Events from the year 1545 in art.

Events

Works

Paintings
Bronzino
Eleanor of Toledo with her son Giovanni de' Medici
Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici
Portrait of Giovanni de' Medici as a Child
Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time
Lucas Cranach the Younger – The Conversion of St. Paul
Gerlach Flicke – Thomas Cranmer
 Master John – Catherine Parr (approximate date)
Michelangelo – The Conversion of Saul
Francesco de' Rossi (Il Salviati) – Triumph of Camillus (fresco for Cosimo I de' Medici in Sala dell'Udienza, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence (completed))
Titian – some dates approximate
Portrait of a Young Englishman
Portrait of Lavinia Vecellio
Portrait of Pietro Aretino
Portrait of Pope Paul III
Daniele da Volterra (after drawings by Michelangelo) – Descent from the Cross (approximate date)

Sculpture
 (approx. date) – Hans Gieng of Fribourg completes work on the fountains of Bern in Switzerland.

Births
date unknown
Farrukh Beg, Mughal painter who served in the court of Muhammad Hakim (died 1615)
Francesco da Urbino, Italian painter (died 1582)
Hans Collaert, Flemish engraver and draughtsman (died 1628)
Frans Pourbus the Elder, Flemish Renaissance painter primarily of religious and portraits (died 1581)
William Rogers, English engraver (died 1604)
Marco Vecellio, Italian painter, nephew of Titian (died 1611)
Juan Zariñena, Spanish painter (died 1634)

Deaths
September - Hans Baldung, German Renaissance artist as painter and printmaker in woodcut (born 1484)
date unknown
Alejo Fernandez, Spanish painter best known for his portrait of Christopher Columbus (born 1475)
Rueland Frueauf the Younger - German Late-Gothic painter (born 1470)
Albrecht Glockendon the Younger, German miniaturist and woodcutter (born 1500)
Vicente Juan Masip - Spanish painter of the Renaissance period (born 1475)
Wang E, Chinese landscape painter (born 1465)

Years of the 16th century in art


Chris Houston may refer to:
Chris Houston (American football) (born 1984), American football cornerback
Chris Houston (musician), Canadian musician
Chris Houston (rugby league) (born 1985), who as of 2017 plays for Widnes Vikings


Álvaro Francisco Nájera Gil (born 25 July 1983) is a retired Colombian footballer who played for last time in La Equidad of Colombian First Division.

He played the 2006/2007 season in Mexico for Querétaro; the team failed to stay in México Primera División football, after which he returned to Colombia.

Career statistics

Honours

Club
Club Olimpia
 Paraguayan Primera División (1): 2011 Clausura
Atlético Nacional
 Categoría Primera A (3): 2013-I, 2013-II, 2014-I
 Copa Colombia (2): 2012, 2013
 Superliga Colombiana (1): 2012

Club performance

Statistics accurate as of last match played on 26 November 2016.

1 Includes cup competitions such as Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana.

2 Includes Superliga Colombiana matches.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Colombian men's footballers
Colombia men's international footballers
Colombian expatriate men's footballers
Independiente Santa Fe footballers
Once Caldas footballers
Querétaro F.C. footballers
Club Olimpia footballers
Unión Española footballers
Atlético Nacional footballers
Copa Libertadores-winning players
La Equidad footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Paraguay
Categoría Primera A players
Chilean Primera División players
Liga MX players
Paraguayan Primera División players
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Men's association football central defenders
Footballers from Bogotá


André a Cara e a Coragem is a Brazilian drama film, produced in 1971 and directed by Xavier de Oliveira.

Cast
Stepan Nercessian
Angela Valerio
Antonio Patiño
Maria Regina
Ecchio Reis
Ilva Niño
Pichin Plá
Edil Magliari
Maria Rita
José de Freitas

References

1971 films
Brazilian drama films
1970s Portuguese-language films
1971 drama films


The Samsung BlackJack II, or Samsung SGH-i617, is a smartphone available through AT&T in the United States.  It is the successor to the Samsung BlackJack. Canadian version, SGH-i616 is marketed as "Samsung Jack" by Rogers and Fido. The phone has since been succeeded by the Samsung Epix.

The phone comes in black, burgundy, blue, & pink.

Specifications

Specifications from the Samsung website:

 Screen size: 2.4 inches
 Screen resolution: 320 x 240 pixels, 65K color TFT display
 Input method: QWERTY keypad with backlight and jog wheel
 Operating System: Windows Mobile 6 (can now be updated to Windows Mobile 6.1)
 Processor: 260 MHz Texas Instruments OMAP 1710
 Storage: External microSD slot, supports up to 4 GB SDHC cards
 Voice Commands (When Updated to Windows Mobile 6.1)
 Flash Memory: 128 MB RAM, 256 MB ROM
 Modes: Quad-band GSM (850, 900, 1800, and 1900)
 Data connection: 3G (UMTS and HSDPA at 850,1900,2100 MHz. Canadian version, SGH-i616 does not support UMTS 2100, only 850/1900, which makes 3G speeds not accessible in Europe) and 2G (EDGE and GPRS)
AGPS on-board
 Bluetooth 2.0
 2.0 megapixel camera that can take photographs and videos
 Multiple resolutions: 1600 x 1200, 640 x 480, 320 x 240, and 176 x 144
 4X digital zoom
 Self timer
 Multi-shot
 Brightness level adjustment
 No flash
 Supported video formats: MPEG4, H.263, WMV
 Battery: Removable 3.7 Volt Lithium-ion, 1,700 mAh, up to 7 hours of talk time and up to 14 days of standby
 Size: 4.4 x 2.3 x 0.4 inches
 Weight: 3.52 ounces

Unpublished features

 Upper indicator-light color meanings:
 Purple: message sent/received
 Blue: Bluetooth activated/deactivated/Alarm
 Amber: problem with connection
 Red: charging or battery low
 Green: fully charged
 Home Screen Status Indicators:
 3G: connected to 3G service
 E: connected to EDGE service
 G: connected to WAP service
 Wi-fi: Yes "Good quality"

References

External links
 Official Samsung Blackjack II site
 Samsung Galaxy Beyond X Smartphone to Sport Hexa Cameras and 5G Support
 Reviews:  c|net, phoneArena, Washington Post
 Resources:  MyBlackjack2.com
 Resources:  Samsung Windows Mobile support

Samsung mobile phones
Mobile phones introduced in 2006
Mobile phones with an integrated hardware keyboard


James M. Bell (28 March 1878 – 3 August 1953) was an American politician from Iowa.

James M. Bell was born in New Boston, Illinois on 28 March 1878, to parents Vashti Willets Bell and Omer H. Bell. For a time, Bell's family lived in Chicago, where James worked for Marshall Field. They later moved to Burlington, Iowa. Bell enlisted in the Iowa National Guard at the age of fifteen. Bell was later employed by the Borden Milk Company for sixteen years, and subsequently sold insurance.

In 1901, Bell became deputy auditor for Des Moines County. From 1912 to 1916, he chaired the county branch of the Democratic Party. Bell then became involved in municipal politics, serving as the mayor of Burlington through 1920. Throughout the early 1930s, Bell was considered a potential candidate for the Burlington mayoralty.  He was elected to the Iowa Senate in 1934, and represented District 9. During his single term as a state senator, Bell unsuccessfully campaigned for the Democratic nomination in Iowa's 1st congressional district in 1936 and 1938. He died on 3 August 1953.

References

County officials in Iowa
20th-century American politicians
County auditors in the United States
1878 births
People from Mercer County, Illinois
Democratic Party Iowa state senators
Businesspeople from Iowa
Mayors of places in Iowa
1953 deaths
American businesspeople in insurance
20th-century American businesspeople
Politicians from Burlington, Iowa
Iowa National Guard personnel


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Leon County, Florida.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Leon County, Florida, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 71 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.  Another 3 properties were once listed, but have since been delisted.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Florida
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida

References

Leon County


Events from the year 1546 in art.

Events
 The plan for the new St. Peter's Basilica dome, begun by Bramante, is continued by the new chief architect, Michelangelo.
 The Farnese Hercules is removed from the Baths of Caracalla by Cardinal Cardinal Alessandro Farnese to the Palazzo Farnese in Rome.

Works

Paintings
 Domenico Beccafumi – Pagan Child Couple
 Jacopo Bassano – The Adoration of the Shepherds
 Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta – Holy Family with Saint Michael
 Lorenzo Lotto – San Giacomo dell'Orio Altarpiece
 William Scrots
 Anamorphic portrait of Edward, Prince of Wales
 Henry Howard Earl of Surrey (attributed)
 : Elizabeth as a princess
 Titian – Pope Paul III and his GrandsonsBirths
March 21 - Bartholomeus Spranger, Flemish Northern Mannerist painter, draughtsman, and etcher (died 1611)

Deaths
January 4 - Camillo Boccaccino, Italian painter active mainly in Cremona and regions of Lombardy (born 1511)
January 11 - Gaudenzio Ferrari, Italian painter and sculptor of the Renaissance (born 1471)
August 1 - Peter Faber (or Pierre Favre), French Jesuit painter and sculptor (born 1506)
October 23 - Peter Flötner, German designer, sculptor, and printmaker (born 1490)
November 1 - Giulio Romano, Italian painter and architect (born 1499)date unknownValerio Belli, Italian engraver and medallion maker (born 1470)
Jan van Calcar, Netherlands-born Italian painter, pupil of Titian (born 1499)
Bartolomeo Veneto - Italian portrait painter (born 1502)probable'' - Marinus van Reymerswaele, Dutch Renaissance painter (born 1490

References

Years of the 16th century in art


"Can't Sing a Different Song" is a song performed by Australian singer-songwriter, Ricki-Lee Coulter. Co-written by Coulter, Andy Love and Pete Martin, the song serves as the third and final single released from the singer's second album, Brand New Day. It was released both digitally and physically on 15 March 2008. The music video for "Can't Sing a Different Song" was directed by Fin Edquist and filmed in the Footscray Warehouses in Melbourne.

Track listing
CD single
 "Can't Sing a Different Song" - 3:14
 "World Go By" (Bonus track) - 3:42
 "Can't Sing a Different Song" (Clubbangaz remix) - 3:14
 "Can't Sing a Different Song" (Instrumental) - 3:13
 "Can't Sing a Different Song" (A cappella) - 3:13

Digital download
 "Can't Sing a Different Song" - 3:13
 "Can't Sing a Different Song" (Clubbangaz remix) - 3:13
 "Can't Sing a Different Song" (Instrumental) - 3:12
 "Can't Sing a Different Song" (A cappella) - 3:12
 "Can't Sing a Different Song" (Supermelody remix) - 4:21

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Ricki-Lee: The Singles.

Locations
Mixed at Sing Sing Studios.
Mastered at Stepford Audio.

Personnel
Songwriting – Ricki-Lee Coulter, Pete Martin, Andy Love
Production and engineering – Pete Martin
Mixing – Tony Espie
Mastering – Dave Walker

Charts
"Can't Sing a Different Song" debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number eight, before dropping twenty-six spots down to number 34 the following week. It became Coulter's fifth top-ten single in Australia and ranked at number 50 on the ARIA End of Year top 50 Australian artists singles of 2008.

Weekly chart

Year-end chart

Release history

References

2008 singles
Ricki-Lee Coulter songs
Songs written by Ricki-Lee Coulter
2008 songs
Shock Records singles


Coast Guard Air Station North Bend (CGAS North Bend) was established September 28, 1974 at Southwest Oregon Regional Airport in North Bend, Oregon, United States.  The unit houses 153 active duty, nine reserve duty and five civilian personnel.  The unit operates five Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin helicopters.  CGAS North Bend received its first upgraded HH-65C Dolphin in 2007   The unit functions include search and rescue, law enforcement, marine environmental protection, aids to navigation, and enforcement of federal treaties.

References

External links
 CGAS North Bend website

United States Coast Guard Air Stations
Military installations in Oregon
Transportation in Coos County, Oregon
Buildings and structures in Coos County, Oregon
1974 establishments in Oregon
North Bend, Oregon


Ramblin' Tommy Scott (June 24, 1917 – September 30, 2013), aka "Doc" Tommy Scott, was an American country and rockabilly musician.

Biography
Thomas Scott was born outside of Toccoa, Georgia, United States, and began playing the guitar at age ten. After high school he joined Doc Chamberlain's medicine show, and got his first job in radio on WTFL in Athens, Georgia in 1933. He also sold Vim Herb on the radio. After Chamberlain retired and gave Scott the patent medicines, he landed a regular job fronting the Uncle Pete and Minervy show on Raleigh, North Carolina's WPTF, and soon after this he was offered a job with Charlie Monroe becoming the first Kentucky Partner as a feature act - Rambling Scotty. He performed on the WWVA Jamboree in Wheeling, West Virginia with Monroe and was also a frequent soloist there, and did skits involving ventriloquism and blackface. Monroe and Scott started the Man-O-Ree medicine company selling Scott's patent laxative over the radio. The group moved to WHAS in Louisville, Kentucky, where he did the early morning show. His medicine and musical partnership came to an end with Monroe and he soon launched a tent show with Curly Seckler.

He married his wife Frankie in 1940; the couple had a daughter, Sandra; both women became part of his stage show, his films and TV shows. In the 1940s he did radio transcriptions which were broadcast nationwide. By 1942 he had his own stage show traveling coast to coast, 'Ramblin' Tommy Scott's Hollywood Hillbilly Jamboree'. He began the Herb-O-Lac Medicine Company and later Katona Medicine Company selling laxatives and liniments. He soon joined the Grand Ole Opry and later went to Hollywood to begin a career in film and TV.

Beginning with Carolina Cotton in 1949, Scott's road show, which operated six days per week from January through early December, featured Scott with some guest stars from film and TV. Amongst those appearing were "Fuzzy" Al St. John, David "Stringbean" Akeman, Tim McCoy, Clyde Moody, Johnny Mack Brown, Sunset Carson, and Randall Franks. The show traveled consistently until the mid-1990s and intermittently until his death.

Bluegrass Music Hall of Famer Curly Seckler recorded with Scott numerous times throughout his career. Earliest recordings date to the 1940s with the most recent in the 1980s. Scott recorded consistently from the 1930s-2000s and released a number of solo sides in the 1950s and 1960s which branched into rockabilly. According to the introduction of his autobiography, Snake Oil, Superstars and Me, published in 2007 and co-authored by Randall Franks and Shirley Noe Swiesz, Scott was then 90 years old. His wife died in 2004.

Scott died in September 2013.

Discography

Compilations
 1980: Early Radio 1941 (Old Homestead) with Curly Seckler

References

External links
Ramblin' Tommy Scott at Hillbilly-Music.com

1917 births
2013 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
Grand Ole Opry members
Federal Records artists
Four Star Records artists
People from Toccoa, Georgia
People from Stephens County, Georgia
Ventriloquists
Blackface minstrel performers
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)


FM Federal (call sign LRL 317) is an Argentine commercial-free radio station owned and operated by the Policía Federal Argentina (Argentina's Federal Police). It broadcasts from Buenos Aires on 99.5 MHz and carries an adult contemporary format.

The station's mission, according to its homepage, is to build awareness around many issues including environmental crimes, human trafficking, cybercrime, and addiction.

Programming
The station airs public service announcements, traffic reports, weather reports, security and health advisories and news updates every 30 minutes. The music is mostly soft-pop.
Originally the station broadcast on the 93.7 MHz channel. Since 2009, as a result of a reorganization of FM frequencies, the station broadcasts on 99.5 MHz.

References

External links
Policía Federal Argentina official website

Radio stations in Argentina
Adult contemporary radio stations
Broadcasting in Argentina
Mass media in Buenos Aires


UFC 84: Ill Will was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on May 24, 2008, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Background
The card featured the return of Sean Sherk, who was suspended and stripped of his UFC Lightweight Championship after he tested positive for steroids at UFC 73.

This event also marked the last appearance of Tito Ortiz in the UFC for well over a year, as he was at the end of his contract and due to his feud with Dana White was not expected to re-sign at the time.

This event also marked the UFC debut of future UFC Interim Heavyweight Champion Shane Carwin.

This event was awarded Sherdog's 2008 Event of the Year.

Results

Bonus awards
At the end of this event, the UFC awarded $75,000 to each of the fighters who received one of these three awards.

Fight of the Night: Wilson Gouveia vs. Goran Reljic
Knockout of the Night: Wanderlei Silva
Submission of the Night: Rousimar Palhares

Reported payout
B.J. Penn ($250,000) def. Sean Sherk ($35,000)
Wanderlei Silva ($150,000) def. Keith Jardine ($10,000)
Lyoto Machida ($100,000) def. Tito Ortiz ($210,000)
Goran Reljic ($6,000) def. Wilson Gouveia ($18,000)
Sokoudjou ($80,000) def. Kazuhiro Nakamura ($20,000)
Thiago Silva ($50,000) def. Antonio Mendes ($4,000)
Rousimar Palhares ($10,000) def. Ivan Salaverry ($20,000)
Yoshiyuki Yoshida ($12,000) def. Jon Koppenhaver ($8,000)
Rich Clementi ($40,000) def. Terry Etim ($10,000)
Dong Hyun Kim ($40,000) def. Jason Tan ($3,000)
Shane Carwin ($12,000) def. Christian Wellisch ($10,000)

This does not include fighter bonuses

Total: $1,098,000

See also
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 List of UFC champions
 List of UFC events
 2008 in UFC

References

External links
Official UFC 84 Fight Card
Official UFC 84 Site

Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2008 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Las Vegas
2008 in sports in Nevada
MGM Grand Garden Arena


Nongcun Guangbo is a radio station in Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China, broadcasting at 1020 AM.

External links
 Heilongjiang PBS Rural Radio new on 945 kHz
 Official website

Radio stations in China
Mass media in Harbin


The 1963 Mediterranean Grand Prix was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 18 August 1963 at the Autodromo di Pergusa, Sicily. The second running of the Mediterranean Grand Prix, the race was run over 60 laps of the circuit, and was dominated by British driver John Surtees in a Ferrari 156.

British driver Trevor Taylor suffered an accident during the race, in which he was thrown out of his Lotus 25 with fairly minor injuries, before the car broke up and caught fire.

Results

References

Mediterranean Grand Prix
Mediterranean Grand Prix
1963 in Italian motorsport


The European Federation, also referred to as the United States of Europe (USE), European State, or Federal Europe, is a hypothetical scenario of European integration leading to the formation of a sovereign superstate (similar to the United States of America), organised as a federation of the member countries of the European Union (EU), as contemplated by political scientists, politicians, geographers, historians, futurologists and fiction writers. At present, while the EU is not a federation, various academic observers regard it as having some of the characteristics of a federal system.

History

Various versions of the concept have developed over the centuries, many of which are mutually incompatible (inclusion or exclusion of the United Kingdom, secular or religious union, etc.). Such proposals include those from Bohemian King George of Poděbrady in 1464; Duc de Sully of France in the seventeenth century; and the plan of William Penn, the Quaker founder of Pennsylvania, for the establishment of a "European Dyet, Parliament or Estates". George Washington also allegedly voiced support for a "United States of Europe", although the authenticity of this statement has been questioned.

19th century
Felix Markham notes how during a conversation on St. Helena, Napoleon Bonaparte remarked: "Europe thus divided into nationalities freely formed and free internally, peace between States would have become easier: the United States of Europe would become a possibility". "United States of Europe" was also the name of the concept presented by Wojciech Jastrzębowski in About eternal peace between the nations, published 31 May 1831. The project consisted of 77 articles. The envisioned United States of Europe was to be an international organisation rather than a superstate. Giuseppe Mazzini, an early advocate of a "United States of Europe"  regarded European unification as a logical continuation of the unification of Italy. Mazzini created the Young Europe movement.

The term "United States of Europe" () was used by Victor Hugo, including during a speech at the International Peace Congress held in Paris in 1849. Hugo favoured the creation of "a supreme, sovereign senate, which will be to Europe what parliament is to England" and said: "A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood ... A day will come when we shall see ... the United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas". During his exile from France, Hugo planted a tree in the grounds of his residence on the Island of Guernsey and was noted in saying that when this tree matured the United States of Europe would have come into being. This tree to this day is still growing in the gardens of Maison de Hauteville, St. Peter Port, Guernsey.

In 1867, Giuseppe Garibaldi and John Stuart Mill joined Victor Hugo at the first congress of the League of Peace and Freedom in Geneva. Here the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin stated: "That in order to achieve the triumph of liberty, justice and peace in the international relations of Europe, and to render civil war impossible among the various peoples who make up the European family, only a single course lies open: to constitute the United States of Europe". The French National Assembly also called for a United States of Europe on 1 March 1871.

Early 20th century

Before the communist revolution in Russia, Leon Trotsky foresaw a "Federated Republic of Europe — the United States of Europe", created by the proletariat. Following the First World War, some thinkers and visionaries again began to float the idea of a politically unified Europe. A Pan-European movement gained some momentum from the 1920s with the creation of the Paneuropean Union, based on Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi's 1923 manifesto Paneuropa, which presented the idea of a unified European State. This movement, led by Coudenhove-Kalergi and subsequently by Otto von Habsburg, is the oldest European unification movement. In 1923, the Austrian Count Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi founded the Pan-Europa Movement and hosted the First Paneuropean Congress, held in Vienna in 1926. The aim was for a Europe based on the principles of liberalism, Christianity and social responsibility.

His ideas influenced Aristide Briand, French Prime Minister, who gave on 8 September 1929 a speech before the Assembly of the League of Nations in which he proposed the idea of a federation of European nations based on solidarity and in the pursuit of economic prosperity and political and social co-operation. At the League's request, Briand presented in 1930 his "Memorandum on the Organization of a Regime of European Federal Union" for the Government of France. In 1931, French politician Édouard Herriot and British civil servant Arthur Salter both penned books titled The United States of Europe.
After the First World War, Winston Churchill had seen continental Europe as a source of threats and sought to avoid the United Kingdom's involvement in European conflicts. On 15 February 1930, Churchill commented in the American journal The Saturday Evening Post that a "European Union" was possible between continental states, but without the United Kingdom's involvement:
During the 1930s, Churchill was influenced by and became an advocate of the ideas of Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi and his Paneuropean Union, though Churchill did not advocate the United Kingdom's membership of such a union. (Churchill revisited the idea in 1946).

During the World War II victories of Nazi Germany in 1940, Wilhelm II stated that "the hand of God is creating a new world & working miracles. ... We are becoming the United States of Europe under German leadership, a united European Continent".

In 1941, the Italian anti-fascists Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi finished writing the Ventotene Manifesto, encouraging a federation of European states.

The European Confederation () was a proposed political institution of European unity, which was to be part of a wider restructuring (). Proposed by German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in March 1943, the concept was rejected by Reichsführer Adolf Hitler. Also in 1943 The Italian Fascists proposed the creation of a 'European Community' free of British 'intrigues' at their Congress of Verona in their newly declared Salo Republic (Mussolini having been rescued from captivity).

Post World War II
Churchill used the term "United States of Europe" in a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. In this speech given after the end of the Second World War, Churchill concluded:

While Churchill advocated a united Europe, he saw Britain and its Commonwealth, along with the United States of America, and Soviet Russia as "the friends and sponsors of the new Europe", separate to a United States of Europe led by France and Germany.

As early as 21 October 1942, in a minute to his Foreign Secretary, Winston Churchill had written, "I look forward to a United States of Europe in which the barriers between the nations will be greatly minimised and unrestricted travel will be possible".

Churchill's was a more cautious approach ("the unionist position") to European integration than was the continental approach that was known as "the federalist position". The Federalists advocated full integration with a constitution, while the Unionist United Europe Movement advocated a consultative body; the Federalists prevailed at the Congress of Europe. The primary accomplishment of the Congress of Europe was the European Court of Human Rights, which predates the European Union.

The Union Movement was a British party founded by Oswald Mosley after the dissolution of his British Union of Fascists.  Mosley first presented his idea of "Europe a Nation" in his book The Alternative in 1947.
He argued that the traditional vision of nationalism that had been followed by the various shades of pre-war fascism had been too narrow in scope and that the post-war era required a new paradigm in which Europe would come together as a single state. In October 1948 when Mosley called for elections to a European Assembly as the first step towards his vision. Nation Europa was a German magazine inspired by Mosley's ideas, founded in 1951 by former SS commander Arthur Ehrhardt and Herbert Boehme with the support of  Carl-Ehrenfried Carlberg. Mosley would establish the National Party of Europe and his journal called The European.

By the 1950s and 1960s, Europe saw the emergence of two different projects, the European Free Trade Association and the much more political European Economic Community.

Early 21st century
Individuals such as the former German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer have said (in 2000) that he believes that in the end, the EU must become a single federation, with its political leader chosen by direct elections among all of its citizens. However, claims that the then-proposed Treaty of Nice aimed to create a "European superstate" were rejected by former United Kingdom European Commissioner Chris Patten and by many member-state governments. (, the post "President of the European Union" does not exist, nor are there any plans that it should do so.)

Proposals for closer union

The member states of the European Union have many common policies within the EU and on behalf of the EU that are sometimes suggestive of a single state. It has a common policy-setting body, the European Council (of national Heads of Government) that defines the overall political direction and priorities of the European Union. It has a common executive (the European Commission) to oversee execution of policies and to verify compliance with Treaty obligations, including a single High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy. It has a common European Security and Defence Policy, a single internal market for goods and services, freedom of movement of persons for work, a European citizenship granting European rights, a supreme court (European Court of Justicebut only in matters of European Union law or areas affected by it), a common legislature in the form of the directly elected European Parliament and the Council of the EU (of national ministers, one Council for each policy area) representing Member States, and numerous agencies and other bodies to implement European law and coordinate policies (such as EIROforum in research, with members like CERN). European Law also takes precedence over national law in all areas granted to it by member states (but not otherwise), ranging from energy and environmental policy to consumer rights and criminal justice. There are few domestic policies that are not impacted in some way by European Law agreed by the legislative bodies. The euro is often referred to as the "single European currency", which has been officially adopted by twenty EU countries while two other member countries of the European Union have linked their currencies to the euro in ERM II. Then non-EU member states of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City concluded monetary agreements with the EU on the usage of the euro. The non-EU member states of Kosovo and Montenegro adopted the euro unilaterally.

Several pan-European institutions exist separate from the EU. The European Space Agency counts almost all EU member states in its membership, but it is independent of the EU and its membership includes nations that are not EU members, notably Switzerland, Norway and as a result of Brexit, the United Kingdom. The European Court of Human Rights (not to be confused with the European Court of Justice) is also independent of the EU. It is an element of the Council of Europe, which like ESA counts EU members and non-members alike in its membership. The European Political Community is an intergovernmental organization which was founded in 2022 and calls for greater cooperation among European nations, with 47 European states participating.

At present, the European Union is a free association of sovereign states (a de facto, but not de jure, confederation) designed to further their shared aims. Other than the vague aim of "ever closer union" in the Solemn Declaration on European Union, the EU (meaning its member governments) has no current policy to form a federal union. However, in the past Jean Monnet, a person associated with the EU and its predecessor the European Economic Community, did make such proposals. A wide range of other terms are in use to describe the possible future political structure of Europe as a whole and/or the EU. Some of them, such as "United Europe", are used often and in such varied contexts, but they have no definite constitutional status.

In the United States of America, the concept enters serious discussions of whether a unified Europe is feasible and what impact increased European unity would have on the United States of America's relative political and economic power. Glyn Morgan, a Harvard University associate professor of government and social studies, uses it unapologetically in the title of his book The Idea of a European Superstate: Public Justification and European Integration. While Morgan's text focuses on the security implications of a unified Europe, a number of other recent texts focus on the economic implications of such an entity. Important recent texts here include T. R. Reid's The United States of Europe and Jeremy Rifkin's The European Dream. Neither the National Review nor the Chronicle of Higher Education doubt the appropriateness of the term in their reviews.

European federalist organisations
Various federalist organisations have been created over time supporting the idea of a federal Europe. These include the Union of European Federalists, the European Movement International, the (former) European Federalist Party, Stand Up For Europe and Volt Europa.

Union of European Federalists
The Union of European Federalists (UEF) is a European non-governmental organisation campaigning for a Federal Europe. It consists of 20 constituent organisations and it has been active at the European, national and local levels for more than 50 years. A young branch called the Young European Federalists also exists in 30 countries of Europe.

European Movement International
The European Movement International is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it.

European Federalist Party
The European Federalist Party was a pro-European, pan-European and federalist political party from 2011 to 2016 which advocated further integration of the European Union.

Stand Up for Europe
As the successor movement of the European Federalist Party, Stand Up For Europe is a pan-European NGO that advocates the foundation of a European Federation. Contrary to movements like the UEF or the former EFP, Stand Up for Europe does not command any national levels anymore, but only consists of regional city teams and the European level.

Volt Europa
Volt Europa describes itself a pan-European, progressive movement that stands for a new and inclusive way of doing politics and that wants to bring change for European citizens. The party claims that a new pan-European approach is needed to overcome current and future challenges, such as – among others – climate change, economic inequality, migration, international conflict, terrorism, and the impact of the technological revolution on jobs. Volt says that national parties are powerless in front of these challenges, because they go beyond national borders and need to be tackled by Europeans, as one people. As a transnational party, it believes it can help the European people unite, create a shared vision and understanding, exchange good practices across the continent, and come up with working policies. Volt Europa is the first European federalist movement to have elected members in two national parliaments, namely in the Netherlands and Bulgaria as well as having elected one MEP from Germany.

Politicians

Guy Verhofstadt
Following the negative referendums about the European Constitution in France and the Netherlands, the former Belgian prime minister Guy Verhofstadt released in November 2005 his book, written in Dutch, Verenigde Staten van Europa ("United States of Europe") in which he claims – based on the results of a Eurobarometer questionnaire – that the average European citizen wants more Europe. He thinks a federal Europe should be created between those states that wish to have a federal Europe (as a form of enhanced cooperation). In other words, a core federal Europe would exist within the current EU. He also states that these core states should federalise the following five policy areas: a European social-economic policy, technology cooperation, a common justice and security policy, a common diplomacy and a European army. Following the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon (December 2009) by all member states of the EU, the outline of a common diplomatic service, known as the External Action Service of the European Union (EEAS), was set in place. On 20 February 2009, the European Parliament also voted in favour of the creation of Synchronised Armed Forces Europe (SAFE) as a first step towards a forming a true European military force.

Verhofstadt's book was awarded the first Europe Book Prize, which is organised by the association Esprit d'Europe and supported by former President of the European Commission Jacques Delors. The prize money was €20,000. The prize was declared at the European Parliament in Brussels on 5 December 2007. Swedish crime fiction writer Henning Mankell was the president of the jury of European journalists for choosing the first recipient.

While receiving the reward, Verhofstadt said: "When I wrote this book, I in fact meant it as a provocation against all those who didn't want the European Constitution. Fortunately, in the end a solution was found with the treaty, that was approved".

Viviane Reding
In 2012, Viviane Reding, the Luxembourgish Vice-president of the European Commission called in a speech in Passau Germany and in a series of articles and interviews for the establishment of the United States of Europe as a way to strengthen the unity of Europe.

Matteo Renzi
The Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi said in 2014 that under his leadership Italy would use its six-month-long presidency of the European Union to push for the establishment of a United States of Europe.

Martin Schulz
In December 2017, Martin Schulz, who was then the new leader of the German Social Democratic Party, called for a new constitutional treaty for a "United States of Europe".  He proposed that this constitution should be written by "a convention that includes civil society and the people" and that any state that declined to accept this proposed constitution should have to leave the bloc. The Guardian's view was that his proposal was "likely to be met with some resistance from Angela Merkel and other EU leaders". On that day he also stated that he would like to see a "United States of Europe" by 2025.

Notable individuals

Freddy Heineken
In 1992, Dutch businessman Freddy Heineken, after consulting with historians of the University of Leiden, Henk Wesseling and Willem van den Doel published a brochure "United States of Europe, Eurotopia?". In his work he put forward the idea of creating the United States of Europe as a confederation of 75 states that would be formed according to an ethnic and linguistic principle with a population of 5 to 10 million people.

Predictions

Future superpower

Some people, such as T.R. Reid, Andrew Reding and Mark Leonard, have argued that the power of a hypothetical United States of Europe could potentially rival that of the United States of America in the twenty-first century. Leonard cites several factors: Europe's large population, the scale of the combined Europe's economy, Europe's low inflation rates, Europe's central geographic location in the world, and certain European countries' relatively highly developed social organisation and quality of life (when measured in terms such as hours worked per week and income distribution). Some experts claim that Europe has developed a sphere of influence called the "Eurosphere".
Assumptions about a potential full or near superpower status of a perceived Supra-national Euro state are hypothetical in nature and on the other hand contrary notions and arguments exist across a wide spectrum among analysts, experts and pundits.

Skepticisms
Some people think that the European Union is unlikely to evolve into a unified federal superstate, due to political opposition of some members. Norwegian foreign policy scholar and commentator Asle Toje has argued that the power and reach of the European Union more closely resembles a small power. In his book The EU As a Small Power, he argues that the EU is a response to and function of Europe's unique historical experience in that the EU contains the remnants of not one but five past European orders. Although the 1990s and early 2000s have shown that there is policy space for greater EU engagement in European security, the EU has been unable to meet these expectations.

Asle Toje expresses particular concerns over the EU's security and defence dimension Common Security and Defence Policy, where attempts at pooling resources and forming a political consensus have failed to generate the results expected. These trends, combined with shifts in global power patterns, are seen to have been accompanied by a shift in EU strategic thinking whereby great power ambitions have been scaled down and replaced by a tendency towards hedging vis-à-vis the great powers. The author uses the case of the EUFOR intervention in Darfur and Chad to illustrate that the EU's effectiveness is hampered by a consensus–expectations gap, owing primarily to the lack of an effective decision-making mechanism. In his view, the sum of these developments is that the EU – in the current situation – will not be a great power and is taking the place of a small power in the emerging multi-polar international order.

Polls

According to Eurobarometer (2013), 69% of citizens of the EU were in favour of direct elections of the President of the European Commission and 46%  support the creation of a united EU army.

Two thirds of respondents think that the EU (instead of a national government alone) should make decisions on foreign policy and more than half of respondents think that the EU should also make decisions on defense.

44% of respondents support the future development of the European Union as a federation of nation states, 35% are opposed. The Nordic countries were the most negative towards a united Europe in this study, as 73% of the Nordics opposed the idea. A large majority of the people for whom the EU conjures up a positive image support the further development of the EU into a federation of nation states (56% versus 27%).

Fiction

In The Old Earth, the third volume (1911) of Jerzy Żuławski's The Lunar Trilogy, the USE is a communist state.

In the fictional universe of Eric Flint's best selling alternate history 1632 series, a United States of Europe is formed out of the Confederation of Principalities of Europe, which was composed of several German political units of the 1630s.

Science fiction has made particular use of the idea: Incompetence, a dystopian novel by Red Dwarf creator Rob Grant, is a murder mystery political thriller set in a federated Europe of the near future, where stupidity is a constitutionally protected right. References to a European Alliance or European Hegemony have also existed in episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994). In the Spy High series of books for young adults, written by A. J. Butcher and set around the 2060s, a united Europe exists in the form of "Europa", and Andrew Roberts's 1995 book The Aachen Memorandum details a United States of Europe formed from a fraudulent referendum entitled the Aachen Referendum.

Since the 2000s a number of computer strategy games set in the future have presented a unified European faction alongside other established military powers such as the United States and Russia. These include Euro Force (a 2006 expansion pack to Battlefield 2) and Battlefield 2142 (also released in 2006, with a 2007 expansion pack). In Battlefield 2142 a united Europe is shown as one of the two great superpowers on Earth, the other being Asia, despite being mostly frozen in a new ice age. The disaster theme continues with Tom Clancy's EndWar (2009), in which a nuclear war between Iran and Saudi Arabia, destroying the Middle Eastern oil supply, prompts the EU to integrate further as the "European Federation" in 2018. One game not to make bold claims of full integration is Shattered Union (2005), set in a future civil war in the United States, with the EU portrayed as a peacekeeping force. The video game series Wipeout instead makes a clear federal reference without a military element: one of the core teams that has appeared in every game is FEISAR. This acronym stands for Federal European Industrial Science and Research. In the video game series Mass Effect set in the 22nd century, the European Union is a sovereign state.

In the backstory of the Fallout series, several European nations joined after the end of the Second World War, becoming known as the European Commonwealth. Heavily dependent on oil imports from the Middle East, the Commonwealth began a military invasion of the region in April 2052 once oil supplies began to run dry. This marked the beginning of the Resource Wars. After the oil dried up completely in 2060 and both sides were left in ruins, the Commonwealth collapsed into civil war as member states fought over whatever resources remained. It is not specified whether the European Commonwealth is a single federated nation or just an economic bloc similar to the EU.

In the anime series Code Geass, the EU (short for Euro Universe or Europia United), also known as the United Republic of Europia, is one of the three superpowers that dominate the Earth militarily, politically, culturally and economically. The political worldbuilding of the series partially resembles that of George Orwell's Nineteen-Eighty-Four, with three superstates in roughly the same geographic positions controlling the world. Gundam 00 anime series featured the Advanced European Union (AEU) as one of the major power blocs while in Gundam SEED the Eurasian Union includes both European Union and post-soviet territories.

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography
  Later editions available.

External links

Political speeches by Victor Hugo: My Revenge is Fraternity!, in which he used the term United States of Europe.
Towards a United States of Europe by Jürgen Habermas, at SignAndSight.com

Council of Europe
Eurofederalism
Fictional governments
Internationalism
Politics of the European Union
Proposed political unions


Davor Dominiković (born 7 April 1978) is a Croatian former professional handball player, who is the current handball coach for the Croatia national under-21 team & TuS Vinnhorst.

He also competed for the Croatia national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Honours
Metković
Croatian First League
Winner (1): 1999–00 (revoked)
Runner-up (2): 2000–01, 2001–02
Croatian Handball Cup (2): 2001, 2002
EHF Cup
Winner (1): 2000
Runner-up (1): 2001

Zagreb
Croatian First League (2): 1997–98, 1998–99
Croatian Handball Cup (2): 1998, 1999
EHF Champions League
Runner-up  (2): 1997–98, 1998–99

Barcelona
Liga ASOBAL (1): 2005–06
Pirenees Leagues (1): 2005–06
EHF Champions League (1): 2004–05

San Antonio
Liga ASOBAL
Runner-up  (1): 2006–07

US Ivry
French Cup
Runner-up  (1): 2012

Individual
Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport: 2004

Orders
Order of Danica Hrvatska with face of Franjo Bučar - 2004

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Croatian male handball players
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Olympic handball players for Croatia
Handball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Croatia in handball
Liga ASOBAL players
Sportspeople from Metković
RK Zagreb players
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Croatia
Competitors at the 1997 Mediterranean Games
Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in handball


This is a list of software palettes used by computers. Systems that use a 4-bit or 8-bit pixel depth can display up to 16 or 256 colors simultaneously.  Many personal computers in the early 1990s displayed at most 256 different colors, freely selected by software (either by the user or by a program) from their wider hardware's RGB color palette.

Usual selections of colors in limited subsets (generally 16 or 256) of the full palette includes some RGB level arrangements commonly used with the 8-bit palettes as master palettes or universal palettes (i.e., palettes for multipurpose uses).

These are some representative software palettes, but any selection can be made in such of systems.

For specific hardware color palettes, see the List of monochrome and RGB palettes, List of 8-bit computer hardware graphics, the List of 16-bit computer hardware graphics and the List of video game console palettes articles.

Each palette is represented by an array of color patches. A one-pixel size version appears below each palette, to make it easy to compare palette sizes.

For each unique palette, an image color test chart and sample image (truecolor original follows) rendered with that palette (without dithering) are given. The test chart shows the full 8-bit, 256 levels of the red, green, and blue (RGB) primary colors and cyan, magenta, and yellow complementary colors, along with a full 8-bit, 256 levels grayscale. Gradients of RGB intermediate colors (orange, lime green, sea green, sky blue, violet and fuchsia), and a full hue spectrum are also present. Color charts are not gamma corrected.

{| style="border-style: none" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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These elements illustrate the color depth and distribution of the colors of any given palette, and the sample image indicates how the color selection of such palettes could represent real-life images.

System specifics

These are selections of colors officially employed as system palettes in some popular operating systems for personal computers that support 8-bit displays.

Microsoft Windows and IBM OS/2 default 16-color palette

{|
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Used by these platforms as a roughly backward compatible palette for the CGA, EGA and VGA text modes, but with colors arranged in a different order. Also is the default palette for 16 color icons.

The corresponding indices into this palette are:

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: none" border="1" cellpadding="5"
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#000;"| 0 — black
| style="background:gray;"| 8 — gray
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:maroon;"| 1 — maroon
| style="background:#f00;"| 9 — red
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:green;"| 2 — green
| style="background:#0f0;"| 10 — lime
|-
| style="color:white; background:olive;"| 3 — olive
| style="color:black; background:#ff0;"| 11 — yellow
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:navy;"| 4 — navy
| style="background:#00f;"| 12 — blue
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:purple;"| 5 — purple
| style="background:#f0f;"| 13 — fuchsia
|-
| style="color:white; background:teal;"| 6 — teal
| style="color:black; background:#0ff;"| 14 — aqua
|- style="color:black;"
| style="background:silver;"| 7 — silver
| style="background:#fff;"| 15 — white
|}

Microsoft Windows default 20-color palette

{|
|-
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|}

In 256-color mode, there are four additional standard Windows colors, twenty system reserved colors in total; thus the system leaves 236 palette indexes free for applications to use.  The system color entries inside a 256-color palette table are the first ten plus the last ten. In any case, the additional system colors do not seem to add a sharp color richness: they are only some intermediate shades of grayish colors.

The complete 20-color Windows system palette is:

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: none" border="1" cellpadding="5"
|-
| style="color:white; background:#000;"| 0 — black
| style="color:black; background:#fffbf0;"| 246 — cream
|-
| style="color:white; background:maroon;"| 1 — dark red
| style="color:black; background:#a0a0a4;"| 247 — medium grey
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:green;"| 2 — dark green
| style="background:gray;"| 248 — dark grey
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:olive;"| 3 — dark yellow
| style="background:#f00;"| 249 — red
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:navy;"| 4 — dark blue
| style="background:#0f0;"| 250 — green
|-
| style="color:white; background:purple;"| 5 — dark magenta
| style="color:black; background:#ff0;"| 251 — yellow
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:teal;"| 6 — dark cyan
| style="background:#00f;"| 252 — blue
|-
| style="color:black; background:silver;"| 7 — light grey
| style="color:white; background:#f0f;"| 253 — magenta
|- style="color:black;"
| style="background:#c0dcc0;"| 8 — money green
| style="background:#0ff;"| 254 — cyan
|- style="color:black;"
| style="background:#a6caf0;"| 9 — sky blue
| style="background:#fff;"| 255 — white
|}

Apple Macintosh default 16-color palette

{|
|-
||
||
|}

When Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh II in 1987, this 16-color palette was included in System 4.1.

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: none" border="1" cellpadding="5"
|-
| style="color:black; background:#fff;"| 0 — white
| style="color:white; background:#1fb714;"| 8 — green
|-
| style="color:black; background:#fbf305;"| 1 — yellow
| style="color:white; background:#006412;"| 9 — dark green
|-
| style="color:black; background:#ff6403;"| 2 — orange
| style="color:white; background:#562c05;"| 10 — brown
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#dd0907;"| 3 — red
| style="background:#90713a;"| 11 — tan
|-
| style="color:white; background:#f20884;"| 4 — magenta
| style="color:black; background:silver;"| 12 — light grey
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#4700a5;"| 5 — purple
| style="background:gray;"| 13 — medium grey
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#0000d3;"| 6 — blue
| style="background:#404040;"| 14 — dark grey
|-
| style="color:black; background:#02abea;"| 7 — cyan
| style="color:white; background:#000;"| 15 — black
|}

RISC OS default palette

{|
|-
||
||
|}

Acorn RISC OS 2.x and 3.x provided this 16-color palette:

{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: none" border="1" cellpadding="5"
|-
| style="color:black; background:#fff;"| 0 — white
| style="color:white; background:#049;"| 8 — dark blue
|- style="color:black;"
| style="background:#ddd;"| 1 — grey #1
| style="background:#ee0;"| 9 — yellow
|-
| style="color:black; background:#bbb;"| 2 — grey #2
| style="color:white; background:#0c0;"| 10 — green
|-
| style="color:black; background:#999;"| 3 — grey #3
| style="color:white; background:#d00;"| 11 — red
|-
| style="color:white; background:#777;"| 4 — grey #4
| style="color:black; background:#eeb;"| 12 — beige
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#555;"| 5 — grey #5
| style="background:#558800;"| 13 — dark green
|-
| style="color:white; background:#333;"| 6 — grey #6
| style="color:black; background:#fb0;"| 14 — gold/orange
|-
| style="color:white; background:#000;"| 7 — black
| style="color:black; background:#0bf;"| 15 — light blue
|}

RGB arrangements

These are selections of colors based in evenly ordered RGB levels which provide complete RGB combinations, mainly used as master palettes to display any kind of image within the limitations of the 8-bit pixel depth.

6 level RGB

{| style="border-style: none" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
||
||
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Red
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#300; width:5pc;"| #330000
| style="color:white; background:#600; width:5pc;"| #660000
| style="color:white; background:#900; width:5pc;"| #990000
| style="color:white; background:#c00; width:5pc;"| #CC0000
| style="color:white; background:#f00; width:5pc;"| #FF0000
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Green
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#030; width:5pc;"| #003300
| style="color:white; background:#060; width:5pc;"| #006600
| style="color:white; background:#090; width:5pc;"| #009900
| style="color:white; background:#0c0; width:5pc;"| #00CC00
| style="color:white; background:#0f0; width:5pc;"| #00FF00
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Blue
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#003; width:5pc;"| #000033
| style="color:white; background:#006; width:5pc;"| #000066
| style="color:white; background:#009; width:5pc;"| #000099
| style="color:white; background:#00c; width:5pc;"| #0000CC
| style="color:white; background:#00f; width:5pc;"| #0000FF
|}

Having six levels for every primary, with 6³ = 216 combinations. The index can be addressed by (36×R)+(6×G)+B, with all R, G and B values in a range from 0 to 5. Intended as homogeneous RGB cube, it gives six true grays. Also, there is room for another sorts of 40 colors, so operating systems or programs can add extra colors.

Systems that use this software palette are:

 Web-safe colors
 Apple Macintosh 256 color default palette. It also contains four gradients of ten shades each for gray, red, green and blue.

6-7-6 levels RGB

{| style="border-style: none" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
||
||
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Red
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#300; width:5pc;"| #330000
| style="color:white; background:#600; width:5pc;"| #660000
| style="color:white; background:#900; width:5pc;"| #990000
| style="color:white; background:#c00; width:5pc;"| #CC0000
| style="color:white; background:#f00; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #FF0000
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Green
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#002a00; width:5pc;"| #002A00
| style="color:white; background:#050; width:5pc;"| #005500
| style="color:white; background:green; width:5pc;"| #008000
| style="color:white; background:#0a0; width:5pc;"| #00AA00
| style="color:white; background:#00d400; width:5pc;"| #00D400
| style="color:white; background:#0f0; width:5pc;"| #00FF00
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Blue
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#003; width:5pc;"| #000033
| style="color:white; background:#006; width:5pc;"| #000066
| style="color:white; background:#009; width:5pc;"| #000099
| style="color:white; background:#00c; width:5pc;"| #0000CC
| style="color:white; background:#00f; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #0000FF
|}

This palette is constructed with six levels for red and blue primaries and seven levels for the green primary, giving 6×7×6 = 252 combinations. The index can be addressed by (42×R)+(6×G)+B, with R and B values in a range from 0 to 5 and G in a range from 0 to 6. The same case as the former, but with an added level of green due to the greater sensibility of the normal human eye to this frequency.

It does not provide true grays, but remaining indexes can be filled with four intermediate grays. In any case, there is little room for any other color.

6-8-5 levels RGB

{| style="border-style: none" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
||
||
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Red
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#300; width:5pc;"| #330000
| style="color:white; background:#600; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #660000
| style="color:white; background:#900; width:5pc;"| #990000
| style="color:white; background:#c00; width:5pc;"| #CC0000
| style="color:white; background:#f00; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #FF0000
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Green
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#002400; width:5pc;"| #002400
| style="color:white; background:#004900; width:5pc;"| #004900
| style="color:white; background:#006d00; width:5pc;"| #006D00
| style="color:white; background:#009200; width:5pc;"| #009200
| style="color:white; background:#00b600; width:5pc;"| #00B600
| style="color:white; background:#00db00; width:5pc;"| #00DB00
| style="color:white; background:#0f0; width:5pc;"| #00FF00
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Blue
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#000040; width:5pc;"| #000040
| style="color:white; background:navy; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #000080
| style="color:white; background:#0000bf; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #0000BF
| style="color:white; background:#00f; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #0000FF
|}

This palette is constructed with six levels for red, eight levels for green and five levels for the blue primaries, giving 6×8×5 = 240 combinations. The index can be addressed by (40×R)+(5×G)+B, with R ranging from 0 to 5, G from 0 to 7 and B from 0 to 4. Levels are chosen in function of sensibility of the normal human eye to every primary color.

Also, it does not provide true grays. Remaining indexes can be filled with sixteen intermediate grays or other fixed colors. In fact, this is the best balanced RGB master software palette, in a compromise between the RGB arrangement based in the human eye's sensibility and a sufficient remaining palette entries for another purposes.

8-8-4 levels RGB

{| style="border-style: none" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
||
||
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Red
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#240000; width:5pc;"| #240000
| style="color:white; background:#490000; width:5pc;"| #490000
| style="color:white; background:#6d0000; width:5pc;"| #6D0000
| style="color:white; background:#920000; width:5pc;"| #920000
| style="color:white; background:#b60000; width:5pc;"| #B60000
| style="color:white; background:#db0000; width:5pc;"| #DB0000
| style="color:white; background:#f00; width:5pc;"| #FF0000
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Green
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#002400; width:5pc;"| #002400
| style="color:white; background:#004900; width:5pc;"| #004900
| style="color:white; background:#006d00; width:5pc;"| #006D00
| style="color:white; background:#009200; width:5pc;"| #009200
| style="color:white; background:#00b600; width:5pc;"| #00B600
| style="color:white; background:#00db00; width:5pc;"| #00DB00
| style="color:white; background:#0f0; width:5pc;"| #00FF00
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Blue
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #000000
| style="color:white; background:#005; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #000055
| style="color:white; background:#00a; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #0000AA
| style="color:white; background:#00f; width:5pc;" colspan="2"| #0000FF
|}

The 8-8-4 level RGB use eight levels for each of the red and green color components (3+3 high order bits), and four levels (2 low order bits) for the blue component, due to the lesser sensitivity of the normal human eye to this primary color. This results in an 8×8×4 = 256-color palette as follows:

This RGB software palette occupies the full 8-bit range of possible palette entries, so there is no room for other fixed colors. Software using this palette must draw their user interface elements with the same colors used to show pictures. Also again, it does not provide true grays.

Other common uses of software palettes

Grayscale palettes

{| style="border-style: none" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
||
||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ All 256 colors in grayscale palette
|-
| style="width: 3pc;" | Dark
| style="color: white; background-color: black; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, black, white); width: 256px;" |
| style="width: 3pc;" | Bright
|}

Simple palette made doing every triplet RGB primaries having equal values as a continuous gradient from black to white through the full available palette entries. Here is the 8-bit, 256 levels palette:

Used to display pure grayscale TIFF or JPEG images, for example.

Color gradient palettes

Palettes made of a continuous color gradient from darkest to lightest arbitrary hues. The pixel data is treated as if it were grayscale, but the color table plays with RGB color combinations, not only gray. The relationship between the original luminance and the mapped one can vary, but the lighting scale is preserved along all the palette entries.

One very common case of such palettes is the sepia tone palette, which gives an image an old fashioned and aged look (left). Another gradient example, based on blue hues, is presented here (right), but any hue or mixing of hues can be used. Many cell phones with built-in cameras have options to take colorized photos using this technique.

{| style="border-style: none" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
||
||
||
|-
||
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|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ All 256 colors in color gradient palettes (example)
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Yellow
| style="width: 3pc;" | Dark
| style="color: white; background-color: black; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, black, yellow); width: 256px;" |
| style="width: 3pc;" | Bright
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Red
| style="width: 3pc;" | Dark
| style="color: white; background-color: black; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, black, red); width: 256px;" |
| style="width: 3pc;" | Bright
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Blue
| style="width: 3pc;" | Dark
| style="color: white; background-color: black; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, black, blue); width: 256px;" |
| style="width: 3pc;" | Bright
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Green
| style="width: 3pc;" | Dark
| style="color: white; background-color: black; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, black, lime); width: 256px;" |
| style="width: 3pc;" | Bright
|-
! style="width: 3pc;" | Fuchsia
| style="width: 3pc;" | Dark
| style="color: white; background-color: black; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, black, fuchsia); width: 256px;" |
| style="width: 3pc;" | Bright
|}

Adaptive palettes

{| style="border-style: none" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
||
||
|}

Those whose whole number of available indexes are filled with RGB combinations selected from the statistical order of appearance (usually balanced) of a concrete full true color original image. There exist many algorithms to pick the colors through color quantization; one well known is the Heckbert's median-cut algorithm. Here is the 8-bit, 256 color palette used with the color test chart and the image sample above:

Adaptive palettes only work well with a unique image. Trying to display different images with adaptive palettes over an 8-bit display usually results in only one image with correct colors, because the images have different palettes and only one can be displayed at a time. Here is an example of what happens when an indexed color image is displayed with any color palette that is not its own adaptive palette:

False color palettes

{| style="border-style: none" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
||
||
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ False color palette map
|-
| style="width: 3pc;" | Dark
| style="color: white; background-color: black; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, magenta, blue, cyan, lime, yellow, red); width: 256px;" |
| style="width: 3pc;" | Bright
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ False color palette comparison
|-
| style="width: 18pc;" colspan="2" | Dark
|-
| style="color:white; background:#000; width:9pc;"|
| style="color:white; background:#f0f; width:9pc;"|
|-
| style="color:white; background:#333;"|
| style="color:white; background:#00f;"|
|-
| style="color:white; background:#666;"|
| style="color:black; background:#0ff;"|
|-
| style="color:black; background:#999;"|
| style="color:white; background:#0f0;"|
|-
| style="color:black; background:#ccc;"|
| style="color:black; background:#ff0;"|
|-
| style="color:black; background:#fff;"|
| style="color:white; background:#f00;"|
|-
| colspan="2" | Bright
|}

Arbitrary gradient color scales, usually 256 shades, with no relationship with real colors of a given image. They are employed to artificially colorize a grayscale image to reveal details and/or to map the pixel level values to amounts of some physical magnitude (potential, temperature, altitude, etc.)

Note, in the example above, that new details can be seen as blue over magenta in the background's dark areas of the original photograph.

Here is the 8-bit, 256 color gradient palette used with the color test chart and the image sample above:

There exist many false color palettes, some of them standardized, used mainly in scientific applications: astronomy and radioastronomy, satellite land imaging, thermography, study of materials, tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in medicine, etc.

See also

Palette (computing)
Indexed color
Color Lookup Table
Color depth
Web colors
X11 color names

Notes

Computer graphics
Color depths
Computing output devices


Learned non-use of a limb is a learning phenomenon whereby movement is suppressed initially due to adverse reactions and failure of any activity attempted with the affected limb, which then results in the suppression of behavior. Continuation of this response results in persisting tendency and consequently, the individual never learns that the limb may have become potentially useful. By constraining the less-affected limb there is a change in motivation, which overcomes the learned nonuse of the more-affected limb.

The principles of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) used in stroke patients are based on the idea of the reversal of learned non-use.  CIMT uses constrained movement of the less-affected limb and intensive training of the paretic arm to counter-condition the nonuse of the more-affected arm learned in the acute and early sub-acute periods. More recently, clinical versions of CIMT - called "modified constraint induced movement therapy" (mCIT) - have been produced that are administered over a longer time period than CIMT (usually 10 weeks). While offering the same effectiveness and cortical changes as CIMT, these versions are better tolerated, and can be integrated into traditional therapy clinics and reimbursement parameters.

See also
Silver Spring monkeys

References

Limbs (anatomy)


Events from the year 1548 in art.

Events

Works

Painting
 Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta – Madonna with Six Saints (for San Martino (Bologna))
 Frans Floris – The Judgement of Paris (approximate date)
 Tintoretto
 Miracle of the Slave
 St Mark's Body Brought to Venice
 Titian
 Equestrian Portrait of Charles V
 Venus with Organist and Cupid
 Caterina van Hemessen
 Portrait of a Woman (Rijksmuseum)
 Self-portrait
 Young girl
 Jan Sanders van Hemessen – The Calling of Saint Matthew
 Daniele da Volterra – Madonna with Child, young Saint John the Baptist and Saint Barbara (approximate date)

Sculpture
Pierino da Vinci - Young River God with Theee Putti

Publications
Paolo Pino - Dialogo di pittura

Births
March 18 - Cornelis Ketel, Dutch Mannerist painter (died 1616)
May - Karel van Mander, Flemish painter, poet and biographer (died 1606)
August 26 - Bernardino Poccetti, Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker (died 1612)
date unknown
Ippolito Andreasi, Italian painter (died 1608)
Pietro Francavilla, Franco-Flemish sculptor (died 1615)
probable
Peter Candid, Dutch painter and architect (died 1628)
1548/1550: Palma il Giovane, Italian Mannerist painter from Venice (died 1628)

Deaths
June 11 – Agostino Busti, Italian High Renaissance sculptor (born 1483)
November 10 – Giovanni Battista Averara, Italian painter (born 1508)
date unknown
Matthys Cock, Flemish landscape painter (born 1505)
Battista Dossi, Italian painter who belonged to the Ferrara School of Painting (born 1490)
Martin Schaffner, German painter and medallist (born 1478)
probable
Jean Mone, German-Flemish sculptor (born 1500)
Matteo dal Nasaro Veronese, Italian sculptor and engraver (born unknown)
Girolamo Savoldo, Italian High Renaissance painter (born 1480/1485)

References

Years of the 16th century in art


Susan Henrichs became provost of the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) in July 2007, after serving as dean of the Graduate School and vice provost of UAF from 2003 to 2007.

Career
Henrichs was born and raised in Anchorage, Alaska. She earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry and chemical oceanography from the University of Washington in 1975, and a Ph.D. in chemical oceanography from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution joint program in 1980. From 1981 to 1982  she worked as a postdoctoral research chemist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She joined the UAF faculty in 1982 as an assistant professor of marine science in the Institute of Marine Science, which is part of the School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences. She attained the rank of professor in 1994. From 1994 to 2003, Henrichs oversaw the graduate programme in marine sciences and limnology. Her research specialty is marine organic chemistry. Henrichs and her graduate students have studied the detritus of food webs in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, hydrocarbon contaminants in Kachemak Bay sediments, the adsorption of organic substances by marine sediment particles, and organic matter deposition and preservation patterns in marine sediments. From 1993 to 2007 she has served as the Radiation Safety Officer at UAF.

Selected publications
 Wang, D., S. M. Henrichs, and L. Guo.  2006.  Distributions of nutrients, dissolved organic carbon and carbohydrates in the Western Arctic Ocean.  Continental Shelf Research 26: 1654–1667.
 Henrichs, S. M.  2005.  Organic matter in coastal marine sediments.  In A. R. Robinson and K. H. Brink, eds., The Sea, Volume 13. The Global Coastal Ocean: Multiscale Interdisciplinary Processes.  Harvard University Press, Boston, pp. 129–162.
 Smith, S. L., S. M. Henrichs, and T. Rho.  2002.  Temporal and spatial variation in the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of sinking particles and zooplankton over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf.  Deep-Sea Research Part II 49: 6031–6050.
 Ding, X., and S. M. Henrichs.  2002.  Adsorption and desorption of proteins and polyamino acids by clay minerals and marine sediments. Marine Chemistry 77: 225–237.
 Alexander, V., S. M. Henrichs, and H. J. Niebauer. 1996.  Bering Sea ice dynamics and primary production.  Proceedings of the National Institute of Polar Research Symposium on Polar Biology 9: 13–25.
 Henrichs, S. M.  1995.  Sedimentary organic matter preservation: An assessment and speculative synthesis - a comment.  Marine Chemistry 49: 127–136.

References

University of Alaska Fairbanks faculty
People from Anchorage, Alaska
University of Washington College of the Environment alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


The equatorial electrojet (EEJ) is a narrow ribbon of current flowing eastward in the day time equatorial region of the Earth's ionosphere. The abnormally large amplitude of variations in the horizontal components measured at equatorial geomagnetic observatories, as a result of EEJ, was noticed as early as 1920 from Huancayo geomagnetic observatory. Observations by radar, rockets, satellites, and geomagnetic observatories are used to study EEJ.

Causes
The explanation for the existence of the equatorial electrojet lies with the anisotropic nature of ionospheric electrical conductivity and a process of self-reinforcement. Global-scale ionospheric circulation establishes a Sq (solar quiet) current system in the E region of the Earth's ionosphere (100–130 km altitude), and a primary eastwards electric field near day-side magnetic equator, where the magnetic field is horizontal and northwards. This electric field gives a primary eastwards Pedersen current. E cross B drift results in a downwards Hall current, sustaining vertical charge separation across the depth of the ionosphere, giving an upwards secondary electric field and a secondary Pedersen current that is opposite to the primary Hall current. A secondary Hall current then reinforces the original Pedersen current. At about 110 km height, the integration of the current density gives a peak current strength of about 100 kA, which supports a day-side electrojet magnetic-field enhancement of a factor of two or so.

Lunar Tide
As the position of the sun, moon, and earth changes, so does the strength of the lunar tidal forces. Each lunar month, two spring tides occur when the sun, moon, and earth are aligned to produce a strong lunar tidal force. Likewise, two neap tides occur when the sun and moon are adjacent to one another to produce weak lunar tidal forces. The equatorial electrojet (EEJ) has an abnormally large amplitude of variations in the horizontal components due to the strength of the lunar tides. The lunar tide varies as described above and is changed by the gravitational attraction between the Moon and Earth. Because of this, the pressure and temperature of the lower atmosphere vary, and the effects propagate upward in a tidal wave form to the E region and modulate the electrodynamics.

Studies of the EEJ from satellite and ground magnetic data
The EEJ phenomenon was first identified using geomagnetic data. The amplitude of the daily variation of the horizontal magnetic intensity (ΔH) measured at a geomagnetic observatory near the dip-equator is 3–5 fold higher than the variation of data from other regions of Earth. A typical diurnal equatorial observatory data show a peak of strength ~80 nT at 12:00 LT, with respect to the night-time level.  Egedal (1947) showed that the enhancement of quiet day solar daily variations in ΔH (Sq(H)) lay within  the 50 latitude centered on the dip equator. The mechanism that produced the variation in the magnetic field was proposed as a band of current about 300 km in width flowing over the dip equator.

EEJ studies from satellite data were initiated with the arrival of data from the POGO (Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatories) series of satellite (1967–1970). The characteristic signature of the EEJ is a sharp negative V-shaped curve in the H field, attaining its minimum within 0.5° of the magnetic dip equator. The magnetic data from satellite missions like Ørsted (1999–present) and CHAMP (2000–present) have vastly improved our knowledge of the EEJ.

Recent studies have focused on the lunar-solar interaction is the EEJ. It was demonstrated that complexity is introduced into the EEJ due to the interaction between lunar tide variability in the equatorial electric field and solar-driven variability in the E-region conductivity.

References
Egedal, J. 1947. The magnetic diurnal variation of the horizontal force near the magnetic equator. Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr. 52, 449 – 451
Chapman, S. 1951, The equatorial electrojet as detected from the abnormal electric current distribution above Huancayo, Peru, and elsewhere. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. A. 4, 368–390
Sabaka, T., N. Olsen, and M. Purucker (2004) Extending Comprehensive Models of the Earth's Magnetic Field with Oersted and CHAMP data, Geophys. J. Int.,159, 521-547.
Gasperini, F., J. Forbes (2014) Lunar-Solar Interactions in the Equatorial Electrojet, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi: 10.1002/2014GL059294.

The Equatorial Electrojet  By C. Agodi Onwumechili, Published 1997 CRC Press, , https://books.google.com/books?id=kwCFPH4C3tEC
Sabaka, T., N. Olsen, and M. Purucker (2004) Extending Comprehensive Models of the Earth's Magnetic Field with Oersted and CHAMP data, Geophys. J. Int.,159, 521-547.

External links

 A movie of the magnetic fields generated by the equatorial electrojet, .

Ionosphere
Articles containing video clips


(God's time is the very best time), , also known as Actus tragicus, is an early sacred cantata composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in Mühlhausen, intended for a funeral.

The earliest source for the composition is a copied manuscript dated 1768, therefore the date of the composition is not certain. Research leads to a funeral of a former mayor of Mühlhausen on 16 September 1708. The text is a carefully compiled juxtaposition of biblical texts, three quotations from the Old Testament and four from the New Testament, combined with funeral hymns, of which two are sung and one is quoted instrumentally, and some additions by an anonymous author. Bach scored the work for four vocal parts and a small ensemble of Baroque instruments, two recorders, two violas da gamba and continuo. The work is opened by an instrumental Sonatina, followed by through-composed sections which have been assigned to four movements. The structure is symmetrical around a turning point, when the lower voices, who contemplate the Old Covenant, are overcome by a soprano calling for Jesus.

History
Although Bach's manuscript is lost, the work is agreed to be one of the earliest Bach cantatas, probably composed during the year he spent in Mühlhausen 1707/1708 as organist of the Divi Blasii church, at the age of 22. Various funerals known to have taken place at this time have been proposed as the occasion for the composition, for example that of his uncle Tobias Lämmerhirt from his mother's family, who died in Erfurt on 10 August 1707, and that of Adolph Strecker, a former mayor of Mühlhausen, whose funeral was 16 September 1708.

The earliest surviving manuscript, in the hand of Christian Friedrich Penzel, was copied in 1768 after Bach's death. It introduced the title Actus tragicus. The cantata was published in 1876 as part of the first complete edition of Bach's works: the Bach-Gesellschaft-Ausgabe, edited by Wilhelm Rust.

Theme
The text consists of different Bible passages from the Old and New Testament, as well as individual verses of hymns by Martin Luther and Adam Reusner, which all together refer to finitude, preparation for death and dying. There are two distinct parts to the cantata: the view of the Old Testament on death shown in the first part is confronted by that of the New Testament in the second part, leading to a symmetrical structure. The juxtaposition of texts from the Old and New Testament appeared before in the Christliche Betschule (Christian school of prayer) by Johann Olearius. Markus Rathey, professor at the Yale Institute of Sacred Music, has argued that the sermon given at the funeral of Strecker is similar in ideas to the themes of the cantatas. This may be an indication that Bach composed the work for this occasion.

Music

Structure and scoring
Bach scored the cantata for four vocal parts (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T), and bass (B)) and a chamber ensemble of Baroque instruments: two alto recorders (Fl), two violas da gamba (Vg), basso continuo. The duration is given as 23 minutes.

The sections comprising the cantata are traditionally grouped into four movements. The musicologist Carol Traupman-Carr notes: "Although movements are marked by tempo changes, occasionally key changes, meter changes, and double bar lines, Cantata 106 appears to be a continuous work. Bach helps create a more seamless effect by occasionally resolving the cadence of one section at the downbeat of another, thus blurring the beginnings and endings of traditional movements." The keys and tempo markings are taken from the first publication. The keys in the Neue Bach-Ausgabe and other more recent publications start in F major.

Movements

1
In the opening sonatina, marked Molto adagio, two obbligato alto recorders mournfully echo each other over a sonorous background of viola da gambas and continuo.

2
The first vocal movement combines several aspects of getting ready to die, based mostly on texts from the Old Testament. Bach expresses their ideas in a variety of musical form and scoring. The movement opens (2a) on a text in free poetry, "" (God's time is the best of all times). The chorus has no initial tempo marking, but has a fugal section marked Allegro, and the end is Adagio assai.

The thought from Psalm 90 (2b), ""  (Ah, Lord, teach us to consider that we must die) is rendered as an arioso of the tenor, marked Lento. The melodic line is broken by rests of reflection.

The warning to be prepared for death (2c) from Isaiah, "" (Put your house in order; for you will die), is performed as an aria by the bass, marked Vivace. Arpeggios of the recorder accompany the voice which has been described as "evocative of the command of God".

Marked Andante, the movement concludes (2d) with the central piece in the symmetrical composition. It presents a contrast: while the lower choral voices recall the Old Covenant, "" (It is the ancient law: human, you must die!), based on Jesus Sirach, the solo soprano turns to accepting death as a union with Jesus, singing three times "" (Yes, come, Lord Jesus!). The personal decision is supported by the instrumental quotation in the recorders of Johann Leon's hymn "" (I have brought my affairs home to God). The final call to Jesus closes the movement, leading to a long rest. The musicologist Wendy Heller writes:

3
The second vocal movement is a similar combination of ideas, now mostly from the New Testament. It quotes twice what Jesus said on the cross according to the Gospel of Luke. The first quotation (3a), "" (Into Your hands I commit my spirit), with an added explanation "" (You have redeemed me, Lord, faithful God), from Psalm 31, is rendered as an alto aria.

The second quotation (3b), "" (Today you will be with Me in Paradise), is a bass arioso, supported by Martin Luther's hymn "" (With peace and joy I depart), after the  (also following Luke), sung by the alto as a cantus firmus.

4
The work concludes with the closing seventh stanza of Adam Reusner's hymn "", "" (Glory, praise, honor, and majesty), as a choral movement, but not a simple four-part setting. Introduced by an instrumental passage recalling motifs from the Sonatina, the first lines of the hymn are set for four parts. The movement ends in a double fugue on Amen marked Allegro. The musicologist Julian notes that the fugal section became the "major focus of the piece".

Evaluation
The cantata ranks among Bach's most important works. The Bach scholar Alfred Dürr called the cantata "a work of genius such as even great masters seldom achieve... The Actus tragicus belongs to the great musical literature of the world".

Recordings
The cantata can be performed with only four singers, as in the recording by Joshua Rifkin, while other recordings feature a choir with multiple voices to a part. The following entries are taken from the listing on the Bach Cantatas Website. Choirs with one voice per part (OVPP) and  instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are marked by green background.

Notes

References

External links
 Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit, BWV 106: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)

 God's time is the very best time (Actus tragicus) BWV 106; BC B 18 / Sacred cantata (Funeral)) Bach Digital on Bach digital
 Cantata BWV 106 – Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit (Johann Sebastian Bach) ChoralWiki
 Bach Cantata Gottes Zeit (Actus Tragicus) – BWV 106 score Downloadable score (pdf) with modern clefs by atticbooks, 2016
 Brian Robins: Johann Sebastian Bach / Cantata No. 106, "Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit," ("Actus Tragicus"), BWV 106 (BC B18) AllMusic
 Joe Hickman: A Performers Guide To J.S. Bach's Cantata BWV 106 in The Choral Journal, Vol. 27, No. 2 (September 1986), pp. 15–18, American Choral Directors Association

Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach
Christian funeral music
1707 compositions
1708 compositions


is a retired judoka who won a gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He is the younger brother of 1993 World Judo Championships gold medalist Yoshio Nakamura and 1996 Olympic silver medalist Yukimasa Nakamura.

Biography
Nakamura was born in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.  He entered Tokai University in 1992, and was successful in several judo competitions, winning a gold medal at the 1995 Summer Universiade in his hometown of Fukuoka, and a gold medal at the 1995 Asian Judo Championships in New Delhi, India. He entered Asahi Kasei after graduating, and won the All-Japan Judo Championships in 1996 to gain a spot on the Japanese Olympic judo team for the 1996 Summer Olympics, where he won a close decision victory over Kwak Dae-Sung of South Korea to receive a gold medal. Both Nakamura and Kwak were unaggressive throughout the match, and Kwak gained a lead in points after a warning was issued to Nakamura for inactivity. However, Kwak was penalized in turn for an illegal move with only three seconds remaining in the match, and Nakamura won the gold medal with a 2-1 decision in his favor.

Nakamura won several more tournaments after his first trip to the Olympics, most notably a gold medal at the 1997 World Judo Championships and three consecutive victories in the -73 kg division of the All-Japan Championships from 1998 to 2000. However, he failed to get past the third round at the 1999 World Judo Championships, and lost in the fourth round of the 2000 Summer Olympics and in the third round of the repechage. He won the Kodokan Cup in the -81 kg division the same year, but lost in the semi-finals and bronze medal match of the 2001 World Judo Championships to end up in 5th place. Nakamura retired in 2003 after winning the All-Japan Championships for the 5th time in 2002, and winning the Kano Jigoro Cup in 2003. He began working as an instructor for the Asahi Kasei judo team in 2004, and has served as a coach for the All-Japan junior and senior teams.

References

External links

Living people
1973 births
Tokai University alumni
Olympic judoka for Japan
Judoka at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Sportspeople from Fukuoka (city)
Olympic medalists in judo
Asian Games medalists in judo
Judoka at the 1998 Asian Games
Japanese male judoka
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Universiade medalists in judo
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Japan
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese people


Petros Heronimosi Adamian (; December 21, 1849 – , 1891) was a male actor, poet, writer, artist and public figure in the Ottoman Empire. He was Armenian by ethnicity.

Biography
Adamian's mother died when he was one and a half years old.

He started his artistic career at the age of seventeen, in the play William the Conqueror. After a first period in his career where he gradually won recognition in the theater groups of Constantinople, in 1879 he was hired by the Armenian Theater Board of Tiflis (Tbilisi) and the golden period of his career started afterwards in the Caucasus. He would abandon the historical plays and the French melodramas to enter the world of Shakespeare. Since 1879 he performed in Baku, Shushi, Alexandropol, Tiflis. In the 1880s, when the Ottoman Turkish reaction "held the national minorities in scorn", Adamian had an artistic tour in foreign (Russian and Ukrainian) cities, acting both in Armenian and French languages. In 1887 a Russian theatrical critic wrote about Adamian in Odessky Vestnik: "Not Salvini, not Rossi, not Possart, not Barna, and finally, no world-famous actor has given us such a pure and perfect Hamlet as P. Adamian did." In 1888 he returned to Constantinople. Among his best roles of that period are King Lear, Arbenin (Lermontov's Masquerade), Khlestakov (Gogol's Revisor), Mikael (Sundukian's One More Victim), etc. Being a "great Shakespearean actor" and the first Armenian scientific researcher of William Shakespeare plays, in 1887 he published the study "Shakespeare and the Sources and Criticism of His Tragedy Hamlet." He also made translations from Shakespeare, Victor Hugo, Semyon Nadson, and Nikolai Nekrasov.

Adamian suffered from a throat cancer for the last two years of his life. He died in the St. Nicholas Russian hospital of Constantinople.

Siranush, Hovhannes Abelian, Vahram Papazian, and other Armenian actors continued Adamian's theatrical tradition.

The Armenian Drama Theatre of Tbilisi is named after Adamian.

Further reading
Petros Adamian, by G. Stepanian, Yerevan, 1956

References

External links
Shakespeare in Armenian, by Sona Seferian
Shakespeare and the Armenian theatre, by Nishan Parlakian, Armenian Dramatic Arts Alliance, 2008
Famous People of Armenia: Petros Adamian
 — Mary Cholakian, "The Artist" // "Planeta Diaspor" journal, 21.02.2000 (in Russian)

1849 births
1891 deaths
Male actors from Istanbul
Ethnic Armenian male actors
19th-century male actors from the Ottoman Empire
Poets from the Ottoman Empire
Artists from the Ottoman Empire
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Male stage actors from the Ottoman Empire
Deaths from cancer in the Ottoman Empire
Deaths from esophageal cancer


Miguel Blasco is a music producer and songwriter. Born in Spain.

When he was 16 years old, he joined his first rock band and moved to Ibiza in 1963 through the first years of the musical movement called "beatnic", before the "hippies". On stage, he joined Brian Jones from the Rolling Stones, Willy Brook (drum player for Jimmy Smith), Emilio Sangaro, Ian Anderson, among others, in the only night club in the island.

Later he appeared on a "Marcofestival" in Barcelona and began to write musical scores for Catalan films. He also joined Jimi Hendrix on "Club Babalu" in 1966 and discovered singer-songwriter Joan Manuel Serrat.

He was forced to join the army in 1969, staying off the stages for 18 months. When he returned from military duty, he preferred to work on an independent label as a talent scout, moving to London to pursue this. When he returned to Madrid, he became the disc jockey at the "Club Hotel Barajas" with success.

Years later he joined Ramon Segura on a new label called Ariola as Marketing Director and had the opportunity to work on the first three albums by Camilo Sesto. His musical experience helped him to win the "Best Marketing Director in Spain" for three years in a row.

Due to his success, other record labels wanted him on the staff; offers from CBS, RCA, Movieplay and Hispavox came along. He decided to join the weakest one: Hispavox, and turned that label into a very successful one, recording albums from José Luis Perales, Paloma San Basilio, Raphael and Bebu Silvetti as piano player. All these albums hit the No. 1 spot in Spain, along with another international artists like Eagles and Foreigner. In only a year, Hispavox became the number one label in Spain. Blasco worked there for nine years.

Hispavox lost the distribution by Warner Bros. Records and Miguel worked to fill that void, using the advantage that his label had the best recording studio in the country.

Singers like Raphael, Alberto Cortez, Paloma San Basilio, Mecano, Alaska, Nacha Pop, Radio Futura, among others, were developed on Hispavox by Blasco.

Blasco later worked with Rafaela Carrá on three albums. In 1984, he decided to retire for a few years, but before this he travelled to Mexico with the Spanish team to compete in "Festival OTI". EMI International purchased Hispavox and offered a contact to Blasco to be producer and artistic manager.

From 1984 to 1994, EMI International was a very strong label with the launching of very strong sellers like Daniela Romo, Yurí, Fandango, Pandora, Tatiana, Mijares, Sentidos Opuestos, Angela Carrasco, Lucía Méndez and Nelson Ned.

Paulina Rubio wanted to work with Blasco since she was a little girl, and when she got signed by EMI, he produced her first three albums, selling almost 2 million copies.

While he was working on EMI, he developed another artist for Warner Bros. Records: Rocío Banquells who sold 1.5 million copies.

He also developed Melody for Televisa in Mexico with performers like Alejandra Guzmán and Lucero, selling seven million copies.

Blasco developed many new talents, including Omar Alfano and Rudy Pérez. He later became the President for the label "Lideres", from 2001 to 2002.

References

External links
Miguel Blasco on Myspace

Living people
Spanish record producers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Ibiza
Spanish soldiers