Help for Heroes is a British charity which supports members of the British Armed Forces community with their physical and mental health, as well as their financial, social and welfare needs. The charity was founded in 2007 by Bryn and Emma Parry after they visited soldiers at Selly Oak Hospital in Birmingham. The charity now supports all veterans, serving personnel, those who have served alongside the UK military, and their families.

Help for Heroes has supported more than 28,500 individuals since 2007 through its physical, psychological, financial, educational, sports, fellowship, and welfare support services. The charity's work is almost entirely funded by public donations.

History
Help for Heroes was co-founded by husband and wife, Bryn and Emma Parry, in October 2007 after a meeting with General Sir Richard Dannatt, Chief of the General Staff, the then professional head of the British Army. Bryn had served with the Royal Green Jackets for 10 years, before leaving to become a cartoonist. The couple visited Selly Oak Hospital in July 2007, where they met servicemen and women who had been injured in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. They decided they needed to do something to help.

Initially the couple wanted to raise funds for a dedicated swimming pool for injured veterans at Headley Court Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre in Surrey. However, within two months they had raised over £2 million, and the charity expanded to support more veterans with their recovery. They also attracted support from national newspapers in the United Kingdom, such as The Sun and The Sunday Times who made the charity one of the beneficiaries of their Christmas appeal in 2007, raising more than £600,000. Bryn and Emma Parry were both appointed OBEs in the Queen's Birthday Honours for their services to charity on 25 November 2010, and Bryn was awarded the CBE in February 2023.

In May 2013, Help for Heroes experienced a sharp rise in donations following the murder of Fusilier Lee Rigby in Woolwich, London. Rigby had been wearing a Help for Heroes sweatshirt when he was attacked. The charity received over £600,000 in donations in the week following his death.

In November 2016, Melanie Waters, former chief executive of The Poppy Factory, became the chief executive of the charity when Bryn Parry stood down after nine years in charge.

In 2020, the charity was forced to make 110 redundancies due to a rise in demand and a sharp fall in donations as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The charity helped train, select and deliver Team UK to the first Invictus Games held in London in 2014. It continued to support Team UK at the following four Invictus Games. In May 2022, the Ministry of Defence accepted a proposal from the Royal British Legion to lead the end-to-end delivery of Team UK for the following five years, ending Help for Heroes’ involvement with the Invictus Games.

In September 2022, chief executive Melanie Waters announced that she was leaving the charity after more than five years in charge. The charity's deputy CEO James Needham was appointed chief executive on an interim basis, before being appointed as the charity's permanent CEO in March 2023.

Recovery centres

In partnership with the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and The Royal British Legion (RBL), Help for Heroes runs four recovery centres: Tedworth House (Tidworth, Wiltshire), Chavasse VC House (Colchester, Essex), Naval Service Recovery Centre (Plymouth, Devon), and Phoenix House (Catterick, North Yorkshire). Each centre is a location for the Defence Recovery Capability programme. Participants in the programme receive coordinated medical, psychological, and welfare support, designed to help them overcome sickness and injury, and ultimately return to active duty, or transition to civilian life.

In September 2020, due to the financial strain of the COVID-19 pandemic, Help for Heroes announced that it was closing three of its recovery centres for the foreseeable future (Catterick, Plymouth and Colchester), and would instead be focusing on digital and community recovery delivery.

Recovery Support
Help for Heroes delivers its one-to-one recovery support as follows:

·        Psychological support – the Hidden Wounds service offers assessment and treatment for mental health difficulties. The team of trained clinicians provide a range of treatments including cognitive behavioural therapy and counselling.

·        Welfare Support – the case management team works with individuals and families with several or complex needs. They offer advice and guidance on a range of welfare issues, such as money, health, housing, and benefits.

·        Veterans Clinical Liaison Team – the team is made up of registered nurses, occupational therapists and medical advisors. They work with men and women with physical health challenges, helping them access specialist therapies, get clinical equipment and to re-engage with the community.

·        Very Seriously Injured Programme – the programme supports men and women living with catastrophic injuries who need round-the-clock care; the charity helps them gain access to support such as speech and language therapy, financial assistance with carer costs, and specialist equipment.

·        Grants Team – grants can be awarded to those in need of urgent financial support for their recovery.

·        Sport, Activity and Fellowship Team – the team offers a wide range of free sporting, recreational and social activities across the UK to help people improve their wellbeing and to reduce isolation. They also provide bespoke physical fitness support.

In September 2020, the charity launched its virtual Recovery College, the first of its kind specially designed for and by veterans and their families.  All educational modules are designed to enable veterans to take ownership of their recovery.

Sports recovery programme
Help for Heroes has been involved with sport recovery since 2008, giving those supported by the charity access to a number of different sports, enabling wounded, injured, and sick service personnel, and veterans to take part in adaptive sports. Its sport services offer a broad range of activities out in the community and at all ability levels, from recreational to competitive.

Help for Heroes has worked in partnership with the British Paralympic Association, UK Sport, the English Institute of Sport to introduce military personnel and veterans to Paralympic sport through its ‘Front Line to Start Line’ programme.

In collaboration with UK Coaching, the charity launched a pilot Coaching Academy programme in 2022, giving veterans the chance to train for a sport coaching qualification and build on their skills in civilian life.

Invictus Games
Help for Heroes was responsible for the training, selection, and development of Team UK in the first four editions of the Invictus Games: 2014 (London), 2016 (Orlando, Florida, USA), 2017 (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), and 2018 (Sydney). Help for Heroes worked in partnership with the Ministry of Defence and the Royal British Legion to support the UK team. The charity was to deliver and train the 65-strong team at the 2020 Invictus Games in the Hague, which was postponed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2022, it was announced that the Ministry of Defence had accepted a proposal from the Royal British Legion to lead the end-to-end delivery of Team UK for the following five years, ending Help for Heroes' eight-year association with the Invictus Games.

Grants
Help for Heroes previously grant funded more than 90 specialist charities and organisations; including Winston's Wish, The Poppy Factory, Blesma and Combat Stress. The charity now focuses its financial support in the form of individual grants to wounded personnel, veterans and families. In 2019, the charity awarded 819 such grants, totalling £703,000, and taking the life-to-date awards total to 12,969. In 2022, the charity introduced immediate needs grants to help individuals with food and energy bills in response to the cost-of-living crisis.

The oldest person to receive support from the charity was Second World War veteran Robbie Clarke, who was 96 when he received an emergency grant in 2015, to ensure he could remain living at home.

Finances
Over 90 per cent of the charity's income is from public donations. Its main sources of income are legacies, regular giving, grants, trading, and fundraising events and challenges.

In September 2020, the charity announced that its income was falling due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, it launched an urgent appeal in October 2020, raising more than £150,000 in donations.

In the 2020/21 financial year, Help for Heroes reported an income of £18.5 million (higher than its target of £17.3 million) and expenditure of £36.3 million.

Events and Challenges
Help for Heroes offers a range of fundraising challenges and events including bike rides in the UK and Europe, Skydives, marathons, walks, and treks to Nepal and Machu Pichu.

The Big Battlefield Bike Ride
The Big Battlefield Bike Ride is the charity's largest fundraising event. The first edition of the challenge was held in May 2008 when 300 cyclists biked from HMS Victory at Portsmouth to Northern France, tracing some of the region's most significant First World War and Second World War battle sites, and returned to the Cenotaph in London. There have been 11 further bike rides, cycling a total of 3,000 miles and raising around £10 million for the charity.

Supporters' events

On 5 September 2008, H4H held a Heroes Ball to raise funds.  A charity auction included a Royal Air Force (RAF) donated prize to fly with the Red Arrows, the RAF's aerobatics team.  The winning bid was £1.5 million which gave the winner, Julie Heselden, the chance for her and eight family members to fly in the team's Hawk jets.  The RAF said of the bid, "We know it is a special prize – a once in a lifetime opportunity – but we are all astounded that someone could be so generous.  The RAF is genuinely delighted to have helped in raising such a fantastic amount of money for such a worthwhile charity."

City Salute
The charity was a joint beneficiary of a pageant held on 8 May 2008 in London, hosted by patron of the charity Jeremy Clarkson, and attended by Princes William and Harry, who were both members of the British Armed Forces.

Sporting challenges
On 20 September 2008, Twickenham Stadium hosted a rugby union challenge match, featuring rugby players from around the world which raised £1.1 million, and was televised live. The match featured a Help for Heroes XV and an International Select XV. Former England captains Phil de Glanville and Lawrence Dallaglio acted as team manager and captain respectively for the Help for Heroes XV, with Welsh rugby players Ieuan Evans and Scott Gibbs filling the same roles for the International Select XV. The teams included players from the Guinness Premiership, National Division One, the Celtic League, overseas players, and players from the Armed Forces. The Help for Heroes XV won the match 29–10 in front of a crowd of 52,254, which included The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall. Performing at the event were the Band of the Royal Hospital School, Blake, Escala, and the Royal Marines Commandos abseil team.

A second rugby match, 'The Heroes Rugby Challenge' was played on 3 December 2011 at Twickenham Stadium. The match featured Lawrence Dallaglio, Jason Leonard, and Ieuan Evans managing the Northern Hemisphere XV against a Southern Hemisphere team, coached by Wayne Smith and Nick Mallett and overseen by Michael Lynagh and Sean Fitzpatrick.

On 12 November 2009, a football match was held at the Madejski Stadium in Reading, Berkshire, between an England XI team and a Rest of the World XI team, playing for the Heroes Cup. The teams comprised ex-professional footballers, other sportspersons and celebrities, and footballing members of the Armed Forces. The match was broadcast live on ITV4 and British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS), and was commentated on by Peter Drury and Joe Royle. The Rest of the World beat England 4–1.

The X Factor charity single
In October 2010, it was announced that the finalists of the seventh series of The X Factor would be recording a version of David Bowie's 1977 song Heroes.  The song was released in aid of H4H and the Royal British Legion.  All sixteen finalists of Series 7 performed the song on 20 November 2010's results show.  In the first week of its release, it went straight to number 1, and sold 313,244 copies, more than the rest of the top ten at the time combined.

British Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling announced he would effectively waive VAT on the single, by donating the value of the VAT paid on the single to the charity.  He said "I very much support the Help for Heroes campaign and I support too the efforts being made by the X Factor contestants, and in recognition of that I am proposing effectively to waive VAT on this sale of these singles."

Help for Heroes Concert 2010
This was held on 12 September 2010 at Twickenham Stadium in London, and featured, among others, Robbie Williams, Gary Barlow, Peter Kay, Tom Jones, and Pixie Lott.  The concert was shown live on BBC One, and was presented by Cat Deeley.

Convoy for Heroes
At Easter 2011, the first Convoy for Heroes event took place at Gaydon in Warwickshire, to raise money for Help for Heroes.  Organised by Land Rover enthusiasts, Convoy for Heroes took the form of a world-record breaking convoy of 348 Land Rovers, including SAS 'Pink Panther' Land Rovers, and several SAS troops themselves.  A second Convoy for Heroes event was held over Easter 2012, this time at the larger Prestwold Hall site in Leicestershire.

4x4 European Rally
The Help for Heroes 4x4 European Rally is an annual non-speed battlefield touring assembly that takes place in June.  The event has raised over £1 million for the charity.  Starting in England, it covers 2,000 miles and seven countries in twelve days, visiting World War I and II battlefields and museums.  It is open to 45 teams of road-legal off-road-capable vehicles, with at least two drivers per team.

Trustees
The Help for Heroes Board of Trustees, who work in an unpaid, voluntary capacity, are responsible for the overall control and strategic direction of the charity. The chair of the trustees is Nigel Boardman, a former partner at corporate law firm Slaughter and May.

Ambassadors and patrons
The charity's ambassadors include a range of veterans, serving personnel, and family members who speak on behalf of the charity. Its patrons include:

 General Sir Richard Dannatt – former professional head of the British Army.
 Ross Kemp – English actor, television presenter and journalist, who has spent time with British troops in Afghanistan filming Ross Kemp in Afghanistan.
 Gareth Southgate – former professional football player and football manager who has managed the England national team since 2016.
 Anthony Cotton – English actor who became a patron after one of his friends returned home from serving abroad in need of support.
 Lorraine Kelly – Scottish television presenter and journalist.
 JJ Chalmers – Scottish television presenter and Invictus Games medallist who served in the Royal Marines for nine years.
 Andy McNab – former soldier in the Royal Green Jackets and then the SAS with whom he served in the Gulf War. He commanded the Bravo Two Zero patrol in January 1991 and has since written a number of books, and appeared in Andy McNab's Tour of Duty, a documentary television series about the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War in 2008.
 Jane Moore – English journalist, author and television presenter.
 Mark and Peta Cavendish – British professional cyclist and his wife Peta who have joined the charity on the Big Battlefield Bike Ride.
 Lucy Wyndham-Read – English personal trainer and fitness expert who served in the British Army for five years.
 Ken Hames – a former SAS officer who now works as a television presenter and motivational speaker.

Criticism
In August 2012, a group of wounded ex-servicemen, featured in a report for BBC's Newsnight, criticised Help for Heroes for its relationship to the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The charity was alleged to have used funds to subsidise expensive MOD buildings, rather than for soldiers' everyday care. The charity had agreed to spend £153 million on constructing and running five regional MOD Personnel Recovery Centres, primarily for serving military personnel, which discharged servicemen could only use on a case-by-case basis. A subsequent investigation by the BBC's Editorial Complaints Unit into the original Newsnight report upheld the charity's complaint about the programme and concluded that "there was no evidence to back Newsnight's claim about Help for Heroes". The BBC issued an official apology in May 2013, but the BBC journalist who compiled the report stood by his findings and the source's legitimacy.

Tedworth House Recovery Centre
A review by the Charity Commission in 2016 found that Help For Heroes had paid £158,000 to settle employment claims over the previous four years. The review was launched after bullying allegations emerged at the Tedworth House recovery centre in Wiltshire. The Commission concluded that proper procedures were followed, and funds were used correctly.

References

External links

British veterans' organisations
Charities based in Wiltshire
Organizations established in 2007
2007 establishments in the United Kingdom
Disability organisations based in the United Kingdom


Sherlock Holmes: The Musical is a musical based on characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, with music, lyrics, and book by Leslie Bricusse. The story concerns a 1901 confrontation between Holmes and his arch-enemy Professor Moriarty; Moriarty's brilliant daughter Bella proves to be an even more determined (and beautiful) foe than her father.

The musical opened 22 October 1988 at the Northcott Theatre, in Exeter, England, and ran for a limited season of five weeks. It then played at the Cambridge Theatre on Seven Dials in London's Covent Garden area from 24 April to 8 July 1989. During this time there were public transit strikes that Ron Moody worked into the script through ad-libs.

A revival tour (in a slightly revised version) opened at the Bristol Old Vic on 16 March 1993 with Robert Powell in the title role, Roy Barraclough as Watson, and Louise English as Bella Spellgrove.

In April 2013 Leslie Bricusse worked with the Morphic Graffiti theatre company to revise and revamp the show within a Victorian Music Hall setting at Hoxton Hall in London, which itself is a 145-year-old grade II listed Music Hall Theatre. Now called The Revenge of Sherlock Holmes, the revised version included new never previously performed material, and opened to critical acclaim.

Among the numerous adaptations of Sherlock Holmes, the Bricusse score was preceded by at least two other Holmes musicals: Baker Street in 1965 and Ein Fall für Sherlock Holmes in 1982.

Plot
The play opens after Professor Moriarty's death and Sherlock Holmes' miraculous return to life. As Dr. Watson and Mrs. Hudson describe the many eccentricities on their friend ("Sherlock Holmes"), we find that Holmes is, to Watson's disbelief, missing Moriarty. ("Without Him There Can Be No Me"). Holmes is quickly assured that there is plenty of work left for him in London ("Anything You Want To Know") ("London is London"), and he is temporarily reassured.

But a meeting with the Beautiful Bella Spellgrove (the daughter of Professor Moriarty). Watson, though married, is immediately taken with her beauty ("Her Face"). Though Holmes is not as immediately smitten, he is drawn into a battle of wits of sort when Bella accuses him of hiding behind Watson's 'loveable moose' so that he can feel better about himself ("Men Like You"), which she claims as a great annoyance to women of her intelligence. We then see Mrs. Hudson lamenting the hardships in her own life, as a widow forced to rent rooms to lodgers to make ends meet ("A Lousy Life").

Act Two opens with a desperate search for Bella, as Holmes is afraid that by losing her he loses the last link to Moriarty, a connection he still misses terribly ("I Shall Find Her"). But, unbeknownst to Holmes, Bella and her mother, Mrs. Moriarty (who was a trained Italian opera singer before her marriage) are plotting to bring 'death and disgrace' to Holmes as revenge for killing Professor Moriarty ("Vendetta"). Bella is successfully able to frame Holmes for murder when he is found inside an attic locked on the inside with a sword and a stabbed body lying in front of him. Although Holmes protests that the victim's cause of death was diphtheria, not the multiple stab wounds, he soon finds himself on the run from Inspector Lestrade ("Sherlock Holmes (Reprise)"). Furious with himself for falling into the trap, Holmes curses women and their effect on the workings of the mind. Despite this, he cannot stop himself from thinking about Bella ("No Reason"). While Watson reminisces about his old days in the military, ("Halcyon Days"), Bella realizes that she may need Sherlock Holmes more than she cares to admit ("Without Him There Can Be No Me (Reprise)"). Holmes, meanwhile, has disguised himself and hidden amongst the poor of London ("Apples 'n' Pears"). The people of London, however, are distracted from the 'problem' of Sherlock Holmes when rumors begin to leak out that Moriarty is back ("We Shall Find Her"). Revitalized by the news and the prospect of a true mental battle, Holmes prepares himself for a sparring with Moriarty ("My Incomparable Best").

Bella imagines that she sees her father, and tells him not to appear to her unless he can stay ("A Million Years Ago, Or Was It Yesterday?"). She and Holmes are reunited, and they both admit their attraction and that, as a pair, they would never be bored, as they bring out the best in each other ("The Best of You, The Best of Me"). Holmes is able to prove that he was not, in fact the killer, and he is finally able to fill the gap that Professor Moriarty left in his life ("Finale- Sherlock Holmes").

Roles and original cast

The original production of Sherlock Holmes: the Musical opened at the Northcott Theatre in Exeter. Its original cast included:
 Sherlock Holmes - Ron Moody
 Dr. Watson - Derek Waring
 Bella Spellgrove - Liz Robertson
 Mrs. Moriarty - Eileen Battye
 Inspector Lestrade - Roger Llewellyn
 Mrs. Hudson - Julia Sutton
 Boffy Martingdale - Colin Bennett
 Duchess of Monmouth - Elena Ferrari
 Sir Jevons Jarndyce - Lewis Barber
 Professor Moriarty - Terry Williams
 Fred Wiggins - James Francis-Johnston
 Harry Mossop - Derek Cullen
 Potatoes Clark - Jamie Hinde
 Billy Higgins - Luke Hope
 Lofty Daniel - Paul Loxton
 Mick O'Reilly - Stephen Matthews

Song list

Act I
 "Sherlock Holmes" - Watson, Mrs. Hudson, Higgins, Irregulars & Company
 "Without Him, There Can Be No Me" - Holmes, Watson
 "Anything You Want to Know" - Irregulars
 "Look Around You" (Revival Cast Only - Robert Powell) - Holmes, Watson, Lestrade
 "London Is London" - Wiggins, Mossop, Bella & Company
 "Her Face" - Watson"
 "Discombobulate" - ?
 "Men Like You" - Holmes, Bella"
 "A Lousy Life" - Mrs. Hudson
 "I Shall Find Her" - Holmes, Bella, Watson, Wiggins, Irregulars & Company

Act II
 "Vendetta" - Bella, Mrs. Moriarty
 "Sherlock Holmes" (Reprise) - Watson, Mrs Hudson, Wiggins, Irregulars & Company
 "No Reason" - Holmes
 "Halcyon Days" - Watson, Boffy
 "Without Him, There Can Be No Me" (Reprise) - Bella
 The Lord Abides In London" (Revival Cast) - Bella, Salvation Army, Irregulars
 "Down the Apples 'n' Pears" - Costermonger, Bella & Company
 "We Shall Find Her" - Men
 "My Incomparable Best" (Revival Cast) - ?
 "A Million Years Ago - Or Was It Yesterday?" - Bella, Moriarty"
 "The Best Of You, The Best Of Me" - Holmes, Bella"
 Finale - "Sherlock Holmes" - Company"

Old Vic revival

Starting on 16 March 1993, a revival of Sherlock Holmes: The Musical ran in The Old Vic Theatre in Bristol, England. The revival featured a completely new cast as well as three new musical numbers. Besides those minor changes, the revival run remained fairly similar to the original production.

Critical response
Critical response to the show's original production was largely negative. Jeremy Kingston, a reviewer from the Times of London, describes writer Leslie Bricusse as, "a man with a stream of melodies behind him but currently swirled, on the evidence of this show, into a melodic backwater." Continuing, he writes that, "The show's tone wobbles foolishly between the earnest and the jokey, with the cast clearly preferring the latter. I would rather have the whole Holmes business either sent up rotten or played for stark, staring melodrama."  Describing  Derek Waring as having an, "unvaried Colonel Chinstrap mode" as Watson and Ron Moody a "tart though too emotional Sherlock", his reaction seemed to match that of much of London, as it closed later that year.

The revival at the Old Vic in 1993 did not fare much better. Benedict Nightingale, who reviewed the show for the Times, wrote that, "it is pretty clear that economic, not artistic, necessity explains the show's presence. Moreover Sherlock Holmes the Musical is about as likely a notion as Einstein the Clogdance." He goes on to say that, "there is something preposterous about so cerebral a hero bursting into lyrics like (of his symbiotic relationship with Moriarty) "without him there'd be no me... without evil there'd be no good of great degree." Although Nightingale finds some redeeming qualities, saying that "Bricusse's quieter melodies have a more sophisticated lilt, and there are one or two other pluses in Bob Tomson's always energetic production, notably Mick Bearwish's vaulty, Thames-side set and Powell himself."

References

Sherlock Holmes: The Musical (Acting Edition) by Leslie Bricusse, published by Samuel French Ltd., 1992 ()

External links
Sherlock Holmes: The Musical - The Guide to Musical Theatre

Sherlock Holmes plays
1988 musicals
Fiction set in 1901
West End musicals
Compositions by Leslie Bricusse
British musicals
Musicals set in London
Musicals set in the 1900s


The men's 800 metres was an event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union. There were a total number of 41 participating athletes from 28 nations, with six qualifying heats, three semifinals, and the final held on Saturday July 26, 1980. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by Steve Ovett of Great Britain, the nation's first gold medal in the men's 800 metres since winning four in a row from 1920 to 1932. It was Great Britain's sixth overall title in the event.

Background

This was the 19th appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. None of the 1976 medalists returned, but three finalists did: fifth-place finisher Steve Ovett of Great Britain, seventh-place finisher Sriram Singh of India, and eight-place finisher Carlo Grippo of Italy. Ovett and his countryman Sebastian Coe were the favorites; Coe held the world record, though Ovett had beaten him at the 1978 European Championships (both behind Olaf Beyer of East Germany, also a challenger in Moscow). The United States-led boycott kept out world number one Don Paige.

Benin, Botswana, Bulgaria, Guinea, Kuwait, Laos, Lesotho, Libya, Sierra Leone, and Syria appeared in the event for the first time. Great Britain made its 18th appearance, most among all nations, having had no competitors in the event only in the 1904 Games in St. Louis.

Competition format

The competition used the three-round format that had been in use for most Games since 1912. The "fastest loser" system introduced in 1964 was used for both the first round and semifinals. There were six first-round heats, each with 6 or 7 athletes; the top three runners in each heat as well as the next six fastest overall advanced to the semifinals. There were two semifinals with 8 athletes each; the top two runners in each semifinal as well as the next two fastest overall advanced to the eight-man final.

Records

Prior to the competition, the existing World and Olympic records were as follows.

No world or Olympic records were set during the competition.

Schedule

All times are Moscow Time (UTC+3)

Results

Round 1

The first round was held on Thursday, 24 July 1980.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Semifinals

The semifinals were held on Friday, 25 July 1980.

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Semifinal 3

Final

This Olympic 800-metre final was a notably tactical one.  Already on the first back straight, there was some physical contact in the tightly bunched eight-man field.  Britain's Steve Ovett was boxed in and pushed East Germany's Detlef Wagenknecht, in order to get more room and a tactically better place.  The first 200 metres were run in about 26 seconds, according to the long-time BBC sports journalist David Coleman.  At that point, Brazil's Agberto Guimaraes was leading the race, flanked by Britain's David Warren.  On the first home straight, Ovett again tried to force his way to a better position, elbowing Wagenknecht and the Soviet Union's Nikolay Kirov.  Unofficially the 400-metre split time was 54.55 seconds.  Behind Guimaraes, Warren and Wagenknecht, Kirov and East Germany's Andreas Busse were tied for the fourth place.  Ovett and France's José Marajo ran right behind Busse.  The strongest pre-race favourite, and the sole world record holder at 800 metres, 1000 metres and the mile, Britain's Sebastian Coe, was running eighth, and almost touched the third lane's edge.  At or around 430 or 440 metres, Warren suddenly sprinted past Guimaraes.  Kirov rose to the second place, and on the final back straight, Ovett moved to the third place.  With over 200 metres to run, Kirov kicked into the lead, followed closely by Ovett.  Only at this point, Coe began to sprint hard, moving quickly into the fifth place.  On the final bend, Kirov and Ovett were able to maintain their lead over Guimaraes and Coe.  In the final straight's first half, Ovett easily passed Kirov while Coe desperately accelerated towards Guimaraes.  While he managed to pass the Brazilian, Coe lost valuable time and energy, and he was only able to catch one more runner, Kirov, in the final straight's second half.  At the finish line, Ovett was still some three-and-a-half metres ahead of Coe, who finished a disappointed second, just half a metre ahead of the fading Kirov.  (See YouTube videos of the 800-metre final;  Kenny Moore, Best Efforts;  Pat Roberts, The Perfect Distance:  Coe and Ovett - The Record-Breaking Rivalry;  Juoksija-lehti (The Runner Magazine), Moskovan olympiakirja (The Moscow Olympic Book).)

See also
 1978 Men's European Championships 800 metres (Prague)
 1982 Men's European Championships 800 metres (Athens)
 1983 Men's World Championships 800 metres (Helsinki)
 1984 Men's Olympic Games 800 metres (Los Angeles)
 1986 Men's European Championships 800 metres (Stuttgart)

References

External links
 Results

M
800 metres at the Olympics
Men's events at the 1980 Summer Olympics


Staplehurst  is a town and civil parish in the borough of Maidstone in Kent, England,  south of the town of Maidstone and with a population of 6,003. The village lies on the route of a Roman road, which is now incorporated into the course of the A229. The name Staplehurst comes from the Old English 'stapol' meaning a 'post, pillar' and 'hyrst', as a 'wooded hill'; therefore, 'wooded-hill at a post', a possible reference to a boundary marker at the position of All Saints' church atop the hill along the road from Maidstone to Cranbrook. The parish includes the hamlet of Hawkenbury.

History
The first written mention of Staplehurst was in 1242 in a Tax list, whilst All Saints' Church is believed to date back to the 12th century. The town was initially a series of hamlets and farmsteads set around local manors including Loddenden Manor, which still stands as a private residence in the heart of the town and dates back to the 16th century. With time these hamlets became joined up to form the town.

In the early 19th century, Staplehurst was often visited by invalids seeking recuperation, especially those from Romney Marsh and East Kent, apparently attracted by the purity of the air.

The Staplehurst rail crash, in 1865, is a significant event in the history of the town. Charles Dickens, who was on board, was uninjured, but affected by the incident for the rest of his life.

In 2003, Staplehurst won the Kent Village of the Year Competition.

Elderden Farm near Staplehurst was also the centre of police investigations following the Securitas depot robbery in 2006.

Governance
Staplehurst is governed by Staplehurst Parish Council, Maidstone Borough Council, and Kent County Council, the Chairman of which is Councillor Tom Burnham.

Culture and community

Religion
The 12th-century Anglican parish church, All Saints', is located at the highest point in the town. It belongs to the Diocese of Canterbury. It is a Grade I listed building. The town also has a United Reformed Church, a Free church and a Strict Baptist chapel.

The United Reformed Church was formerly a Congregational church before the merger with the Presbyterians in 1972. The first pastor was Daniel Poyntell, who had been the Rector of Staplehurst Parish Church until he was ejected from the Church of England in 1662 for nonconformity. During his pastorship, and for many years afterwards, it was a Presbyterian church. The foundation of the present building was laid in 1825.

The Strict Baptist chapel has been used a place of worship for Baptists since 1751, apparently having previously been used as a barn. The original congregation were General Baptists and were a continuation of the old Spilshill church that was formed around 1640. In 1838 the building was sold to the Particular Baptists.

The Free Church began in 1969 when a group began meeting for worship in homes throughout the town. The first church building was purchased in 1975 and the old Village Hall was purchased in 1989. The church was demolished in 2006 to make way for a new building which was completed in December 2012.

Education
Staplehurst School, the village primary school, is located on Gybbon Rise, near the town centre shops. Around 440 pupils are taught in 18 classrooms. The school was originally housed in the stone buildings off the A229 and moved to the new site when the population of the village grew in the 1980s. The old school then became the village community centre. The village also has a small library.

Transport
Staplehurst railway station is on the South Eastern Main Line from Ashford International railway station to London Charing Cross and London Cannon Street, via Tonbridge. It is also the main station for commuters from Cranbrook, Hawkhurst, Sissinghurst and other nearby villages. Before the completion of High Speed 1, the line was also used by Eurostar trains.

Sport and Recreation
Staplehurst Monarchs Football Club, founded in 1893, compete in the Southern Counties East Football League, whilst the club also has junior and women's teams. The club plays at Jubilee Field in the village.

The village is also home to the thriving Staplehurst Cricket and Tennis club which has 450 members.

Media
Local news and television programmes is provided by BBC South East and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from either the Bluebell Hill or Tunbridge Wells TV transmitters.   BBC London and ITV London can also be received from the Crystal Palace TV transmitter.

Staplehurst's local radio stations are BBC Radio Kent, Heart South, Gold and KMFM Ashford covers the town.

The local newspapers are Ashford Herald, Kentish Express and yourashford.

Economy
Whilst Staplehurst has transport links to London, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells, it is also home to a number of local businesses located in the industrial park near the station as well as the headquarters of electrical engineering firm Magnetic Shields in the north of the town.

Towards the south of the town the parade and historic 'Town Heart' is home to a number of eateries and independent shops including a butcher, wine retailer, optician, hairdressers, local gift shop, and a public house dating back to the 18th century, the King's Head.

Notable people

Reginald Poynton Baker (1896–1985), movie producer, owner of Loddenden Manor until 1954.
Robert Gregg Bury (1869–1951), clergyman and classicist, curate at All Saints' Church (1895–98).
Charlie Cramp (1876–1933), trade unionist and Labour Party activist, was born in Staplehurst.
Chris Etheridge (living), ten-time British sidecarcross champion.
Harry Hill (born 1964), comedian, grew up in Staplehurst, attending Staplehurst Primary School, High Weald Academy and Cranbrook School.
William Malim (1533–1594), academic, schoolmaster and writer in Latin, was born in Staplehurst.
Nigel McGuinness (born 1976), former professional wrestler, grew up in Staplehurst.
Gordon Thomson (1884–1953), Olympic rower (1908), died in Staplehurst.

References

External links
Staplehurst Parish Council Web Site

Villages in Kent
Civil parishes in Kent


Seven ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Chameleon, or the archaic variants HMS Cameleon or HMS Camelion, after the Chameleon:

 was a 14-gun sloop launched in 1777. She foundered in 1780.
 was a 16-gun brig-sloop, formerly the civilian ship Hawke. She was purchased in 1780 and sold in 1783.
 was an 18-gun brig-sloop launched in 1795, laid up in 1805, and broken up in 1811.
 was a 10-gun  launched in 1816 and sold in 1849.
 was a  screw sloop launched in 1860 and sold in 1883.
 was an  launched in 1910 and sold for scrapping in 1921.
 was an  launched in 1944 and broken up in 1966.

Sources

References

Royal Navy ship names


Marian Donnelly (née Devlin; August 1938 in Castledawson, County Londonderry) is a former president of the Workers' Party and is a member of the District Policing Partnership for the Magherafelt district of Northern Ireland.

Life and career
She first became involved in political activity in 1955 when she campaigned for the republican candidate Tom Mitchell in the Mid Ulster constituency and in the re-run of that election after Mitchell was barred from being a candidate because he was in jail for republican activities at the time.

Donnelly was a founding member and the first Secretary of the South Derry Civil Rights Association, a branch of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association.   Her husband, Francie Donnelly, was its first Chairman and is also a prominent member of the Workers' Party.

Ms. Donnelly trained as a primary teacher and later also taught at second level.

She became active in Sinn Féin in the 1960s and when the organisation split in 1970 she remained with Official Sinn Féin which subsequently became the Workers' Party.  She has contested several elections on behalf of the party.

In March 1992, Donnelly was elected as President of the Workers' Party following the breakaway of a parliamentary grouping from the party, making her the second female leader of an Irish political party and at the time the first woman to lead a party which was represented in Dáil Éireann.  She retired from the position in 1994 but has remained an active member of the Workers' Party.

She has been a member of the Glen GAC Club in her native Derry and is actively involved in the Brackaghreilly and District Community Association.

She and her husband have three adult children.

References

1938 births
Politicians from County Londonderry
Living people
Workers' Party (Ireland) politicians
Women from Northern Ireland in politics
20th-century politicians from Northern Ireland
People from Castledawson


Suzanne Todd (born June 1, 1965) is an American film and television producer, and the owner of the film production company Team Todd.

Career
Team Todd produced the 2012 romantic comedy Celeste and Jesse Forever, starring Rashida Jones and Andy Samberg, which made its debut at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival where it was acquired by Sony Pictures Classics. This was Team Todd's second time at Sundance. They also produced Galt Niederhoffer's directorial debut The Romantics, which premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival.

Team Todd produced Disney's Alice in Wonderland (2010), which grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office.

Since early 2010, Todd works as a creative and business consultant for Activision/Blizzard.

In addition, Team Todd produced the musical Across The Universe, directed by Julie Taymor and starring Evan Rachel Wood. It was nominated for a 2008 Golden Globe Award for Best Picture and Academy Award nominated in the Best Costume category.

Todd's independent film, Memento, garnered filmmaker Christopher Nolan MTV's Best New Filmmaker Award in 2002 as well as the Independent Spirit Award for Best Feature.

Grossing over half a billion dollars worldwide, Team Todd's Austin Powers trilogy is the most successful comedy franchise in New Line Cinema history. Released in 1997, Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, starring Mike Myers and Elizabeth Hurley quickly became an audience favorite, and went on to gross $67 million worldwide. The 1999 follow-up Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, again starring Mike Myers, this time with Heather Graham, grossed $310 million worldwide and won a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, two MTV Movie Awards and a Teen Choice Award. It was nominated for a slew of other awards including an Academy Award for Best Makeup, a Golden Globe for Best Original Song, a Grammy for Best Soundtrack Album and a MTV Award for Best Movie. The third installment, Austin Powers in Goldmember, starring Mike Myers with Beyoncé Knowles, grossed $289 million worldwide and won a Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie, the MTV Award for Best Comedic Performance and a BMI Film Music Award. It was also nominated for a Saturn Award in addition to several other MTV, Teen Choice and Black Reel Awards.

Team Todd's other credits include The Accidental Husband, Prime, Must Love Dogs, and Boiler Room, the gritty Wall Street drama starring Giovanni Ribisi and Ben Affleck, for which Todd, her sister Jennifer, and director Ben Younger, were nominated for Best First Feature at the 2001 Independent Spirit Awards. In 1999, Todd executive produced HBO's If These Walls Could Talk 2, starring Vanessa redgrave, Ellen DeGeneres and Sharon Stone, for which she received a 2000 Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Made for Television Movie and a 2001 PGA Golden Laurel Award nomination for Producer of the Year in Longform TV. Vanessa Redgrave won every major acting award for her role in this film, including the Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie, the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film, and the SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries.

Prior to forming Team Todd, Todd partnered with Demi Moore to create their production company, Moving Pictures. During their five-year partnership, Todd produced G.I. Jane for director Ridley Scott at Disney, which starred Moore, as well as Now and Then for New Line Cinema, also starring Moore with Rosie O'Donnell, Melanie Griffith, Rita Wilson, Christina Ricci and Thora Birch. Their TV movie If These Walls Could Talk, starring Moore, Cher, Sissy Spacek and Rita Wilson, was at that time the highest rated movie in HBO history, and earned Todd a Golden Globe nomination and two Emmy Award nominations for Best Picture Made for Television as well as the prestigious Governor's Award.

Personal life
Todd is a Film Production graduate at USC's School of Cinematic Arts. She is involved in several charitable causes including St. Joseph Center, The Children's Institute, The Alliance for Children's Rights, Variety, the Children's Charity, and the Zimmer Children's Museum. She mentors aspiring filmmakers through the USC Stark Mentorship Program and the Producers Guild of America. She is also a member of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, the Producers Guild of America and DGA.

Todd is also an avid poker player, and won the 9th Annual Saban Poker Tournament, winning a seat in the 2012 World Series of Poker main event in Las Vegas. While a student at USC, Todd was an undefeated champion for a week on The $100,000 Pyramid.

Filmography

Film

Miscellaneous crew

Television

Awards
Todd's films have been honored by the Academy Awards, Golden Globes and Emmys, as well as Cosmo's Fun Fearless Female Award, the GLAAD media award, Saturn Awards, MTV Movie Awards, and a People's Choice Award.

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20120118023159/http://www.moviemaker.com/producing/article/jennifer_and_suzanne_todds_sister_act_20071118

1965 births
Living people
Film producers from California
Actresses from Los Angeles
University of Southern California alumni
American women film producers
People from Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles
21st-century American women


Indians in Portugal, including recent immigrants and people who trace their ancestry back to India, together number around 80,000 (2018 data) -120,000 (2021 data). Between 2018 and 2022 around 32,000 Indians entered the country, settling mostly in Lisbon and Porto. They thus constitute 0.76% - 1.15% of the total population of Portugal.

Indians are also found in the Algarve, Coimbra, Guarda, Leiria, Odemira and Rio Maior.

The majority of Indians in Portugal consist of Goans, Gujaratis, Tamilians, Malayali people from Daman and Diu, Tamil Nadu and most recently Punjabis.

The 2010s, particularly the second half of the decade, saw the start of a new immigration wave of Indians to Portugal, as well as of citizens of other South Asian nationals - namely Nepalis, Bengalis and Pakistanis - propelled mainly by the need of unskilled agricultural workers.

History

In sixteenth century southern Portugal, there were Chinese slaves but the number of them was described as "negligible", being outnumbered by East Indian, Mourisco, and African slaves. Amerindians, Chinese, Malays, and Indians were slaves in Portugal but in far fewer number than Turks, Berbers and Arabs. China and Malacca were origins of slaves delivered to Portugal by Portuguese viceroys.

A Portuguese woman, Dona Ana de Ataíde owned an Indian man named António as a slave in Évora. He served as a cook for her. Ana de Ataíde's Indian slave escaped from her in 1587. A large number of slaves were forcibly brought there since the commercial, artisanal, and service sectors all flourished in a regional capital like Évora. Rigorous and demanding tasks were assigned to Mourisco, Chinese, and Indian slaves. Chinese, Mouriscos, and Indians were among the ethnicities of prized slaves and were much more expensive compared to blacks, so high class individuals owned these ethnicities.

A fugitive Indian slave from Evora named António went to Badajoz after leaving his master in 1545. António was among the three most common male names given to male slaves in Evora.

Antão Azedo took an Indian slave named Heitor to Evora, who along with another slave was from Bengal were among the 34 Indian slaves in total who were owned by Tristão Homem, a nobleman in 1544 in Evora. Manuel Gomes previously owned a slave who escaped in 1558 at age 18 and he was said to be from the "land of Prester John of the Indias" named Diogo.

In Evora, men were owned and used as slaves by female establishments like convents for nuns. A capelão do rei, father João Pinto left an Indian man in Porto where he was picked up in 1546 by the Evora-based Santa Marta convent's nuns to serve as their slave. However, female slaves did not serve in male establishments, unlike vice versa.

Japanese Christian Daimyos mainly responsible for selling to the Portuguese their fellow Japanese. Japanese women and Japanese men, Javanese, Chinese, and Indians were all sold as slaves in Portugal.

Traits such as high intelligence were ascribed to Indians, Chinese, and Japanese slaves.

Notable people with Indian ancestry
Kalidás Barreto - Former Portuguese politician
Mariano Barreto - Portuguese football manager
Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho - Former Portuguese military officer
Matheus de Castro - First Indian bishop of the Catholic church
Narana Coissoró-  Portuguese Speaker of the House
Alfredo Bruto da Costa - Former Portuguese politician
Alfredo Nobre da Costa- Former Prime Minister of Portugal
Antonio Costa - Prime Minister of Portugal
Orlando da Costa - Portuguese writer
José Pereira Coutinho - Macanese politician
Ileana D'Cruz - Indian-born Portuguese actress who predominantly appears in Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil language films
Mortó Dessai - Luso-Indian medical analyst
Rogério de Faria - Luso-Indian businessman
Catarina Furtado - Portuguese television presenter
João Leão - Former Finance Minister of Portugal
André Pereira dos Reis - Portuguese captain, pilot and cartographer
Gabriel Mithá Ribeiro - Portuguese politician
Rosendo Ribeiro - Portuguese physician and diplomat
António de Bettencourt Rodrigues - doctor, Portuguese diplomat and politician
Manuel António de Sousa - Portuguese merchant
Sabrina De Sousa - Portuguese-American ex-CIA operative
Teotónio de Souza - Portuguese historian and the founder-director of the Xavier Centre of Historical Research (XCHR), at Alto Porvorim
Jorge Barreto Xavier - Portuguese cultural manager, university professor and politician

See also
Hinduism in Portugal
Sikhism in Portugal
India–Portugal relations
Romani people in Portugal

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070218220705/http://www.indembassy-lisbon.org/uk/ind_personorigin.html

Ethnic groups in Portugal
Portugal
Portugal
Immigration to Portugal


Theodote (;  780 – after 797) was the second empress consort of Constantine VI of the Byzantine Empire. She was a member of a distinguished family of Constantinople and her brother Sergios was mentioned as an hypatos. Their mother Anna was a sister of Theoktiste and her brother Plato. Theodote was thus a maternal first cousin of Theodore the Studite, son of Theoktiste.

Marriage
By 794, Theodote served as a lady-in-waiting (koubikoularia) of Irene. Irene was the widow of Leo IV the Khazar and mother of his heir Constantine VI. Irene had served as regent from 780 to 790 and still held the title of Empress.

Constantine was married to Maria of Amnia and the imperial couple had two daughters, Euphrosyne and a younger Irene. However, according to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, Constantine had turned against his first wife at some point. Theophanes attributed the deterioration of the marriage to the machinations of Irene, but the lack of a male heir following six years of marriage could also be one of the reasons. Whatever the case, Constantine took Theodote as his royal mistress.

In January 795, Constantine divorced Maria. Maria and both of their daughters were sent to a convent in the island of Prinkipo. In August 795, Theodote (then aged about fifteen) was officially betrothed to the Emperor and proclaimed an Augusta, a title Maria had never been granted. In September 795, Theodote and Constantine were married at the palace named after St. Mamas. Theodote had become the Empress consort within eight months of the removal of her predecessor.

Empress
The legality of the marriage sparked a religious controversy at least since the betrothal was announced. The initial divorce had met with disapproval in circles of the Church. The remarriage while Maria was still alive was seen as an attempt for legalization of adultery.

Even supporters of the Emperor were keeping their distances. Imperial marriage ceremonies were typically performed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. The current Patriarch Tarasios had reluctantly consented to both the divorce and the second marriage, but refused to officiate himself. The marriage was performed by a certain Joseph, a priest of Hagia Sophia.

In the so-called "Moechian controversy" (from , "adulterer"), her uncle Plato and her cousin Theodore, respectively the recently retired abbot of the Sakkoudion Monastery and his successor, initiated protests against the marriage and called for the excommunication of Joseph and everyone who had received communion from him. Implicitly including the emperor and his court. They seem to have voiced the sentiment of much of the monastic environment of their time.

Constantine and Theodote seem to have attempted peaceful reconciliation with their detractors for the first two years of their marriage. However all such offers were rejected and at last Constantine lost patience. Early in 797, imperial troops were sent to the Sakkoudion Monastery, and the community was dispersed. Theodore was flogged, and, together with ten other monks, banished to Thessaloniki, while Platon was imprisoned in Constantinople. By that point, Constantine seems to have lost all meaningful support from the iconodule faction. The displaced Iconoclasts were already against Irene and her son since the restoration of the icons decided in the Second Council of Nicaea (787).

Irene was meanwhile organizing a powerful conspiracy against her son. The loss of support for Constantine arguably helped her efforts in finding supporters in both the court and the Church. Constantine was deposed and blinded in August, 797. His mother succeeded him.

Retirement
Theodote was allowed to retire to a private palace along with her blinded husband. There are contradictory accounts on how long he survived his deposition, ranging from ten days to a decade. The residence was converted to a monastery while Theodote was still alive.

Symeon Metaphrastes identified this new monastic institution with the "monastery of Isidore", named after the patrician who had reportedly built the palace. This Isidore supposedly had left Rome with Olybrius following the Sack of Rome by Geiseric in 455. George Hamartolus reports that a few decades later Theophilos (reigned 829 – 842) converted the original building to a hostel and transferred the nuns to a new residence. Whether Theodote was still among them was not mentioned.

Children
Theodote and Constantine VI had two known children:
Leo (7 October 796 – 1 May 797). Theophanes records his dates of birth and death.
A unnamed son, born after the deposition of his father. Mentioned in the correspondence of Theodore the Studite. Died between 802 and 808.

Footnotes

Sources
T. Pratsch, Theodoros Studites (759–826): zwischen Dogma und Pragma
Lynda Garland, Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience

External links
The page of Byzantine women dealing with her
 Article about Irene by Lynda Garland, contains section on the marriage of Theodote

780s births
9th-century deaths
Isaurian dynasty
8th-century Byzantine empresses


Founded in 1870 by Jaime Torres, Bodegas Torres (Miguel Torres SA) is a historical wine growing company located in Pacs, some  from Vilafranca del Penedès, where the company has its head office. Torres is the family winery with the most extensive vineyards in the Denomination of Origin (DO) of Penedès and the largest winery in Spain.

They also run the Miguel Torres Chile winery in the Chilean Central Valley, and in the United States (California) where in 1986 Marimar Torres founded Marimar Estate. In Spain outside of the Torres family's native Penedès region, they own vineyards in DO Conca de Barberà, DO Toro, DO Jumilla, DO Ribera del Duero, DOQ Priorat and most recently in DOC Rioja - in the last three areas with new wineries or wineries under construction. Likewise, Torres is also Spain's largest producer of DO wines under its own label, exporting to more than 140 countries.

Under the Torres brand name they trade wine and brandy under on a range of different labels. Some of these are Viña Sol, Sangre de Toro, De Casta, Coronas, Atrium and Viña Esmeralda, with their best known brandies being Torres 5 and Torres 10. Many Torres wines are produced from international rather than traditional Spanish grape varieties and are varietally labelled. The company exports wines to over 140 countries. Torres made two significant contributions to the development of enology in Spain: firstly, the use of fermentation at controlled temperatures, and secondly, the maturing of the wine in small oak barrels during a scrupulously defined time, as has been a habitual practice in Bordeaux.

Torres is managed by the fourth generation of the Torres family; Miguel A. Torres is the company’s current President and Managing Director. The Torres family are founding members of the Primum Familiae Vini.

History

Jaime Torres emigrated to Cuba in 1855. On the island he made his fortune through the flourishing oil industry and seaborne trade. In 1870 he returned home a rich man and went into business with his brother, a wine grower. Together they founded the family company, in Vilafranca del Penedès, in 1870. One of Jaime Torres’ ideas was to build a  wine vat, the largest in the world.
During the Spanish Civil War the winery was bombarded, leaving everything in ruins, including the enormous vat. Miguel Torres Carbó, a fourth generation member of the family, rebuilt the winery in 1940 and started business up again. He brought an end to the sale of bulk wine and started to market it in labelled bottles. In the year of reconstruction, when France was under Hitler's control and unable to provide wine, Miguel Torres traveled to the United States to promote his wines. It was in this period that the brands Sangre de Toro, Viña Sol and Coronas first came into being.

In 1966 work started on the planting of imported grape varieties: at first Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon and later on Merlot, Pinot noir, Riesling and Gewürztraminer.  That same year, Miguel A. Torres married Waltraud Maczassek, a German artist, who has also collaborated in the sale of Torres wines on the German market. When Torres produced their first Riesling they named it in honour of Waltraud.

In 1975, Bodegas Torres began growing organic grapes for wine.

In 1991, after the death of Miguel Torres, the winery passed into the hands of his son Miguel A. Torres, the company’s current President and Managing Director.

Estates

The Mas La Plana vineyard, in Pacs del Penedès, within the borders of DO Penedès, which in the Middle Ages formed part of the fiefdom of the Count of Barcelona, is planted with Cabernet Sauvignon, with an average age of about 30 years. It is one of the first vineyards cultivated in Spain based on this variety of grape. The wine which bears the name of the estate, is produced from grapes grown here. Today, La Plana is recognised as one of the most prestigious red wines in the world, as claimed among others by Julian Jeffs in his book, “The Wines of Spain”.
Located on the Cister Route, the medieval castle of Milmanda provides the name for another estate, from which a white wine of the same name comes. Milmanda is made using traditional methods, and fermented in barrels of new French oak. The Milmanda estate is located in the municipality of Vimbodí i Poblet, in DO Conca de Barberà, and consists of  of vineyard.
At the Fransola estate the Sauvignon blanc vines share the space with plots planted with Parellada. The blend of these two varieties, although with a predominance of Sauvignon, is used to produce Fransola, through an elaboration that requires considerable care, given that part of the must is fermented in wooden barrels and the other part in stainless steel, before they are finally brought together.
Located alongside the historical Cistercian monastery of Poblet, the wine Grans Muralles takes its name from the vineyard that used to surround the walls of the monastery. Historic varieties, now almost extinct, such as Garró or Samsó, share the land with rows of Garnacha tinta, Monastrell and Mazuelo.

Owned by the Torres family since 1983, Mas Borras includes a vineyard of Pinot noir.
Very small, covering only , production of the estate where Torres Reserva Real has its origins is extremely limited, producing barely more than 6,000 bottles a year. Furthermore, it is only made if the harvest has been particularly promising.

Awards

European Winery of the Year, by the American magazine Wine Enthusiast (2006)
Wine Personality of the Year for Innovation, by the English magazine Wine International (2005)
Principe Felipe Prize for Business Excellence (2004)
Miguel A. Torres named Man of the year, by the British magazine Decanter(2002).
Bodega Miguel Torres named Winery of the Year, in Guía de Vinos Gourmet (Gourmet Wines Guide) (2000).
Wine Spectator Prize for the Most Important Winery of the Year (2000).

References

Further reading
The Wines of Spain (Vinos de España), Julian Jeffs, Spanish edition by Editorial Tusquets.
Paisajes y Bodegas de España (Landscapes and Wineries of Spain) PI& ERRE ediciones. Madrid. 2004.
Leading Brands of Spain.
L' Esperit del vi. El gran llibre dels vins de Catalunya (The Spirit of Wine, the Big Book of Catalan Wines). Àngels Casas and Francesc Navarro. Grup editorial 62.
Los Grandes Vinos y Bodegas (Great Wines and Wineries). Planeta Agostini, S.A. 2003.
Larousse Encyclopaedia of Wines. Editorial Larousse, 2001.
ABC. El gran libro de los vinos de España (Big Book of Spanish Wines). 2000.
Wine Atlas. Oz Clarke. Editorial Leopold Blume. 1996.
Diccionario salvat del vino (Salvat Dictionary of Wine). Mauricio Wiesenthal.Salvat editores. 2001.

External links

Wineries of Spain
Brandies
Agriculture companies established in the 19th century
Companies established in 1870
Companies based in Catalonia
Spanish brands
1870 establishments in Spain
Primum Familiae Vini


Frank Chester Robertson (January 12, 1890 – July 29, 1969) was an American author best known for his western novels.  He published over 150 hard cover books and countless other short stories, serials and newspaper articles. In later years, he also wrote a column for the Provo Herald called "The Chopping Block".

Early life

Robertson was born in Moscow, Idaho.  His father had become a convert to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and moved his family to Chesterfield, Idaho.  His family were farmers.  To help support his family while his father was away on LDS missions, Robertson herded sheep and his mom briefly became a postmistress.  In 1914, he obtained a  homestead in the hills a few miles east of Chesterfield.  In 1919, he married Winifred "Winnie" Bowman with whom he had three children.  After moving to Ogden Utah in the 1920s and then Salt Lake City, Robertson and his family settled in Mapleton Utah in 1937.  He lived the rest of his life in Mapleton, writing stories and working in his cherry orchards.

Career

Robertson started writing short stories while in Chesterfield.  He wrote his first novel in 1924 titled, The Foreman of the Forty Bar.  The novel was first published in People’s Popular Monthly and then syndicated in several newspapers.  It was published as a book in 1925.  His most popular book was his 1950 autobiographical book, A Ram in the Thicket:  The Story of a Roaming Homesteader Family on the Mormon Frontier, which was later condensed in Reader's Digest.   His prime writing years were from the 1920s to the 1940s, but he continued writing until his death.   He wrote under several pseudonyms including Frank Chesterfield, Robert Crane and King Hill.

In 1954, the Western Writers of America presented the Silver Spur award for best juvenile story for Robertson's story, Sagebrush Sorrel.  He was also the 1959-1960 president of the Western Writers of America.  His library of letters, notes, and correspondence were donated to BYU's Harold B. Lee Library.

Notes

External links

1890 births
1969 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
People from Mapleton, Utah
People from Moscow, Idaho
Western (genre) writers
Writers from Idaho
Writers from Utah


Jean-Rodolphe Perronet (27 October 1708 – 27 February 1794) was a French architect and structural engineer, known for his many stone arch bridges. His best known work is the Pont de la Concorde (1787).

Early life
Perronet was born in Suresnes, a suburb of Paris, the son of a Swiss Guardsman. At age 17 he entered the architectural practice of Jean Beausire, "first architect" to the city of Paris, as an apprentice. He was put in charge of the design and construction of Paris's grand sewer, embankment works and the maintenance of the banlieue's roads. In 1735, he was named sous-ingénieur (under-engineer) to Alençon and in 1736 entered the Corps des ponts et chaussées. In 1737, he became sous-ingénieur, then engineer to the généralité of Alençon.

Career

In 1747, Perronet was named director of the Bureau des dessinateurs du Roi (Royal office of designers), which had also just put Daniel-Charles Trudaine in charge of producing maps and plans for the kingdom. This first École des ponts et chaussées was based in the hôtel Libéral Bruant in Paris. Perronet was given the task of training bridge and road engineers and of overseeing their work in the généralités in which they worked. The Bureau became the Bureau des élèves des ponts et chaussées, then in 1775 was renamed the École des ponts et chaussées. Its organiser, inspiration and teacher, Perronet was a true spiritual father to his students and used a new teaching method which seems very contemporary to modern eyes. During this time he became friends with the Swiss bridge-builder Charles Labelye.

He was named premier ingénieur du roi in 1763 and became a member of the associate of the Académie des sciences in 1765. Besides his bridges, between 1747 and 1791, 2500 km of roads were created or repaired under his direction. He also contributed the article Pompe à feu (fire-engine) to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers.

In 1772, Perronet was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.  He died in Paris, aged 85. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1788.

Death and legacy
He died on 27 February 1794 in Paris, aged 85. The street next to the site of the École des ponts et chaussées (delimiting Paris's 6th and 7th arrondissements) is now named after him and a statue of him, sculpted by Adrien Étienne Gaudez, has been erected on the northeast corner of the Île de Puteaux, at the foot of the pont de Neuilly (whose first stone version, built in 1772 and surviving until 1942, was his work).

Works

 1750–1760 – Bridge at Orléans
 1757–1765 – Bridge at Mantes
 1758–1764 – Bridge at Trilport
 1765–1786 – Bridge at Château-Thierry
 1766–1769 – Pont Saint-Edne at Nogent
 1768–1774 – Bridge at Neuilly-sur-Seine
 1770–1771 – Pont Les Fontaines
 1774–1785 – Bridge at Sainte-Maxence sur l'Oise
 1775 – Bridge at Biais-Bicheret
 1776–1791 – Bridge at Nemours
 1776-         – Bridge at Mirepoix, Ariege
 1784–1787 – Bridge at Brunoy
 1786–1787 – Bridge at Rosoy
 1786–1791 – Pont Louis XVI, later renamed Pont de la Concorde, Paris

Sources
 Guy Coriono, 250 ans de l’École des Ponts en cent portraits, Paris, Presses de l’École nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1997, p. 37 and following.
 M. Guillot, "Un destin helvétique, Jean-Rodophe Perronet et sa famille suresnoise (1708–1794)" in Les gardes suisses et leurs familles au XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles en région parisienne, p. 108–116.
 Yvon Michel, "Jean-Rodolphe Perronet (1708–1794)" in Monuments Historiques, Paris, April–June 1987, nos 150–151, p. 81–86.
 Claude Vacant, Jean-Rodolphe Perronet (1708–1794). Premier inégénieur du Roi et directeur de l'École des ponts et chaussées, Paris, Presses de l'École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 2006. 24 cm, 344 p., ill.

External links

 Biography (EPC)
 Biography (Structurae)
 Jean-Rodolphe Perronet : article Pompe à feu in the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
Britannica

1708 births
1794 deaths
People from Suresnes
18th-century French architects
French bridge engineers
Structural engineers
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Académie royale d'architecture
Fellows of the Royal Society
Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772)
French male non-fiction writers
18th-century French male writers


The Al-Kawakibi Democracy Transition Center (KADEM) was officially founded in Amman, Jordan on 15 June 2006 following the first meeting of the center's Board of Trustees under the chairmanship of the Prince Hassan Ibn Talal. Al-Kawakibi Center was established after two years of consideration and deliberation, with the contribution of a large number of experts and democracy advocates from the Arab region and also from Europe and the US, supported by a grant from the Middle East Partnership Initiative of the United States State department.
Al-Kawakibi Center is a technical non-governmental regional organization, specialized in transferring knowledge, sharing experiences and building capacities in the field of democratic transition.  The center was founded on the principle of partnership between organizations and experts in the Arab region and the Middle East.

Al-Kawakibi aims at promoting the following activities and meeting the following objectives:
Spreading democratic culture and practices through dialogue and peaceful interaction.
Building local high level capacities and expertise in diagnosing, accompanying, and framing the democratic transitions, and developing alternatives.
Encouraging dialogue between political decision-makers and actors of the Civil Society about democratic transition issues.
Stimulating exchange and transfer of expertise between experts, representatives of civil society and political actors in the field of democratic transitional trends at different levels: the Middle East, the Arab region, and internationally.
Building an expertise clearinghouse to provide capacities for training, research, strategic planning, implementation and follow up in order to support the democratic changes in the Arab region and Middle East.

The organization presents the Zaytuna Silver Award for Excellence in Democratic Action, which recognizes Arab individuals and institutions that promote democracy.

References

External links
 Official site

Political organizations established in 2006


Krohme (born Chris Moore) is an American hip hop and metal producer, noted for his work with Chuck D, MC Serch, Sid Wilson of Slipknot, Otep, Obie Trice, Brother Ali, Arrested Development, Lord Jamar & Sadat X of Brand Nubian, Sean Price, Doug Wimbish of Living Colour, Snapcase, Aaron "P-Nut" Wills of 311, Stetsasonic, and more. His music has been featured on MTV, BET, and HBO, as well as global FM and satellite radio stations.

Biography
A native of Alexandria, VA,  Krohme (often incorrectly listed as "Khrome") was born in 1980 to an African-American father and a mother of Spanish and German descent. He developed an ear for production via the eclectic music tastes of his parents and later through playing instruments in elementary school in Hawaii and later Virginia. Using his own diverse musical interests, which included hip-hop, soul, rock, heavy metal, and classical, he began sampling records in 1997 to create hip-hop beats that he gave to unsigned artists in the Washington metropolitan area.

It wasn't until 2005 that Krohme connected with his first major artist, Ras Kass, for the single, "The Long Walk Home."

He made his first record label debut on Day by Day Entertainment with MF Grimm's American Hunger album where he produced 3 songs. MF Grimm also served as his manager during this time.

In 2007, Hell Razah of Black Market Militia/Sunz of Man asked Krohme to produce tracks for his solo album, Renaissance Child for Nature Sounds, Nativity with Killah Priest and Lost Ark. He also worked on unreleased remixes for Los Pepes, Pt. 1 and Project Jazz.

Additionally, Krohme founded Godsendant Music (now Godsendant Collective) in February 2005  and released his first project, All Praises Due, with guest appearances from Royce da 5'9", MC Serch, Agallah, C-Rayz Walz, Hell-Razah, Chace Infinite, Triple Seis and more. The label also featured releases from Block McCloud, Jazz Spastiks, Little Indian, and more before shutting down in 2011.

In between projects, he signed with Babygrande on Valentine's Day 2008 to release his 3-year project, The Beasts Released Volume 1: South of Heaven, which featured Kool G Rap, Sean Price, Chino XL, Agallah, C-Rayz Walz, Hell Razah, Psycho Les, Atari Blitzkrieg, Lord Jamar, Rapper Pooh, Cappadonna, Killah Priest and additional artists which was leaked but never officially released.

He started working on a collaboration album with Hell-Razah in 2009 under the tentative title "Krohme Razahs." In 2006, he produced the Ras Kass track "Hush Little Baby," the infamous diss towards Game and would later work with Game on the remix to the Dezert Eez track, Gunz Out.

After stepping away from music in 2012, Krohme returned in 2020 to produce an album with Breez Evahflowin; Old Man Spring: Krohme. He has since signed deals with Man Bites Dog Records and SpitSLAM Records to begin work on new albums.

Krohme was a member of the Wu-Tang affiliated groups, Lost Children of Babylon and Thug Angelz.

He is also noted for his work as a multi-genre producer and remixer, working with members of Slipknot, Fear Factory, Living Colour, Earth Crisis, My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult and Damnation A.D. to name a few.

Partial Discography

Albums
Breez Evahflowin - Old Man Spring: Krohme (2020)
Shogun Assason - Target Practice 3: Krohme Remixes (2020)
Godforbid of That Handsome Devil x Krohme - Tales of the Haunted Microphone (2021)
Krohme - The Ceremony of Innocence (2022)

EPs
Kahlee x Krohme - Blind to the Facts (2021)
Empuls x Krohme - By Love or By Force (2022)
Krohme - Cursed Earth (2022)
Indigo Phoenyx x Krohme - The Dynasty of Dominique Devereaux (2022)
Empuls x Krohme - By Love or By Force (2022)
I9on x Krohme - Liqwit Krohme (2022)
Paavo x Krohme - Evidence of a Struggle (2022)

Partial list of productions
Almighty - "Soul Position" feat. Bronze Nazareth, M-80, Philie, Son One, 5-Star, Kevlaar 7 & C-Rayz Walz
Canibus - "Gold & Bronze Magik" feat. Bronze Nazareth & Copywrite
Chuck D Featuring the Impossebulls – "Circle of Lies Remix"
Dezert Eez - Mind Stormin feat. Killah Priest
Hell Razah – "Lost Ark"
Hell Razah – "Renaissance Child"
Hell Razah – "Nativity"
Ill Bill ft. Killah Priest - "Awaiting the Hour"
King Dude & Krohme - 16 Tons feat. Doug Wimbish & Daniel Fleming of Age of Ruin
Krohme - Catch Me On Broadway Feat. Shyheim & Dom Pachino
Krohme - Comrades Feat. Cappadonna, Trife Diesel & Ty Farris
Krohme - "Goon Opera (Come See Me)" feat. Kool G Rap, Chino XL, Sean Price, C-Rayz Walz & Hell Razah
Krohme – "Line of Fire" feat. Brother Ali, Chuck D, Speech of Arrested Development, and Doug Wimbish of Living Colour
Krohme – "Ride or Die feat. Challace & Metta World Peace"
Krohme - "Think Twice" feat. Rapper Pooh, Motion Man & Breez Evahflowin
Krohme – "The Judgment" feat. Lord Jamar, Sadat-X and Doug Wimbish
MF Grimm – "Karma" feat. Block McCloud and Ill Bill
MF Grimm – "Page Six"
MF Grimm – "When Faith is Lost"
Obie Trice – "Hope"
Ras Kass – "Hush Little Baby (The Game Diss)"
Ras Kass – "The Long Walk Home" featuring Jay 211
Sid Wilson - "The Love Inside"
Strong Arm Steady – "Set Me Free"

References

External links
Godsendant Music

1980 births
American hip hop record producers
Living people
Musicians from Alexandria, Virginia
Record producers from Virginia
21st-century American rappers


Frederic Michael Scherer (born 1932 in Ottawa, Illinois) is an American economist and expert on industrial organization. Since 2006, he continues as a professor of economics at the JFK School of Government at Harvard University.

Early and family life
Scherer received his A.B. degree with honors and distinction from the University of Michigan and his M.B.A. with high distinction from Harvard University in 1958 and his PhD in economics from Harvard in 1963.

He is married to Barbara Silbermann Scherer, and the couple have three children and eight grandchildren.

Career
Scherer served as the chief economist for the Federal Trade Commission in 1974-76. He has taught at Princeton University, Northwestern University, Swarthmore College, Haverford College, the University of Bayreuth and the Central European University. Since 2006 Scherer has been Emeritus Professor of Public Policy and Corporate Management in the Aetna Chair, in the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

His research specialties include industrial economics and the economics of technological change, on which he has many much-cited publications, including the books listed below, and the articles in  His 1971 textbook on Industrial Organization has gone through many editions, and Scherer still participates on the advisory board for the scholarly magazine of the same name. Scherer has also published recently concerning patent policy reform. Upon the death of Thomas McCraw, Scherer may be the scholar with the most expertise concerning the theories of former Harvard professor Joseph Schumpeter, about whom he has made a series of YouTube videos.

Honors
Scherer received the first "Distinguished Fellow Award" from the Industrial Organization Society in 1999; the second was Jean Tirole, who later received the Nobel Prize in 2014 for his work in industrial organization. Scherer also received an honorary doctorate from the University of Hohenheim, Germany. He served as the 3rd  president of the Industrial Organization Society, as well as of the International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society, and vice president of the American Economic Association and of the Southern Economic Association. He received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Antitrust Institute in 2002.

Publications
Frederic M. Scherer, Monopolies, Mergers and Competition Policy (Edward Elgar Pub) March 30, 2018
Frederic M. Scherer, Quarter Notes and Bank Notes: The Economics of Music Composition in the 18th and 19th Centuries (Princeton University Press, 2004).
Frederic M. Scherer, Competition Policy, Domestic and International (Edward Elgar, 2001).
Frederic M. Scherer, New Perspectives on Economic Growth and Technological Innovation (Brookings Institution, 1999).
Frederic M. Scherer, Industry Structure, Strategy, and Public Policy (Harper Collins, 1996). .
Frederic M. Scherer, Competition Policies for an Integrated World Economy (Brookings Institution, 1994).
Frederic M. Scherer and David J. Ravenscraft, International High-Technology Competition; Competition Policies for an Integrated World Economy; Mergers, Sell-offs, and Economic Efficiency (Harvard University Press, 1992).
Frederic M. Scherer  and David Ross, [1970] 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 3rd ed. Houghton-Mifflin. Description and 1st ed. review extract.
Frederic M. Scherer and David J. Ravenscraft, Mergers, Sell-offs, and Economic Efficiency (Brookings Institution, 1987).
Frederic M. Scherer, Innovation and Growth: Schumpeterian Perspectives(MIT Press, 1984).
Frederic M. Scherer, The Economic Effects of Compulsory Patent Licensing (New York University Monograph Series in Finance and Economics, 1977).
Frederic M. Scherer with Alan Beckenstein, Erich Kaufer, and R. D. Murphy, The Economics of Multi-Plant Operation: An International Comparisons Study (Harvard University Press, 1975).
Frederic M. Scherer, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (first ed. 1970; second ed. 1980; third ed. (with David Ross) 1990; Houghton Mifflin).
Frederic M. Scherer, Focal Point Pricing and Conscious Parallelism" (The Antitrust Bulletin: the Journal of American and Foreign Antitrust & Trade Regulation, p. 495-503, Vol 12, 1967)
Frederic M. Scherer and M. J. Peck, The Weapons Acquisition Process: Economic Incentives (Harvard Business School Division of Research, 1964).
Frederic M. Scherer and M. J. Peck, The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (Harvard Business School Division of Research, 1962).

References

External links
 Homepage of Frederic M. Scherer at John F. Kennedy School of Government.

Economists from Illinois
1932 births
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Princeton University faculty
Swarthmore College faculty
Harvard Kennedy School faculty
Northwestern University faculty
People from Ottawa, Illinois
Harvard Business School alumni


Robert Simpson Neighbors (November 3, 1815 – September 14, 1859) was an Indian agent and Texas state legislator.  Known as a fair and determined protector of Indian interests as guaranteed by treaty, he was murdered by a white man named Cornet, whose brother-in-law had been defamed by Neighbors, accusing the brother-in-law (one Patrick Murphy of Belknap, sheriff, saloon owner and businessman) a common horse thief, responsible for stealing horses from the reservation Indians. When Neighbors refused to recant the accusation in front of the two men, Cornet shot Neighbors with a shotgun. Cornet was murdered and Murphy acquitted as he did not pull the trigger. Cornet went on the run and was killed during his arrest.

Early life

Robert Simpson Neighbors was born in Charlotte County, Virginia, on November 3, 1815.  He was the sole son of William and Elizabeth (Elam) Neighbours.   In later life he chose to drop the u from his last name.    He was orphaned at a mere four months old, when both parents died of pneumonia.  He was later educated by private tutors, who were retained by his guardian, Samuel Hamner, a Virginia planter.

Immigration to Texas and army service
Neighbors left Virginia at the age of nineteen, and while he stayed briefly in New Orleans, his intention was always to immigrate to Texas, which he did in the early spring of 1836.  He joined the Army of the Republic of Texas on 30 January 1839 as a first lieutenant, commanding Fort Travis on Galveston Island before becoming quartermaster on 5 September, and promoted to captain on 15 July 1840 and served until the end of 1841.

Capture by General Adrian Woll
On September 15, 1842, as a member of Captain John C. Hays's company of volunteers, Neighbors was in San Antonio attending Judge Anderson Hutchinson's court, when General Adrian Woll made his invasion of Texas and captured the city.   Along with approximately fifty-two other individuals, including the officers of the court, he was forcibly marched to Mexico, where he was subsequently imprisoned in San Carlos Fortress.

Indian Agent and the field system
Neighbors was released on March 24, 1844, and returned to Texas. He briefly operated the Mansion House hotel in Houston before becoming Indian Agent for the Republic of Texas on 12 February 1845.  Thomas G. Western, Texas Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and Neighbors as Indian Agent for the Lipan Apaches and Tonkawas, initiated a new policy, the field system; instead of remaining at the agency headquarters and waiting for the Indians to pay him a visit, as was the common practice, Neighbors dealt with them directly in their homelands.

After the annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States, Neighbors was a party to Treaty 246 between the US, represented by Indian commissioners Pierce M. Butler and M.G. Lewis, and the chiefs of the Comanches, Ionies, Anadarkos, Caddos, Lipans, Tonkawas, Keechies, Tawacanos, Wichitas and Wacos, signed near Waco on 15 May 1846.  Neighbors then accompanied the Penateka Comanche chiefs Old Owl and Santa Anna, plus the Anadarko chief Jose Maria, on their visit to Washington, D.C.

He received a federal appointment as special Indian agent, on March 20, 1847, and took part in the treaty between the Comanche and the German colonists on the San Saba River in March 1847, which resulted in the so-called Meusebach-Comanche Treaty.

As a Federal Indian Agent for the Comanches, he continued what was then a most unusual practice, that of actually visiting the Indians in their homes, and learning their language and culture. Called the "field system" it was unique for its time. The ultimate result was that he spent much time far beyond the then frontier and in the opinion of historians exercised greater influence over the Indians in Texas than any other white man of his generation. Indeed, other than Sam Houston he probably was one of the few white men to bother to learn their language and culture, let alone travel to the heart of the Comancheria.

Adoption by the Comanche

In 1845 as an Indian Agent for the Republic of Texas, Robert Neighbors recorded one of the best known meetings with the Penateka Comanche head Chief Old Owl, while visiting a Tonkawa camp. Chief Old Owl arrived with 40 warriors, and in a manner the Major called "most insolent and domineering" demanded that the Tonkawa feed the war party and their horses, and provide for them entertainment.  The Tonkawas "obeyed with alacrity", providing "forty of the best looking Tonkawa maidens".  Neighbors, known as a fearless man, took this opportunity to be introduced to the Comanches.  Old Owl, introduced to Neighbors, first complimented him on his fine blue coat.  Neighbors, understanding the meaning of this compliment, presented the Chief with the coat immediately.  Other warriors admired his pants, boots, and other clothing, and soon Neighbors was standing only in a nightshirt.
Old Owl however, took a liking to the fearless Neighbors.  He told him though most whites irritated him, he liked Neighbors, and invited him to accompany the war party, and he proposed instead of Neighbors making a civilized man of him, that he would make a fine horse thief out of Neighbors, and adopt him into the tribe.  Neighbors, feeling this was an opportunity few men would ever receive, accepted at once.  The war party went to Mexico, where Neighbors attempted to buy beef at a rancho.  When the Mexicans declined to sell beef to a Republic of Texas official on credit, Old Owl told them two beeves were to be forthcoming immediately, or the rancho would be burned down and all the beeves taken.  This proved highly effective, and the food was immediately forthcoming.

Neighbors, having left an indelible impression on Old Owl as the first (and only) Republic of Texas official to ever ride with a Comanche War Party, took his leave of them with thanks, and went home.

Neighbors Expedition

Early in the spring of 1849, Major General William J. Worth, of the United States Army, who was in command of the Eighth Military Department, which included the former Republic of Texas, was ordered by Secretary of War William L. Marcy to explore a wagon route between San Antonio and El Paso.  The General, headquartered in San Antonio, selected Neighbors to lead the expedition to establish the so-called "upper route" to El Paso.  His reasoning was that Neighbors was perhaps the only man in Texas who could safely ride into the Comancheria.

Neighbors led a combined military-Ranger force that included his personal friend "Rip" Ford and did in fact map a route that not only became the route used by the Overland Stage Company, but is the same route taken by the highway today.  Indeed, Neighbors reported 598 miles between Austin (as the state capital) and El Paso – exactly the same mileage listed today between the two cities.   In addition to Ford on the expedition, Neighbors was able to convince Buffalo Hump to lead it; Penateka war chiefs Yellow Wolf (Buffalo Hump's cousin) and Santa Anna joined them along the trail. Though the chief later left the party, it remained under his protection, and Nokoni Comanche head Chief Tall Tree, or Guadalupe, led the party the remainder of the distance from the Colorado River to El Paso. Neighbors' ability to communicate with the Comanche, and his relationship with them, made the expedition possible.

Brazos Indian Reservation
In those days, appointments for such posts as federal Indian Agent were determined in great part by the political party in power, and the political affiliation of the agent. Neighbors was a Democrat, so his services as Indian agent were terminated by the elections and subsequent national Whig administration in September 1849. Neighbors stayed in public life however.  Appointed as a Texas commissioner, he was sent by Texas Governor Peter Hansborough Bell to organize El Paso County in February and March 1850.   He then attempted, without success, to organize counties in New Mexico as a part of Texas, being opposed by Judge Joab Houghton.

He was a member of the Fourth Texas Legislature, representing the Bexar and Medina District from 1851 to 1853. In 1852, he and state senator "Rip" Ford sponsored a resolution calling for Texas to negotiate with the federal government to settle the Indians in northern Texas. After urging from Secretary of War Jefferson Davis to Governor Bell, the Texas legislature passed a law in 1854 granting twelve leagues of land for establishing Indian reservations.

Neighbors became a presidential elector in 1852, and following the election of Franklin Pierce in 1853, was appointed supervising agent of the Indian service in Texas.  In 1854, Neighbors and Capt. Randolph B. Marcy, with an escort of forty soldiers, left Fort Belknap in search of recommended sites for two Indian reservations to be established in 1855. Sites for the Caddo, Shawnee, Anadarko, Waco, Tawacano, and Tonkawa, were located along the north side of the Salt Fork Brazos River, south of what is now Graham in Young County. This area became the Brazos Indian Reservation. The reservation's log buildings included the agent's house, an office, a commissary store, a laborer's house, a school, a blacksmith, an interpreter's house, a privy, and a spring house; there were also several dome-shaped thatched native houses.

Camp Cooper and the Comanche Indian Reservation
The Penateka Comanches were located on the Comanche Indian Reservation located on the Clear Fork Brazos River, about ten miles southwest of what is now Throckmorton in  Throckmorton County.  The reservation log cabin buildings included the agent's house, commissary store, laborer's house, a school and Chief Ketumse's house plus the tribal member's tents.

Providing defense for the reservation was Camp Cooper, founded on January 3, 1856 by Major William J. Hardee and named in honor of Samuel Cooper.  The camp was commanded by Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee of the Second Cavalry from 1856 to 1857.  In a letter dated Camp Cooper, 12 April 1856, he wrote:

We are in the Comanche Reserve with the Indian camps below us on the river, belonging to Catumseh's band, whom the Government is trying to humanize.  It will be up hill work I fear.  Catumseh has been to see me and we have had a talk, very tedious on his part and very sententious on mine.  I hailed him as a friend, as long as his conduct and that of his tribe deserved it, but would meet him as an enemy the first moment he failed to keep his word.

Officers serving under Lee's command at the camp included Captain Earl Van Dorn, Captain George Stoneman, and Captain Theodore O'Hara.  Major George H. Thomas succeeded Lee as commander and was wounded while pursuing Comanche warriors.  The camp of 250 men under the command of Capt. S.D. Carpenter was abandoned to Col. W.C. Dalrymple, Texas Troops on 21 February 1861, after General David E. Twiggs agreed to surrender all federal military posts.

Death
It was during this period, when settlers began to attack the Indians, that Neighbors became hated among white Texans.  Neighbors reported that the United States Army officers located at the posts of Fort Belknap and Camp Cooper, near the reservations, failed to give adequate support to him and his resident agents, and adequate protection to the Indians and settlers alike.

The military's attitude was shared by the settlers, who believed the reservation Indians were committing continuing raids on white settlements. In spite of continuous threats against his life, Neighbors never faltered in his determination to protect the Indians.

"The main source of opposition to Major Neighbors and the reservation policy was John R. Baylor, the former Comanche agent ... apparently blamed Major Neighbors for his dismissal and resented him bitterly ... arousing public opinion to oust the Major ... destroying the reservation ..."

With the aid of federal troops, Neighbors managed to protect the Indians on the reservations, successfully thwarting an attack on 23 May 1859 by John Baylor and 250 marauders.

Convinced however that the Indians, especially the Comanche, would never be safe in Texas due to the continuing raids of those bands still resisting white settlement of the Comancheria, he determined to move all Indians to safety in the Indian territories.

In August 1859 he, and four companies of troops under Major George H. Thomas, succeeded in moving 1420 Indians, without loss of life, to a new reservation in Indian Territory.  Attacked while returning to Texas, Neighbor's party headed for Fort Belknap with Colonel Leeper as a casualty.

Neighbors proceeded to the nearby village of Belknap the next morning to "wind up his accounts as superintendent of Indian affairs", where on September 14, 1859, while Neighbors was speaking with two men, he was shot in the back by Edward Cornett.

Historians believe the assassination was a direct result of Neighbors' actions protecting the Comanche. He was buried in the civilian cemetery at Fort Belknap.

Personal life
Robert Simpson Neighbors was a Methodist, a Mason, and a leader in the temperance movement. He had married Elizabeth Ann Mays in Seguin, Texas, on July 15, 1851, and their home was on his Salado Creek ranch, now part of San Antonio, Texas.  Two sons survived childhood.

Further reading
Texas Memorial Museum
California Road

References

 https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/48273796/edward-cornett

1815 births
1859 deaths
Army of the Republic of Texas officers
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Texas–Indian Wars
United States Indian agents
People from Seguin, Texas
19th-century American politicians
People from Charlotte County, Virginia


The Fairfield Museum and History Center is a museum with an extensive research library located at 370 Beach Road in Fairfield, Connecticut.

Established in 2007 by the 103-year-old Fairfield Historical Society, the Fairfield Museum. The Fairfield Museum's goal is to promote civic engagement by celebrating the diverse history of its region and its people.

The 13,000-square-foot Museum features exhibition galleries, a special collection research library and reading room, an education classroom, an 80-seat meeting hall overlooking Fairfield's Town Green, and a shop.

The Fairfield Museum's art and history exhibitions have included the annual IMAGES juried photography exhibition, The Road to Busytown: Richard Scarry's Life in Fairfield County, Topping the Charts: The Rise of Bridgeport's Columbia Records, Culper Ring: The Spies of George Washington, Rising Tides – Fairfield's Coast: Past to Present in 2016, An American Story: Finding Home in Fairfield County in 2018. The Promise of Freedom: The Emancipation Proclamation, and the newly renovated Creating Community: 400 Years of Fairfield Stories.
Programs and activities for youth, families, and the local community include the annual Holiday Express Train Show, Memorial Day Open House, Open Play at the Victorian Cottage, Summer Saturdays on the Museum Commons, the Jazz Fridays Summer Concert Series, Halloween on the Green, Legends & Hauntings Tours in the Old Burying Ground, historical walking tours exploring the Town Green, summer camps, and more.

The Fairfield Museum works closely with regional schools in order to assist with the  K-12 education programs support national, state, and local learning goals. Each year, the Museum serves more than 4,000 students and teachers from 65 schools from across southwestern CT through high-quality educational programs.

The Jacky Durrell Meeting Hall overlooking the Historic District (Fairfield, Connecticut)|Town Green hosts lectures, panels, and shared discussions led by scholars, university professors, and historians that illuminate history through dialogue and debate with the larger community.

The Fairfield Museum's Research Library serves as a study center of Connecticut's history, serving more than 1,000 researchers each year, including students seeking primary resources for school projects, adults researching genealogy and community history, and academic researchers utilizing collections, publications, and manuscripts for advanced study. The Research Library includes historical monographs, manuscripts, family histories, newspapers, church and land records, and much more. The Library is home to the Collier Collection, an extensive library compiled by former State Historian Dr. Christopher Collier, making the Fairfield Museum's library one of the most complete resources for Connecticut history.

The Museum Shop features a selection of items for both adults and children. Many of the items are made in CT and support local artists and vendors.

Historic properties
The town of Fairfield owns several historic properties that are managed by the Museum.
 Ogden House|The 1750 Ogden House (1520 Bronson Road) – An 18th-century saltbox house with period furnishings. The Museum owns and manages this farmhouse, which is open from 1-4 pm on Sundays from June to September.
 Sun Tavern (Town Hall Green) – A 1780 tavern that was the site of a visit from President George Washington. The Sun Tavern offers visitors an immersive experience that supports discovery through reproduction objects that people can touch and feel. It is open to the public from 1-4 pm on Sundays from June to September and during private walking tours.
 Victorian Cottage (Town Hall Green) – The Victorian Cottage is a space designed for kids ages 18 months to 5 years to engage in imaginative play.
 Victorian Barn (Town Hall Green) – The Victorian Barn (1888) exhibit explores Fairfield's agricultural roots and promotes conversations about contemporary food issues. It is open to the public from 1-4 pm on Sundays from June to September and during private walking tours.

References

External links

Fairfield Museum and History Center
Town of Fairfield, Connecticut

Buildings and structures in Fairfield, Connecticut
History centers
History museums in Connecticut
Museums in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Museums established in 2007