George Everard Kidder Smith (1 October 1913 – 8 October 1997) was an American architect, author, educator, photographer and prolific "builder" of books and curator of exhibitions.

He collaborated with some of the leading publishers and graphic designers – ranging from Elaine Lustig Cohen and Leo Lionni to Paul Rand – to produce books that were both highly informative and visually engaging. Some publishers include The Museum of Modern Art, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Edizioni di Comunità and Penguin Books.

Above all, Kidder Smith was an astute observer - in words and pictures - of modern architecture and the historic built environment of numerous cities and countries across the globe. During the 1950s and 1960s, thanks to his activism as a preservationist, he rallied a number of high-profile individuals and eventually helped prevent the Robie House and Villa Savoye from being demolished. In his New York Times obituary published on October 26, 1997, Herbert Muschamp described G. E. Kidder Smith as a "civic watchdog".

Biography
George Everard Kidder Smith was born in Birmingham, Alabama on October 1, 1913. He was the third of four sons of Francis Hopkinson Smith (1876–1948) and Annie Kidder (1880–1929), a wealthy Episcopalian couple originally from Baltimore. Furthermore, the author, artist and engineer F. Hopkinson Smith (1838-1915) was G. E. Kidder Smith's great uncle.

From an early age, he was inspired by stirring tales and later than at school he started his deep engagement with architecture and photography.

He graduated from Princeton University, where he obtained a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1935 and a Master of Fine Arts in 1938. In 1946 he was licensed as an architect.

In August 1942, Kidder Smith married Dorothea Fales Wilder (1916-2015).

During World War II he served in the U.S. Navy with special photographic duties, which gave him the chance to encounter Captain Edward Steichen (1879–1973).

Later on, Kidder Smith and Dot – often accompanied by their two sons (Kidder Jr. and Hopkinson) – travelled the world documenting architecture and the built environment. He was a book author and exhibition curator on architecture in the United States and abroad.

In his early career, Kidder Smith practised architecture and during the years he was visiting lecturer and visiting professor in prestigious institutions such as Yale University School of Architecture and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

In 1959 Kidder Smith was awarded the AIA Medal for Architectural Photography. His photographs appear in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art.

G. E. Kidder Smith dedicated his life to the understanding and appreciation of architecture—and particularly of modern architecture, and while his multifaceted work received praise from peers throughout his life, he has not received the historical assessment of other contemporary figures such as Julius Shulman and Ezra Stoller.

He passed away at the age of 83, on October 8, 1997, at his home in Manhattan, caused to bronchiectasis.

Books

 Philip Lippincott Goodwin, Brazil Builds: Architecture New and Old 1652–1942, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1943, with photographs by G. E. Kidder Smith;
 Switzerland Builds: Its Native and Modern Architecture, The Architectural Press, London. Albert Bonnier, New York & Stockholm 1950, dust jacket and cover by Paul Rand;
 Sweden Builds: Its Modern Architecture and Land Policy Background, Development and Contribution, The Architectural Press, London. Albert Bonnier, New York & Stockholm 1950, dust jacket and cover by Paul Rand;
 Italy Builds / L'Italia Costruisce: Its Modern Architecture and Native Inheritance / Sua Architettura Moderna e Sua Eredità Indigena, The Architectural Press, London; Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York; Edizioni di Comunitá, Milan 1955, dust jacket and cover by Leo Lionni, endpapers by Gordon Cullen;
 The New Architecture of Europe / Guida dell'Architettura Contemporanea in Europa / Moderne Architektur in Europa: An Illustrated Guidebook and Appraisal with Photographs of 225 Postwar Buildings of Europe, The World Publishing Company 1961, book layout and cover by Elaine Lustig Cohen;
 The New Churches of Europe / Neuer Kirchenbau in Europa, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, Chicago, San Francisco (North and South America); Architectural Press, London (UK); Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgart (Germany); Edizioni di Comunità, Milano (Italy) 1964, dust jacket and cover by Elaine Lustig Cohen, layout by G. E. Kidder Smith, line drawings by Friedrich St. Florian;
 A Pictorial History of Architecture in America, Vols. 1, 2, American Heritage Publishing, New York 1976, graphic design with Murray Belsky;
 The Architecture of the United States: [Vol. 1] New England and Mid-Atlantic States (An Illustrated Guide to Notable Buildings, Open to the Public); [Vol. 2] The South and Midwest (An Illustrated Guide to Notable Buildings, Open to the Public); [Vol. 3] The Plains States and Far West (An Illustrated Guide to Notable Buildings, Open to the Public), Anchor Press/Doubleday Garden City New York in association with The Museum of Modern Art 1981, dust jacket and covers by Lewis Friedman;
 The Beacon Guide to New England Houses of Worship: An Architectural Companion, Beacon Press, Boston 1989, graphic design by Thomas Fischer, Pam Pokornay, and Richard Pace (cover), Lea Cyr (maps);
 Looking at Architecture, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York 1990, graphic design by Bob McKee;
 Source Book of American Architecture: 500 Notable Buildings from the 10th Century to the Present, Princeton Architectural Press, New York 1996, graphic design by Clare Jacobson; Allison Saltzman (cover).

Relevant articles and essays

 "Alvar Aalto," The American Scandinavian Review, Winter 1940, 313-320;
 "The Tragedy of American Architecture," Magazine of Art, Vol. 38, November 1945, 255-260, 278-279;
 "The Navy Builds," The Architectural Forum, Vol. 84, n. 3, March 1946, 121-136;
 "Manhattan: Some Architectural Pleasures" in New York City and Nearby Attractions, Fodor's Travel Guide, New York 1983, 70-80.

Exhibitions
 Stockholm Builds, MoMA, New York, August 4 – September 8, 1941;
 Brazil Builds, MoMA, New York, January 13 – February 28, 1943, for Philip Lippincott Goodwin;
 Power in the Pacific, MoMA, New York, January 23 – March 20, 1945, for Captain Edward Steichen;
 The Postwar Church in Germany, The Goethe House, New York, November 14 – December 14, 1957;
 The Work of Alvar Aalto, The Octagon House, Washington, December 11–29, 1963;
 America's Architectural Heritage, Memphis Chapter AIA, January 14 – February 5, 1978, Memphis, Tennessee;
 Reflection on Church Architecture: A Celebration, The Smithy Pioneer Gallery, New York, July 30 – August 17, 1991.

TV-show and Documentaries
 An Architectural Odyssey with G. E. Kidder Smith, a documentary produced by WNET. Concept, writing, and production Milton Hoffman. Reviewed by Wolf Von Eckardt, "TV's Monumental Miss," Washington Post, August 2, 1978, D9.

Unrealised works
 The Magnificence of Italy (c. 1957– 1961);
 The Architecture of India (c. 1967, c. 1990).

Awards and recognition
 Citation of the United States Navy Photographic Institute – October 27, 1945;
 Medal for Architectural Photography by the American Institute of Architects – 1963;
 Preservation of Modern Architecture such as Robie House and Villa Savoye.

Fellowships
In 1946 he was both a Guggenheim Fellow and an American-Scandinavian Fellow, and in 1949 Smith was a President's Fellow at Brown University. He was awarded Fulbright Research fellowships to Italy in 1950 and India in 1965 and a Samuel H. Kress Foundation grant in 1967. In 1967 and 1974 he was the recipient of awards from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and, in the same years, from the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts and in 1970 and 1975 he received Ford Foundation grants.

Lectures
He gave lectures at numerous architecture schools in the US and Eastern Europe, England, Ireland, India, Italy, Afghanistan, Argentina, and Japan for State Department and Foreign Service. He also taught at Yale (1948-49) and was visiting professor at MIT (1955-56).

Photographs and archives
G. E. Kidder Smith's photographs and papers are housed in the following collections:
 Università Iuav di Venezia. Archivio G. E. Kidder Smith, Archivio Progetti, Venice, Italy;
 The Robert Elwall Photographs Collection at the RIBA, British Architectural Library, London, UK;
 The Rotch Library Visual Collections, MIT Libraries, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Kidder Smith Collection of American Architecture;
 Virginia Fine Art Museum, Richmond (VA);
 Getty Image.

Further reading and exhibitions
 Maggi, Angelo, G. E. Kidder Smith Builds. The Travel of Architectural Photography, with the foreword by Michelangelo Sabatino and a coda by Samuel P. Smith, Oro, Novato (CA) 2022.
 Maggi, Angelo, "George Everard Kidder Smith e la scena urbana europea come esperienza estetica / George Everard Kidder Smith and the European urban scene as an aesthetic experience" in Urbanistica, n. 160, LXIX July – December 2017, 48–58.
 Maggi, Angelo, "Re-interpreting Italy Builds: l'Architettura Italiana secondo George Everard Kidder Smith," in Maria Antonietta Crippa e Ferdinando Zanzottera (edited by), Fotografia per l'Architettura del XX secolo in Italia. Costruzione della storia, progetto, cantiere, Silvana editoriale, Cinisello Balsamo 2017, 70–83.
 Maggi, Angelo, "Re-interpreting Kidder Smith's Italy Builds: Crossovers between Photography and Architecture," in Scopio. International Photography Magazine, vol. 2 (2/3) 2018, 62–77.
 Maggi, Angelo, "The Visual Transmission of European Architecture by George Everard Kidder Smith," in Inter-fotografia y Arquitectura / Inter-photography and Architecture, Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 2016, vol. 3: interpretaciones / interpretations, 140–151.
 Sabatino, Michelangelo, "G. E. Kidder Smith's Reputational Shadow", foreword in Angelo Maggi, G. E. Kidder Smith Builds. The Travel of Architectural Photography, Oro, Novato (CA) 2022, 8–17.
 G. E. Kidder Smith Photographer: Building Books, IIT College of Architecture, Chicago, May 20 – July 8, 2022.
 G. E. Kidder Smith Photographer: At Home in America, Barnsworth Gallery, The Edith Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois, May 22 – July 31, 2022.
 G. E. Kidder Smith Photographer: Discovering Italy, Italian Cultural Institute in Chicago, Chicago, May 23 – July 8, 2022.
 G. E. Kidder Smith Photographer: The Venice Connection, Università Iuav di Venezia, May 26, 2022.
 Gil, Iker, Interview to Angelo Maggi, Michelangelo Sabatino et al., Chicago, 2022.

References

External links
 G.E. Kidder Smith Archive, Università Iuav di Venezia, Archivio Progetti
 Robert Elwall Photographs Collection at the RIBA
 The Rotch Library Visual Collections, MIT Libraries
 G. E. Kidder Smith at MoMA collection
 Applied Research And Design / ORO Editions
 G. E. Kidder Smith Photographer: Building Books at IIT College of Architecture, Chicago
 G. E. Kidder Smith Photographer: At Home in America at The Edith Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois
 G. E. Kidder Smith Photographer: Discovering Italy at Italian Cultural Institute Chicago
 G. E. Kidder Smith Photographer: The Venice Connection at Università Iuav di Venezia
 "G. E. Kidder Smith Builds" Interview by Iker Gil

1913 births
1997 deaths
American architecture writers
American male non-fiction writers
Architectural photographers
People associated with the Museum of Modern Art (New York City)
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
Princeton University alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II


Cramont () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Cramont is situated on the D166 road, some  northeast of Abbeville.

History
In 1524, the troops of Charles Quint, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain reduced the town and much of the surrounding area to ashes.

In 1867, the population stood at 615, in 162 houses. The chief occupations were centred on the linen industry.

Places of interest
 St. Martin's church built in 1857 by Oswald Macqueron, is built of stone and covered in slates.

Population
The inhabitants of the town of Cramont are referred to as Cramontois, Cramontoises in French.

See also
 Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The 2008 Maryland Democratic presidential primary took place on February 12, 2008. Nicknamed the "Potomac Primary" or the "Chesapeake Primary" because the District of Columbia and Virginia also held their primaries that day (and all three border the Potomac River), a total of 70 delegates were up for grabs in Maryland. The winner in each of Maryland's eight congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 46. Another 24 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Barack Obama. The 70 delegates represented Maryland at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Twenty-nine other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

By order of a judge, the polling places in the Maryland Democratic Primary were extended to 9:30 p.m. EST in order to compensate for voters who were delayed in traffic by inclement weather. The same day, an intense ice storm brought .25 inches-1 inch of ice accumulations across Maryland.

Polls

Results

Analysis

With its significant African American population and high concentration of highly educated and highly affluent white progressive/liberal professionals, Maryland was a state that was very favorable for Barack Obama coming out of Super Tuesday. According to exit polls, 53 percent of voters in the Maryland Democratic Primary were white and they opted for Clinton by a margin of 52-42 compared to the 37 percent of African American voters who backed Obama by a margin of 84-15. Hispanics/Latinos, which comprised 4 percent of the electorate, supported Clinton by a margin of 55-45. Obama swept all age groups, socioeconomic/income classes and educational attainment categories in Maryland as well. Of the 84 percent of self-identified Democrats who voted in the primary, 59 percent backed Obama while 40 percent supported Clinton; Independents, which made up 13 percent of the voters, also backed Obama by a 62-27 margin. Obama also won all ideological groups. Regarding religion, Obama won Protestants by a margin of 51-44 percent, other Christians by a margin of 74-21, other religions by a margin of 61-39, and atheists/agnostics by a margin of 62-37; Clinton won Roman Catholics by a margin of 48-45 and Jews by a margin of 60-40 percent.

Obama performed extremely well in the more urban parts of the state in and around Baltimore and the Washington, D.C. suburbs while Clinton performed strongly in the more rural parts of the state like the Eastern Shore and Western Maryland, which takes in parts of Appalachia.

Although Clinton received two big endorsements from Governor Martin O’Malley and U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski, it was not enough to help her much in the state, as many of the demographics were largely in Barack Obama’s favor. Obama received the endorsement of junior senator Ben Cardin

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Maryland Republican presidential primary

References

Maryland
Democratic presidential primary
2008


The 2008 Virginia Democratic presidential primary took place on February 12, 2008, an election day nicknamed the "Potomac Primary" because the District of Columbia and Maryland also held Democratic primaries. The Virginia Democratic primary was an open primary, and was competitive for the first time since 1988.  Barack Obama won the primary, as he did the other Potomac contests that day.

Candidates
Six national candidates appeared on the ballot in the Virginia primary. However, all but Obama and Hillary Clinton had withdrawn prior to the primary on February 12.

Remaining
New York Senator Hillary Clinton
Illinois Senator Barack Obama

Eliminated
Former North Carolina Senator John Edwards Dropped out on January 30, 2008
Ohio Representative Dennis Kucinich Dropped out on January 25, 2008
New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson Dropped out on January 10, 2008
Delaware Senator Joe Biden Dropped out on January 3, 2008

Background
The prior week, Barack Obama had beaten Hillary Clinton in Nebraska (68%-32%), in Washington (68%-31%)  and in Louisiana (57%-36%)  by large margins.

The Clinton Campaign looked towards the primary in Virginia as well as those in Maryland and Washington, D.C. which were held on the same day. Though Hillary Clinton spent more resources in the Maryland Primary, she also campaigned in Virginia, particularly in Northern Virginia.

Strategy

The Barack Obama campaign divided Virginia into 4 regions in which to campaign: Northern Virginia, Richmond, Charlottesville, and the Tidewater region in the southeast.  He was expected to do well with affluent and independent voters, as well as with African-American voters, who could total 25% of the vote on primary day.

The Hillary Clinton campaign said it would focus its efforts on Prince William and Loudoun counties, especially older white professional women, and also in the unemployment plagued Southwest Virginia.

Polling

Barack Obama had a significant lead over Hillary Clinton in final polling throughout the state.

FINAL POLLING

Results

See also
Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008
Virginia Republican primary, 2008

References

Virginia
2008 Virginia elections
2008


You Are What You Love is the third studio album by Juno Award winning Canadian singer-songwriter Melanie Doane. It was first released independently on February 14, 2003, via Melanie's official website and later distributed by Warner Music Canada to retail outlets in Canada on May 6, 2003.

Track listing
"Still Desire You" – 4:08
"As I Am" – 4:01
"Wilma Or A Betty Man" – 3:43
"Way Past Blue" – 4:10
"First Love" – 2:11
"You Are What You Love" – 3:59
"You Do The Math" – 4:18
"Mayor of Melonville" – 3:06
"Temporary" – 2:52
"Bionic" – 3:23
"Here I Am" – 4:36

Song placements
 Dawson's Creek – "Bionic"
 That's Life – "Way Past Blue", "Still Desire You", "You Are What You Love", "Bionic"
 Prom Queen: The Marc Hall Story (TV Movie) – "You Are What You Love"

More Information
 An alternate mix of "Bionic" appeared previously as a bonus track on Doane's 2001 live album Melvin Live.

2003 albums
Melanie Doane albums


Choong Ewe Leong (; 5 April 1929 – 10 September 2011) was a former Malaysian badminton player and politician.

Career
With his younger brother, the charismatic Eddy Choong, he captured men's doubles titles at the prestigious All-England Championships in 1951, 1952, and 1953. They were finalists in 1954, 1955, and 1957. He shared the All-England mixed doubles crown with June White (Timperly) in 1953 and they were finalists in 1955. Between 1949 and 1957 Choong won national open titles in most of the European nations that held such tournaments. In part, because he resided in Great Britain during most of his badminton prime, David Choong never represented Malaya in the coveted Thomas Cup (world team) competition. He was inducted into the International Badminton Hall of Fame in 1998.

Politics
Choong was a Penang State Legislative Assemblyman for Air Itam from 1974 to 1978. He also contested in the 1964 for the Tanjong parliamentary seat as an Alliance coalition candidate of Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and 1990 general election for the Bukit Bendera parliamentary seat as Barisan Nasional coalition candidate of Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan).

Death
Choong died on 10 September 2011 in Tanjung Tokong. He was 82.

Honour

Honour of Malaysia
  : Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (A.M.N.) (1968)

Achievements

International tournaments
Men's singles

Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

References

1929 births
2011 deaths
Sportspeople from Penang
Malaysian sportspeople of Chinese descent
Former Malaysian Chinese Association politicians
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia politicians
Members of the Penang State Legislative Assembly
Malaysian sportsperson-politicians
Malaysian male badminton players
Members of the Order of the Defender of the Realm


Svend Wad (February 3, 1928 – December 4, 2004) was a boxer from Denmark, who competed in the Lightweight division during his career.

Amateur career
Wad was the Olympic Bronze Medalist at lightweight in London in 1948.  Below are his results from that tournament:

 Round of 32: defeated Gene Raymond (India) on points
 Round of 16: defeated Alberto Boullossa (Uruguay) on points
 Quarterfinal: defeated Maxie McCullagh (Ireland) on points
 Semifinal: lost to Gerald Dreyer (South Africa) on points
 Bronze Medal Bout:  won by walkover versus Wallace Smith (USA).

Pro career
Wad turned pro in 1949 and fought primarily in Denmark.  In 1951 he fought Jorgen Johansen for the Danish lightweight title but lost a decision.  Later that year he lost a decision to Duilio Loi in Switzerland, his only fight outside of Denmark.  He retired for good in 1958, having won 14 and lost 2 with 0 KO.

He was born in Haderslev.

External links
 Svend Wad's profile at databaseOlympics

 Svend Wad's profile at Sports Reference.com

1928 births
2004 deaths
Lightweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Denmark
Boxers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Denmark
Olympic medalists in boxing
Danish male boxers
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
People from Haderslev Municipality
Sportspeople from the Region of Southern Denmark


The Huber Breaker was a coal breaker and landmark located in the borough of Ashley, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania.

The breaker was built in 1939 to replace the Maxwell Breaker after sustaining damage during a strike in 1937. Run-of-mine coal arriving at the breaker was washed and cleaned to remove impurities, principally slate. It was crushed and screened to specific sizes desired by customers.  Considered state of the art when constructed, the plant used Menzies cones to separate coal from waste. The breaker was operated by the Blue Coal Corporation, a subsidiary of the Glen Alden Coal Company. The former corporation's name is derived from its unique practice of spraying its processed coal with a blue iridescent chemical to be sold as "Blue Coal." It processed 7,000 tons of anthracite coal per day. Railcars were loaded underneath the breaker and shipped to markets. The long decline of the anthracite industry after World War II caused Blue Coal to declare bankruptcy and cease operations in 1976.

Fate
The Huber Breaker Preservation Society lost its bid to purchase the breaker and 8 acres of land for $25,000 in a final attempt to save the landmark. A Philadelphia salvage dealer named Paselo Logistics LLC bid $1.28 million for the breaker and 26.58 acres of land in August 2013 and the U.S. Bankruptcy Court approved the sale. The demolition of the breaker started January 24, 2014.  In September 2005, Scranton based Kanton Realty estimated the 900 tons of steel in the breaker had a scrap value of $85,000.

Demolition started on the breaker's outbuildings in the week of January 24, 2014. According to the new owner's attorney, Jonathan Comitz, the main breaker building would not be demolished until spring 2014. The Huber Breaker's main building was demolished on April 24, 2014. The last structure of the colliery, the powerhouse, was demolished in August 2014. The issue of whether asbestos was properly handled during demolition is still generating controversy among Ashley residents, Ashley Borough, and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP).

In April of 2016, Paselo Logistics LLC, owners of the Huber Breaker site, failed to follow a stipulation entered into alongside the DEP requiring Paselo Logistics to clean the site and remove contaminated soil, thus putting the site in violation of the PA Solid Waste  Management Act. In December of that year, Paselo Logistics failed to comply with a court order to clean the site. The order states Paselo Logistics was to lawfully contain an unclassified liquid and safely dispose of other potentially hazardous waste; however, the company provided storage for only a portion of the total volume of the liquid and removed only a fraction of the waste. In a motion for additional sanctions against Paselo Logistics for their inaction, an attorney representing the DEP wrote the following:
 The Pennsylvania Attorney General's Office, with assistance from the DEP, sent state agents to execute a search warrant of the Huber Breaker site on December 19, 2017.

External links
Back in The Day, The Huber Breaker on WVIA.
Beyond The Breaker, a documentary film about the Huber Breaker and Pennsylvania mining legacy
On the Pennsylvania Road segment by Mike Stevens on the demolition of the Huber Breaker
Short YouTube clip of demolition of a conveyer
Short YouTube clip of Huber Breaker Demolition Retail Pocket Building
Some background and pictures of the breaker

References

Coal mining in the United States
Buildings and structures in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Mining in Pennsylvania
Industrial buildings completed in 1939
Buildings and structures demolished in 2014


The 21st Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Mostly an all-volunteer unit, with the exception of a few draftees, the 21st Ohio served for both ninety-day and three-year enlistments and fought exclusively in the Western Theater. It saw action in some of the war's bloodiest battles including Stones River, Chickamauga, the Atlanta Campaign, and Sherman's March to the Sea.

Three-months regiment
On April 27, 1861, volunteers from throughout northwestern Ohio were organized into the 21st Ohio Infantry Regiment at Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, Ohio. The recruits hailed from the counties of Hancock, Defiance, Wood, Ottawa, Sandusky and Putnam. Many were farmers and farmers' sons who had spent years taming the Great Black Swamp, a huge, black, liquid mire that still blanketed a good portion of the region, in order to cultivate the rich soil beneath it. Other early volunteers were merchants, lawyers, school teachers, blacksmiths, politicians and a county sheriff who was a veteran of the Mexican–American War. Of the soldiers in the regiment, Captain, Americus V. Rice, would become a brigadier general by the end of the war. In addition, among the privates, Thomas W. Custer and Edward S. Godfrey, both would later win the Medal of Honor (Custer won two). Both later fought with the Seventh Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Godfrey survived and eventually retired as a brigadier general.

On May 23, the new regiment under the command of Colonel Jesse S. Norton, and marched to Gallipolis, Ohio, where it went into camp along the banks of the Ohio River at Camp Carrington. Two months later, the regiment crossed the river into western Virginia as a part of the force under George B. McClellan and entered into its first engagement at the Battle of Scary Creek, July 17, 1861. During the five-hour battle, the regiment lost nine men killed and seventeen wounded. Colonel Norton was wounded and captured, but later was paroled and exchanged.

When its three-month term of enlistment expired, the 21st Ohio Infantry marched to Columbus, where it was mustered out of service on August 12, 1861.

Three-years regiment
Reorganized at Camp Vance in Findlay, Ohio, the 21st Ohio Infantry reenlisted for three-years service on September 19, 1861. On September 26, the regiment left Camp Vance and headed to Camp Dennison in Cincinnati, where it received arms and equipment. It then proceeded to Kentucky, where it saw action at the Battle of Ivy Mountain in early November.

Campaigns

Tennessee and the Andrews' Raid
Campaigning into Tennessee in early 1862 as part of the Army of the Ohio, the regiment was one of a number of Union regiments instrumental in capturing the capital of Nashville in February. From there, the regiment moved toward Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and then to Confederate-held Huntsville, Alabama, in early April.

Concurrent with the move toward Huntsville in April 1862, nine men of the regiment volunteered to participate in a secret mission known as Andrews' Raid. The men, along with two civilians and thirteen soldiers from two other Ohio regiments, dressed in civilian clothes and slipped behind enemy lines. They hijacked the Confederate locomotive The General. The mission was a failure, and all of the raiders were captured. Eight men, including Private John M. Scott of Co. F, 21st Ohio Infantry, were hanged. Another eight, including privates Wilson W. Brown, William J. Knight, John R. Porter, Mark Wood, and John A. Wilson, escaped from captivity. The remaining raiders, among them Private William Bensinger, Private Robert Buffum, and Sergeant Elihu H. Mason of the regiment, were released in a prisoner exchange the next year. In recognition of their actions, Congress awarded most of the raiders, including all nine from the 21st Ohio Infantry the newly created Medal of Honor. Bensinger, Buffum, and Mason were three of the first six men ever to receive the medal.

Near La Vergne on October 7, the regiment captured a part of the 3rd Alabama Rifle Regiment, along with its colors and fifty-four horses. The regiment participated in the Siege of Nashville from September 12 to November 7.

By December, the regiment was in the vicinity of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and on December 30 – January 2, 1863, participated in the Battle of Stones River.

For the battle, the 21st Ohio was with the 74th Ohio, the 37th Indiana, and the 78th Indiana in Colonel John F. Miller's brigade of James S. Negley's division. By 10:00 on December 31, the regiment held the brigade left by a rail fence at the eastern edge of the cedar forest. The left of the regiment was attacked by James R. Chalmers' Mississippi brigade, which retreated in disorder in the face of volleys from the regiment and canister shot from the supporting Battery B, 1st Kentucky Light Artillery. Lieutenant Colonel James Neibling ordered a charge, exhorting the regiment to "Give 'em hell by the acre," hastening the flight of Chalmers' brigade. However, his flank exposed by the collapse of Philip Sheridan's division on the right, Negley soon ordered his division to withdraw, despite Miller's attempt to hold the brigade's positions. With the brigade, the 21st Ohio retreated into the cedar forest.

On January 2, the regiment was ordered to charge across the frigid water of Stones River, where it captured a Confederate artillery battery of four guns. The regiment suffered 159 casualties, and Private Wilson Vance of Company B was awarded the Medal of Honor for saving a fellow soldier from capture.

Tullahoma and Chickamauga campaigns
Following the Battle of Stones River, the 21st remained in camp until June 1863. In the Army of the Cumberland's camp, Rosecrans wrote to the Union General-in-Chief Major General Henry Wager Halleck and Secretary Edwin Stanton that he felt that he needed to outfit all of his cavalry with repeating weapons. In a dispatch from 2 February, he explained his reasons to Secretary Stanton:

This eagerness to embrace new repeating technology manifested itself in many units in the army receiving  repeating firearms. While Wilder's famed Lightning Brigade received Spencers and other units got Henry rifles, the 21st Ohio opted for the five-shot Colt Revolving Rifles. While there were not enough for all companies, six of the eight received the Colts.

The regiment first found how well their new weapons would perform when it embarked on the Tullahoma Campaign. Marching and skirmishing through Tennessee and northern Georgia during the campaign, the regiment crossed over Lookout Mountain in late August and arrived in the vicinity of Chickamauga Creek on September 19. Fully engaged in the Battle of Chickamauga, the regiment, under the command of Lt. Colonel Dwella M. Stoughton, deployed into line of battle and opened a brisk fire upon the enemy, which continued until night. The next morning, September 20, the regiment, then occupying a reserve position, witnessed the Confederate breakthrough. Lt. Colonel Stoughton immediately moved to the right and occupied the crest of a ridge, known as Snodgrass Hill, in an attempt to stem the Confederate onslaught.

The Confederates made their first assault on the regiment around 11 a.m. They continued to attack throughout the morning and afternoon, but each attack was repulsed by a murderous fire from the regiment's five-shot Colt Revolving Rifles. So heavy was the volume of fire that the Confederates were convinced that they were attacking an entire division, not just a single regiment. At around 3:30 p.m., Lt. Colonel Stoughton, seated on his horse at the rear of the regiment, was fired upon by a rebel sharpshooter. Ignoring the warning, Stoughton dismounted and walked to the front of the line, where another shot rang out and the colonel, struck through the left arm, fell to the ground severely wounded. Command of the regiment passed to Major Arnold McMahan. Stoughton would die on November 19 from an illness that set in during his convalescence.

By late afternoon, the 21st was desperately low on ammunition. Soldiers plundered the cartridge boxes of the dead and wounded in a frantic attempt to procure Colt's ammunition. When this reserve was depleted, a runner was sent to the rear to search the ordnance trains, but quickly discovered that they had left with the rest of the retreating Union army for Chattanooga. At dusk, having exhausted all of their ammunition, the 21st retired to the rear of the ridge, having expended 43,550 rounds of ammunition.

The 21st was ordered to fix bayonets and occupy the extreme right flank. They managed to procure one last round of ammunition for each man. After each firing their round, the men, remaining in their position, were surrounded and quietly captured. Major Arnold McMahan, 120 soldiers and the colors of the regiment were now in the hands of the enemy.

In six hours of fighting, the 21st Ohio, numbering about 540 men, lost 265 killed, wounded or captured. 46 men would eventually be sent to Andersonville prison. Only ten of the prisoners would survive.

Later campaigns
During the Battle of Chattanooga, the 21st was part of the assaulting column that carried the crest of Missionary Ridge. Colonel McMahan led the troops up the steep slopes into the enemy positions.

When the three-year term of enlistment expired, the majority of the men re-enlisted for the duration of the war. The reconstituted 21st OVI participated in the Atlanta Campaign under William T. Sherman. The regiment marched through Georgia to Savannah, Georgia, arriving on the coast at the end of the year. In early 1865, the 21st participated in the Carolinas Campaign, including the Battle of Bentonville.

Following the surrender of the opposing Confederate army at Bennett Place in April, the 21st marched to Washington, D.C., and participated in the Grand Review of the Armies. The soldiers were discharged from the army and paid on July 28, 1865, when the regiment mustered out in Louisville, Kentucky.

Postbellum
Many veterans of the 21st OVI joined the Grand Army of the Republic, and several posts were established throughout northwestern Ohio. Several towns erected statues and monuments to honor local soldiers. The 21st OVI was also remembered by the U.S. War Department, which erected a commemorative tablet in 1908 on the Chickamauga Battlefield.

Notable members
 William Bensinger – Awarded Medal of Honor for participation in the Anderson Raid, or Great Locomotive Chase.
 Wilson W. Brown – Anderson raider
 Robert Buffum – Anderson raider
 William James Knight – Anderson Raider
 Elihu H. Mason – Anderson Raider
 John Reed Porter – Anderson Raider
 John Morehead Scott – Anderson Raider. Hanged by the Confederates, June 18, 1862, and received award posthumously.
 John Alfred Wilson – Anderson Raider
 Mark Wood – Anderson Raider

See also
 Ohio in the Civil War
 List of Ohio Civil War units
 Great Locomotive Chase

Notes

References

External links
 Ohio in the Civil War website - bibliography for the 21st OVI - by Larry Stevens
 Bowling Green University: Biographic sketches of some of the men of the 21st OVI
Ohio Adjutant General report Vol on the 21st to 36th OVI
 History of the 21st Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the war of the rebellion 1893

Units and formations of the Union Army from Ohio
1861 establishments in Ohio
Military units and formations established in 1861
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865


A constitutional referendum was held in Iceland between 20 and 23 May 1944. The 1 December 1918 Danish–Icelandic Act of Union declared Iceland to be a sovereign state separate from Denmark, but maintained the two countries in a personal union, with the King of Denmark also being the King of Iceland. In the two-part referendum, voters were asked whether the Union with Denmark should be abolished, and whether to adopt a new republican constitution. Both measures were approved, each with more than 98% in favour. Voter turnout was 98.4% overall, and 100% in two constituencies, Seyðisfirði and Vestur-Skaftafjellssýsla.

Results

Aftermath

The union with Denmark was dissolved on 17 June 1944. Since Denmark was still occupied by Nazi Germany, many Danes felt offended that the step was taken at that time. Nevertheless, King Christian X of Denmark sent a message of congratulations to Icelanders.

The Republican celebration was held in Þingvellir on 17 June 1944. At 13:30, Prime Minister Björn Þórðarson set the celebrations going, after which a religious ceremony was held. The Icelandic flag was raised and the members of the parliament rose from their seats as church bells rang. All declared unilaterally that Iceland would henceforth be a republic. The members of parliament then chose Sveinn Björnsson as the first president. Sveinn had been regent of Iceland and the King's placeholder during the war years. He was the only president not elected directly by the people of Iceland.

See also
Iceland during World War II

References

Referendums in Iceland
Constitutional referendum
Iceland
Denmark–Iceland relations
Constitution of Iceland
1944
Iceland
Iceland


Curlu () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Curlu is situated on the D146 road, on the banks of the river Somme, some  east of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Halsall railway station was a railway station in the village of Halsall, Lancashire, on the Liverpool, Southport and Preston Junction Railway. Situated north of Carr Moss Lane, it opened on 1 November 1887 and closed on 26 September 1938. The tracks were lifted shortly after the line closed in 1952, though the station building survives as a private residence. The "Altcar Bob" service once operated through this station.

References

Sources
 Gell, Rob (1986). An Illustrated Survey of Railway Stations Between Southport & Liverpool 1848-1986. Heyday Publishing Company, .

External links
 Halsall via Disused Stations
 The line and mileages via Railwaycodes

Disused railway stations in the Borough of West Lancashire
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1887
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1938
Halsall


In number theory, a branch of mathematics, a Hilbert number is a positive integer of the form  (). The Hilbert numbers were named after David Hilbert.
The sequence of Hilbert numbers begins 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, ... )

Properties
The Hilbert number sequence is the arithmetic sequence with , meaning the Hilbert numbers follow the recurrence relation .
The sum of a Hilbert number amount of Hilbert numbers (1 number, 5 numbers, 9 numbers, etc.) is also a Hilbert number.

Hilbert primes
A Hilbert prime is a Hilbert number that is not divisible by a smaller Hilbert number (other than 1). The sequence of Hilbert primes begins

5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 29, 33, 37, 41, 49, ... .
A Hilbert prime is not necessarily a prime number; for example, 21 is a composite number since .  However, 21  a Hilbert prime since neither 3 nor 7 (the only factors of 21 other than 1 and itself) are Hilbert numbers.  It follows from multiplication modulo 4 that a Hilbert prime is either a prime number of the form  (called a Pythagorean prime), or a semiprime of the form .

References

External links

Eponymous numbers in mathematics
Integer sequences


Pistoleta (; fl. 1185–1228) was a Provençal troubadour. His name (actually a nickname) means "little letter (epistle)" in Occitan. He left behind eleven songs, comprising nine cansos and two tensos. Some of his pieces are assigned to an otherwise unknown Jordan de Born in the table of contents of chansonnier C, a fourteenth-century Occitan manuscript.

According to his vida, he was a cantaire (singer) of Arnaut de Maruoill, which probably implies that he was a jongleur who sang Arnaut's songs or perhaps acted as a messenger to bring his songs from one place to another both orally and in writing. He may have carried Arnaut's love songs to the "Countess of Burlatz" (); this would explain his nickname. If the vida be correct about Pistoleta's early career, then he was probably a jongleur from about 1195 or perhaps as early as 1185 and only began his own composing career around 1205.

Five of Pistoleta's songs contain references to the King of Aragon, usually presumed to be Peter II. At some point he became a vassal of Peter's, as he writes in  of the  ("King of Aragon, whom I have made [my] lord"). From this it can be deduced that he spent some time at Peter's court, but he also addressed the king in at least one poem, , from far away. He is also said to have had relations with Ebles V of Ventadorn, Thomas I of Savoy, and Blacas III of Aulps. In his youth he may have travelled into Limousin and Languedoc and met Maria de Ventadorn, Ebles' wife. He composed a tenso with the latter, which has been dated to late 1228, making it his last known work and the only known work by Maria.

Sometime after October 1214 Pistoleta wrote , which was something of a planh, since it mourns the passing of Peter II and Alfonso VIII of Castile in 1213 and 1214 respectively:
{|
|
Pueis lo reis d'Aragon
muric ni.l reis N'Anfos,e si per leis non foscui sobr'altras res blan,non chantera ugan.|
Since the king of Aragon
and the king Lord Alfonso died,
and it will not be for them
who above others are pleasant,
I will not sing this year.
|}
Sometime after composing this song, probably in Languedoc or Catalonia (Pistoleta implies perhaps visiting Perpignan), where Peter and Alfonso were frequently active, Pistoleta returned east of the Rhône to Provence. Probably about this time he travelled into Savoy, where he met Thomas I. It was also during this period in Provence that he met and debated with Blacas sometime after 1220, for he mentions the  (emperor) Frederick II who was crowned in 1220 and became suzerain of Provence that year.

Though Pistoleta's biographer implies that "graceful melodies" (, lit. pleasing sounds) were typical of his work, only one melody has survived (for his popular and well-preserved sirventes beginning ) and that in two different versions. His composing was very conservative, more so than his master, Arnaut. Though well-esteemed by "high society", he was a poor conversationalist and unpleasant in appearance. He eventually settled down in Marseille, took a wife, and became a merchant, acquiring considerable wealth which allowed him to stop his itinerant "court-hopping". Unfortunately, there is no corroborating documentation for anything contained in Pistoleta's vida.

Pistoleta also wrote two tensos with two trobairitz (female troubadour):  ("Good lady, I beg you to advise me") with an anonymous lady and the aforementioned piece with Maria de Ventadorn.

Sources

Aubrey, Elizabeth. The Music of the Troubadours. Indiana University Press, 1996. .
Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. The Vidas of the Troubadours. New York: Garland, 1984. .
Jeanroy, Alfred. La poésie lyrique des troubadours. Toulouse: Privat, 1934.
Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos''. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

Notes

12th-century French troubadours
13th-century French troubadours
People from Provence


The Dublin-Navan line (via Clonsilla) is a partially-open commuter rail line between Dublin and the town of Navan in County Meath. Since September 2010, train services operate from Docklands Station to M3 Parkway, with an extension to Navan itself proposed.

History

Background
Navan was originally a significant part of the expanding rail network in Ireland. The Dublin and Drogheda Railway first constructed a branch from the Dublin-Belfast main line through Navan to the town of Oldcastle which opened in 1850. In 1862, the Dublin and Meath Railway constructed and operated a branch from Clonsilla to Navan off the MGWR main line to Sligo. This line was extended to Kingscourt in County Cavan in 1865, operated by the Navan and Kingscourt Railway. Both of these lines were eventually purchased by the MGWR, while the Oldcastle line was eventually incorporated into the GNR(I). Navan railway station itself was a small single platform stop on the Oldcastle line. The main station for the town was Navan Junction, which had four platforms serving trains on both routes.

In the 1950s and 1960s, there was a large scale rationalisation of the railway network in Ireland, which saw Córas Iompair Éireann close large sections of line. Passenger services on the Kingscourt line were ended in 1947, while on the Oldcastle line they continued until 1958. The lines from Clonsilla and Oldcastle to Navan were lifted in 1963, with the remainder remaining open for freight use following the withdrawal of passenger services - the Gypsum Industries plant in Kingscourt utilised the line as far as Navan Junction before transferring to the Oldcastle line to transport gypsum to the Platin Cement Works just outside Drogheda, while the Tara Mine also uses the Oldcastle branch to transport lead and zinc. Following industrial action by Iarnród Éireann train drivers in 2001, Gypsum freight services from Kingscourt were transferred to road haulage, which led to the remainder of the line being mothballed. The line has been preserved however, with the then Minister for Public Enterprise, Mary O'Rourke TD, ordering Iarnród Éireann not to 'lift' the railway line, as it may be used in the future.

Initial proposal and opening to M3 Parkway
The growth of the economy in County Meath, added to the increase in the population of Navan, has led to calls over the past few years for a rail service to be reinstated from Dublin.

As part of the Transport 21 plan announced by the Irish Government in 2005, the line to Navan was to be rebuilt in two phases as a branch of the Western Commuter line. The first phase would see a 7.5 km stretch from the junction west of Clonsilla. This would feature three new railway stations at Hansfield, Dunboyne and a park and ride interchange called M3 Parkway. The M3 Parkway station opened in September 2010.

Extension to Navan

The second phase was originally planned to be completed by 2030 but, as of 2019, was deferred and subject to "review". If completed as planned it would see the line extended from M3 Parkway to Navan itself, with further stations at Dunshaughlin, Kilmessan and two in Navan (provisionally titled Navan Central and Navan North). The former, Navan Central, was proposed to be located near Páirc Tailteann. Plans expected that the latter station, Navan North, would be the northern terminus of a reinstated line. Plans for both the Dunshaughlin and Kilmessan stations were deferred due to the reduction in exchequer funding for capital investment programmes.

Since the early 21st century, Docklands has served as the terminus for peak time services on the Western Commuter originating from M3 Parkway. The proposal would have seen this station expanded to become the main terminus for Western Commuter services, including from Navan. However, in 2007, Iarnród Éireann announced plans to restore rail services to the long closed Dublin Broadstone station, which IÉ planned to use as its major terminus for commuter services from  and Navan.

In March 2008, the transport minister blocked these proposals in favour of utilising Broadstone for the Luas system, instead encouraging IÉ to seek planning permission to keep  as the terminus for the Navan line and services from  and . As part of the wider improvements to the commuter network around Dublin, it is proposed to electrify the line as far as M3 Parkway which  will form part of the planned DART Line 1.

By 2019, no progress had been made on the proposed Navan extension. That year, the Irish government's regional spatial strategy recommended that the status of the plans be downgraded from "implementation" to "review"; seen as a setback to the opening of the line. However, by the end of 2020 the line was once again included as part of a consultation into updating the Greater Dublin Area Transport Strategy.

In January 2023, the Government of Ireland approved a bill for a €750m development plan for the rest of the line to Navan, with a possible opening by 2036.

Criticism
Although the proposal to reinstate a rail service between Dublin and Navan has been welcomed, particularly in view of the comparison of cost with the M3 motorway (estimated to be €650 million against €90 million for the railway), there has been criticism of the details of the proposal by the pressure group Rail Users Ireland (formerly Platform 11). This group's alternative proposal would see the relaying of the line between Navan and Drogheda to standards necessary for passenger trains, the installation of two new stations, together with the reopening of Navan station. This would allow services to run from Navan to Connolly Station in Dublin via Drogheda.

Criticism has also been levelled at Meath County Council, with Rail Users Ireland pointing out that part of the rail alignment planned to Navan was obstructed by the installation of a sewer main. The group has also suggested that, given the two-phase approach to implementing the plan, there is little benefit to residents of Navan until the line is extended there, due to the current positioning of the toll collection points near M3 Parkway station. In addition to this station being  from Navan itself, the toll point is positioned before drivers reach the station.

References

External links
Irish Rail Navan Rail information page (archived)

Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland
Railway lines in Ireland
Proposed railway lines in the Republic of Ireland
Railway lines opened in 2010


Oasys Mobile is a mobile game developer and publisher. Oasys develops top-ranked franchise games and applications based on brands such as Mattel, Sid Meier's Civilization IV, Railroad Tycoon, Pirates!, Phil Hellmuth, AROD and Hooters Calendar. Oasys also distributes content applications such as Mobile Graffiti, The Wall Street Journal and College & Greek Logos.

Formerly Summus Inc., the company changed its name to Oasys Mobile, Inc. in 2006. The company filed Chapter 11, but emerged from reorganization in October 2007. In mid 2008, Oasys Mobile and 2K Games announced a joining to release Sid Meier's Civilization IV: War of Two Cities, Railroad Tycoon, and Pirates! for the mobile market.

Mobile games and applications
{|
|- valign="top"
|
UNO
UNO Free Fall
UNO Challenge
KerPlunk!
Rock'em Sock'em Robots Mobile
Toss Across
Phil Hellmuth Texas Hold'em
Crazy 8's
Secrets of Hold'em
Merlin's Legacy
AROD MVP Baseball Challenge
Sid Meier's Civilization IV: War of Two Cities
Sid Meier's Railroad Tycoon Mobile
Sid Meier's Pirates! Mobile
|
Kentucky Derby 131
Nineball
Karpov X 3D Chess
College & Greek Logos
AOL You've Got Pictures
Fujifilm Get the Picture
Fujifilm Mobile Postcards
Hooters Calendar
Hooters Calendar Girl Tubin'''Mobile GraffitiThe Wall Street Journal Mobile|}

Products in developmentPBR: Pro Bull RidersPBR: All AccessSid Meier's Civilization IV: Defenders of the GatesUNO 2009College Fan ZoneTricky TracksVegas Casino CrazeSpawn of the DeadPlayground All-Stars Kickball''

References

External links
 Official Oasys Mobile website

Video game companies of the United States
Video game development companies
Video game publishers


"I Will" (released b/w "I Catch Myself Crying", Liberty 55707) is a song written by Dick Glasser.

The song was first a hit for Vic Dana in 1962, whose version spent 9 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 47, while reaching No. 12 on Billboards Easy Listening chart.

Other versions
Dick Glasser recorded the song, which he released in June 1964 under the pseudonym Dick Lory.
Billy Fury released a version in 1964, which spent 12 weeks on the UK's Record Retailer chart, reaching No. 14.
In 1965, Dean Martin released a version, which spent 10 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching No. 10, while reaching No. 3 on Billboards Easy Listening chart, No. 5 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade, and No. 11 on Canada's "R.P.M. Play Sheet".
Brazilian rock singer Raul Seixas has a Portuguese version on his 1968 debut album Raulzito e os Panteras.
Ruby Winters released a version in late 1973, which peaked at number No. 39 on the US Hot Soul singles chart. In 1977, the song was released in the UK, where it spent 13 weeks on the UK Singles Chart, reaching No. 4.
Declan Sinnott recorded the song on Christy Moore's 2009 album "Listen".

References

1962 singles
1962 songs
Dean Martin songs
Reprise Records singles
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
Songs written by Dick Glasser
Billy Fury songs


The 1st Mediterranean Grand Prix was a motor race, run for Formula One cars, held on 19 August 1962 at the Autodromo di Pergusa, Sicily. The race was run over 50 laps of the circuit, and was dominated by Ferrari. The winner was Lorenzo Bandini in a Ferrari 156.

Results

References

Mediterranean Grand Prix
Mediterranean Grand Prix
1962 in Italian motorsport


A kleroterion () was a randomization device used by the Athenian polis during the period of democracy to select citizens to the boule, to most state offices, to the nomothetai, and to court juries.

The kleroterion was a slab of stone incised with rows of slots and with an attached tube. Citizens' tokens—pinakia—were placed randomly in the slots so that every member of each of the tribes of Athens had their tokens placed in the same column. There was a pipe attached to the stone which could then be fed dice that were coloured differently (assumed to be black and white) and could be released individually by a mechanism that has not survived to posterity (but is speculated to be by two nails; one used to block the open end and another to separate the next die to fall from the rest of the dice above it, like an airlock.) When a die was released, a complete row of tokens (so, one citizen from each of the tribes of Athens) was either selected if the die was coloured one colour, or discarded if it was the alternate colour. This process continued until the requisite number of citizens was selected.

History
Prior to 403 BCE, the courts published a schedule and the number of dikastes required for the day. Those citizens who wanted to be dikastes queued at the entrance of the court at the beginning of the court day. Originally, the procedure was based on a "first come, first serve" basis. Beginning in 403 BCE, Athenian allotment underwent a series of reforms, and from 370 BCE onwards, they employed the kleroterion.

Procedure
In his Constitution of the Athenians, Aristotle gives an account of the selection of jurors to the dikastra. Each deme divided their dikastes into ten sections, which split the use of two kleroteria. Candidate citizens placed their identification token (pinaka) in the section's chest. Once each citizen who wished to become judge for the day placed their pinaka in the chest, the presiding archon shook the chest and drew out tokens. The citizen whose token was first drawn became the token inserter (empektes). The token inserter then pulled out tokens and inserted them into their corresponding sections. The kleroterion was divided into five columns, one column per tribe section (between two machines). Each row was known as a kanomides. Once the token inserter filled the kleroterion, the archon then placed a mix of black and white dice (kyboi) into the side of the kleroterion. The number of white dice was proportional to the number of jurors needed. The archon allowed the dice to fall through a tube on the side of the kleroterion and drew them one by one. If the die was white, the top row was selected as jurors. If the die was black, the archon moved on to the next row down from the top and repeated the process until all juror positions were filled for the day.

Scholarship
The first significant examination of Athenian allotment procedures was James Wycliffe Headlam's Election by Lot, first published in 1891. Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians, the text of which was first discovered in 1879 and first published as Aristotle's in 1890, became an important resource for scholars. Throughout the text, Aristotle makes references to a lottery system which was used to appoint government officials.

Archaeologists first discovered kleroteria in the 1930s in the Athenian Agora, dating them to the second century BC. In Aristotle, the Kleroteria, and the Courts (1939), Sterling Dow gave an overview and analysis of the discovered machines. Contrary to previous scholars, who translated kleroterion as "allotment room," Dow reasoned that kleroterion cannot be translated to mean "room," as Aristotle writes: "There are five kanomides in each of the kleroteria. Whenever he puts in the kyboi, the archon draws lots for the tribe the kleroterion." Dow concluded that Aristotle's fourth-century description of the kleroterion applied to the second-century kleroterion.

In 1937, Dow published a catalog of his archaeological discoveries in the Athenian agora. He describes eleven ''kleroteria'c fragments:

See also

 Sortition
 Lottery machine

References

 Orlandini, Alessandro (April 2018) https://www.academia.edu/36510282/KLEROTERION._simulation_of_the_allotment_of_dikastai. simulation of the allotment.

External links
 Patrice Masini, Le tirage au sort démocratique, CNRS Images (2017) (a short video by French scholars)
 Alessandro Orlandini, https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=gt9H7nbZjAw, (2018) (video of the procedure simulation)
 The Machine that Selected the Citizens of Athens

Ancient Greece
Democracy
Sampling (statistics)
Athenian democracy


Habibti (foaled 1980) was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred  racehorse and broodmare who was one of the highest-rated sprinters in European racing history. Habibti was unbeaten as a two-year-old, winning the Group Two Lowther Stakes in England and the Moyglare Stud Stakes in Ireland. In early 1983 she was campaigned over longer distances without success before being switched to sprinting in summer. She won her remaining four races that season, taking the July Cup at Newmarket, the William Hill Sprint Championship at York, the Vernons Sprint Cup at Haydock Park and the Prix de l'Abbaye at Longchamp Racecourse. At the end of the season she was named Britain's Horse of the Year and was rated the best three-year-old filly of the last thirty-six years by Timeform. Habibti was less successful when kept in training at four, but did win the King's Stand Stakes at Royal Ascot. At the end of 1984 she was retired to stud, where she had little success as a producer of winners.

Background
Habibti was a brown mare with a white sock on her right hind foot bred in Ireland by John Costelloe. She was sired by Habitat, an American-bred, British-raced miler who became one of the leading European stallions of the 1970s and 1980s. His other progeny included Flying Water, Marwell, Rose Bowl and Steinlen and he was the British Champion broodmare sire on three occasions. Her dam, Klairessa, won one minor race and was a full-sister to the King's Stand Stakes winner D'Urberville and three-quarters sister to Lora (by Lorenzaccio) who produced the 1000 Guineas winner On the House. In addition to Habibti, Klairessa also produced a colt by General Assembly named Knesset, who won the Ballyogan Stakes in 1988 and Eight Carat, who showed little ability on the racecourse, but produced five Group One winners including Octagonal.

As a yearling, Habibti was sent to the sales where she was bought for 140,000 guineas. She entered into the ownership of Muhamed Mutawa who named the filly after the Arabic term of affection "habibi" meaning "my beloved". The filly was trained at Arundel in West Sussex by John Dunlop and ridden in most of her races by Willie Carson.

Racing career

1982: two-year-old season
As a two-year-old in 1982, Habibti was unbeaten in three races despite being difficult to train early in the season. After winning a maiden race on her debut in July, Habibti was sent to York in August to contest the six furlong Lowther Stakes. Ridden by Willie Carson, she won at odds of 11/4, beating the future Breeders' Cup Mile winner Royal Heroine. Three weeks later, Habibti traveled to Ireland for the Moyglare Stud Stakes (then a Group Two race) and won ridden by Declan Gillespie.

1983: three-year-old season
Habibti began her three-year-old season with a run at Newbury in the Fred Darling Stakes, a recognised trial for the 1000 Guineas. Racing over seven furlongs for the first time she finished third to Prix Marcel Boussac winner Goodbye Shelley after weakening in the closing stages. On 28 April, Habibti started the 10/1 third favourite for the 1000 Guineas over the Rowley Mile course at Newmarket. She finished fourth of the eighteen runners behind the French-trained favourite Ma Biche, although she was later promoted to third after the runner-up, Royal Heroine, failed a dope test. Three weeks later, Habibti was tried over one mile for the second and final time in the Irish 1,000 Guineas at the Curragh on 21 May. Running on heavy ground, she apparently failed to stay the distance as she finished ninth, beaten more than fourteen lengths by the winner L'Attrayante.

Habibti was then brought back in distance to race against specialised sprinters in the Group One July Cup at Newmarket on 7 July. Racing over six furlongs on faster ground, she settled behind the leaders before moving up to take the lead entering the final furlong. She quickly went clear and won comfortably by two and a half lengths from Soba, a four-year-old filly who had won eleven races, including the Stewards' Cup, in 1982. In August, Habibti ran over five furlongs in the William Hill Sprint Championship at York, in which she was made 13/8 favourite ahead of Soba, who was expected to be suited by the shorter distance. Carson restrained the filly in the early stages before taking the lead inside the final furlong and going three lengths clear of the field. She was eased down in the closing stages to win by a length and a half from Soba, who was later disqualified for causing interference early in the race.

On 3 September, Habibti and Soba met for the third time in the Vernons Sprint Cup over six furlongs at Haydock Park. Two furlongs from the finish, Carson was sitting still on the 8/13 favourite as his rival jockeys were driving their mounts to maintain the pace. When Carson asked Habibti to quicken, she quickly settled the race and drew clear of the field to win by seven lengths. Timeform described the performance as "one of the best performances ever likely to be seen at Haydock, or anywhere else". On her final run of the year, Habibti was sent to France for the Prix de l'Abbaye over 1000 metres at Longchamp Racecourse in October. She took the lead 200m from the finish and was driven out by Carson to win by a length from Soba in a time of 54.3, breaking the previous track record by 1.2 seconds.

1984: four-year-old season
Habibti began her four-year-old season in June, when she ran in the Leisure Stakes, a newly instituted race at Lingfield Park. She won by a length from the previous year's King's Stand Stakes winner Sayf El Arab. Later that month Habibti was sent to Royal Ascot for the 1984 renewal of the King's Stand Stakes over five furlongs on fast ground. The race saw a protracted struggle for the lead between Sayf El Arab and the Irish-trained Anita's Prince, and Habibti was six lengths behind the leaders with a quarter of a mile to run. Under a vigorous ride from Carson, Habibti made ground throughout the closing stages and caught Anita's Prince on the line to win by a short head. The filly was by this time unbeaten in her last six races and started odds-on favourite for her second July Cup. Her run of success came to an end, however, as she finished fifth behind the three-year-old colt Chief Singer.

Habibti failed to win in her remaining four starts, although she was placed on each occasion. She was beaten two and a half lengths by the Irish filly Committed in the William Hill Sprint Championship and was then beaten a short head by the outsider Petong in the Vernons Sprint Cup. In autumn she ran third to Never So Bold in the Diadem Stakes and ended her career by finishing second to Committed in the Prix de l'Abbaye.

Assessment
In the official International Classification for 1983, Habibti was given a rating of 91, making her the highest-rated three-year-old filly and the highest-rated sprinter in Europe, and the third best horse behind Shareef Dancer and All Along. The independent Timeform organisation described the ranking as "ludicrous" and rated Habibti the best horse of the year. Her annual Timeform rating of 136 was the highest awarded to a three-year-old filly in the organisation's history, and the fourth highest given to a sprinter behind Abernant (142 in 1950), Pappa Fourway (139 in 1955) and Right Boy (137 in 1959). The two rating systems did not use the same scale: a rating of 91 in the International Classification was equivalent to a Timeform rating of 131. In the polling for British Horse of the Year, organised by the Racegoers Club, Habibti won the title with 23 of the 26 votes. She was also the winner of the Gilbey Champion Racehorse award, based on points accrued by performances in major races during the season.

As a four-year-old she was rated at  80 by the International Classification and 123 by Timeform, which summed up her career by describing her as "a magnificent filly with a blistering turn of speed".

In their book, A Century of Champions, based on the Timeform rating system, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Habibti the fifteenth best filly and the seventeenth best sprinter to have been trained in Britain or Ireland in the 20th century.

Stud record
Habibti had a disappointing record as a broodmare, producing only one minor winner, a filly named Desert Lily. By far her best descendant was Morshdi, a colt sired by Slip Anchor out of her daughter Reem Albaraari. He won the Derby Italiano and the Grosser Preis von Baden in 2001 but failed at stud, where he proved to be completely infertile.

Pedigree

References

1980 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 9-c
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom


The Union Jack was a British story paper for children of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There were two story papers called Union Jack. The first appeared in the 1880s but was only very short-lived. The name was then used by Alfred Harmsworth in 1894 for a new halfpenny story paper intended as a companion to the successful Halfpenny Marvel.

Harmsworth considered it his moral duty to put the "penny dreadfuls" out of business, though some considered his papers to simply be "halfpenny dreadfullers". The first issues of the Union Jack stated that it was a "Library of high class fiction". The editorial at the end of the very first issue stated "there will be nothing of the 'dreadful' type in our stories. No tales of boys rifling their employers' cash-boxes and making off to foreign lands, or other such highly immoral fiction products".

The paper claimed to be offering good value by "securing the very best authors" but only presenting their stories on cheap paper, rather than "wasting" money on colourful bindings and high-quality paper. However, the actual quality of the stories, especially in the early years, could be variable. Also many writers used pseudonyms to make it appear that more people were writing for the paper than actually were.

Types of stories
The paper initially focused on Boy's Own type adventure stories, set mainly around the British Empire and at sea. The very first story was entitled "The Silver Arrow" and featured the many trials of the hero across mountains and jungles in Mexico to rescue his wife-to-be from red Indians. Another type of story featured in the early days was the detective story, with the second issue featuring a tale of Sexton Blake. This was, in some sources, quoted as the first ever Sexton Blake tale, however, earlier ones had been published in the Halfpenny Marvel in 1893, so it was actually the fourth.

Even by issue 7, the editorial page announced a system of voting for the story that was liked best, to allow the writers to provide more of the type of story the readers wanted. Issues beyond this tended to concentrate on westerns (though set in British territories in South America and Canada rather than the United States) and detective stories, including another Sexton Blake story in issue 15.

As the 1900s began, Sexton Blake stories began to appear in more and more issues, and major plot developments in the overall Sexton Blake saga took place in the Union Jack (for instance the introduction of Tinker, his assistant). The "new" Union Jack paper began in 1903, a continuation of the old paper but with the price increased to 1d and the issue numbers being restarted  these issues where labeled "New Series" for many years. In 1905 the paper became "Sexton Blake's Own paper", and featured a Sexton Blake story in every issue. In the 1920s an article in the centre appeared called "Tinker's Notebook" which contained assorted items of interest, mainly relating to crime and punishment from around the world, supposedly related by Sexton Blake's young assistant (in early issues the editorial contained a selection of interesting facts). This section was renamed "From information received" in the 1930s, and dropped the pretence of being written by Tinker. The serials, too, took on crime/punishment themes, serialising books by writers such as Edgar Wallace. They also contained serials specifically written by the paper, which at times were also Sexton Blake stories.

The First World War, and declining circulation, saw the end of many papers which had published Sexton Blake stories; however the Sexton Blake Library (started in 1915) and Union Jack continued.

History
By the end of the 1890s, the paper featured a single complete story in addition to a serial instalment. In 1904 the price was raised to 1d and the logo, until then variable, was changed to be the same for each issue, and featured a large image of a lion sitting on a Union Jack flag. Pink paper began to be used for the covers, perhaps to make the paper more readily identifiable on newsagents' shelves.

In 1918 the price increased to a "war time price" of 1½d. This price continued well after the First World War, however. In 1920 the price again increased, to 2d, and colour covers were introduced. The logo had, after the first world war, become variable again, but now settled down into a bold and simple "UNION JACK" title with rounded edges to the letters. The logo did often slightly vary in size and colour as it was painted directly onto the artwork used for the cover.

In 1933, the Union Jack came to an end with the final issue containing a Sexton Blake story called "The Land of Lost Men", though the cover announced "Sexton Blake's Secret – specially important announcement inside!". The issue was numbered 1531, but owing to the numbers being re-organised in 1903 it was actually the 2018th issue. After running 38 years, 10 months and 2 weeks, it was replaced by Detective Weekly, a larger paper with less-striking covers using fewer colours. This paper would continue until the introduction of paper rationing in 1940.

Union Jack today

There remains a ready market for Union Jack papers today, with issues often available on eBay. They appeal to Sexton Blake fans, detective story fans in general (particularly later numbers), and to lovers of "Boy's Own" Victorian and Edwardian stories (particularly earlier numbers). Older issues on their own are scarce, but bound volumes occasionally appear. Later numbers from the 1920s and 30s are comparatively common.

Reference in fiction
The Union Jack, as well as the Halfpenny Marvel and Pluck, are referenced by James Joyce in the short story "An Encounter", part of Joyce's Dubliners. These magazines are mentioned as highly popular among Dublin schoolboys of the time, who are especially attracted to the Wild West stories published in them. The story opens:

The Union Jack is also mentioned in Philip Pullman's The Ruby in the Smoke, which is set in Victorian London.

References

Magazines established in 1894
Magazines disestablished in 1933
British boys' story papers
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
1894 establishments in the United Kingdom
1933 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Publications of Sexton Blake


The 2007 Southern Miss Golden Eagles football team represented The University of Southern Mississippi in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team's head coach was Jeff Bower, who was in his 18th year at Southern Miss. Southern Miss played their home games at M. M. Roberts Stadium in Hattiesburg, Mississippi and competed in the East Division of Conference USA.

The Golden Eagles finished the season with a record of 7–6, 5–3 in C-USA play, and lost to Cincinnati, 31–21, in the PapaJohns.com Bowl.

Schedule

Roster

References

Southern Miss
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football seasons
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football


The Altcar Bob was a train service introduced in July 1906 by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway on the Barton Branch of the Liverpool, Southport and Preston Junction Railway. The service was so named because it terminated at , though from 1926 it only went as far as . The Bob was a diminutive steam railmotor: a locomotive attached to a single coach. The coach was supported by only a single bogie at one end, and the locomotive at the other. Remote controls located at the rear of the coach meant that the vehicle did not require turning.

The origin of the term "Bob" is uncertain. Old railwaymen claim that it was named after one of the original drivers, while others insist that this was a common term given to many small locomotives. Another theory is that it relates to the cost of a journey in the early days of the service, "bob" being a slang term for a shilling coin.

The service ceased when the line closed to passengers on 26 September 1938.

The railmotor was one of a class of 18, built for the L&YR between 1906 and 1911. The last survivor (it is unclear if this was the railmotor used for the Altcar Bob) was numbered 10617 by the LMS. Although allocated a new British Railways number of 50617, it never received this and was withdrawn in 1948.

10617 was built in June 1907 at Horwich Works with L&Y works number 18. It was allocated to Bolton Shed (26C) and remained on the Horwich to Blackrod branch line for its entire working life until withdrawn and scrapped at Horwich Works in March 1948. It was affectionately known as the 'Horwich or Blackrod Jerk'.

Notes

References

External links
 "On The Track of Altcar Bob", written by John Ashcroft 1972
 "Our Ticket to Ride", newspaper article

Railway services introduced in 1906
Railmotors
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
Historic transport in Merseyside
Historic transport in Lancashire


Janusz "John" Kowalik (born 26 March 1944) is a Polish former association football striker who scored prolifically in both the European leagues and the North American Soccer League. He was the 1968 NASL MVP.

Player

Club career
Kowalik was born in Nowy Sącz. In 1968, the owners of the Chicago Mustangs of the North American Soccer League (NASL) signed Kowalik. That season, he led the league in scoring with thirty goals in twenty-eight games. This led to his selection as the league MVP and a first team All Star. At the end of the season, he moved to the California Clippers. However, the NASL lost most of its teams with all west coast teams, but the Clippers, folding. The Clippers decided to leave the NASL, join a local league and exist on playing exhibition games against foreign teams. In January 1969, the team ownership decided to cease operations.

In 1969, Kowalik returned to Europe where he signed with Sparta Rotterdam of the Dutch Eredivisie. In 1974, he moved to NEC for one season.

Kowalik returned to the NASL with the Chicago Sting in 1975, where he played fourteen games, scoring nine goals in 1976.

He then returned to the Netherlands to play with MVV Maastricht.

In 1977, he returned to the Sting where he scored only one goal in an unknown number of games.

In the 1978–79 season he returned to MVV.

International career
He was capped 6 times for the Poland national team.

Coach
Kowalik later coached Vitesse Arnhem, Górnik Zabrze and Rangers International of Enugu.

References

External links
 NASL stats

 Janusz Kowalik at Voetbal International

Living people
1944 births
Footballers from Nowy Sącz
Men's association football forwards
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's international footballers
MKS Cracovia players
Chicago Mustangs (1967–68) players
Oakland Clippers players
Sparta Rotterdam players
NEC Nijmegen players
Chicago Sting (NASL) players
MVV Maastricht players
K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen players
Ekstraklasa players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Polish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Polish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate football managers in Belgium
Polish football managers
Polish expatriate football managers
K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen managers
Górnik Zabrze managers
K.R.C. Genk managers
Expatriate football managers in the Netherlands


John F. Kowalik, Sr.  (May 10, 1910 – January 7, 1978) was an American football player.

Kowalik was born in 1910. He played college football for the University of Michigan from 1931 to 1933.  During Kowalik's three seasons as a starter, the Michigan football team compiled a record of 24–1–02, including consecutive national championships for the 1932 and 1933 teams.  He was a teammate of future President of the United States Gerald Ford on the 1932 and 1933 Michigan teams.  While at Michigan, Kowalik was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity and the Druids.  He graduated from Michigan in 1934 with a bachelor of science degree in education.

After graduating from Michigan, Kowalik played professional football for the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1934.

Kowalik and his wife, Frances (LaRowe), had a son, John, Jr., and three daughters, Carolyn, Mary, and Janet. John Jr. played college football as a halfback for the University of Michigan from 1960 to 1962.

Kowalik lived in Franklin, Michigan, in his later years. He was employed as the automotive sales manager for Precision Casting Co. He died in January 1978 at Grace Hospital in Detroit.

References

External links

1910 births
1978 deaths
Players of Canadian football from Michigan
Michigan Wolverines football players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
People from Franklin, Michigan
Players of American football from Oakland County, Michigan


The 1986 UEFA Cup Final was an association football tie played on 30 April and 6 May 1986 between Real Madrid of Spain and Köln of West Germany. Madrid won 5–3 on aggregate and, in doing so, successfully defended their UEFA Cup title from the year prior.

Route to the final

En route to reaching the final, both Real Madrid and FC Köln benefitted from performing extremely well at home. In the first five rounds of the competition, Los Blancos had won all five home legs, outscoring opponents by a total of 19 goals to 2 in games played at the Bernabéu in Madrid. Köln was also dominant in their home fixtures–– throughout the entire competition, the West German side conceded only one goal whilst playing as the home team.

In the third round, Real Madrid achieved a shocking comeback against two-time champions Borussia Mönchengladbach. After being crushed by Gladbach in the away leg by a score of 5–1, Real stormed back to win the return leg 4–0, thus advancing on away goals. This is still regarded as one of the greatest comebacks in the history of European continental football.

This was also the second year in a row in which Real Madrid eliminated Inter Milan in the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup.

Match details

First leg

Second leg

Scheduling changes
The second leg was originally scheduled for Thursday, 8 May, but was moved to Tuesday, 6 May, following a request by Real Madrid due to their domestic fixtures. Additionally, the match was played in Berlin instead of Cologne because of sanctions imposed by UEFA on Köln stipulating that they must play at least 350 km from their home stadium after trouble caused by supporters during the 2nd leg of the semi-final against Waregem.

Result
Like Real Madrid had in the earlier stages of the competition, Köln went into the second leg 5–1 down. However, Die Geißböcke were unable to replicate Real's successful third-round comeback against Mönchengladbach. Though Köln won the match 2–0 at home, it wasn't enough, and Real were crowned champions for the second successive year.

See also
1986 European Cup Final
1986 European Cup Winners' Cup Final
1. FC Köln in European football
Real Madrid CF in international football competitions

References

External links
RSSSF

2
Real Madrid CF matches
1. FC Köln matches
1986
1986
1986
1985–86 in Spanish football
1985–86 in German football
April 1986 sports events in Europe
May 1986 sports events in Europe
1980s in Madrid
1986 in West German sport
Sports competitions in Madrid


Margaret Elizabeth Sangster (pen name, Aunt Marjorie; February 22, 1838 – June 3, 1912) was an American poet, author, and editor. Her poetry was inspired by family and church themes, and included hymns and sacred texts. She worked in several fields including book reviewing, story writing, and verse making. For a quarter of a century, Sangster was known by the public as a writer, beginning as a writer of verse, and combining later the practical work of a critic and journalist. Much of her writing did not include her name.

Her literary productions were numerous, and she was a regular contributor to many of the leading periodicals. She gradually drifted into editorial work, and in 1871, she became the editor of Hearth and Home. In 1873, she took an editorial position on the Christian at Work, which she held for six years. In 1879, she joined the staff of the Christian Intelligencer, and served as assistant editor until 1888. In 1882, she added to her work the editing of Harper's Young People, then starting. In 1890, she became the editor of Harper's Bazar. During these busy years, she also wrote poetry. Her miscellaneous work included stories, sketches, essays, editorial comment, criticisms, and other writing implied in the journalistic positions she held. Her published books are Manual of Missions of the Reformed Church in America (New York, 1878); Poems of the Household (Boston, 1883); Home Fairies and Heart Flowers (New York, 1887), and a series of Sunday school books.

Early years and education
Margaret Elizabeth Munson was born February 22, 1838, in New Rochelle, New York,. She was the daughter of John Munson of Ireland and Margaret Chisholm of New York City. Her father was in the marble industry in New York City. Margaret and her younger sister Isabell grew up in a very religious household.

She was educated principally at home, in Paterson, New Jersey, and at Williamsburgh. In childhood she was precocious and gave signs of her literary talents.

Career
Her literary career began in her seventeenth year, when she wrote and published a book—a child's story—called Little Jamie. Before that, however, she had written verses, competed for prizes (and won them) with essays and other writings. For seventeen years she has entirely supported her family by journalistic work. In the beginning of her career, she was connected with Hearth and Home, an attractive but rather short-lived paper.

Sangster held editorial positions with a number of periodicals including, The Christian at Work, Harper's Young People and eventually became an editor at Harper’s Bazaar from 1889 to 1899. At Harper's Young People, she was known among the young readers as "The Little Postmistress." Other than Harper’s Bazaar, she contributed to Ladies' Home Journal, Hearth and Home, and the Christian Intelligencer, The Christian Union (later became The Outlook), The Congregationalist and The Christian Herald. Sangster also wrote a 3-column, full page spread for Woman's Home Companion entitled "Mrs. Sangster's Home Page" which often included a double-paged layout folio of contemporary photographs of women-at-work, internationally, as well as a follow-up page called Mrs. Sangster's "Answers to Correspondents" published in 1907. Through her work, she became acquainted with notable people of her era, including Mark Twain and Helen Keller.

Among Sangster's prose works are several volumes of stories for children, and of these, Little Jamie was written when she was seventeen years old. Hours with Girls and Winsome Womanhood were her most popular works. Her volumes of poetry include, Poems of the Household, Home Fairies and Heart Flowers, On the Road Home and Easter Bells.  Sangster grew up a devout member of the Dutch Reformed Church and wrote many hymns and sacred texts. These include a setting of the Te Deum Laudamus and a hymn called, Thine is the Power, which gained a fair degree of popularity in its time. For fifteen years, she contributed largely to religious periodical literature.

Most of her writing as of 1889 was for the newspapers, and without her name. In speaking of her profession as a journalist she once said :—" I love it with all my heart, and would not exchange it with all its drudgery for any other position of which I can dream. Everything about it suits me and charms me. More, perhaps, than anything else, I value the opportunity it gives me to say helpful words, and reach a cordial hand to the struggling of my sex." In 1902, Sangster wrote the introduction to the book, Happenings in Our Home, a book where a family could record the important events in their lives such as births, deaths, weddings, vacations, and holidays. She published her autobiography in 1909.

Personal life
She married George Sangster, of Williamsburgh, New York, in 1858, and accepted the care of a family of children, and was a successful stepmother. She had one child of her own, a son, George Sangster, a journalist, later becoming a grandmother to Margaret E. Sangster, a writer and magazine editor. She made her home in Brooklyn, where she was active in connection with church and Sunday-school work. She essentially gave up writing until after his death in 1871; she never remarried.

Sangster was a member of the Woman's Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America, as well as being fond of music and society. She was a conspicuous personage in the literary and social circle of New York, her home being in Brooklyn. Sangster died in South Orange, New Jersey, June 3, 1912. Her nephew, Charles Chisholm Brainerd, was married to the author Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd.

Style and themes
Her verses are full of tender, often religious, sentiments and her stories are bright and well told. The themes of Christian devotion and homely wisdom were often mingled together.

Selected works

 Little Knights and Ladies (1895) Harper & Brothers
Village Life in America, 1852–1872, including the period of the American Civil War as told in the diary of a school-girl by Caroline Cowles Richards
An Experience
Lyrics of Love of Hearth and Home & Field and Garden (1901)
Eleanor Lee (1903)
From My Youth Up
Winsome Womanhood; Familiar Talks on Life and Conduct
Fairest Girlhood
The Women of the Bible: A Portrait Gallery
Cheerful To-days and Trustful To-morrows
The Little Kingdom of Home
Radiant Motherhood; A Book for the Twentieth Century Mother
The Art of Being Agreeable
Vacation Time
The Story Bible (1905) Moffat, Yard & Co. of New York
The Sin of Omission
The Birthday
Happy School Days(1909)

References

Attribution

Bibliography

Further reading
 On The Road Home, Harper and Brothers, 1893
 Margaret E. Sangster, From My Youth Up: Personal Reminiscences. Second Edition. (1909, New York).
 http://www.historyswomen.com/thearts/MargaretESangster.html

External links

 Finding Aid for the Margaret E. Sangster Papers at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
 Margaret Elizabeth Sangster: Poems a collection of poetry

1838 births
1912 deaths
19th-century American novelists
19th-century American women writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
American women novelists
American women poets
Harper's Bazaar
American autobiographers
Women autobiographers
Pseudonymous women writers
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century
19th-century pseudonymous writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers


Ognyana Georgieva Petrova – Ognyana Dusheva (née Petkova, , born December 20, 1964 in Svilengrad) is a Bulgarian sprint canoer who competed from 1976 to 1988. Petrova won a bronze medal in the K-4 500 m event at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.'

Petrova started her sports career in Plovdiv with “Trakia” Sports Club of canoe-kayak in 1976. From 1981 to 1988, she was part of the Bulgarian national team, consistently being on the six-person team at the European and World Championships. She won the K-2 500 m bronze medal at the 1987 World Championships in Duisburg, West Germany.

Petrova was nominated as one of Bulgaria's ten-best women sprint canoers in the 20th century. She also won an Olympic service medal by the Bulgarian Olympic Committee and was awarded the emblem of Plovdiv by the city's mayor. Petrova also acts as a Judge for the International Canoe Federation and serves as the PR of the Bulgarian Canoe Federation.

References

Australian Broadcasting Corporation profile
DatabaseOlympics.com profile

External links
Sports-reference.com profile

1964 births
Bulgarian female canoeists
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Bulgaria
Olympic bronze medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
People from Svilengrad
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Haskovo Province