The historical origins of globalization (also known as historical globalization) are the subject of ongoing debate. Though many scholars situate the origins of globalization in the modern era (around the 19th century), others regard it as a phenomenon with a long history, dating back thousands of years (a concept known as archaic globalization). The period in the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800 is in turn known as the proto-globalization.

Divisions of time
Thomas L. Friedman divides the history of globalization into three periods: Globalization 1.0 (1492–1800), Globalization 2.0 (1800–2000) and Globalization 3.0 (2000–present). He states that Globalization 1.0 involved the globalization of countries, Globalization 2.0 involved the globalization of companies and Globalization 3.0 involves the globalization of individuals.

Klaus Schwab, founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, Richard Baldwin and Philippe Martin have divided the history of globalization into four eras: Globalization 1.0 was before World War I, Globalization 2.0 was after World War II "when trade in goods was combined with complementary domestic policies", Globalization 3.0, for which other terms in use have included "New Globalization", hyperglobalization, the "global value chain revolution", and the period of offshoring, refers to a more recent period of change in global economic relationships, and Globalization 4.0 to current (2018 onwards) changes affecting services in particular.

Archaic globalization

Perhaps the extreme proponent of a deep historical origin for globalization was Andre Gunder Frank, an economist associated with dependency theory. Frank argued that a form of globalization has been in existence since the rise of trade links between Sumer and the Indus Valley civilization in the third millennium BC. Critics of this idea contend that it rests upon an over-broad definition of globalization.

Even as early as the Prehistoric period, the roots of modern globalization could be found. Territorial expansion by our ancestors to all five continents was a critical component in establishing globalization. The development of agriculture furthered globalization by converting the vast majority of the world's population into a settled lifestyle. However, globalization failed to accelerate due to lack of long-distance interaction and technology. The contemporary process of globalization likely occurred around the middle of the 19th century as increased capital and labor mobility coupled with decreased transport costs led to a smaller world.

An early form of globalized economics and culture, known as archaic globalization, existed during the Hellenistic Age, when commercialized urban centers were focused around the axis of Greek culture over a wide range that stretched from India to Spain, with such cities as Alexandria, Athens, and Antioch at its center. Trade was widespread during that period, and it is the first time the idea of a cosmopolitan culture (from Greek "Cosmopolis", meaning "world city") emerged. Others have perceived an early form of globalization in the trade links between the Roman Empire, the Parthian Empire, and the Han Dynasty. The increasing articulation of commercial links between these powers inspired the development of the Silk Road, which started in western China, reached the boundaries of the Parthian empire, and continued onwards towards Rome.

The Islamic Golden Age was also an important early stage of globalization, when Jewish and Muslim traders and explorers established a sustained economy across the Old World resulting in a globalization of crops, trade, knowledge and technology. Globally significant crops such as sugar and cotton became widely cultivated across the Muslim world in this period, while the necessity of learning Arabic and completing the Hajj created a cosmopolitan culture.

The advent of the Mongol Empire, though destabilizing to the commercial centers of the Middle East and China, greatly facilitated travel along the Silk Road. This permitted travelers and missionaries such as Marco Polo to journey successfully (and profitably) from one end of Eurasia to the other. The Pax Mongolica of the thirteenth century had several other notable globalizing effects. It witnessed the creation of the first international postal service, as well as the rapid transmission of epidemic diseases such as bubonic plague across the newly unified regions of Central Asia. These pre-modern phases of global or hemispheric exchange are sometimes known as archaic globalization. Up to the sixteenth century, however, even the largest systems of international exchange were limited to the Old World.

Proto-globalization

The phase is known as proto-globalization. It was chaacterized by the rise of maritime European empires, in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, first the Portuguese and Spanish Empires, and later the Dutch and British Empires. In the 17th century, globalization became also a private business phenomenon when chartered companies like British East India Company (founded in 1600), often described as the first multinational corporation, as well as the Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602) were established.

The Age of Discovery brought a broad change in globalization, being the first period in which Eurasia and Africa engaged in substantial cultural, material and biologic exchange with the New World. It began in the late 15th century, when the two Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula – Portugal and Castile – sent the first exploratory voyages around the Cape of Good Hope and to the Americas, "discovered" in 1492 by Christopher Columbus. Shortly before the turn of the 16th century, Portuguese started establishing trading posts (factories) from Africa to Asia and Brazil, to deal with the trade of local products like slaves, gold, spices and timber, introducing an international business center under a royal monopoly, the House of India.

Global integration continued with the European colonization of the Americas initiating the Columbian Exchange, the enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. It was one of the most significant global events concerning ecology, agriculture, and culture in  history. New crops that had come from the Americas via the European seafarers in the 16th century significantly contributed to the world's population growth.

Modern globalization

The 19th century witnessed the advent of globalization approaching its modern form. Industrialization allowed cheap production of household items using economies of scale, while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities. Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century imperialism. After the First and Second Opium Wars, which opened up China to foreign trade, and the completion of the British conquest of India, the vast populations of these regions became ready consumers of European exports. It was in this period that areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands were incorporated into the world system. Meanwhile, the conquest of  parts of the globe, notably sub-Saharan Africa, by Europeans yielded valuable natural resources such as rubber, diamonds and coal and helped fuel trade and investment between the European imperial powers, their colonies, and the United States.

Between the globalization in the 19th and in the 20th there are significant differences. There are two main points on which the differences can be seen. One point is the global trade in this centuries as well as the capital, investment and the economy.

Global trade

The global trade in the 20th century shows a higher share of trade in merchant production, a growth of the trade in services and the rise of production and trade by multinational firms.
The production of merchant goods in the 20th century largely decreased from the levels seen in the 19th century. However, the amount of merchant goods that were produced for the merchandise trade grew.
The trade in services also grew more important in the 20th compared to the 19th century.
The last point that distinguishes the global trade in the 19th century compared to the global trade in the 20th century, is the extent of multinational cooperation. In the 20th century, you can see a "quantum leap" in multinational cooperation compared to the 19th century. Before the 20th century began, there were just Portfolio investment, but no trade-related or production-relation Direct investment.

Commercial integration has improved since last century, barriers that inhibit trade are lower and transport costs have decreased. Multinational trade contracts and agreements have been signed, like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the European Union (EU) has been hugely involved in eliminating tariffs between member states, and the World Trade Organization.  From 1890 and up to World War I instability in trade was a problem, but in the post war period there has mostly been economic expansion which leads to stability.  Nations have to take care of their own products; they have to make sure that foreign goods do not suffocate their domestic products causing unemployment and maybe social instability. Technological changes have caused lower transporting costs; it takes just a few hours to transport goods between continents to-day, instead of weeks or even months in the nineteenth century.

By consideration financial crisis one key difference is the monetary regime. In the 19th century it occurred under the fixed exchange rates of the gold standard. But in the 20th century it took place in a regime of managed flexibility. Furthermore, in the 19th century countries had developed effective lenders of last resort, but the same was not true at the periphery and countries there suffered the consequences. A century later there was a domestic safety net in most emerging countries so that banking panics were changed into situations where the debts of an insolvent banking system were taken over by the government. The recovery from banking crisis is another key difference. It has tended to begin earlier in the recent period than in the typical crisis episode a hundred years ago. In the 19th century there were no international rescue packages available to emerging economies. But in the recent period such rescues were a typical component of the financial landscape all over the world.

The flows information were an important downside in 19th century. Prior to the Transatlantic cable and the Radiotelephone, it used to take very long for information to go from one place to another. So this means that it was very difficult to analyze the information. For instance, it was not so easy to distinguish good and bad credits. Therefore, the information asymmetry played a very important role in international investments. The railway bonds serve as a great example.
There was also many contracting problems. It was very difficult for companies working overseas to manage their operations in other parts of the world, so this was clearly a big barrier to investment.
Several macroeconomic factors such as exchange risks and uncertain monetary policies were a big barrier for international investments as well.
The accounting standards in the U.S. were relatively underdeveloped in the 19th century. The British investors played a very important role in transferring their accounting practices to the new emerging markets.

Aftermath of World War I: collapse of globalization
The first phase of "modern globalization" began to break down at the beginning of the 20th century, with World War I.  The European-dominated network were increasingly confronted with images and stories of 'others', thus, then took it upon themselves to take the role of world's guardians of universal law and morality.  Racist and unequal practices became also part of their practices in search of materials and resources that from other regions of the world.  The increase of world trade before beginning in 1850 right before World War I broke out in 1914 were incentives for bases of direct colonial rule in the global South.  Since other European currencies were becoming quite largely circulated, the need to own resource bases became imperative. The novelist VM Yeates criticised the financial forces of globalization as a factor in creating World War I.  Financial forces as a factor for creating World War 1 seem to be partly responsible.  An example of this would be France's colonial rule over most of Africa during the 20th century.  Before World War I broke out, there was no specific aims for the wars in Africa from the French, which left Africans in a “lost” state.  Military potential of Africa was first to be emphasized unlike its economic potential...at least at first.  France's interest in the military potential of French Africa took a while to be accepted.  Africans in the French army were treated with feelings of inferiority from the French.  As for the economic incentive for colonial rule came in 1917 when France's was faced with a crisis of food supply.  This coming after the outbreak of the war which had left France without the ability to support itself agriculturally since France had a shortage of fertilizers and machinery in 1917.

Post-World War II: globalization resurgent
Globalization, since World War II, is partly the result of planning by politicians to break down borders hampering trade. Their work led to the Bretton Woods conference, an agreement by the world's leading politicians to lay down the framework for international commerce and finance, and the founding of several international institutions intended to oversee the processes of globalization.  Globalization was also driven by the global expansion of multinational corporations based in the United States and Europe, and worldwide exchange of new developments in science, technology and products, with most significant inventions of this time having their origins in the Western world according to Encyclopædia Britannica. Worldwide export of western culture went through the new mass media: film, radio and television and recorded music. Development and growth of international transport and telecommunication played a decisive role in modern globalization.

These institutions include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), and the International Monetary Fund. Globalization has been facilitated by advances in technology which have reduced the costs of trade, and trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade.

Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered through international agreements – GATT. Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT and the World Trade Organization (WTO), for which GATT is the foundation, have included:

 Promotion of free trade:
  Elimination of tariffs; creation of free trade zones with small or no tariffs
 Reduced transportation costs, especially resulting from development of containerization for ocean shipping.
 Reduction or elimination of capital controls
 Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businesses
 Creation of subsidies for global corporations
 Harmonization of intellectual property laws across the majority of states, with more restrictions
 Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e.g. patents granted by China would be recognized in the United States)
Cultural globalization, driven by communication technology and the worldwide marketing of Western cultural industries, was understood at first as a process of homogenization, as the global domination of American culture at the expense of traditional diversity. However, a contrasting trend soon became evident in the emergence of movements protesting against globalization and giving new momentum to the defense of local uniqueness, individuality, and identity.

The Uruguay Round (1986 to 1994) led to a treaty to create the WTO to mediate trade disputes and set up a uniform platform of trading. Other bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, including sections of Europe's Maastricht Treaty and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade.

World exports rose from 8.5% in 1970, to 16.2% of total gross world product in 2001.

In the 1990s, the growth of low cost communication networks allowed work done using a computer to be moved to low wage locations for many job types.  This included accounting, software development, and engineering design. In late 2000s, much of the industrialized world entered into a deep recession. Some analysts said in 2009 the world was going through a period of deglobalization after years of increasing economic integration. China has become the world's largest exporter surpassing Germany.

Criticism
Some authors have argued that stretching the beginning of globalization far back in time renders the concept wholly inoperative and useless for political analysis.

See also

 History of capitalism
 Human history
 Military globalization
 International relations since 1989

References

External links
History of Globalization at Library of Congress
A Quick Guide to the World History of Globalization
A Brief History of Globalization, TIME, 20 March 2006


George Summerbee (22 October 1914 – 19 April 1955) was an English professional footballer who played as a wing-half in The Football League for four clubs. He was father of Mike Summerbee and grandfather of Nicky Summerbee, who both played for Manchester City.

Playing and managerial career
Summerbee was born in Winchester, England. He began his professional career with Aldershot, who he joined from non-league side Basingstoke Town in May 1934. While at Aldershot he played alongside his brother Gordon. In January 1935 George joined Football League First Division side Preston North End for £650. In 11 years at Deepdale, Summerbee made just three Football League appearances. During this spell he also spent several years during the Second World War guesting for Portsmouth, where he made 149 competitive appearances while working at a nearby aircraft factory.

He joined Football League Division Three North side Chester in May 1946 for £600, where again he struggled to earn a regular first-team place, and he moved to Barrow. He made more than 100 league appearances in three years at Holker Street, with his final Football League outing being against Lincoln City in May 1950.

Summerbee then joined non-league side Cheltenham Town as player-manager in 1950, but he left in 1952 after his contract was not renewed.

He died just three years later from Addison's disease in Cirencester, after a spell scouting for Bristol City.

His life story is featured alongside the other footballing members of his family in Fathers, Sons and Football (Colin Shindler, Headline Book Publishing, 2001).

References

External links
The Independent article on football families, featuring the Summerbees

1914 births
1955 deaths
Sportspeople from Winchester
English men's footballers
Footballers from Hampshire
Men's association football midfielders
English Football League players
Basingstoke Town F.C. players
Aldershot F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. wartime guest players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
English football managers
Cheltenham Town F.C. managers
Deaths from Addison's disease
People with Addison's disease


Lukino may refer to:

Lukino, Tula Oblast, a village in Tula Oblast, Russia
Lukino, name of several other rural localities in Russia


Johann Heinrich (a.k.a. John Henry) Ramberg  (22 July 1763 – 6 July 1840) was a German painter and printmaker.

Ramberg was born at Hanover to a father who fostered his artistic talent. He first showed his talent by drawings of scenes in the Harz Mountains. These became known to George III, King of Great Britain, his sovereign, since he was also Elector of Hanover. In 1781 he was introduced to George III and made "many humorous sketches and caricatures" for him. George induced Ramberg to go to London, where he provided support. Ramberg may have been a student of Joshua Reynolds and Francesco Bartolozzi; in November 1781, he studied with Benjamin West at the Royal Academy Schools. In 1782 he began exhibiting at the Royal Academy and in 1784 he was awarded a silver medal for his life drawing. In 1784 Ramberg drew the exhibition itself, showing Reynolds and the Prince of Wales, as well as several other pieces. According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "[t]hese works are of interest to historians for their record of exhibitions in the Great Room of the Royal Academy in the late eighteenth century."

In 1788, Ramberg visited the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy, and then returned to Hanover in 1792, where he was appointed electoral court painter. While court painter he periodically took on students, including John Fischer. He painted the curtain the court theater in Hanover in 1789. He met the German author Goethe in 1790–91 and painted Alexander Crossing the Granicus as a decoration for Carlton House. He was also a book illustrator, participating in John Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery, for example, and Thomas Macklin's Poets' Gallery. He painted portraits of members of the British royal family: the princesses Mary, Elizabeth, and Sophia. He illustrated German almanacs and pocketbooks for over 20 years, but according to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography "his best illustrations are those which he himself etched for the narrative cycles Reineke Fuchs and Tyll Eulenspiegel, both published in 1826". He became one of the most well known illustrators in Germany.
He did the drawings for a deluxe edition of Wieland's works.

Ramberg died at Hanover and was buried in the Gartenkirchhof.

Notes

External links

 J. H. Ramberg as Illustrator of Books. A Digital Bibliography and Catalogue of Illustrations (in progress; in English and German)

Literature

 Alexander Košenina (Hrsg.): Literatur – Bilder. Johann Heinrich Ramberg als Buchillustrator der Goethezeit. Wehrhahn Verlag, Hannover 2013, .
 Greiffenegg und Ramberg: eine Freundschaft in Zeichnungen. Ausstellungskatalog, Haus der Graphischen Sammlung im Augustinermuseum 8. Juli 2017 - 3. Oktober 2017 / herausgegeben von Felix Reuße für die Städtischen Museen Freiburg, Augustinermuseum.
 Johann Heinrich Ramberg / Dietrich Wilhelm Soltau: Reineke Fuchs – Reynard the Fox. 31 Originalzeichnungen und neu kolorierte Radierungen mit Auszügen aus der deutschen Übersetzung des Epos im populären Stil v. Soltau | 31 original drawings and newly colored etchings with excerpts from the English translation of the burlesque poem by Soltau. Hrsg. Waltraud Maierhofer. VDG, Weimar 2016. .

1763 births
1840 deaths
German artists
Court painters


Protestants in the Dominican Republic represent a sizeable minority of the population.

There are several figures for the number of Protestants in the country. In 2019, statistics estimated that 26% of the country was Protestant.

The 2020 Latinobarometer survey noted that 20% of the population were evangelical Protestant, with a sizeable number of non-evangelical Protestants. In the same year, the World Religion Database noted that Protestants comprised 8.43% of the population.

Morgan Foley was the leader of the Protestantism for women in the 19th century. During the 1820s, Protestants migrated to the Dominican Republic from the United States. West Indian Protestants arrived on the island late 19th and the early 20th centuries, and by the 1920s, several Protestant organizations were established all throughout the country, which added diversity to the religious representation in the Dominican Republic. Many of the Protestant groups in DR had connections with organizations in the United States including Evangelical groups like the Assemblies of God, the Evangelical Church of the Dominican Republic (a united Methodist-Presbyterian church), and the Seventh-day Adventist Church. These groups dominated the Protestant movement in the earlier part of the 20th century, but in the 1960s and 1970s Pentecostal  churches saw the most growth.

Protestant denominations active in the Dominican Republic now include:

Assembly of God
Church of God
Baptist
Pentecostal
Seventh-day Adventist Church

Missionaries, Episcopalians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, and Mennonites, also travel to the island. Jehovah's Witnesses, specifically, have been known to be migrating (more so during the last decade) to the Dominican Republic where they feel there is a "great need" for evangelizing their faith. However they are not seen as Protestant denomination by mainstream Christianity.

See also

 Religion in the Dominican Republic
 Evangelical Church of the Dominican Republic
 Catholic Church in the Dominican Republic
 Afro-American religion
 Religion in Latin America

References

Christianity in the Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
Protestantism in the Caribbean


aceMedia is a multimedia content management software package that was funded by the European Union, and developed from 2004 to 2007. The final review was presented in February 2008, and AceMedia is now available in two editions, personal and commercial.

Features
Features of the aceMedia software include:
 it runs on several platforms - PC, set-top box, mobile phone, web interface
 it manages different users that may that share content, and their associated access rights
 it includes image, language and video analysis functions that can automatically annotate content or handle textual queries in natural language

It was developed by 15 European partners that can be classified in:
 research laboratories
 high-tech companies that may re-use or sell (parts of) the software
 companies that manage image or video databases, that provide the test content

The PCS app

The PCS is a GUI where the user can import images and videos, organize in folders, annotate them and call content analysis tools on them.

The content analysis tools include:
 a person detector that finds people standing in images
 a face analysis method that finds and recognizes faces in images
 a classifier that determines properties on a whole image (like whether it was taken from inside or outside, whether it was by night, etc.)
 a segmentation engine that detects textured areas on images (like trees, sky, rock, etc.)

The CCM app
It includes a web interface from which users can rate images and videos, and search them. Searching can be done with different criteria:
 textual search. Text queries in various languages are "understood" by the system, and searches are performed using all available information, including that from the image analysis algorithms
 global image similarity, using global image descriptors
 precise image similarity: the user can define image regions (s)he is interested in on an example image, and the system finds the most relevant images

A reasoning system combines annotations to make sure they are coherent. For example, on an image, a sky region is supposed to be above a rock region.

Architecture

The PCS application and most of the CCM application are based on a Java framework that manages the content (stored as files) and the metadata (stored in a MySQL database).

The content analysis tools are implemented in C or C++ and called by the framework.

The server side of the web interface is in C#.

Future

Some technologies developed during the lifespan of the project will be used by the participating companies. The main framework is to be published in open-source form.

See also
 Content management system

References

Multimedia software


Henri Marquet (19 June 1908 – 14 August 1980, Morlaix) was a French assistant director and screenwriter. He was co-nominated with Jacques Tati for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film Mr. Hulot's Holiday (1953).

Filmography

References

External links

1908 births
1980 deaths
French male screenwriters
French screenwriters
20th-century French male writers
20th-century French screenwriters


The Grande Ceinture line () is a railway line round Paris 15 km from the Boulevard Périphérique.  The decision to build it was taken at the end of the 19th century, to connect the radial lines linking the capital to the provinces and to relieve the existing Ligne de Petite Ceinture.

Description

The Grande Ceinture is now entirely dedicated to freight traffic in its northern and eastern section between Sartrouville and Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, linking up the western (Normandy), northern (Picardie, Benelux, Great Britain), east (Lorraine, Alsace, Germany) and south-eastern and south-western routes and their extensions into Italy, Switzerland and Spain, and the connections between the different factories of Île-de-France. It linked up the marshalling yards of Achères, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges and Bourget until the closure of the first two of these in 2005–2006. Intense traffic (more than 200 trains a day) on certain sections, notably in Seine-Saint-Denis, are at saturation level.

To the west, a short section, between Sartrouville and Achères, is used in common with the Paris-Rouen line, and with one of the branches of RER A.

The southern section, between Versailles-Chantiers and Juvisy is also used by suburban trains (RER C) and TGV services (Le Havre-Rouen-Lyon-Marseille link).

Only the Achères-Versailles section is out of use; it was partially reopened to passenger traffic on 12 December 2004 on the Saint-Germain-en-Laye-Noisy-le-Roi section (projet GCO).

History

Construction
Decided upon in 1875, the Grande Ceinture opened in 1877 between Noisy-le-Sec and Villeneuve-Saint-Georges. On 16 July, a passenger service was put in place between gare de l'Est and gare d'Austerlitz.

In 1882, the section between Noisy-le-Sec, Le Bourget and Achères was inaugurated. A station was built at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

In 1883, the section between Juvisy and Versailles was opened, then in 1886 that between Villeneuve-Saint-Georges and Massy-Palaiseau. This last section was demanded by the army.

In 1939, most of the Grande Ceinture closed to passenger traffic, which was left with only the Versailles - Massy-Palaiseau - Juvisy-sur-Orge section.  The line thus became principally mercantile in traffic.

Passenger traffic between Orly and Pont-de-Rungis reopened in 1969, then that between Pont-de-Rungis and Massy-Palaiseau in 1977.  On 30 September 1979, this latter section was integrated into RER C.

Between 2005 and the end of 2006 the marshalling yards of Achères and Villeneuve-Saint-Georges closed ; the Grande Ceinture thus no longer links the marshalling yard at Le Bourget to the radial lines.

Grande ceinture stratégique

Grande ceinture complémentaire
In 1924 it was decided to create the "Grande Ceinture complémentaire" between Noisy-le-Sec and Sucy-Bonneuil.  This line opened in 1928 for freight and in 1932 for passenger traffic.  The section between Bobigny and Sucy-Bonneuil was built later.

Exploitation by the Syndicat

The syndicat du Chemin de fer de grande ceinture

Deserted by travellers

The Grande Ceinture's role always erred towards freight rather than passenger transportation.  As one can see on the timetables in May 1914, the number of passenger trains of travelers was limited, as was their speed.  Running through areas that were then under-urbanised and not linking into the necessary suburban rail-routes, it is thus unsurprising that the Grande Ceinture's passenger service proved unable to withstand the increasing use of cars, buses and other modes of transport.

Electrification
The desire to introduce large freight trains onto the Grande Ceinture gave rise to the project to electrify its southern section with a continuous current of 1500 Volts.  At the end of January 1945, the decision was taken to electrify the Valenton-Juvisy (via Orly) section, and electric services on this section were running as early as September of the same year.  In its wake, the Juvisy-Versailles and Orly-Massy sections were also electrified, with electric trains going into service on them on February 6, 1947.

The radial lines at the exit to gare du Nord and gare de l'Est were electrified, running single-phase 25 kV 50 Hz at the end of the 1950s.  In this era, electrifying the Grande Ceinture's eastern section became necessary so that freight trains could run along the Ceinture without a break.  To this end, the junction section from Stains (Paris-Creil line) to Noisy-le-Sec was switched on as an electric line on 21 July 1959. The Argenteuil-Stains and Bobigny-Gagny sections on the "Complémentaire" were, in their turn, electrified with 25 kV on 14 September 1970.

TGV use
From the winter service in 1984 onwards, a new direct TGV link from Lille to Lyon was proposed using the Grande Ceinture Est routes from the junction at Stains to Valenton.  Traffic then runs through Noisy-le-Sec but certain trains also loan the "Complémentaire" if there are engineering works or other disruptions.  The success of this new scheme led SNCF to offer a second daily round-trip ticket as early as 1985.  Until 1986, trains were coupled at Valenton with a new direct Rouen-Lyon service, using the Grande Ceinture Sud, from Versailles-Chantiers to Valenton through Massy-Palaiseau.  The TGV Lille-Lyon no longer uses the Grande Ceinture since the opening of the LGV Interconnexion Est in 1994.

TGV Normandie-Roissy
There are plans to build a TGV link between Normandy and l'aéroport de Roissy, using the LGV Normandie, the Grande Ceinture Nord until Stains, or a new interchange station onto the LGV Nord.  This project appeared in the preliminaries of the SDRIF of November 2006.

Gallery

See also
 Tangentielle Nord
 Tangentielle Ouest
 Tangentielle Sud
 Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture
 Transilien
 Grande ceinture Ouest

References

External links
 Association Sauvegarde Petite Ceinture (history, photos, projects)
 Petite Ceinture Info (history, news, projects and interactive maps)

Rail transport in Paris
Railway lines in Île-de-France


James Lawrence Buffington (May 15, 1922, Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania – July 20, 1981, Englewood, New Jersey) was an American jazz, studio, and classical  hornist.

Buffington was a busy studio and jazz player on the French horn. He was an autodidact as a child, though his father played piano and trumpet. He graduated from the Eastman School of Music and began playing in New York City in the 1950s, with Oscar Pettiford among others. He played with Mel Powell in 1954 and Teddy Charles in 1956.

He is perhaps best known for his work with Miles Davis on some of his Gil Evans sessions for Columbia Records. He has done extensive work as a session musician, and has recorded with Moondog, Carly Simon, James Brown, Urbie Green, Jimmy Cleveland, Ernie Royal, Britt Woodman, Don Butterfield, Donald Byrd, John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie, J. J. Johnson, Quincy Jones, Thad Jones and Mel Lewis, Michel Legrand, Lee Morgan, Paul Desmond, Eddie Sauter,  Oliver Nelson, Wes Montgomery, Jimmy Smith, the Modern Jazz Quartet and Grover Washington, Jr. Late in the 1970s he played with Freddie Hubbard, Gato Barbieri and George Benson; in 1980 he played on a Helen Merrill album.

Buffington released some solo work but it is far less well known.

Discography
With Manny Albam
The Drum Suite (RCA Victor, 1956) with Ernie Wilkins
Brass on Fire (Sold State, 1966)
With Gato Barbieri
Chapter Three: Viva Emiliano Zapata (Impulse!, 1974)
With Donald Byrd
I'm Tryin' to Get Home (Blue Note, 1965)
With Teddy Charles
Word from Bird (Atlantic, 1957)
With Al Cohn
Son of Drum Suite (RCA Victor, 1960)
With John Coltrane
The Complete Africa/Brass Session (Impulse! Records, 1961)
With Hank Crawford
Wildflower (Kudu, 1973)
With Miles Davis
Miles Ahead (Columbia, 1957)
Sketches Of Spain  (Columbia, 1959–60)
With Paul Desmond
Summertime (A&M/CTI, 1968)
From the Hot Afternoon (A&M/CTI, 1969)
With Bill Evans
Symbiosis (MPS, 1974)
With Gil Evans
The Individualism of Gil Evans (Verve, 1963–64)
With Art Farmer
The Aztec Suite (United Artists, 1959)
Listen to Art Farmer and the Orchestra (Mercury, 1962)
With Maynard Ferguson
The Blues Roar (Mainstream, 1965)
With Curtis Fuller
Cabin in the Sky (Impulse!, 1962)
With Stan Getz
Mickey One (Verve, 1965)
What the World Needs Now: Stan Getz Plays Burt Bacharach and Hal David (Verve, 1968)
With Dizzy Gillespie
Dizzy and Strings (Norgran, 1954)
Gillespiana (Verve, 1960)
Carnegie Hall Concert (Verve, 1961)
Perceptions (Verve, 1961)
With Coleman Hawkins
The Hawk in Hi Fi (RCA Victor, 1956)
With Jimmy Heath
Swamp Seed (Riverside, 1963)
With Jackie and Roy
Time & Love (CTI, 1972)
With J. J. Johnson
J.J.! (RCA Victor, 1964)
Broadway Express (RCA Victor, 1965)
With Quincy Jones
Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury, 1964)
 Golden Boy (Mercury, 1964)
Quincy Plays for Pussycats (Mercury, 1959-65 [1965])
Strike Up the Band (Mercury, 1964)
With Yusef Lateef
The Doctor is In... and Out (Atlantic, 1976)
With Michel Legrand
Legrand Jazz (Philips, 1958)
With Mundell Lowe
New Music of Alec Wilder (Riverside, 1956)
Satan in High Heels (soundtrack) (Charlie Parker, 1961)
With Arif Mardin
Journey (Atlantic, 1974)
With Helen Merrill
Casa Forte (Emarcy, 1980)
With the Modern Jazz Quartet
Plastic Dreams (Atlantic, 1971)
With Hugo Montenegro
Arriba! (Time Records, 1960)
With James Moody
Moody with Strings (Argo, 1961)
The Blues and Other Colors (Milestone, 1969)
With David "Fathead" Newman
Scratch My Back (Prestige, 1979)
With Houston Person
Broken Windows, Empty Hallways (Prestige, 1972)
With Lalo Schifrin
Once a Thief and Other Themes (Verve, 1965)
With Don Sebesky
Giant Box (CTI, 1973)
With Sonny Stitt
Mr. Bojangles (Cadet, 1973)
With Gábor Szabó
Mizrab (CTI, 1972)
With Billy Taylor
My Fair Lady Loves Jazz (Impulse!, 1957)
With Stanley Turrentine
The Man with the Sad Face (Fantasy, 1976)
Nightwings (Fantasy, 1977)
With Julius Watkins
French Horns for My Lady (Philips, 1962)
With Randy Weston
Blue Moses (CTI, 1972)
With Phil Woods
Round Trip (Verve, 1969)

References

American jazz horn players
People from Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
American session musicians
1922 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American musicians
Eastman School of Music alumni


The Martha's Vineyard AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Dukes County, Massachusetts, including all of the land on the islands named Martha's Vineyard and Chappaquiddick Island.  These two islands are located off the southern Massachusetts coast, surrounded by Vineyard Sound, Nantucket Sound, and the Atlantic Ocean.  The creation of the AVA in 1985 was controversial.  Objections were lodged by the proprietors of a vineyard in California also named Martha's Vineyard, who felt that the creation of an AVA with the same name would dilute their brand value.  Federal regulators ruled in favor of the AVA, citing historical evidence that viticulture has been practiced on the Massachusetts island named Martha's Vineyard since at least 1602.  The maritime location helps to create a slightly warmer climate than the nearby coastal regions of Massachusetts, and a growing season that is almost three weeks longer. The hardiness zone is 7a.

References

American Viticultural Areas
Geography of Dukes County, Massachusetts
Geography of Martha's Vineyard
Massachusetts wine
1985 establishments in Massachusetts


EchoStar Corporation is an American company, a worldwide provider of satellite communication and Internet services through its Hughes Network Systems and EchoStar Satellite Services business segments. EchoStar is based in unincorporated Arapahoe County, Colorado.

Prior to 2008, it operated the DISH Network service brand, which was spun off as DISH on January 1, 2008.

History
EchoStar was originally formed in 1980 by its chairman Charles Ergen as a distributor of C band TV systems. In 1987, it applied for a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) license with the Federal Communications Commission and was granted access to orbital slot 119° west longitude in 1992.

On December 28, 1995, the firm successfully launched its first satellite, EchoStar I. On March 4, 1996, it established the DISH Network brand name to market its home satellite TV system.

On January 2, 2008, the DISH Network business was demerged from the technology and infrastructure side of the business. A split in the shares created two companies; the former EchoStar Communications Corporation changed its name to DISH Network Corporation which consisted mainly of the DISH Network business, and EchoStar Corporation, which retained ownership of the technology side including the satellites, Sling Media, and the set-top box development arm. DISH Network completed its distribution to EchoStar of its digital set-top box business, certain infrastructure, and other assets and related liabilities, including certain of their satellites, uplink and satellite transmission assets, and real estate (the "Spin-off"). Since the Spin-off, EchoStar and DISH Network have operated as separate publicly traded companies. In addition, a substantial majority of the voting power of the shares of DISH Network and EchoStar is owned beneficially by Charles W. Ergen, Chairman, and by certain trusts established by Mr. Ergen for the benefit of his family.

On February 14, 2011, EchoStar announced that it would acquire Hughes Communications in a deal valued at US$1.3 billion.

On January 31, 2017, EchoStar announced that it had reached an agreement with DISH to transfer the EchoStar Technologies businesses, which designed, developed and distributed digital set-top boxes, provided satellite uplinking and broadcast services and developed and supported streaming video technology back to DISH. The transaction was completed on January 31, 2017, substantially returning DISH to its pre-2008 status as a set-top-box hardware manufacturer.

In March 2017, after two delays caused by weather worries, SpaceX delivered EchoStar XXIII into orbit. The satellite was launched on a Falcon 9 Rocket and provides broadcast services for Brazil. Because EchoStar XXIII is a heavy satellite, this mission did not include a rocket landing post-takeoff, as it would require too much fuel. This was the first time a purely commercial satellite was launched from a pad that once served as the base for Apollo moon trips and space shuttle flights.

On May 20, 2019, EchoStar announced that it had reached an agreement with DISH Network Corporation to transfer the portion of the business which managed and provided broadcast satellite services, referred to as the BSS (Broadcast Satellite Services) business, to DISH in order to concentrate on broadband services and other initiatives. The transaction was completed on September 10, 2019.

On August 8, 2023, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Ergen was proposing a merger between Dish and EchoStar. Later that day, the acquisition was formally announced by both companies. The transaction is currently scheduled to be completed by the end of the year.

Satellite fleet
Orbital locations may change
Since EchoStar frequently moves satellites among its many orbiting slots this list is not necessarily up-to-date.

References

Communications satellite operators
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Telecommunications companies established in 1980
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
2008 mergers and acquisitions
2011 mergers and acquisitions


Taydakovo may refer to:
Taydakovo, Samara Oblast, a village (selo) in Samara Oblast, Russia
Taydakovo, Tula Oblast, a village in Tula Oblast, Russia


Sir Edward Horsey (1525 – 21 March 1583) was a conspirator against Queen Mary, then a soldier, ambassador and courtier under Queen Elizabeth.

He was the eldest son of Jasper Horsey of Exton Devon and his wife Joan, who also had three other sons – Francis, George and John. Nothing is known of his early life or education but he may have fought as a soldier of fortune on the continent and been part of an embassy to France in 1551.

Conspirator
Edward Horsey was reported for spreading a rumour in Dorset of a revolt against Mary and her consort Philip II of Spain in July 1555, and met with other malcontents in London shortly afterwards, becoming involved with the Throckmorton plot. He went into exile in France in March 1556 and was part of the Dudley conspiracy to overthrow the monarchy, with his brother Francis. The conspirators met Henry II of France who promised them assistance but the plot was discovered and came to nothing. Horsey was made an outlaw. In France, Edward Horsey married an unknown French woman and met Robert Dudley, who later became Earl of Leicester. After Elizabeth's accession he had to remain in France but reported French "Sea Matters" to the English court. By summer 1562 he was Cecil's agent in Dieppe.

Soldier
In July 1562 Edward Horsey returned to England to report on the strife in France. Although still technically an outlaw, he was rewarded by a licence to import French wines into England. He was ordered back to France to help organise the defense of Dieppe and Rouen. He led a band of soldiers into battle near Harfleur. When the Huguenots surrendered Dieppe Horsey served as a treaty hostage but was eventually released. He was then formally pardoned for his part in the conspiracy against Philip and Mary, and named Captain of the Isle of Wight in the summer of 1565. He supervised the refurbishment of the island's defences against the expected Spanish invasion, including the repair of Carisbroke castle and West Cowes fort.

As Admiral of Hampshire, Horsey was responsible for reporting hostile naval activity and pirates. In December 1568 he seized several Spanish vessels with a treasure valued at £31,000. The next year he commanded a troop against the rebels in the Northern Uprising. Until 1571, when it was forbidden by the Privy Council, he gave assistance to the Sea Beggars in the Channel. In August 1571 he outfitted a ship for Martin Frobisher. In the autumn of 1576 he was authorised by the Privy Council to capture French pirates in the English Channel.

In 1577 and afterwards Horsey was involved in a project to make gunpowder with Cornelius Stephenson. He became involved in plans to repel an expected Spanish invasion of Ireland.

Ambassador
Edward Horsey led embassies to Flanders in 1568 and to France in 1573. He negotiated on behalf of English merchants and pleaded for the Protestant subjects of the king of Spain. Then in 1576 he was sent to Don John of Austria to defuse the situation with the rebellious Spanish Netherlands. Don John and the states agreed terms and Horsey was rewarded in December 1577 with a knighthood.

Courtier
Edward was a long time friend of the Earl of Leicester and gave the bride, Lady Douglas Sheffield, away in her secret marriage to him in 1573. He undertook other tasks for Leicester and became a respected member of the Royal Court. He supplied a ship for Hawkins' venture in the West Indies and was listed as a venturer "who promised but paid nothing" for Frobisher's attempted voyage to Cathay.

Horsey had been appointed a justice of the peace for Hampshire and Wight in 1569, which post he held until he died. He was a Member of Parliament in 1571 for Southampton (of which he had been made a burgess the year before) and then in 1572 for the county of Hampshire. On 22 May 1572 he was named on committees concerning firearms and 8 March one on Justices of the Forest. As Captain of the Isle of Wight he was appointed to committees dealing with ports and wines. He was appointed Keeper of Carisbroke park and Steward of Crworn Lands on the island as well as Commissioner for Piracy from 1565.

By 1580 Edward Horsey was living at Great Haseley manor near Arreton on the Isle of Wight with Cowsebel Mille, who he would have married except that he had a wife in France. He enjoyed hunting and is said to have introduced hares into the island. In November 1580 he entertained the Portuguese Ambassador though many members of his household were "down with the disease". He seems to have contracted the plague shortly afterwards but recovered. By this time he had appointed a lieutenant to suppress piracy, whose negligence had led to an increase in their activity.

Sir Edward became ill again the following year and died in February 1583. His lands in Hampshire, Dorset, and Wiltshire passed to his brother George. He was buried in March in Carisbroke church. His alabaster and marble monument with effigy survives in St Thomas's Church, Newport, with his arms displayed above.

References
 Dictionary of National Biography
 Houses of Parliament, Commons (1558–1603)
 Loades D M, Two Tudor Conspiracies, 1965.
 Acts of the Privy Council
 Calendars of State Papers, Domestic
 Calendar of Patent Rolls
 Peck, D C, Leicester's Commonwealth 1985.
 Kendall A, Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester 1980.
 The National Archives, Probate 6/3, fol 63r.
 Victoria County History, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.

1583 deaths
1525 births
16th-century English soldiers
English knights
English MPs 1571
English MPs 1572–1583


Mediatrix is a title given to Mary, mother of Jesus in Christianity. It refers to the intercessory role of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a mediator in the salvific redemption by her son Jesus Christ and that he bestows graces through her. Mediatrix is an ancient title that has been used by many saints since at least the 5th century. Its use grew during the Middle Ages and reached its height in the writings of saints Louis de Montfort and Alphonsus Liguori in the 18th century.

A general role of intercession is attributed to Mary in Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Oriental Orthodoxy, and the term "Mediatrix" was applied to her in the dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium of the Second Vatican Council. "This, however, is to be so understood that it neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator."

The use of the title Mediatrix and the doctrine of Mary having a higher level of saintly intercession (owing to her special relationship with her son Jesus) is distinct from the theological issues involved in the establishment of Mediatrix of all graces as a dogma.

History

Early history
Mediatrix is an ancient title. A prayer attributed to Ephrem the Syrian in the 4th century calls her "after the mediator, you (Mary) are the mediatrix of the whole world." The title was also used in the 5th century by Basil of Seleucia. By the 8th century, the title Mediatrix found common use and Andrew of Crete and saint John of Damascus used it.

These early notions place Mary's mediation on a higher level than that of other forms of the intercession of saints. Her position as the mother of Jesus Christ the redeemer and source of grace makes her preeminent among others who might be called mediators.

Later Middle Ages
The use of the Mediatrix title continued to grow in the Middle Ages, and Bernard of Clairvaux (12th century), Bonaventure, and Bernardino of Siena (15th century) frequently used it.

In the 13th century, Saint Thomas Aquinas noted that only Jesus Christ can be the perfect mediator between God and humankind. However, this does not hinder that others may be called mediators, in some respect, between God and man, because they assist and prepare union between God and man.

The same notion was stated in the 16th century by the Council of Trent, which declared "that the saints, who reign together with Christ, offer up their own prayers to God for men; that it is good and useful suppliantly to invoke them, and to have recourse to their prayers, aid, (and) help for obtaining benefits from God, through His Son, Jesus Christ our Lord, who is our alone Redeemer and Saviour; but that they think impiously, who deny that the saints, who enjoy eternal happiness in heaven, are to be invocated; or who assert either that they do not pray for men; or, that the invocation of them to pray for each of us even in particular, is idolatry; or, that it is repugnant to the word of God; and is opposed to the honour of the one mediator of God and men, Christ Jesus; or, that it is foolish to supplicate, vocally, or mentally, those who reign in heaven".

17th–18th centuries
Reliance on the intercession of Mary grew and reached its height in the writings of saints Louis de Montfort and Alphonsus Liguori in the 18th century.

Louis de Montfort's approach (which later influenced Pope John Paul II) emphasized that Mary is the natural path to approaching Jesus because of her special relationship with him. This reliance on the intercession of Mary is based on the general Montfortean formula: "…to do all our actions by Mary, with Mary, in Mary and for Mary so that we may do them all the more perfectly by Jesus, with Jesus, in Jesus and for Jesus…"

In his book Treatise on Prayer, Alphonsus Liguori reviewed the writings of Thomas Aquinas and Bernard of Clairvaux on the intercession of saints and Mary's role as Mediatrix and strongly supported the title.

19th–21st centuries
Several popes have used the title Mediatrix. Leo XIII used it in 1896 and Pius X in 1904. This continued in the 20th century with Benedict XV and Pius XI. However, Pius XII avoided the use of the title, although he urged reliance on the intercession of Mary.

Pope John Paul II used the title Mediatrix a number of times and in his encyclical Redemptoris Mater wrote:

In September 2012, during the Feast of the Nativity of Mary, claimant visionnaire Emma de Guzman stated that the Virgin Mary revealed her maternal role as "Mediatrix before the Mediator," a special Marian title associated by many Filipino Catholics in reference to Our Lady Mediatrix of All Graces.

Theological issues
Among Catholic theologians, it is undisputed that Jesus Christ is the only mediator between God and the human race, especially in the salvific role of redemption as exhibited by the crucifixion on Mount Calvary. Accordingly, the word "mediator" in the strict sense fits Jesus alone in relation to God, but in a subordinate sense, Christians exercise a mediation "that is effective through, with, and in Christ. The subordinate mediator never stands alone, but is always dependent on Jesus."

With special reference to Mary, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, quoting the Second Vatican Council, which in its document Lumen gentium referred to Mary as "'Advocate, Auxiliatrix, Adjutrix and Mediatrix," says:

At a Mariological Congress held at Czestochowa in August 1996, a commission was established in response to a request, by the Holy See, which had asked to know the opinion of the scholars present at the Congress on the possibility of defining a new dogma of faith regarding Mary as Coredemptrix, Mediatrix and Advocate. (In recent years, the Pope and various dicasteries of the Holy See had received petitions requesting such a definition.) The response of the commission, deliberately brief, was unanimous and precise: It found that the titles, as proposed, were ambiguous, as they can be understood in very different ways.
It also held that it was not opportune to abandon the path marked out by the Second Vatican Council and proceed to the definition of a new dogma.

Mediatrix of all graces

Going further than expressing belief in Mary as Mediatrix, proposals have been made to declare that Mary is the Mediatrix of all graces. Pope Benedict XV allowed the dioceses of Belgium to celebrate the feast of Mary Mediatrix of all graces on May 31 each year. In printings of the Roman Missal from that date until 1961, the Mass of Mary Mediatrix of All Graces was found in the appendix Missae pro aliquibus locis (Masses for Some Places), but not in the general calendar for use wherever the Roman Rite is celebrated. Other Masses authorized for celebration in different places on the same day were those of the Blessed Virgin Mary Queen of All Saints and Mother of Fair Love and Our Lady of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The Belgian celebration has now been replaced by an optional memorial on 31 August of the Virgin Mary Mediatrix.

See also
 Co-Redemptrix

References

Pope Pius IX Mariology
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XII Mariology
Catholic theology and doctrine
Catholic Mariology
Pope Leo XIII
Titles of Mary
Christian terminology


The fiscal gap is a measure of a government's total indebtedness proposed by economists Laurence Kotlikoff and Alan Auerbach, who define it as the difference between the present value of all of government's projected financial obligations, including future expenditures, including servicing outstanding official federal debt, and the present value of all projected future tax and other receipts, including income accruing from the government's current ownership of financial assets. According to Kotlikoff and Auerbach, the "fiscal gap" accounting method can be used to calculate the percentage of necessary tax increases or spending reductions needed to close the fiscal gap in the long-run.

Generational accounting, an accounting method closely related to the fiscal gap, has been proposed by the same authors as a measure of the future burden of closing the fiscal gap. The "generational accounting"
assumes that current taxpayers are neither asked to pay more in taxes nor receive less in transfer payments than current policy suggests and that successive younger generations' lifetime tax payments net of transfer payments received rise in proportion to their labor earnings.

According to Kotlikoff and Auerbach, "fiscal gap accounting" and "generational accounting" reports have been done for roughly 40 developed and developing countries either by their treasury departments, finance ministries, or central banks, or by the IMF, the World Bank, or other international agencies, or by academics and think tanks.

Size of the U.S. fiscal gap
Fiscal gap accounting is not new to the U.S. government. The Social Security Trustees and Medicare Trustees have been presenting such calculations for their own systems for years in their annual reports. And generational accounting has been included in the President's Budget on three occasions.

Based on calculations using the 2012 Alternative Fiscal Scenario long-term projections by the Congressional Budget Office, some estimate the U.S. fiscal gap stands to be $222 trillion – more than 13 times larger than the reported U.S. National Debt. According to the same estimates, the gap grew $11 trillion from 2011 to 2012.  Eliminating the entire U.S. fiscal gap through revenue alone would require a permanent 64% increase in all federal taxes. Alternatively, closing the gap through spending reductions alone would require a permanent 40% cut in all federal purchases and transfer payments.

Criticism of fiscal gap accounting
The proposed "fiscal gap" accounting method has been criticized as fundamentally flawed by economists Dean Baker, Bradford DeLong, and Paul Krugman. Their critiques, referenced above, center on the fact that fiscal gap accounting calculates the growth future debt in current account terms, without taking into account the fact that future GDP will also grow proportionately, with the result that future debt will fall on generations with substantially larger incomes to cover the debt, obviating the seeming fiscal impossibility of covering the gap. These criticism are misplaced. Auerbach and Kotlikoff's generational accounting fully adjusts for productivity growth. It assumes the lifetime net tax burden facing future generations rises for successive generations by the economy's productivity growth rate. Thus, if, under current law, a generation born this year would, on average, face a 30 percent lifetime net tax rate (lifetime net taxes divided by the present value of labor earnings) and closing the fiscal gap would require that figure to rise to, say, 50 percent, all young and future generations would face 50 percent lifetime net tax rates.

References

Government debt
National accounts


University of Chicago Poetry Club, a group formed in 1917 by students who wished to address the absence of modern poetry in the University of Chicago curriculum.

Members included Glenway Wescott, George Dillon, Elizabeth Madox Roberts, Yvor Winters, Llewellyn Jones, Maurice Lesemann, Maurine Smith, Janet Lewis, Gladys Campbell, and Kathleen Foster Campbell. Harriet Monroe, the founder and editor of Poetry, visited the group often. Gladys Campbell and George Dillon were among the editors of the Poetry Club's publication, The Forge: A Journal of Verse, published from 1924 to 1929.

References
Campbell, Gladys. "Some Recollections of the Poetry Club at the University of Chicago," Poetry, Volume 105, October 1964, Page 50.

External links
 Gladys Campbell Papers at Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
 Llewellyn Jones Papers at Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
 Kathleen Foster Campbell Papers at Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
 Guide to the Maurine Smith Papers at the University of Chicago Library.

Poetry Club
College literary societies in the United States
Poetry organizations


The Jacksonville SLAM was a team in the Premier Basketball League.  They were a successor of sorts to the Jacksonville JAM.

The SLAM came into existence after a public dispute between the owner of the JAM and his players and coaches on getting payment for services.  After seeming to resolve the conflict, the PBL announced that the ownership of the JAM had failed to meet obligations and that the league was taking control of the franchise.  The PBL records and some of the players were transferred to the league-run entity.  Notably, the coach declined to join the new entity.  The owner retained the name of JAM.

On February 13, 2008, USBasket reported that Scott Cooper was named the head coach.

When the slate of 2008-2009 teams for the PBL was announced, the SLAM was not listed on it and therefore it is considered folded.

References

External links
Jacksonville SLAM official website

Former Premier Basketball League teams
Sports clubs and teams in Jacksonville, Florida
Defunct basketball teams in Florida
Basketball teams in Florida
2008 establishments in Florida
2008 disestablishments in Florida
Basketball teams established in 2008
Basketball teams disestablished in 2008

zh:杰克逊维尔爵士乐队


Vimala Devi (born ) is the pseudonym of Teresa da Piedade de Baptista Almeida, a Goan writer, poet and translator.

Life in Goa
Vimala Devi was born in 1932 in the village of Britona in the parish of Penha de França, across the Mandovi river from Panjim, the principal town of Goa. At that time, large tracts of land in Britona were owned by Devi's family, which belonged to the elite Catholic Bamon or brahmin caste  landowners. The  class owned land and the labour of the  class of lower-caste inhabitants in what was essentially a feudal relationship. Although this rural aristocracy was still predominant at this time, this was the period when the decline of the land-owning class first began to set in, a theme that appears in Devi's later fiction. After Goa's incorporation into India laws were passed giving the  workers rights to the lands on which they had always lived and worked and abolishing their duty to provide unpaid labour to the  landowners.

As in many high caste families at the time, Portuguese was spoken at home alongside Konkani, the vernacular language of Goa. The author pursued primary studies in Portuguese and also in English, which even under the Portuguese administration was widely used by the Christian population of the territory.

Debuts
Whilst in Goa, Vimala Devi contributed articles and poetry to two of the main Portuguese-language newspapers, the Diário da Noite and O Heraldo. Whilst the former is now defunct, the latter continues to appear in an English language edition.

Life in Lisbon

Vimala Devi moved to Lisbon in 1957 to rejoin part of her family already established in the city and began work as a translator.  The first stage of her career as a writer is marked by a concern with bringing the world of the then-Portuguese Estado da India into representation. It was also at this time that the writer chose her pseudonym, a name that reflected a desire to project her pre-conversion Hindu identity and her desire to reflect the hopes and aspirations of both the Hindu and Catholic communities of Goa (as in the short stories of Monção where both communities share space in the same collection). Thus, for the first time in Portugal, there appeared a writer of Hindu appellation writing in Portuguese about the country's recently lost colony. In this period she published a collection of poems entitled Súria in 1962 and a book of short stories called Monção, which was written and published in 1963.

It was in Lisbon that Vimala Devi met and married her husband Manuel de Seabra, a journalist, poet and translator and a great influence on her writing.

Súria
Súria focusses on Devi's memories of India, intertwining reflections on Goa's social, economic and historical character. For Mauro Neves, who echoes the verdict of Portuguese critic João Gaspar de Simões, it is a "symbolist" work "profoundly influenced by Camilo Pessanha".

Monção
Everton Machado has described Monção as "the best portrait (alongside the novels of Orlando da Costa) of what resulted from the interpenetration of the Indian and Portuguese cultures in Goa". To some extent Devi's collection could be likened to a Goan version of James Joyce's Dubliners, insofar as the stories contained concern the constrictions placed on the lives of ordinary people located in inescapably provincial settings. A further link is the recurrence in the narrative of the epiphanic moment, so typical of Dubliners, in which the characters (or at least the reader) see clearly the nature and structure of the limitations placed upon them.   In a Luso-Asian context, however, one might as easily make a comparison with the collection of short stories "Cheong-sam," by the Macanese author Deolinda da Conceição.

Some of the stories that stand out in particular in this collection are:  "Nâttak," an encounter between an actor in Goan Hindu dramas and an adolescent girl, who turns out to be his half-sister; "O Genro-Comensal," about a man who returns to Goa from Mozambique to father a child for a family whose unmarried daughters had produced no heirs; "Dhruva" and "Regresso," that tell the story of a man from a lower-class background who is out of place in his family home after returning from Portugal to get a university education, and the woman who faithfully waits for him to return; and "A Droga," about a forbidden romance between a Christian girl and a Hindu boy.

London
For seven years, from about 1964 to 1971, Devi lived in London and worked as an art critic for the BBC's Portuguese-language service. It was during this period that Hologramas and Telepoemas were written. Here, far from Goa and the far-reaching transformation of Goan society into the Indian Union, Devi turns from the Goan themes and memories that animated her earlier work to a deep engagement with Western European culture and contemporary Anglophone poetry. For Mauro Neves, the period from Hologramas onwards "reflects the marked influence of Fernando Pessoa". Certainly, major influences in her work that can be felt in her work, and to which she refers directly include, Fernando Pessoa and his heteronyms, but also [T.S.Eliot] (above all The Waste Land and  4 Quartets), [W.H. Auden], Matthew Mead (principally Identities), Kingsley Amis (such as A case of samples), Alan Bold, Günter Grass, Blaise Cendrars, Paul Valéry, Cesare Pavese, Robert Creeley and other poets from the New Writing movement in the United States.

Hologramas

It is in Hologramas that Devi leaves behind the nineteenth-century world of colonial Goa to engage with both twentieth-century modernity and twentieth-century Western modernism. The guiding principle of the collection is the eponymous hologram, and the idea that the human mind creates mental holograms of the reality it perceives and decodes. In a sense, the poems contained are themselves holograms constructed from the interplay of several sets of three dimensions: past, present, and future; the microscopic, the human, and the cosmic; the mythological, the human, and the technological. In Hologramas, as in Baudelaire, for example, the most ancient and the most up-to-date in culture and technology clash and enter into dialogue.

Telepoemas

With its internationalist poems, drawing on the experiments of concretism and modern British verse, Telepoemas is a further instance of Devi's engagement with the intellectual laboratory of Europe that was partially smashed by the World Wars – "Surgia Europa/Mais Tarde surgia/Europa chorava" (Europe arose/Later Europe arose/Europe wept). One thing that distinguishes Telepoemas from the preceding collection is the increased focus on the bodily, on man and woman, as though the pendulum between the microscopic and the macroscopic had found itself at the level of the human for the instance of this collection.  Like the telephone and the television that the title invoke, and which instruments helped bring about the world with which the verse engages, Telepoemas relates the sights and sounds, both inner and outer, of man and woman, nature and science as they are distanced and brought together in the routine of the city streets of its age. There is also a notable increase in focus on the painterly, with many references to European artists and a recurrent play with typesetting and the ordering of words on the page.

A Literatura Indo-Portuguesa
Financed by a grant from the Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and drawing on material from the Lisbon's Biblioteca Nacional and London's British Library, as well as more than a hundred letters exchanged with writers and intellectuals in India, Devi co-authored with Manuel de Seabra of A Literatura Indo-Portuguesa. The first volume was a ground-breaking historical account of the history and development of Portuguese-language Goan literature, supplementing the bibliographical information contained in the work of Father Filinto Dias. The second volume was an anthology of Portuguese-language Goan writing that contains many works that might well have disappeared had they not been found and preserved by Devi and Seabra, even within the broader problematic of preservation of colonial literary production during an era characterized both by Portuguese decolonization in Asia and Africa and by the decline of authoritarian rule in Portugal. In 1972, A Literatura Indo-Portuguesa was awarded the prestigious Prémio Abílio Lopes do Rego of the Academia das Ciências de Lisboa.

Barcelona
In 1971, Devi returned to Lisbon. A year later she left for Barcelona, where she and branched out into writing verse in Spanish, Catalan and Esperanto, as well as doing translations of science fiction and other literature. With Seabra, Devi also composed an up-to-date Catalan-Portuguese and Portuguese-Catalan dictionary, which was published by the Enciclopèdia Catalana in two volumes.

Collections of poetry published in Spain from 1991 to the present day

Hora

The first collection of poetry Devi published in Spain was entitled Hora. Featuring poems written in Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan, within the space of Hora (with its subtly trilingual title) the three largest Iberian languages achieve a poetic co-existence and equality that has not always been permitted historically and politically.

Rosa Secreta

A Cidade e os Dias
In 2008, Vimala Devi published A Cidade e os Dias (published in Catalan as La Ciutat i els dies), a distillation of the writer's over forty years of experience in several major European cities since the first publication of her last collection Monção. Using an even more stripped-down short-story format that concentrates on places and instants extracted from the flow of time and urban experience, the narratives contained in the collection explore the tensions and attitudes that have grown up in the West in the post-war period. In some ways, A Cidade e os Dias can be seen to explore similar terrain to Vimala Devi's poetry, especially in its interrogation of the rapport between art and life. Despite the tensions that run through the stories and which impact so strongly on the characters' existences – for instance those between personal relationships and economic demands—there is always a space for hope and happiness, a profound faith in the potential of humankind.

Bibliography

Prose
Monção Lisbon: Dédalo, 1963 (2nd augmented edition: Lisbon: Escritor, 2003)

Translated as:
Musono: novelaro Skövde: Al-fab-et-o, 2000. (version in Esperanto)
Monsó. Vilanova i La Geltrú: El Cep i La Nansa, 2002. (version in Catalan)
Monsoon. Seagull, 2019 (version in English)

A Cidade e os Dias. Lisbon: Leitor, 2008

Translated as:
La Ciutat i els Dies. Vilanova i La Geltrú: El Cep i La Nansa, 2008. (version in Catalan)

Poetry
Súria: poemas Lisbon: Agência-Geral do Ultramar, 1962.
Hologramas Coimbra: Atlântida Editora, 1969
Telepoemas Coimbra: Atlântida Editora, 1970
Hora. El ojo de Polifemo, Barcelono, 1991. (Poetry in Spanish).
Rosa secreta. El ojo de Polifemo, Barcelono, 1992. (Poetry in Spanish).
El temps irresolt. L'ull de Polifem, Barcelono, 1995. (Poetry in Catalan and Portuguese).
Pluralogo. La Kancerkliniko, Thaumiers, 1996. (Poetry in Esperanto).
Speguliĝoj. La Kancerkliniko, Thaumiers, 1996. (Poetry in Esperanto).
Éticas-Ètiques. Vilanova i La Geltrú: El Cep i La Nansa, 2000. (in Portuguese and Catalan).

Reference works
A Literatura Indo-Portuguesa (with Manuel de Seabra), Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 1971.
A Literatura Indo-Portuguesa 2. Antologia(with Manuel de Seabra), Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 1971.
Diccionari portuguès-català (with Manuel de Seabra), Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1985.

Translations
 An English translation by Paul Melo e Castro of Os Filhos de Job appeared in issue 3 of The AALITRA Review, available on-line here
 Several stories from Monção are translated in Paul Melo e Castro (trans.), Lengthening Shadows, 2 vols (Saligão: Goa, 1556, 2016)

Notes

References

Sources
Festino, Cielo G. "Monção de Vimala Devi: Contos de Goa à Moda Européia" In Remate de Males. Campinas-SP, (36.2): pp. 435–459, jul./dez. 2016
Festino, Cielo G. "Across Community Barriers. Female Characters in Vimala Devi´s Short Stories". In Acta Scientiarum. Language and Culture, v. 41, e45888, 2019
Festino, Cielo G. "Women Without Men in Vimala Devi´s Monção. In Colonial and Post-colonial Goan Literature in Portuguese. Woven Palms". Paul Melo e Castro, editor. University of Wales Press, 2019.
Melo e Castro, Paul. "Em torno do fim.Goa Tardo-Colonial no Ciclo de Contos Monção (1963) de Vimala Devi"VIA ATLÂNTICA, SÃO PAULO, N. 36, 15-41, DEZ/2019
Melo e Castro, Paul. "Vimala Devi’s Monção: The Last Snapshots of Colonial Goa", Portuguese Studies 25:1. London: MHRA, 2009
Ortega, Noel Guilherme. "O Problema Social em Vimala Devi", Estudos Leopoldenses, Vol.18 No.62 1982, pp. 91–102
Passos, Joana. "As Políticas do Cânone. Quem se Marginaliza e Porquê? O Caso de Vímala Devi" VIA ATLÂNTICA, SÃO PAULO, N. 36, 43–62, DEZ/2019
Willis, Clive. "Vimala Devi and the Goan Diaspora", Luso-Asian Voices (Lusophone Studies), University of Bristol, 2000

1932 births
Living people
Portuguese women writers
Writers from Goa
People from North Goa district
Portuguese-language writers
Indian women short story writers
20th-century poets
20th-century Indian short story writers
Indian women poets
20th-century Portuguese writers
Women writers from Goa
Writers of Esperanto literature
Portuguese Esperantists
Indian Esperantists
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian women writers
Translators of Fernando Pessoa
Pseudonymous women writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers


The Ciclova (also: Valea Lungă) is a left tributary of the river Caraș (Karaš) in Romania. It discharges into the Caraș in Vrani. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Caraș-Severin County


Ceinture (French, 'belt' or 'girdle', and may refer to a ring road) may refer to:

Petite ceinture
 Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture, a former circular railway in Paris
 Small Ring, Brussels, the inner ringroad

Grande ceinture
 Grande Ceinture line, a railway line around Paris
 Greater Ring, Brussels, the intermediate ringroad

See also

  Ceintures de Lyon, a former series of fortifications around Lyon, France
  Ceinture fléchée, a French-Canadian colourful sash
  Ceinture noire, a 2018 album by Gims
  Ceinture rouge, communes of the Île-de-France formerly dominated by the French Communist Party


This military standard established the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and the Extensible
Markup Language (XML) requirements for use in Army digital publications. Within this military standard, Army
publications SGML/XML requirements are separated by publication types. There are specified sections
for administrative publications, training and doctrine publications, technical and equipment publications
and Global Combat Support System-Army (GCSS-A). This new publication of the standard contains the
XML requirements for Technical Manuals (TM) developed in accordance with the functional requirements
contained in MIL-STD-40051-1 and MIL-STD-40051-2, GCSS-A collection and reporting of maintenance data developed in
accordance with MIL-STD-3008, and administrative publications developed in accordance with AR 25–30.
The XML requirements are applicable for the development, acquisition, and delivery of Electronic and
Interactive Electronic Publications (EP/IEP) such as Electronic and Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals
(ETM/IETM). The previous SGML for training and doctrine publications functional requirements, developed
in accordance with TRADOC Reg 350-70 and TRADOC Reg 25–36, remain unchanged. Specific Interactive
Multimedia Instruction (IMI) functionality is currently contained in MIL-PRF-29612, The Development
and Acquisition of Training Data Products and TRADOC Reg 350–70, Systems Approach to Training
Management, Processes, and Products.

References
 MIL-STD-2361
 MIL-HDBK-2361
 AR 25-30
 MIL-STD-40051-1
 MIL-STD-40051-2
 MIL-STD-3008
 TRADOC Reg 350-70
 MIL-PRF-29612
 TRADOC Reg 25-36
 Army SGML/XML Registry and Library - Guidance and References

Military of the United States standards


Jean Marsan (7 April 1920 – 29 September 1977) was a French screenwriter and actor. He was co-nominated for the Academy Award for Best Story for the film The Sheep Has Five Legs (1954).

Selected filmography
 The Secret of Monte Cristo (1948)
 Forbidden to the Public (1949)
 The Girl from Maxim's (1950)
 Women of Paris (1953)
 Bonjour sourire (1956)
 The Seventh Commandment (1957)
 All the Gold in the World (1961)
 Coplan Takes Risks (1964)

External links

References

French male screenwriters
20th-century French screenwriters
1920 births
1977 deaths
Troupe of the Comédie-Française
20th-century French male writers


A study made by the University of Costa Rica in 2021 showed that 19% of the population were Evangelical Christians and 1% were Traditional Protestants.

In Latin America most Protestants are called Evangelicos. There are different Protestant denominations that are active there,  mostly Evangelical, Pentecostal, Lutheran, Baptist, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Adventist and the Costa Rican Evangelical Presbyterian Church. The country is also 47% Catholic.

The first Seventh-day Adventist missionaries arrived in 1903, and the Adventist church currently had
55,680 members in the country in 2001.

See also
Religion in Costa Rica

References

Costa Rica


Zindagi is the title of Zubeen Garg's 2007 album. The album also has Shafqat Amanat Ali and Chithra lending their voices.

Track listing
All song were composed by Alaap Dudul Saikia.

References

2007 albums
Zubeen Garg albums


Interruption may refer to:
Interruption (speech), refers to a speech event when one person breaks in to interject while another person is talking
Interruption science, interruption and human behavior
Interruption marketing, a pejorative term for the advertising technique
Interruptions (epic theatre), the technique defined by Bertolt Brecht
Interrupted projection

See also

 Interrupt, for the usage related to computing


An interrupter in electrical engineering is a device used to interrupt the flow of a steady direct current for the purpose of converting a steady current into a changing one.  Frequently, the interrupter is used in conjunction with an inductor (coil of wire) to produce increased voltages either by a back emf effect or through transformer action.  The largest industrial use of the interrupter was in the induction coil, the first transformer, which was used to produce high voltage pulses in scientific experiments and to power arc lamps, spark gap radio transmitters, and the first X-ray tubes, around the turn of the 20th century.  Its largest use was the contact breaker or "points" in the distributor of the ignition system of gasoline engines, which served to periodically interrupt the current to the ignition coil producing high voltage pulses which create sparks in the spark plugs.  It is still used in this application.

Medical use

Bird's interrupter
The physician Golding Bird designed his own interrupter circuit for delivering shocks to patients from a voltaic cell through an induction coil.  Previously, the interrupter had been a mechanical device requiring the physician to manually turn a cog wheel, or else employ an assistant to do this.  Bird wished to free his hands to better apply the electricity to the required part of the patient.  His interrupter worked automatically by magnetic induction and achieved a switching rate of around  (five times per second).  The faster the interrupter switches, the more frequently an electric shock is delivered to the patient and the aim is to make this as high as possible.

Page's interrupter
A rather more cumbersome interrupter was constructed by the American Charles Page slightly earlier in 1838 but Bird's work was entirely independent.  Although there is little in common between the two interrupter designs, Page takes the credit for being the first to use permanent magnets in an automatic interrupter circuit.  Bird's (and Page's) interrupter had the medically disadvantageous feature that current was supplied in opposite directions during the make and break operations, although the current was substantially less during the make operation than the break (current is only supplied at all while the switch is dynamically changing).  Treatment often required that current was supplied in one specified direction only.

Letheby's interrupter
A modified version of the interrupter was produced by Henry Letheby which could output only the make, or only the break currents by a mechanism consisting of two spoked wheels.  Bird also produced a uni-directional interrupter using a mechanism we would now call split-rings.  The date of Bird's design is uncertain but may predate Letheby's.  Both designs suffered from the disadvantage that automatic operation was lost and the interrupter had to once again be hand-cranked.  Nevertheless, this arrangement remained a cheaper option than electromagnetic generators for some time.

Other designs
Other early interrupters worked by clockwork mechanisms or (non-magnetic) reed switches operated by motion of the patient's limbs.  One example of such a device is found in the Pulvermacher chain.

See also
Daniel Davis Jr.

References

Bibliography
Bird, Golding "Observations on induced electric currents, with a description of a magnetic contact-breaker", Philosophical Magazine, pp. 18–22, no.71, vol.12, January 1838.
Bird, Golding Lectures on Electricity and Galvanism, in their physiological and therapeutical relations, Wilson & Ogilvy, London, 1847.
Coley, N. G. "The collateral sciences in the work of Golding Bird (1814–1854)", Medical History, vol.13, iss.4, pp. 363–376, October 1969.
Morus, Iwan Rhys Frankenstein's Children: Electricity, Exhibition, and Experiment in Early-nineteenth-century London, Princeton University Press, 1998 .
Lardner, Dionysius Electricity, Magnetism, and Acoustics, London: Spottiswoode & Co. 1856.
Letheby, Henry "A description of a new electro-magnetic machine adapted so as to give a succession of shocks in one direction", London Medical Gazette, pp. 858–859, 13 November 1846.
Pulvermacher, Isaac Lewis "Improvement in voltaic batteries and apparatus for medical and other purposes", , issued 1 February 1853.

Electrical components


The Diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Lazio, Italy. It was established under this name in 1986. The diocese is immediately exempt to the Holy See and not part of an ecclesiastical province.

History
Centumcellæ was the ancient name of Civitavecchia. Catacombs have also been found here.

In 314 Epictetus, its bishop, was present at the Council of Arles. Another Epictetus, Bishop of Centumcellæ towards the middle of the fourth century, was an Arian and a counsellor of Emperor Constantius.

In 813, Centumcellae suffered a massive attack by the Moors; the city was captured, sacked, and burned. The survivors wandered for forty years in the forests and mountains. Pope Leo IV, needing a secure port on the Tyrrhenian Sea, built a new fortified city 13 km (8 mi) away from the ruins of Centumcellae, which he dedicated in 853. The inhabitants preferred the old location of their town, and gradually returned and rebuilt.

By 1086 the see of Civitavecchia was united with the diocese of Toscanella, resulting in one bishop governing two separate dioceses, aeque personaliter.

By 1092 Civitavecchia e Toscanella was united with the diocese of Viterbo in the person of Bishop Riccardus, who died in that year or earlier. Carlo Calisse points out that there is no evidence at all from 1050 to 1093 concerning the bishops of Civitavecchia, during which time the change must have taken place. A bull of Pope Celestine V, however, mentions that Pope Celestine III carried out the union, "just as was contained in the documents of his predecessor." Paul Fridolin Kehr points out that Cardinal Joannes of S. Clemente signs himself "Tuscanensis episcopus" until August 1192, and then from 4 October 1192 signs himself "Viterbiensis et Tuscanensis episcopus. The diocese of Civitavecchia was not suppressed but was held by a bishop who held three dioceses at the same time.

On 12 December 1825, in the bull "De Dominici Gregis", Pope Leo XII re-established the see, separating its territory from the diocese of Viterbo and uniting it to the diocese of Porto and Santa Rufina.

In 1854 the union with Santa Rufina was severed, and Civitavecchia was united with the diocese of Corneto (Tarquinia). From 1854 to 1986, the united dioceses were known as Tarquinia e Civitaveccia.

In a decree of the Second Vatican Council, it was recommended that dioceses be reorganized to take into account modern developments. A project begun on orders from Pope John XXIII, and continued under his successors, was intended  to reduce the number of dioceses in Italy and to rationalize their borders in terms of modern population changes and shortages of clergy. The change was made urgent because of changes made to the Concordat between the Italian State and the Holy See on 18 February 1984, and embodied in a law of 3 June 1985. The change was approved by Pope John Paul II in an audience of 27 September 1986, and by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops of the Papal Curia on 30 September 1986. The dioceses of Tarquinia and Civitavecchia, which had up to that point shared a single bishop while retaining two diocesan structures, were united into a single diocese. Its name was to be Dioecesis Centumcellarum-Tarquiniensis. The seat of the diocese was to be in Civitavecchia. The former cathedral in Tarquinia was to have the honorary title of co-cathedral, and its Chapter was to be the Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be only one episcopal curia, one seminary, one ecclesiastical tribunal; and all the clergy were to be incardinated in the diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia. Bishop Girolamo Grillo continued as bishop of the newly united diocese.

Bishops

...
(attested 314) : Epictetus
(attested 356, 359) : Epictetus (Arian)
(attested 487) : Paschasius
(attested 495–499) : Molensius
(attested 531) : Carosus
...
(attested 559): Laurentius
...
(attested 590, 595, 596, 601) : Dominicus
...
(attested 769) : Stephanus
...
(attested 649) : Martinus
...
(attested 826) : Petrus
...
(attested 853, 861) : Dominicus
...
(attested 940) : Valentinus
...
(attested 1015) : Petrus
...
(attested 1036, 1050) : Azo
...
(dead in 1092) : Riccardus
...

Bishops of Civitavecchia e Tarquinia
(1854–1868) : Camillo de’ Marchesi Bisleti
(1868–1882) : Francesco Giuseppe Gandolfi
(1882–1906) : Angelo Rossi
(1907–1910) : Beda Giovanni Cardinale, O.S.B.
(1910–1917) : Pacifico Fiorani
(1917–1925) : Luca Piergiovanni
(1926–1931) : Emilio Maria Cottafavi
(1932–1944) : Luigi Drago
(1945–1976) : Giulio Bianconi
(1976–1983) : Antonio Mazza

Bishops of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
(1983–2006) : Girolamo Grillo
(2006–2010) : Carlo Chenis, S.D.B.
(2010–2020) : Luigi Marrucci
(2020) Gianrico Ruzza

See also
Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuscanella
Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo

References

Additional sources
  (in Latin)

Special studies
Calisse, Carlo (1898). Storia di Civitavecchia. Firenze : Barbèra.

Lanzoni, Francesco (1927). Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega, pp. 519–521.
Schwartz, Gerhard (1907). Die Besetzung der Bistümer Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern: mit den Listen der Bischöfe, 951-1122. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 257–258. (in German)

Civitavecchia
Diocese
Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
1825 establishments in Italy


Keskiniemi Light is a sector light tower located in the northwestern promontory of Hailuoto island in the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland. It was built in 1908 and is located next to the Keskiniemi beacon tower built in 1858.

Keskiniemi Light is a square steel skeletal tower with white octagonal lantern and gallery. The focal plane of the light is 8.8 metres (29 ft) and it has a range of 6.5 nautical miles. The beacon displays a white flash every 6 seconds, visible in all directions. The tower also has a radar reflector on the northwest side.

The light is one of six lights built in 1908 to guide vessels along the fairway leading to the Port of Oulu. Originally it had an oil-burning lantern, which was replaced with a gas-burning lantern manufactured by AGA in 1941. Currently the power source is solar electricity. Originally the light was a sector light, but the coloured sectors have been removed due to the changes in shipping lanes over the years.

There is an old storage shed for gas bottles next to the tower. This shed is currently unused.

Keskiniemi Light is the only surviving light of those built in 1908 for the fairway leading into Oulu harbour, and with the exception of Tauvo lighthouse it is also the only steel skeletal tower still in active service as a light along the Finnish coast of the Bothnian Bay.

Sources

Gulf of Bothnia
Hailuoto
Lighthouses in Finland
Buildings and structures in North Ostrobothnia


Raoul Edouard Ploquin (20 May 1900 – 29 November 1992) was a French film producer, production manager and screenwriter. He was co-nominated for the Academy Award for Best Story for the film The Sheep Has Five Legs (1954).

Selected filmography
 The Girl and the Boy (1931)
 About an Inquest (1931)
 Court Waltzes (1933)
 The Star of Valencia (1933)
 A Day Will Come (1934)
 Night in May (1934)
 The Devil in the Bottle (1935)
 The Decoy (1935)
 Counsel for Romance (1936)
 Donogoo (1936)
 The Blue Mouse (1936)
 S.O.S. Sahara (1938)
 The Strange Monsieur Victor (1938)
 The Mondesir Heir (1940)
 The Woman Who Dared (1944)
 Tuesday's Guest (1950)
 Without Leaving an Address (1951)
 Love, Madame (1952)
 The Sheep Has Five Legs (1954)
 Le Tracassin or Les Plaisirs de la ville (1961)
 Naked Hearts (1966)

External links

References

French film producers
French male screenwriters
20th-century French screenwriters
1900 births
1992 deaths
20th-century French male writers


Sun Sun is the 15th album by Casiopea, recorded and released in 1986.

Track listing

LP

CD

Personnel
Casiopea are
Issei Noro – electric guitar (Yamaha Issei Model, SG-3000 Fretless & Kramea Pitchrider-7000 with DX-7)
Minoru Mukaiya – keyboards (Yamaha DX-7, KX-88, KX-76, TX-816, QX-1, Korg DSS-1, EX-8000, Roland SBX-0, TR-727, Emulator-II, AKAI S-900 & acoustic piano)
Tetsuo Sakurai – electric bass (Yamaha Tetsuo Model, BB-5000, BB-3000 Fretless & Kramer KMZ-6000)
Akira Jimbo – drums (Yamaha YD-9000RG & RD, Zildjan cymbals, Simmons SDS-5)

Additional musicians
John Waite – lead vocal on "Something's Wrong (Change It)"
Frank Simms – lead Vocal on "Sun"
Background vocals on "Someone's Love" & "Conjunction" – Diva Gray, Vivian Cherry & Leatrice Griffin
Background vocals on "Sun" & "Something's Wrong (Change It)" – Casiopea
Borneo Horns – Horns
Stan Harrison – alto saxophone
Lenny Pickett – tenor saxophone
Steve Elson – tenor & baritone saxophone
Earl Gardner – trumpet
Lenny Pickett – horn arrangements
Pablo Rosario – Latin percussion
Guilmerue Franco, Marcio Sapel – Brazilian percussion on "Samba Mania"

Production
Producer – Carlos Alomar
Co-producer – Issei Noro
Engineer – Andy Heermans
Assistant engineer – Victor Deyglio, Lance Mcvickar, Tim Reppert
Sound adviser – Shun Miyazumi
A&R co-ordinator – Masato Arai, Toshikazu Awano
Mastering – Howie Weinberg
Management – Fumiaki Takahashi
Supervisor – Shinichi Toyama
Equipment co-ordinator: Katsuhiro Maruichi
Photo – Fumio Tomita
Design – Toshinao Tsukui
Remastering engineer – Kouji Suzuki (2016)

Release history

External links

References

1986 albums
Casiopea albums
Alfa Records albums


Lars Kaufmann (born February 25, 1982) is a German team handball player. He is World champion from 2007 with the German national team. He participated on the German team that finished 4th at the 2008 European Men's Handball Championship.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
German male handball players
Frisch Auf Göppingen players
HSG Wetzlar players


Joseph Chinotimba (born 23 March 1958) is a Zimbabwean political figure. He rose to prominence during the invasions of white-owned commercial farms that started after the 2000 constitutional referendum in Zimbabwe. He is widely regarded as a militant ZANU-PF cadre with unquestionable allegiance to the old guard of the ruling party. He is the national vice-chairman of the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association.

Background
Chinotimba joined the Zimbabwe liberation struggle in the 1970s and was trained in Mozambique, Tanzania and Romania. He was demobilised from the army at Zimbabwe's independence in 1980 and joined the Harare City Council where he worked as a security guard for the Harare City Council before 2000. He joined the police section of the Municipal Council in 1982 and eventually became chief inspector.

Farm invasions

Joseph Chinotimba is credited with spearheading the violent invasions of commercial farms in Zimbabwe, in collaboration with his mentor and ally, Dr. Chenjerai Hunzvi. In 2006 it was reported that Chinotimba 'allocated' himself a plot of land in the western suburb of Mabelreign along Clevering Road and built himself a house. The land was always traditionally held for the construction of churches. In 2007 during 'Operation Murambatsvina', construction of the house was delayed but the structure was spared and is now his official residence.

Political activities
He has led the Zimbabwe Federation of Trade Unions, a grouping that was formed to counter the influence of the restive Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU).

in June 2003 he contested the Highfield parliamentary seat but lost. During the parliamentary elections of 2005, Chinotimba ran again, for the Highfield seat. Reports indicated that he tried to buy votes by giving voters money and food. He lost the seat.

The courts
At one time, war veterans led by Joseph Chinotimba invaded the Supreme Court to influence decisions regarding the land question.

2007 Robert Mugabe endorsement

Chinotimba, together with his close ally Jabulani Sibanda, led million-men marches across the country in the run-up to the ZANU-PF congress of December 2007 designed to endorse Robert Mugabe as the only candidate suitable to represent the party in the 2008 presidential election. Mugabe was nominated as the ZANU-PF candidate at the congress.

2008 parliamentary election
In late 2007, Chinotimba announced his intention to contest the Buhera South constituency, a seat that Kumbirai Kangai had held since 1980, in the March 2008 parliamentary election. Popular musician Alick Macheso was among others who joined Chinotimba to bolster his prospects of winning the seat.

Chinotimba was successful in being nominated by ZANU-PF as its 2008 candidate for the Buhera South constituency. However, in the election he was defeated by Nemadziva Naison of the Movement for Democratic Change, receiving 7,613 votes against 8,833 for Naison.

On 20 May 2008, SW Radio Africa reported that Chinotimba led a militia group to murder Chokuse Mupango, popularly known as Nyoka, the election strategist for Nemadziva Naison, who was beaten and stabbed to death.. Chinotimba's car was used to ferry Nyoka to Mutiusinazita Clinic and then to Birchenough Bridge Mortuary where Chinotimba and his accomplices disguised Nyoka as a slain ZANU-PF supporter. Chinotimba made sure that Nyoka's body was not collected and when it was later collected he made sure that no post-mortem was carried out on the body by first of all instilling fear into the hearts of some of Nyoka's militant sons.

Chinotimba resigned as chief inspector of the municipal police at the Harare City Council in July 2008 to concentrate on his work in politics and business.

References

1950 births
Living people
Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army personnel
ZANU–PF politicians


This is a list of airlines currently operating in South Africa.

Commercial Airlines

Charter Airlines

Cargo Airlines

See also
 List of defunct airlines of South Africa
 List of airports in South Africa

References

South Africa
Airlines
Airlines
South Africa