Proserpine was a 38-gun  of the French Navy launched in 1785 that  captured on 13 June 1796. The Admiralty commissioned Proserpine into the Royal Navy as the fifth rate, HMS Amelia. She spent 20 years in the Royal Navy, participating in numerous actions in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, capturing a number of prizes, and serving on anti-smuggling and anti-slavery patrols. Her most notable action was her intense and bloody, but inconclusive, fight in 1813 with the French frigate Aréthuse. Amelia was broken up in December 1816.

Construction
Proserpine was a  built for the French Navy of the Ancien Régime in Brest. Jacques-Noël Sané designed her as well as five sister ships and she was rated for thirty-eight guns.

French naval service (1785–1796)
Proserpine was stationed at Saint Domingue from 1786 until 1788. In 1792, she was under Ensign Van Stabel. From 1793, she served as a commerce raider under Captain Jean-Baptiste Perrée, notably capturing the 32-gun Dutch frigate Vigilante and several merchantmen of a convoy that Vigilante was escorting.

On 23 June 1795, under Captain Daugier, Proserpine took part in the Battle of Groix as the flagship of Admiral Villaret de Joyeuse. She unsuccessfully attempted to regroup the French fleet, almost colliding with the  in the process. Proserpine then fired a broadside at the approaching British fleet before she escaped.

Almost a year later, on 13 June 1796, about  south of Cape Clear, Ireland, the frigate , under the command of Captain Lord Amelius Beauclerk, captured Proserpine following a relatively brief chase but a bitter action. In the engagement, Proserpine, under the command of Citizen Pevrieu, lost 30 men killed and 45 wounded out of her crew of 348 men. Dryad had two men killed and seven wounded. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Dryad 13 June 1796" to all surviving claimants from the action.

As the Royal Navy already had a , the Admiralty renamed the captured vessel HMS Amelia after Princess Amelia, the youngest daughter of George III. The Royal Navy classified her as a fifth rate of a nominal thirty-eight guns. The deck and sheer and profile plans made following survey at Plymouth in 1797 are now in the National Maritime Museum.

British service
Captain Charles Herbert commissioned Amelia in August 1797 for service in the Channel.

The Battle of Tory Island (1798)

She joined  and  on 18 September 1798 blockading the French Brest Squadron, preventing them sailing for Ireland to support the Irish Rebellion with troops. During the night of 11 – 12 October Commodore, Sir John Borlase Warren made the signal for a general chase. Commodore Warren's squadron engaged the French squadron, and captured the Hoche (74 guns) and the frigates ,  and . In doing so, the British also captured Wolfe Tone, the leader of the United Irishmen. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the surviving claimants from the battle the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "12th October 1798".

The Channel blockade (1798–1802)
On 31 January 1799, while at anchor in the Hamoaze,  broke free from her moorings and struck the Amelia.  Fortunately both ships had struck their topmasts and damage was light. Amelia was able to sail on 4 February.

On 9 April, after reconnoitring two French frigates in L'Orient,  and Amelia sailed towards Belle Île in very hazy weather. Here three French frigates and a large gun vessel hiding against the coast surprised them. At that instant a sudden squall carried away Amelias main-top-mast and fore and mizzen top-gallant masts; the fall of the former tore much of the mainsail from the yard. Captain Neale of San Fiorenzo shortened sail and ordered Amelia to bear up with him to maintain the weather gage and prepare for battle. The enemy showed no inclination for close-quarter action, and although the British ships came under fire from shore batteries, they had to bear down on the French three times to engage them. After nearly two hours the French wore ship and stood away to take refuge in the river Loire. From a captured French ship they learned later that the French frigates were , , and . Amelia lost 2 killed and 17 wounded.

On 29 August 1800, in Vigo Bay, Admiral Sir Samuel Hood assembled a cutting-out party from the vessels under his command consisting of two boats each from Amelia, , ,  and Cynthia, four boats from , as well as the boats from ,  and Impetueux The party went in and after a 15-minute fight captured the French privateer Guêpe, of Bordeaux and towed her out.  She was of 300 tons burthen and had a flush deck. Pierced for 20 guns, she carried eighteen 9-pounders, and she and her crew of 161 men were under the command of Citizen Dupan. In the attack she lost 25 men killed, including Dupan, and 40 wounded. British casualties amounted to four killed, 23 wounded and one missing. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "29 Aug. Boat Service 1800" to all surviving claimants from the action.

During a dark and stormy night on 5 February 1801 Amelia captured the French privateer brig Juste of St Malo. It was so dark that the two vessels did not see each other until the brig ran into the Amelia, which cost the brig her foremast and bowsprit. Juste, with 14 guns and 78 men under the command of Jean Pierre Charlet, had been out from Lorient for 30 days without making a capture. A prize crew brought Juste into Plymouth on 10 February, and Amelia returned on 21 February.

On 10 May Amelia had just anchored close to the mouth of the Loire when she saw a brig sailing into the river. As soon as the privateer spotted Amelia she tacked with all sail. As evening was approaching, Captain Charles Herbert immediately set off in pursuit, capturing the brig after a chase of four hours. She was the privateer Heureux of Saint Malo, with 14 guns and 78 men. She had been cruising for 41 days but had made no captures. She was uncoppered due to the shortage of that material and this possibly resulted in her being slower than she otherwise might have been. Amelia sent Heureux into Plymouth, where she arrived on 17 May.

On 23 June Amelia took bullocks out to the Channel Fleet. This was a common occurrence, with the Victualing Office using warships returning to the blockade to deliver meat on the hoof.

At the end of June, Amelia sailed to Rochefort to reconnoitre the enemy. Medusa (50 guns), together with an unidentified 44-gun ship and an armed schooner, came out to oppose her. A smart action ensued in full view of the spectators lining the cliffs. Although the Embuscade (32 guns) sailed out to assist them, the enemy retired under the protection of the shore batteries after an hour. Captain Herbert lay to, but they declined to come out again, so he sailed to join Sir Edward Pellew.

Next, on 4 August, a Spanish packet came into Plymouth. Amelia had captured the packet as she was on her way from Havana to Ferrol with a cargo of sugar, coffee and hides. The packet was armed with six guns and had a crew of 40 men.

On 8 August the hired armed cutter  captured two French brigs. Amelia shared in the prize money.

In September Amelia captured a number of coasters and brigs in the Bay of Biscay. One of them, the brig Cheodore, laden with sardines, arrived in Plymouth on 27 September, together with another brig in ballast.  Shortly after, a seaman from Amelia died in the Royal Naval Hospital after being wounded by a loaded musket that went off as the armourer was cleaning it.  At the inquest, on 19 October, Mr Whitford, the coroner for Devon recorded a verdict of accidental death. Two more men were wounded but recovered and a third man, who was killed on the spot, was buried at sea.

Anti-smuggling service and the Peace of Amiens (1802–1803)
On 6 January 1802 Amelia was ordered to be victualed for 4 months, and 21 days later she sailed on a cruise against smugglers. During the night of 1 March some words passed between the boat's crew of Amelia and some Portuguese seamen at the Pier Head, Barbican, Plymouth. A violent scuffle ensued that developed into a battle; during the conflict one of the Portuguese drew a long knife and stabbed one of Amelia's men in the groin. He bled profusely but a surgeon managed to stop the flow. The Portuguese fled but were rounded up the following morning.

In April 1802 Captain Lord Proby took command. On 6 May Amelia sailed from Plymouth for Cork, Waterford and Dublin with 150 discharged seamen, returning on 28 May. Orders came down from London on 11 June that all the sloops and frigates in the Sound were to be sent to sea immediately as the coast from Berry Head to Mount's Bay was infested with smugglers. Amelia, , , and  were immediately victualled for two months.  By the end of August 1802, Amelia had sailed for Den Helder with Dutch troops discharged from the British service. She returned on 4 September.

1803 saw Amelia based mainly at Portsmouth. She arrived there from the Downs on 27 March and sailed on 1 April with part of the 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot for Jersey. She was back on 8 April and sailed again for the Downs on the 15th.

In May she was part of the squadron under Rear Admiral Edward Thornbrough in , keeping watch over Hellevoetsluis, Flushing, Netherlands and other Dutch ports. Amelia sent a French chasse-marée in ballast into Plymouth on 23 May. A month later, on 25 June, Amelia, , , and  captured sundry Dutch fishing boats.

On 11 August Amelia sent the French privateer lugger Alerte, of 4 guns and 27 men, into Portsmouth. She chased two others in mid-channel before returning on 16 August. She sailed again on a cruise two days later.  The extent of her success against smugglers is hard to judge. On 14 August she did catch at sea one Henry Sothcott (born 1774), who was sentenced to 5 years pressed into the Navy for smuggling; he jumped ship within seven months.

The West Indies (1804–1807)
Amelia deployed to the Leeward Islands Station, but her Captain, Lord Proby, died on 6 August 1804 at age 25 at Surinam, from yellow fever. Captain William Charles Fahie took command while the ship was in Barbados. In December she captured the Spanish brig Isabella and the ship Conception, both laden with wine and brandy, and the ship Commerce, laden with cotton.  Amelia returned to Deptford and in 1807 refitted at Sheerness.

Battle of Les Sables-d'Olonne

December 1807 saw Captain Frederick Paul Irby appointed to her for service in the English Channel and coast of Spain. He sighted three French 44-gun frigates (Calypso, Italienne and Sybille) near Belle Île on 23 February 1809 and Amelia and the brig  chased them all night.  The following morning they had approached so close to the rearmost French ship that her companions had to haul up to her support.  soon came into sight and the French made for the Sables d'Olonne. Rear Admiral Stopford and his squadron, who had been watching eight French sail-of-the-line standing into the Pertuis d'Antioche, came down to join them and stood in with , , , and Amelia. They opened fire, passing as near to the enemy as the depth of water permitted, and forced the frigates to run ashore at the top of high water. Amelia had her bowsprit shot through and she was hulled in several places but had no casualties. The French lost 24 men killed and 51 wounded. The three French frigates survived, but Cybèle was declared irreparable and broken up, while Italienne and Calypso were sold to commerce.

The Battle of the Basque Roads (1809)

Amelia was present with Admiral Lord Gambier at the blockade of Basque Roads in April 1809. There she was directed to dislodge the French who were endeavouring to strengthen their position in Aix Roads. On 1 April she destroyed some batteries there. She was reconnoitering with  when Alcmene was wrecked on the Three Stones on the north end of the La Blanche shoal near the mouth of the Loire on 30 April. Amelia was instrumental in rescuing the crew and a great part of Alcmenes stores.

Action at Santander (1809–10)
On 15 May 1809 Lord Gambier ordered Captain Irby to investigate the situation at  where an attack was about to be made by Spanish patriots on the French troops in the town.  joined him on 8 June but strong winds and current prevented them getting there before 10 June. As they approached they could see firing on shore and several vessels trying to escape from the harbour. The two British ships captured three French vessels: the corvette , of sixteen brass 8-pounders and 180 men; the brig Réjouie with eight 8-pounders; and a schooner, Mouche No. 7, with one 4-pounder gun. They also took two luggers: Légère, which was unseaworthy so her cargo was put on board Réjouie; and Notre Dame, a Spanish vessel the French had seized.

The aide-de-camp to General Ballestero reported that the town was in possession of the Spanish and that the French troops had all surrendered. Because of the large number of prisoners, Captain Irby sent Statira into the harbour with the prizes while Amelia remained off the coast in hopes of being able to render more assistance to the Spaniards. The corvette Mouche, which the sloop  and the hired armed lugger  had recently engaged, had been a threat to British trade for some time. Lloyd's List reported that on 20 June the French corvette  Mouche, of 18 guns and 180 men, with "Soldier's Cloathing, and Specie", the "French brig Resource laden with masts", and a "French schooner in Ballast" had arrived at Plymouth. They had arrived from St Ander and were prizes to Statira and Amelia.

Later, one of Captain Irby's contemporary reports states:

Amelia and the British privateer Sorcière recaptured  on 3 April 1810. After her recapture, her captors took Wanstead into Plymouth.

Capture of the privateer Charles (1810)
Amelia captured the corvette-built privateer Charles of Bordeaux on 8 November 1810 about 400 miles west of Finisterre (). Amelia chased Charles for 13 hours, with the speed reaching as much as 12.5 knots. Charles, of 300 tons burthen (bm), was pierced for 22 guns but mounted twelve 6-pounder guns and eight 18-pounder carronades, all English measurement. She had a crew of 170 men under the command of Pierre Alexandre Marrauld. Charles was about eight months old, but was on her maiden cruise, having sailed from Lorient on 4 October bound for Île de France. Amelia arrived in Plymouth Sound on 16 November.

Destruction of Amazone

On the morning of 24 March 1811 Captain James Macnamara in  gave chase to the French frigate Amazone about 12 or 13 miles off the Barfleur lighthouse and forced her to take refuge in a rocky bay about a mile to the west of the lighthouse. Amelia, , and the brig-sloops  and , joined Berwick, hoping to launch an attack with boats. When the tides proved too strong for a boat attack, Niobe led in, with Amelia and Berwick following in succession, and they fired on Amazone for two hours, before sailing outn. Amelia had one man killed and one wounded in the exchange. The British squadron sailed in again on the following morning to renew the attack but her crew had set fire to Amazone and she had burned to the waterline.

Passage to Canada (1811)
Leaving Lymington on 11 April 1811, Amelia sailed for Canada with a convoy. On 18 June she left Quebec carrying General Sir James Henry Craig from Canada to England when he was relieved as Governor-General.

The West African Station (1811–1813)
On 15 October 1811 Amelia sailed for the coast of Africa where Captain Irby became senior officer of the anti-slavery squadron there. Throughout her time on the station Amelia suffered with damp powder. Although the large portion which had caked in the magazine was sent ashore to be dried, the problem was never properly solved. In June 1812 Irby learned that the natives at Winneba, halfway between Accra and Cape Coast Castle, had murdered Mr Meredith, the governor of the fort. When the authorities at Cape Coast Castle asked for Captain Irby's assistance he sailed for Winneba with a detachment of the Africa corps under Mr Smith, Governor of Fort Tantumquery, and anchored off the port on 2 July. The natives had fled so he landed his marines and the troops, who demolished the fort.

In January 1813 Lieutenant Pascoe had to run his gunbrig  on shore and burn her at the island of Tamara, Iles de Los, after being chased by three French vessels. Two days later he and part of his crew arrived in the river of Sierra Leone where Amelia was about to leave for England, with many of her crew debilitated with fever and barely fit for duty after more than 12 months on the station. Before leaving, Captain Irby sent Lieutenant Pascoe off in a small schooner to reconnoitre.

Amelia and Aréthuse

Pascoe reported back on 3 February that he had sighted a force consisting of three ships. Two were the French frigates  (Captain Pierre Bouvet), and  (Commander Louis-François Ollivier). The third ship was a Portuguese prize, La Serra, which they were unloading before sailing to intercept British merchant vessels, a convoy from England being expected daily. The master and the rest of the crew from Daring arrived in a cartel, having given their parole, and confirmed Lieutenant Pascoe's report. Standing in towards Tamara on 6 February, Captain Irby met the government schooner Princess Charlote and learnt that the two frigates were anchored a considerable distance apart. Although he was not aware of it, Rubis, the southernmost one, had struck a rock, which had disabled her. Aréthuse weighed and stood out to sea followed by Amelia, Captain Irby having hopes of enticing her into action. For nearly four hours they exchanged fire, throughout which Aréthuse used the usual French practice of firing high.  Having cut Amelia's sails and running and standing rigging to pieces, the French ship bore up. Twice during the action the enemy had attempted to board but the marines, under the command of Lieutenant Simpson of the Royal Marines, drove them back.

The British losses were heavy, with 46 killed, including Lieutenants John Bates, John Pope and George Wills, Lieutenant William Pascoe, the commander of Daring, and Second Lieutenant R G Grainger, Royal Marines. Five more men died of their wounds later. Fifty-one were dangerously or seriously wounded, and 44 slightly wounded. Captain Irby appointed Lieutenant Reeve, invalided from  and wounded several times in the action, as his first lieutenant, and master's mates Samuel Umfreville and Edward Robinson (who had been severely wounded) as second and third. Mr Williamson, the surgeon, his assistant Mr Burke and Mr Stewart of Daring cared for the wounded as the crippled Amelia made her way north towards Madeira and then home, arriving at Spithead on 22 March. The wounded were examined by the Lieutenant Governor of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich who was astonished at their debilitated condition.

Aréthuse mounted twenty-six 18-pounder long guns on the main deck and fourteen 24-pounder carronades and two 8-pounder long guns on the upper deck. Amelia put more than 30 round shot in her hull on the starboard side below the quarter deck and, according to one report, the French suffered at least 31 killed and 74 wounded; French accounts report 20 killed and 88, to 98 wounded. Still, Aréthuse arrived in St Malo on 19 April. Rubis was burnt on 8 February when it was found impossible to re-float her. A flavour of the intensity of the battle may be gained from William James writing in his Naval History of Great Britain, 1793 – 1827:

In addition to her ship's company, she brought at least one passenger: Exbury parish baptism register records the baptism on 6 June 1813 of a boy, "Irby Amelia Frederick, aged 9 or 10, a native of Poppoe near Whidah, Africa, who was stolen as a slave, but rescued at sea by HMS Amelia" – it is recorded in the Baptismal Register of 1813 as being "in grateful testimony of the humanity and intrepidity of his gallant deliverer".

Reserve at Portsmouth and Mediterranean service (1813–1816)
Amelia paid off at Portsmouth in May 1813, underwent a small repair, and then was placed in ordinary. The Honourable Granville Proby, younger brother of Lord William Proby, who had died in command in 1804, recommissioned her for a cruise in 1814. She was in Leghorn in December 1816, and was broken up at Deptford that same month, having given 30 years of continual wartime service to both the French and British navies.

Commanding officers

Notes

Citation

References
 Brook, I. and F. B. Tupper (1847) The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K. B. (Simpkin, Marshall & co, Canada).

 Daly, Gavin (2007) "English Smugglers, the Channel, and the Napoleonic Wars, 1800–1814". Journal of British Studies 46 (1), pp. 30–46.

 James, William (1837) The Naval History of Great Britain, 1793 – 1820, Volumes II and VI, R. Bentley, London.

 Napier, William (1842) History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France.(Philadelphia:Carey and Hart).

External links

Frigates of the Royal Navy
1785 ships
Ships of the West Africa Squadron
Captured ships


Hicksia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Dorypygidae
Cambrian trilobites
Trilobites of Europe
Corynexochida genera


Hindermeyeria is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites


Hupeia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Estaingiidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites


Inella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Russia
Redlichiida genera


Iolgia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Trilobites of Asia
Redlichiida genera


The Polish Museum, Rapperswil, was founded in Rapperswil, Switzerland, on 23 October 1870, by Polish Count Władysław Broel-Plater, at the urging of Agaton Giller, as "a refuge for Poland's historic memorabilia dishonored and plundered in the occupied Polish homeland" and for the promotion of Polish interests.

Except for two hiatuses (1927–36, 1952–75), the Museum has existed to the present day—an outpost of Polish culture in Switzerland, a country which, over the past two centuries, has given refuge to generations of Poles.

Founding

The Polish Museum is housed in the Rapperswil Castle, atop that town's Herrenberg.  Erected in the 12th century by Count Rudolf of Rapperswil, the castle passed, together with the town, into the hands of the Habsburgs.  Rapperswil became a free city (Freie Reichsstadt) in 1415, and eventually joined the Swiss Confederation.  Over the course of time, the castle fell into disrepair.

In the second half of the 19th century, the castle was leased for 99 years from the local authorities by a post-November 1830 Uprising Polish émigré, Count Władysław Broel-Plater (a relative of Emilia Plater, a heroine of the same 1830 Uprising), who had been in Switzerland since 1844.  At his own expense he restored the castle, and on 23 October 1870, opened there the Polish National Museum.

Żeromski and Prus

Beginning in 1892, the Museum employed one or more librarians. The second to be hired, who worked there four years (1892–96), was future Polish novelist Stefan Żeromski, who had obtained the post thanks in part to a letter of recommendation from novelist Bolesław Prus. Prus had also stood as witness at Żeromski's 1892 wedding to Oktawia Rodkiewicz.

The Żeromskis and Oktawia's daughter by a previous marriage, Henryka ("Henia"), lived in Rapperswil, in the garret of a three-story house at Bahnhofstrasse 28, owned by a Frau Fäh.  When Prus visited them for two months in July–August 1895, Oktawia Żeromska rented a room for him on the building's second floor.  Thus, for a time, two of Poland's greatest novelists lived at this one address in Rapperswil, Switzerland.

On 2 July 1895, Prus wrote his wife, describing his first impression of the town:
"Rapperswil is a village, but built of brick like our cities, and has at nearly every house a little garden, like our Warsaw Botanical Garden in terms of the plants.  Everything here is bathed in roses..."

Prus admired the honesty, industry and kindliness of the populace.

Standing just before the entrance to the castle is the Bar Column, designed by Zürich University Professor Julian Stadler.  It had been erected by Count Plater, largely at his own expense, in 1868 (two years before the museum's opening) on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Bar Confederation, to commemorate Poland's then-century-long struggle for independence.  The column had originally been placed at the shore of Lake Zürich but Russian protests had led to its move up to the castle, where it would not be visible from the town. The column is topped by an eagle, while the base bears, among other things, the Latin inscription, "Magna res libertas" ("A great thing is liberty") and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth coat-of-arms featuring the Polish Eagle and the Lithuanian Vytis (in Polish, Pogoń).

Librarian Stefan Żeromski clashed with the Museum's curator at the time, Rużycki de Rozenwerth, a loner and eccentric whom the novelist would immortalize in his novel Homeless People as the administrator of Cisy (The Yews), Krzywosąd.

Month after month, Żeromski had moved printed matter from storage onto the newly placed bookshelves in the chilly second-floor library in the castle.  Zygmunt Wasilewski, the Museum's first-hired  librarian (1892), who worked there for a year or two with Żeromski (with whom he had attended school in Kielce), later recalled:

"We waded through memoirs, émigré brochures, ephemeral periodicals.  And there was plenty of it all, sometimes in triplicate, for the collections had arisen from a pooling of libraries left by the more prosperous 1831 émigrés (Władysław Plater, Krystyn Ostrowski, L[eonard] Chodźko, etc.), neatly bound and collected."

The library and archives, however, soon acquired an importance greater than the rest of the Museum.  The library was built on the collections of Leonard Chodźko, one-time aide-de-camp to General La Fayette, purchased by the Museum in 1874.  After Chodźko's death, the library acquired the archives of émigré organisations and committees, the papers of institutions and associations from the period of the Great Emigration, as well as contemporary printed matter, engravings and maps.

In 1883 the library received Count Plater's archives, valuable sources relating to the January 1863 Uprising and Polish post-Uprising immigrants to Switzerland.  The library also obtained Artur Wołyński's collections on the January 1863 Uprising.  Henryk Bukowski augmented the collections of manuscripts pertaining to Tadeusz Kościuszko (who had died in 1817 at Solothurn, Switzerland).

The library received bequests from individuals in Europe and America, as well as archives of families and organisations residing in various countries.  Over the 57 years until 1927, the library also gathered Polish publications that appeared outside Poland, and non-Polish publications pertaining to Poland.

During World War I, the library's collections provided material for Polish propaganda published in French, German and English.

At the turn of the 20th century, the Polish Museum's library was the largest Polish library outside Poland.

Repatriation

The Museum's founder, Count Plater, had bequeathed the collections to the Polish people.  In 1927, after Poland had regained independence following World War I, pursuant to Plater's wishes the Museum collections were transported to Poland in fourteen railroad cars:  3,000 works of art, 2,000 historic memorabilia, 20,000 engravings, 9,000 coins and medals, 92,000 books, and 27,000 manuscripts.

The greater part of these collections, especially the library and archives, were deliberately destroyed by the Germans in Warsaw during World War II.

A notable object that survived was Tadeusz Kościuszko's heart, which now reposes in a chapel at Warsaw's Royal Castle, rebuilt in the 1970s from its deliberate destruction in World War II.

Contemporary Poland
In 1936 a Museum of Contemporary Poland was established at the Rapperswil Castle, to popularize the art and achievements of independent Poland.

In 1940, after some 13,000 Polish Army soldiers who had fought in France were interned in Switzerland, the Museum supervised educational and cultural work at the internment camps.

In 1945, at the conclusion of World War II, the Museum was taken over by the Polish People's Republic.  In 1952 Rapperswil's local government, fearing that the Castle would become a center for communist propaganda, closed the Museum.

Museum today

The Museum, reopened in 1975, now features permanent exhibits on:
The Swiss in Poland, and Poles in Switzerland;
History of 19th- and 20th-century Polish emigrations to the West;
History of the Polish struggle for national independence;
Distinguished Polish scientists, artists and Nobel laureates;
Paintings by 19th- and 20th-century Polish artists;
Jewish culture in Poland;
Polish folk art.

Additionally, the Museum organizes periodic special exhibits on Polish history and art.

The Polish Museum also features a library, now housed in the Burghof house (seat of the Polish cultural foundation "Libertas"), down the hill from the castle and at the top of a flight of broad steps leading up from the town.  The library holds some 20,000 volumes on Polish history and culture, including works in western-European languages.  The library's book catalog is accessible on the internet.

The library's memorabilia cover several centuries and include items associated with Tadeusz Kościuszko, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Władysław Reymont and Jan Nowak-Jeziorański.

In 2008, some Rapperswil residents petitioned local authorities to evict the Polish Museum from its home in the Rapperswil Castle.  The Museum is conducting a petition campaign to retain the Museum in the Castle.

Eviction
In late 2014 it was reported that, within two years, Swiss authorities will be evicting the Polish Museum from its 12th-century home, the Rapperswil Castle overlooking Lake Zürich.

The castle is to be modernized and privatized, and the part currently housing the Polish Museum is to be turned into a restaurant.  The castle will also become home to a local museum.

The Polish Museum's director, Anna Buchmann, attributed its looming eviction to the anti-Polonism of local politicians, particularly the owner of a local newspaper.

The Polish government had been unable to prevent the Museum's eviction.  According to Kazimierz Ujazdowski, a member of Poland's Sejm (parliament) and former Polish Minister of Culture, the eviction could have been prevented.  Ujazdowski told Poland's Radio Maryja:  "The response of Poland's government was too late and too lackadaisical."

Until June 2022 it was not known where the Polish Museum's collections would be moved to. It was then agreed, after a belated intervention by the Polish government which bought the new site on the lakeside, that the collection will be moving in the next two years, to the former Schwanen Hotel.

Librarians

The Museum's librarians up to 1927, when the Museum collections were repatriated to Poland—some,  historically prominent men—included:
1892–1894   – Zygmunt Wasilewski
1892–1896   – Stefan Żeromski
1896–1899   – Romuald Mielczarski
1899–1901   – Stanisław Grabski
1901–1910   – Florian Znaniecki, Kazimierz Woźnicki, Wacław Karczewski, Żelisław Grotowski (assistant, 1906)
1908–1910   – Władysław Kłyszewski, Stanisław Zieliński
1915–1927   – Adam Lewak
1970–1983 – Wojciech Starzyński
1983–1989 – Piotr Mojski
1989–2016 – Anna Piotrowska
2016–2018 – Sylwia Bielak
from 2018 – Katarzyna Helińska

Visitors
Bolesław Prus (1895)
Bronisław Piłsudski (1915)
Christopher Kasparek (2007)

See also

Polish culture during World War II
Polish National Museum

Notes

Sources
Janusz S. Morkowski, Polish Museum, Rapperswil:  Guide through the Exposition (trilingual English-German-Polish guidebook), Rapperswil, 1994, .
Gabriela Pauszer-Klonowska, "W Raperswilu śladami Żeromskiego i Prusa" ("In Rapperswil in the Footsteps of Żeromski and Prus"), Problemy:  organ Towarzystwa Wiedzy Powszechnej (Problems:  Organ of the Society of Universal Knowledge), rok XXV, nr 8 (281) [year XXV, no. 8 (281)], 1969, pp. 466–70.
Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912:  Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912:  Calendar of Life and Work), Warsaw, Państwowy Insytut Wydawniczy, 1969.
"Wyrzucają polskie Muzeum" ("Evicting Polish Museum"), Gwiazda Polarna (The Pole Star), vol. 106, no. 23 (15 November 2014), p. 4.

Bibliography
 Marek Żukow-Karczewski, Sprawa raperswilska (Rapperswil affair), "Życie Literackie", No. 34, 1987, p. 1, 10

External links
 The Polish Museum in Rapperswil at Google Cultural Institute
 Muzeum Polskie w Rapperswilu (The Polish Museum in Rapperswil [in Polish])
 Serce Polski – Rapperswil (PL); film zrealizowany ze środków Ministerstwa Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego  (Heart of Poland:  Rapperswil; film financed by the Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage [in Polish])
 skryba.inib.uj.edu.pl/goscie/JAK/2008/JAK-2008.pdf

Polish diaspora organizations
Museums in the canton of St. Gallen
Museums of Polish culture abroad
Polish exiles
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of St. Gallen
Museums established in 1870
Buildings and structures in Rapperswil-Jona
Tourist attractions in Rapperswil-Jona


The Kingdom of Orungu (–1927) (, ) was a small, pre-colonial state of what is now Gabon in Central Africa. Through its control of the slave trade in the 18th and 19th centuries, it was able to become the most powerful of the trading centers that developed in Gabon during that period.

Origins
The Kingdom of Orungu is named for its founders, the Orungu, a Myènè speaking people of unknown origin. Most scholars believe they migrated into the Ogooué River delta in the early 17th century from the south. This is further backed up by the fact that the Orungu seemed to have been heavily influenced by the Kingdom of Loango or at very least its BaVili traders. During this period of migration, the Orungu drove another Myènè speaking people, the Mpongwe, toward the Gabon Estuary in an effort to dominate trade with Europeans. The scheme was successful, and a prosperous kingdom emerged at Cape Lopez.

Government
The Orungu Kingdom was made up of some 20 clans. One of these clans held the line to succession as king, while the others exercised control over maritime commerce coming from the interior. The kingdom was unique in an area where the basic political unit was a clan ruling a village. The Orungu cast this aside for a single big chief/king , which their tradition maintains was descended from a legendary figure called the Mani Pongo The titles of the kingdom's political offices were adopted from the kingdom of Loango as well as a sense of clan hierarchy. These institutions likely moved with the Orungu from the Chilongo district in Loango. The king's title, Agamwinboni, seems to have its origin among the Orungu themselves and does not borrow from the "mani" prefix attached to kingdoms like Loango and Kongo.

Economy
The kingdom of Orungu developed a broker culture thanks to their position on the coast. In the 17th century, the Dutch dominated the coastal trade and ivory was the major export. The Orungu were a metal-working and boatbuilding culture, which allowed them to dominate the riverine trade. Maritime commerce was divided among the non-royal clans and included trades in Ivory, beeswax, dyewood, copal and ebony. By the start of the 19th century, the tiny but wealthy kingdom was able to import slaves from the interior.

Slavery
The Gabon coast, like that of Cameroon, played only a minor role in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade compared with the Niger Delta, the Loango coast or the coast of Angola. The export of slaves only became significant in the last 3rd of the 18th century. At the start, the kingdom was a purchaser rather than seller of slaves, which they bought with ivory. Other than slave imports, the kingdom of Orungu also imported iron. By the 1760s, the Orungu were trading in slaves through which the agamwinboni was able to grow rich via taxation on the Nazareth River and San Mexias River. Still, the trade in Orungu territory paled in comparison with its southern neighbor. In 1788, Cape Lopez and the Gabon estuary were exporting around 5,000 slaves per year in contrast to the 13,500 per year exported from Loango's coast. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Fernan Vaz Lagoon south of Cape Lopez supplied large numbers of slaves to the Orungu Kingdom. By the mid 19th century, most prominent coastal groups such as the Mpongwe were not selling their own people, but would raid their neighbors instead. The Orungu, however, often sold debtors, sorcerers, adulterers and cheats to the Portuguese slavers. In 1853, the Orungu monarchy under Chief Ombango-Rogombe agreed to abandon the slave trade; the old slave barracoons (or barracks) near what is now Libreville had already been given to American missionaries. They set up a school and church settlement, which they named Baraka. The Chief then simply moved the slave trade upriver and tried to continue the trade secretly. The trade lasted until the 1870s as illicit slavers sent people from further up the river to Portuguese buyers on the coast.

Culture
Despite their reputation as the most prominent slave traders in the region, some visitors to the kingdom left favorable reviews of the region and its people. John Newton visited the area in 1743 and remarked that they seemed "the most humane and moral people I ever met with in Africa; and they were the people who had the least intercourse with Europe at that time". This must not have remain true for very long. As time passed, the Orungu took on European dress and customs. However, the Orungu people held strongly to their traditional beliefs and were hostile to European missionaries; the mission at Baraka was a diplomatic manoeuvre as part of their negotiations with anti-slavery forces. As a result, few gained western educations thus limiting their influence in colonial administration or post-colonial politics of Gabon. Today, the former slaver tribe is one of Gabon's smaller ethnic groups numbering around 10,000 people.

Decline
The fall of the Orungu Kingdom was directly tied to the European suppression of the slave trade. The king had become dependent on it and was unable to maintain the custom of royal patronage without it. This caused the kingdom to disintegrate and in 1873, Chief Ntchengué signed a treaty granting the French a post on Orungu territory. In 1927, the French had colonized the remnants of the kingdom.

See also
 Rulers of Orungu
 History of Gabon
 Transatlantic slave trade

Footnotes

Sources

History of Gabon
Geography of Gabon
1927 disestablishments in Africa
States and territories established in 1700
States and territories disestablished in 1927
Former monarchies of Africa
1700 establishments in Africa
Former countries in Africa


Judaiella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Jakutidae
Corynexochida
Cambrian trilobites


Kadyella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Russia


Even Stevens is an American comedy television series.

Even Stevens or variants may also refer to:

Even Stevens (album), an album by Ray Stevens
Even Stevens (horse), a Thoroughbred racehorse
Even Stevens (songwriter), American songwriter
The Even Stevens Movie, a film based on the TV series
 Even Stephen, a 1934 play
 "Even Steven" (song), a song by Tom Robinson on the 1982 album Cabaret '79

See also
 Evan Stephens, Latter-day Saint composer and hymn writer
 Even Stevphen, a recurring segment on The Daily Show featuring Steve Carell and Stephen Colbert


Kameschkoviella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites


Kijanella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Russia
Ptychopariida genera


Krolina is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites


Leptochilodiscus Rasetti, 1966 [= Kerberodiscus Bassett et al., 1976]  is a genus of Lower Cambrian Eodiscinid trilobite belonging to the family Weymouthiidae Kobayashi (1943),  Order Agnostida (Salter, 1864).  It lived during the Botomian stage = late Lower Cambrian Stage 4 (upper of two stages subdividing the un-named Series 2); the upper Botomian Stage boundary corresponds to base of both the Middle Cambrian Wuliuan stage and Miaolingian Series.

Type species
Leptochilodiscus punctulatus Rasetti, 1966, from the Late Lower Cambrian of New York State. Holotype: U.S.N.M. 146009. Paratypes: U.S.N.M. 146010 and 146011.

Distribution
Leptochilodiscus punctulatus Rasetti (1966, p. 26, Pl. 1, fig. 5 ; pl. 11, figures 1 - 7), the title erroneously printed Leptochilodiscus punctulatis [sic.], is part of a trilobite faunule that was collected from limestone beds which form several outcrops in a hillside on Griswold farm, about 1 mile southeast of North Chatham, Columbia County, New York State, USA; the faunule is referred to as the Acimetopus bilobatus faunule after one of the most common and characteristic trilobites. The Acimetopus bilobatus faunule is notable for the number and variety of trilobites of the family Eodiscidae.

Leptochilodiscus succinctus (Bassett et al., 1976, p. 632, pl. 2, figs. 11 a - c) was collected from the upper part of the Hells Mouth Formation, 16.5 m below the base of the overlying Trwyn y Fulfran Formation at Trwyn Carreg-y-tir (), Llŷn Peninsula, North West Wales . The fauna is of late lower Cambrian age and falls within the upper part of the protolenid-strenuellid Zone of the Comley Series of British nomenclature.  L. succinctus was originally described by Bassett et al., (op. cit.) as Kerberodiscus succinctus gen. et sp. nov.

References

Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of the United States


Litomatopus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Agnostida
Cambrian trilobites


Luaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephaloidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites


LMF may refer to:

 Lack of Moral Fibre, RAF World War II designation for air crew unwilling to fly
 Lamb-Mössbauer factor, in solid-state spectroscopy
 Lazy Mutha Fucka, a Cantonese hip-hop band from Hong Kong
 Lexical Markup Framework, the ISO standard for lexicons
 Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery, a medical degree
 Linked Media Framework, predecessor of Apache Marmotta
 Lancaster Music Festival, in Lancaster, Lancashire, UK


Mundocephalina is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Estaingiidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe


Ninadiscus Korobov, 1980,  is a genus of Eodiscinid trilobite belonging to the family Weymouthiidae Kobayashi (1943),  Order Agnostida Salter (1864).  It lived during the Botomian Stage = late Lower Cambrian Stage 4 (upper of two stages subdividing the un-named Series 2); the upper Botomian boundary corresponds to the base of the Middle Cambrian, the Miaolingian Series and Wuliuan Stage.

Distribution
Ninadiscus is known from the Lower Cambrian (Botomian) of northwestern Mongolia (Egyngolskaya Suite) and the USA (New York).

Description
Like all Weymouthiidae, Ninadiscus lacks eyes and facial sutures, with the glabella tapering gently forward, rounded frontally and extending to the anterior border furrow. The cephalic border is broad frontally (sag.), bears three transversely arranged tubercles and narrows markedly towards posterior. Posterior cephalic margin is straight (tr.) and merely angulate abaxially. The occipital ring (L0) is short (sag). L1 is swollen and well-rounded. Two transglabellar furrows (S1 and S2) are well impressed (maximum cephalic width opposite S1). L2 is shorter than the frontal glabellar lobe (L3). Thorax unknown. The long and narrow pygidial axis is composed of 10 rings and almost reaches the posterior margin. The pleural fields are smooth and the pygidial border is absent except anteriorly.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera
Animals described in 1980
Cambrian trilobites of North America

Cambrian genus extinctions


Olekmaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites


Oodiscus is an extinct genus of small size (about ) trilobite, with three known species. It lived during the Toyonian in what are now Canada and the USA.

Distribution
O. subgranulatus is known from the upper Lower Cambrian of the USA (New
York, Griswold Farm) and Canada (Newfoundland).

Ecology
Oodiscus occurs in association with other Weymouthiidae (Acidiscus, Acimetopus, Analox, Bathydiscus, Bolboparia, Leptochilodiscus, Serrodiscus), and Calodiscus.

Description
Like all Agnostida, Oodiscus is diminutive and the headshield (or cephalon) and tailshield (or pygidium) are of approximately the same size (or isopygous) and outline. Like all Weymouthiidae, it lacks eyes and rupture lines (or sutures). The cephalon tends towards a rounded square outline. The central raised area of the cephalon (or glabella) is wide (one-third cephalic width), strongly convex, completely unfurrowed except for shallow lateral depressions much to the back. The glabella almost reaches the border. The border has one or two pairs of marginal spines laterally and a pair of small spines posteriorly. One species has a pair of tubercles to the front. The pygidium axis is tapered, does not have furrows, and does not reach the posterior border. The border is virtually flat.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera
Animals described in 1966
Cambrian trilobites of North America

Cambrian genus extinctions


Paleofossus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of British Columbia
Fossils of Russia
Corynexochida genera
Edelsteinaspididae


Palaeolenella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephaloidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Kazakhstan
Fossils of Russia


Otekmaspis is an extinct genus from a well known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Trilobite genera


"That's the Kind of Mood I'm In" is a song written by Tim Nichols, Rick Giles and Gilles Godard.  The song was initially recorded by Canadian artist Amanda Lee and issued in April 2000, peaking at #65 on the RPM Canadian country charts in July.  A near-simultaneous cover was recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless and was released in June 2000 as the first single from her album Strong Heart.  This version proved to be the bigger hit.

The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching #13 during the week of 25 November 2000. "That's the Kind of Mood I'm In" was also Loveless' second entry into the Billboard Hot 100, charting for 14 weeks, reaching #71 during the week of November 18, 2000.  In Canada, Loveless' version of the song peaked at #38 on the RPM country charts in November.

Chart positions

Year-end charts

Notes

References

2000 singles
2000 songs
Patty Loveless songs
Songs written by Rick Giles
Songs written by Tim Nichols
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Epic Records singles


Paratermierella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ptychopariida genera
Ellipsocephalidae
Cambrian trilobites


Paratungusella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Redlichiida genera
Cambrian trilobites


Planaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephaloidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Europe
Cambrian trilobites of Asia


Poletaevella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Olenellina
Redlichiida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Europe
Cambrian trilobites of Asia


Poliellaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately . This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Corynexochida genera
Dolichometopidae
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe


Prokootenia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Corynexochida genera
Dorypygidae


Protagraulos is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites


Protolenella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia


Pseudoerbia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Dinesidae
Corynexochida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Trilobites of Europe
Trilobites of Asia
Trilobites of Antarctica


Pseudokadyella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe


Ricards Lodge High School is a single-sex comprehensive secondary school for girls aged 11 to 16, located on Lake Road in Wimbledon, London. The school's headteacher has been Kate Page since 2022. It was judged as an Outstanding school by Ofsted in November 2017.

History of the site
The manor of Wimbledon was presented to the Archbishop of Canterbury by Edward the Confessor in the 12th century. The property remained in the possession of his successors until the reign of Henry VIII when it was re-possessed by the crown. It was sold again by Queen Elizabeth I to Sir Christopher Hatton, and from him in turn to Sir Thomas Cecil. Queen Elizabeth was not interested in the property whilst it was in her possession but was later entertained there on several occasions.

A new manor house was built in 1588, where today's Arthur Road and Home Park Road meet. The manor was purchased by Sir Theodore Janssen in 1717.

Sir Theodore Janssen was unfortunate enough to be made the scapegoat of Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole's relief plan and hence stripped of his properties.

Following the confiscation of Janssen's estates, Wimbledon Manor was purchased in 1725 by Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. The Duchess decided to build herself a new manor house with a northward view. To achieve this, she cleared away completely the remains of the old Cecil manor house. The Duchess died in 1744 and left the estate to the 1st Earl Spencer. John Spencer died in 1783 and was succeeded by his only son, George John. At Easter 1785, the house was burnt down. A new Wimbledon Park House was commissioned from Henry Holland, built between 1795 and 1801 and demolished in 1949.

Both the Marlborough house and the Spencer house stood within the current school playing fields, with the Cecil house just beyond that, at the top of Home Park Road. An underground brick-lined tunnel, which had linked the Duchess' house to her servants' quarters, still exists.

History of the school
The Wimbledon Day Commercial School for girls opened in 1924 and was originally housed in the technical college in Gladstone Road. Girls entered at 14, which was then the minimum school leaving age, followed by a two-year course in business studies and general subjects.

The numbers were limited to 120 girls and under the enthusiastic leadership of the first mistress, Humphrey, the school became so well known all over Surrey that the competition for places became keen.

Humphrey died suddenly in 1930 and the following year Turnbull was appointed in her place and became the youngest headmistress in Surrey, with the smallest school.

In 1934 a one-year course in secretarial work for girls was started along with plans to provide the school with better accommodation.
The plans were thwarted by the coming of war. The school was forced to move to limited accommodations in Morden Farm School, then to Morden Junior School, and finally to rooms in the new arts school in Merton Hall Road.

The war years were difficult ones for the school. Some girls left for safer areas, lessons often had to be given in the air raid shelters, and some girls walked miles to get to school. The head girl walked six miles daily. At the end of the war, efforts were made to relocate the school, and Ricards Lodge was found.

Alterations to the school uniform were made and the girls started navy blue jumpers, white shirts, black trousers.
This had been the school's colour from the beginning. A red polo shirt, navy blue shorts with initials sowed on. knee high red socks PE shirt was worn until a recent uniform update.

In 1965, the year of the first CSE examinations, Wimbledon became part of the new London borough of Merton, and Surrey County Council ceased to be responsible for education in the area.

In 1975 the school moved into what is now the old part of the current school building, which includes the lodge, the current gym, the manor house and the language department.

The current technology department was added after 1975 but before the "park" block, which is joined by a link and contains the current art, music, drama, and humanities departments.

The new block is composed of two floors, while the old contains four. The two buildings are linked, and two pedestrian walkways one is a sheltered walkway that you go through to the 2 storey building on the ground floor as well as a bridge that joins the second floor corridor.

The school also has a sports hall extended from the old gym as well as joins the main hall and the special needs department continues through to the dining hall but you have to exit the gym building then turn right up the path to the canteen, seven tennis courts, Astroturf and an open field with a huge tree in the middle where sports days were held. The construction of the sixth form meant that two of the tennis courts had to be removed.

Ricards Lodge is a comprehensive arts school, teaching drama, dance and music. The school hosted the regional performances of "Stand up for Shakespeare" in 2009. The cast of "Pericles, Prince of Tyre" went on to perform at the Courtyard Theatre in May 2009. The school has four values: Trust, Equality, Resilience and Aspiration.

Until a few years ago, the (on average) 1200 pupils in the school were split into tutor classes: R, C, A, D, S, L, G and E within different years. However now the tutor groups are called by their year group, the letters spell out the schools name (Ricards Lodge). They are put on sets (R, C, A, D, S, L, G and E) according to their levels.

In their inspection by Ofsted in November 2017, Ricards Lodge was judged to be an Outstanding school.

Co-educational sixth form provision is provided in partnership with Rutlish School for boys, known as RR6. Facilities are split and located at the premises of both schools; students are expected to have a schedule at both schools, with a variation of both courses. This aims to combine both the arts award at Ricards and the specialist maths and ICT skills of Rutlish to give the students a better opportunity at all subjects.

See also
 Ursuline High School
 Raynes Park High School
 Wimbledon Manor House

External links
 Official site
 RR6 official sub-site
 Ofsted report

Girls' schools in London
Secondary schools in the London Borough of Merton
Community schools in the London Borough of Merton
Buildings and structures in Wimbledon, London


Ptychoparopsis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Alokistocaridae


Resimopsis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Palaeolenidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe


Rondocephalus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Dinesidae
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe
Corynexochida genera


Sajanaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Redlichioidea
Redlichiida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Russia
Fossils of Kazakhstan


Sanaschtykgolia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ptychopariida
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Europe
Cambrian trilobites of Asia


Shabaella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Oryctocephalidae
Corynexochida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia


Shifangia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Estaingiidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia


Shipaiella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Corynexochida genera
Dorypygidae


Shivelicus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Corynexochidae
Corynexochida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe


Sombrerella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ptychoparioidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Mexico


Stigmadiscus Rasetti, 1966, is a genus of Lower Cambrian Eodiscinid trilobite belonging to the family Weymouthiidae Kobayashi (1943)  Order Agnostida (Salter 1864)  It lived during the Botomian stage, = late Lower Cambrian Stage 4 (upper of two stages subdividing the un-named Series 2); the upper Botomian Stage boundary corresponds to base of both the Middle Cambrian Wuliuan stage and Miaolingian Series.

Stigmadiscus resembles Acidiscus in having a relatively short glabella, distinct S1 and S2 lateral furrows, and a slender occipital spine. In fact, according to Cotton & Fortey (2005, fig. 3)  consensus is that Stigmadiscus and Bolboparia Rasetti, 1966, are sister taxa of Acidiscus.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera
Cambrian trilobites of North America

Cambrian genus extinctions


Tabatopygellina is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Dorypygidae
Corynexochida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe


Termieraspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Ptychopariida genera
Ellipsocephalidae


Tuvanella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephaloidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe


Pelekas () is a village in the central part of the island of Corfu, Greece.  It is part of the municipal unit of Parelioi.  In 2011 its population was 405 for the village and 612 for the community.  Pelekas is located southwest of the city of Corfu.

Settlements

The community Pelekas consists of the following villages:
 Pelekas
 Agios Onoufrios
 Avramis
 Glyfada
 Kokkinogeia
 Plakoto

Population

See also
List of settlements in the Corfu regional unit

References

External links
 Pelekas.com the Pelekas Homepage
 Pelekas at the GTP Travel Pages

Populated places in Corfu (regional unit)


The Tehran Jewish Committee, formally registered in 1934, is an umbrella group of Jewish organizations that work on behalf of the Persian Jews in Iran.

History
Tehran Jewish Committee started in 1270 A.H. from a group of Jewish leaders in Tehran. It started with the name "Hebra" which is Hebrew for committee, then changed to "Committee of Jewish school" (Bet Sefer) and in 1317 A.H. it changed its name to "Tehran Jewish Committee". One year later it officially registered. The first board included : Loghman Neoharai, Enayatollah Montakhab, Abdullah Golshan, Morteza Moallem, Zia Nehourai, Aziz Elghanian, Yehouda Harounian, Eshagh Barukhim, Rohallah Ben Rouhi, Lalezar Safani, Effeni Famili.

Activities
Taking care of 25 Synagogues, Kheirkhah hospital in Oudlajan (historic Jewish neighborhood), Jewish elderly care, Jewish cemetery in Khorasan Road, Kosher slaughterhouse, Bakery for Pesach holiday in Tehran no road and many schools and sports centers are among the activities of the Tehran Jewish Committee.
In addition, Tehran Jewish Committee has created a Jewish legal authority which rules on Jewish matters.

Current status

Rahmatollah Raffi is the present chairman of the board of the Tehran Jewish Committee preceded by Siamak Moreh Sedgh who is currently the Jewish Representative to the Iranian Senate. Dr. Moresadegh was preceded by Haroun Yashayaei. On January 26, 2007, Yashayaei's letter to President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad concerning his Holocaust denial comments brought about worldwide media attention.  The Dr. Sapir Hospital and Charity Center is funded through the Tehran Jewish Committee. It is a charity hospital catering to hundreds of patients in need regardless of their faith or religious affiliation.

External links
 Official website

References

Iranian Jews
Organizations established in 1934
Jews and Judaism in Persia and Iran
Jewish political organizations
1934 establishments in Iran


Variopelta is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of North America
Ptychopariida genera
Ptychopariidae


Xiuqiella rectangula is a corynexochid trilobite that lived in what is now Chongqing, China during the Nangaoian stage of the Cambrian Period, near the end of Cambrian Stage 3, which lasted from approximately 516 to 513 million years ago.

References

Corynexochida
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian genus extinctions


Enammocephalus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites


Jangudaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of China
Ptychopariida genera
Ptychopariidae


Meniscuchus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 522 to 516 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period. Meniscuchus has been found in the USA (Alaska, New York), Canada (Newfoundland, Quebec), Russia (Siberian Platform, Gorno-Altayskaya) and Australia (New South Wales).

Distribution
 M. helena has been found in the Lower Cambrian of Canada (Newfoundland).
 M. menetus is known from the Lower Cambrian of Australia (Cymbric Vale Formation, New South Wales).
 M. nanus was collected in Alaska.

Description
Like all Eodiscina, the headshield (or cephalon) and tailshield (or pygidium) are approximately equal in size. Like all Weymouthiidae,  Meniscuchus is eyeless and lacks free cheeks. The axis of the cephalon (or glabella) is wide at its base (that is, where it would touch the thorax) and is rounded at the front, where it touches the border furrow. The glabella is divided by two furrows crossing the glabella, creating a frontal lobe (L4) more than twice as long (along the axis) as its narrow neighbour (L3). Further lobes (L2 and L1) may be suggested by a faint dent in the furrow defining the outline of the glabella. At the back the glabella is terminated by a narrow occipital ring (L0), extended backwards at midline with its margin a semicircle. The cephalic border is almost as wide as L4, but is only half as wide laterally while becoming slightly wider again further back. Thorax probably with three segments. Its pygidium is relatively long. Its axis is tapering and reaching the border furrow at midline, and is deeply segmented with 4 to 10 axial rings. The pleural areas are unfurrowed. The border of the pygidium is uniformly narrow. The doublure is wide and almost vertical.

References

Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera
Cambrian trilobites of North America
Cambrian trilobites of Australia

Cambrian genus extinctions


Miraculaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Condylopygoidea
Agnostida genera


Parapagetia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

Distribution
 P. limbata is known from the Lower Cambrian of the Russian Federation (Botomian, Sanashtykgol, Gorno-Altayskaya, Katun River).
 P. plana has been found in the Lower Cambrian of the Russian Federation (Botomian, Sanashtykgol, Gorno-Altayskaya, Ul’men’River).

Description
Like all Agnostida, the Hebediscidae are diminutive and the headshield (or cephalon) and tailshield (or pygidium) are of approximately the same size (or isopygous) and outline. In Parapagetia the glabella has parallel sides and is relatively short, slightly over half as long as the cephalon. The rear of the glabella does not carry a spine or it is short. The distance between the front of the glabella and the poorly defined anterior border is long. The axis of the pygidium consists of five rings including the terminus. The border and border furrow are together wide, but poorly defined.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Eodiscina
Fossils of Russia

Cambrian genus extinctions


Victor Vito is the Two Tomatoes Records and Columbia Records album by children's musician Laurie Berkner. It was released in Canada on February 23, 1999, and in the U.S. on January 1, 2001. It won a Children's Music Web award in 2000.

Track listing
"Victor Vito"
"Bottle Caps"
"Moon, Moon, Moon"
"Froggie Went a-Courtin'"
"I'm Not Perfect"
"The Toy Museum"
"O Susannah"
"Boots"
"Oleanna"
"The Crabs"
"Sneaks"
"The Goldfish"
"Zodiac"
"Trucks"
"Fruit Salad Salsa"
"The Story of My Feelings"
"I Feel Crazy So I Jump in the Soup"
"Shakin' Down the Sugar"
"Googleheads"
"Tingolayo"
"White Coral Bells"
"Goodnight"

Production

 Recorded at: Hoboken Curve Studio, Hoboken, NJ

References

1999 albums
Laurie Berkner albums
Columbia Records albums


Siyamak More Sedgh (, Hebrew: סיאמכ מורה-צדק; born 1965) is a Jewish Iranian politician and doctor who was the holder of the Iranian Parliament's reserved seat for the Jewish minority from 2008 to 2020, and is also the chairman of the Jewish charitable institution Dr. Sapir Hospital and Charity Center. He has been referred to as Iran's "No. 1 Jew."

In his political capacity, More Sedgh has made efforts to improve the position of Jews in Iranian law and society, such as by allowing Jewish children in public schools to not go to school on Saturdays. He supports gradual reforms within the current Islamist framework. In foreign policy, he has repeatedly criticized Israel, which he has dubbed the "Zionist regime". He supported the 2015 Iran nuclear deal. A trained surgeon, he has referred to his work as a doctor at Dr. Sapir Hospital as his "first passion" and his "duty as a human being".

Personal life and medical career

More Sedgh was born in Shiraz in 1965 to a prominent family who had led the local Jewish community since the Safavid era. In 1983, he was accepted by the Shiraz School of Medicine. During the Iran-Iraq War of 1980 to 1988, he served as a first aid doctor. In a 2010 interview with Russia Today, More Sedgh stated that he had volunteered in the war for twelve months, but in a 2013 interview with CNN, he stated he had volunteered for "more than eighty months".

In 1990, More Sedgh received a Doctor of Medicine degree in General Surgery, summa cum laude. He worked as a general surgical assistant at Namazi Hospital after graduation and was employed beginning in 1995 as an assistant professor at the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in the western city of Sanandaj. He was put in charge of Kurdistan's emergency center in 2000 before moving to the capital of Tehran in 2002, to serve as the chairman of the Jewish charitable institution Dr. Sapir Hospital and Charity Center. More Sedgh continues to direct the hospital concurrently with his political work. Although he has admitted that balancing the two occupations has been difficult, he said in a 2018 interview with Al Jazeera English that:

Going to the parliament for me is a duty for my country and the Iranian Jews. My work in this hospital is my duty as a human being.

Although Dr. Sapir Hospital is located in a traditionally Jewish quarter of Tehran, most Jewish people have since left and the vast majority of patients and staff are Muslims. Noting this fact in a 2017 interview with Deutsche Welle, More Sedgh stated that his "closest friends" are Muslim.

While at Sanandaj, More Sedgh served as the hazzan or cantor at the local synagogue. In 2006, he became the chairman of the Tehran Jewish Committee, a post which he held until deciding to run for Parliament in 2008. Since 2009, he has also been the editor-in-chief of Ofogh-e Binah, a monthly newspaper published by the committee.

More Sedgh's wife immigrated to the United States in the late 1990s; he chose to remain in Iran because he did not think he could live outside his native Iranian culture. In 2002, he married Tina Rabie-Zadeh.

Political career and statements

In the 2008 Iranian legislative election, More Sedgh was elected to the reserved seat for Jews in the Iranian Parliament. He successfully defended his seat in the next two elections. In the 2020 legislative election, he was not re-elected.

From 2016 to 2020, his parliamentary committee was the Health and Medicare Committee. He was also a member of the parliamentary Friendship Groups for Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Singapore. More Sedgh's political stances diverge only narrowly from established Iranian state policies.

Internal policies

According to 7Dorim, a website discussing Jewish culture in Iran,  More Sedgh "has complained on many occasions against the biased position of the Iranian TV and Radio... which had broadcast some negative propaganda and insulting programs" with regards to Jews. In several interviews with foreign media, he has stated that the situation for Jews in Iran is not perfect but improving. In a 2013 interview with CNN'''s Fareed Zakaria, More Sedgh said:

Of course, being a Jewish minority in a religious country have some problems. But after the revolution, our problems are being solved step by step.  Today, our condition is better than yesterday. And today, our condition is much better than 10 years or 20 years ago.

More Sedgh has pointed to changes in compensation payments for deaths, which used to be different for  Muslims and non-Muslims but have since become equal, as an example of improving Jewish lives. In the 2017 Deutsche Welle interview, he counted the fact that Jewish children enrolled in public schools were now allowed to stay home on Saturday, the Sabbath, as "one of our [Jewish community's] biggest successes of the past years". He also obtained a 50% increase in the budget allotted to the activities of religious minorities. More Sedgh is making efforts to allow Jews to be enrolled as officers in the army and hopes that Jews will one day be allowed to serve as judges and in the Cabinet of Iran.

More Sedgh supports a strategy of making improvements "little by little, step by step". According to 7Dorim, he believes that all current problems that Jews face in Iran can be solved without deviating from the current Islamist constitution. He has stated that "for religious freedom, Iran is one of the freest countries". More Sedgh has also emphasized that Jews are part of the Iranian nation.

With regards to the Holocaust denial controversy of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, More Sedgh has argued that Ahmadinejad did not deny the Holocaust but only questioned it, and that this was a personal view of the president rather than an official Iranian statement. However, he added that "I do not even accept questioning it. It doesn't make sense to question things that are completely clear and accepted worldwide." In an interview with the Israeli newspaper The Jerusalem Post, he compared Holocaust denial to "denying life, denying that the sun exists". More Sedgh wrote a letter to Ahmadinejad criticizing him for questioning the Holocaust.

Foreign policy

More Sedgh has repeatedly criticized Israel. In 2007, he referred to reports of the aliyah of forty Iranian Jews to Israel as an unconfirmed "misinformation campaign." In 2008, his first year in the legislature, he refused to celebrate Israel's sixtieth anniversary and stated that Israel showed "anti-human behavior" towards Palestinians in Gaza. During the 2014 Gaza War, More Sedgh compared Israel's treatment of Palestinians to the policies of the Nazis and of Saddam Hussein and dubbed the country the "Zionist regime". Most recently, on the 2020 International Quds Day, More Sedgh stated that "the Zionist regime seeks to abuse the Jewish religion and has no adherence to the principles of this religion" and suggested that "the Jews of the world [should] rise up against a disaster like Zionism and declare their disgust," just as Muslims express their disgust for "people like bin Laden." When asked about Israel's right to exist, he stated that "every country that goes in a human rights behavior has the right to exist."

In the Jerusalem Post'' interview, More Sedgh stated that Iran had no interest in an offensive war against Israel:

I think that a two-state solution, or any solution that ensures Middle East peace, will be supported by all nations. It has already been stated many times that Iran is not interested in starting a war with Israel because it knows that anyone starting a war in the Middle East is committing an act of suicide. It is a crowded part of the world, and anyone starting a war here is ending his life.

More Sedgh supported the 2015 Iran nuclear deal, noting that "the lifting of sanctions... will also positively affect the lives of Jews in Iran." As of 2018, following American president Donald Trump's unilateral withdrawal from the deal, he opposes any dialogue with the Trump administration. In 2019, he stated that Trump had "employed the most anti-Semitic people in the world in a bid to pursue his anti-Iran objectives." More Sedgh also criticized Poland for co-hosting (with the United States) the February 2019 Warsaw Conference targeting Iran, saying that the country had "the most anti-Semitic government in the world" which was "implementing some laws that deny [the] Holocaust".

In 2013, More Sedgh was one of only two Members of Parliament to accompany President Hassan Rouhani's first address to the United Nations, as part of what has been dubbed a "charm offensive" to improve Iran's global image following the various controversies of previous president Ahmadinejad.

In 2016 Israel Radio released a tape of More Sedgh being interviewed by a French-Israeli reporter. In the tape, he said a war between Iran and Israel would be "suicide" for Iran, and he expressed doubt the Iranian government would seriously consider going to war. After the tapes were released, More Sedgh denied that the interview occurred, accusing it of fabrication. In an interview with Fars News Agency he said he would never have taken part in such an interview and that he refuses to respond to "phone calls and questions from the Zionist media because they are not the creatures that we want to answer."

Controversies
More Sedgh has been criticized for promoting Iranian propaganda and whitewashing the situation of Iranian Jewry. Iranian-American journalist Karmel Melamed characterized him as a prop for the Government of Iran, which used him whenever they were accused of antisemitism, and another writer for the Times of Israel criticized media outlets for treating him as a legitimate representative of Iranian Jews, asking, "[how free is] any Iranian parliamentarian (much less the token Jewish one) is to criticize Iranian policy."

Notes

References

Living people
1965 births
Jewish Iranian politicians
Jewish physicians
Anti-Zionism in the Middle East
Tehran Jewish Committee
Members of the 8th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 10th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Jewish Representatives in Islamic Consultative Assembly


Aspdin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Joseph Aspdin (1778–1855), English cement manufacturer
William Aspdin (1815–1864), English cement manufacturer, son of Joseph

See also
 Aspin (disambiguation)


Dave Sheridan (June 7, 1943 – March 28, 1982) was an American cartoonist and underground comix artist. He was the creator of Dealer McDope and collaborated with Gilbert Shelton and Paul Mavrides on The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers. As creative partner with fellow underground creator Fred Schrier, using the name "Overland Vegetable Stagecoach," they worked on Mother's Oats Funnies, published by Rip Off Press from 1970 to 1976.

Biography
Born in 1943 and raised in the Cleveland, Ohio area, Sheridan arrived in San Francisco, California in 1969 after having graduated from the Cleveland Institute of Art and serving time in the military in Ethiopia. In California, he collaborated with fellow midwesterner Fred Schrier as the "Overland Vegetable Stagecoach" on three issues of Mother's Oats Comix, two of Meef Comix, and a one-shot title called The Balloon Vendor,  published by Rip Off Press and The Print Mint.

Sheridan was the art editor for three issues of The Rip Off Review of Western Culture in 1972, a magazine published by the Rip Off Press. His solo comix work can be seen in Slow Death, Skull Comix, Hydrogen Bomb and Biochemical Warfare Funnies #1, San Francisco Comic Book #1, Tales from the Leather Nun, Rip Off Comix, and High Times, and in cartoons he made for the Berkeley Barb and Playboy. He also did the art for  Weed and Wine, the first mini-album produced by Cleveland area folk singer/songwriter John Bassette, as well as album covers for Carl Oglesby, John Lee Hooker, David Steinberg, and Impulse! Records.The "Black Death Malt Liquor" shirt regularly worn by Howard Hesseman on WKRP in Cincinnati in his role as Dr. Johnny Fever was designed and drawn by Sheridan. His illustrations appeared in Ramparts, and he produced a series of cannabis labels for the fictitious California Homegrowers Association (with cartoonist Pat Ryan).

Sheridan eventually settled in San Anselmo, California. There he became a member of the Artista collective, an artist collective with its own jackets and softball team. During the 1972 Major League Baseball strike, he appointed himself the head of the "Scab League", offering to have his team take the strikers' places for $100 per week and all the beer they could drink. He also befriended and worked closely with comedian Don Novello, drawing the album cover for Novello's Father Guido Sarducci Live at St. Douglas Convent comedy album. A characterization of Sarducci appeared in a Dealer McDope adventure, "20,000 Kilos Beneath the Sea" in Mother's Oats #3.

In 1974, Sheridan began collaborating on Gilbert Shelton's The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers strips. These were syndicated by Rip Off Press to alternative and college weeklies nationwide, and later collected into comix and anthologies. His first issue of The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers was #4, with a many-page story-arc entitled The Seventh Voyage of the Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers: escaping the landlady and her demands for rent, the hirsute trio go to Mexico where they encounter far worse perils, including a Carlos Castaneda parody. Sheridan's detailed graphic style lent itself well to the fantastic imagery needed to lampoon Castaneda's drug-related Central American-cum-New Age sorcery. He then continued to collaborate on the Freak Brothers comix series through issues 5, 6 and 7;  the team was joined by Paul Mavrides in 1978 for issue #6. In all, Sheridan contributed to 45 Freak Brothers tales.

Death
Sheridan was diagnosed with cancer on March 3, 1982, eight months after his July 4, 1981, marriage to Dava Stone. Sheridan died from a brain hemorrhage on March 28, 1982. He had been in a coma for four days at Mt. Zion Hospital in San Francisco. He was buried at sea at a memorial service the following Friday.

His wife Dava gave birth to their daughter Dori on April 4, 1982, a week after Sheridan died.

Biography
A full biography of Dave Sheridan , which reproduces most of his comix and graphics work, was published by Fantagraphics Books in 2018.

Bibliography

Overland Vegetable Stagecoach (with Fred Schrier)
 Mother's Oats Comix #1 – San Francisco Comic Book Company/Rip Off Press 1969
 Mother's Oats Comix #2 – San Francisco Comic Book Company/Rip Off Press 1970
 Skull Comics #1 (with Greg Irons, Jack Jackson and Rory Hayes) – San Francisco Comic Book Company/Rip Off Press 1970
 The Balloon Vendor – San Francisco Comic Book Company/Rip Off Press 1971
 Meef Comix #1 – San Francisco Comic Book Company/Rip Off Press 1972
 Meef Comix #2 – San Francisco Comic Book Company/Rip Off Press 1973
 Tales of the Leather Nun #1 – Last Gasp Eco Funnies, 1973
 Mindwarp: An Anthology by Sheridan & Schrier — And/Or Press, 1975
 Mother's Oats Comix #3 – San Francisco Comic Book Company/Rip Off Press 1976

Other
 Slow Death Funnies #1 (with Fred Schrier, Jim Osborne and Gilbert Shelton) – Last Gasp 1970
 Slow Death Funnies #2 "The Sex Evulsors of Tecnicus" – Last Gasp 1970
 The Food Stamp Gourmet by William Brown, Illustrations by Greg Irons, Gilbert Shelton, and Dave Sheridan — Bellerophon Books, 1971.
 The Legion of Charlies by Tom Veitch, Greg Irons, and Dave Sheridan (Paperback) Last Gasp, 1971
  Light Comitragies – Greg Irons — Print Mint 1971
 Skull Comics No.s 2–5 – San Francisco Comic Book Company/Rip Off Press 1971–1972
 Yellow Dog #19 (with Fred Schrier) – The Print Mint 1971
 Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers issues 4, 5, 6 (with Paul Mavrides), and 7
 Jayzey Lynch's Nard n' Pat No. 1 "We Could Get Any Artist ta Draw Us!" (1974)
 U-Comix Sammelband Nr. 1 (Introduction to Paperback) UPN-Volksverlag (1974)
 U-Comix Sammelband Nr. 2 (Introduction to Paperback) UPN-Volksverlag (1975)
 The Seattle Simpleton (vol. 1 No. 3) "The Mellow Cab Man" (Freewheelin' Frank) and "The Story of Phineas and the Organic Mechanic", both by Shelton & Sheridan. Spring 1976.
 Adventures of Fat Freddy's Cat Books 1–3 – with Gilbert Shelton — Rip Off Press, 1977
 Thoroughly Ripped with the Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers and Fat Freddy's Cat! by Shelton and Sheridan — Rip Off Press, 1978
 Rip Off Comix No.s 3–9 Rip-Off Press 1978–1981
 The Best of High Times Comix, vol. 4 (1983) including Dr. McDope in Peru by Siegel & Sheridan, The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers by Shelton & Sheridan, The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers and the Mysterious Visitor by Shelton & Sheridan, and "Notorious Norbert" by Fleagle & Fosdick (AKA Shelton & Sheridan)
 Dealer McDope – Rip Off Press, 1985 (part of Underground Classics No. 2-3)
 Time Twisted Tales Rip Off Press, 1986
 The Collected Fat Freddy's Cat. Vol. 1 by Gilbert Shelton & Dave Sheridan — Rip Off Press, 1989.
 The Freak Brothers Bus Line and Other Tales by Gilbert Shelton, Paul Mavrides and Dave Sheridan — Rip Off Press, 1990
 The Collected Fat Freddy's Cat by Gilbert Shelton & Dave Sheridan — Rip Off Press (April 1990) ,
 The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers Library by Gilbert Shelton, Dave Sheridan, and Paul Mavrides Rip Off Press, Incorporated (March 1995) ,
 Dave Sheridan: Life with Dealer McDope, The Leather Nun, and the Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, Fantagraphics Underground, Mark Burstein (editor),

Game
 Dealer McDope Dealing Game (Print Mint, 1971)Letter by T. Elton Snatchit, creator of Dealer McDope Dealing Game

Notes

References
 Michigan State University Library list of author's books

External links

 Sheridan obituary/tribute by Fred Schrier, Changeling Times'' #6 (ACE magazine)
 Dave Sheridan Art, a Facebook page devoted to the Dave Sheridan's art.

1943 births
1982 deaths
American cartoonists
Artists from Cleveland
The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers
Psychedelic artists
Underground cartoonists


Events from the year 1247 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Lord: Henry III

Events
The earliest known records of a settlement at Carrick-on-Suir are dated to 1247, when a charter of three fairs per year was awarded to Matthew Fitzgriffin, Anglo-Norman Lord of the Manor of Carrick.
Battle between Anglo-Normans and Irish led to the Sack of Dun Gallimhe by Irish forces.

Births

Deaths

References

1240s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 13th century in Ireland


Codell is an unincorporated community in Rooks County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the community and nearby areas was 49.

History
Codell was established as a Union Pacific Railroad depot in 1887. Union Pacific could not reach agreement with the town of Motor, so Union Pacific established the community of Codell three-quarters of a mile west of Motor. The Motor Post Office, originally established as Floreyville in 1875, was moved to Codell in 1888. The frame buildings in Motor were moved to Codell and Motor was soon abandoned.

Early in its history Codell had a school, multiple churches and a business district with a bank, telephone central office, lumber yard, grain elevator, several stores, a doctor and a barber.

Tornadoes
Codell is notable for its tornado history which earned it a mention in Ripley's Believe It or Not!. The community was hit by tornadoes on May 20 in three consecutive years: 1916, 1917 and 1918.

The 1916 tornado, estimated at F2 intensity, passed east of Codell in the early evening. The 1917 tornado reached F3 intensity and passed west of Codell, also in the early evening. In 1918, Codell took a direct hit from an F4 tornado just after dark. The school, M. E. church, hotel and several residences were completely destroyed. Many more buildings were badly damaged. Although the school was rebuilt and a new high school was built in 1938, the town never fully recovered from the devastation of the 1918 tornado.

Geography
Codell lies in Township 12 south of the city of Stockton (the county seat of Rooks County) and near the southeastern corner of Rooks County.  The community lies along the banks of Paradise Creek and an abandoned railroad line. The nearest city, Plainville, lies approximately  away to the northwest by road; the community is connected via 24 Road to a state highway, K-18, which lies approximately  to the north.

Demographics

For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined this community as a census-designated place (CDP).

Education

Codell is served by USD 270 Plainville Schools.

Codell High School was closed through school unification in 1965. The Codell High School mascot was Codell Cougars.

Arts and culture

Points of Interest
 Cyclone Day Memorial constructed in 2018 and dedicated on the 100th anniversary of the last May 20 cyclone.
 Historic limestone school and Cougar Gymnasium constructed in 1938 as a WPA project.
 Church building constructed in 1908. The building withstood the tornadoes of 1916, 1917 and 1918.
 King Hill located four miles south of Codell on Codell Road. The picturesque view of the Saline Valley from King Hill was used in the closing scene of the movie Paper Moon. The Romine house, that was located in the Saline Valley, was the setting of Aunt Billie's home in the movie. The Paper Moon fight scene with Moses Pray (Ryan O'Neal) and Leroy (Randy Quaid) was set at the Clair farm also in the Saline Valley near Codell.

See also
 Tornado records

References

Further reading

External links

 Rooks County
 Pictures of Codell
 Rooks County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Rooks County, Kansas
1887 establishments in Kansas
Populated places established in 1887


Vly Mountain is a mountain located in the town of Halcott, New York, United States in Greene County.
The mountain is part of the Catskill Mountains.
Vly Mountain is flanked to the northwest by Bearpen Mountain, to the east by Vinegar Hill, to the northeast by Kipp Hill, and to the southeast by Beech Ridge.

The north side of Vly Mountain drains into Little West Kill, thence into Schoharie Creek, the Mohawk River, the Hudson River, and into New York Bay.
The east side of Vly Mtn. drains through Roarback Brook into the West Kill, thence into Schoharie Creek.
The south and west sides of Vly Mountain drain into Vly Creek, thence into Bush Kill, Dry Brook, the East Branch of the Delaware River, and into Delaware Bay.

Notes

See also
 List of mountains in New York

External links
  Peakbagger.com: Vly Mountain
 Vly Mountain Hiking Information Catskill 3500 Club

Mountains of Greene County, New York
Catskill High Peaks
Mountains of New York (state)


The Coalition for 21st Century Patent Reform (CFCPR) is an ad hoc organization of companies who are lobbying for reforms to the US patent system.  They are opposed to various provision of the Patent Reform Act of 2007, including its limitations for damages due to patent infringement, and the "second window" post-grant review.

Principles

The CFCPR believes that the following principles should drive patent reform

"Provide the USPTO with adequate resources to assure quality examination of all patent applications."
"Significantly limit 'subjective elements in patent litigation.  These include the 'inequitable conduct' defense to a patent's enforceability, awarding punitive damages based upon 'willful infringement', and the 'best mode requirement."
"Enact the NAS-recommended harmonizing changes to the U.S. patent laws, i.e., adopt the first-inventor-to-file principle and eliminate the "best mode" requirement."
"Provide an "open review" (post-grant opposition) procedure that facilitates challenging questionable patents in the USPTO."

Membership
The membership of the Coalition for 21st Century Patent Reform includes nearly 50 companies from 19 different industries, including:
3M
Caterpillar Inc.
Eli Lilly and Company
General Electric
Johnson & Johnson
Procter & Gamble

Steering committee
 Steven Miller, Procter & Gamble Vice President and General Counsel Intellectual Property
 Gary Griswald, 3M

See also
 Coalition for Patent Fairness who were strongly in favor of the Patent Reform Act of 2007 and its successors

References

External links
 Coalition for 21st Century Patent Reform web site

Lobbying organizations in the United States
Patent law organizations