Florimont () is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

Geography
Florimont, at 384 m, lies 5 km east of Delle and about 21 km southeast the city Belfort (as the crow flies). The village extends in the transient area between the flat country of the Belfort Gap and the northern foothills of the Juras, in the Coeuvatte valley at the north foothills of Florimont, close to the border with Switzerland.

The village that in 1999 had a population of 394, had 398 in 1803. The area is relatively large: 18.19 km ² and extends over a dozen kilometers from north to south. Florimont, which was an important manor in the Middle Ages, incorporated into its territory the disappeared villages of Normanvillars and Saint-Andre-d'Essert.

Placenames and hamlets
 Saint-André-d'Essert

This village, of which there only remains the farm of Saint-André, one kilometer from Faverois, should not be confused with the city of Essert, near Belfort, although the origin of the name is undoubtedly the same: a cultivable ground reclaimed from the forest. In the seventeenth century Saint-André had a church which would have already existed sometime between 1274 and at least 1466, when a priest officiated there. It was restored in 1606 but was threatened with ruin in 1749. By the end of the eighteenth century all that remained there were four Anabaptist families, and the church disappeared. The hamlet belongs to the parish of Faverois. In texts written in German, Essert is Germanized as Schert.

 Normanvillars

Normanvillars was a Mennonite settlement on the border of the Sundgau (southern Alsace) and the Territory of Belfort in a forest area called by that name. It was about 10–15 miles (16–25 km) northeast of Montbéliard, southeast of Belfort, and north of Delle. The settlement was established between 1747 and 1780 by Mennonite families coming from the Swiss Jura to the south and a few Amish families coming from the Montbéliard area to the southwest. By 1791, according to a military census, 23 of the 97 families in the commune of Florimont were Mennonite. By the end of the eighteenth century this rather extended settlement was divided into two organized congregations, both meeting in homes, the one to the north called La Maie (later Belfort), the one in the south called Florimont. The first meetinghouse at Normanvillars, the Chapelle des Fermes, was erected in 1849 after many members had emigrated. The beginning of emigration to North America was in 1819. A number of families settled in Putnam County, Ohio, others in western Waterloo County, Ontario.

It is probable that Normanvillars disappeared at the same time as Saint-André d'Essert, in the second half of the fifteenth century, victim of the instability which reigned then in the countryside. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the Mennonites, famous for being experienced farmers, took possession again of the places and formed a locality dependent on the seigniory of Florimont. Nowadays, the hamlet is summarized as being a few farms spread over a vast clearing in the middle of which is a chapel known as the Chappel of the Mennonites and a cemetery.

History
The site of Florimont has been occupied since the Roman period, probably by a lookout tower charged with supervising the movement of troops on their way connecting Mandeure in Doubs to Augst and Kembs in Haut-Rhin. After the creation of the county of Ferrette in the eleventh century, the feudal castle and the fortifications of the village were built which very quickly took up importance. In the thirteenth century, the stronghold, which also covered Courcelles, Suarce, Chavanatte, Lepuix-Neuf and partly Faverois, Grosne, Boron, Réchésy, was held by the Blumenberg family, a German name that can translate as Mountain of the flowers. The grounds of Florimont were on several occasions the object of contention between the bishop of Basle and the count of Ferrette. By the fifteenth century, the economic importance of the city is not negligible as it holds a weekly market and two annual fairs, one at All Saints' Day and the other on the Tuesday of Easter.

In 1583 a fire destroyed the castle which was rebuilt. During the Thirty Years' War, around 1632, the Swedish troops, which devastated the countryside around Belfort, plundered the city and the castle, not being concerned with its ruins.

During the French Revolution, the population of Florimont expressed their attachment to their lord, Xavier de Ferrette, while addressing a letter of protest to the Directory, when he was put on the list of émigrés and, as a result, considered a traitor to the country. That did not prevent the family's goods from being confiscated.

See also

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

References

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort


Fontaine () is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, northeastern France.

See also

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

References

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort


Lt. Col. Walter Buller (10 December 1886 – 21 May 1938) was a British auction and contract bridge organiser, player and writer, the leading British bridge personality at the start of the 1930s. Buller was from London.

Life
Buller joined the Army Service Corps as a commissioned officer in 1907 and served throughout World War I, first as a Sixth Division captain in France and then as a staff officer in the War Office, where he became lieutenant colonel in 1917. He retired on pay in 1923 and thereafter lived in London.

Bridge career

Buller was one of those responsible for contract bridge being adopted at the Portland Club, after the game and its new scoring system was brought to England by Lord Lascelles and Jimmie Rothschild in 1927. The Portland Club, which regulated the laws of whist since early in the nineteenth century, remains the law-giving body for bridge in Britain, and has taken part in every subsequent revision of the laws of bridge.

In Buller's bridge career, and his weekly column for the Star, he was a showman whose motto was "Must do something to stir them up!". As such, he was the perfect foil to Ely Culbertson, the great publicist for contract bridge. Buller organised the first Anglo-American match against the Culbertson team in 1930, and captained the English team. This match inaugurated the 'Golden Age' of contract bridge, leading to an extraordinary amount of publicity in the press. Culbertson, a genius as a publicist, created many small incidents for the benefit of the press, and Buller did his best to provide quotable phrases in his interviews and his books.

Buller was the leading proponent of the direct bidding system called British Bridge. It prided itself on having no conventional (artificial) bids. He was a bridge columnist, and wrote several books. Buller won the first English National Pairs in 1932.

In the famous match at Almack's club the English team was Buller, Mrs Gordon Evers, Dr Nelson Wood-Hill FRCS and Cedric Kehoe RN. Mrs Gordon Evers was Walter Buller's favourite partner: "white-haired and striking, she had toured the United States as an actress in Sir Herbert Tree's company". The former world chess champion, Emanuel Lasker, reported the match for German and Austrian newspapers; he became a registered teacher of the Culbertson system.

The US team was Culbertson and his wife Josephine, Theodore Lightner and Waldemar von Zedwitz. All the members of the American team would be recognised as outstanding players in the years that followed. Both their partnerships were experienced and organised; the result of the match was not long in doubt. Culbertson won by 4,845 points over a week's play of 200 deals (total points scoring): not quite so bad for Buller as it might have been.

Hubert Phillips commented on the match:
"The Culbertson Forcing System was definitely vindicated. The contest showed that 'card sense', intelligent guesswork fortified by experience, cannot stand up against a methodical system of conveying information also fortified by card sense."

Later, in 1934, a match between Buller's team and Almack's Club was played, in which Almack's used ideas taken from Culbertson. Almack's won, knocking another nail in the coffin of Buller's system. The consequence was that direct and entirely natural bidding went out of favour, never to return. In the future, even natural bidding systems used detailed agreements and conventions.

Publications

 Reflections of a Bridge Player, with a chapter on 'how to bid at contract''' (London: Methuen & Co., 1929)
 From Auction to Contract: the logic of British Bridge (Methuen, 1932) – "Contains the famous accusation that forcing bids are equivalent to scratching one's head or blowing one's nose to convey information" –Leslie Parris, Contract bridge books
 How to Play Contract Bridge (London: The Star, 1932)
 Colonel Buller on the Beasley–Culbertson bridge contest, 1933: the 6303 calls reviewed and analysed (The Star, 1933) – contains "sustained vituperation against American methods ... always entertaining" –Leslie Parris
 The Buller–Almacks bridge contest (the best contract bridge yet seen in this country), Buller and Ewart Kempson (London: 1934) – discusses 76 of the 100 hands
 The Way to Play: The Buller system of contract bridge (The Star, 1936)

Buller also introduced the London News Chronicle's 222-page record of the 1930 match: International Bridge Test: complete record of bidding, play & scores in "duplicate" contract bridge match between England & America (London: News Chronicle'', 1930)

References

Citations
  Appendix CD2: Biographies and Results.

1886 births
1938 deaths
British and Irish contract bridge players
English contract bridge players
Bridge players from London
Contract bridge writers
British Army personnel of World War I
Place of birth missing
Royal Army Service Corps officers


Fontenelle is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

See also

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

References

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort


Foussemagne () is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

See also

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

References

External links
Official website

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort


Frais () is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

See also

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

References

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort


Froidefontaine () is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

See also

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

References

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort


Giromagny () is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

Geography

Climate
Giromagny has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Giromagny is . The average annual rainfall is  with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Giromagny was  on 24 July 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 20 December 2009.

Population

See also

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department
Fort de Giromagny

References

External links
Official website

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort


Grandvillars () is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

Population

See also

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

References

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort


Gondenans-les-Moulins () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Grosmagny (; ) is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

See also

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

References

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort


Skogn Station () is a railway station located in the village of Skogn in the municipality of Levanger in Trøndelag county, Norway.  It is located on the Nordland Line railway line. The station is served hourly by the Trøndelag Commuter Rail service to Steinkjer and Trondheim. The service is operated by SJ Norge.

History
The station was opened on 29 October 1902 on the Hell–Sunnan Line between Hell Station and Levanger Station as the section to Levanger was finished. The station was designed by Paul Due and was built with a surrounding park.

References

Railway stations in Levanger
Railway stations on the Nordland Line
Railway stations opened in 1902
1902 establishments in Norway
National Romantic architecture in Norway
Art Nouveau railway stations
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1900s


Grosne () is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

See also

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

References

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort
Territoire de Belfort communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


PackageKit is a free and open-source suite of software applications designed to provide a consistent and high-level front end for a number of different package management systems. PackageKit was created by Richard Hughes in 2007, and first introduced into an operating system as a default application in May 2008 with the release of Fedora 9.

The suite is cross-platform, though it is primarily targeted at Linux distributions which follow the interoperability standards set out by the freedesktop.org group. It uses the software libraries provided by the D-Bus and Polkit projects to handle inter-process communication and privilege negotiation respectively.

PackageKit seeks to introduce automatic updates without having to authenticate as root, fast-user-switching, warnings translated into the correct locale, common upstream GNOME and KDE tools and one software over multiple Linux distributions.

Although bug fixes are still released, no major features have been developed since around 2014, and the package's maintainer predicts that it will gradually be replaced by other tools as technologies such as Flatpak and Snap become more popular.

Software architecture
PackageKit runs as a system-activated daemon, named packagekitd, which abstracts out differences between the different systems. A library called libpackagekit allows other programs to interact with PackageKit.

Features include:
 installing local files, ServicePack media and packages from remote sources
 authorization using Polkit
 the use of existing packaging tools
 multi-user system awareness – it will not allow shutdown in critical parts of the transaction
 a system-activated daemon which exits when not in use

Front-ends

 pkcon is the official front-end of PackageKit, it operates from the command line.
GTK-based:
 gnome-packagekit is an official GNOME front-end for PackageKit. Unlike GNOME Software, gnome-packagekit can handle all packages, not just applications, and has advanced features that are missing in GNOME Software as of June 2020.
 GNOME Software is a utility for installing the applications and updates on Linux. It is part of the GNOME Core Applications and was introduced in GNOME 3.10.

Qt-based:

Back-ends
A number of different package management systems (known as back-ends) support different abstract methods and signals used by the front-end tools. Supported back-ends include:
 Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)
 Conary
 libdnf & librepo, the libraries upon which DNF, (the successor to yum) builds
 Entropy
 Opkg
 pacman
 PiSi
 Portage
 Smart Package Manager
 urpmi
 YUM
 ZYpp

See also

 AppStream
 Listaller
 Polkit
 Red Carpet
 Software Updater
 List of Linux package management systems

References

External links

Applications using D-Bus
Free package management systems
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in C++
Free software programmed in Python
Linux package management-related software
Linux PMS graphical front-ends
Package management software that uses GTK
Package management software that uses Qt


Gondenans-Montby () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Gonsans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Doubs


Gouhelans is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Goumois () is a commune in the department of Doubs, in the eastern French region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


The Further Chronicles of Conan is a collection of fantasy novels written by Robert Jordan featuring the sword and sorcery hero Conan the Barbarian, created by Robert E. Howard.  The book was first published in hardcover in October 1999 by Tor Books, with a trade paperback edition following in September 2004 from the same publisher. It collects three novels previously published by Tor.

Contents
 Conan the Magnificent
 Conan the Triumphant
 Conan the Victorious

Reception
Reviewer Bob Byrne writes that "it seems to be generally agreed that Jordan's works are among the best of the non-Howard efforts (of course, some will disagree)." In his own reading of the collection, "this Conan is not the comedian-ish version portrayed by Ah-nuld S. in the two movies, and "a bit more of the noble savage and less of the wild barbarian than I expected." He finds Jordan's writing "nicely descriptive without being quite as wordy as he grew to be in the latter half of the Wheel of Time series."

Notes

1999 novels
American fantasy novels
Conan the Barbarian books
Tor Books books


Goux-lès-Dambelin (, literally Goux near Dambelin) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Dambelin
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Goux-les-Usiers () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


International Rome Film Fest is a film festival that takes place in Rome during the month of October. The name in Italian is Festa del Cinema di Roma.

Sections
The Rome Film Festival official program is divided into several sections:

Cinema d'Oggi
A selection of feature films, with priority given to world premieres. At the end of each screening, the audience votes for the People's Choice Award  | Cinema d'Oggi.

Gala
Feature films that are world premieres, international or European premieres.

Mondo Genere
Feature films from various genres that are world, international or European premieres, with priority given to world premieres.

Prospettive Italia
World premieres highlighting new trends in Italian cinema. At the end of each screening, the audience votes for the People's Choice Award  |  Cinema Italia (Fiction) and the People's Choice Award  | Cinema Italia (Documentary).

Alice nella Città
Devoted to children films, this sections has two competitive subsections, one for over-12 films and the other under-12.

Awards
The Rome Film Festival award is a silver statuette shaped after the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius statue, placed in Michelangelo's Campidoglio Square.

BNL People’s Choice Award | Gala
The winning film's prize money is given to its Italian distributor, or, if no Italian distributor buys it within six months, to its international seller.

2014: Trash (Brazil, UK), directed by Stephen Daldry

People’s Choice Award | Cinema d’Oggi

2014: 12 Citizens (China), directed by Zu Ang

People’s Choice Award | Mondo Genere

2014: Haider (India), directed by Vishal Bhardwaj

People’s Choice Award | Cinema Italia (Fiction)

2014: Fino a qui tutto bene, directed by Roan Johnson

People’s Choice Award | Cinema Italia (Doc)
2014: Looking for Kadija, directed by Francesco G. Raganato

Winners

Best Film
2006: Playing the Victim by Kirill Serebrennikov
2007: Juno by Jason Reitman
2008: Opium War by Siddiq Barmak
2009: Broderskab by Nicolo Donato
2010: Kill Me Please by Olias Barco
2011: Un cuento chino by Sebastián Borensztein
2012: Marfa Girl by Larry Clark
2013: Tir by Alberto Fasulo

Best Actor
2006: Giorgio Colangeli (in Salty Air)
2007: Rade Šerbedžija (in Fugitive Pieces)
2008: Bohdan Stupka (in Serce na dloni)
2009: Sergio Castellitto (in Alza la testa)
2010: Toni Servillo (in Una vita tranquilla)
2011: Guillaume Canet (in Une vie meilleure)
2012: Jeremie Elkaim (in Hand in the Hand)
2013: Matthew McConaughey (in Dallas Buyers Club)

Best Actress
2006: Ariane Ascaride (in Le voyage en Arménie)
2007: Jiang Wenli (in And the Spring Comes)
2008: Donatella Finocchiaro (in Galantuomini)
2009: Helen Mirren (in The Last Station)
2010: All of the actresses (in Las buenas hierbas)
2011: Noomi Rapace (in Babycall)
2012: Isabella Ferrari (in And They Call It Summer)
2013: Scarlett Johansson (in Her)

Jury Special Prize
2006: This Is England by Shane Meadows
2010: Poll by Chris Kraus
2011: The Eye of the Storm by Fred Schepisi
2011: Circumstance by Maryam Keshavarz
2012: Alì ha gli occhi azzurri by Claudio Giovannesi
2013: Quod Erat Demonstrandum by Andrei Gruzsniczk

IMAIE Acting Award
2006: Sean Connery
2007: Sophia Loren
2008: Clint Eastwood
2009: Meryl Streep
2010: Julianne Moore
2011: Richard Gere

Structure
The Rome Film Festival is produced by the Cinema per Roma Foundation, whose president is Laura Delli Colli. The General Manager is Francesca Via.

The Artistic Director of the Festival is Antonio Monda.

See also
Venice Film Festival
Rome Quadriennale
Rome Independent Cinema Festival
Cento Pittori via Margutta

References

External links

International Rome Film Festival Official Website

Film festivals in Rome
2006 establishments in Italy
Annual events in Italy
Recurring events established in 2006
Autumn events in Italy
Italian film awards
Film festivals established in 2006


Goux-sous-Landet () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

It is located on the D110 route, south of Courcelles.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


This is a list of wars involving Israel. Since its declaration of independence in May 1948, the State of Israel has fought various wars with its neighbouring Arab states, two major Palestinian Arab uprisings known as the First Intifada and the Second Intifada (see Israeli–Palestinian conflict), and a broad series of other armed engagements rooted in the Arab–Israeli conflict.

Wars and other conflicts
Israel has been involved in a number of wars and large-scale military operations, including:
1948 Arab–Israeli War (November 1947 – July 1949) – Started as 6 months of civil war between Jewish and Arab militias when the mandate period in Palestine was ending and turned into a regular war after the establishment of Israel and the intervention of several Arab armies. In its conclusion, a set of agreements were signed between Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, called the 1949 Armistice Agreements, which established the armistice lines between Israel and its neighbours, also known as the Green Line.
Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency (1950s–1960s) – Palestinian attacks and reprisal operations carried out by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1950s and 1960s. These actions were in response to constant fedayeen incursions during which Arab guerrillas infiltrated from Syria, Egypt, and Jordan into Israel to carry out attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers. The policy of the reprisal operations was exceptional due to Israel's declared aim of getting a high 'blood cost' among the enemy side which was believed to be necessary in order to deter them from committing future attacks.
Suez Crisis (October 1956) – A military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel, beginning on 29 October 1956, with the intention to occupy the Sinai Peninsula and to take over the Suez Canal. The attack followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam. Although the Israeli invasion of the Sinai was successful, the United States and USSR forced it to retreat. Even so, Israel managed to re-open the Straits of Tiran and pacified its southern border.
Six-Day War (June 1967) – Fought between Israel and Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The nations of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Algeria, and others also contributed troops and arms to the Arab forces. Following the war, the territory held by Israel expanded significantly ("The Purple Line") : The West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan, Golan Heights from Syria, Sinai and Gaza from Egypt.
War of Attrition (1967–1970) – A limited war fought between the Israeli military and forces of the Egyptian Republic, the USSR, Jordan, Syria, and the Palestine Liberation Organization from 1967 to 1970. It was initiated by the Egyptians as a way of recapturing the Sinai from the Israelis, who had been in control of the territory since the mid-1967 Six-Day War. The hostilities ended with a ceasefire signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers remaining in the same place as when the war began.
Yom Kippur War (October 1973) – Fought from 6 to 26 October 1973 by a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel as a way of recapturing part of the territories which they lost to the Israelis back in the Six-Day War. The war began with a surprise joint attack by Egypt and Syria on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. Egypt and Syria crossed the cease-fire lines in the Sinai and Golan Heights, respectively. Eventually Arab forces were defeated by Israel and there were no significant territorial changes.
Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon (1971–1982) – PLO relocate to South Lebanon from Jordan and stage attacks on the Galilee and as a base for international operations. In 1978, Israel launches Operation Litani – the first Israeli large-scale invasion of Lebanon, which was carried out by the Israel Defense Forces in order to expel PLO forces from the territory. Continuing ground and rocket attacks, and Israeli retaliations, eventually escalate into the 1982 War.
1982 Lebanon War (1982) – Began on 6 June 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces invaded southern Lebanon to expel the PLO from the territory. The Government of Israel ordered the invasion as a response to the assassination attempt against Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov, by the Abu Nidal Organization and due to the constant terror attacks on northern Israel made by the Palestinian guerrilla organizations which resided in Lebanon. The war resulted in the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon and created an Israeli Security Zone in southern Lebanon.
South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) – Nearly 15 years of warfare between the Israel Defense Forces and its Lebanese Christian proxy militias against Lebanese Muslim guerrilla, led by Iranian-backed Hezbollah, within what was defined by Israelis as the "Security Zone" in South Lebanon.
First Intifada (1987–1993) – First large-scale Palestinian uprising against Israel in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
Second Intifada (2000–2005) – Second Palestinian uprising, a period of intensified violence, which began in late September 2000.
2006 Lebanon War (summer 2006) – Began as a military operation in response to the abduction of two Israeli reserve soldiers by the Hezbollah. The operation gradually strengthened, to become a wider confrontation. The principal participants were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israeli military. The conflict started on 12 July 2006 and continued until a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect on 14 August 2006, though it formally ended on 8 September 2006, when Israel lifted its naval blockade of Lebanon. The war resulted in a stalemate.
Gaza War or Operation Cast Lead (December 2008 – January 2009) – Three-week armed conflict between Israel and Hamas during the winter of 2008–2009. In an escalation of the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Israel responded to ongoing rocket fire from the Gaza Strip with military force in an action titled "Operation Cast Lead". Israel opened the attack with a surprise air strike on 27 December 2008. Israel's stated aim was to stop such rocket fire from and the import of arms into Gaza. Israeli forces attacked military and civilian targets, police stations, and government buildings in the opening assault. Israel declared an end to the conflict on 18 January and completed its withdrawal on 21 January 2009.
2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip or Operation Pillar of Defense (November 2012) – Military offensive on the Gaza Strip.
2014 Gaza War or Operation Protective Edge (July–August 2014) – Military offensive on the Gaza Strip as a response to the collapse of American-sponsored peace talks, attempts by rival Palestinian factions to form a coalition government, the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers, the subsequent kidnapping and murder of a Palestinian teenager, and increased rocket attacks on Israel by Hamas militants.
Syrian Civil War and the Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war.
2021 Israel–Palestine crisis or Operation Guardian of the Walls (May 2021) – There were riots between Jews and Arabs in Israeli cities. Also Hamas in Gaza sent military rockets into Israel and Iron Dome intercepted most dangerous rockets. Israel attacked targets in Gaza.
2023 Israel–Hamas war (October 2023- )

Table
Conflicts considered as wars by the Israeli Ministry of Defense (as they were named by Israel) are marked in bold.

Other armed conflicts involving the IDF

See also

 History of the Israel Defense Forces
 History of the Israeli Air Force
 Iran–Israel proxy conflict
 Israeli casualties of war
 Jewish military history
 List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
 List of wars involving the State of Palestine
 Outline of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
 Timeline of Israeli history
 Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict
 Violent conflicts involving the Yishuv

References

External links

 Israel's Wars at the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 Israel's Wars & Operations at the Jewish Virtual Library

Israel Defense Forces
Wars
Wars
Israel


Grand-Charmont () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Genia may refer to:

 Génia, London-based Russian virtuoso concert pianist and composer
 Genia Technologies, a US nanopore based DNA sequencing company, a fully owned subsidiary of Hoffmann-La Roche
Will Genia (born 1988), Australian rugby union player
 Genia in Shadow and Bone- book


Partyflock is a Dutch virtual community for people interested in house music and other electronic dance music. Since 2001, Partyflock has evolved into the biggest online community for the dance scene in the Netherlands, with over 400 thousand members and 500 million page views a month.

History
In 2001 Partyflock was started by Thomas van Gulick, then a student at the University of Twente. The University of Twente and Studenten Net Twente stimulated the growth of the site by allowing it to generate large amounts of web traffic as long as the site had no commercial goals. After Thomas’s graduation, Partyflock left the campus grounds and became an independent website.

Until March 2005 Partyflock was run entirely by volunteers. All computer hardware was paid for by member donations.

In February 2006 Partyflock counted 403,754 active members and on a monthly basis around one and a half million people visit the site. The site generates around 500 million page views per month.

In February 2007 Partyflock hosted a large indoor dance festival in the Gelredome in Arnhem to celebrate its fifth anniversary. Over 19,000 members attended "Flockers," as the festival was called.

Important elements of the website are the news section, a calendar with party dates for over 23,500 artists, 4,525 locations and 2,200 organizations; a photo section with over 400,000 party pictures, and an interactive forum on which a variety of topics are discussed that are of interest to Partyflock’s members. Subjects include music, new releases, parties, artists and clubs; and also sports, health, relationships and current affairs. Partyflock also has a sub-forum where English speaking members can post.

References
 Menno Visser, Partyflock noodgedwongen commerciëler, news on 3VOOR12, VPRO, 1 April 2005
 De Gelderlander: Partyflock viert housend verjaardag, 26 February 2007
 Metro: Op stap? Eerst even flocken, 26 September 2007
 3voor12: Partyflock mobiliseert feestneuzen in België, 27 September 2007

External links
Partyflock

House music
Dutch social networking websites
Dutch music websites


Grand'Combe-Châteleu () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Grand'Combe-des-Bois is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Grandfontaine () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is a cyclopropene derivative used as a synthetic plant growth regulator.  It is structurally related to the natural plant hormone ethylene and it is used commercially to slow down the ripening of fruit and to help maintain the freshness of cut flowers.

Synthesis
1-Methylcyclopropene is synthesized by the reaction of methallyl chloride and phenyllithium, which functions as a base:

The phenyllithium should be free of lithium halides.  The corresponding reaction of allyl chloride and phenyllithium main affords cyclopropylbenzene.

Isomers
Methylcyclopropene can refer to either of two isomers, 1-methylcyclopropene covered in this article, or 3-methylcyclopropene which is not covered in this article.  2-methylcyclopropene would be an incorrect name for 1-methylcyclopropene.  Also note: methylcyclopropane is yet a different chemical compound, which is a cycloalkane with the formula C4H8.

Mechanism of action

Ethylene is a gas acting at trace levels (typically between a few tenths and a few thousands ppm in the gas atmosphere) throughout the life of a plant by stimulating or regulating various processes such as the ripening of climacteric fruit, the opening of flowers (dehiscence process), and the shedding of leaves (abscission process).  The mechanism of action of 1-MCP involves its tightly binding to the ethylene receptor in plants, thereby blocking the effects of ethylene (competitive inhibitor).

Commercial use

1-MCP is used commercially to maintain the freshness of ornamental plants and flowers and preventing the ripening of fruits.  It is used in enclosed sites, such as coolers, truck trailers, greenhouses, storage facilities, and shipping containers.

Under the brand name EthylBloc, 1-MCP was approved in  by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use on ornamental crops. For cut flowers, potted flowers, and bedding, nursery and foliage plants, 1-MCP prevents or delays wilting, leaf yellowing, opening, and death.

Under the brand name SmartFresh, 1-MCP is used in the agriculture industry by growers, packers, and shippers to prevent or delay the natural ripening process.  The use of 1-MCP in agricultural products including apples, kiwifruit, tomatoes, bananas, plums, persimmons, avocados, and melons has been approved and accepted for use in more than 34 countries including the European Union and the United States.  Although benefiting from fresher produce and lower cost, the consumer however may be purchasing fruit that is older than expected.

1-MCP is also being developed as a crop protection technique.  By spraying 1-MCP on growing field crops during times of stress, the crops may be protected from moderate heat and drought conditions.

See also
 Ethylene as a plant hormone
 Methylenecyclopropane, an isomer

References

Cyclopropenes
Plant growth regulators


Grandfontaine-sur-Creuse () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


La Grange () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Granges-Narboz () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Les Grangettes () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs
Ramsar sites in Metropolitan France


Les Gras () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Le Gratteris is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Grosbois () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Guillon-les-Bains () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Guyans-Durnes () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Guyans-Vennes () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Hautepierre-le-Châtelet () is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

History
On 1 January 2016, Athose, Chasnans, Hautepierre-le-Châtelet, Nods, Rantechaux and Vanclans merged becoming one commune called Les Premiers-Sapins.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Former communes of Doubs


Hauterive-la-Fresse () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Hérimoncourt () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


L'Hôpital-du-Grosbois () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


L'Hôpital-Saint-Lieffroy () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Les Hôpitaux-Neufs is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is situated  southeast of Pontarlier on the road through the Jura mountains. International traffic passes through the commune on Route 57, and only a few farms have retained their typical rural quality. North of the village, Route 57 passes over the col des Hôpitaux-Neufs at 1046 m. This pass is the continental divide between the watersheds of the Rhine and the Rhône rivers.

The village is situated at 1000 m. between the massif of the Mont-d'Or on the south and the Herba on the north. The land of the commune is primarily pasture and forest.

History
The commune goes back to the hospital established in the 13th century by Jean de Châlons-d'Arlay, Count of Burgundy. The village received its present name in 1780.

The church built in 1368 was burned down by Swedish troops during the 30 Years' War and restored in the 17th century in Renaissance Italian style. A baroque bell tower was added in 1694.

Until 30 September 1807, the parish belonged to the diocese of Lausanne. It was then incorporated into the diocese of Besançon.

Population

See also
 Les Hôpitaux-Vieux
 Communes of the Doubs department

References
Sources
Notes

External links

 Commune Web site

Communes of Doubs


Les Hôpitaux-Vieux () is a commune in the Doubs département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the Roman road from Besançon to Italy.

The highest point in the commune is the Mont de l'Herba at 1303 m.

History
The history of the commune is linked to Jean de Chalon, Duke of Burgundy. He established a hospital, first designed to treat the wounded in battle, and then to combat leprosy and the plague, which raged from 1346 to 1349.

The two distance names of Hôpitaux-Vieux and Hôpitaux-Neufs first appear in a document of 1393.

The village was entirely destroyed in July 1639 in the Thirty Years' War. As late as 1688, there were still only 37 homes that had been rebuilt.

The village did not have its own church until 1664, but was dependent on the parish of Saint-Maurice.

Population

Economy
Agriculture was the principal activity in the commune until the end of the 20th century, when tourism became important because of the construction of the ski resort of Métabief-Mont d'Or.

See also
 Les Hôpitaux-Neufs
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Communal Web site

Communes of Doubs


Houtaud () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Huanne-Montmartin is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Hyémondans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Hyèvre-Magny () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Hyèvre-Paroisse
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Hyèvre-Paroisse () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Hyèvre-Magny
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Indevillers is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official Web site

Communes of Doubs


L'Isle-sur-le-Doubs () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The communes is situated  northeast of Besançon and  southwest of Montbéliard. The town lies at the foot of a cliff, so expansion took place on the other side of the river Doubs.

History
The town of l'Isle-sur-le-Doubs was formed from the merging of the villages of Fusnans, Carnans, and Uxelles. It belonged originally to the abbey of Les Trois Rois, and was then ceded to the Count of Neufchâtel, who built his castle there in 1230, only the foundations of which remain.

Population

The inhabitants of the commune are called l'Islois.

Tourism
The commune has a three-star camping ground and attracts many tourists who go fishing in the Doubs. Hiking trails are also numerous in the surrounding countryside.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 L'Isle-sur-le-Doubs on the intercommunal Web site of the canton

Communes of Doubs


Ronglan Station () is a railway station located in the village of Ronglan in the municipality of Levanger in Trøndelag county, Norway.  It is located on the Nordland Line. The station is served irregularly by the Trøndelag Commuter Rail service to Steinkjer and Trondheim, with several services not stopping at Ronglan.  The service is operated by SJ Norge.

History
The station was opened on 29 October 1902 on the Hell–Sunnan Line between Hell Station and Levanger Station as the section to Levanger was finished.  It is located near the intersection of the highway from Rongland to Ekne, near European route E6. The station was designed by Paul Due and was built with a surrounding park.

References

Railway stations in Levanger
Railway stations on the Nordland Line
Railway stations opened in 1902
1902 establishments in Norway
National Romantic architecture in Norway
Art Nouveau railway stations
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1900s


Issans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The village is situated in the small valley of the Rupt  from Montbéliard.

Population

Economy
The village has retained its rural character, but also has become the home of several artisans and commercial establishments.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

Issans on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Jallerange () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is situated  west of Besançon.

History
An imposing Roman villa was discovered in 1771 by Claude Seguin, Seigneur de Jallerange. He created a magnificent garden designed by André Le Nôtre, which has been maintained in the same style for over 200 years.

Population

The inhabitants of the commune are called Joutereys.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Jallerange on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Jougne () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is situated  from Pontarlier and  from the Swiss border. It lies in the Jura Mountains, which form the border between France and Switzerland. The commune dominates the valley of the Jougnena. From Piquemiette, there are views of the Alps.

History

In the Middle Ages, Jougne was an important toll station on the road to Italy. Of the ancient fortifications, a gate and ramparts, as well as ruins of the fort, remain. The chapel of Saint Maurice dates from the 12th century and has a Carolingian crypt.

Population

Tourism
Jougne is a tourist town noted for winter sports. The ski resort of Piquemiette caters to alpine skiers, but there are also hiking and cross-country ski trails in the forest of la Joux. There is also an animal museum and numerous hotels and restaurants.

Twin towns — sister cities
Jougne is twinned with:

  Buttigliera Alta, Italy

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Jougne on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Laire () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is located  from Montbéliard.

History
The name of the commune was originally spelled Layr and appears for the first time in 1231 in a charter of Thierry (Theodoric) III, Count of Montbéliard

Population

The inhabitants of Laire are called Niauds.

Trivia
 Laire is a live action role playing game ("LAIRE" - Live Action Interactive Role-playing Explorers) located in Sparta, New Jersey, USA. The name is featured in the movie Role Models. France has its own history in medieval history and lore.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Laire on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Laissey () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The village lies in the deep valley of the river Doubs. The Cascade du Rougnon is a 17-meter waterfall.

Population

Economy
The village housed a mill from its inception, which served the villages of the Roulans plateau and Bouclans.

At the beginning of the 19th century, an iron mine was opened that employed up to 60 miners. However, with the arrival of the railroad in 1860, the mine was closed.

About 1870, a textile mill was established on the site of the old mill. It employed about 30 women, but it closed when the Bost brothers opened a tool factory at the end of the 19th century. From that time on, the village grew along with the factory. Of its 500 inhabitants, 200 worked at the factory.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Laissey on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Longeville () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Longeville is a long, narrow village, as its name implies. It is the highest commune in the canton.

The cliffs of the Capucin and Mont Belvoir at 850 m dominate the valley of the Loue River.

Population

Economy
Cheese production is an important industry, particularly Comté, a hard cheese made of cow's milk similar to Gruyère.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 http://www.routedescommunes.com/departement-25-commune-319.html Longeville on the intercommunal Web site of the department]

Communes of Doubs


La Longeville () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  from Montbenoît, halfway between Pontarlier and Morteau in the Jura mountains near the Swiss border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 La Longeville on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Lougres () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Lougres lies  southwest of Montbéliard.

The commune takes its name from the stream that runs through it, from its source to the river Doubs.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Lougres on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Le Luhier () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is located  east of Le Russey on the road from Maîche to Besançon.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Le Luhier on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Luxiol () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

It was the place of the Roman Loposagium.

Population

See also
 Christian Dornier, spree killer who killed 14 people.
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Luxiol on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs
Sequani


Benjamin Austin (born 16 July 1982) is an Australian sailor. He competed for Australia at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Together with teammate Nathan Outteridge, Austin became the 2008 World Champion in the 49er boat by finishing in front of Britons Stevie Morrison and Ben Rhodes. In 2007 they won the bronze medal in the same event at the World Championships in Cascais, Portugal. He was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.

Career highlights
World Championships
2007 – Cascais,  3rd, 49er (with Nathan Outteridge)
2008 – Melbourne,  1st, 49er (with Nathan Outteridge)
Other achievements
2007 – Sydney, Sydney International Regatta,  1st, 49er (with Nathan Outteridge)

References

External links

 49er World Championships
 OUTTERIDGE And AUSTIN Win 49er World Title

1982 births
Living people
Australian Institute of Sport sailors
Australian male sailors (sport)
Sailors at the 2008 Summer Olympics – 49er
Olympic sailors for Australia
49er class world champions
World champions in sailing for Australia
21st-century Australian people
Sailors (sport) from Sydney
Sportsmen from New South Wales


Marchaux () is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Marchaux-Chaudefontaine.

Geography
Marchaux lies  from Besançon at the edge of the forest of Chailluz.

It is  from the exit from the A36 freeway.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Marchaux on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Former communes of Doubs


Marvelise () is a commune in the Doubs département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Marvelise is located  from the Swiss border in the Jura mountains. On the east are the Hauts des Roches (502 m) and on the west the Chanois (516 m).

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Marvelise on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Mathay () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Mathay lies  north of Pont-de-Roide.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mathay on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Médière () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune liest  northeast of L'Isle-sur-le-Doubs on the banks of the Doubs.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Médière on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Le Mémont () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  from Le Russey.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Le Mémont on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Hubert Phillips (13 December 1891 – 9 January 1964) was a British economist, journalist, broadcaster, bridge player and organiser, composer of puzzles and quizzes, and the author of some 70 books.

Life

Education and early career
Phillips was educated at Sexey's School, Bruton, and Merton College, Oxford, where he read History and Economics, taking a first class degree. He served in the British Army with the Essex Regiment throughout World War I.

After the war, he became Head of the Department of Economics at Bristol University and Head of Extra-Mural Studies 1919–24; he was Director, Liberal Research Dept 1924; Economic Adviser and Secretary, Liberal Industrial Inquiry 1924–28; and adviser to the Parliamentary Liberal Party 1926-8. He stood as a Liberal Party candidate in 1929 at Wallasey. He joined the News Chronicle in 1930.

Later career
Phillips' later career was as a journalist, broadcaster, freelance author, and organiser.

Phillips was the founder (1932) and editor (1936–39) of the British Bridge World, and a pioneer of bridge organisation in England. He was the first chairman of the English Bridge Union in 1936. He was a key person in setting up the first Anglo-American match (Buller v Culbertson). He was the devisor and co-presenter of the first ever bridge programs on television, BBC 1936. These were programs which involved discussion of pre-selected hands, displayed on boards, followed by their bidding and play by expert pairs. Some of the hands were taken from famous matches, others were devised by Phillips. After play, comparison might be made, for example, with the play on the same hand in the Beasley–Culbertson match. The series was thought to be a great success, though of course viewership was limited in those days.

As an author (the greater part of his income) he wrote on bridge, and on general knowledge, intellectual, mathematical and bridge puzzles and quizzes. Chess, he said, was his favourite game, but he wrote little on that subject. He wrote over 100 crime stories. He composed thousands of puzzles, both mathematical and inferential, and about 6000 crosswords. He wrote on bridge for the News Chronicle as 'Nine-spot', as well as being (by his own testimony) the chief leader writer for the paper for several years during World War II. He also contributed to The Nation and The New Statesman as 'Caliban'. He was the editor of the London early editions of Ely Culbertson's Contract Bridge Blue Book. He broadcast regularly on BBC radio – on Transatlantic Quiz and its offshoot Round Britain Quiz and later, on occasion, The Brains Trust. In his heyday he earned a five-figure income; but in later years a fondness for drink and gaming led to a decline in his fortunes.

Phillips as a bridge writer and as an organiser was always in competition with A.E. Manning Foster, who had been a professional player since the days of auction bridge, and was the bridge correspondent of The Times. Each of them founded a magazine (Foster's was the Bridge Magazine) and a duplicate bridge organisation (Phillips' was the National Bridge Association, founded 1933). It was not until after WWII that the two organisations were unified. He helped Terence Reese on his first steps to becoming a professional contract bridge player, and co-authored several books with him.

Phillips donated the Hubert Phillips Bowl for the English Mixed Teams Championship. This competition has been played annually since 1937, with the exception of 1939–46, and is the only major event in the country played with aggregate scoring.

Opinions of colleagues
"For many years Phillips was internationally the most eminent author of intellectual and mathematical puzzles under the name "Caliban" and "Dogberry", and of cryptic crosswords."

"He never lost his courtesy and good humour... he had a largeness of spirit that one seldom sees in this game or indeed in these times."

"Oh, yes, bridge players owe a lot to Hubert Phillips, particularly in the South [of England] where he organised and founded the English Bridge Union and the Duplicate Bridge Control Board." H. St John Ingram

Personal life
Phillips was married twice: in 1919, to Margery Davies, who died in 1959, with whom he had a son, John, who died in 1961; and in 1961 to Madeleine Bartlett.

Selected works

Bridge
Ely Culbertson, edited by Hubert Phillips 1932. Contract Bridge Blue Book. Faber and Faber. London.
Ely Culbertson, Foreword by Hubert Phillips 1933. Britain v. America: Contract Bridge Championship of 1933. News Chronicle Publications Department. London.
Ely Culbertson, edited by Hubert Phillips 1933. Contract Bridge For Auction Players. Faber and Faber. London.
Harold Thorne, Fourth edition revised and enlarged by "Petronius" (Hubert Phillips), 1939. Thorne's Complete Contract Bridge. Eyre & Spottiswoode, London.
Aileen McCabe, Foreword by Hubert Phillips, 1933. Contract Without Tears. Faber and Faber. London.
Jordanis Pavlides, Foreword by M. Kissa and Hubert Phillips, One-Page Guide to Bidding. Games Publishers Ltd. London.
Phillips, Hubert 1951. Bridge at Ruff's Club. edited by Terence Reese. Batchworth. London
Phillips, Hubert 1959. Bridge is Only a Game. Parrish, London. Illustrated by Pearl Falconer
Phillips, Hubert 1960. Bridge with Goren. Citadel Press. New York. Contributions by Charles Goren.
Phillips, Hubert 1939. Brush up Your Bridge. Dent, London. Illustrated by Ward.
Phillips, Hubert 1962. Making Bridge Pay: how to win at rubber bridge. Parrish, London.
Phillips, Hubert 1932. One Hundred Contract Bridge Hands. Faber and Faber. London.
Phillips, Hubert 1934. You Can Play and Laugh. Faber, London.
Phillips, Hubert and Terence Reese 1952. Bridge with Mr Playbetter. Batchworth. London
Phillips, Hubert and Terence Reese 1937. The Elements of Contract. British Bridge World. London. Edition 1.
Phillips, Hubert and Terence Reese 1948. The Elements of Contract. Eyre and Spottiswoodie. London. Edition 2.
Phillips, Hubert and Terence Reese 1945. How to Play Bridge. Penguin. London.
Phillips, Hubert and Bernard Westall 1934. Two Hundred Hands from Match Play: an annotated case-book for contract bridge. De La Rue; Faber and Faber. London.

Other subjects
Phillips, Hubert 1921. The development of a residential qualification for representatives in colonial legislatures. Abingdon, Cincinnati, OH. [developed as a Columbia University doctoral dissertation]
Phillips, Hubert, Shovelton S.T. & Marshall G.S. 1933. Caliban's problem book: mathematical, inferential and cryptographic puzzles. De La Rue, London.
Phillips, Hubert 1936. Brush Up Your Wits. J M Dent, London.
Phillips, Hubert 1941. Charteris Royal. Gollancz, London. [a thriller]
Phillips, Hubert and Westall B.C. 1945. The complete book of card games. Witherby, London.
Phillips, Hubert 1945. Something to think about. Penguin (Ptarmigan Books), Harmondsworth. A book of puzzles that sold over 100,000 copies.
Phillips, Hubert 1945. Word play. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Phillips, Hubert 1948. Who wrote that? Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Phillips, Hubert 1947. Chipwinkle: 100 Crosswords with solutions. Penguin, Harmondsworth. [X-words are by Phillips; book includes a spoof biography of 'Eugene Chipwinkle']
Phillips, Hubert and Falconer, Pearl (1949). Meet William Shakespeare. Cornleaf, London.
Phillips, Hubert 1950. Round Britain Quiz. Hamilton, London.
Phillips, Hubert 1951. The Hubert Phillips Annual 1951. [a compendium of puzzles and quizzes]
Phillips, Hubert 1958. The Penguin Hoyle: a book of indoor games. Penguin, C.
Golombek, H. and Hubert Phillips 1959. Chess. Witherby.
Phillips, Hubert 1960. The Pan book of card games. Pan, London.
Phillips, Hubert 1960. 100 Crossword puzzles (the Hubert Phillips Crossword puzzle book). Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Phillips, Hubert 1960. Profitable poker: the mathematics and psychology of playing a winning game. Arco, NY.
Phillips, Hubert 1960. Journey to nowhere. MacGibbon & Kee, London. [a discursive autobiography, which concentrates on his early days]
Phillips, Hubert 1961. My best puzzles in logic and reasoning. Dover, NY.
Phillips, Hubert 1961. My best puzzles in mathematics. Dover, NY.
Phillips, Hubert 1992. Mathematische puzzles: Homo ludens. Munich.

References

External links
 "The Chess-loving Puzzle-master" by Edward Winter (chesshistory.com)
  (1928–1972)

1891 births
1964 deaths
British economists
British and Irish contract bridge players
Contract bridge writers
Puzzle designers
British broadcasters
British male journalists
English crime fiction writers
Academics of the University of Bristol
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
20th-century English novelists
British male novelists
20th-century English male writers
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Card game book writers
People educated at Sexey's School
Essex Regiment soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I


Åsen Station () is a railway station located in the village of Åsen in the municipality of Levanger in Trøndelag county, Norway.  It is located on the Nordland Line. The station is served hourly by SJ Norge's Trøndelag Commuter Rail service to Steinkjer and Trondheim. The station also serves Frosta via bus routes provided by AtB.

History

The station was opened as Aasen on 29 October 1902 on the Hell–Sunnan Line railway line between Hell Station and Levanger Station as the section to Levanger was finished. Åsen was designed by architect Paul Due and was built with a surrounding park. In April 1921, the name of the station was changed to the current Åsen. The current building is from 1944, but it is no longer used by the railway.

The station building was completely renovated in 2009, both inside and out. The station's 1st floor is home to the local business Åsenvøgga, that sell locally produced goods such as knitted products and various other hand-made crafts.

The stations platform was extended in 2020, to accommodate new passenger trains used on the Nordland line.

References

Railway stations in Levanger
Railway stations on the Nordland Line
Railway stations opened in 1902
1902 establishments in Norway
National Romantic architecture in Norway
Art Nouveau railway stations
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1900s


Mercey-le-Grand () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  west of Besançon.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mercey-le-Grand on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Mérey-sous-Montrond (, literally Mérey under Montrond) is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2022, it was merged into the new commune of Les Monts-Ronds.

Geography
The commune lies  northwest of Ornans.

Population

See also
 Montrond-le-Château
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mérey-sous-Montrond on the intercommunal web site of the department

Former communes of Doubs


Mérey-Vieilley () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  west of Marchaux.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mérey-Vieilley on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Mésandans () is a commune in the Doubs département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  south of Rougemont.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mesandans on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Vandellòs town
Vandellòs i l'Hospitalet de l'Infant municipality
Vandellòs Nuclear Power Plant


Meslières () is a commune in the Doubs département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  south of Hérimoncourt. The population is divided between the valley of the Gland River and the plateau.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official website
 Meslières on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Mesmay () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  southwest of Quingey in the valley of the Loue River.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mesmay on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Métabief () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  northeast of Mouthe close to the Swiss border near Jougne.

Population

Tourism
Métabief is known for its winter sports, but it is also a center for tourism in the summer with hiking, mountain biking, hang gliding, mountain climbing, and spelunking. It is one of the six communes that operate the Métabief-Mont-d'Or ski resort.

Gallery

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Métabief on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Miserey-Salines () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  north of Besançon.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Miserey-Salines on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Moncey () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

History
In the 18th century, Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey built the .

Geography
Moncey lies  north of Marchaux in the valley of the Ognon. It is surrounded by woods.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Moncey on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


The Five Finger Rapids, also known as the Five Fingers, are located on the Yukon River, Yukon, Canada. Four islands of composite rock divide the river into five narrow channels of which only the eastern is passable.

History
Indigenous Canadians called the Five Finger Rapids "Tthi-cho Nadezhe," or "big rocks standing up."

The Five Finger Rapids were a common obstacle for gold seekers during the Klondike Gold Rush; the Yukon River was originally believed to be unnavigable above the rapids. Writer and artist Tappan Adney described them:

"The opening is about one hundred feet wide, with vertical walls, through which the river drops a couple of feet, the waves rising angrily in a return curl, then dancing on in rapidly diminishing chops until lost in the swift current below. We turn our prow squarely for the middle of the cleft; a drop, a smash, a few quarts of water over the sides, and we are shot through into the fast current, without even looking back."

From 1900 to around 1927, blasting was undergone at the rapids, widening the channel by 6 meters (20 feet).

In literature
The Five Finger Rapids are mentioned in Jack London's novel The Call of the Wild. The Five Finger Rapids are also mentioned in Alastair Humphrey's novel Thunder and Sunshine. Humphrey's canoe tips while passing through the rapids during his four-year journey around the world by bike.

References

Bodies of water of Yukon
Rapids of Canada
Yukon River


Mondon () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Mondon lies  south of Rougemont on a sunny slope. Above the village, there is a view toward the Vosges mountains and the Ballon de Servance.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mondon on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Montancy (; unofficial also Montancy-Brémoncourt) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  east of Saint-Hippolyte at the east end of the department near the Swiss border. The village of Brémoncourt lies in the valley of the Doubs at 430 m, and Montancy on the plateau at 900 m.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links
 Montancy-Brémoncourt on the intercommunal Web site of the department

External links

 Official Web site

Communes of Doubs


Montandon () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
By road, the commune is  southeast of Saint-Hippolyte.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montandon on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Montbéliardot () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  west of Le Russey.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montbéliardot on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Skatval Station () is a railway station located in the village of Skatval in the municipality of Stjørdal in Trøndelag county, Norway.  It is located along the Nordlandsbanen railway line. The station is served hourly by the Trøndelag Commuter Rail service to Steinkjer and Trondheim. The service is operated by SJ Norge. There is free parking at the station, but no ticket machine.

History

The station was opened on 29 October 1902 on the Hell–Sunnan Line between Hell Station and Levanger Station as the section to Levanger was finished. It was designed by Paul Due and was built with a surrounding park. The present station with two platforms is located a few hundred meters away from the old station, and the old station building was taken out of service.

References

Railway stations in Stjørdal
Railway stations on the Nordland Line
Railway stations opened in 1902
1902 establishments in Norway
National Romantic architecture in Norway
Art Nouveau railway stations
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1900s


Mont-de-Laval () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  west of Le Russey.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mont-de-Laval on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Mont-de-Vougney () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  southeast of Maîche. There are numerous caves on the territory of the commune.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mont-de-Vougney on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Montécheroux is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  from Saint-Hippolyte.

Population

Notable person
 Lucien Quélet (1832–1899) naturalist and mycologist, was born in Montécheroux.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montécheroux on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Montfort () is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Le Val.

Geography
Montfort lies  south of Quingey.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montfort on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Former communes of Doubs


Montgesoye () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Montgesoye lies  east of Ornans.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montgesoye on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


John Peter Caffery (May 21, 1879 – February 12, 1919) was a Canadian track and field athlete who competed in the marathon at the 1908 Summer Olympics where he finished in 11th place. Caffrey was also a two-time champion of the Boston Marathon. He won with a time of 2:39:44.4 in 1900 and with a time of 2:29:23.6 in 1901, both of which were course records for the then 25-mile course.

Caffrey was the son of Irish immigrants. He was a teamster by trade and represented St. Patrick's Athletic Association/St. Patrick's Athletic Club. He was born in Hamilton, Ontario and died there from complications after falling ill with Spanish flu.

See also
List of winners of the Boston Marathon

References

External links
list of Canadian athletes

1879 births
1919 deaths
Athletes from Hamilton, Ontario
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian male marathon runners
Olympic track and field athletes for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Deaths from Spanish flu
Boston Marathon male winners
Canadian male long-distance runners


Montlebon () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Montlebon lies  south of Morteau.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montlebon on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Montmahoux () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Montmahoux lies  south of Amancey on the edge of the gorge of the Boz.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montmahoux on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Montperreux () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Montperreux lies  south of Pontarlier in the Jura mountains.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montperreux on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Montussaint () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Montussaint lies  from Rougemont on the boundary of the department of Haute-Saône in the valley of the Ognon. The Ognon forms the boundary between the two departments.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montussaint on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Morre () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Morre lies  east of Besançon on the road to Pontarlier and Switzerland.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Morre on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Mouthe () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. The town is known for having the coldest recorded temperature in France.

Geography

The town is located  south of Pontarlier in the Jura Mountains on the Swiss border. The source of the river Doubs is  from Mouthe.

Climate
Mouthe, is located in a region of the Jura Mountains known as "Little Siberia" (La Petite Sibérie) and snowfalls are not uncommon as late as the third week of March. Although the average low temperature for January in the town ranges from about -6 °C to -10 °C, the low temperature descended to -36.7 °C (-34.1 °F) on 13 January 1968, and fell further, to -41.2 °C (-42.2 °F) on 17 January 1985.

Due to its elevation and its location in a coomb, the diurnal temperature variation is high and Mouthe features a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb, according to the Köppen climate classification), with an average annual precipitation of .

Summers are warm and winters are very cold and snowy and there is no dry season.

1981-2010 climate normals

The village and its church served as the location for the film Nobody Else But You (2011).

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mouthe on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Le Moutherot () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  from Besançon, Dole, and Gray between the rivers Ognon and Doubs.

On a top of a hill, the village offers a view on fields, forests. In bright weather Mont Blanc, the Mount Poupet, and the "Ballon of Alsace" can be seen.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Le Moutherot on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Naisey-les-Granges () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  southeast of Besançon.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Naisey-les-Granges on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Nancray () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Nancray lies  south of Roulans.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Nancray on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Nans-sous-Sainte-Anne (, literally Nans under Sainte-Anne) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  south of Besançon on the central plateau of the Jura mountains.  Nans is known for its spectacular geological features, including the Source de Lison, the Via Ferrata and the Grotte Serazin.  The artist Gustave Courbet was active in the area. His depiction of the Grotte Serazin hangs in the Getty Museum in Los Angeles, California, and his painting of the Source de Lison is in the Alte Nationalegalerie in Berlin.  Nans is also home to the historical Tillandiarie, a 16th-century water-powered workshop.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Nans-sous-Sainte-Anne on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Narbief is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Nods () is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It is the seat of the commune of Les Premiers-Sapins.

Geography
Nods lies  from Vercel.

History
On 1 January 2016, Athose, Chasnans, Hautepierre-le-Châtelet, Nods, Rantechaux and Vanclans merged becoming one commune called Les Premiers-Sapins.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Nods on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Former communes of Doubs


Candy apple red (occasionally known as apple-candy red) is the name code used by manufacturing companies to define a shade of red similar to the red sugar coating on candied apples. The typical method for producing a candy apple finish is to apply a metallic base-coat, followed by a translucent color coat. A final clear coat adds additional gloss.

Variations

Candy pink

Displayed at right is the color candy pink.

The color candy apple red is not mentioned in the 1930 book A Dictionary of Color  by Maerz and Paul.  However, a color called candy pink is mentioned, the first recorded use of which as a color name is recorded as being in 1926.

In culture

Airline colors
Virgin Atlantic began using candy apple red on the tails and engine nacelles of their fleet in July 2010.

Automobiles

A color named Candy Apple Red was first officially used on a production car by Ford in 1966, but it was a bright, non-metallic red. It was not until 1996 that Chrysler, and GM in 2001, had a similarly named production paint. An automotive paint search of "apple" shows that historically the name was associated with a green color going back to the early 1930s.

Candy apple red is a popular color for car companies to manufacture automobiles in because "candy apple red" colored automobiles sell quickly.

The "candy apple red" is not just the name of a color, it is also implies a specific paint process for cars and other objects:
The phrase candy apple red, describes a very specific paint process first used on custom cars and hot rods sometime in the early 1950s (date not specified, per audio interview with Joe Bailon, candy apple red, inventor,https://web.archive.org/web/20170321173444/http://www.legends.thewwbc.net/gpage187.html In the candy apple red paint process, the body of the car or other object to be painted must be finished as perfectly as possible to avoid easily visible problems in the finished paint. After the body is properly prepared, primer is applied as usual. Then a highly reflective metallic paint is applied first. This is usually highly reflective silver paint, but the color effect can be modified by using metallic gold or other tinted metallic paint. The key with this first metallic color layer is to reflect as much light as possible. The candy apple red paint is applied on top of the reflective metallic paint. This candy apple red paint is transparent. Many coats are required to achieve the proper appearance-of-depth and richness-of-color. Once the candy apple red color reaches the proper appearance of depth and color intensity, multiple coats of clear paint are applied to protect the paint job and add to the feeling of depth of the paint. Candy Apple Red appears so intense, because light passes through the paint, reflects off of the metallic base color, and passes through the paint a second time before we see the color. This causes real candy apple red paint to look far more intense and attractive than conventional paints that happen to use the name "candy apple red" without actually being real candy apple red paint. Candy apple red" paint has been used on many objects other than cars or trucks. Electric guitars, home décor items, loudspeakers, and a variety of other items have been available (or their owner's had custom paint applied) with candy apple red finish. An early use of candy apple red by an automobile manufacturer was Ford's 1963 Thunderbird Italian concept car that appeared in North American auto shows (including Autorama shows) in 1963 and in the New York Worlds Fair in 1964 in Ford's pavilion. But because of the complexity and time (and cost) required to apply real candy apple red paint to a car, until the introduction of the Soul Red option by Mazda in 2013 along with its proprietary robotic painting process that mimics the laborious hand-painting process required by true candy apple red, no production cars have been factory-painted with true candy apple red paint other than cars (or trucks) from smaller specialty manufacturers willing to provide custom finishes per customer's request/sample.

Candy apple red paint with silver metallic reflective undercoat looks quite different from candy apple red with gold metallic reflective undercoat. The gold gives the color a warmer look while the silver undercoat gives an intensely red appearance to the paint without the extra warmth of the gold. A more neutral/pure red is the result when silver reflective undercoat is used. Because light reflects in different directions from objects like cars, as you move around the vehicle and see direct and reflected light from different angles, the appearance of the candy apple red paint changes as the light getting to the car and reflecting off of the car changes. This gives real "candy apple red" paint more "life" than more conventional solid red or metallic red paints used on cars, trucks and other vehicles. The original candy apple red car paint had no metallic (tiny flakes of silver metal or plastic) or pearl (tiny flakes of plastic or possibly real particles of the reflective surfaces from seashells). When you viewed the original candy apple red paint, it was simply transparent red paint with no "add ins". More recently, painters have mixed-in metallic, pearl, or metal flake with candy apple red to produce different effects in the finished paint job. Candy apple red has expanded to a whole range of "candy" colors in every shade imaginable. All follow same process of superior body preparation, primer, multiple coats of highly reflective metallic undercoat, many coats of the candy color, and multiple coats of clear paint on top. There is a big difference between real candy apple red paint and some car or locomotive color that just happened to be named candy apple red without being real candy apple red paint.

Mazda's current signature "Soul Red" and "Soul Red Crystal" are genuine examples, having a metallic silver basecoat, red high-chroma (i.e. intensely hued) transparent color coat (called "translucent" by Mazda although this incorrectly implies a milky finish) and a top clearcoat for protection.

Monster trucks
The Avenger Monster Truck used this color in the 2011 Monster Jam World Finals.

Music

The song Candy Apple Red Impala was released on a 45 rpm record  in 1962 by rock and roll musicians Little E and the Mello-Tone Three ("Little E"'s actual name was Emil O'Conner), although the bright red offered in 1962 on an Impala had a promotional name of Roman Red.

Singer-songwriter R. Dean Taylor released a single titled "Candy Apple Red" in 1971.

Minneapolis post punk trio Hüsker Dü entitled an album "Candy Apple Grey".

Fender introduced Candy Apple Red as a custom color for their Stratocaster and Telecaster range of guitars in 1963.  The color quickly became one of Fender's most popular colors after Sunburst and Black.  Pink Floyd's David Gilmour's main instrument of choice from 1984 to 2005 was a 1983 Candy Apple Red Fender American Vintage 57 Stratocaster.

Railroad

Since the late 1990s, the color has been used by Canadian Pacific Railway as part of the company's name change from CP Rail to Canadian Pacific. The color (usually dulled) is still being painted on the locomotive fleet, along with the 'block' style lettering, which was also introduced in the change. The CP Rail painted locomotives were in CP's 'Action Red' scheme.

See also
 List of colors

References

External links
 Pantone Color Chart

Shades of red


Loughborough Amherst School, formerly known as Our Lady's Convent School (OLCS), is an independent day and boarding school for girls and boys aged 4 to 18. It is situated in Loughborough, UK.
It is founded on traditional Christian principles and embraces all faiths.

Until August/September 2015, it was run by the Rosminian order.    In September 2015, it became subsumed into the Loughborough Endowed Schools, a body which changed its registered name with effect from 19 April 2018 to "Loughborough Schools Foundation". The Rosminian Sisters continue to occupy part of the site. The school buildings are leased by the Rosminians to the Loughborough Schools Foundation.

The main convent building and chapel were designed by renowned Gothic Revival architect, Charles Hansom, and are grade II listed.

A wide variety of GCSE and A Level subjects are offered in the Senior department. As a Catholic school, RS GCSE is compulsory. There is a wide variety of cultural, musical and sporting activities offered as part of the school's co-curricular programme, including Duke of Edinburgh's Award and Combined Cadet Force. As a member of the Loughborough Schools Foundation, Amherst pupils benefit from the Midlands' only 'All Steinway' Music School and extensive sports facilities at the £3.5 million Parkin Sports Centre completed in 2019.

In April 2018, the school announced a new policy of accepting boys into the secondary school from September 2019. This was announced alongside a new name – Loughborough Amherst School.  In the same year, Amherst welcomed its first boarders as part of its elite tennis programme, in partnership with Loughborough University National Tennis Academy (LUNTA).

Origins and history

In 1841, Lady Mary Arundell (c. 1785-1845) (widow of Lord Arundell of Wardour) opened a small school for girls in her home Paget House in Woodgate, Loughborough.

Lady Mary asked the Rosminian Sisters of Providence to assist her in this endeavour and two nuns from Italy were sent to Loughborough.   On the Solemnity of the Annunciation ("Lady Day") 25 March 1844, the Rosminian sisters took charge of the work, which thus became the first Roman Catholic school in England run by religious sisters.

Mary Amherst (Sister Mary Agnes) (1824-1860) joined the Order in 1846 and came to Loughborough.  In 1854, she became the first Superior in England of the Order.  Loughborough became the central house of the Rosminian Sisters in England.

Mary was a young lady engaged to the renowned architect Augustus Pugin.  Pugin had proposed to Mary in November 1844, shortly after the death of his second wife.   Mary had accepted.  However, the engagement did not last, for in May 1846 Mary entered the Order of the Rosminian Sisters of Providence.  Mary's brother William became a Jesuit.   Her brother Francis became Roman Catholic Bishop of Nottingham (1858 to 1879).

A convent was established at Gray Street, Loughborough and the school moved to Gray Street.  The convent and chapel were designed by architect Charles Hansom, brother of the inventor of the Hansom cab.   Charles was an acolyte of Augustus Pugin.

Alumnae

Alumnae include:

 Lydia Rose Bewley (born 1985), actress
 Molly Smitten-Downes (born 1987), singer
 Sophie Hahn (born 1997), para athlete and former World Champion

References

External links
 https://lsf.org/amherst/

Roman Catholic private schools in the Diocese of Nottingham
Grade II listed buildings in Leicestershire
Private schools in Leicestershire
Girls' schools in Leicestershire
Grade II listed educational buildings
Educational institutions established in 1850
1850 establishments in England
Member schools of the Independent Schools Association (UK)
Loughborough


Wallace Bishop (February 17, 1906 – May 2, 1986) was an American swing jazz drummer.

Bishop was born in Chicago, Illinois.  He started on drums as a teenager, studying under Jimmy Bertrand. His first professional gig was with Art Sims and his Crole Roof Orchestra in Milwaukee, which he joined in 1926; around this time he also played with Jelly Roll Morton, Bernie Young, Hughie Swift, Richard M. Jones, and Tommy Dorsey. From 1928 to 1930 he played with Erskine Tate and, following this, with the Earl Hines Orchestra from 1931 to 1937. In the 1940s he played with Jimmie Noone (1941), Coleman Hawkins (1943), Don Redman, Phil Moore, Walter "Foots" Thomas, John Kirby (1946), Sy Oliver, Sammy Price, and Billy Kyle.

While touring Europe with Buck Clayton in 1949, Bishop elected to remain there, and found work both with noted European jazz musicians and with touring or expatriate Americans, including Bill Coleman, Don Byas, Ben Webster, Kid Ory, Milt Buckner, Buddy Tate, and T-Bone Walker. Bishop recorded only two pieces as a bandleader in 1950, with a trio, but he continued to record regularly into the 1970s.

He died in Hilversum, the Netherlands, aged 80.

References
Scott Yanow, [ Wallace Bishop] at Allmusic

American jazz drummers
Jazz musicians from Chicago
1986 deaths
1906 births
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Black & Blue Records artists


Crossroads Plaza is an outdoor shopping center located in Cary, North Carolina, United States. The shopping center was opened in 1992 and has been added onto and renovated several times since then. It contains over 60 stores, including national chains and locally owned stores.

History
The Crossroads site comprises  and was originally developed by NCNB (now Bank of America), acting as trustee for the Public Employees Retirement System of Ohio, as a commercial development with an enclosed shopping mall plus  of non-retail space including a corporate park and hotel. NCNB enlisted LJ Hooker Corporation, who was embarking on an ill-fated plan to build malls across the United States, to develop the mall on  at the northern end of the site.

Hooker filed plans in 1988 for a $240 million regional mall with  of retail space on two levels, five department stores ranging from  to , a  tall glass-roofed center court enclosing , and 6,853 parking spaces. The planned development would have increased Cary's tax base by 18%. Site clearance and road work began, but construction was halted when a national recession forced the company to declare bankruptcy in late 1989.

The Crossroads Mall site was soon purchased by New Market Development. In 1990, they filed drastically changed plans. Instead of an enclosed mall at the center of the site, they proposed a  power center with 11 big-box anchors and a few smaller shops lining the edge of the site and 3,458 parking spaces at the center. Although the new proposal had half as much retail space, it was very large for an outdoor retail center at the time.

The plaza opened in 1991 with anchors including Toys "R" Us, Uptons department store, Stein Mart, Bookstar, Pet Depot, Marshalls, REI, OfficeMax, Home Quarters Warehouse, and Phar-Mor. Service Merchandise opened after the grand opening.

Several of the original anchors have changed. Bookstar shut after acquisition by Barnes & Noble, and others have gone bankrupt: Home Quarters was replaced with Dick's Sporting Goods and Bed Bath & Beyond, Phar-Mor was replaced by Best Buy, Service Merchandise was replaced by DSW, Inc. and A.C. Moore (which has since been subdivided into Aerie and American Eagle Outfitters) and Uptons was replaced with Michaels and Old Navy. Pet Depot became Petco, REI was replaced by HomeGoods, OfficeMax was replaced by Ross, Rugged Warehouse was replaced by Home Centric, and Toys "R" Us closed in 2018 after their "Going out of Business" sale. Its space was filled by Hobby Lobby in February 2020.

The center was purchased by Kimco Realty in 2014, which also owns the adjacent Centrum at Crossroads shopping center.

Surrounding shopping area
Since Crossroads was built, several adjacent or nearby shopping centers have been established. These surrounding centers have grocery stores or discount stores as anchors, though they also include competitors of anchors of Crossroads itself. Cary Towne Center, built in 1979 and closed in 2021, was located approximately  from Crossroads Plaza down Walnut Street.

References

External links
 Official website

Shopping malls in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Cary, North Carolina
Shopping malls established in 1992


"Stuck in the Middle/I Surrender" is the fifth single by English girl group Clea. The double A-side single was not released in the UK, and was only released in the rest of Europe. Both songs appear on their UK debut album, Trinity.

2006 Europe release
CD single
"Stuck in the Middle"
"Stuck in the Middle" (Cutfather & Joe Mix feat. ODB)
"I Surrender"
"I Surrender" (Magic Mitch Radio)

Kate Ryan version

In 2008, Kate Ryan covered "I Surrender" on her studio album Free. A new version of the song was created with British producer Darren Tate for the single release. Produced by Niclas Kings and Niklas Bergwall (2N), and the single version was produced by Cédric Lorrain "RLS", Stephane Lozach and Olivier Visconti (SECO Productions). It has proved most successful in the Netherlands, where it peaked at No. 12.

During her UK tour in 2008, this song was mixed with the Chemical Brothers' "Galvanize".

Track listing
 CD single
"I Surrender" (PF Pumping Radio Edit) - 3:00
"I Surrender" (PF Pumping Extended Mix) - 6:40
"I Surrender" (Album Version) - 3:31
"I Surrender" (Jewelz Reset Remix) - 6:58

Official versions
Album Version - 03:31
Cansis Radio Edit - 3:57
Cansis Remix - 5:25
Jewelz Remix - 5:11
Jewelz Reset Remix - 6:58
PF Pumping Radio Edit - 03:00 (used as the Single Mix)
PF Pumping Extended Mix - 06:40

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

2006 songs
2006 singles
2008 singles
Clea (group) songs
Kate Ryan songs
Songs written by Victoria Horn


Noirefontaine () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  south of Pont-de-Roide between the Doubs and the Lomont on a major highway.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Noirefontaine on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs