Rice led the cast in both the US tour and the Japanese production of Fosse.

Her other credits include Velma in Chicago, Smokey Joe's Cafe and the television show The Watcher. She played Roz in the world premiere production of JAM: Just Another Man, a musical about the life of Clint Holmes, at the Judy Bayley Theatre at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Rice the standby for The Lady of the Lake in the Las Vegas production of Spamalot and took part in the Las Vegas tryout of the new musical, All In: The Poker Musical.

She performed in the ensemble of the US national tour of the musical version of The Color Purple, understudying the lead character Shug Avery. She performed in David Saxe's Vegas! The Show, at the Saxe Theater at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino. She starred in Reva Las Vegas, a 90-minute revue based upon her career from Broadway to Las Vegas.

In June 2018, Rice returned to Starlight Express playing Mama, a female version of Poppa, in the Bochum production.

Theatre credits
 Pearl the Observation Car in Starlight Express (Broadway)
 Pearl the Observation Car in Starlight Express (London)
 Velma Kelly in Chicago
 Roz in JAM: Just Another Man
 The Lady of the Lake (Standby) in Monty Python's Spamalot (Las Vegas)
 Lead Singer in VEGAS! THE SHOW
 Mama the Old Steamer in Starlight Express (Bochum)

Single
In 1993, The New Starlight Express, a cast recording of the revised London production was released featuring Rice as Pearl. As well as singing the solos "Make Up My Heart" and "He'll Whistle At Me", Rice duets on "Next Time You Fall in Love" with Greg Ellis. The track was released as a single.

External links

References

Living people
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
Actresses from Toledo, Ohio
American musical theatre actresses
Boston Conservatory at Berklee alumni
Musicians from Toledo, Ohio
Year of birth missing (living people)


Fraquelfing (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Sarreinsming (; ; Lorraine Franconian: Äänsminge) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Salonnes (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Praxoula Antoniadou Kyriacou is a Cypriot politician and businesswoman.
Praxoula is a graduate of the London School of Economics and Political Science. She carries with her 24 years of experience with the Central Bank of Cyprus, where she had also coordinated the accession negotiations with the European Union. She moved into active political life in 2006, in an effort to contribute to the reunification of Cyprus and to the attainment of Peace, cooperation and prosperity in the area of the Eastern Mediterranean. She is leading the small but dynamic political Party of the United Democrats, member of the political family of the European Liberal Democrats -ALDEParty- with a clear vision and activity towards freedom, democracy, peace, growth and respect for human rights. As a Minister of Energy, Trade, Industry & Tourism, she was fortunate to lead the discovery of natural gas offshore Cyprus, which she considers can and should be instrumental towards the achievement of Peace in Cyprus and between Cyprus and its neighbours. In this regard, she has been the co-author (bicommunal studies) of many studies about the economic benefits of peace in the area of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Upon the call of her brother Michael, she is now leading Aqua-Masters Qatar towards Qatar's 2030 Vision.

Education and career

Praxoula Antoniadou-Kyriacou was born in Nicosia where she attended the English School. She obtained her BSc and MSc in Economics at the London School of Economics.

Following her studies, she started working at the Central Bank of Cyprus. She held a managerial position with the Central Bank, where she served for 24 years. During her work at the central bank, she was engaged in macroeconomic analysis, policy formulation and management, and in statistics. She was also highly involved in European Union matters and served as coordinator of the Central Bank of Cyprus during the five-year period of the accession negotiations. She has also served as member of various committees of the European Central Bank and of EUROSTAT.

Throughout her career, Antoniadou-Kyriacou participated in a number of seminars and courses at the International Monetary Fund, the European Central Bank, EUROSTAT, the US Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, the Swiss National Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, as well as in seminars on management issues (CIIM, Dale Carnegie).

She is a member of the three ladies team of economists who have co-authored the award-winning trilogy of studies on “The Day After’’1, concerning the economic benefits to accrue to all the Cypriots, as well as to Turkey and Greece once Cyprus is reunited.

Political career

In her capacity as the President of the United Democrats, she has worked within the political family of the European Liberal Democrats trying to promote the implementation of Liberal values such as freedom, democracy and respect of human rights. In accordance with the above, the United Democrats appreciated the unanimous adoption by the European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party, in their November 2009 Barcelona Congress, of a resolution expressing support to the efforts for the attainment of an agreed solution to the Cyprus problem that will be reunifying Cyprus on the basis of a bizonal bicommunal federation.

As President of the United Democrats, Antoniadou-Kyriacou had participated in meetings organized in Istanbul by GPoT Center, TESEV and the German Liberals’ Friedrich Naumann Stiftung, aiming at building communication bridges between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and, especially, between Cyprus and Turkey. In the context of these meetings, she had the opportunity to meet with His-All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, as well with the Turkish Prime Minister Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

She has also been a regular and active participant of the meetings of the leaders of the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot political parties meeting at Ledra Palace.

As a Minister of Energy, Trade, Industry & Tourism, she was fortunate to lead the discovery of natural gas offshore Cyprus, which she considers can and should be instrumental towards the achievement of Peace in Cyprus and between Cyprus and its neighbours.

In this regard, she has been the co-author (bicommunal studies) of many studies about the economic benefits of peace in the area of the Eastern Mediterranean.

In late 2012 Antoniadou-Kyriacou announced her intention to be a candidate for the Cypriot Presidential elections of 2013, running with the support of her party, the United Democrats.

Personal life

Praxoula Antoniadou-Kyriacou is married to Lysandros Kyriacou-a long serving Civil Engineer Consultant- and has two children, Semeli an accomplished architect and Theodoros who is currently studying engineering. She has a keen interest in music and she is an accomplished flautist. As an amateur musician she has participated in the television charity show 'DanSing for You' in order to help children battling cancer.

Offices held

|-

References

Living people
United Democrats politicians
Cyprus Ministers of Energy, Commerce, Industry and Tourism
Women government ministers of Cyprus
21st-century Cypriot women politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Cypriot politicians
Cypriot expatriates in the United Kingdom
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Cypriot economists


Heining-lès-Bouzonville (, literally Heining near Bouzonville; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.  It is just 500m from the border with Germany.

It takes its name from the Abbey of Bouzonville. It was variously in the ownership of the Abbey at Bouzonville and the Abbey of St Maximin in Trier.

From 1815 it was a border town. In the 1930s, the border between France and the Saarland was closed; the French government funded a new church for Heining, the church of Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc de Leiding.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Heininglesbouzonville


Hellering-lès-Fénétrange (, literally Hellering near Fénétrange; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Helleringlesfenetrange


Helstroff (; ; Lorraine Franconian: Helschtroff) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The locality of Macker (a.k.a. Macher) is incorporated in the commune since 1811.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Vaudreching (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Turquestein-Blancrupt () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Turquesteinblancrupt


Hertzing () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Teting-sur-Nied (, literally Teting on Nied; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Tetingsurnied


Vœlfling-lès-Bouzonville (, literally Vœlfling near Bouzonville; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Voelflinglesbouzonville


Dunvegan is a village on the Isle of Skye in Scotland.

Dunvegan may also refer to:

Places

Canada
Dunvegan, Alberta
Dunvegan Provincial Park, a provincial park in Dunvegan, Alberta
Dunvegan, an unincorporated area in the Municipality of the County of Inverness, Nova Scotia
Dunvegan, Ontario, a township, in North Glengarry
Athlone (Edmonton), a neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta, also referred to as Dunvegan

Scotland
Dunvegan Castle, a castle in Dunvegan, Scotland
Loch Dunvegan, a lake in Scotland

United States
Dunvegan (Holly Springs, Mississippi), a historic house in Holly Springs
The Dunvegan, a historic apartment building in Cambridge, Massachusetts

South Africa
Dunvegan, residential suburb of Edenvale, Gauteng

Other
Dunvegan Cup, a 15th-century artifact
, an armed merchant cruiser of the British Royal Navy (1940–1941)
HMS Loch Dunvegan (K425), a frigate of the British Royal Navy (1944–1960)
RFA Fort Dunvegan (A160), a ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
Dunvegan-Central Peace, a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada
Dunvegan (electoral district), a former provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada
Dunvegan Formation, a stratigraphic unit in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway (ED&BC), an early pioneer railway in northwestern Alberta, Canada


Volmerange-lès-Boulay  (, literally Volmerange near Boulay; ; Lorraine Franconian Wolmeringen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Volmerangelesboulay


Volmerange-les-Mines (; German: Wollmeringen ;  ; Lorraine Franconian: Wuelmeréngen/Wollmeréng) is a commune in the region of Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

It lies on the international border with Luxembourg, with the settlement being almost contiguous with the Luxembourgish town of Dudelange.

Twin towns — sister cities
Volmerange-les-Mines is twinned with:

  Calusco d'Adda, Italy
  Saint-Genest-d'Ambière, France

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Volmerangelesmines


Kédange-sur-Canner (; ; Lorraine Franconian: Kedéngen/Kiedéngen). is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Kedangesurcanner


"Got to Get It" is a song by German group Culture Beat from their second studio album, Serenity (1993). Written by Nosie Katzmann, Jay Supreme, Torsten Fenslau and Peter Zweier, it was released as the second single from the album on 13 September 1993 by Dance Pool. The song was a hit in many European countries, peaking at number-one in Belgium and Finland. It was also a top 5 hit in Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK. In the UK, the US and Canada, the song peaked at number-one on the dance music charts. Its music video was directed by Martin Person and filmed in Denmark and Portugal.

Chart performance
"Got to Get It" was very successful on the charts across several continents. In Europe, it peaked at number-one in both Belgium and Finland, and was a top 10 hit in Austria (7), Denmark (4), France (10), Germany (4), Ireland (3), Italy (5), Lithuania, the Netherlands (2), Norway (6), Spain (2), Sweden (5), Switzerland (7) and the UK. In the latter, the single reached number four on November 7, 1993, in its second week on the UK Singles Chart. It spent two weeks at that position, while peaking at number-one on the UK Dance Singles Chart. On the Eurochart Hot 100, the single also entered the top 10, peaking at number three, while peaking at number one on the European Dance Radio Chart. Outside Europe, "Got to Get It" peaked at number-one on both the Canadian RPM Dance/Urban chart and the US Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. In Israel, it was a top 5 hit, peaking at number five. In Australia and New Zealand, the song reached number seven and 13.

The single was awarded with a gold record in Germany and Australia, with a sale of 250,000 and 35,000 singles, respectively.

Critical reception
AllMusic editor William Cooper viewed "Got to Get It" as a "virtual rewrite" of "Mr. Vain". Larry Flick from Billboard described it as a "wickedly catchy twirler that appears poised to follow the trend-setting "Mr. Vain" to the top of club playlists and on to top 40 formats". He added, "The song's hook will instantly stick to the brain, while the plethora of pop/rave beats will sneak up the spine." He also felt that it sports a better chorus than its predecessor and "aggressive, synth-soaked beats", and said the "blend of party-down male rapping and cute female-belting is familiar and fun." Alan Jones from Music Week named it Pick of the Week and gave it four out of five, commenting, "Got to get it out of my head they sing, and you'll be thinking the same when you hear this surefire hit follow-up", where "throbbing Hi-NRG, though with a light vocal touch, and a typical Snap!-style rap all come together to create an instant and likeable smash."

Iestyn George from NME felt the song is not as catchy as "Mr. Vain". James Hamilton from the Record Mirror Dance Update declared it as "another overly similar bland synth buzzed chugger". Mike Soutar from Smash Hits also gave the song four out of five. He felt it was better than "Mr. Vain", saying, "So it is with great surprise that I actually find myself liking "Got to Get It". Buzzy, fast, with a smashing whiplash sample, it's a corking dance tune that's approximately 50 times better than 2 Unlimited's "Faces"." Sunday Mirror wrote, "After a day spent humming Culture Beat's incredibly catchy follow up to their chart-topper "Mr Vain", you'll agree with the lyric, Got to get it out of my head." The reviewer concluded with that the song is "high-energy pop" and "a surefire smash both on the dance floor and in the charts."

Airplay
"Got to Get It" was positioned at number six when the first European airplay chart Border Breaker was compiled due to crossover airplay in West Central-, West-, North West-, North- and South-Europe. The single went on to hit number-one on 21 November 1993, where it stayed for four weeks. It peaked at number-one on Music & Media European Dance Radio Top 25 on 20 November 1993.

Music video
A music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Martin Person. It tells the story of two lovers ending their relationship, intertwined with flashbacks to the days when they were in love. The video was filmed in Algarve, Portugal, and in Denmark. It received heavy rotation on MTV Europe in November 1993.

Track listing and formats

 7-inch vinyl single (Netherlands, 1993)
 "Got to Get It" (Radio Mix) — 3:39
 "Got to Get It" (Video Edit) — 3:52

 12-inch vinyl single (United States, 1994)
 "Got to Get It" (Raw Deal Mix) — 5:34
 "Got to Get It" (Club To House Mix) — 5:52
 "Got to Get It" (Hypnotic Mix) — 7:17
 "Got to Get It" (Resolution Mix) — 7:35

 CD maxi single (Europe, 1993)
 "Got to Get It" (Raw Deal Mix) — 5:34
 "Got to Get It" (Club Mix) — 6:01
 "Got to Get It" (Extended Album Mix) — 6:39
 "Got to Get It" (Hypnotic Mix) — 7:17
 "Got to Get It" (Radio Mix) — 3:39

 CD maxi single - Remix (Europe, 1993)
 "Got to Get It" (Funlab Mix) — 6:36
 "Got to Get It" (Club To House Mix) — 5:52
 "Got to Get It" (TNT Party Zone Mix) — 5:41
 "Got to Get It" (Basic House Mix) — 6:22
 "Got to Get It" (Last Minute Mix) — 6:56
 "Got to Get It" (Radio Remix) — 4:09

 CD maxi single, Promo (US, 1994)
 "Got to Get It" (Original Radio Edit) — 3:39
 "Got to Get It" (Edit w/o Rap) — 3:03
 "Got to Get It" (Remix Radio Edit) — 4:18

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1993 songs
1993 singles
Culture Beat songs
English-language German songs
Music Week number-one dance singles
Number-one singles in Belgium
Number-one singles in Finland
Songs written by Torsten Fenslau
Songs written by Jay Supreme
Songs written by Nosie Katzmann
Dance Pool singles


Geay () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


The following is a list of recurring characters in the CBS sitcom The Munsters and other related projects.

The Munsters

The Munsters' pets
 Igor - Grandpa's pet Transylvanian bat. In the 2022, film, Igor (portrayed by Sylvester McCoy) was originally a servant of the Count before he was turned into a bat so that he can travel to North America with them.
 Spot - A large fire-breathing reptile, whose lair is under the stairs. Spot chases cars, and sometimes catches them. When he leaves his lair, only his tail can usually be seen on screen. In the 13th episode of Season 2, "Underground Munster", Spot runs away and is mistaken for a dangerous monster when he is sighted in the sewer. Herman goes down the manhole to search for Spot but is also mistaken for a dangerous monster. In "The Munsters Today," Spot's presence in the show is usually depicted by his fire breath emerging from the entrance to his lair. Also in the show, Spot's tail was shown in a redesigned form. In the 2022 film, Spot was shown to be smaller and was found in the French sewers by Herman and Lily.
 Charlie the Raven (voiced by Mel Blanc and by Bob Hastings in the TV series, Fred Coury in the 2022 film) - A raven who lives in the Munsters' cuckoo clock and repeats the word "Nevermore." When the raven occasionally makes smart-aleck remarks, Herman throws objects at him. Sometimes, the raven will come out of his clock, but often only for short breaks or to flee when frightened.
 Kitty - A black cat that roars like a lion.

Recurring characters

Dr. Dudley
Edward Howard Dudley, M.D., (portrayed by Paul Lynde in episodes 4, 6, and 19, Dom DeLuise in episode 55) is the Munsters' family doctor. Dr. Dudley is extremely nearsighted (and sometimes has his glasses off when examining Herman). His secretary and nurse is Ms. Fairchild (portrayed by Alice Backes). Dr. Dudley and his wife (portrayed by Marilyn Lovell) have a son named Elmer Dudley (portrayed by Peter Robbins) who is Eddie's playmate in episode 4, "Rock-a-Bye, Munster."

Mr. Gateman
Mr. Gateman (portrayed by John Carradine in the TV series, Jeremy Wheeler in the 2022 film) is the undertaker in charge of the Gateman, Goodbury, and Graves funeral home where Herman works.

In the 2022 film, Mr. Gateman was seen with Mr. Goodbury and Mr. Graves when they host a costume contest on Mockingbird Lane where they awarded the best costume prize to the Munsters. They also offer Herman a job when he says he is looking for employment.

Clyde Thornton
Clyde Thornton (portrayed by Chet Stratton) is Herman's co-worker at the funeral home. When first introduced, Clyde is continuously tricking and ridiculing Herman into one of his practical jokes until Herman finally stands up to him and Clyde gets caught in one of his own traps. After settling their differences, in "Cyrano De Munster", Clyde uses Herman's poems to woo the girl of his dreams. When she finds out that Clyde is not the one writing the poems, she rejects him and inquires about Herman. After finally seeing Herman, the girl screams and runs away. Angry at seeing his dream girl so frightened, Clyde punches Herman in the jaw and consequently breaks his own hand. Like most of Herman's co-workers, Clyde does not seem to notice anything unusual about Herman's appearance, although he is impressed (and intimidated) by Herman's super-strength.

Mrs. Cribbins
Mrs. Yolanda "Yo-yo" Cribbins (portrayed by Claire Carleton) is the Munsters' neighbor. In episode 2, "My Fair Munster," Mrs. Cribbins falls in love with Herman after he accidentally consumes a potion concocted by Grandpa; at the end of the episode she and the mailman Warren Bloom (portrayed by John Fiedler), who is also wary of the Munsters, accidentally consume the same potion and fall in love with each other.

Howie Buchanan
Howie Buchanan (portrayed by Richard Steven Horvitz) is a teenager exclusive to The Munsters Today who is best friends with Marilyn and is one of a few people who can tolerate the Munsters.

Shannon Millhouse

Shannon Millhouse(played by Tiffany Brissette) is the next door neighbor of the Munsters as well as the best friend of Eddie Munster. She is one of the few who admires the Munsters. Her hobbies are sewing, roller derby, and flirting with her male classmates.

Dee Dee Nelson
Dee Dee Nelson (portrayed by Mary Cadorette) only appears in The Munsters Today. She is the wife of a plastic surgeon.

Relatives
The following are the known relatives of the Munster family:

On the Munster side
 Charlie Munster (portrayed by Fred Gwynne) - Herman's twin brother. Conniving and a liar, he is into get-rich-quick schemes and often engages in scam artistry.
 Elsa Hyde (portrayed by Judy Gold) - Herman's sister and Marilyn's mother in Here Come The Munsters.
 Johann - Herman's "cousin". One of an unknown number of near misses before the successful creation of Herman and Charlie, survived in the Transylvanian woods for over 150 years, where he frightened young maidens. He was found by Dr. Frankenstein, who was the original's great-great-grandson who had control over him.
 Victor Frankenstein - A German scientist who created Herman. At Herman and Lily's wedding, Frankenstein gave Herman away "with his blueprints." He is currently dead.
 Victor Frankenstein IV (portrayed by John Abbott) - The great-great-grandson of Victor Frankenstein who appeared in "A Visit from Johann".
 Cousin Wolverine - The Munsters inherited money from him which they used in unsuccessful attempts to start businesses.
 Uncle Gilbert (portrayed by Richard Hale in the TV series, Renáta Kiss in the 2022 film) - Uncle Gilbert is the Creature from the Black Lagoon and once sent the Munsters $180,000 in gold doubloons. In the 2022 film, Uncle Gilbert is Lily Gruesella's uncle who she and Herman visited during the vacation that took place prior to their marriage.
 Frank Munster (portrayed by Peter Schuck) - Herman's brother in The Munsters Today.
 Lady Effigie Munster (portrayed by Hermione Gingold) - Herman Munster's evil aunt from England who sought to get rid of him and his family in order to acquire her late husband's inheritance. She first appeared in Munster, Go Home!
 Lord Cavanaugh Munster - Herman Munster's deceased adoptive uncle and father figure from England and an accomplished road racer. He first appeared in Munster, Go Home!
 Freddie Munster (portrayed by Terry-Thomas) - Herman Munster's evil cousin from England who sought to get rid of him and his family in order to acquire Lady Effigie Munster's late husband's inheritance. He first appeared in Munster, Go Home!
 Grace Munster (portrayed by Jeanne Arnold) - Herman Munster's evil cousin from England who sought to get rid of him and his family in order to acquire Lady Effigie Munster's late husband's inheritance. She first appeared in Munster, Go Home!
 Cruikshank (portrayed by John Carradine) - Freddie and Grace's evil butler from England who sought to get rid of him and his family in order to acquire Lady Effigie Munster's late husband's inheritance. He first appeared in Munster, Go Home!
 Henry Augustus Wolfgang (portrayed by Richard Brake) - In the 2022 film, Dr. Henry Augustus Wolfgang is a mad scientist who is responsible for the creation of Herman Munster. While he used the fingers of the zombie pianist Franz Pennywhacker after stabbing him in the head with his pickaxe, Wolfgang wanted to use the brain of astrophysicist Shelly Von Rathbone only to accidentally get the brain of his comedian brother Shecky Von Rathbone due to a mix-up by Floop. After seeing the mistake and briefly living in a leper colony in Zanzibar, Wolfgang was present at Herman's wedding to Lily Gruesella. Once Herman and Lily are married, Wolfgang states to the Count that Herman is his bloody problem now.
 Floop (portrayed by Jorge Garcia) - Dr. Henry Augustus Wolfgang's hunchbacked assistant. He was responsible for the brain mix-up when it came to creating Herman and was also responsible for giving him the last name Munster. During Dr. Wolfgang's brief time in Zanzibar following the brain mix-up, Floop became Herman's manager when he became a big hit. Floop was also present during Herman's wedding to Lily.

On the Dracula side
 Katja Dracula (portrayed by Jo De Winter) - In The Munsters Today, she's Lily's mother and depicted as Grandpa's favorite (and final) wife. She is also a go-getter vampire. Katja left her daughter and husband when Lily was very young due to a "having to get away", but she came back, trying reconcile. Eventually, she left again before this could be official.
 Lester Dracula (portrayed by Irwin Charone in the TV series, Tomas Boykin in the 2022 film) - Lily's brother and a classy if not financially irresponsible werewolf.
 Uncle George - Grandpa's uncle who was hanged.
 Cousin Ronald - Grandpa's cousin.
 Cousin Phantom (portrayed by Bob Hastings) - Their cousin and the Phantom of the Opera who shatters glass with his voice. He appears in The Munsters' Revenge.
 Uncle Garrett and Aunt Mina - They were never depicted and were said to live in Death Valley.
 Uncle Boris - He was "a real swinger" according to Grandpa. At Christmas, he used to exchange bombs with Grigori Rasputin. A picture of him was found in the Munsters' family photo album.
 Cousin Humphrey - Cousin Humphrey is Grandpa's deceased, rotten cousin. He stole Grandpa's aspirin during the Black Plague. Cousin Humphrey was also a lousy piano player and is now a ghost.
 Lily's Grandma - She is Lily's unnamed grandmother who died for the umpteenth time in 1964 and left Lily an inheritance of $5,000.00.
 Great Grandmother Medusa - She is Lily's great-grandmother who was a famous cook back in her day. In The Munsters Today episode "Vampire Pie," Grandpa mentioned that nobody who tried her Transylvanian Surprise ever lived to regret it. It later turned out that Great Grandmother Medusa's Transylvanian Surprise also had bat milk (harvested from the bats in the Munsters' attic) which was the antidote to prevent anyone who ate Transylvanian Surprise from turning into ducks.
 Unseen Cousin - In one episode of The Munsters Today, Herman states that one of Lily's cousins is a mermaid.

Other relatives
In later adaptations of The Munsters, other relatives were provided:

 Leonard - Grandpa's long-time skeleton friend ever since college in medieval times. He appears in every episode of The Munsters Today.
 Aunt Elvira - A witch of uncertain connection to the family. In The Munsters' Revenge, Lily mentions that the family enjoys meeting her when her broom arrives at the airport. She is clearly not intended to be Elvira, Mistress of the Dark.
 Cousin Wolfgang - A cousin of the Munsters who is mentioned in the animated special The Mini-Munsters. He is the father of twins Igor and Lucretia (who do not look much alike).
 Igor and Lucretia - Two teenage cousins of the Munsters who appear in The Mini-Munsters. They are the twin children of the Munsters' cousin Wolfgang. Igor is a Frankenstein-like entity like Herman and Lucretia is a blonde vampire. Along with Eddie (also a teenager in the special), they form a band called The Mini-Munsters.
 Clyde the Door Knocker (portrayed by Noel Ferrier) - A door knocker of the Munster Mansion who was shown in The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas. He speaks in the voice and mannerisms of a butler. Clyde is based on the ghost of Jacob Marley in A Christmas Carol, particularly the part where Marley's face briefly appears on Scrooge's door knocker.

References

External links


Juillé may refer to the following places in France:

 Juillé, Charente, a commune in the Charente department
 Juillé, Sarthe, a commune in the Sarthe department
 Juillé, Deux-Sèvres, a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department


Val-de-Bride () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. The commune was established in 1973 by the merger of the former communes Guénestroff and Kerprich-lès-Dieuze (German: Genesdorf and Kerprich bei Duß).

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Valdebride


Zommange (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Zimming () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Xouaxange (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Xocourt (, from Lorrain; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Xanrey is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Woustviller (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

Twin towns
 Wustweiler (Germany), since 1996.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)
Moselle communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Woippy (; , ; ) is a French commune in the Moselle department, Grand Est, located near Metz.

Woippy houses the 6th Régiment du matériel (6e RMAT).

Woippy-Triage is the largest classification yard in France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Kœnigsmacker (; Lorraine Franconian: Maacher/Kinneksmaacher; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Kœnigsmacker was the birthplace of Father Jean-Vincent Scheil (1858–1940), a French Dominican scholar and Assyriologist, who was one of the discoverers of the Code of Hammurabi in Persia. The area was the scene of fighting during World War II when the U.S. 90th Infantry Division assaulted the nearby Fort de Koenigsmacker, one of the German Moselstellung fortresses.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

 Monuments of Kœnigsmacker

Koenigsmacker


Kirsch-lès-Sierck () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Kirschlessierck


Kerprich-aux-Bois (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Kerprichauxbois


Kerling-lès-Sierck (Lorraine Franconian: Kiirléngen/Kerléngen; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Kerlinglessierck


Kerbach () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Kemplich () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Laneuveville-en-Saulnois () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Laneuvevilleensaulnois


Laneuveville-lès-Lorquin (, literally Laneuveville near Lorquin; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Laneuvevilleleslorquin


Langatte (; ; Lorraine Franconian Lan(g)d) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. In 1805 it was the site of the Battle of Landbach between the French and the anti French coalition.

Langatte is located in Southeastern Moselle near Sarrebourg. It is one of the communes who share the Étang du Stock (a pond) with Kerprich-aux-Bois, Diane-Capelle, Rhodes and Fribourg. A leisure centre and a campsite have been installed near of the pond. The new LGV Est part connecting Baudrecourt (where the High Speed Line ended before 2016) and Vendenheim has been built in Southern Moselle including Langatte and since 2016, TGV trains pass by here every day to connect Strasbourg, Paris and other destinations around France and Germany.

Notable people
 René François Rohrbacher

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Voimhaut (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Villers-sur-Nied () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Villerssurnied


Jouy-aux-Arches (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. The remains of a Roman aqueduct from the 1st century have been preserved on the territory of Jouy-aux-Arches and the neighbouring commune Ars-sur-Moselle.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Jouyauxarches


Kappelkinger () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
Localities of the commune: Uberkinger, Kohlplatz.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Hottviller (; ; Lorraine Franconian: Hottwiller) is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.

The village belongs to the Pays de Bitche and to the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Vieux-Lixheim () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. The commune Lixheim lies 1 km to the south-east.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Vieuxlixheim


Vahl-Ebersing () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Vahlebersing


Vahl-lès-Bénestroff (, literally Vahl near Bénestroff; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Vahllesbenestroff


Dunster is a village, civil parish and former manor in Somerset, England.

Dunster may also refer to:
 Dunster, British Columbia, Canada
 Dunster Castle, a country house in Dunster, Somerset, England
 Dunster House, a dormitory at Harvard University, US
 Dunster, a 1992 novel by John Mortimer

People with the Surname
 Bill Dunster (born 1960), British architect
 Charles Dunster (1750–1816), British writer and translator
 Chinmaya Dunster (born 1954), English musician and environmentalist
 Frank Dunster (1921–1995), Canadian ice hockey player
 Henry Dunster (1609–1658/9), Anglo-American Puritan clergyman and first president of Harvard College
 Henry Dunster (MP) (1618–1684), English merchant and politician
 Matthew Dunster, English theatre director, playwright and actor
 Robin Dunster (born 1944), Australian nurse and chief of staff of Salvation Army International
 Tomy Dunster, Argentinian actor


Vahl-lès-Faulquemont (, literally Vahl near Faulquemont; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Vahllesfaulquemont


Pierre Chaulet (born and died in Algiers 1930-5 October 2012) was a French doctor who worked with the FLN during the Algerian War. He performed secret operations on FLN fighters and sheltered the FLN leader Ramdane Abane. Eventually his cover was blown and he was expelled to France. Chaulet and his wife, Claudine, rejoined the FLN in Tunisia where he continued to work as a doctor and to write for the FLN paper, El Moudjahid.

It was Chaulet who introduced Frantz Fanon to the FLN, at Blida in 1955.

After Algerian independence, Chaulet joined the Mustapha Pacha hospital. He contributed to the eradication of tuberculosis in Algeria. Claudine Chaulet became a professor of sociology at the University of Algiers. In 1992, when Muhammad Boudiaf was invited back to Algeria after an exile of 27 years, he asked for Pierre Chaulet's assistance.

Chaulet was a member of the Conseil national économique et social (CNES) in Algeria. He died on the 5 October 2012, and was buried in Diar Saâda's Christian Cemetery.

References

People from Algiers
2012 deaths
1930 births
People of the Algerian War
Algerian people of French descent
Algerian pulmonologists
21st-century Algerian people


Juillé () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Pers may refer to:

 Pers, Cantal, France, a commune near Aurillac
 Pers, Deux-Sèvres, France, a commune near Poitiers
 Pers., taxonomic author abbreviation for mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
Persian language

PERS may refer to:
 Personal Emergency Response System

See also

 Person (disambiguation)
 Perse (disambiguation)
 Per (disambiguation)


Betting (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Before 16 September 2005, Betting was known as Betting-lès-Saint-Avold.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Achain (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Adaincourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)