Grigoris Makos (; born 18 January 1987) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

Club career

Panionios
In 2000, Makos signed for Panionios from Ilioupoli at the age of 13. After impressing in the youth academy, he was eventually called up to the Greece national football team in 2003 and made his debut in a match against Proodeftiki on 23 May 2004. Makos scored his first goal for Panionios on 1 October 2005, against Levadiakos. And his first ever European goal vs Bordeaux on 20 December 2007. He was appointed captain in 2006 at the age of 19. During his time at the club, he had become one of Panionios' most important players making over 100 appearances for the club at the young age of 21 and guiding them to successive fifth-place finishes. His impressive performances attracted interest from the "big three" of Greece and also from teams abroad. In the end Makos agreed to join AEK Athens.

AEK Athens
On 24 June 2009, AEK signed Makos for €800,000 from Panionios signing a five-year deal with the Athenian club. Soon after signing, Makos stated "One of the main reasons I decided to come here is because of Dusan Bajevic". On 6 July, Makos decided to continue using the number 14 at AEK, a number which he has used since his youth career.

On 20 August, Makos made his official debut for AEK, in the game versus Vaslui in the Europa League. Makos made his league debut in the 0–1 away win over Atromitos on 30 August. An unconvincing pre-season and start to the season seen Makos dropped from the starting 11 to the bench. In his first season at AEK, Makos made a total of 28 appearances, 21 in the league, one in the cup, and six in Europe.

The 2010–11 season started well for Makos. He impressed in the away victory against Dundee United for the Europa League play-offs, as well as making good appearances in the pre-season friendlies. Makos continued his fine form throughout the regular season, cementing his place in the AEK first team, and won applause from AEK fans for his passionate tireless displays. In a season mired with disappointing displays for the team, Makos was one of few players who escaped criticism from AEK fans. Overall, his performances were much-improved over his first season at AEK, which was largely deemed as mediocre. The season ended in success as Makos won his first ever piece of silverware, the 2010–11 Greek Cup.

Makos kicked off his third season in superb form, scoring his first ever goal for AEK Athens in the season opener in a 1–0 win against Ergotelis on 18 September 2011. Due to his impressive performances, Makos became a regular in the Greece national team and played against Israel, Romania, Croatia and Latvia strengthening his chances of getting called up to the final squad for UEFA Euro 2012 having missed out on the 2010 FIFA World Cup. On 8 May 2012, Makos scored his second goal for AEK against Panathinaikos in the Superleague Greece play off in the 2–0 home win over their archrivals. At the end of his third season at AEK, Makos made 34 appearances in total, 28 in the league, one in the cup, and five in Europe.

1860 Munich
On 9 July 2012 Makos signed a two-year deal with German side TSV 1860 München for the transfer fee thought to be in the region of €465,000.
The German side announced the signing through website, while also shedding light on the finances of the transfer. AEK are set to receive a reported €465,000. However, Makos will receive €165,000 of that sum as a result of unpaid wages dating back to the start of last season. Makos, 25, was presented to the media on Tuesday as the 2. Bundesliga side finally put end to speculation of a Munich move for Makos that dated back to last month. The German side were also interested in Makos' services back when the Greek international was part of Panionios. TSV 1860 München, yet another cash-strapped club, were keen to bringing Makos to Germany during the summer of 2009 but were beaten by AEK in a bidding war for Makos' services.

In 1860 Munich Makos met his former teammate in AEK Athens, Ismael Blanco. He was given the number 21. He made 11 goalless appearances for 2.Bundesliga.

Anorthosis Famagusta
On 5 July 2013, Grigoris Makos signed a two-year contract with Anorthosis.

According to the Cypriot press, Makos' verbal agreement with Anorthosis is based on a salary of €100,000 per season but will only come to fruition should a deal between the two clubs be finalized. Anorthosis are scheduled to compete in the UEFA Europa League 2nd Qualifying Round. Makos, who has signed a two-year deal, has become the second high-profile Greek to join the club since Traianos Dellas linked up with the then Cypriot champions back in 2008, helping them reach the group stages of the Champions League. "This is an excellent opportunity for me because my confidence has returned especially with the new coach", he told the club's official website. "He [coach Christakis Kassianos] has put his trust in me. I am sure I will return to my best here. I will give my all to help the team in the Europa League and then win my place back in the Greek national team". On 16 May 2015, he scored his first goal with the club, in a 3–1 home win against Apollon Limassol for the Cypriot First Division.

At the end of 2014/15 season, Grigoris Makos seem to wish to return to Greece for personal reasons, but did not close the door to Anorthosis. The management of the club will submit a formal proposal and will make the effort to keep him although it is not easy.

Panetolikos
On 3 July 2015, Makos signed a two-year contract with Panetolikos F.C. From the very beginning he became a leader midfielder for the club. On 3 December 2016, he scored his first goal with the club in a 1–1 away draw against Veria. On 18 January 2017, after an excellent match at Agrinio, Panetolikos won 3–2 AEK, with the international defensive midfielder scoring a brace, for first time in his career, against his former club. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he settled his contract with the club.

Trikala
On 14 January 2018, after six months as a free agent, Makos signed a contract with Football League club Trikala F.C.

Kallithea
Makos joined Gamma Ethniki club Kallithea FC on 21 September 2018. On 30 January 2019 it was announced, that Makos had left the club.

Kalamata
Makos was a free agent for six months, then joined Gamma Ethniki club Kalamata on 15 July 2019 on a year contract for an undisclosed fee.

International career

Greece Under 21

Soon after becoming a regular and captain at Panionios, Makos was called up to the Greece U21 national squad and was made captain not long after his debut. After 17 appearances for the Under-21 side, he was called up to the senior side by Greece coach Otto Rehhagel.

Greece

Makos was called up to the Greece national team on 1 February 2008 and made his debut on 5 February 2008 in a friendly against Czech Republic, he earned his second cap versus Cyprus on 19 May 2008. On 9 November, Makos was called up for the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers matches against Ukraine, however Makos did not feature in any of the legs. On 28 February, Makos was called up for the World Cup preparation friendly against Senegal, he came on as a second-half substitute and made his first appearance for the national team in over a year On 11 May, Makos was named in Rehhagel's 30-man provisional World Cup squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup but did not make the final 23-man squad.

He became a regular choice of new coach Fernando Santos on the Greece national football team during the latter stages of the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying. On 19 May 2012, Makos was called up to the 23-man Greece squad for UEFA Euro 2012, in Poland and Ukraine. Makos made his debut in the tournament against Russia the coming on as a substitute in a Euro 2012 group stage match for captain Giorgos Karagounis playing 24 minutes of the match as he helped Greece keep a 1–0 win against Russia to finish second in the group and set up a quarter finals match against Germany where Makos started the game making it his second appearance in the tournament but Greece failed to surpass the Germans.

Career statistics

Club
Correct as of 25 May 2018

International
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=3 | Greece national team
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| 2008
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2012
| 3
| 0
|-
! Total
! 13
! 0

Honours
AEK Athens
Greek Cup: 1
 2011

References

External links
 Grigoris Makos at tsv1860.de
 Official Hellenic Football Federation profile
 Grigorios Makos Facts

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Athens
Greek men's footballers
Greek expatriate men's footballers
Greece men's international footballers
Greece men's under-21 international footballers
Super League Greece players
2. Bundesliga players
Cypriot First Division players
TSV 1860 Munich players
AEK Athens F.C. players
Panionios F.C. players
Panetolikos F.C. players
Athens Kallithea F.C. players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Men's association football midfielders
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus


Belafonte Sings of the Caribbean is an album by Harry Belafonte, released by RCA Victor (LPM-1505) in 1957.

It followed his album of calypso music, Calypso (1956), which was a major commercial success in the United States, spending over half a year atop the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart. Although Sings of the Caribbean was less successful, only reaching number 17 on the chart, it nevertheless "consolidated the vogue for calypso". According to Cary Ginell of AllMusic, Belfatone Sings of the Caribbean, being the singer's second set of songs from the West Indies, "expanded the scope in both style as well as geography from the Calypso album", additionally noting the addition of orchestral arrangements.

Track listing

Side one
"Scratch, Scratch" (Harry Belafonte, Lord Burgess) – 2:39
"Lucy's Door" (Traditional, Lord Burgess) – 3:43
"Cordelia Brown" (Lord Burgess, Belafonte) – 2:53
"Don't Ever Love Me" (Burgie) – 2:46
 "Love, Love Alone" (John Hardy) – 3:19
"Cocoanut Woman" (Lord Burgess, Belafonte) – 3:18

Side two
"Haïti Chérie" (Lord Burgess, Belafonte) – 3:18
 "Judy Drownded" (Burgie) – 3:28
"Island in the Sun" (Lord Burgess, Belafonte) – 3:21
 "Angelique-O" (Burgie, William Attaway) – 2:40
"Lead Man Holler" (Lord Burgess, Belafonte) – 4:18

Personnel
Harry Belafonte  – vocals
Millard Thomas – guitar
Frantz Casseus – guitar
Victor Messer – guitar
Production notes:
Joe Carlton – producer
Bob Corman –  orchestra and chorus
D. C. Gunn – cover photo
William Attaway – liner notes

References

1957 albums
Harry Belafonte albums
RCA Victor albums


Balsam Mountain is one of the High Peaks of the Catskill Mountains in the U.S. state of New York. Its exact height has not been determined, so the highest contour line, , is usually given as its elevation. It is located in western Ulster County, on the divide between the Hudson and Delaware watersheds. The summit and western slopes of the peak are within the Town of Hardenburgh and its eastern slopes are in Shandaken. The small community of Oliverea is near its base on that side. Most of the mountain is publicly owned, managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation as part of the state Forest Preserve, part of the Big Indian-Beaverkill Range Wilderness Area in the Catskill Park. The summit is on a small corner of private land.

As one of the High Peaks it is a popular destination for hikers, especially peakbaggers seeking membership in the Catskill Mountain 3500 Club, since along with Slide, Panther and Blackhead it is one of four peaks that members must climb twice, at least once in winter. The Pine Hill-West Branch Trail (PHWB) crosses its summit; hikers usually approach from either side via the Oliverea-Mapledale Trail, which intersects the PHWB south of the summit, and make the ascent from there. The northwestern approach makes a loop route possible via the Mine Hollow Trail; the southeastern ascent, from McKenley Hollow, has the steepest stretch of trail on any ascent of a Catskill High Peak.

Geography

Balsam Mountain is one of several peaks on an officially unnamed range that carries the watershed divide to Winnisook Lake near Slide Mountain. It is the second northernmost peak on the range after Belleayre Mountain, and the northernmost to exceed , the threshold for inclusion as a High Peak. A ridge almost two miles (3.2 km) in length separates it and Belleayre. South of Balsam the ridge turns to the southwest, connecting it to  Haynes Mountain after a mile (1.6 km). The summit, a small bump, is at the south end of a narrow ridge  in length with a slight dip between it and the false summit on the northern end.

On its east the slopes drop generally steeply down to Big Indian Hollow, the valley of the headwaters of Esopus Creek, around  above sea level. There some more gently sloped areas at mid-mountain level, around , on the southeast side. Tributaries and subtributaries of the Esopus drain even steeper valleys radiating out in a fan-shaped pattern from Lost Clove at the northeast to McKenley (also McKinley) Hollow in the southeast.

The valleys on the west side are also steep but not as numerous, and converge at a higher elevation,  than the base on the eastern side. A narrow valley carries the combined streams down to Dry Brook, a tributary of the East Branch of the Delaware River. The northernmost valley, Mine Hollow, is the only one with an official name, the result of a failed attempt to mine gold believed to be in the area. The larger valley it forks off from is known informally as Rider Hollow.

Geology

Like the Catskills as a whole, a dissected plateau, Balsam was formed not through the uplift of rock layers but by the gradual erosion of stream valleys in an uplifted region about 350 mya. Its rock layers and bedrock are primarily Devonian and Silurian shale and sandstone. Later glaciation, primarily the Illinois and Wisconsin periods, shaped the slopes of the mountain, making them even steeper and gradually forming Esopus Creek from its meltwater.

The steeper slopes and deeper valley on the east side reflect the unusual orogeny of the Esopus and Panther Mountain to the east. The rocks of the stream are fractured and faulted much more than elsewhere in the Catskills, and it and its tributary Woodland Creek make an almost complete circle around the mountain, a rosette pattern similarly unusual in the region. Yngvar Isachsen of the New York State Geological Survey has found evidence strongly suggesting that the entire Panther Mountain region is the inverse form of a crater that formed after an ancient meteor impact when the Catskills were a river delta at the northeastern corner of the inland sea that is now the Allegheny Plateau. The rims of the crater wall were thus more prone to erosion and created a deeper valley for the eventual headwaters of the Esopus.

Flora and fauna

Balsam's slopes are covered with typical forestation for their elevations in the Catskills. Northern hardwoods, primarily beech, birch and maple species, predominate, with some occasional cherry and mountain ash. Southern species such as oaks, isolated American chestnuts that survived the blight, shagbark hickory and dogwoods are located close to streams near the base. The northern hardwood species become more stunted and dwarfed at higher elevations, more so on the ridges. On the mountain's summit, boreal species such as balsam fir and red spruce make an appearance, forming some small stands but not a continuous cover as is seen on higher peaks in the range. Around 1970, Catskill forest historian Michael Kudish found the few remaining trees in a fir stand at  on the north slope; these have since all died due to heavy deer browse. A large stand of tall hemlock is located in Mine Hollow around .

Most of the upper forest remains in first growth, having never been logged or otherwise exploited. Kudish puts the average lower boundary of this area at around . The sole exception is  on the north slope, where the absence old sugar maples and the presence of white ash are signs that a small area along the ridgeline was logged at some point in the past.

The mountain's forests support a diverse ecosystem of typical Catskill species. Black bear and white-tailed deer, both favorites of hunters, are the largest omnivores and herbivore mammalian species. Smaller mammals, mainly rodent species like porcupines and chipmunks are joined by salamanders and toads.

History

The Iroquois tribes who first settled the Hudson Valley rarely went high into the mountains except to hunt. The earliest human settlements, by the descendants of Dutch and English colonists, near the mountain date to 1805. Small farms were established on the mountain's lower slopes; as late as 1900 the U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle maps of the area show a road going up the ridge between Lost Clove and McKenley Hollow to a structure called Platt's Cabin just below . It was exceptionally high; most other farmland on that side went no higher than . A 1910 photograph shows a small farm in the head of Rider Hollow on the west.

Balsam's slopes were originally more abundant in hemlock than they are now. Most were harvested by tanners for the tannin in their bark. Roads built to reach hemlock stands survive in McKenley Hollow as high as . The Mine Hollow stand is located at the end of another one on the west side.

In 1885, political machinations by the Ulster County delegation to the state legislature led to the Catskill counties being included in the newly created Forest Preserve along with the Adirondacks. Tax-delinquent lands, many of them abandoned by loggers and tanners who had taken all the harvestable timber, which had become the county's by default were transferred to the state as a way of settling the county's outstanding property tax obligations to the state. They were to remain "forever wild", with no timber being harvested again from them. In 1894, a more strongly worded version of the law was incorporated into the state constitution as Article 14.

Under these provisions, the state bought most of the land it currently owns on Balsam, about three-quarters of the mountain, in 1918. By 1931 the trail that had been built up Belleayre for tourists to reach its lookout tower had been extended over Balsam and was marked as a state-maintained trail on maps. The other two trails had been built by that time as well, the Oliverea-Mapledale trail possibly following an old cattle-herding route over the ridge. A few years later, the pairs of lean-tos in McKenley and Rider hollows were built.

The large tract of state land on the range west of Esopus Creek and extending south toward the Beaver Kill Range was designated a wilderness area in the 1980s following a recommendation made in the first Catskill Park State Land Master Plan. This committed the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) to manage the land with the goal of minimizing human impact as much as possible. Accordingly, the lower of the two McKenley Hollow lean-tos was removed as it had become a site for parties due to its proximity to the trailhead and parking lot on that side. The lower Rider Hollow lean-to burned in 1995 and was likewise not replaced.

Access

Hikers usually approach Balsam from the south, by climbing the Oliverea-Mapledale Trail from either hollow to the PH-WB junction at  and then going up the summit from there. The eastern approach, from McKenley Hollow, is more frequently used as it is more convenient to NY 28, the main state highway through the central Catskills. The western approach, from Rider Hollow, is more distant from main roads but regarded as more scenic. It can be combined with the Mine Hollow Trail to make a loop route.

The McKenley Hollow approach begins at the parking lot 1 mile (1.6 km) west of County Route 47 in Oliverea,  above sea level, where state land begins on the south side of the brook that drains the hollow. The Oliverea-Mapledale Trail follows red plastic markers along the brook past the trail register and the former site of the first lean-to, then the second, in its first, climbing gently. It follows a wood road and begins to climb a little more, still paralleling the brook although higher above it, for the next 0.6 mile (1 km).

A series of stone steps in the trail here begin a section that climbs over  in the next 0.25 mile (400 m). This 35% grade is the steepest section of trail in the Catskills. At the top it levels off and reaches the trail junction.

On the Rider Hollow side, the trailhead at the end of Rider Hollow Road is at a higher elevation, . Its first mile remains relatively level as it follows the brook on that side closely, passing the lean-to site on that side and a developed spring. The Mine Hollow Trail's yellow markers fork off to the left  from the parking lot. Almost a mile later, the trail crosses another tributary and begins to climb steeply, ascending  in the next . After passing another spring below a rock ledge, the trail levels out and reaches the junction.

From the junction, the blue-blazed Pine Hill-West Branch Trail ascends the final  moderately up the  to the summit. Just below the summit a sign at  advises hikers of special DEC regulations allowing camping above that elevation only in wintertime, and prohibiting open fires. Shortly afterwards it crosses a corner of the large private holding that goes down to Lost Clove. The mountain's actual height of land is a small mound less than  northeast of the trail, in open forest. The total ascent and mileage is  and  from McKenley Hollow,  and  from Rider Hollow.

After the summit the trail drops down slightly again. In the saddle between the two summits a small ledge allows for views to the northwest over the hamlet of Big Indian with West Kill, Hunter and Plateau mountains, all High Peaks, beyond. It is the only view available from the mountain when the leaves are up.

Hikers from Rider Hollow taking the Mine Hollow loop continue over the lower northern summit to where the trail begins a  descent through a rock cut down the north slope of Balsam to the Mine Hollow Trail junction,  north of the true summit. That trail descends at first steeply through more rock outcrops and then levels off in a hemlock grove. A mile (1.6 km) from the junction it reaches the Oliverea-Mapledale Trail. The loop's total length is .

Backpackers doing overnight trips along the Pine Hill-West Branch Trail also climb the peak. From the northern end in Pine Hill, it is  over the southern summit of Belleayre Mountain. The southern terminus of the trail is near Frost Valley YMCA along County Route 47,  away, and entails climbing Big Indian, Eagle and Haynes mountains before Balsam.

See also

 Geography of New York
 List of mountains in New York

Notes

External links

 Balsam Mountain Hiking Information Catskill 3500 Club

Mountains of Ulster County, New York
Mountains of New York (state)
Shandaken, New York
Catskill High Peaks


The Midnight Man or Midnight Man may refer to:

Film and television
 The Midnight Man (1917 film), a 1917 film starring Jack Mulhall
 The Midnight Man (1919 film), a 1919 film starring James J. Corbett
 The Midnight Man (1974 film), a 1974 film starring Burt Lancaster
 Midnight Man (1995 film), a 1995 film starring Lorenzo Lamas
 Midnight Man (miniseries), a 2008 television serial starring James Nesbitt
 The Midnight Man (2016 crime film), a 2016 crime film
 The Midnight Man (2016 horror film), a 2016 film starring Robert Englund and Lin Shaye

Music
 Midnight Man (album), a 1966 album by Davey Graham
 "Midnight Man", a 1985 single by Flash and the Pan
 "Midnight Man" (Sandra song), 1987
 "Midnight Man" (Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds song), 2008
"Midnight Man", a song by the James Gang from the 1971 album Thirds

Comics
 Midnight Man (comics), a Marvel Comics character


Aga (Sumerian:) commonly known as Aga of Kish, was the twenty-third and last king in the first dynasty of Kish during the Early Dynastic I period. He is listed in the Sumerian King List and many sources as the son of Enmebaragesi. The Kishite king ruled the city at its peak, probably reaching beyond the territory of Kish, including Umma and Zabala.

The Sumerian poem Gilgamesh and Aga records the Kishite siege of Uruk after its lord Gilgamesh refused to submit to Aga, ending in Aga's defeat and consequently the fall of Kish's hegemony.

Name

The name of Aga is Sumerian and a relatively rarely attested personal name in Early Dynastic times, making his identification in royal texts spottable. His name appears in the Stele of Ushumgal, as the gal-ukkin ("Great Assembly official").

AK () was likely an Early Dynastic spelling of Akka, (the past particle of the Sumerian verb "to make"). The name in question is to be interpreted as a Sumerian genitival phrase, Akka probably means "Made by [a god]" (ak + Divine Name.ak).

Historical king
Aga is attested in two compositions of an historiographical nature, the Sumerian King List and the Tummal Inscription, both as the son of Enmebaragesi, who has been verified through archaeological inscriptions; these sources may confirm Aga and Gilgamesh's existence. Aga's name appears in the Stele of Ushumgal and the Gem of King Aga, both showing influence over Umma.

Reign
According to the Sumerian King List (ETCSL 2.1.1), Kish had the hegemony of Sumer where he reigned 625 years, succeeding his father Enmebaragesi to the throne, finally ending in defeat by Uruk.

The use of the royal title King of Kish expressing a claim of national rulership owes its prestige to the fact that Kish once did rule the entire nation. His reign probably covered Umma, and consequently Zabala, which was a dependent of it in the Early Dynastic Period; this can be supported on his appearance in the Gem of King Aga, where he is mentioned as the king of Umma. There is some scant evidence to suggest that like the later Ur III kings, the rulers of ED Kish sought to ingratiate themselves to the authorities in Nippur, possibly to legitimize a claim for leadership over the land of Sumer or at least part of it. Archeological evidence from Kish shows a city flourishing in ED II with its political influence extending beyond the territory, however in ED III the city declined rapidly.

Gilgamesh and Aga

In the poem Gilgamesh and Aga (ETCSL 1.8.1.1), Aga of Kish sends messengers to his vassal Gilgamesh in Uruk with a demand slave labor for the irrigation of Kish.

Gilgamesh repeats the message before the "city fathers" (ab-ba-iri) to suggest defiance of Aga, but the elders refuse. Gilgamesh, goes on to incite rebellion among the guruš (able-bodied men) who would have to do the labor. They refer to Aga as the "son of the king", which suggests he was still young and immature. The guruš accept Gilgamesh's call to revolt and declare him lugal (king).

After ten days, Aga lays siege to the walls of Uruk, whose citizens are now confused and intimidated. Gilgamesh asks for a volunteer to stand before Aga; his royal guard Birhurtura offers himself. On leaving the city gates, he is captured and brought before Aga, who interrogates and tortures him. Aga asks an Uruk soldier leaning over the wall if Birhurtura is his king. Birhurtura denies this, replying that when the true king appears, he will beat capture Aga and beat his army to dust. The infuriated Aga redoubles his torture.

Then Gilgamesh leans over the wall.  Aga withstands his divine radiance, but it terrifies the Kishite army. Enkidu and the guruš take advantage of their confusion to cut through them and capture Aga in the middle of his army. Gilgamesh addresses Aga as his superior, remembering how Aga saved his life and gave him refuge; Aga withdraws his demand and begs his favor to be returned. Gilgamesh, in the sight of his god Utu, sets Aga free to return to Kish.

Replacement in the poem
The Shulgi Hymn O (ETCSL 2.1.1) of the Ur III ruler Shulgi (c. 2094 BC – 2047 BC) praises Gilgamesh for defeating Enmebaragesi of Kish rather than his son. While such an encounter is quite conceivable, the assumption of two different wars is difficult to uphold because Gilgamesh emerges as victorious in both; his first victory would have left Kish already defeated, pre-empting the second victory. If Gilgamesh had won a previous war against Kish, he would not have spoken with Aga of past military cooperation and indebtedness for saving his life.

Another theory is that for literary considerations, the founding hegemon Enmebaragesi would be a more impressive opponent than his son. Enmebaragesi was merely inserted to replace Aga, and the different versions of the hymn constitute to a single literary work.

See also
History of Sumer
Epic of Gilgamesh
Sumerian literature
Agag

Notes
a.

b.

c.

d.

Citations

References

External links
ETCSL - Text and translation of Gilgamesh and Aga (alternate site)

29th-century BC Sumerian kings
28th-century BC Sumerian kings
27th-century BC Sumerian kings
Kings of Kish
Sumerian kings
Characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh
Epic of Gilgamesh


Glo is a Canadian alternative rock band from Montreal, Quebec formed in 2001. They consist of Riccardo "Rick" Cordi (vocals, guitars), Eddie Mazzola (guitar, bass, keyboards), and Patrick Rowan (drums).

Career
Their self-titled debut included the single "Wither", which appeared on the soundtrack for the TV series Higher Ground. Soon after the release of Glo, they were invited to perform at NXNE in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the ‘In the City’ music festival in Manchester, England.

After taking a brief hiatus, Glo released their follow-up Off to the Races Vol. 1, in early 2007. On the Outside was released in 2010 through the GloMusicGroup. While the album was completed in 2009, the band was dissatisfied with the production and turned to veteran producer Paul Lani. The albums first single, "Move Along", stayed on the Canadian Active Rock charts for 12 weeks, peaking at number 41.

The band returned to the studio in 2012 and collaborated with producer John Nathaniel. The result was an EP called "No One Hears Me". The EP resulted in their second nomination for "Best Out of Province Artist" at the 2012 Toronto Independent Music Awards. Off to the Races Vol. 1 was named Best Provincial Rock EP and the single "Off to the Races" was named Best Provincial Rock Song in the 2007 Toronto Exclusive Magazine Awards.

The songs "Dopamine" and "Drown in Me" were featured on the soundtrack to the motion picture The Power of Attorney.

References

External links
Glo official website
On the Outside album review

Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups from Montreal
Canadian alternative rock groups


Nostoceratidae is a diverse family of heteromorph ammonites found throughout the oceans of the world during the Late Cretaceous.  The nostoceratids are famous for the bizarre coiling of their shells.  Many genera, such as Yezoceras, Ainoceras, Anaklinoceras, and some species of Bostrychoceras and Eubostrychoceras, display, as young shells at least, a helical coiling very similar to the shells of the related family, Turrilitidae.  As adults, though, the coils then curve away from the axis of coiling, either as an oxbow-like curve around the juvenile coils as in  Ainoceras and Anaklinoceras, or in a simple curved loop beneath the juvenile coils, as in Yezoceras.  Other genera form loose coils, sometimes in a spiral, such as those of Madagascarites, Muramotoceras, Hyphantoceras, and the infamously convolute Nipponites.

The ecology of nostoceratids is the subject of continued speculation, as the bizarrely coiled shells have no streamlining, strongly suggesting that the living animals had extraordinarily poor swimming ability, if any ability at all.  As such, experts and ammonite enthusiasts presume that the nostoceratids either floated passively in the water column, or were bottom-dwellers that may or may not have crawled on the seafloor.

The nostoceratids, as with all other Cretaceous ammonites, perished during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

References

External links
Scientific report on the functional morphology of Cretaceous heteromorph ammonites

Ammonitida families
Cretaceous ammonites
Turrilitoidea
Late Cretaceous first appearances
Maastrichtian extinctions


Christmas Day games in the National Football League (NFL) are an occasional part of the league's schedule. In contrast to Thanksgiving Day games, however, they are not an annual occurrence, since Thanksgiving is always on a Thursday while Christmas Day, December 25, can fall at any day of the week. The NFL held two Divisional Playoff games on Christmas Day in  when the regular season only spanned a 14-week period. This proved unpopular, and the league avoided any more games on Christmas Day until . Since then, the NFL has occasionally held games on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day in some years, as part of week 16 or 17 of the regular season.

As of the end of the 2022 season, there have been 27 Christmas Day games in the NFL's history, all broadcast nationally. Two games were played each Christmas Day from  to ,  to , and . In  and , three games were scheduled.

The NFL has typically scheduled games on Christmas Day, December 25, if it falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or Monday. When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, then it would just be part of the normal slate of the handful of Saturday NFL games held during the final weeks of every regular season. If Christmas Day falls on a Sunday, then the normal slate of Sunday afternoon games is instead played on Saturday, Christmas Eve, and one of the Christmas Day games will include the standard Sunday Night Football telecast. When Christmas Day falls on a Monday, the normal slate of Sunday afternoon games is still played on Christmas Eve, and Monday Night Football on Christmas night, but the Sunday Night Football telecast has been moved to either Monday afternoon or to Saturday, December 23. There have been rare instances of Christmas Day games held on a Friday.

History

Early years
In the earliest days of professional football, the season typically ended near the end of November (marquee games were often played on Thanksgiving) or in the first week of December, depending on the team; exhibition games would then be held in the winter. Once league schedules were standardized in the 1930s, the NFL Championship Game was typically held in mid-December. The 1943 NFL Championship Game, played on December 26 of that year because of scheduling complications brought on by World War II, was the first regulation NFL game to be played on or after Christmas.

From 1943 until the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger, the NFL regular season usually ended in mid-December, with the NFL Championship Game being held on the Sunday two weeks later. If that Sunday fell on Christmas Day December 25, the league preferred to move it to the following day, Monday, December 26; this rescheduling occurred for both the 1955 and the 1960 championship games.

The American Football League (AFL) compensated differently: the 1960 championship game was moved back by a full week, being played on New Year's Day 1961, with Christmas Sunday being an off-week. (The NFL's 1966 championship game was also held on Sunday, January 1, 1967, two weeks after the end of the regular season.) New Year's Day was an available day since the college bowl games are moved back to Monday, January 2 in years in which January 1 falls on a Sunday. The AFL had scheduled the 1966 championship game for Monday afternoon December 26, but when the two leagues agreed to merge in 1970 and play a "World Championship game" starting with the 1966 season, the AFL game was moved back to Sunday, January 1.

1971 Divisional Playoffs
The first NFL games actually played on December 25 came after the merger, during the 1971–72 NFL playoffs. The first two games of the Divisional Playoff Round were held on Christmas Day; the first of these was between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings, while the second of the two contests played that afternoon, the Miami Dolphins versus the Kansas City Chiefs, wound up being the longest game in NFL history. Because of the length of the latter game, the NFL received numerous complaints, reportedly due to the fact that it caused havoc with Christmas dinners around the nation. The league also came under fire from some quarters for intruding on a traditional religious and family holiday, and a Kansas state legislator proposed a bill to ban the scheduling of future games on December 25. As a result, the NFL decided to not schedule any Christmas Day games for the next 17 seasons.

Avoiding Christmas
This required considerable effort during those years in which Christmas Day fell on a Saturday or a Sunday, given that ordinarily those days would be days in which NFL playoff games were to be held.

In , the NFL opened its regular season a week earlier than would have ordinarily been the case (September 12, the second Sunday of the month, rather than the customary third Sunday) so that the Divisional Playoffs could be held on December 18 and 19 instead of December 25 and 26, and thus no games would be needed on Saturday, December 25 (Super Bowl XI was subsequently played on January 9, the earliest date in Super Bowl history).

In , with Christmas Day falling on a Sunday, the Divisional Playoff Games were held around the holiday, with an AFC doubleheader on Saturday, December 24, and an NFC doubleheader on Monday, December 26. This was done so that one team did not have a two-day rest advantage over the other for the Conference Championship games (the NFL only allowed one-day rest advantages). This scheduling resulted in most of the country missing the majority of the first quarter of the Pittsburgh Steelers-Denver Broncos game telecast (beginning at 4:00 p.m. EST), since the early AFC game that Saturday (Oakland Raiders-Baltimore Colts, beginning at 12:30 p.m. EST) went into double overtime; with an ordinary schedule of one game from each conference, viewers would have had the option of switching channels (or using a VCR) but in this case NBC simply stayed with the Raiders-Colts game (except in the Pittsburgh and Denver markets) and had to overlap its telecasts.

The NFL continued to avoid Christmas Day even after it started to extend the length of the regular season and the playoffs. The league expanded to a 16-game regular season and a 10-team playoff tournament in , but it was not until  that the regular season ended after Christmas Day. It was originally scheduled to end on Sunday, December 26 of that year, but the regular season was extended to Sunday, January 2, 1983 after the 57-day NFL players' strike reduced the season from 16 games to 9; the NFL compensated by extending the regular season one week and eliminating the off week between the conference championships and the Super Bowl.

In  and again in , the NFL split the first round Wild Card Playoffs between Saturday, December 24 and Monday, December 26 to avoid a Christmas Day game.

Had the United States Football League (USFL) survived to play its autumn 1986 season, it would have featured the first major professional football games to be played in the regular season on Christmas Day; the USFL planned a complete set of four games for Christmas Day. The USFL suspended operations prior to the 1986 season and the games were never played.

Regular season games on Christmas
Finally, in , the NFL tried another Christmas Day game, Cincinnati at Minnesota, but it was a 9:00 p.m. EST Monday Night Football contest on ABC, thereby avoiding interfering with family dinners. The NFL pushed the regular season back one week in 1989 as a one-off experiment, meaning Christmas Day would fall during the last week of the regular season instead of the first round of the playoffs. The league added a bye week to its schedule in , making Christmas Day permanently fall during the regular season. In the years since, the NFL has played an occasional late-afternoon or night game on the holiday, but the league did not schedule a Christmas Day game starting earlier than 3:30 p.m. local time (for either participating team) from 1971 through 2021.

The league has generally played one or two games on Christmas Day when the holiday falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or Monday. If Christmas Day falls on a Saturday, then it would just be part of the normal slate of the handful of Saturday games during the final weeks of the regular season. Since 1994, if Christmas Day falls on a Sunday, then most of the usual Sunday afternoon games are instead played on Saturday, Christmas Eve. The league also played rare Friday games on Christmas Day in 2009 and 2020, both of which were considered special editions of Thursday Night Football.

With December 25 again falling on a Sunday in , the NFL scheduled three Christmas Day games for the first time, which consisted of single games for each Sunday network -- Fox at the traditional 1:00 p.m. ET early slot, CBS in the late game slot, which was moved back five minutes from the usual doubleheader slot to 4:30 p.m. ET, and Sunday Night Football. The CBS game included an alternate, youth-oriented broadcast on sister network Nickelodeon, after having previously aired Wild Card games in such a manner.

Under the NFL's next round of television deals reached in March 2021, which will begin in 2023 and run through 2033, Fox acquired the rights to air special Christmas Day games as the schedule permits. These special Christmas Day games are in addition to standard primetime games on Christmas Day (such as Sunday Night Football and Monday Night Football in years in which Christmas Day lands on those days). With December 25 landing on a Monday in , the league scheduled another tripleheader, once again consisting of national CBS and Fox games, along with Monday Night Football. For the second consecutive season, Nickelodeon will air an alternate, youth-oriented broadcast of CBS's game.

All-time results

1971 Divisional Round

Regular season

Christmas Day standings
By franchise (through the 2022 games)

References

Christmas
Christmas in the United States
Christmas events and celebrations


The Reformation  was a major movement from Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in part to papal authority. The Reformation was the start of Protestantism and the Western Church, the Latin Church, remained the Catholic Church. There were several denominations looking at different ways to conduct Christian worship and Christian life. Among these were the Magisterial reformers and the  Radical reformers.

The Magisterial Reformation "denotes the Lutheran, Calvinist [Reformed], and Anglican churches" and how these denominations "related to secular authorities, such as princes, magistrates, or city councils", i.e. "the magistracy". While the Radical Reformation (that led to the Anabaptist Churches) rejected any secular authority over the Church, the Magisterial Reformation argued for the interdependence of the church and secular authorities, i.e. "The magistrate had a right to authority within the church, just as the church could rely on the authority of the magistrate to enforce discipline, suppress heresy, or maintain order."

In addition, the term magister relates to the emphasis on authoritative teachers. The theological schools that are collectively known as Magisterial Protestants include the Lutheran, Reformed, and Anglican traditions of Christianity.

The major reformers representing the Magisterial reformation were Luther, Zwingli and Calvin, as well as John Knox.
The Magisterial Reformers believed that secular authority should be followed, where it did not clash with Biblical commands. An example of this was seen in the Peasant’s Rebellion of 1525 which Luther originally supported, but later condemned when it turned violent.

References

Protestant Reformation
Christian terminology


Suzanne Elder (née Lagershausen) is a Chicago community activist and public health leader who has worked on school, health care, and community issues. Elder is also noted for her candidacy in the 2008 Democratic primary where she challenged the party's practice of preselection in lieu of election.

Education and activism
Elder earned a master's degree in Public Policy from the University of Chicago, where she was appointed Health Policy Analyst for the Institute of Policy Research at the Harris School of Public Policy Studies and co-authored a study on the impact of state Medicaid rules on access to abortion.

A community organizer in Uptown, who once worked with the Organization of the North East ("O.N.E."), Elder's activism took a personal turn in 2006 when her young daughter was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. Forced to quit her job to provide the basic care her daughter needed to stay in school, she soon recognized that there were thousands of families like hers struggling with a demanding diagnosis and non-compliant school districts.

While attending second grade with her daughter, Elder built a statewide network of more than 3,000 affected families, and negotiated more than 200 Section 504 plans for families in crisis. She drafted legislation and secured support from key legislators including House Minority leader Rep. Tom Cross, the bill’s chief sponsor. Elder also partnered with Chicago-Kent law school to provide affected families pro-bono legal services The Care of Students with Diabetes Act (105 ILCS 145/1) became law in 2010. The legislation has since served as a model for other states.

After passage of the Act, Elder resumed her work in public health, focusing on health policy and programming and contributing to a number of committees, including the Governor’s task force on student health where she developed recommendations to decrease regulatory obstacles to implementing evidence-based health care practice and ensure students receive life-saving medication in the event of an emergency. Elder has been instrumental in developing other important state and local health policies, health programs, and health promotion campaigns. and works to raise awareness about chronic diseases and its impact on children and their families.

Political candidate
In November 2007, Elder announced her candidacy for the Illinois State Senate vacated seat of Carol Ronen. This north side district has a notorious reputation for pre-selecting its office holders rather than electing them and Ronen’s resignation was timed to keep the tradition alive. With just 7 days left to collect signatures, the Elder campaign collected and filed its nominating petitions, forcing the first contested primary in the district in nearly than forty years. Faced with an unexpected primary race, Ronen was forced to re-resign, changing the effective date of her resignation from January 2008 to after the primary election on February 5, 2008. Ronen went on to take a short but lucrative appointment with former Governor Rod Blagojevich but resigned for a third time after a brief 8-week appointment that increased Ronen’s lifetime pension benefits by more than $1 million.

Elder's campaign confronted pension spiking ploys by elected officials, pay-to-play politics, the abuse of tax increment financing (TIF) districts, and urged reform of Illinois tax structure. The pro-choice and pro-gay marriage stances of the Elder campaign also highlighted the differences between civil unions and marriage and attracted substantial attention in the LGBT community. Elder was endorsed by the Northside Chicago chapter of Democracy for America, an organization initially formed by former Howard Dean supporters which encourages grassroots Democrats to run for local, state, and federal office., the Independent Voters of Illinois-Independent Precinct Organization (IVI-IPO), National Organization for Women PAC, Americans for Democratic Action, the Illinois Coalition for Honest Government, but had little support from any current or past elected officials. Elder lost the February 5, 2008 primary to Heather Steans, a philanthropist, fundraiser, and political contributor who heavily supported Governor Blagojevich and had the support of most Democratic politicians and both daily Chicago newspapers. Elder was outspent 20:1, yet took more than 35 percent of the vote.

Elder and Steans later joined forces to pass anti-discrimination legislation. They faced formidable opposition from the state's powerful teachers' unions and others to secure the support needed to pass the Care of Students with Diabetes Act (P.A. 96-1485) and override Governor Quinn's amendatory veto.

References

Living people
Activists from Chicago
American political activists
American health activists
University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Diocese of Canarias or Diocese Canariense-Rubicense () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in the Canary Islands in the Ecclesiastical province of Seville in Spain. The dioceses includes the islands of Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Oriental Province). However, it does not include the whole archipelago, since the Diocese of Tenerife (or Nivariense) includes the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. For this reason, the use of the name of the archipelago is currently a very controversial topic in the Canary Islands. It has recently emerged between the society of Lanzarote the desire to recover the diocesan headquarters of San Marcial del Rubicón.

History
 1351: Established as Diocese of Islas Canarias from the Diocese of Majorca
 1354: Suppressed
 1369: Restored as Diocese of Telde
 1393: Suppressed
 1406: Restored as Diocese of Rubicon
 1424: Established as Diocese of Fuerteventura
 1431: Suppressed
 1485: Renamed as Diocese of Canarias
 1819: Establishing the Diocese of Tenerife, which happens to encompass the western province of the Canary Islands

Special churches

 Minor Basilicas:
 Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pino, Teror, Canarias

Ordinaries

Diocese of Rubicón
Erected: 7 July 1406
 Fernando Calvetos, c. 1434-1436
Francisco Moya (bishop), O.F.M. (26 Sep 1436 Appointed – 1441))
...
Juan de Frías (1474–1485 Died)

Diocese of Canaries
Name Changed: 1485
Miguel López de la Serna, O.F.M. (29 Mar 1486 – 1490 Died)
. . .
Diego de Muros (27 Jun 1496 – 1507 Died)
Pedro López Ayala (20 Oct 1507 – Feb 1513 Died)
Fernando Vázquez de Arce (20 May 1513 – 1520 Died)
Luis Cabeza de Vaca (11 Mar 1523 – 22 Jun 1530, Appointed, Bishop of Salamanca)
Pedro Fernández Manrique (22 Jun 1530 – 14 Dec 1530 Appointed, Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo)
Juan de Salamanca, O.P. (6 Mar 1531 – 1538 Died)
Alonso Ruiz de Virués, O.S.B. (12 Aug 1538 – 19 Jan 1545 Died)
Antonio de la Cruz (bishop), O.F.M. (7 Dec 1545 – 1550 Died)
Francisco de la Cerda Córdoba, O.P. (19 Jan 1551 – 14 Nov 1551 Died)
Melchor Cano, O.P. (12 Sep 1552 – 1554 Resigned)
Diego Deza Tello (30 Apr 1554 – 26 Apr 1566 Appointed, Bishop of Coria)
Bartolomé Torres (bishop) (15 May 1566 – 1 Feb 1568 Died)
Juan Alzóloras (Arzolaras), O.S.H. (17 Sep 1568 – 7 May 1574 Died)
Cristóbal Vela Tavera (15 Dec 1574 – 27 May 1580 Appointed, Archbishop of Burgos)
Fernando Rueda (22 Jun 1580 – 17 Jun 1585 Died)
Fernando Suárez de Figueroa (22 Jun 1587 – 26 Mar 1597 Appointed, Bishop of Zamora)
Francisco Martínez de Cenicero (14 Apr 1597 – 13 Aug 1607 Appointed, Bishop of Cartagena (en España))
Francisco de Sosa, O.F.M. (3 Sep 1607 – 1610 Resigned)
Juan Nicolás Valdés de Carriazo (26 Apr 1610 – 10 Oct 1611 Appointed, Bishop of Guadix)
Lope Velasco Valdivieso (14 Nov 1611 – 29 Oct 1613 Died)
Antonio Corrionero (6 Oct 1614 – 17 May 1621 Appointed, Bishop of Salamanca)
Pedro Herrera Suárez, O.P. (7 Jun 1621 – 27 Jun 1622 Confirmed, Bishop of Tui)
Juan Guzmán (archbishop), O.F.M. (11 Jul 1622 – 6 Oct 1627 Appointed, Archbishop of Tarragona)
Cristóbal de la Cámara y Murga (15 Nov 1627 – 7 May 1635 Appointed, Bishop of Salamanca)
Francisco Sánchez Villanueva y Vega (9 Jul 1635 – 1651 Resigned)
Rodrigo Gutiérrez de Rojas (3 Jul 1651 – 14 Dec 1658 Died)
Juan Vande-Escarth y Briceño (loannes de Toledo), O.S.H. (9 Jun 1659 – 12 Jan 1665 Appointed, Bishop of León)
Bartolomé García Jiménez y Rabadán (16 Mar 1665 – 14 Jun 1690 Died)
Bernardo de Vicuña Zuazo (12 Nov 1691 – 31 Jan 1705 Died)
Juan Ruiz y Simón (22 Feb 1706 – 6 Jun 1712 Died)
Lucas Conejero de Molina (28 May 1714 – 26 Jun 1724 Appointed, Archbishop of Burgos)
Félix Bernuy Zapata y Mendoza (20 Nov 1724 – 23 May 1730 Died)
Pedro Manuel Dávila y Cárdenas (6 Aug 1731 – 19 Dec 1738 Appointed, Bishop of Plasencia)
Juan Francisco Guillén (30 Sep 1739 – 15 Mar 1751 Appointed, Archbishop of Burgos)
Valentín Moran Menéndez, O. de M. (15 Mar 1751 – 20 May 1761 Resigned)
Francisco Javier Delgado y Venegas (25 May 1761 – 19 Dec 1768 Appointed, Bishop of Sigüenza)
Juan Bautista Cervera, O.F.M. Disc. (12 Jun 1769 – 12 May 1777 Appointed, Bishop of Cádiz)
Joaquín Herrera Bárcena, O. Cist. (1 Mar 1779 – 4 Dec 1783 Died)
Antonio Martínez de la Plaza (14 Feb 1785 – 29 Nov 1790 Appointed, Bishop of Cádiz)
Antonio Tavira Almazán (11 Apr 1791 – 27 Jun 1796 Appointed, Bishop of Osma)
Manuel Verdugo Albiturría (27 Jun 1796 – 7 Jul 1818 Died)
Manuel Bernardo Morete Bodelón (27 Sep 1824 – 21 Mar 1825 Confirmed, Bishop of Astorga)
Fernando Cano Almirante, O.F.M. (19 Dec 1825 – 22 Sep 1826 Died)
Bernardo Martínez Carnero (21 May 1827 – 26 Jan 1833 Died)
Judas José Romo y Gamboa (20 Jan 1834 – 17 Dec 1847 Confirmed, Archbishop of Sevilla)
Buenaventura Codina y Augerolas, C.M. (17 Dec 1847 – 18 Nov 1857 Died)
Joaquín Lluch y Garriga, O.C.D. (27 Sep 1858 – 13 Mar 1868 Appointed, Bishop of Salamanca)
José María de Urquinaona y Vidot (22 Jun 1868 – 15 Jul 1878 Appointed, Bishop of Barcelona)
José Proceso Pozuelo y Herrero (28 Feb 1879 – 26 Jun 1890 Appointed, Bishop of Segovia)
José Cueto y Díez de la Maza, O.P. (1 Jun 1891 – 17 Aug 1908 Died)
Adolfo Pérez y Muñoz (29 Apr 1909 – 18 Jul 1913 Appointed, Bishop of Badajoz)
Ángel Marquina y Corrales (18 Jul 1913 – 6 Sep 1922 Appointed, Bishop of Guadix)
Miguel de los Santos Serra y Sucarrats (14 Dec 1922 – 16 Jan 1936 Appointed, Bishop of Segorbe)
Antonio Victor Pildáin y Zapiáin (18 May 1936 – 15 Dec 1966 Retired)
José Antonio Infantes Florido (20 Jul 1967 – 25 May 1978 Appointed, Bishop of Córdoba)
Ramón Echarren Istúriz (27 Nov 1978 – 26 Nov 2005 Retired)
Francisco Cases Andreu (26 Nov 2005 – 6 Jul 2020 Retired)
José Mazuelos Pérez (6 Jul 2020 - )

See also
Roman Catholicism in Spain

References

External links
  Diocese website
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

Roman Catholic dioceses in the Canary Islands
Religious organizations established in the 1350s
Religious organizations established in the 1360s
Religious organizations established in the 1400s
Dioceses established in the 15th century
Roman Catholic dioceses established in the 14th century
1406 establishments in Europe


Paul Zielinski (20 November 1911 – 20 February 1966) was a German football player who participated in the 1934 FIFA World Cup.

Club career
Zielinski played club football with SV Union Hamborn, LSV Markersdorf and Rapid Kassel.

International career
Zielinski won 15 caps for the German national team in the mid-1930s.

References

External links

1911 births
1966 deaths
German men's footballers
Germany men's international footballers
1934 FIFA World Cup players
1. FC Bocholt managers
Men's association football midfielders
German football managers


Aleksandr Erminingeldovich Arbuzov (; 12 October 1877 – 22 January 1968) was a Russian Empire and Soviet chemist who discovered the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction.

A native of Bilyarsk, Arbuzov studied in the Kazan University under Alexander Zaytsev. He graduated in 1900 and became professor at the same university in 1911. After World War II he was put in charge of the Soviet Institute of Organic Chemistry.

Arbuzov was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1943.

In addition to his scientific research, Arbuzov also wrote A Brief Sketch of the Development of Organic Chemistry in Russian (1948).

References

Further reading

1877 births
1968 deaths
People from Tatarstan
People from Spassky Uyezd (Kazan Governorate)
Chemists from the Russian Empire
Inventors from the Russian Empire
Soviet chemists
Soviet inventors
20th-century chemists
Kazan Federal University alumni
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Burials at Arskoe Cemetery


Guy Molesworth Kindersley (28 February 1876 – 30 November 1956) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom who represented Hitchin, Hertfordshire.

Kindersley was the son of Edward Nassau Molesworth Kindersley and his wife Ada Good Murray and brother of Lord Kindersley. He was educated at Windlesham House School and Marlborough College. He became a stockbroker and was a Major in the army. In the 1923 general election he was elected as MP for Hitchin and retained the seat in 1924. He inadvertently played a major part in this Conservative victory. He was explosively anti-Communist and was used in the matter of the Zinoviev letter. A former MI5 agent and a director of a City company, took the forged letter to Kindersley, his "trusted friend in the City", just before the 1924 election. Kindersley, unaware of the plot, took the letter to the Daily Mail, and its publication is said to have had devastating results for the Labour Party at the 1924 election.

Kindersley retained the safe seat in the 1929 general election. Harold Macmillan, later Prime Minister, had lost his seat at that election and was looking at Hitchin as a safer seat, knowing that Kindersley was planning to retire. However Macmillan wrote a letter of support for Oswald Mosley and an attack on the Baldwin government because it would not implement a programme of public works to tackle unemployment. Kindersley told him not to do it again, and when Macmillan refused to back down, Kindersley announced he would fight the seat again, thus scuppering Macmillan's chances. In the event he did resign his seat at 1931 general election (and Macmillan was returned at his old seat at Stockton).

Kindersley married Kathleen Agnes Rhoda Elton 21 Jan. 1905. She was the daughter of  the Arts and Crafts potter Sir Edmund Elton. Their son David Kindersley became an engraver and script designer.

References
Francis Beckett Macmillan 2006 Haus Publishing

External links
 Portrait in the National Gallery Collection
  Letter about the Zinoviev letter The Independent 11 February 1999

1876 births
1956 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
Guy
People educated at Windlesham House School
People educated at Marlborough College


Joseph or Joe Russell may refer to:

Joseph Russell (judge) (1702–1780), chief justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court
Joseph Russell (shipbuilder) (1786–1855), Scottish-Canadian businessman
Joseph Russell (New York politician) (1800–1875), U.S. Representative from New York
Joseph J. Russell (1854–1922), U.S. Representative from Missouri
Joseph E. Russell (1864–1940), Wisconsin State Assemblyman, farmer, and teacher
Joseph Russell (Canadian politician) (1868–1925), Toronto businessman and politician
Joe Russell (footballer) (1898–1976), Australian football player
Joe Russell (tennis) (born 1961), American tennis player
Joe Russell (backgammon), American backgammon player

See also
Jo Russell (born 1970), English DJ


The Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna (), also called Diocese of Tenerife or Diocese Nivariense, is a diocese located in the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna in the Canary Islands and a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the Archdiocese of Sevilla in Spain. The diocese includes the islands of Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro, in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The bishop of this diocese is Bernardo Álvarez Afonso.

History

Evangelizing missions
The arrival of Christianity to the western islands of the Canaries took place (as in the eastern islands) before the complete conquest of the archipelago and its incorporation into the Crown of Castile held in 1496 with the conquest of the island of Tenerife. Christianization was motivated basically as preparation for the subsequent conquest.

In this work the Normans missionary friars and then Catalan and Majorcan (especially Franciscans and Dominicans) who settled first in the eastern islands where even founded bishoprics and from where they began to evangelize the Westerners occupied. These, (as will happen later in America) accompanied the conquistadores in their mission to convert and catechize the aboriginals guanches, which like other ancient peoples had their own religion. Perhaps in this respect, the Christianization undertaken by the friar and missionary Alfonso de Bolaños, dubbed the "Apostle of Tenerife", stands out among the guanches, about 30 years before the conquest of it.

After the conquest these cults or syncretic be eradicated and replaced by the Catholic religion. The presence of Christian elements in the western islands of the Canaries in the period before the conquest is a palpable fact, example of this is the presence in two of these islands marianas images that reach great notoriety throughout the entire archipelago: The Virgin of Candelaria in Tenerife (Patron Saint of the Canary Islands) and the Virgen de las Nieves (Patron Saint of La Palma). It is believed that these images have been brought to these islands by missionaries Catalan or Majorcan a century before being revered by Aborigines since.

Recently in Tenerife a Christian cross was found engraved in the rock and oriented to the sun, in a Guanche site in the municipality of Buenavista del Norte. This symbol was found in a megalith used for fecundity rituals and as a solar calendar. This finding highlights the supposed knowledge that the aborigines had of Christianity.

After the conquest
The origins of creating a diocese based in Tenerife has its home since shortly after the conquest of the Canaries, it was the same Alonso Fernández de Lugo (conqueror of Tenerife) who in 1513 asked the Court to the island of Tenerife had an Episcopal see, calling for it to move the diocesan headquarters Canary Islands of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria to San Cristóbal de La Laguna.

A short time later after the conquest of the Canary Islands, Tenerife quickly became the most populated island of the archipelago and San Cristóbal de La Laguna in the most important town in the Canary Islands. Fernández de Lugo, who had received the title of «Primer Adelantado de las Islas Canarias» by the Kings of Spain wished therefore raise the ecclesiastical rank of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, a city he founded and where his residence was located.

At that time, was still fresh the transfer of the Episcopal see of the Canary Islands to the city of Las Palmas on the island of Gran Canaria, home initially was in San Marcial del Rubicón in the south of the island of Lanzarote (by being this first conquered the island). However the idea of moving the bishopric to the city of La Laguna was not prospered. The reasons for the refusal were based primarily on the fact that it had already begun to build and expand the new Cathedral of Santa Ana in Las Palmas, the oligarchy of Gran Canaria wanted to have some stability and independence of the governing authorities of the Canary Islands that were based in the La Laguna.

Soon after, he attempted to share the diocesan headquarters between Las Palmas and La Laguna but that idea did not prosper. In 1515 the then only municipality of Tenerife (with Fernández de Lugo in the lead) took the founding act of the Church of Our Lady of Remedies (now La Laguna Cathedral) to convey to the court the need for residence in Tenerife from members of the Cathedral chapter of Canaries, which had it based in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. On 19 November 1517 the council again sent to the Court a letter in similar terms which were ratified in the earlier decision, which did not reach any positive response. Subsequently, requests for creation of a diocese stated that its jurisdiction should cover the western islands of the Canaries.

In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries there will be a boom of contemplative and religious life. At this time born in Tenerife: Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur and José de Anchieta, the two native saints of the Canary Islands. Both were two of the greatest missionaries in Latin America. Another important religious figure born at the time was the Servant of God Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, whose body remains uncorrupted.

In 1783 he again requested the erection of a diocese in San Cristóbal de La Laguna (so that it encompasses the western islands of the Canary Islands), which was taken with great suspicion by members of the Cathedral Chapter and Bishop, preventing him ecclesiastical institutions based in Gran Canaria.

Creation of the diocese

In 1818, the clergy and the authorities of Tenerife requested again the creation of the Diocese to the Holy See (this time with the support of King Ferdinand VII of Spain) in a document called Instruction of the Chamber of Castile, having a favorable response of Pope. In this role it played an important role the priest Cristóbal Bencomo y Rodríguez, confessor of King Ferdinand VII and Titular Archbishop of Heraclea.

On February 1, 1819 a papal bull of Pope Pius VII approved the division of the bishopric of the Canary Islands in two dioceses. Finally, between February and December 1819 this diocese is created, since previously the Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias was administering the entire archipelago.

The Pope Pius VII in establishing the diocese determines that Bula fundamental aspects of the organization of the same; the cathedral headquarters is the Parish of Our Lady of Remedies of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, that the diocese is formed by the four western islands of the Canary Islands (El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera and Tenerife), the official name the diocese is the same as the city where it is based, that the documents concerning the diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna deposited with the secretary of the curia of Las Palmas should be transferred to the new diocese, the diocese and its cathedral are suffragan of the Archdiocese of Seville, and the patronage of the new diocese is established as follows: The Our Lady of Remedies main patron of the cathedral and the diocese, and St. Ferdinand III of Castile and St. Elizabeth of Aragon like the saints small employers the same.

As a result of the Concordat of 1851, the suppression of several Spanish dioceses that had been recently created, including the Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna which should be annexed to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias is established. The Cathedral Chapter of Canaries yet positioned against such a measure defending the independence of the Diocese of Tenerife. Subsequently, the Vatican requires that one of the diocese condemned to disappear remains. For this reason it establishes the conservation and restoration of the diocese of Tenerife. After several failed attempts to appoint a bishop, Mr. Ildefonso Joaquín Infante y Macías was appointed in 1877.

Nowadays
The current bishop, 12th of the Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna is Monsignor Bernardo Álvarez Afonso. The diocese has about 892,000 baptized in 2014. It is also the Canarian diocese has both more priests (255), as permanent deacons (6) and parishes (312).

Chronology
Chronology since the creation of the Diocese until today:

 On 1 February 1819: The Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna separates of till then the unique diocese of the archipelago the Diocese of Canarias.
 1875: is tried to join uselessly this diocese with the Diocese Canariense.
 1877: D. Ildefonso Infante y Macías, he is nominated A Bishop of the Diocese Nivariense.
 1959: the Missionary and Idente Missionaries foundation was founded in this diocese, composed of religious men and women, as well as secular missionaries, single or married.
 1964–1965: between October 1964 and January 1965, the Diocese of Tenerife conducted the largest pilgrimage took place in the history of the Canary Islands, the transfer of the image of the Virgin of Candelaria (Saint Patron of Canary Islands) for all municipalities and cities island of Tenerife.
 Between 1998 and 1999, the diocese held its first diocesan synod (Diocesan Synod Nivariense), focused primarily on understanding of Second Vatican Council, the entry into the third millennium of the birth of Christ with a spiritual renewal of the diocese and give the right answer profound social, political and cultural changes.
 2006: On 23 January, a fire finished with the Palace of the family Salazar of Cold (Counts of Salazar's Valley) that up to the moment was sedate her episcopal. It was a building of the 17th century, though until the end of the 19th century it was not the bishop's residence. It was rebuilt in 2009.
 2019: On February 1 this year marked the 200th anniversary of the creation of the diocese with religious and cultural events between 2019 and 2020.

Saint patrons

The principal patron saint of the diocese is the Virgin of Los Remedios. Smaller patron saints are St. Ferdinand III of Castile and St. Elizabeth of Portugal. The patron saint of the Canary Islands is the Virgin of Candelaria, whose shrine belongs to this diocese. St. Saint Christopher is the titular saint (non-patron saint) of the Diocese because it bears the name of the city, and therefore includes the name of this saint.

The patronage of the islands of this Diocese is as follows:

 Patroness of the island of Tenerife: Our Lady of Los Remedios.
 Patroness of the island of La Gomera: Our Lady of Guadalupe.
 Patroness of the island of La Palma: Our Lady of the Snows.
 Patroness of the island of El Hierro: Our Lady of the Kings.

Saint patron saint of the islands:

 St. Michael (Patron of the islands of La Palma and Tenerife).
 St. Sebastian (Patron of La Gomera).
 St. Augustine of Hippo (Patron of El Hierro).

Festivities
The own and official Liturgical Calendar of the diocese, approved by the Apostolic See includes the following festivities:

 February 2: Festivity of Our Lady the Virgin of Candelaria, patron saint of the Canary Islands – Solemnity.
 April 24: Festivity of Saint Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur, layperson – Feast.
 June 9: Festivity of Saint José de Anchieta, priest – Feast.
 July 15: Festivity of the Blessed Martyrs of Tazacorte, martyrs – Obligatory Memorial.
 July 27: Festivity of Saint Christopher, titular saint of the diocese, martyr – Solemnity.
 September 6: Festivity of the dedication of the Cathedral of San Cristóbal de La Laguna – Solemnity (in the cathedral), Feast (in the diocese).

Pastoral division

In its internal organization the diocese is divided into 17 arciprestazgos (deaneries), to the front of which is an archpriest who is in charge of administering it, attending to the requests of the clergy and watching over the care of the cult. The arciprestazgos are distributed between the different islands:

In Tenerife:

 Arciprestazgo de Icod
 Arciprestazgo de Isora
 Arciprestazgo de Güímar
 Arciprestazgo de Granadilla
 Arciprestazgo de La Cuesta
 Arciprestazgo de La Laguna
 Arciprestazgo de La Orotava
 Arciprestazgo de La Salud
 Arciprestazgo de Ofra
 Arciprestazgo de Taco
 Arciprestazgo de Tacoronte
 Arciprestazgo de Tegueste
 Arciprestazgo de Santa Cruz de Tenerife

In La Palma:

 Arciprestazgo de Los Llanos de Aridane
 Arciprestazgo de Santa Cruz de La Palma

The islands of La Gomera and El Hierro have one archpriest each for the entire island territory:

 Arciprestazgo de La Gomera
 Arciprestazgo de El Hierro

Iglesia Nivariense

Iglesia Nivariense (Church Nivariense) is a religious magazine published by the Diocese of Tenerife.  The publication deals with the religious celebrations of the diocese and related religious topics.

Also it publishes for other islands that shape the diocese: La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro.
In the magazine there do not appear sections of politics, economy or sports. It is published especially to distribute it in the parishes and churches of the Diocese of Tenerife.

The slogan of this magazine is a "Publication of the Diocese of Tenerife".

Special churches
 Cathedral of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife.
 Basilica of Candelaria, Candelaria, Tenerife.
 Iglesia Matriz de la Concepción, La Laguna, Tenerife.
 Real Santuario del Santísimo Cristo de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife.
 Real Santuario de Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, Santa Cruz de La Palma, La Palma.
 Iglesia Matriz de la Concepción, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife.
 Iglesia del Salvador, Santa Cruz de La Palma, La Palma.
 Iglesia de la Asunción, San Sebastián de La Gomera, La Gomera.
 Iglesia de la Concepción, Valverde, El Hierro.
 Iglesia del Apóstol Santiago, Los Realejos, Tenerife.

Leadership

 Luis Antonio Folgueras y Sión (24 Jun 1824 – 17 Jan 1848)
 Ildefonso Joaquín Infante y Macías, O.S.B. (20 Mar 1877 – 14 January 1882)
 Jacinto María Cervera y Cervera (27 Mar 1882 – 21 Jul 1885)
 Ramón Torrijos y Gómez (25 Nov 1887 – 21 May 1894)
 Nicolás Rey y Redondo (21 May 1894 Appointed – 5 Sep 1917)
 Gabriel Llompart y Jaume Santandreu (17 May 1918 – 27 Jun 1922)
 Albino González y Menédez Reigada, O.P. (18 Dec 1924 – 18 Feb 1946)
 Domingo Pérez Cáceres (28 Apr 1947 – 1 Aug 1961)
 Luis Franco Cascón, C.SS.R. (19 Feb 1962 – 18 Oct 1983)
 Damián Iguacén Borau (14 Aug 1984 – 12 Jun 1991)
 Felipe Fernández García (12 Jun 1991 – 29 Jun 2005)
 Bernardo Álvarez Afonso (began 29 June 2005)

Saints and Blesseds

The Diocese of Tenerife has saints, blesseds, venerables and servants of God of popular devotion, among them:

 Saints:
 Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur (1626–1667), missionary in Guatemala and first saint of the Canary Islands.
 José de Anchieta (1534–1597), saint and missionary in Brazil.
 Blesseds:
 Martyrs of Tazacorte. In various parts of Portugal and Spain – (deceased in 1570). Monks and missionaries martyred off the coast of La Palma where they enjoy great veneration especially in Tazacorte, although none of them were themselves born in the Canary Islands it has included among the blessed of the archipelago.
 Venerables and Servants of God:
 María de León Bello y Delgado (1643–1731), nun and mystic, whose body remains incorrupt.
 Fray Juan de Jesús (1615–1687), Franciscan friar.
 Sister María de San Antonio Lorenzo y Fuentes (1665–1741), Dominican nun.
 Sister María Justa de Jesús (1667–1723), Franciscan nun and mystic.
 José Torres Padilla (1811–1878). Religious.

See also
 Roman Catholicism in Spain

References

External links

 Web site of the Diocese of Tenerife
 Iglesia Nivariense (Magazine)
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy


CaRMetal is an interactive geometry program which inherited the C.a.R. engine. The software has been created by Eric Hakenholz, in Java. CaRMetal is free, under GNU GPL license. It keeps an amount of functionality of C.a.R. but uses a different graphical interface which purportedly eliminates some intermediate dialogs and provides direct access to numerous effects. Constructions are done using a main palette, which contains some useful construction shortcuts in addition to the standard compass and ruler tools. These include perpendicular bisector, circle through three points, circumcircular arc through three points, and conic section through five points. Also interesting are the loci, functions, parametric curves, and implicit plots. Element thickness, color, label, and other attributes (including the so-called magnetic property) can be set using a separate panel.

CaRMetal also supports a configurable restricted construction palette and has assignment capabilities, which use an apparently unique feature called Monkey. CaRMetal has a scripting language (JavaScript) which allows the user to build rather complex figures like fractals. CaRMetal has several locales including French, English, Spanish, German, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese and Arabic.

Didactic interest

Anticipation

When one chooses a tool like the parallel to a line through a point, or a circle, the intended object appears in yellow color and follows the mouse movements. This allows the user to make conjectures even before the construction is finished. This constant interaction between the pupil and the object of experimentation is in phase with modern theories about didactics and, in this view, CaRMetal is intended to be used by students.

Amodality

The windows which show the history, the tools palette, the properties of the selected object are around the figure and never above it. These windows are not modal windows in the sense that they never hide the construction. For example, whenever the user wants to change the color of a polygon, he sees the new color immediately.

Transformations

When a transformation (for example a macro) has been defined, such that it transforms points into points, this transformation can also be applied to curves. Once again, this allows the learning subject to see the properties of the transformation at a glance, even before the transformation has actually been applied.

Assignments

The workbooks (see below) can be exported as HTML files, with a restricted tools palette (for example, leaving only the intersection and circle tools lets the pupil make compass-only construction). To create an assignment, the teacher chooses the initial objects, the objects to be created by the pupil, and writes a text explaining what is to be done. Since 2010, when the pupil has finished the construction and wants to test it, random variations are tested (with a tool called Monkey) and a quality note is attributed to the pupil (actually, a percentage of the good constructions amongst the variations).

Macros

The macros can be organized in a hierarchy of folders, which make it easy to transform CaRMetal into a tool allowing to explore non-euclidean geometries.

Special features

Workbooks

Since 2010, CaRMetal uses a folder system allowing one to put several figures in one folder, called "workbook". It is easy to navigate between the sheets of a workbook, to duplicate a sheet (or figure), to merge several workbooks into one. CaRMetal allows one to include picture files and JavaScript files into a figure. The file extension of a figure is zir like in C.a.R. (by the way, there is much compatibility between both software) and the file structure is a meta-description of the figure in the XML language. But a workbook is saved as a zipped folder containing all the zir figures, plus the included pictures (GIF, JPEG or PNG) and a preferences file.

Numeric display

It is possible to convert any numerical measure of the figure into text, for display purposes. For example, if a segment called 's1' is 4.5 unit long, writing

"The length of the segment is %s1%"

creates a character string which displays as The length of the segment is 4.5. This character string can be included into the figure but also set as the alias of an object (for example s1) or the name of an expression. Of course when one of the extremities of the segment is moved with the mouse, the text is edited in real time. This is called a dynamic text.

CaRMetal uses HotEqn and JLatexMath which are LaTeX parsers, and it is possible to write LaTeX formulae inside text objects. For example, if poly1 is a square, and one wishes to find a circle which area is the same as the square's one, one can build a text expression like this:

"The radius of the circle would be $\sqrt{\frac{%poly1%}{\pi}}\simeq %sqrt(poly1/pi)%$"

This can give a text such as this:

The strength of this feature comes from the fact that it is possible to mix up dynamic texts with LaTeX formulae, getting dynamic LaTeX(when the size of the square changes, the display changes too)!

3D

CaRMetal allows the user to set some properties of the objects, like their color or the fact that they are visible or not, as conditional. Also each object can have a layer number. An important application of these features was the 2.5D mode of CaRMetal, emulating 3D geometry. Since the version 4.0 CaRMetal has a real 3D mode which comes up with a regular tetrahedron, a cube, a diamond and a regular dodecahedron. It is also possible to bind a point to the inside of a (3D) circle or polygon. This feature, inherited from C.a.R., is based on barycentric coordinates. Since the 4.1 version CaRMetal permits some turtle graphics (programmed in JavaScript) either in 2D or in 3D.

Magnetism

A point can be made magnetic with a distance and a list of objects it is attracted to whenever the point is sufficiently near one or several of these objects (sufficiently near means that the distance between them is less than the minimal distance which is a property of the point, and is measured in pixel units). For example, when a point is attracted to a finite set of points, which themselves are fixed, it can explore a finite geometry.

Network

Since 2013 there is the possibility to run one CaRMetal figure as server (typically, the teacher's one) and several as clients. Therefore, it is possible

 to send one's figure to the server
 for the server, to send a correct figure to a student who lost his, or cannot create it in the requested times
 to collect data, geometrical or not, within one single figure (the server's one)
 to manipulate the same figure at the same time, for several people who share their work
 to send and receive JavaScript programs (see below)
 to chat within a shared figure...

JavaScript inside CaRMetal

The script tool mixes up algorithmics and geometry. Such scripting tools exist also in DrGeo, Kig and Cinderella (software). To run a script, one clicks over the icon representing a traffic light. A script can be attached to one or several points, so that any movement of one of these points runs the script. This allows some kind of inverse kinematics much like with GeoLicia.

Variables

To create a geometric object in JavaScript it suffices to click on an icon representing the object. The JavaScript instruction appears in the editor, with predefined parameters. The user has then only to edit these, and does not have to use mnemotechnics. But when a geometric object is created, the variable which called the routine is really a character string, containing the name of the object.

For example,

a=Point(2,3);

creates a point, usually called P1 and the variable a contains the string "P1". This allows to refer to the point by its name. The coordinates of the point are initialized but the point can still move with the use of the mouse. It is also possible to create a point in procedural programming with

Point("A",2,3);

In this case, the name of the point is "A" (unless there be already an object called "A"), and no variable is set to the name "A".

Input-Output

To output a variable, there are four ways:
 Create an expression inside the figure (or display with a graphic mean such as an histogram);
 Print which opens a new window and prints the content of the variable in it;
 Println which also goes to the line;
 Alert which opens an alert window, which closes as soon as the user clicked on OK.

To input a variable, there is

 Input (you bet!) which opens an input window (with a text) and waits for the click on OK
 InteractiveInput which lets the user choose an object in the figure

This paradigm considers the variables of the program not necessarily as numeric or string variables but can act on graphic objects too. This is a common feature with Kig (but in this case, the language is Python (language)) and DrGeo (in this case, with Scheme (language)).

Strings

It is also possible to set the coordinates of a point as character strings written in the language of CaRMetal. For example, to have a point B which follows A except that B's coordinates are integer (to model a gaussian integer) one can write

a=Point("2.72","3.14");
b=Point("round(x_a)","round(y_a)");

Loops

As an example, the Sierpinski triangle can be built up as an iterated function system with this recursive script, which is rather short because of the already available graphic instructions such as MidPoint:

a=Point(-4,-2);
b=Point(4,-2);
c=Point(0,4);
m=Point(Math.random(),Math.random());
SetHide(m,true);
for(n=0;n<2000;n++){
	dice=Math.ceil(Math.random()*3);          //A 3-faces dice!
	switch(dice){
		case 1: {p=MidPoint(a,m); break;
		}
		case 2: {p=MidPoint(b,m); break;
		}
		case 3: {p=MidPoint(c,m); break;
		}
	}
	SetPointType(p,"point");
	m=p;
}

After the cloud of points has been built up (and even while the script is still running!) one can make A, B and C move with the mouse (or automatically with the Monkey): The triangle is dynamic!

JavaScript objects

CaRMetal can also use the JavaScript objects like

 arrays, useful to make statistics on geometric figures;
 date object, useful to measure time;
 String and RegExp objects, which make it easy to implement L-systems;
 General JavaScript objects can be used to create new geometric objects like complex numbers, matrices etc. This object-oriented programming works much like Kig's Python scripts, but as of today no one seems to have publish anything using that.

See also
 C.a.R.
 Compass-and-straightedge construction
 Interactive geometry software

References

 Vers des spécifications formelles : Fondements Mathématiques et Informatiques pour la Géométrie Dynamique, Bernard Genevès (PhD) PDF
Busser Alain. TP sous JavaScript avec CaRMetal. Bulletin de l’APMEP, 487 (2010), p. 191-199.
Busser Alain. Un an d’algorithmique avec CaRMetal en Seconde. MathémaTICE, 21 (2010) (online article: )
Martin Yves. Algorithmique et intégration des outils. Repères IREM, 79 (2010), p. 5-22.
Martin Yves. Géométrie repérée dynamique : une autre voie vers l’algébrisation ? MathémaTICE, 20 (2010) (available online: )
Martin Yves. Quand la géométrie dynamique rencontre la programmation. In Actes du colloque « Les mathématiciens et l’enseignement de leur discipline en France » (CIRM, Marseille/Luminy, 15-19 mars 2010) (video online: )
Martin Yves. CaRMetal, une géométrie dynamique enrichie. Expressions, 35 (2010), p. 165-272 PDF

External links
older CaRMetal website (through version 3.8.2, but with more  English explanation, much of which appears to remain valid)
 videos showing a truncated icosahedron's net, unfolded and dynamically constructed with JavaScript under CaRMetal

Free educational software
Free interactive geometry software
Java platform software


Lucky Lake (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Canaan No. 225 and Census Division No. 7. The Village is located at the junction of Highway 42, Highway 45 and Highway 646 approximately 90 km northeast of Swift Current, Saskatchewan.

History
Lucky Lake incorporated as a village on November 23, 1920.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lucky Lake had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Lucky Lake recorded a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a  change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016.

Economy
Agriculture and agriculture services constitute the largest component of the town's economy. Typical crops grown in the area include durum wheat, spring wheat, peas, lentils, and canola.  Flax, beans and mustard are also grown to a lesser extent.  Nearby Lake Diefenbaker provides water for irrigation so that additional crops such as potatoes can be grown.  Wild West Steelhead, is an aquaculture farm that raises Steelhead Trout in the lake.  The company employs many people in its operations that comprise the steps of egg incubation to the production of finished fillets.

In the past, the provincial government's efforts (via a partnership known as SPUDCO) to create a potato growing industry in the province led to local jobs being created to grow and package potatoes. SPUDCO eventually failed and the local potato growing industry has been slow to recover.

Attractions
 Palliser Regional Park
 Riverhurst Ferry

See also

 List of communities in Saskatchewan
 Villages of Saskatchewan
 Lucky Lake Airport

References

Villages in Saskatchewan
Canaan No. 225, Saskatchewan
Division No. 7, Saskatchewan


Laurence Robert Horn (born 1945) is an American linguist. He is professor emeritus of linguistics  in the department of linguistics at Yale University with specialties in pragmatics and semantics. He received his doctorate in 1972 from UCLA and formerly served as director of undergraduate studies, director of graduate studies, and chair of Yale's department of linguistics. In 2021, he served as president of the Linguistic Society of America.

Horn's primary research program lies in classical logic, lexical semantics, and neo-Gricean pragmatic theory. He mainly focused on the exploration of natural language negation and its relation to other operators.
His work in pragmatics, in particular his innovation in the theory of scalar implicature, is widely influential. He is one of the group known as radical pragmaticists in the 1970s (along with Jerrold Sadock and others) and is a veteran of the linguistics wars over generative semantics. The Horn scales are named after him (a pragmatically determined scale over which Gricean generalized conversational implicatures can be calculated). His 1989 book, A natural history of negation, is widely considered to be a masterpiece; in it, he lays out all the major topics concerning negation since Aristotle, and touches on negative polarity as well. Notable is his use of Aristotelian notions such as the Square of Oppositions, and syllogistic logic in a modern semantic/pragmatic setting.

Publications
 Horn, Laurence R., A Natural History of Negation, 1989; 2nd edn. 2001.
 Horn, Laurence R./ Ward, Gregory L., Handbook of Pragmatics, 2004.
 Kecskes, Istvan/ Horn, Laurence R., Explorations in Pragmatics, 2007.
 Horn, Laurence R., The Expression of Negation, 2010.

Notes

External links
Laurence Horn's homepage

Yale University faculty
Living people
Linguists from the United States
1945 births
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
20th-century linguists
21st-century linguists
Linguistic Society of America presidents


Reginald R. Gross (born January 1962) is an American convicted murderer and former professional boxer who competed from 1982 to 1988. His most notable wins were a first round knockout of future long-time IBF world Light-Heavyweight champion "Prince" Charles Williams, as well as upsets of undefeated Smokin' Bert Cooper (TKO8) and outstanding amateur and 16-0 pro Jimmy Clark (TKO9).

He was most famously stopped in one round by Mike Tyson, in an exciting but brief bout where he took the fight to the feared contender. He also suffered losses to Frank Bruno and Jesse Ferguson.

His final fight was in June 1988, on the Tyson/Spinks undercard, where he lost to Donovan Ruddock in the second round.

Conviction and imprisonment
In 1989, he was arrested and convicted for three contract killings. He is currently serving his three life sentences with two of them consecutive with the initial part of his sentence served at the maximum security prison in Edgefield, South Carolina.

When interviewed in 2008 Gross was incarcerated at the US Penitentiary, Hazelton and had a 2014 parole hearing planned.

In September 2019, Gross petitioned the US Court of Appeals as he believed that he was eligible for mandatory release after thirty years, as his crimes occurred before the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 came into effect. The Court found in favor of the Bureau of Prisons, who argued that because he is serving two consecutive life sentences, he would in fact need to serve thirty years on each of his two life sentences before being eligible for mandatory parole.

As of 2023 Gross was incarcerated at MCFP Springfield in Missouri with a release date of November 1, 2048.

Professional boxing record

|-
|align="center" colspan=8|19 Wins (14 knockouts, 5 decisions), 8 Losses (5 knockouts, 3 decisions)
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Donovan Ruddock
|TKO
|2
|27/06/1988
|align=left| Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Harry Terrell
|KO
|2
|06/01/1988
|align=left| Baltimore Arena, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Adilson Rodrigues
|PTS
|10
|11/10/1987
|align=left| Araraquara, Brazil
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Frank Bruno
|TKO
|8
|30/08/1987
|align=left| Nueva Andalucia Bullring, Marbella, Spain
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Mike Tyson
|TKO
|1
|13/06/1986
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Henry Tillman
|UD
|10
|04/03/1986
|align=left| Resorts Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Bert Cooper
|TKO
|8
|31/01/1986
|align=left| Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Hector Rodriguez
|TKO
|3
|28/06/1985
|align=left| Scranton, Pennsylvania
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Jimmy Clark
|TKO
|9
|08/03/1985
|align=left| Catholic Youth Center, Scranton, Pennsylvania
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Jesse Ferguson
|TKO
|3
|20/09/1984
|align=left| The Sands, Atlantic City, New Jersey
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| James Reid
|PTS
|10
|06/09/1984
|align=left| Baltimore Civic Center, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Jack Johnson
|PTS
|10
|23/05/1984
|align=left| Pikesville, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Anthony Witherspoon
|TKO
|7
|11/04/1984
|align=left| Pikesville Armory, Pikesville, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Marcus Jackson
|TKO
|3
|27/02/1984
|align=left| The Sands, Atlantic City, New Jersey
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Franklin Otts
|KO
|1
|18/08/1983
|align=left| Baltimore Civic Center, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Abdul Hakim
|KO
|5
|27/06/1983
|align=left| Ocean City Convention Center, Ocean City, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Larry Lane
|PTS
|8
|05/05/1983
|align=left| Baltimore Civic Center, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Blufort Spencer
|TKO
|7
|08/04/1983
|align=left| Steelworkers Hall, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Charles Williams
|TKO
|1
|01/03/1983
|align=left| Baltimore Civic Center, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Fred Brown
|KO
|2
|16/12/1982
|align=left| Steelworkers Hall, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Ric Lainhart
|TKO
|6
|23/09/1982
|align=left| Steelworkers Hall, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Charles Price
|PTS
|6
|09/07/1982
|align=left| Baltimore Civic Center, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Sonny Crooms
|KO
|2
|24/06/1982
|align=left| Resorts Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Michael Statton
|PTS
|4
|17/05/1982
|align=left| Hilton Hotel, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| John Green
|KO
|1
|24/04/1982
|align=left| Richmond, Virginia
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Charles Roye
|PTS
|4
|23/01/1982
|align=left| Richmond, Virginia
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Blufort Spencer
|KO
|1
|07/01/1982
|align=left| Steelworkers Hall, Baltimore, Maryland
|align=left|
|}

Sources

External links

1962 births
Living people
Boxers from Baltimore
American sportspeople convicted of crimes
American people convicted of murder
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by South Carolina
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
People convicted of murder by South Carolina
American male boxers
Heavyweight boxers


Christon may refer to:

Places
Christon, Somerset, a village in Loxton, England
Christon Bank, a village in Northumberland, England

Surname
Lewis Christon (born 1989), English professional footballer
Phillip Christon (born 1961), American film director and screenwriter
Semaj Christon (born 1992), American professional basketball player
Shameka Christon (born 1982), American professional women's basketball player

Given name
Christon Gray (born 1986), American R&B singer and rapper
Christon Tembo (1944-2009), Zambian politician and army commander


Psephite (Greek: psephos, "pebble") is either a sediment or sedimentary rock composed of fragments that are coarser than sand and which are enclosed in a matrix that varies in kind and amount. It is equivalent to a rudite. Shingle, gravel, breccia, and especially conglomerate, would all be considered psephites. It is equivalent to the Latin-derived term rudite. Psephite is more commonly used for a metamorphosed rudite.

Pettijohn  gives the following descriptive terms based on grain size, avoiding the use of terms such as "clay" or "argillaceous", which carry an implication of chemical composition:

References

Sedimentary rocks