Mighty Mutanimals, a superhero group within the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (TMNT) franchise, initially emerged in the comic book series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures. Composed of various mutated animals, the team collaborated with the TMNT and has been featured in multiple iterations of the franchise since its inception.

Fictional team biography

Archie Comics
Mighty Mutanimals was first published as a three-issue miniseries released between May and July 1991, which was later released in a collection in Winter 1991. A follow-up regular series totalling nine issues was released from April 1992 until June 1993.

The series was cancelled due to low sales, but the Mutanimals received their own 7-part backup-series in the pages of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures beginning in issue #48 and ending in issue #54. This series saw the assassination of the Mutanimals at the hands of the high-tech Gang of Four. Issues #55-57 continued the aftermath of their death and its effect on the Turtles' storyline. The creator of the Mutanimals, Ryan Brown, has stated that the reason for this decision was that the Mutanimals were supposed to be something completely different from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Since the series, and proposed animated series, were cancelled, he no longer wanted his creation to become a second-fiddle act. Instead, he thought The Mutanimals could have a much more lasting impact if they were killed off. The proposed animated series was meant to take place during the 1987 series, where they are a team of superheroes that go around the world to fight evil. The turtles were meant to be show up at the beginning of the series to help set up the island base HQ and once they are finishing it the turtles will return to New York leaving the Mutanimals to start becoming heroes in their own right and begin their own adventures.

The Mutanimals made a small cameo appearance in Tales of the TMNT #58. Dean Clarrain, Ken Mitchroney, Mike Kazaleh, and Garrett Ho all worked on the comic book miniseries.

Though the team was called "Mutanimals", implying that the members were all "mutant animals", only three were "true" mutants: Ray Fillet, Mondo Gecko, and reserve member Merdude. Leatherhead (Archie's version) was a magically transformed human and so was Dreadmon, who was more or less a werewolf created by voodoo. Wingnut, Screwloose and Slash (Archie's version), were all aliens from Dimension X, and Jagwar was a demigod son of a human mother and jaguar spirit/god.

IDW Comics
A new version of the Mutanimals also appears in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles IDW Comic series, in which Mondo Gecko, Man Ray and Slash reprise their roles as part of its membership. While Old Hob served as its leader, exclusive to this group are Herman the Hermit Crab, Pigeon Pete, and a mutant lioness named Sally Pride as well as a new interpretation of the Fred Wolf animated series character Mutagen Man.

This version was created when Slash and Old Hob abduct former StockGen scientist Lindsey Baker and offer her a table filled with money if she helps to create a more coherent mutant army to protect the other mutants of New York City, since their own try at it resulted in Pigeon Pete who isn't at all that bright. Hob had obtained a large canister of mutagen and samples of Splinter's blood (containing the missing psychotropic compound). Slash willingly injects himself with some of Splinter's blood and the compound within makes Slash intelligent in moments, proving her theory correct. Lindsay then uses a gecko and hermit crab stolen by Hob and Slash to create Mondo Gecko and Herman, having successfully combined the compound with the mutagen. Old Hob later gained the services of Sally Pride, Man Ray, and Mutagen Man.

When Old Hob detonates a Mutagen bomb following Baxter Stockman becoming the Mayor of New York City causing anyone who was mutated to be placed in Mutant Town, Old Hob started selling some mutants to Karai in order to strengthen the Foot Clan. Old Hob's motives caused Mondo Gecko and Mutagen Man to leave the group. Though he does gain a mutant platypus named Puggle, a mutant raccoon named Bandit, a mutant porcupine named Diamond, and a mutant octopus named Stone as recruits. When Sally caught Diamond using brutality against some mutants, Sally fired her which also caused Old Hob to not rehire Diamond for the same reasons. Sally would later get dissatisfied with Old Hob's mutant trafficking and sides with the Ninja Turtles. Issue #110 had Old Hob's Mutantimals getting a new recruit in the form of a mutant ring-tailed lemur named Night. Issue #112 later have a mutant sloth named Chloe who supports Old Hob's campaign.

2012 TV series
An animated version of the Mighty Mutanimals debuted in the 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles episode "Battle for New York". The team is led by Slash and composed of Monkey Brains, Leatherhead, and Pigeon Pete. Slash and Jack Kurtzman founded the team to combat the Kraang, who had conquered New York City. When the Turtles return, the two teams banded together to save New York from the Kraang, after settling their differences (largely regarding the animosity between Slash and Leonardo).

In "Clash of the Mutanimals", Slash and Rockwell were captured and brainwashed by Shredder as a test run for a mind control serum. The two would be freed by their teammates and the Turtles, and the eight mutants would fight Shredder to a draw.

In "Dinosaur Seen In Sewers!", Slash and Rockwell were injured by the crazed Triceraton Zog, and spent the remainder of the episode healing.

In the third-season finale titled "Annihilation: Earth!", the four Mutanimals fought alongside the Hamato and later Foot Clan as they tried to save the Earth from the invading Triceraton Empire. The group's efforts failed when Shredder betrayed them all by stabbing Splinter, and the four Mutanimals, along with all of the Turtle's allies (except for April O'Neil and Casey Jones) and enemies, then were sucked into a black hole to their deaths.

The Turtles subsequently spent the first half of the fourth season working to undo this turn of events. While they are unable to save the original versions of the Mutanimals and the others, they are able to save a second version of them in "Earth's Last Stand" where thanks to Splinter getting the heads up and intercepting Shredder's attack, the Turtles destroyed the timer to the Heart of Darkness, causing Earth's secondary annihilation to never occur.

In "Mutant Gangland", the Mutanimals with Mondo Gecko as their newest member stop the Fulci twins from obtaining new-and-improved weaponry. Rockwell telepathically sees into one of their minds and is shocked to learn that they are engineering these weapons to hunt down and destroy all mutants. The quarter head to warn the Turtles about this dangerous threat against all mutant-kind. Noticing that Pigeon Pete is missing, Donatello asks the Mutanimals where he is to which Slash replies "We don't talk about Pigeon Pete", indicating that soon after their victory of defeating the Triceratons, Pigeon Pete left the team for unknown reasons.

In "Requiem", the Mutanimals are in their hideout working how to plan their next attack on Super Shredder with the aid of Karai and Shinigami. They are interrupted by the arrival of Super Shredder who burns their hideout and defeats them with ease. They are rescued by April and Casey while Splinter and Leonardo save a seriously hurt Karai via CPR. Slash goes with Raphael, Splinter, April and Casey to track down Super Shredder while Leatherhead, Mikey, Leo, and Donnie go fight Fishface, Rahzar, Bebop, and Rocksteady at the amusement park. However, Slash is no match for Super Shredder's might and is knocked out. Leatherhead manages to beat Rahzar by dragging him underwater.

In the fourth season's finale titled "Owari", Rockwell, Leatherhead, Slash, and Pigeon Pete all appear at Splinter's funeral.

In "The Big Blowout", the Mutanimals (with Mona Lisa as their newest member) fights alongside the turtles, their 1980s counterparts, April, Casey, Karai, and Shinigami in a battle against the 1980s counterparts of the Shredder, Krang, and the present Bebop and Rocksteady. They soon face the return of Traag and Granitor until Bebop and Rocksteady came to save everyone.

Principal members

Dreadmon
Dreadmon is a character from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures comic book and the Archie Comics' Mutanimals. The character is a native of South Africa. During the uprisings his father sent him and his mother to Jamaica where they suffered from poverty turning Dreadmon into a thief. One day he stole a talisman that transformed him into a part-man, part-red wolf creature with super speed. The creature was friends with the Ninja Turtles and he eventually joined the Mutanimals as second-in-command along with his best friend, Jagwar.

Dreadmon appears in the IDW comics as a mutant black-backed jackal.

Jagwar
Jagwar was the child of a union between the magical Jaguar Spirit and a tribal woman named Juntarra. After his mother left to continue her personal quest (completing "The Path of the Four Winds"), the twelve-year-old magical being lived in the rainforests of Brazil until his discovery by the TMNT in issue #14, when they were dropped off in his homeland by Cudley. His membership among the Mutanimals as their leader came soon after.

The IDW version was female and a member of the Pantheon.

Leatherhead

Leatherhead is a mutant alligator and hot-headed ally of the Ninja Turtles. He was created by Mirage Studios' artist Ryan Brown.

Mondo Gecko
Mondo Gecko is a mutant gecko and one of the first teenage allies of the Ninja Turtles, who shares a close relationship with Michelangelo. He was created by Mirage Studios' artist Ryan Brown.

In the Archie Comics, Mondo Gecko had started out as a human skateboarder playing in a local heavy metal band. His girlfriend, Candy Fine, stuck by him even after some of Krang's discarded mutagen merged his DNA with that of his pet gecko as the band practiced in Shredder's former hideout. It was this version of the character whose story was incorporated into both the Mutanimals series and the action figure line.

In the IDW comics, Mondo Gecko was used as part of a mutant army that Old Hob established after he was mutated by Old Hob's ally Lindsey Baker.

In the 1987 series, Mondo Gecko is voiced by John Mariano. This version is a mutated gecko who was taken in by a gang led by Mr. X. Michelangelo convinced Mondo Gecko to turn on his leader. After this, Mondo Gecko ends his career as a criminal and moves to the sewers and becomes "neighbors" with the TMNT and Splinter.

In the 2012 series, Mondo Gecko is voiced by Robbie Rist. This version, named Jason, was a teenage skateboarding star who was mutated by a vial of mutagen that fell on him. Subsequently, he was abandoned by his parents and taken in as an errand boy by Mr. X. Making quick friends with Michelangelo and Casey Jones, Mondo eventually saw the true colors of his boss, and after racing against him, he defected from the Foot Clan and became friends with the Turtles.

Mondo Gecko appears in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, voiced by Paul Rudd. He is a member of Superfly's gang and is their residential skater. He bonds with Michelangelo due to their similar personalities. Despite being very relaxed, he was angry and disappointed when the Turtles chose to turn on Superfly. However, after a speech from the Turtles, he ends up being the first to turn on Superfly and later aids in defeating him. He joins the Turtles and Splinter in becoming part of their extended family.

Ray Fillet
Ray Fillet (originally known as Man Ray) was once a marine biologist named Jack Finney who worked at the Burroughs Aquarium in New Jersey. He originated in the Archie Comics version of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Jack met the TMNT at the aquarium where he explained his origin. Jack was exposed to Mutagen after he climbed into a pipe on Bayview Beach that was polluting the water. Jack needed proof of the illegal dumping and after finding the mutagen coming out of the pipe he climbed into it to try to find an emissions leak. Bebop and Rocksteady had accidentally spilled a barrel of mutagen down the sewer which washed Jack into the river and he became a mutant manta ray. Ray first met the TMNT after first saving them from a torpedo that Shredder, Bebop, and Rocksteady shot at them from a submarine and defeating Shredder under water. When Ray brought Shredder to the shore Shredder kicked sand in his face and escaped. That is when the Turtles showed up. Later on, he joined up with the Mutanimals, and the group received a spin-off series from Archie Comics entitled "The Mighty Mutanimals".

Ray Fillet was also made into an action figure, and appeared in one video game, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Tournament Fighters for the Sega Genesis. Ray also saved the Turtles from the Shredder in issue number three of the 1989 Ralston Purina Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cereal mini comic book series. He was created by Mirage Studios' artist Ryan Brown.

In the IDW comics, there is a variation of Ray Fillet named Ray who is a mutant manta ray. He alongside Sally Pride were prisoners of the Null Group at a train station until they were freed and joined Old Hob's Mutanimals.

In the 1987 series, a character based on Ray appeared in the episode "Rebel Without a Fin" voiced by Pat Fraley. This character was originally intended to be Ray Fillet according to Ryan Brown.  This version is a humanoid fish with manta ray-like wings and an octopus tentacle tail. He was created by Dr. Polidorius to serve him and assist with his plans to destroy the city. Ray has many abilities of a fish like the electricity of an electric eel, the quills of a scorpionfish, the ink of an octopus, and the inflation of a blowfish. Ray began planting explosives to sink New York City underwater so Dr. Polidorius could create a city populated by other fish mutants. Dr. Polidorius also turned April O'Neil into a similar mutant. During a fight, Dr. Polidorius' lair is flooded and Ray escapes into the ocean while the Turtles, April, and Dr. Polidorius are distracted.

Ray Fillet appears in the 2023 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, voiced by Post Malone. He appears as a member of Superfly's gang and loves singing his own name, much to everyone's annoyance. He and the rest of the gang turn on Superfly when they realize that they have no active interest in destroying humanity and by the end of the movie, becomes part of the Turtles' and Splinter's extended family.

Wingnut and Screwloose
Wingnut is a heroic humanoid alien bat and Screwloose is his partner, an alien mosquito. They were created by Mirage Studios artist Ryan Brown and introduced in TMNT Adventures, Some versions of them were Mutants.

The pair are not mutants, but the only surviving members of an alien race after Krang invaded their planet Dexion V in the Huanu system and wiped out everyone but those two. Screwloose's sting would calm the sometimes insane Wingnut. According to Screwloose, their two species shared a symbiotic relationship, with Wingnut providing blood and Screwloose the ability to sleep. Wingnut originally made his debut as a villain and an ally of Shredder in issue number two of the 1989 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cereal mini-comic book by Ralston Purina.

In the 1987 series, Wingnut (voiced by Rob Paulsen) and Screwloose (voiced by Townsend Coleman) are a pair of terrorists from the Dimension X planet Flagenon who tried to brainwash the children of their homeworld into invading Earth only to be stopped by the Turtles.

A variation of Wingnut appeared in the video game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutants in Manhattan voiced by Jim Meskimen. This version is a servant of General Krang. He fights the Turtles at the top of a construction site.

In the 2012 series, Wingnut and Screwloose are voiced by Daran Norris and Jeff Bennett respectively. They are superhero characters from Michelangelo's comic book who were brought to life by a fragment of the Aeon's mystical Sol Star.

A genderbent version of Wingnut appears in the 2023 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, voiced by Natasia Demetriou. This version is a mutant bat who is a member of Superfly's gang. She aspires to be a superhero and is close with Donatello due to their shared love of technology. She is also seen as the nicest member as during the chase scene, she was actively warning the Turtles, rather than trying to deter them. Just like the rest of the gang, she switches over to the Turtle's side after realizing that she did not want to follow Superfly's villainy. She moves with Splinter and the Turtles and becomes part of their family.

Old Hob
Old Hob is a character introduced in the IDW comics first as an antagonist to the turtles and then later becomes an anti-hero and founded the Mighty Mutanimals to protect Mutants.

Sally Pride
Sally Pride is a female lion mutant from the IDW comics.

Lindsey Baker
Lindsey Baker is a young scientist and the only human member of the Mighty Mutanimals. She is also revealed to be a lesbian.

Herman
A mutant hermit crab from the IDW comics. Created by Old Hob to serve in his mutant army. The dumpster on his back is filled with a variety of heavy weapons.

Mutagen Man
Mutagen Man is a mutant character in the franchise who suffers a bizarre encounter with mutagen that exposes his internal organs and resides in a special robotic suit.

In the 1987 series, he is voiced by Rob Paulsen and was introduced as Seymour Gutz, a nerdy mailman who became dismembered upon falling into a vat of mutagen.

In the 2012 series' season 1, Mutagen Man (voiced by Roger Craig Smith) was introduced as Timothy, a young ineffective ice cream vendor who witnesses the Turtles' first battle with Baxter Stockman and dedicates himself to fighting crime as a wannabe superhero in a turtle costume called "The Pulverizer". When he was exposed to mutagen, he dissolved into a mutant blob with floating organs and a disintegrating touch. In season 2, Mutagen Man later developed the ability to drink mutagen which enabled the container he was in to grow blob-like limbs.

In the IDW comics, Mutagen Man is a failed attempt at combining several different animal breeds into one mutant. When The Mutanimals found him strapped to a bed, they tried to free him. Although he is told that he's being saved, Mutagen Man has a different idea of the term by forcing Old Hob's gun to his dome and urging him to fire. Hob refuses and they all escape the facility together. Later, Mutagen Man was given the name "Seymour Guts" by Mondo Gecko.

Pigeon Pete
Pigeon Pete is a mutant pigeon that appeared in the 2012 series and the IDW comics, both versions being a member of the Mighty Mutanimals.

In the 2012 series, Pigeon Pete is a pigeon that was mutated by the Kraang and is voiced by A.J. Buckley.

Reserve members

Merdude
Merdude is a merman-like creature.

In the Archie Comics, Alim was a boy who was born 5,000 years ago. When Alim fell into the sea, he ended up in a part where mutagen was and became a mutant merman. Many years later, Merdude befriended the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and later became a reserve member of the Mighty Mutanimals.

Merdude appears in the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles episode "Atlantis Awakes", voiced by Kevin Schon. In this show, Merdude's real name is Alim Coelacanth who is a deformed merman and the true ruler of Atlantis.

Slash

Allies

Candy Fine
Candy Fine is Mondo Gecko's girlfriend in the Archie TMNT Universe. Devoted to Mondo and loving him until the end, she remained at his side after he was mutated, and accompanied him when he joined the Mighty Mutanimals. Aside from Slash, she was the only survivor of Null's Mutanimal massacre in the TMNT Adventure's Terracide storyline. She listens to nothing except 1980s heavy metal music which she loved most of all, and attended every one of her lover's practices and gigs.

Ninjara
Ninjara, real name Umeko, is a kunoichi, from an ancient race of humanoid foxes living on a hidden island off the coast of Japan. She ended up becoming a thief and assassin for the villainous dog-man Chien Kahn, but then had a change of heart when she met the Turtles, and fell in love with Raphael. She helped out on many missions, from the Far and the Middle East to Dimension X. Her family life was explored more in detail when her younger brother managed to track her down and convince her to come back home. The Turtles discovered the island was hidden by fog banks, but despite this, it had been discovered by an opportunistic, greedy hunter. She was a powerful member of the team from issue #29 until issue #70.

Splinter

The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

Other allies

Glublubs
Undersea allies of Man Ray.

Kid Terra
A former mercenary styling himself after Old West gunfighters, Kid Terra was originally the chief henchman of the nihilistic industrialist Null, overseeing several of his environment-destroying projects (TMNT Adventures #15). During his second clash with the Turtles and Man Ray, he accidentally killed Man Ray's friend Bubbla the Glublub (TMNT Adventures #16). This deed and Null's insidious plan to sell Earth to the destructive alien race called the Malignoids finally turned Kid against Null, and his subsequent aid proved decisive in saving the Earth (TMNT Adventures #19 and Mighty Mutanimals miniseries #1, #2 and #3). He remained a staunch ally of the Turtles and the Mutanimals afterwards, assisting them in many missions against Null's schemes.

Re-releases
The original Mighty Mutanimals miniseries and issue six of the regular series were reprinted by IDW in their Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures collections.

References

External links
Ryan Brown's Mighty Mutanimals blog

Archie Comics titles
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
Comics spin-offs
1991 comics debuts
1993 comics endings
Fictional mutants
Extraterrestrial characters in comics
Comics set in Brazil


Kleinbrook is an unincorporated community in northwest Harris County, Texas, United States.

It is located near Beltway 8 and Bammel North Houston Drive, it is east of the Willowbrook area of Houston, and south of the unincorporated area of Champion Forest. The main road of the subdivision is Bammel North Houston Drive.

Mint Homes builds houses in Kleinbrook, including Section 5. Fourteen developers, including Genstar, Ryland, and U.S. Home, built houses in Kleinbrook.

In 2001 Anita St. Julien, a Kleinbrook resident and an employee of Re/Max Suburban Northwest, said "Though it's a tract neighborhood, it doesn't look very `tracty' because of the numerous builders that we've had over the years." During that year Annie Chen, a broker at Lyn Realty, said "Every street you drive through is clean. It's landscaped, and the houses are painted." Chen said that the homeowners' association rules and enforcement maintain the neighborhood. In 2001 the homeowners' association charged 25 U.S. dollars for a second violation. During that year the neighborhood had $340 annual dues. The neighborhood has a pool, tennis courts, and a clubhouse.

History
In 2001 most of the houses in Kleinbrook were built in the 1980s before the economy collapsed. Many Kleinbrook lots were empty until building resumed in the early 1990s.

Around 2002 Kleinbrook had a median price range of $84,000-121,000 U.S. dollars. In 2004 Kleinbrook, which had 628 houses, had 10 foreclosures. 1.6% of the houses were foreclosed. Its 2005 the subdivision had a median price range of $95,000-$151,000. The 2005 price per square foot was $65.43 while its 2006 median price per square foot was $63.16.

Government and infrastructure
Klein is within Harris County Precinct 4. As of 2010 Jack Cagle heads the precinct.

The community is served by the Harris County Sheriff's Office District I Patrol, headquartered from the Cypresswood Substation at 6831 Cypresswood Drive. The area is served by the Northwest Volunteer Fire Department.

Education
Students living in Kleinbrook are zoned to the Klein Independent School District. The zoned schools are Klenk Elementary School, Wunderlich Intermediate School, and Klein Forest High School. The zoning to the Klein Independent School District schools attracted residents to Kleinbrook. In January 2004 the Klein ISD board of trustees considered rezoning Kleinbrook to McDougle Elementary School in Proposal 2; at that time Kleinbrook had 230 students.

See also

References

Unincorporated communities in Harris County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas


A virtual security appliance is a computer appliance that runs inside virtual environments.  It is called an appliance because it is pre-packaged with a hardened operating system and a security application and runs on a virtualized hardware.  The hardware is virtualized using hypervisor technology delivered by companies such as VMware, Citrix and Microsoft.  The security application may vary depending on the particular network security vendor.  Some vendors such as Reflex Systems have chosen to deliver Intrusion Prevention technology as a Virtualized Appliance, or as a multifunctional server vulnerability shield delivered by Blue Lane. The type of security technology is irrelevant when it comes to the definition of a Virtual Security Appliance and is more relevant when it comes to the performance levels achieved when deploying various types of security as a virtual security appliance.  Other issues include visibility into the hypervisor and the virtual network that runs inside.

Security appliance history
Traditionally, security appliances have been viewed as high performance products that may have had custom ASIC chips in it that allow for higher performance levels due to its dedicated hardware approach.  Many vendors have started to call pre-built operating systems with dedicated applications on dedicated server hardware from the likes of IBM, Dell and offshore brands “appliances”.  The appliance terminology although heavily used now has strayed from its original roots.  An administrator would expect to see any underpinning Linux OS employ a monolithic kernel since the hardware platform is presumably static and vendor-controlled. However, the following examples are configured to use loadable kernel modules, reflecting the dynamic nature of the underlying hardware platforms used by product managers. "Appliances" have varying degrees of administrative openness. Enterasys Dragon version 7 IPS sensors (GE250 and GE500) are lightly hardened version of a Slackware Linux distribution, complete with administrative vulnerabilities, and shipping with anonymous root access the preferred method of administration of the underlying OS. Motorola AirDefense management consoles are shipped as an "appliance" without supported root access. Administrative setup tasks are performed via a textual menus running as an unprivileged user. Websense DSS sensor devices use CentOS 5.2 underneath and also allow root access at setup time. McAfee's older e-Policy Orchestator distributions use a RedHat 7 -based distribution, but modifications to typical OS configuration files are reset on reboot. Most of these devices primary configuration are via web interfaces. The implication that patches are not required for appliances is less accurate than the implication that vendors will be less apt to provide swift modular patches without complete reimaging of the devices. Companies such as NetScreen Technologies and TippingPoint defined security appliances by having dedicated hardware with custom ASIC chips in them to deliver high performing Firewall and Intrusion Prevention technology respectively.  These companies defined their specific markets in the early 2000–2004 time frame.

Modern day use of the term
Security appliances during that time not only had custom ASIC chips and dedicated hardware but also was delivered on hardened operating systems and had pre-install security applications.  This capability delivered performance as well as ease of installation and as a result, software vendors began calling pre-installed security applications on general purpose hardware, “Security Appliances”.  This model became so appealing that pure software vendors such as Stonesoft or CheckPoint Software began shipping pre-built operating systems with their security applications after a long history of selling software that had to be installed on existing customer hardware and customer operating systems.
With the explosion of virtualization technology that has brought on the ability to virtualize hardware and create multiple software computer instances, it became apparent in 2005 by security vendors that a new method of deploying their security appliances was on the horizon.  For the first time in history a vendor could now deliver a hardened operating system with a pre-installed security application that promised ease of deployment without having to couple a dedicated hardware device.

The challenge
With all new technologies comes trade-offs and in the case of virtual security appliances the trade-off is many times performance restrictions.  In the past, companies such as Tipping Point delivered Intrusion Prevention technology in an appliance form factor and provided the highest levels of performance by leveraging application specific integration circuits [ASIC] and field programmable gate arrays [FPGA] that reside on dedicated hardware bus boards.  Today, companies such as Reflex Security and Blue Lane that are virtualizing intrusion prevention, firewall and other application layer technologies. These goals are challenged with delivering optimal performance levels because in the virtualized world, applications running on operating systems compete for the same hardware computing resources.  In the physical appliance world, those resources are dedicated and are less likely to suffer from blocking status waiting for resources.

Some security applications maintain fewer dynamic states. Firewall technologies typically inspect smaller amounts of data such as TCP & UDP headers and usually maintain less state. Therefore, simple IP firewall technologies more likely to be candidates for virtualization. Many intrusion prevention technologies use signatures and dynamic configurations that enable a deep inspection into the payload and sometimes monitoring session streams. Intrusion prevention also typically requires heavy state retention and maintenance, and make heavy use of dynamic data in memory. Often highly dynamic data memory segments are less able to be deduplicated as they are more dynamic than code segments.  As shared resources are required more often this leads to resource contention which can add latency particularly for systems that forward datagrams. Technology such as Blue Lane's application layer enforcement is less affected because it inspects less traffic: that which is heading to known vulnerabilities while letting innocent traffic pass.

Another reason for performance challenges are because IPS technologies dynamic signatures make inspection applications need to run user processes outside of the operating system kernel to avoid outages incurred from kernel reloads or system reboots. User processes typically suffer from higher overhead due to their separation from the governing operating systems' memory and process management policies. Firewall technologies traditionally run as part of the operating system kernel.  The performance concerns are reduced due to tight coupling with operating system internals.

To overcome these limitations, ASICs and Multi-Core processors have traditionally been used with IPS applications.  This luxury is not available in virtualized environments because virtualization technologies typically do not allow direct hardware access to the underlying application-specific hardware. Virtualization is well suited for general purpose applications which would otherwise be underutilized on dedicated hosting hardware. Overcompensating for the loss of specific hardware by using larger than normal amounts of compute cycles for encryption, or memory for state maintenance, defeats the purpose of server virtualization.

Examples of virtual security appliances
 Citrix Access Gateway VPX
 Layer 7 SecureSpan XML Virtual Appliance for VMware
 Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server Virtual Appliance
 VMware vShield

Further reading
 http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/041807-virtual-security.html

See also
 Virtual machine
 Virtual appliance
 Virtual firewall
 network function virtualization

Virtualization


Julius Gius (December 31, 1911 – October 18, 1996) was an editor of the Ventura County Star-Free Press.  He expanded the paper's circulation during this time. He was also the editorial director for the San Diego-based Scripps Newspapers. He then took over a weekly newspaper in Thousand Oaks, made it a daily and increased its circulation. He retired in 1987.

He was inducted into the California Newspaper Hall of Fame
in 1999.

In 1980 he founded the charitable "Bellringer" program, which every Christmas collects donations from the community which is given to local Salvation Army groups to help people in need.

He died in Ventura, California, aged 84, in 1996.

References

1911 births
1996 deaths
American newspaper editors
American publishers (people)
Businesspeople from San Diego
People from Ventura, California
Place of birth missing
Journalists from California
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists


Storlien Station (, ) is a railway station located at Storlien in Åre Municipality, Sweden. Located  east of the Norway–Sweden border, it serves as changeover station between the Norwegian Meråker Line and the Swedish Central Line (the actual ownership border and name change between the lines is at the national border). The altitude is , the highest located station in Sweden. The station is  from Trondheim,  from Sundsvall and  from Stockholm. The station and entire line Östersund–Trondheim was inaugurated by the king Oscar II in Storlien 1882. The village of Storlien is primarily a ski resort and border shopping place.

 there are no through passenger services. SJ Norge operates regional trains from Trondheim Central Station, and Norrtåg (Vy Tåg) operates regional trains from Sundsvall Central Station via Östersund Central Station, both twice a day, connecting at Storlien. Although the Swedish railway is electrified up to the border, the Norwegian line is not, so all service to Norway must be by diesel train. There is a decision from 2013 to electrify the Norwegian railway, and contracts were awarded in 2021, with electrical services scheduled to operate from 2023/2024.

|-
| Terminus || || Storlien–Sundsvall C (Norrtåg) || || Enafors

References

Railway stations in Jämtland County
Railway stations on the Meråker Line
Railway stations opened in 1886
1886 establishments in Sweden
Norway–Sweden border crossings
Railway stations in Sweden opened in the 1880s
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1880s


Michael Blum (born 1966 in Jerusalem) is an artist using a variety of media, ranging from photography and video to books, installations, objects, text, printed matter.

He studied history at Paris University, photography at Ecole Nationale de la Photographie, Arles, France, and later spent 2 years at Rijksakademie in Amsterdam. He's been developing works that aim at critically re-reading the production of culture and history. His work has been shown at numerous venues including the Centre Georges-Pompidou (Paris), the New Museum (New York), Transmediale (Berlin), Kunsthalle Vienna, the San Francisco Art Institute, the Baltic, Istanbul, Torino and Tirana Biennials.

The 1990s
Initially and under influence of the OuLiPo, his interest focused on language and classification systems : Choses à récupérer chez Milena à l’exception des meubles, de l’aspirateur et des rideaux, qui seront repris lors d’un déménagement ultérieur (1992), Blum's first video, is an exhaustion of all possible relations between word and object, after a found list of objects written by an unknown manic person.

C’est la vie (1996), a series of poetic obituaries based on French fin-de-siecle journalist and anarchist Felix Feneon, and recorded on almost extinct Super-8 stock, is both hilarious and tragic.

The Network (1994–97) was an attempt at connecting language, as a network of signs, to the whole of urban networks. It took shape as 78 interventions in public spaces throughout France, Germany and the UK. This unpublished work marked the last of Blum’s works to use the alphabet as structure and constraint.

Video travelogues
In the following years, Blum confronted his knowledge with personal situations in a global context, which resulted in the production of several travelogues. Wandering Marxwards (1998) was produced during the Long March. Trot, Trot, Mao, Meow residency at the Banff Center for the Arts, Banff, Canada. The project followed Einsenstein's failure to film Marx's Capital and considered the relevance of a re-reading of Marx 150 years after the Communist Manifesto had been written.

In The Language Course (2000), a collaboration with Carlos Amorales and NGO El Caracol in Mexico City, Blum learnt Spanish from former street kids they were working with.

In My Sneakers, Blum embarked on a journey to Indonesia to find out where his Nike sneakers came from. This project was produced in collaboration with Jakarta-based artists collective ruangrupa.

17 Aandbloem Street (2003) is a portrait of post -Apartheid South Africa, centered around a singular house in Cape Town, 10 years after the fall of the apartheid regime.

The Three Failures (2006), a sequel to  Wandering Marxwards, was shot in three cities embodying the failure of the three major political ideologies of the 20th century (the past failure of communism in Riga, the current failure of social-democracy in Malmö, the upcoming failure of capitalism in New York). It features Blum dressed up as a whimsical explorer, half-boss and half-worker.

Ciao Ghatoul (2007) is a tongue-in-cheek video documenting a day in the life of an Israeli man who, upset with the constant meows of a neighbouring cat, decides to abduct it and deport it to the West Bank, beyond the «separation wall», a journey made difficult because of the Israeli occupation.

In 2010, he collaborated with Bosnian artist Damir Niksic on a touching tribute to silent film (and to the 1984 Sarajevo Olympics!).

The Psychics series should also be mentioned. In an attempt at collecting information "beyond the limitations of rational discourse", he hires a psychic to come over to his place and read the space. He videotapes the reading in one single shot. Completely experimental by nature, these videos range from amazing to boring, depending on the style, acting and charisma of the psychic. There are 8 chapters so far since 2003: Cape Town (private residence), Chicago (Austrian studio), Malmoe (Rooseum center for contemporary art), Amsterdam (De Appel center for contemporary art), New York (private residence), Vienna (private residence), Rotterdam (Fotomuseum) and New York (Sculpture Center).

Research-based projects
Parallel to the video works, he developed other projects, dealing with cultural memory, the re-interpretation of history, and engaging more critically with research. 400 Years Without A Grave Is A Long Time To Shut Up (commission by Amsterdams Fonds voor de kunst in 2002) consisted in providing Cornelius de Houtman, the Dutch 'discoverer' of Indonesia, with the grave he had been waiting for since 400 years, thus illuminating Holland's ambiguity towards its colonial past.

The Monument to the Birth of the 20th Century (OK Centrum Linz, 2004, published as a book in 2005 By Revolver) was a political speculation based on the common schooling of Hitler and Wittgenstein, steps away from the inviting art center.

At the 9th Istanbul biennial (2005), Blum presented A Tribute to Safiye Behar, a museum dedicated to a controversial lover of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, raising questions and eyebrows.

In 2006, Blum conducted another historical investigation on sensitive terrain: Lippmann, Rosenthal & Co (De Appel, Amsterdam, 2006) was the name of the Jewish bank established from 1859 to 1968 in what is now the De Appel art center building, and which stood at the center of the Nazi looting machine during WWII and the occupation of the Netherlands.

Cape Town - Stockholm (On Thembo Mjobo) (Mobile Art Production, Stockholm, 2007) is a book and radio-piece exploring the Swedish support to Southern Africa's liberation movements from the 1960s to the 1990s, which has more or less vanished from Swedish collective memory.

Exodus 2048, presented in 2008 at the Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven (Becoming Dutch) and in 2009 at the New Museum in New York, was a staged camp for Israeli refugees after they will be expelled in 2048.

Publications
He also publishes books :
La salle des temps perdus, Le Grand Wazoo, Amiens, 1997.
Homo Œconomicus. Amsterdam, IDEA Books, 2000
potlach.doc. Amsterdam, RABK, 2002
 Monument to the Birth of the 20th Century. Frankfurt am Main, Revolver Verlag, 2005
 La Dernière Brève, Centre d'art la synagogue de Delme & Revolver Verlag, 2005
 Cape Town-Stockholm. On Thembo Mjob. Lund, Sweden, Propexus, 2007
 (in German) Mein Land. Ein Künstlerbuch zur europäischen Abschiebepraxis.. Unrast, Münster 2008
 [http://galerie.uqam.ca/en/publication-2014/531-michael-blum-notre-histoire-our-history.html Notre histoire | Our History"]. Montreal, Galerie de l'UQAM, 2014
 (in German) Oranienstraße. Ausgrabungen. Eine Vers-Chronik. Klak Verlag, Berlin 2019 Ici. (See below)

He was featured in CREAM 3. London,  Phaidon Press, 2003

 See also
 Goethe Institute, Montréal: (In German, English, French): Buchpräsentation und Gespräch "A Man Digging - Un homme qui creuse - Oranienstraße, Ausgrabungen. Presentation Sonja Finck, Gatineau. February 2, 2020 Events

The Jew of Linz - a book by Kimberley Cornish on which the piece The Monument to the Birth of the 20th Century'' investigates.

External links
Artist's archive
Elena Crippa on Safiye Behar
Interview by Defne Ayas
The Amsterdam Weekly issue on his piece Lippmann, Rosenthal & Co.
Carrie Lambert-Beatty on Michael Blum, The Yes Men and para-fiction

1966 births
Living people
Israeli artists
Jewish Canadian artists


Monica "Dr. Moe" Frazier Anderson (born October 16, 1962) is an American author, journalist, motivational speaker, and Doctor of Dental Surgery.

Early years

Anderson was born in Houston, Texas. Her family moved to Fort Worth, Texas when she was three-years-old. Upon graduation from O.D. Wyatt High School, she attended Baylor University earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in biology in 1984. A classmate at Baylor gave her the nickname "Moe" because he could not remember her preferred pronunciation of mo-nee-ka.

While at Baylor, she followed in the legacy of her paternal grandmother and mother by becoming a member of Zeta Phi Beta sorority. She then entered dental school graduating from the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry in 1988 with a doctorate in dental surgery. Friends began calling her "Dr. Moe."

Career

Anderson became an associate at a dental practice in Minnetonka, Minnesota, in 1988. The following year she was hired to write a column for a sports magazine, the Minnesota Vikings Update.

Anderson's first book, Black English Vernacular: From Ain’t to Yo Mama, a dictionary of African American Vernacular English, was published by Rainbow Books in 1994. She was a weekly columnist for the Star-Telegram, a major daily newspaper in Texas from 1996 to 2004. Her second book, Mom, Are We There Yet?, is a collection of several of those columns.  Her exposure as a journalist led to an opportunity to host a cable television program, Perpetual Moe-tion, for AT&T. and launched her professional speaking career.

Anderson formed a publishing company, TyMAC Books, and published When A Sistah’s FED UP in 2005
 which became an Essence Magazine and Dallas Morning News bestseller. Her next novel, I Stand Accused, made the Dallas Morning News bestseller list shortly after publication in 2007. Her third novel and fifth book, Sinphony, was published in 2011. Success Is A Side Effect is a self-help book that Dr. Anderson released in 2014. "Never Close Your Heart," Anderson's fourth novel and seventh book was released in 2020.

Anderson is a frequent keynote speaker at national conventions and corporate meetings.

She hosts a podcast that is available for streaming on all major platforms Perpetual mOetion with Dr. mOe Anderson. The episodes focus on family, current events, health and wellness, and self-improvement.

Honors and awards

Anderson has been honored by civic groups, government agencies and educational institutions for her community leadership. She was presented the "Distinguished Alumni" award by the Fort Worth Independent School District in 1995. In 1999, the staff of the Fort Worth Weekly named her "The Best Columnist in Tarrant County." She also received the Millennium Award for "Outstanding Contribution to Healthcare" from Altrusa International, Inc in 2001. That same year, she was presented the "Outstanding Young Alumni Award" by Baylor University.

Anderson was selected to participate in the American Dental Association's Diversity in Leadership Program. After spending a year studying business administration with leading business school professors, graduates are encouraged to return to their communities and start a community service initiative. Dr. Anderson launched Drop the Drugs  an educational nonprofit to combat drug abuse and misuse, particularly around opioids.Homepage Drop the Drugs worked with local law enforcement and student volunteers to raise awareness at various about safe drug storage and disposal at community events across the United States. The organization has been recognized by the City of Grand Prairie, TX which proclaimed May 7, 2019 "Drop the Drugs Day". She has a history of volunteerism in her home state. While she lived full time in Austin, Texas, the Texas House of Representatives presented Anderson with the 2011 Congressional Black Caucus Outstanding Community Volunteer award at the legislators' annual conference. She currently continues to write, speak, and work as a certified Dental Consultant. She divides her time between Austin, Texas, and DFW.

References

External links
Official Website

1962 births
Living people
American women novelists
21st-century American novelists
African-American novelists
Writers from Houston
American chick lit writers
Baylor University alumni
University of Minnesota School of Dentistry alumni
People from Fort Worth, Texas
21st-century American women writers
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
African-American women writers


Paulo César Ramos Vogt (born February 7, 1977) is a Brazilian football (soccer) striker who works for Swiss Breitenrain as an assistant manager. He previously spent his career in Liechtenstein, Ukraine and Cyprus before signing for the Swiss club in 2009.

Paulo Vogt made six Ukrainian Premier League appearances, scoring once, for FC Metalurh Donetsk during 2006.

Honours
Sion
Swiss Cup: 2005–06

References

External links
Profile at Samba Foot

1977 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube players
Iraty Sport Club players
FC Schaffhausen players
FC Baden players
FC Winterthur players
FC Vaduz players
FC Luzern players
FC Sion players
FC Metalurh Donetsk players
FC Stal Alchevsk players
APEP FC players
FC Chiasso players
FC Solothurn players
FC Wangen bei Olten players
Swiss Challenge League players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Cypriot First Division players
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Liechtenstein
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Brazilian people of German descent
Men's association football forwards
FC Kreuzlingen players


AIDA Cruises is a German cruise line founded in the early 1960s and organized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Costa Crociere S.p.A., which in turn belongs to Carnival Corporation & plc. Based in Rostock, Germany, AIDA Cruises caters primarily to the German-speaking market; as seagoing "club resorts", AIDA ships have on-board amenities and facilities designed to attract younger, more active vacationers. As of September 2023, the cruise line operates 11 ships.

AIDA Cruises has been Carnival-owned since 2003.

History

The company was founded in 1952 as VEB Deutsche Seereederei Rostock (German Shipping Company Rostock) as the German Democratic Republic's state-owned shipping company, based at Rostock, and became VEB Deutfracht/Seereederei Rostock in 1973. It began its passenger operations with Völkerfreundschaft ("Peoples' Friendship"), in the 1960s. After the reunification of Germany in the early 1990s Deutfracht/Seereederei Rostock was privatised and became Deutsche Seereederei Rostock GmbH. DSR acquired Seetours of Bremen and cruises were marketed under the Seetours brand. On 1 January 1998, DSR split their operations into cargo and tourism, with a new company Arkona Touristik taking over the cruise business. Then during 2000 a company was formed, known as AIDA Cruises; with P&O Cruises acquiring  a 51% stake in the new organisation, and Arkona Touristik  retaining the other 49%.

As subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc
In 2001, P&O Princess Cruises acquired the remaining 49% interest in AIDA and the cruise business
associated with Seetours International. In 2003, P&O Princess merged with Carnival Corporation, to form Carnival Corporation & plc, the world's largest cruise holiday company.
The Seetours cruise business, that had been acquired by P&O, was rebranded as AIDA Cruises in 2004.

Following the merger, executive control of AIDA Cruises was transferred to Costa Cruises Group, one of the main operating companies of Carnival Corporation & plc, with responsibility for the group's European brands. AIDA Cruises is now one of ten brands owned by Carnival Corporation & plc, based at Miami, Florida, accounting for 6.5% of its share of revenue and has been led by President Felix Eichhorn since 1 September 2015.

In October 2017,  departed from Hamburg on the company's first World Cruise. After a 116-day sailing, the ship returned to Hamburg on 10 February 2018. The ship visited Southampton, Lisbon, Madeira, Rio de Janeiro, Ushuaia, Easter Island, Tahiti, Singapore, and the Maldives, among other destinations. On 8 October 2018   left Hamburg on the company's second World Cruise, the  117-day voyage visited 41 ports in 20 countries on four continents. Several of the destinations were new to the company, including South Africa, Namibia, Melbourne, Tasmania, Fiji, Samoa and New Caledonia.

In December 2018, AIDA debuted AIDAnova, the first cruise ship to be fully powered by liquefied natural gas (LNG). Earlier, in May 2016, AIDAprima and AIDAsol had become the first two ships in the AIDA fleet to be simultaneously powered by LNG. In August 2019, AIDA signed an agreement with Corvus Energy to install battery storage systems for the electrification of their ships. In October 2019, AIDA announced that it would test a new fuel-cell technology for large-scale cruise ships aboard the AIDAnova as early as 2021.

Fleet

Current fleet

Former fleet

As Deutsche Seereederei/DSR/Arkona Touristik

As AIDA Cruises

References

External links

1960 establishments in East Germany
Carnival Corporation & plc
Companies based in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Companies of East Germany
Cruise lines
Transport companies established in 1960


Walter Camp (1859–1925) was American football coach dubbed the "Father of American Football".

Walter Camp is also the name of:

Walter Mason Camp (1867–1925), American railroad expert and writer
Walter de Camp (died 2017), pseudonym of a Finnish writer

Walter Camp may also refer to named after the football coach:
Walter Camp Alumni of the Year Award
Walter Camp Award
Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award
Walter Camp Distinguished American Award
Walter Camp Football Foundation
Walter Camp Man of the Year Award

Camp, Walter


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1978 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 7, 1978. Republicans knocked off three Democratic incumbents. 11th district Congressman Leo Ryan was re-elected, but was murdered while investigating the Peoples Temple in Guyana following the election.

Overview

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

District 12

District 13

District 14

District 15

District 16

District 17

District 18

District 19

District 20

District 21

District 22

District 23

District 24

District 25

District 26

District 27

District 28

District 29

District 30

District 31

District 32

District 33

District 34

District 35

District 36

District 37

District 38

District 39

District 40

District 41

District 42

District 43

See also
96th United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1978 United States House of Representatives elections

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1978
California
United States House of Representatives


New Lisbon Airport  (Portuguese: Novo Aeroporto de Lisboa, NAL) is the currently planned site for construction of a new Lisbon airport to serve the center and south of Portugal, scheduled to complement the current Humberto Delgado Airport as Lisbon's main airport

History
After years of debate and public consultation whether Rio Frio or Ota would be the place to build a new Lisbon airport, a new location was proposed in Alcochete and won as it was more accessible given the good infrastructure nearby, such as the Vasco da Gama Bridge. The location of Alcochete as the construction site of the future Lisbon Airport was confirmed by the Portuguese Government on 8 May 2008. The estimated cost for the project is €3 billion (approximately US$4.5 billion). Construction started in late 2010 but, in May 2010, forced by the financial crisis, Prime Minister José Sócrates put the project on hold.

The green field facility envisaged in the 2000s was to have four runways, and was expected to service over 50 million passengers annually.

After the termination of the new airport project, a plan was later put forward to keep the existing airport in service, but also convert the preexisting Naval Air Base in Montijo into a facility for low cost carriers.

In November 2018, at an IATA congress in Madrid, Pedro Marques, Minister of Planning and Infrastructure, stated that Montijo airport would start operating by 2022. French construction group Vinci, which owns ANA Aeroportos de Portugal, said in 2019 it would invest 1.15 billion euros ($1.39 billion) in the expansion of Lisbon's main airport and the construction of the new one. On 31 October 2019, the IATA declared that operations for low cost airlines would begin in 2021.

In March 2021, Portugal's aviation regulator ANAC rejected the evaluation request submitted by ANA, citing disagreements with the municipalities in and around the new airport as well as environmental concerns.

As of 2019, the conversion of Montijo Airforce Base into a civilian airport for low-cost airlines is targeted to be completed around December 2022.

References

Airports in Portugal
Proposed airports
Proposed transport infrastructure in Portugal


Egher may refer to:

 Egher (Batar), a river in Romania and Ukraine
 Egher (Tur), a river in Romania
 Egherul Mare, a river in Romania and Hungary


The Chicago Red Stars are a professional women's soccer club based in Bridgeview, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. A founding member of the Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) league, they have played in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) since 2013.

WPS was the NWSL's predecessor as the professional women's soccer league in the United States, and the Red Stars played in the WPS in 2009 and 2010. After leaving the WPS in December 2010 due to the league's financial issues, the club joined the Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) for the 2011 season. In 2012, the Red Stars co-founded and played in Women's Premier Soccer League Elite (WPSL-E): a one-year league which bridged the WPS and the NWSL. The club became a founding member of the NWSL, which was financially supported by U.S. Soccer, in 2012.

The Red Stars play their home games at SeatGeek Stadium in Bridgeview. In October 2022, they held the record for the longest active playoff streak (2015–2022) in the NWSL.

It was announced on August 15, 2023 that a group of Chicago business leaders led by Laura Ricketts has agreed in principle to purchase the Chicago Red Stars. On September 1, 2023, it was announced that the club had been acquired for 60 million dollars by the group led by Ricketts.

History

Women's Professional Soccer

Establishment
In 2006, it was announced that Chicago would field a team in a new women's professional soccer league. The team joined six others (Washington Freedom, Boston Breakers, Los Angeles Sol, FC Gold Pride, Sky Blue FC, and Saint Louis Athletica) in Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) for the league's inaugural season in 2009. Marcia McDermott, former head coach of the Northwestern University women's soccer team and the Women's United Soccer Association's Carolina Courage, was named as the Red Stars' general manager.

On June 3, 2008, the "Red Stars" name was announced at a Toyota Park ceremony. The name refers to the four six-pointed red stars on the flag of Chicago. Each star represents a landmark event in Chicago history: Fort Dearborn, the Great Chicago Fire, the 1893 World's Fair, and the 1933 World's Fair. Other names considered were Progress, Towers, Union, Blues, 1871, and Wind. "Red Stars" was chosen by popular vote in a two-month fan poll.

2009 season

The Red Stars won their first game of the season, 1–0, at Saint Louis Athletica. They followed with two ties (1–1 at Washington Freedom and 0–0 hosting Sky Blue FC) and a 4–0 shutout of the Boston Breakers at Toyota Park. This was the best starting record of any team in the league except season champions Los Angeles Sol, seeming to live up to preseason predictions.

The team was then winless for its next nine games (with three away draws), including a 451-minute scoring drought. The Washington Freedom, scored first in their next game, indicating that the streak would continue. However, the Red Stars came from behind to win 2–1. They defeated last-place FC Gold Pride 3–1 in their next game before losing four of their last five games, eliminating them from the playoffs and ending the season in sixth place. The Red Stars finished second in league attendance in 2009, behind the LA Sol.

Agreeing to see the Red Stars through their first season, Peter Wilt stepped down as CEO at the end of 2009 to become general manager of the Milwaukee Wave (his hometown NISL team). General manager Marcia McDermott assumed many of Wilt's responsibilities, although he continued to support the team on the league's board of governors and as president of the Chicago Red Stars Charitable Foundation.

2010 season

The Red Stars began their second season with high hopes and new faces. They lost their first game at Sky Blue FC 1–0, after dominating much of the game. A 1–1 home tie in their second game earned the Stars their first point of the season. After a successful season, the team left WPS on December 13 because they were unable to meet the league's funding requirements for the 2011 season; the league folded in 2011 for financial and legal reasons.

2011 Women's Premier Soccer League season

The Red Stars joined the Women's Premier Soccer League in 2011. They played their home games at Village of Lisle-Benedictine University Sports Complex, in west-suburban Chicago.

The roster consisted of players from the women's national team U-20 and U-23 pools and collegiate players. The first players announced included three with WPS experience, including two from the Red Stars' 2010 squad. The team was coached by Chicago native Rory Dames, and continued their activity in the Chicago soccer community through their soccer camps.

The Red Stars finished the regular season with a 10–1 record, hosting the playoff semifinals and championship matches. Defeating Tampa Bay Hellenic 2–1 in their semifinal, they lost in overtime by the same score in the final to the Orange County Waves (another WPSL team with WPS connections; Brittany Klein, a 2009–10 Red Stars player, was on the Waves).

2012 Women's Premier Soccer League Elite season

In 2012, the Red Stars joined the former WPS Boston Breakers and Western New York Flash to found the WPSL Elite League. Five other former WPSL teams joined the league: ASA Chesapeake Charge, F.C. Indiana, New England Mutiny, New York Fury, and Philadelphia Fever.

The Red Stars finished fourth in the league, making the playoffs. They advanced to the final, where they lost to the Flash in a 2–4 penalty shootout after a 1–1 draw at the end of extra time. Red Stars Ella Masar and Lori Chalupny were injured on the same play in the 33rd minute. WNY scored the equalizer in regulation with a 40-yard goal in the 97th minute to reach overtime. The Red Stars won the 2012 National Women's Cup with half their roster, since the cup final was played at the same time as their final WPSL Elite regular-season match against the eventual third-place New York Fury.

National Women's Soccer League
In November 2012, the Red Stars co-founded and was one of the original eight teams in a yet-to-be-named women's professional soccer league in concert with United States Soccer Federation, the Canadian Soccer Association, and the Mexican Football Federation. The league began competition in spring 2013.

2013 season

All NWSL teams received an allocation of USWNT players, and the Red Stars received Shannon Boxx, Amy LePeilbet, and Keelin Winters; only Boxx had limited playing time that season. The Red Stars began the season with two draws and four losses. The mid-season arrival of Germans Sonja Fuss and Inka Grings revived the team somewhat, but not enough to qualify for the playoffs. The Red Stars played 22 matches with eight wins, six draws, and eight losses to finish the season in sixth place.

2014 season

In 2014, the Red Stars finished in fifth place. The club was waiting for United States international player Christen Press to join after completing her commitment to a European club, and the Canadian international player Melissa Tancredi to gain full fitness after college. The team signed two other internationals, Abby Erceg and Emily van Egmond, in May. Despite the late arrival of international stars, at the end of May the team had six wins, one draw, and two losses; its performance was aided by rookies Julie Johnston, Vanessa DiBernardo, Hayley Brock, young players Jen Hoy, Rachel Quon, veterans Lori Chalupny and Michelle Wenino, and goalkeeper Karina LeBlanc. With a mid-season slump (one win in 11 matches during June and July), the team did not qualify for the playoffs and was edged out by head-to-head results with the Washington Spirit.

2015 season

The Red Stars began the 2015 season with three home games: a 3–2 win over the previous season's Supporting Shield winner Seattle Reign FC, a 2–2 draw with Portland Thorns FC, and a 1–0 win against Sky Blue FC. Christen Press scored four of the club's first five goals, and was named the April Player of the Month. Red Stars who were also members of the national team were training for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup during weeks five and six. Rookie Sofia Huerta scored multiple goals in two matches, and was named the NWSL Player of the Week for weeks five and six and the May NWSL Player of the Month. The team was in first place from week four to week 13 of the regular season, ultimately finishing second. In the playoffs, they lost the semi-final to FC Kansas City.

2016 season

The team ended the regular season in third place, and advanced to the playoffs. They played the semi-final at Boyds, Maryland against the Washington Spirit on September 30, losing 2–1. The Red Stars returned to Toyota Park for home games for the first time since their 2010 WPS season.

2017 season

For the third consecutive season, the Red Stars made the post-season playoffs. They were eliminated in the semi-final, losing 1–0 to the North Carolina Courage in Cary with a goal in the 89th minute.

2018 season

For the team's tenth season and sixth in the NWSL, the team qualified for the fourth consecutive year for the playoffs and lost 2–0 in the semifinal to the North Carolina Courage.

2019 season

The Red Stars made the finals for the first time in NWSL history, clinching their fifth consecutive playoff spot on September 21, 2019, after defeating the Washington Spirit 3–1. Forward Sam Kerr scored her 18th goal of the season in that game, breaking the record for goals scored in an NWSL season which she had set with Sky Blue FC in 2017. The Red Stars defeated the Portland Thorns 1–0 in a semifinal home game, and lost 4–0 to the North Carolina Courage in the final. Their season record was 14 wins, two draws, and eight losses.

2021 season

Chicago ended their season in fourth place, becoming the first team in the NWSL to make the playoffs for six consecutive seasons. At the end of the regular season, the Red Stars named defender Sarah Gorden the team's first Iron Woman, an honor awarded for playing every minute of the season. The Red Stars faced the Washington Spirit at the NWSL Championship, held in Louisville, but lost 2-1 on overtime.

On Monday, November 22, 2021, just after midnight, the Red Stars announced that head coach Rory Dames had resigned effective immediately.  Later that day, The Washington Post sports reporter Molly Hensley-Clancy reported that prior to resigning, The Post had approached the Red Stars Front Office with allegations from players, both previous and current, of abuse by Dames. The Post also provided documentation of reports made to United States Soccer Federation by players such as Christen Press as far back as 2014, detailing abuse, harassment, and inappropriate use of his power as head coach to manipulate players. “Three former Red Stars players, including one who played on the team at the time of the investigation, told The Post that they had wanted to speak to U.S. Soccer investigators but had never heard from them,” reported Hensley-Clancy. “Two had left the team because of Dames’s abuse, they said.”

2022 season

A busy offseason saw the Red Stars trade Makenzy Doniak,  Katie Johnson and 2021 College Draftee Kelsey Turnbow who never played in a Red Stars uniform  to San Diego Wave FC for protection in the 2022 NWSL Expansion Draft. The Red Stars also traded 2021 Iron women Sarah Gorden and the rights to USWNT player Julie Ertz to Angel City FC for expansion draft protection. The Red stars also traded Nikki Stanton to OL Reign and backup Goalkeeper who was crucial in 2021, Cassie Miller to Kansas City Current The Red Stars drafted 5 players in the 2022 NWSL Draft and rostered 3 of the 5 Ava Cook, Sammi Fisher, and Sarah Griffith. The Red Stars welcomed back Yuki Nagasato from Louisville. Additionally, Kealia Watt was coming off of an ACL injury, and later announced she was pregnant,  Sarah Woldmoe was pregnant and it seemed like it would be long season for the Red Stars. The new head coach was announced as Chris Petrucelli.
In the 2022 NWSL Challenge Cup the Red Stars finished 2nd in the Central Division behind the Kansas City Current and did not move on. In the 2022 National Women's Soccer League season the Red Stars finished 6th to clinch the final playoff spot and move on for the 7th consecutive season. This was decided after a 2-0 victory over Angel City FC. In the playoffs, the Red Stars traveled to San Diego and lost 2-1 in extra time after Alex Morgan scored her 16th goal of the regular season. Mallory Pugh finished as the teams leader in scoring (11 goals) and assists (6). She was named to the Best XI while Tatumn Milazzo was named to the 2nd Best XI. The Red Stars finished the year with a record of 11W, 8D and 10L.

Crest and colors

The club's original primary logo combined two Chicago images; the shape of the shield is taken from its equivalent in Chicago's city seal. The colors, stripes, and stars in the logo are inspired by the symbolism of Chicago's municipal flag, with the blue stripes representing the two branches of the Chicago River.

In 2018, the club's primary and secondary logos were updated by a design team headed by Julie Rochelle.

Stadiums

During the team's membership in Women's Professional Soccer, the Chicago Red Stars played at Toyota Park. Now known as SeatGeek Stadium, it is a 20,000-seat soccer-specific stadium which was the home of the Chicago Fire FC from 2006 to 2019. From 2011 to 2015, in the Women's Premier Soccer League, Women's Premier Soccer League Elite league and National Women's Soccer League, the Red Stars played at the 3,000-seat Village of Lisle-Benedictine University Sports Complex.

During the club's 2012 WPSL Elite season, some matches were played at the Concordia University Chicago Athletic Complex in River Forest, Illinois and the Lakeside Athletic Field at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois due to renovation at Benedictine University. In December 2015, the Chicago Red Stars announced their return to Toyota Park for their 2016 NWSL home games.

Ownership

WPS (2009–2010)
The Chicago Professional Women's Soccer investor group owned the Red Stars from 2009 to 2010, during the team's membership in Women's Professional Soccer. Its April 2010 management group was Gary Weaver, Jim Willett, and Arnim Whisler, and the Illinois Women's Soccer League (IWSL) was a partner. In addition to the IWSL, the team ownership included shareholders John (Jack) Cummins, Robert and Susan Morrison, Jim and Kathi Willett, Dale Weaver, Gary Weaver, Pin Ni, Dong Li, Arnim Whisler, Dean Egerter, Stephen Ritchie and Peter Wilt.

WPSL (2011), WPSL E (2012), and NWSL (2013–2020)
Arnim Whisler took over the team after the 2010 season, and continued to operate it for the 2011 season in the WPSL while helping to reorganize the WPS. Whisler remained its sole owner until 2021.

NWSL (2021–present)
On March 1, 2021, the Red Stars announced a new ownership group led by co-founder (and majority owner) Arnim Whisler and his family. In addition to Whisler, the ownership group is led by founding members Dean Egerter and Steve Ritchie and includes additional members Jessie Becker, Julie Haddon, Israel Idonije, Jordan Levin, Abel Lezcano, Colleen Mares, Michael Raimondi, Kendall Coyne Schofield, Michael Schofield, Sarah Spain, Marie Tillman, Brian Walsh, Kevin Willer, and David M. Zapata. On May 4, 2021, the Red Stars announced further additions to the club's ownership group, including Aimee Garcia, Josh Dixon, Bela Bajaria, Channing Dungey and spouse Scott Power, Keli Lee, Devin Johnson and daughter Carys Johnson, Ken Kaufman, Nora Mabie, Kim Vender Moffat, Stephen Moffat, Todd Vender, Nick Coleman, Jon Moonves, Jim Allen, Graham Allen, and Kirk Allen. On August 18, 2022, the NWSL announced that it had hired Haddon as chief marketing officer, and that Haddon had divested from the Red Stars prior to taking the job.

On October 10, 2022, Red Stars players called on Whisler to sell the club. The letter followed the publication of reports of his role in the 2021 NWSL abuse scandal. Whisler announced on December 5 that he would sell the team, and that investment bank Inner Circle Sports would facilitate the sale.

On September 1, 2023, Whisler and all minority owners of the Red Stars sold their stakes to an investment group led by Laura Ricketts and including Angela E.L. Barnes, Traci P. Beck, Pittsburgh Penguins partner Debra Cafaro, Laura Desmond, Sidney Dillard, Megan Murphy, Editha Paras, Jennifer Pritzker, Hilary Rosen, Jessica Droste Yagan, Tom O'Reilly, and the Engelhardt family. The transaction valued the team at $35.5 million and included an additional $25 million in investment into club operations.

Broadcasting

It was announced on April 17, 2019 that NBC Sports Chicago would be the Red Stars' new regional broadcaster, televising all regular-season matches (beginning with their second match of the 2019 season). Seven 2019 matches were scheduled to be carried on its overflow channel, NBC Sports Chicago Plus.

On August 23, 2021, the Red Stars announced that Univision Chicago would simulcast Spanish-language coverage of the club's September 25 match against Portland Thorns FC on WXFT-DT and WRTO AM.

Rory Dames/Arnim Whisler scandal

On November 22, 2021, The Washington Post published an article with allegations from players, both previous and current, of abuse by Dames. The Post provided documentation of reports made to the United States Soccer Federation by players, such as Christen Press, as far back as 2014, detailing abuse, harassment, and inappropriate use of power as head coach to manipulate players.

"Three former Red Stars players, including one who played on the team at the time of the investigation, told The Post that they had wanted to speak to U.S. Soccer investigators but had never heard from them," reported Hensley-Clancy. "Two had left the team because of Dames's abuse, they said."

In February 2022, the Washington Post published a follow-up story reporting claims of misconduct dating back to the late 1990's, including a 1998 police report involving a youth player Dames coached at Chicago Eclipse Select. The allegations went further, including multiple players claiming to have had a sexual relationship with Dames when they played for him at Eclipse. An accuser claimed that sex "felt almost expected". The verbal abuse also included constant name-calling.

Dames' role in the founding of Elite Clubs National League, an elite group of youth soccer clubs of which he sat on the Board of Directors, and his role with the Chicago Red Stars and NWSL, played a role in players not speaking up, according to accusers. Players and parents were afraid Dames "could ruin the chance at a scholarship or a spot in the professional league" if they spoke up. An accuser said that "the monopoly over Chicago soccer, our belief that his connection to the college world was the only connection we would have — he used all of that to get away with doing and saying whatever the hell he wanted to us."

Initially, Arnim Whisler, the owner and chairman of the Red Stars, denied any knowledge of or complicity in Dames's abuse, claiming that "I have always strived to ensure that everyone hired in our environment is of high character and shares our positive values." However, an investigation by former U.S. Attorney General Sally Yates revealed that not only had Whisler known about Dames's abusive behavior for years, but he had chosen to ignore it, given Dames's successful record as a coach. Yates's investigation also found that Whisler neglected to run a background check on Dames before hiring him. On October 4, 2022, the day after Yates's report was released, Whisler resigned from the NWSL Board of Directors, giving up operational control of the Red Stars. On December 2, 2022, Whisler announced his intention to sell the team. On January 9, 2023, Whisler and the Red Stars were fined $1.5 million, and Dames was banned from ever coaching again.

Team standings and statistics

Key

 WPS = Women's Professional Soccer
 WPSL = Women's Premier Soccer League
 WPSL E = Women's Premier Soccer League Elite
 NWSL = National Women's Soccer League

 DNQ = Did not qualify
 DNE = Did not enter

Seasons

Players and coaches

Current squad

Out on loan

Coaching staff

Head coaching records

Top scorers (NWSL)

Bold denotes active players.

Notable former players

Former members of the team who have represented a senior national team are:

Honors
 NWSL Championship: Runners-up (2019, 2021)
  NWSL Challenge Cup: Runners-up (2020)
 USASA National Women's Open: Winners (2012)

Season records

Footnotes

References

External links

 Chicago Red Stars WPSL Elite
 Women's Professional Soccer
 Illinois Women's Soccer League

2023 mergers and acquisitions
2006 establishments in Illinois
Association football clubs established in 2006
National Women's Soccer League teams
Women's Premier Soccer League teams
Women's Professional Soccer teams
Women's soccer clubs in Chicago
Soccer clubs in Illinois
Women's soccer clubs in the United States
Lisle, Illinois
Women's Premier Soccer League Elite teams


Stan Cockerton (born May 19, 1955) is a former All-American lacrosse player for the NC State Wolfpack men's lacrosse team from 1977 to 1980, leading the Wolfpack to its only NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship tournament appearance in 1979.

Career

Cockerton is ranked fourth all-time in NCAA career goals with 193 and is second in points per game at 6.36. He led the Wolfpack to 30 wins from 1977 to 1980, with two second-place finishes in the Atlantic Coast Conference. North Carolina State cancelled the varsity lacrosse program in 1983. Stan once scored 11 goals in one game, against Salisbury State in 1979.

Cockerton, a three time first-team All American, learned the game in Ontario playing box lacrosse for the famed Oshawa Green Gaels junior team. He also teamed with Mike French for the 1978 Canadian National Team upset over a heavily favored U.S. team, scoring the overtime winning goal. Cockerton also played for the Brooklin Redmen in Major Series Lacrosse, while he was going to school at North Carolina State, scoring over 200 points for the Redmen.

Cockerton is currently the president of the Ontario Lacrosse Association and is the founder of  the Heritage Cup. He was formerly the president of the Federation of International Lacrosse. Stan was inducted into the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 2003 and the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 2014.

Stan is the father of Mark and Matt Cockerton, two highly touted players from the OLA Junior A Lacrosse League, who played college lacrosse at the University of Virginia.

Statistics

North Carolina State University

1st in Division I career goals per game
3rd in Division I career points per game

OLA Jr A and MSL

See also
Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame
Division I men's lacrosse records
NC State Wolfpack men's lacrosse
Oshawa Green Gaels

References

 Canadian Lacrosse Hall Of Fame entry
 Heritage Cup website
 1978 USILA Men’s All-Americans
 Atlantic Coast Conference Men’s Lacrosse records
 Bible of Lacrosse Canadian Box Lacrosse Stats
 National Lacrosse Hall of Fame Welcomes Class of 2014
 When The Wolfpack Roamed the Lacrosse Field Lacrosse Bucket

1955 births
Canadian expatriate lacrosse people in the United States
Canadian lacrosse players
Lacrosse people from Ontario
Living people
NC State Wolfpack men's lacrosse players
Sportspeople from Oshawa


Theobald Butler Barrett (July 24, 1894 – March 26, 1969) was a Canadian politician. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1945 as a Member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada to represent the riding of Norfolk. He was defeated in the 1949 election. Prior to his federal political experience, he was a Lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Artillery between 1942 and 1943.

Barrett was the grandfather of Toby Barrett, Member of the Ontario Provincial Parliament for Haldimand—Norfolk from 1995 to 2022.

External links

1894 births
1969 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


Man O Man was a British game show that aired on ITV from 4 May 1996 to 7 August 1999 and was hosted by Chris Tarrant.

Format
Each show had ten men compete in front of audience of 400 women, in a spoof of male beauty pageants.  They would compete in a series of challenges such as posing in swimming trunks, or trying to impress the women with the best pickup lines.  The audience then voted for which one they liked the best, with a number of eliminations in each round, and each man eliminated was pushed into a swimming pool by one of the show's models.

The last man left standing won a motorcycle.

Transmissions

References

External links

1996 British television series debuts
1999 British television series endings
1990s British game shows
ITV game shows
Man O Man
Television series by ITV Studios
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television shows produced by Anglia Television
Television series by Reg Grundy Productions


Seattle Audubon Society, since renamed Birds Connect Seattle, is a nonprofit environmental organization that advocates and organizes for cities where people and birds thrive. It is a chapter organization of the National Audubon Society, and is one of the oldest natural history organizations in the Pacific Northwest.

Seattle Audubon is involved in protecting and enhancing urban habitat, reducing urban hazards to birds, and engaging community in conservation and science initiatives directly in their neighborhoods.

Its main office is in Wedgwood, Seattle, Washington. It serves a chapter area in a large part of King County, Washington. Seattle Audubon collaborates with the Seattle Parks and Recreation Department, the Capitol Hill EcoDistrict, Seattle University, University of Washington, and many other local environmental, community, and government partners.

In July 2022, the organization became the first large chapter in the National Audubon Society network to publicly declare its intention to remove "Audubon" from the organization's name. In March 2023, the organization announced that its new name is Birds Connect Seattle.

History
Seattle Audubon was founded in 1916.

In 2002 Seattle Audubon launched BirdWeb, an online guide including species of special concern, rarities, and a searchable database of birds.

In 2005, BirdNote, a two-minute radio show about birds and nature, created under the auspices of Seattle Audubon, began airing on KPLU, a local National Public Radio affiliate.

In 2020, Seattle Audubon partnered with New York City Audubon to expand dBird.org, an online platform for reporting bird mortality and injury. Scientists and conservationists across North America use dBird.org to track and prevent human-related bird mortality.

Programs

Community science
Seattle Audubon leads several community science projects, including the Neighborhood Bird Project, Puget Sound Seabird Survey, Climate Watch, and the Seattle Bird Collision Monitoring Project.

Education
Seattle Audubon offers classes and field trips about bird identification, ecology, conservation, and more.

Urban conservation
Seattle Audubon works to conserve birds in an urban environment.

Urban forestry
Seattle Audubon has been involved in tree protection in Seattle since its founding when early members advocated for action against illegal tree removal in Seward Park. More recently, its staff have twice served on Seattle's Urban Forestry Commission. The organization advocates for stronger tree protection regulations, improved urban forest management structures, and increased investment in urban forest enhancement.

Urban hazards
In 2020, Seattle Audubon launched a strategic plan, "Cities at the Center," that put an emphasis on understanding and reducing the impacts of urban hazards on birds. Conservation priorities include understanding and preventing bird-window collisions and reducing pesticide use.

References

External links
 Seattle Audubon Society
 Northwest Shade Coffee Campaign
 Forest Friendly Lumber
 BirdWeb
 dBird.org

Environmental organizations based in Washington (state)
Washington
National Audubon Society
Organizations based in Seattle
Education in Seattle
1916 establishments in Washington (state)
Organizations established in 1916


Giuseppe Firrao (20 July 1736 – 24 January 1830) was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal.

Biography
Firrao was born in Fagnano Castello, Calabria to Pier Maria Firrao, Prince of Sant'Agata and of Luzi, and Livia Grillo di Agapito, Duchess of Mondragone and Countess of Carinola. He is the Great-nephew of Giuseppe Firrao (seniore). He initiated his formal education in Naples, studied humanities at Collegio Nazareno and later completed a doctorate in canon and civil law at La Sapienza University, Rome. He received the minor orders in the period 1775-1782 and was ordained as a priest on 16 March 1782.

On 25 February 1782 Firrao was elected titular archbishop of Petra in Palaestina and appointed nuncio in Venice on 8 April 1782. He became secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars in early 1785.

Pope Pius VII elevated him to cardinal in the consistory of 23 February 1801 with the title of Sant'Eusebio. In the period of 1802 - 1803 he was made Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals and First Priest of the same high ecclesiastical body 1823 - 1830. He took part in the Papal conclave, 1823 and in the next conclave in 1829.

Cardinal Firrao died in Naples and was buried in the metropolitan cathedral.

References

External links

1736 births
1830 deaths
People from the Province of Cosenza
18th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
19th-century Italian cardinals
Cardinals created by Pope Pius VII


The Halam community are various tribes native to the state of Tripura in India. The name Halam was coined by the Tipra Maharaja. As per their oral tradition they called themselves "Riam", which literally means "Human being". And lyrically they also call themselves "Riamrai, Raivon, Longvon, Chepvon etc.". The Halam are further divided into 12 sub-tribes, namely Chorai, Molsom, Hrangkhol, Kaipeng, Kalai, Ranglong, Sakachep, Thangachep, Bongcher, Korbwng, Dab and Rupini.

History
In terms of ethnology and language, the Halam community group belongs to Old Kuki groups. But it is difficult to trace their original settlement. Different scholars propounded different theories in analyzing the migratory route of Halam. However, no anthropological research documents are available about them. According to their own belief and tradition the Halam originated from a place called ‘Khurpuitabum’ meaning ‘a big cave,’ which is supposed to be somewhere in south central China. This theory of origin is very common among the Chin-Mizo-Kuki groups with slight variations in name. Apart from Halam group, the Old Kuki tribes like Khelma/Sakachep,Aimol, Ranglong, Hrangkhol inhabit in the Karimganj district of Assam, North Tripura and Dalai district of Tripura and Mizoram, Anal, Chawthe, Chiru, Koren, Kom, Lamgang, Purum, Tikhup and Vaiphei of Manipur also asserted that they are the descendant of a couple who came out of ‘Khurpui’ meaning ‘cave’ (B. Lalthangliana, 2001, Mizo Chanchin, Remkungi, Aizawl, p. 37)

According to S.B.K. Dev Varman, the Halam community coined by Tipra Maharaja (S.B.K. Dev Varman, The Tribes of Tripura, p. 35). The Halams group are said to be migrated from ‘Khurpuitabum,’ a place in the hills just to the north of Manipur (Ibid. p. 35). Those of the Kukis, who had submitted to the Tripura Raja, came to be known as Halam (http://www.tripuratribes.ac.in). They are not concentrated in a particular area. They are scattered in three North-eastern states, in western Mizoram, parts of North Cachar Hills, Barak Valley of Assam, and in all eight revenue district of Tripura.

Regarding the origin of the term ‘Halam,’ some suggest that ‘Halam’ means ‘killer of human beings’ (K.S. Singh, People of India, Vol. V, p. 1243). Perhaps, the neighboring people might name them ‘Halam’ as they were ferocious and used to killed strangers in olden days. The term ‘Halam’ is expected to be coined by others. One interpretation is that, in Tripuri language, ‘Ha’ means ‘earth’ and ‘Lam’ means ‘route’. So it means ‘earth route.’ It is said that when they came in contact with the king of Tripura, the Maharaja had given them the title ‘Halam.’ From this definition it can be presumed that Halam migrated to their present place of settlement through earth route. However, there is no agreed point on the origin of the term ‘Halam.’ In the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes orders (Amendment) Act. 1976, Halam is placed at No. 6 in the list of Scheduled Tribes of Tripura. Due to long lapse of time and years, sometimes it may create confusion in one's mind that different sub-tribes of Halam community are of different identity. But they are of the same tribe having common origin.

The Halam sub-tribes
The language spoken by all the families of Halam community is known as Riam Chong (language). The Riam Chong is cognate with the Kuki-Chin group of the greater Tibeto-Burman family. Owing to topographical differences in their habitation, there are minor dialect differences among the Riam speaking people known as Halam group language for officially known under Tripura State government as one of the minority languages (Kept under Kokborok & OML) Dept. of Education. Besides, due to assimilation by other bigger communities, their language and culture have been gravely affected. In fact, the Molsom and Kaipeng sub-tribes have to a great extent incorporated Kokborok vocabulary in their daily verbal communication among themselves. In Tripura, there has been conscious effort by the Government to promote and develop Halam language. Accordingly, the Government has constituted the ‘Halam Language Advisory Committee’ to take necessary steps for the uplift of Halam language. As far as literature is concerned, the Halam have no script of their own. They borrowed from Roman script for any sort of documentations and writings.

Changes in religious practices
It is not known when the Halam community came under the influence of Hinduism. Although the people claim themselves to be Hindu, there are a good number of animistic traits found in their religious activities that appears to be contradictory to Hinduism. This is more evident when it is compared especially with the neighboring Bengali Hindus. Married women among the Halam, for instance, do not use vermilion bangles and iron bracelets which are commonly used as a sign of a married woman especially among the neighboring Bengali Hindu woman. In fact, there is no symbolic dress or ornament which can differentiate a married Halam from an unmarried one. A few of them follow Vaishnavism and worship Krishna and Radha. But, most of them take non-vegetarian food like pork, fish, dry fish etc. which the neighboring Bengali Vaishnav regard as taboos. Some worship the Hindu goddess Lakshmi; instead of making an idol of the goddess; they make the image of Lakshmi with rice and egg. They keep some rice in an earthen pot and place an egg on the rice. They then place the earthen pot containing rice and egg under bamboo. Lakshmi is usually worshipped on the day of a full moon by sacrificing a hen and offering egg and beer made of rice.

Conversion to Christianity started about the mid-1900s. About 30% of the Halam are Christians. The spread of Christianity among the Halam does not interfere with cultural activities (except religious activities). The Christian Halam attended the socio-cultural ceremonies of their Hindu neighbors. They participate in and depend on the traditional village administration as do their Hindu neighbors. There is a reason why the Tripura Raja differentiate Halam from Kuki, Halam people do not have king or chief nor their own god to worship. So, the Raja appointed Sordar to rule Halam people, and an idol for each clan to worship. E.g. Mualţhuam/Molsom sub-tribe are given an idol made from Gooseberry tree, they called Zobawmthang. Bawngcher sub-clan are given Thirlum Thirphrai. Thirlum is an iron ball smaller than the size of cricket ball, Thirphrai is an iron plate, a size of thumb. Both have no inscriptions on them.

Agriculture
The Halam eat through a combination of foraging and farming. They collect edible leaves, roots, stems and tubers from the rain forest and catch fish from the nearby rivers. In recent times, they have become familiar with horticulture .They farm bananas, jackfruit, betel nuts, papaya and grains. They keep livestock such as goats, cows and pigs.

Education
The Halam are well educated by Western standards. They were well educated by their family. Most of Halam graduate from the state schools. But some students usually drop out of school because they cannot afford to study any longer. The overall literacy percentage among the Halam is around 85%. The literacy rate is higher for males than females.

Literature
The Halam have no written language. Because of this, there is no record of their history and traditions. They use the Latin alphabet for documentation and writings. The history of their tribe must be transmitted orally.

Diaspora
During the British Raj, the Halam of Tripura were transported to the Sylhet region to work in tea plantations. They can still be found in Sylhet and Habiganj,where they continue this livelihood. They make up a mere population of only 5000. Use of the Kokborok language is rapidly decreasing with the Bengali language being more common nowadays. They are divided into 12 clans; Machafang, Migli, Charai, Bongcher, Hrangkhol, Molsom, Rupini, Mitahar, Langkai, Ranglong and Kaipeng.

References

Kuki tribes
Scheduled Tribes of India
Ethnic groups in Bangladesh


Dagoberto Alexis Currimilla Gómez (born December 26, 1987) is a Chilean former professional footballer who last played as a right-back for Deportes Valdivia. He's a former Chilean international.

Club career
A Huachipato youth graduate, Currimilla made his professional debut in 2004, aged 17, and became a starter for Huachipato, playing 157 matches for the club. In 2011, he was loaned to Santiago Morning in the Primera B. After achieving promotion from the second tier, Currimilla was transferred to Unión Española, returning to the Chilean Primera División, where in his debut season, he'd finish runner up in 2012 of the  2012 Clausura scoring his first goal for the club in the second leg of the final, which they lost in penalties against Huachipato. The following season, Currimilla would win the first silverware of his career, as Unión Española would be crowned champions of the 2013 Primera División, following it up with a victory in the 2013 Supercopa de Chile.

Currimilla would remain a starter for Unión Española until 2017, when he was deemed surplus to requirements and his contract was not renewed. He returned to the Chilean second tier by signing with Deportes Valdivia in 2017, where he'd suffer the first relegation of his career after Valdivia was relegated to the Segunda División, the third tier of Chilean football in 2020. Citing mental exhaustion, injuries, and unpaid wages, Currimilla retired from professional football after the 2021 season.

International career
Currimilla would make his international debut for Chile in 2006, starting in a 1-0 friendly win against New Zealand in La Calera, this being his only senior international appearance in his career. Currimilla was part of the Chilean U-20's that played in the 2007 South American Youth Championship, finishing fourth, and qualifying for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, in Canada, in which Chile finished third.

Honours

Club
Unión Española
Primera División (1): 2013
Supercopa de Chile (1): 2013

International

FIFA U-20 World Cup: third place: 2007

References

External links

Dagoberto Currimilla at playmakerstats.com (English version of ceroacero.es)

1987 births
Living people
Chilean men's footballers
Chile men's under-20 international footballers
Huachipato FC footballers
Santiago Morning footballers
Unión Española footballers
Deportes Valdivia footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Primera B de Chile players
Segunda División Profesional de Chile players
People from Paillaco
Chilean people of Mapuche descent
Mapuche sportspeople
Indigenous sportspeople of the Americas
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Paillaco


Edgar Isaac Lewis Kail (26 November 1900 – 17 January 1976) was an English footballer who played for Dulwich Hamlet and the England national team, as an inside forward. He was the last non-league player to play for the full England team.

Early life
Edgar Kail was born in Camberwell, London on 26 November 1900 to James Walker Issac Kail, a post office sorter and Rosa Mary Kail (née Yells). At the time of his birth, the family lived at 11 Thompson Road and Edgar was the youngest of three sons. By 1911, the Kails had moved round the corner 80a Landcroft Road, Dulwich during which time Rosa had given birth to three more sons and a daughter.

Club career

Dulwich Hamlet
After representing various South London schools, Kail signed for Dulwich Hamlet in 1915 aged 15 years. Kail was a committed amateur at Dulwich Hamlet, turning down moves to professional clubs to stay at the club. With Dulwich he won the FA Amateur Cup in 1920 and 1932.  He played for the "Amateurs" in the 1929 FA Charity Shield.

Links with other clubs
Kail played a charity match for Queen's Park against Rangers in May 1932. He also signed amateur forms for Chelsea in March 1930 but did not make any league appearances.

International career
Kail had a short international career, only six days long, gaining  three caps on England's brief continental tour of 1929 against Spain, Belgium and France. He scored two goals on his debut against France.

During the match against Spain, he became the last non-league player to play for the full England team, although not the last amateur – Bernard Joy of Casuals and Arsenal played for England in 1936.

Personal life
Kail married Irene Margaret Ramsey, daughter of Dulwich Hamlet groundsman, Dalhousie Ramsey in Camberwell in February 1926.

He died in Skelmorlie, Ayrshire in 1976 from a stroke.

Legacy
In the 1990s the approach to Dulwich's ground, Champion Hill, was renamed Edgar Kail Way in his honour.

In 2003, a blue plaque dedicated to Kail was unveiled by Southwark Council at the site of Champion Hill.

Edgar Kail remains a cult figure amongst Dulwich Hamlet FC fans, with his name still sung at games each week.

References

1900 births
1976 deaths
Footballers from Camberwell
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Dulwich Hamlet F.C. players
Men's association football inside forwards
England men's amateur international footballers


The Valea Lacului is a right tributary of the river Barcău in Romania. It discharges into the Barcău in Petreu. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Bihor County