The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ndola () is a diocese located in Ndola, the third largest city in Zambia.

History
 January 8, 1938: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Ndola from the Apostolic Prefecture of Broken Hill
 January 13, 1949: Promoted as Apostolic Vicariate of Ndola
 April 25, 1959: Promoted as Diocese of Ndola

Bishops
 Prefect Apostolic of Ndola (Roman rite)
 Fr. Francis Costantin Mazzieri, O.F.M. Conv. (1938 – 1949.01.13 see below)
 Vicar Apostolic of Ndola (Roman rite)
 Bishop Francis Costantin Mazzieri, O.F.M. Conv. (see above 1949.01.13 – 1959.04.25 see below)
 Bishops of Ndola (Roman rite)
 Bishop Francis Costantin Mazzieri, O.F.M. Conv. (see above 1959.04.25 – 1965.11.26)
 Bishop Nicola Agnozzi, O.F.M. Conv. (1966.02.01 – 1975.07.10), resigned; later appointed Bishop of Ariano, Italy
 Bishop Dennis Harold De Jong (1975.07.10 – 2003.09.17)
 Bishop Noel Charles O'Regan, S.M.A. (2004.10.01 - 2010.01.16)
 Bishop Alick Banda (2010.01.16 - 2018.01.30), appointed Archbishop of Lusaka and Apostolic Administrator here
 Bishop Benjamin S. Phiri (2020.07.03 - )

Coadjutor Bishop
Alick Banda (2009-2010)

Auxiliary Bishop
Nicola Agnozzi, O.F.M. Conv. (1962-1966), appointed Bishop here

Other priests of this diocese who became bishops
Alick Banda, appointed Bishop of Solwezi in 2007; later returned here as Coadjutor
Charles Joseph Sampa Kasonde, appointed Bishop of Solwezi in 2010

See also
Roman Catholicism in Zambia

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

Roman Catholic dioceses in Zambia
Christian organizations established in 1938
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
1938 establishments in Northern Rhodesia
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Lusaka


Estivareilles may refer to the following places in France:

 Estivareilles, Allier, a commune in the department of Allier
 Estivareilles, Loire, a commune in the department of Loire


Coddington is a civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England.

See also

Listed buildings in Coddington, Cheshire
St Mary's Church, Coddington

References

External links
Coddington & District community website

Villages in Cheshire
Civil parishes in Cheshire


Estivareilles (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France. It lies about 10 km north of Montluçon on the right-hand side of the Cher river. There is a Lavoir (a public washing basin), a lantern of the dead and a church from the nineteenth century.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

External links
 The official web site of the mayor of Estivareilles
 Estivareilles page at the National Geographical Institute (archived)

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Defiance is a 2008 American war film directed by Edward Zwick set during the occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany. The screenplay by Clayton Frohman and Zwick was based on Nechama Tec's 1993 book Defiance: The Bielski Partisans, an account of the eponymous group led by Polish Jewish brothers who saved and recruited Jews in Belarus during the Second World War. The film stars Daniel Craig as Tuvia Bielski, Liev Schreiber as Zus Bielski, Jamie Bell as Asael Bielski, and George MacKay as Aron Bielski.

Production began in early September 2007. After a limited release in the United States (e.g. Los Angeles and New York City) on December 31, 2008, it went into general release worldwide in January and February 2009.

Plot
In August 1941, Nazi Germany's  are sweeping through Eastern Europe systematically killing European Jews. Among the survivors not restricted to ghettoes are the Jewish Bielski brothers: Tuvia, Zus, Asael and Aron. Their parents are dead, killed by local  under orders from the German occupiers. The brothers flee to the Naliboki forest, vowing to avenge the deaths of their parents.

The brothers encounter other Jewish escapees hiding in the forest and take them under their protection and leadership. Tuvia kills the  chief responsible for his parents' deaths. Over the next year, they shelter a growing number of refugees, raiding local farms for food and supplies and moving their camp whenever they are discovered. The Bielski brothers stage raids on the Germans and their collaborators. Casualties cause Tuvia to reconsider this approach because of the risk to the hiding Jews. Rivalry between the two eldest brothers, Tuvia and Zus, fuels a disagreement between them about their future; as winter approaches Zus decides to leave the camp and join a local company of Soviet partisans, while his older brother, Tuvia, remains with the camp as their leader. An arrangement is made between the two groups in which the Soviet partisans agree to protect the Jewish camp in exchange for supplies.

After a winter of sickness, starvation, attempted mutiny and constant hiding, the camp learns that the Germans are about to attack them in force. The Soviets refuse to help and they evacuate the camp as  Stukas bomb them. A delaying force stays behind, led by Asael, to slow down the German infantry. The defense does not last long; only Asael and a camp member named Sofiya survive to rejoin the rest of the group, who, at the edge of the forest, are confronted with a seemingly impassable marsh. They cross the marsh with only one casualty but are immediately attacked by a German platoon supported by a Panzer III tank. Just as all seems lost, the Germans are assaulted from the rear by a partisan force led by Zus, who has deserted the Soviets to rejoin the group.

In the epilogue it is revealed that the survivors lived in the forest for another two years, building a hospital, a nursery and a school, growing to a total of 1,200 Jews. Original photographs of the participants are shown, including Tuvia in his uniform, and their fates are described: Asael was conscripted into the Red Army and killed in action, never getting to see the child he fathered; Tuvia, Zus and Aron survived the war and emigrated to the United States to form a trucking firm in New York City. The epilogue also states that the Bielski brothers never sought recognition for what they did and that the descendants of the people they saved now number in the tens of thousands.

Cast

Production
Zwick began writing a script for Defiance in 1999 after he acquired film rights to Tec's book. Zwick developed the project under his production company, the Bedford Falls Company, and the project was financed by the London-based company Grosvenor Park Productions with a budget of $32 million.

In May 2007, Daniel Craig was cast in the lead role. Paramount Vantage acquired the rights to distribute Defiance in the United States and Canada.  The following August, Liev Schreiber, Jamie Bell, Alexa Davalos, and Tomas Arana were cast.  Production began in early September 2007 so Craig could complete filming Defiance before moving on to reprising his role as James Bond in Quantum of Solace.

Defiance was filmed in three months in Lithuania, just across the border from Belarus. Co-producer Pieter Jan Brugge felt the shooting locations, between 150 and 200 kilometres from the actual sites, lent authenticity; some local extras were descended from families the group had rescued.

Reception

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes reports that 59% of critics gave the film a positive review based upon a sample of 189; the average score is 5.91/10. The site's consensus states: "Professionally made but artistically uninspired, Ed Zwick's story of Jews surviving WWII in the Belarus forest lacks the emotional punch of the actual history." At Metacritic the film has received an average score of 58/100 based on 34 reviews, which it assessed as mixed reviews.

Critic A. O. Scott of The New York Times called the film "stiff, musclebound". He said Zwick "wields his camera with a heavy hand, punctuating nearly every scene with emphatic nods, smiles or grimaces as the occasion requires. His pen is, if anything, blunter still, with dialogue that crashes down on the big themes like a blacksmith's hammer". Scott also said the film unfairly implied that "if only more of the Jews living in Nazi-occupied Europe had been as tough as the Bielskis, more would have survived". The review adds that "in setting out to overturn historical stereotypes of Jewish passivity ...(the film) ends up affirming them."
Zwick responded: "it is a tribute to honor and luck, and to help other people escape it is an honor. But the fact that you don't escape it is not a negative verdict on your honor."

The New Yorker critic David Denby praised the film, saying: "it makes instant emotional demands, and those who respond to it, as I did, are likely to go all the way and even come out of it feeling slightly stunned." Denby praised its performances, which he described as "a kind of realistic fairy tale set in a forest newly enchanted by the sanctified work of staying alive."

A review by Armchair General magazine cited the book Women in the Holocaust by Dalia Ofer and Lenore Weitzman, to argue that in reality the Bielskis were less egalitarian than the film suggests, and that "the fighters had the first pick among women for sexual partners."

Zwick responded to the criticism by saying that Defiance is not a simple fight between good and evil. He told The Times: "The Bielskis weren't saints. They were flawed heroes, which is what makes them so real and so fascinating. They faced any number of difficult moral dilemmas that the movie seeks to dramatise: Does one have to become a monster to fight monsters? Does one have to sacrifice his humanity to save humanity?"

Nechama Tec, on whose book the film is based, stated in an interview with Rzeczpospolita that she was initially shocked by the film, especially by the intense battle scenes including combat with a German tank. These never occurred in reality; the partisans tried to avoid combat and were focused on survival. She explained this as a concession by the producer in order to make the film more thrilling and obtain the necessary funding from Hollywood. Nevertheless, after seeing the film a number of times, Tec said that she was liking it "more and more". Zwick said Adolf Hitler sent two German divisions into the forest to search for the partisans, but they were unable to locate them.

The mention of ampicillin is an anachronism. In one scene, it is stated that there may be an epidemic of typhus, and that ampicillin (which was not discovered until 1958) is needed.

Poland
The Times and The Guardian reported that Poles fear "Hollywood has airbrushed out some unpleasant episodes from the story", such as the Bielski partisans' alleged affiliation with those Soviet partisans directed by the NKVD, who committed atrocities against Poles in eastern Poland, including the region where Bielski's unit operated. Gazeta Wyborcza reported six months before the film's release that "News about a movie glorifying [the Bielskis] have caused an uproar among Polish historians", who referred to the Bielskis as "Jewish-Communist bandits". The newspaper commented that it "departed from the truth on several occasions", including depicting pre-war Nowogrodek as a Belarusian town where "no one speaks Polish", "there are only good Soviet partisans and bad Germans", and "Polish partisans are missing from the film altogether".

According to The Guardian, the movie was booed at some cinemas and banned from others due to a "local perception that it is a rewriting of history and anti-Polish". On March 11, 2009, the Polish Embassy in London disputed the report, stating: "This embassy has been in touch with Defiance'''s only distributor in Poland, Monolith Plus, and we have been told that this film has not experienced any form of booing, let alone been banned by any cinemas." The wave of criticism against the film led to charges that the anger was fueled by antisemitism.

Belarus
Most reviewers from Belarus criticized the film for a complete absence of the Belarusian language and for the Soviet partisans singing a Belarusian folk song while they would more likely be singing Russian songs. "The word Belarusian is spoken out only three times in the movie", the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda v Belorussii wrote. Veterans of the Soviet partisan resistance in Belarus criticised the film for inaccuracies. Что в фильме про Джеймса Бонда в роли белорусского партизана правда, а что – вымысел? [What is true and what is invented in the film of James Bond as a Belarusian partisan?#93; Some reviews, as in Poland, criticised the film for ignoring the Bielski partisans' crimes against the local population.

Box officeDefiance made $128,000 during its two weeks of limited release in New York City and Los Angeles. It made $10 million during its first weekend of wide release in the United States, and by the end of its box office run, the film made approximately $52 million worldwide.

Accolades

On January 22, 2009, the film received a nomination for an Academy Award in the category of Best Original Score for its soundtrack by James Newton Howard. It was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for 2008.

See also

 List of Holocaust films
 Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
 In Darkness'' - a film dramatising Leopold Socha, a sewer worker in the then Polish city of Lwów, who sheltered Jews in the city's sewer system
 Koniuchy massacre
 Naliboki massacre

References

External links

 Defiance at Metacritic

 Defiance at Baltic Film Services
 Partisan Interviews at Interviews from the Underground (from "Defiance Movie" site resources)
 Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Daniel Craig from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

2008 films
Action films based on actual events
2000s English-language films
2000s Russian-language films
2000s war films
American war films
Eastern Front of World War II films
World War II films based on actual events
Films directed by Edward Zwick
Films set in Belarus
Films set in the 1940s
Films shot in Lithuania
Holocaust films
Paramount Vantage films
Films scored by James Newton Howard
2000s American films
Films about Jewish resistance during the Holocaust


Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 93 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCDC93 gene.

See also
 Coiled-coil

References

External links

Further reading


Hauterive (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


N-terminal EF-hand calcium-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NECAB2 gene.

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of NECAB2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Necab2tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists — at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice but no significant abnormalities were observed.

References

Further reading

Genes mutated in mice
EF-hand-containing proteins


Ramiz Jaraisy (, ; born October 24, 1951) is an Arab-Israeli politician and the former mayor of Nazareth.

Jaraisy was born to a Palestinian Christian family in Nazareth, Israel. He holds a BSc in mechanical engineering (1973) and an MSc in civil engineering (1978), both from the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. He established two Arab-Israeli student unions, first for the Technion, and subsequently a national chapter. Jaraisy is a Greek Orthodox Christian.

Jaraisy was first elected to the Nazareth City Council in 1978. Later he became deputy mayor under Tawfiq Ziad. After Ziad's death in 1994 he was elected mayor of Nazareth. He was beaten and succeeded by deputy mayor Ali Salam in 2014.

References

External links
Jaraisy biography

1951 births
Living people
Palestinian politicians
Arab politicians
Deputy mayors of places in Israel
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Palestine
Hadash politicians
Palestinian  Christians
Palestinian engineers
Mayors of Nazareth
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni


E. Wedel (pronunciation: ) is a Polish confectionery company, which has been producing a variety of chocolates, cakes, and snacks since 1851. Wedel is also a well-recognized brand of candy in Poland, considered to be the "Polish national chocolate brand" in that market, and is the leading candy brand among Polish producers with about 14% of the Polish market in 2005 and 11.7% in 2007.

In June 2010 Kraft Foods Inc sold Wedel to Lotte Group, a South Korean-Japanese conglomerate, as part of their enforced divestment program of certain parts of the Cadbury plc which it acquired in March 2010.

History

Founded in 1851 by Karl Ernst (Karol Ernest) Wedel (1813-1902), the company and its products became known in most of Central and Eastern Europe. The logo of the company is based on Emil Wedel's signature. His son Emil Albert Fryderyk Wedel (1841-1919) apprenticed in candy and chocolate factories in Western Europe before inheriting and expanding his father's business. His descendant Jan Wedel (d. 1960), the last member of the Wedel family to own the company, was considered "the Willy Wonka" of pre-war Poland. In 1894 the company moved its main factory to Szpitalna street in Warsaw. In 1930, during the time of the Great Depression, Jan Wedel opened a second factory in Praga, one of the most modern in the Second Polish Republic. The company was also known for its very generous social welfare policies. As one of the first in Europe, it had its own crèche, kindergarten, hospital and cafeteria, and rewarded its best employees with interest-free housing loans; its model was highly acclaimed by the Polish Socialist Party. Hence prior to World War II, Wedel became a successful private company, with shops in London and Paris.

Jan Wedel made plans for World War II, and the company managed to continue production during the first few years of the war; it also started producing basic foodstuffs such as bread for starving Warsaw, and was the site of the underground teaching. Despite the family's German ancestry Wedel refused to collaborate with the Germans, and did not sign the Volksliste; increasingly this led to him and his employees being persecuted by the Nazis. The war devastated Poland and the company; the buildings at Warsaw were destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising. After the war, Wedel rebuilt the factory, only to have the communist government nationalize the company. The Wedel plant itself was renamed '22 Lipca' (22 July) after the Communist 'Independence Day' (PKWN Manifesto), although even the communists chose to retain the Wedel brand name, with products bearing both the new and old logos (particularly as after 10 years of not using the logo, all attempts at exporting proved futile). The company was reprivatized in 1989 after the fall of communism in Poland. In 1991 it was bought by PepsiCo Foods and Beverages, at which time sales were about $50–$60 million. In 1995 sales exceeded $200 million. About 10% of the products are exported, primarily to the United Kingdom, United States and Canada. The Warsaw facility employed 1,100 workers in 1998.

Cadbury-Wedel Polska

Cadbury Schweppes made its initial investment in Poland in 1993, constructing a chocolate plant for its own products in Bielany Wrocławskie.

In 1999, Cadbury bought E. Wedel and the factory in Praga, from PepsiCo for US$76.5 million. The Praga factory was modernised in 2007, with investment in both new laboratories and office space, as well as a new production line for the brand's flagship product Ptasie Mleczko, a chocolate candy with a marshmallow like centre.

In 2007, as part of the Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone, Cadbury-Wedel Polska started building a £100m chewing gum plant in Skarbimierz. It presently produces brands such as Trident, Stimorol, V6, and Hollywood. The company also acquired rights to an additional  plot which in 2009 it started to develop as a new chocolate facility, which would take over production of brands previously made at the Somerdale Factory in Keynsham, Bristol from 2011. In 2008, Cadbury received the accolade of “Most Significant Investor in Poland” from the Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency.

In recent years the company has also branched out, opening a series of chocolate shops based on pre-war tradition.

Lotte ownership
In March 2010 Kraft Foods Inc acquired Cadbury plc. The European Commission insisted that Wedel be sold in order for the takeover to go ahead as a combined Kraft/Cadbury-Wedel would have too large a share of the Polish confectionery market. To satisfy this demand Wedel was sold to Lotte of South Korea in June 2010. This was Lotte's first investment in Europe although they are the 3rd largest chewing gum maker in the world and a large player in the Asian confectionery market. Kraft Foods have kept the rights to the Cadbury, Halls, and other brands along with two plants manufacturing Cadbury products in Skarbimierz.

Popular products
 Ptasie mleczko - chocolate covered marshmallow
 Mieszanka Wedlowska - assorted chocolate covered candy with a variety of fillings
 Torcik Wedlowski - a large, circular, chocolate covered wafer with hand-made decorations
 Pawełek - chocolate bar with a flavored filling that contains a small amount of alcohol
 Krówka - individually wrapped milky cream fudge candy
 Delicje Szampańskie - circular cookies with sponge base, mound of jam, and covered with chocolate (also known as Jaffa cakes)

See also
Economy of Poland
List of Polish companies

References

 Mieczysław Kozłowski, The Story of E. Wedel. How Poland’s Chocolate History was Made, Kraków 2004.

External links

 Tiffany, Susan, Wedel meets the demands of a market-driven Poland, Candy Industry, Wednesday, May 1, 1996
  Tadeusz Władysław Świątek, Fabryka Cukierków i Czekolady "E. Wedel", Jednota 15 06 2005

Manufacturing companies based in Warsaw
Companies established in 1851
Companies formerly listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange
Polish brands
Polish chocolate companies
Confectionery companies of Poland
1851 establishments in the Russian Empire
Food and drink companies established in 1851
Wedel family
European chocolate bars


Head to the Sky is the fourth studio album by American band Earth, Wind & Fire, released in May 1973 on  Columbia Records.  The album rose to No. 2 on the Billboard Top Soul Albums chart and No. 27 on the Billboard 200 chart. Head to the Sky has also been certified Platinum in the US by the RIAA.

Overview
Head to the Sky was produced by Joe Wissert with bandleader Maurice White serving as a musical director on the album. The LP was also recorded at Clover Recorders Studios, Hollywood, California.

Singles
"Evil" peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Songs chart and No. 25 on the Billboard Hot Soul Songs chart. "Keep Your Head to the Sky" also reached No. 23 on the Billboard Hot Soul Songs chart.

Critical reception

Vince Aletti of Rolling Stone declared "Been having a lot of music dreams lately but this one’s not too surprising since I’ve been playing the Earth, Wind & Fire album pretty constantly for the past week, certainly beyond all expectations. With a cover like this one — the eight men in the group shirtless, the one woman all in white, surrounded by a starburst arrangement of cut flowers, repeated with slight variations in the centerfold — I’m surprised I even broke the shrinkwrap. And this group started in Chicago?".
Billboard noted that the band "does everything well" on the LP. Tony Palermo of the Pittsburgh Press noted "Folks like to compare this bunch with War, but the first difference that hits you with E,W&F's brand of jazz-rhythm and blues is the smoothness of Jessica Cleaves' vocal work. Then, the extra slug of R&B in their style". Robert Christgau of the Village Voice gave a B− grade saying "Most of the first side keeps up the good work..But the mood jazz excursion on side two exposes White's essential fatuousness. "Zanzibar," it's called, as befits a travelogue; its saxophone solo (by Ronnie Laws's replacement, Andrew Woolfolk) could make Alice Coltrane blush."
Alex Henderson of Allmusic called Head to the Sky an "excellent" album.
Variety also described the record as "a movin' new package.

Issac Hayes called Head to the Sky one of Earth, Wind & Fire's five essential recordings.

Erykah Badu paid tribute to the album in the music video of her 2008 single "Honey".

Track listing

Personnel
Verdine White – vocals, bass, percussion
Philip Bailey – vocals, congas, percussion
Maurice White – vocals, drums, kalimba, leader
Jessica Cleaves – vocals
Johnny Graham – guitar, percussion
Al McKay – guitar, sitar, percussion
Larry Dunn – clarinet, piano, organ
Ralph Johnson – drums, percussion
Andrew Woolfolk – soprano saxophone, flute
Oscar Braschear – guest trumpet on "Zanzibar"

Charts and Certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1973 albums
Albums produced by Joe Wissert
Columbia Records albums
Earth, Wind & Fire albums
Progressive soul albums


The Roman Catholic Diocese of Solwezi () is a diocese located in Solwezi in Zambia.

History
 April 9, 1959: Established as Apostolic Prefecture of Solwezi from the Apostolic Vicariate of Ndola
 December 9, 1976: Promoted as Diocese of Solwezi

Leadership
 Prefects Apostolic of Solwezi (Roman rite)
 Fr. Rupert Hillerich, O.F.M. Conv. (1959 – 1969)
 Fr. Anselm Myers, O.F.M. Conv. (1969 – 1970.06.09)
 Fr. Severinah Abdon Potani, O.F.M. Conv. (Apostolic Administrator 1970.06.09 – 1976.12.09 see below)
 Bishops of Solwezi (Roman rite)
 Bishop Severinah Abdon Potani, O.F.M. Conv. (see above 1976.12.09 – 1993.12.26)
 Bishop Noel Charles O'Regan, S.M.A. (Apostolic Administrator 1994 – 1995.07.10); (1995.07.10 – 2004.10.01), appointed Bishop of Ndola; (Apostolic Administrator 2004.10.01 – 2007.05.30)
 Bishop Alick Banda (2007.05.30 - 2009.11.13), appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Ndola
 Bishop Charles Kasonde (since 2010.03.23)

See also
Roman Catholicism in Zambia

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

Roman Catholic dioceses in Zambia
Christian organizations established in 1959
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Lusaka


NEDD4 family-interacting protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDFIP2 gene.

Interactions
NDFIP2 has been shown to interact with NEDD4.

References

Further reading

Human proteins


Four ships of the French Navy have been named Juste ("Just"):

 , a 36-gun ship of the line
 , a 64-gun ship of the line
 , a 74-gun ship of the line
  (1784), an 80-gun ship of the line, renamed Juste in 1792.

See also

Sources and references

French Navy ship names


Brecon was a parliamentary constituency in Wales which returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and its predecessors, from 1542 until it was abolished for the 1885 general election.

Boundaries
From its first election in 1542 until some time before 1715, the constituency consisted of a number of boroughs within the historic county of Brecknockshire or Breconshire in Wales. From then until 1885 the seat represented the parliamentary borough of Brecon alone. The constituency should not be confused with the county constituency of Breconshire, which existed from the sixteenth century until 1918.

On the basis of information from several volumes of the History of Parliament, it is apparent that the history of the borough representation from Wales and Monmouthshire is more complicated than that of the English boroughs.

The Laws in Wales Act 1535 (26 Hen. VIII, c. 26) provided for a single borough seat for each of 11 of the 12 Welsh counties and Monmouthshire. The legislation was ambiguous as to which communities were enfranchised. The county towns were awarded a seat, but this in some fashion represented all the ancient boroughs of the county as the others were required to contribute to the member's wages. It was not clear if the burgesses of the contributing boroughs could take part in the election. The only election under the original scheme was for the 1542 Parliament. It seems that only burgesses from the county towns actually took part. An Act of 1544 (35 Hen. VIII, c. 11) confirmed that the contributing boroughs could send representatives to take part in the election at the county town. As far as can be told from surviving indentures of returns, the degree to which the out boroughs participated varied, but by the end of the sixteenth century all the seats had some participation from them at some elections at least.

The original scheme was modified by later legislation and decisions of the House of Commons (which were sometimes made with no regard to precedent or evidence: for example in 1728 it was decided that only the freemen of the borough of Montgomery could participate in the election for that seat, thus disenfranchising the freemen of Llanidloes, Welshpool and Llanfyllin).

In the case of Breconshire, the county town and principal borough was Brecon. One ward of the principal borough was an exclave; namely Trecastle, in the township of Llywel eleven miles west of the main town. There is no evidence that any other boroughs in Breconshire actually took part in elections before 1597. The out boroughs then participating were Builth (now known as Builth Wells), Crickhowel or Crickhowell, Hay (now Hay-on-Wye) and Telgarth or Talgarth.

At some point between 1603 and 1715 the out boroughs ceased to participate in elections for the constituency. Until 1727 all the freemen of Brecon formed the electorate, but in 1727 the House of Commons ruled that only the resident freemen could vote. There had been about 180 electors in 1723 and 1727, but only 69 in 1744 after the basis of the franchise had been changed. There were about 100 voters between 1754 and 1790.

Later history
When registration of electors and an additional householder franchise were introduced in 1832, the constituency, still based on the town of Brecon, had the smallest electorate in Wales with just 242 registered voters.

Brecon was little affected by the upsurge of radical politics in the 1860s apart from the one occasion in 1866 when Thomas Price, the prominent nonconformist minister, intervened in a by-election contest to compel the Liberal candidate, the Earl of Brecknock, to issue an address more strongly in favour of reform.

Even after the extension of the franchise in 1868, the number of voters only increased to 814. This did, however, result in one of the most tumultuous elections in the history of the borough, which included a torchlight procession and lively meetings at which speakers struggled to make themselves heard. On election day it was generally accepted that supporters of the Conservative candidate, Howel Gwyn, had been caught engaged in bribery. His unseating by petition in April 1869 indicated how Brecon largely remained a closed borough, dominated by the politics of influence.

After 1885 Breconshire was represented in Parliament by the single member county constituency, which included all the boroughs formerly in the Brecon constituency.

Members of Parliament

MPs 1542–1640
As there were sometimes significant gaps between Parliaments held in this period, the dates of first assembly and dissolution are given. Where the name of the member has not yet been ascertained or (before 1558) is not recorded in a surviving document, the entry unknown is entered in the table.

The Roman numerals after some names are those used in The House of Commons 1509–1558 to distinguish a member from another politician of the same name.

MPs 1640–1660
This sub-section includes the Long Parliament and the Rump Parliament, together with the Parliaments of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate (before the Convention Parliament of 1660).

MPs 1660–1885

Elections

Elections in the 1830s

Elections in the 1840s

Elections in the 1850s

Morgan's death caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1860s

Watkins' death caused a by-election.

Pratt succeeded to the peerage, becoming 3rd Marquess of Camden, causing a by-election.

The election was declared void on petition, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1870s
Villiers succeeded to the peerage, becoming Earl of Clarendon, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1880s

References

Bibliography
 Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885–1972, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Reference Publications 1972)
 British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Macmillan Press 1977)
 The House of Commons 1509–1558, by S.T. Bindoff (Secker & Warburg 1982)
 The House of Commons 1558–1603, by P.W. Hasler (HMSO 1981)
 The House of Commons 1715–1754, by Romney Sedgwick (HMSO 1970)
 The House of Commons 1754–1790, by Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke (HMSO 1964)
 The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)

History of Brecknockshire
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1542
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1885
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Mid Wales
1542 establishments in Wales
1885 disestablishments in Wales


Hérisson (; ) is a town in the Allier department in central France.

Population

Notable people
 Henri Harpignies (28 June 1819 – 28 August 1916), 19th century painter of the Barbizon school who made many pictures of Hérisson and the surroundings.
 Louis Bignon (26 June 1816 - 18 May 1906), restaurateur, who made the Café Riche the most fashionable in Paris.
 Olivier Perrier (born 15 September 1940), actor, codirector of the "Théâtre des Fédérés".

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Bituriges Cubi
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Transmembrane protein 106B is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM106B gene. It is found primarily within neurons and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system with its subcellular location being in lysosomal membranes. TMEM106B helps facilitate important functions for maintaining a healthy lysosome, and therefore certain mutations and polymorphisms can lead to issues with proper lysosomal function. Lysosomes are in charge of clearing out mis-folded proteins and other debris, and thus, play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases that are driven by the accumulation of various mis-folded proteins and aggregates. Due to its impact on lysosomal function, TMEM106B has been investigated and found to be associated to multiple neurodegenerative diseases.

Structure

Gene

In humans,TMEM106B is found on chromosome 7 at positions 12211270 - 12243367, totaling 32097 base pairs.  The gene includes 9 exons and can give rise to 2 different isoforms, T185 and S185, which are formed by the risk and protective haplotypes, respectively.

Protein
TMEM106B is composed of 274 amino acids and it has a molecular weight of 31kDa. It is found in the membrane of a lysosome (transmembrane protein) and has its highest expression in the central nervous system, specifically within neurons and oligodendrocytes. The protein can be divided into 3 domains; N-terminal cytosolic domain, a transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal domain containing five N-glycosylation sites in the lumen. The exact mechanism of proteolytic processing for TMEM106B is not completely understood, but a protease cleaves the protein which releases the C-terminal domain into the lumen of the lysosome and creates a N-terminal fragment on the lysosomal membrane, which is further cleaved and processed by other proteases. The mechanisms behind the proteolysis of TMEM106B is of interest because it is thought to be a factor in what gives rise to TMEM106B fibril formation.

Fibrils
TMEM106B can form amyloid fibrils in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and in neurologically healthy individuals, which have been structurally characterized by Cryo-EM. They can be made up of a single rod-like structure or a doublet of filaments forming a twisted ribbon, of which several polymorphisms have been identified; 4 singlets and 2 doublets. There has been no clear association between any of the polymorphisms to disease. The structure of the different polymorphisms is relatively conserved in the N-terminus, core, glycosylation sites (N145, N151, N164, and N183), and a disulfide bond between C214 an C253, the difference in structure is primarily within the C-terminal region.

Function
TMEM106B is a transmembrane lysosomal protein that is involved in several key functions for the lysosome. The lysosome is the organelle that clears out debris and unnecessary proteins.

Lysosomal size
Studies in cell lines have shown that over-expression of TMEM106B leads to larger lysosomes, which causes a negative-stress response within the cell and cell death. It is thought that  lysosomal size may be partially dependent on pH and successful trafficking, as problems in either of these functions leads to clustering lysosomes and formation of large swollen vacuoles.

Lysosomal trafficking
Typically, lysosomes are trafficked along a microtubule by a motor protein and it has been observed that TMEM106B may play an important role in this process.   In knock-out studies of TMEM106B inappropriate clustering of lysosomes is observed at the nucleus, and it has been shown this phenotype can be rescued by re-introducing TMEM106B into the system.  In addition, it has been observed that knock-out of TMEM106B in mice leads to increased retrograde transport of lysosomes causing large lysosomal vacuoles to form at the distal end of neurons.  TMEM106B has been shown to interact with microtubule associated protein 6 (MAP6), and it is thought that this interaction inhibits the retrograde transport of lysosomes, assisting with appropriate trafficking of lysosomes or inability to be transported along the microtubule by motor proteins.

Lysosomal pH
Lysosome are typically at an acidic pH of 4.5-5, maintaining this is very important to a lysosomes ability to perform degradation.  Vacuolar ATPase (vATPase) maintains the acidic pH in lysosomes and it has been shown that TMEM106B interacts with accessory proteins of vATPase. When TMEM106B levels are increased a reduction in vATPase activity is observed and the lysosome is unable to maintain an acidic environment.

Clinical implications

Frontotemporal dementia

Frontotemporal dementia (FTLD) is the third most common neurodegenerative disease after AD and Parkinson disease. Many patients with FTLD have aggregates containing TDP-43, an RNA binding protein.  A study performed in 515 FTLD-GRN with TDP-43 inclusion cases, including 89 individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the granulin (GRN) gene, a known cause of familial FTLD-GRN identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1990622, located 6.9 kilobases downstream of the TMEM106B gene (chromosome 7p21) as a genome-wide signal. Further studies have identified other SNPs that are associated with an increased risk of FTLD-GRN, rs1990621, rs1990620, rs1020004, rs6966915 and rs3173615. In addition to increased disease risk, rs1990620 is associated with worse cognitive decline and a reduction in brain size (increase neurodegeneration) and rs19906221 has been associated with decreased neuronal proportion.

There are other forms of FTLD which are defined by their pathology or primary genetic mutations. Another subset of FTLD that has been evaluated for its association to TMEM106B are those with a C90RF72 mutation (FTLD-C9ORF72). Two of the SNPs previously identified as risk factors for FTLD-GRN, rs1990622 and rs3173615, were found to be associated with FTLD-C90RF72. The major allele of these SNPs were identified as a risk factor, while the minor allele was found to be protective.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive loss of motor neurons that control movement. TDP-43 aggregates and C9ORF72 mutations have been identified as important pathological and genetic markers, and therefore TMEM106B was investigated for its potential association to ALS.  Surprisingly, there was no association in TMEM106B genotype to disease risk, but the minor allele of rs1990622 has been shown to be associated with preserved cognition.

Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disordered characterized by cognitive decline and dementia. TMEM106B and APOE4 polymorphisms have been found to interact and increase risk of AD. Recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) has found that genetic variations in TMEM106 are associated with late-onset sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). These genetic variations change the degradation pathways of misfolded protein contributing misfolded β-amyloid accumulation and plaque formation.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy associated to exposure with repetitive head impacts. TMEM106B was evaluated for its association to CTE as neuroinflammation and TDP-43 pathology are common features of this disease. A SNP, rs3173615, specifically the minor allele was found to be associated with a protective phenotype in CTE cases, showing reduced phosphorylated tau and decreased neuroinflammation, but no association to TDP-43 pathology.

Parkinson disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease that primarily effects the motor system, but also has unique cognitive symptoms. As TMEM106B has been linked to several neurodegenerative disease, it was investigated for its association to PD and it was found to be associated with cognitive decline.

Interactions

Progranulin and granulin
Progranulin (PGRN) is a glycoprotein that has been identified as another important protein for lysosomal function in neurons and microglia, particularly during aging and neurodegenerative disease.  As TMEM106B has been associated with increased risk of FTLD-GRN, it was investigated for its association to PGRN  and was found that the risk allele was associated to decreased levels of PGRN.  Studies  performed in vitro and in vivo, increasing and decreasing levels of TMEM106B, found that PGRN seems to be indirectly modulated by TMEM106B by impacting lysosomal functions.

Cruchaga et al.,, analyzed if TMEM106B variants modify GRN levels. The found that The risk allele of rs1990622 was associated with a mean decrease of the age at onset of 13 years (P = 9.9 × 10−7) and with lower plasma GRN levels in both healthy older adults (P = 4 × 10−4) and GRN mutation carriers (P = 0.0027). Analysis of the HapMap database identified a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism rs3173615 (p.T185S) in perfect linkage disequilibrium with rs1990622, that my represent the functional variant driving the association. In summary, these results indicate that the association of rs1990622 with age at onset explains, in part, the wide range in the onset of disease among GRN mutation carriers. The rs1990622 or another variant in linkage disequilibrium could act in a manner similar to APOE in Alzheimer disease, increasing risk for disease in the general population and modifying AAO in mutation carriers. Genetic variation in TMEM106B may influence risk for FTLD-TDP by modulating secreted levels of GRN.

Vacuolar ATPase
vATPases are proton pumps found on cell membranes that are in charge of acidifying multiple organelles, including lysosomes. It has been shown that increase levels of TMEM106B leads to improper acidification of lysosomes through its interaction with vATPases. This interaction is thought to be caused by TMEM106B binding directly to AP1 subunit of vATPase.

Microtubule associate protein 6
MAP6 is a microtubule protein that helps stabilize microtubules and provide guidance to signal proteins to microtubules. TMEM106B binds to the C-terminus of MAP6, which helps traffic lysosome to microtubules for transport. It has been shown with increased level of TMEM106B there is excessive binding to MAP6 which impairs transport of the lysosome along the microtubule and leads to accumulation of swollen vacuoles in inappropriate places within the cell.

References

Further reading


Carlsberg Polska is the Polish subsidiary of the Danish multinational brewing company Carlsberg. Carlsberg has 1/3 control of the Okocim Group, which included the Okocim Brewery, in 2004.

The subsidiary owns four brewing plants and employs 1,250 staff. It is the third largest brewing company in Poland with a 14.4% market share.

History

The Okocim Brewery was founded in 1845. Carlsberg beer was imported into Poland until Carlsberg acquired a stake in the Okocim Brewery in 1997 in exchange for giving Okocim a license to produce Carlsberg.

Carlsberg expanded its presence in Poland in 2001 by becoming a majority shareholder of Okocim and purchasing the Bosman, Kasztelan and Piast breweries; the operation was named the Carlsberg Okocim Group. The Carlsberg brand was re-launched that year and became the fastest growing international brand in Poland, with a sales increase of 671%.

In 2004 Carlsberg purchased the remaining shares of Okocim and renamed the group, Carlsberg Polska. Carlsberg Polska is a 100% owned subsidiary of the Carlsberg Group and is the third largest brewing company in the Polish beer market, which is one of the world's top 10 by volume.

Brewing plants

Okocim Brewery

Okocim Brewery was established in 1845 by Johann Evangelist Götz, who was born in Wirtemberg in 1815. His son Jan Albin expanded the family business, married a Polish aristocrat, and changed his name to Goetz-Okocimski. In 1945 the brewery was nationalised, then reprivatised in the 1990s. Carlsberg first acquired an interest in 1996, eventually acquiring 1/3 control.

Brands produced are mainly pale lagers of varying strengths ranging from 0.5% abv to 7% and include Carlsberg, O.K. Beer, Signature, Mocne, and Karmi. The brewery produces two dark lagers, Palone (5.5%) and Porter (8.3%).

See also
Polish beer
Carlsberg

References

External links
Carlsberg Group in Poland
carlsbergpolska.pl (Polish)

Breweries of Poland
Food and drink companies established in 2001
Polish companies established in 2001
Carlsberg Group


Jefferson High School is a public high school located in Jefferson, Oregon, United States.

History
The current high school building was completed in 1980.  Before then, the high school was located in what is now Jefferson Middle School.

Academics
In 2008, 89% of the school's seniors received a high school diploma. Of 61 students, 54 graduated, three dropped out, and four were still in high school the following year.

Notable alumni

 Carol Menken-Schaudt (born 1957), 1984 Olympic gold medalist and professional basketball player

References

High schools in Marion County, Oregon
Public high schools in Oregon


Fox-1 homolog A, also known as ataxin 2-binding protein 1 (A2BP1) or hexaribonucleotide-binding protein 1 (HRNBP1) or RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (Rbfox1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBFOX1  gene.

Function

Rbfox1 has an RNA recognition motif that is highly conserved among RNA-binding proteins. Rbfox1, and the related protein Rbfox2, bind the consensus RNA sequence motif (U)GCAUG within introns to exert their functions as alternative splicing factors.

Additionally, the Rbfox1/A2BP1 protein binds to the C-terminus of ataxin-2, and may contribute to the restricted pathology of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Ataxin-2 is the gene product of the SCA2 gene which causes familial neurodegenerative diseases. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Some of these variants localize to the nucleus and some other to the cytoplasm. Nuclear variants have a well-established role in tissue specific alternative splicing. Rbfox1 cytoplasmic variants modulate mRNA stability and translation. In stressed cells, Rbfox1 has been demonstrated to localize to cytoplasmic stress granules.

See also
Alternative splicing
RNA-binding protein

References

Further reading

Human proteins


The following article presents a summary of the 1940 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 39th season of competitive football in the country.

Torneio Rio-São Paulo

Final Standings

The 1940 Torneio Rio-São Paulo was not concluded, thus no club was declared as the competition champion.

Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Palestra Itália-SP declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

State championship champions

Other competition champions

Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1940.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF
 1940 Brazil national team matches at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


The Siemens AX72 is a mobile phone introduced by Siemens in October, 2005. It weighs 79 g and its dimensions are 105,6 x 46,8 x 17,5 mm (length x width x depth). Its display a CSTN 65K colors LCD.

The phone's battery powers the phone for 5 hours talk time, or up to 220 hours if left in stand-by mode. It also supports SMS sending and receiving.

Characteristics
General:
2G Network: GSM 900 / 1800 / 1900
Announced: 2005, October
Status: Discontinued
Size:
Dimensions: 105.6 x 46.8 x 17.5 mm
Weight: 79 g
Display Type: CSTN, 65K colors
Size: 128 x 128 pixels - 5-way navigation key
Ringtones:
Type: Polyphonic (32 channels)
Customization: Download
Vibration: Yes
Memory:
Phonebook: Yes
Call records: 10 dialed, 10 received, 10 missed calls
Card slot: No - 1.5 MB free memory
Data:
GPRS: Class 8 (4+1 slots), 32 - 40 kbit/s
HSCSD: No
EDGE: No
3G: No
WLAN: No
Bluetooth: No
Infrared port: No
USB: Yes
Features:
Messaging: SMS, EMS, MMS
Browser WAP: 1.2.1
Games: Yes
Colors: Basalt Black
Camera: No
Java: MIDP 1.0
T9
Calendar
Built-in handsfree
External flash as accessory
Optional digital camera (VGA 640 x 480)
Battery:
Standard battery, Li-Ion 600 mAh
Stand-by Up: to 220 h
Talk time: Up to 5 h

References

External links
 User Manuals / User Guides for AX72 from Manualsmania

AX72


Støren Station () is a railway station located in the village of Støren in the municipality of Midtre Gauldal in Trøndelag county, Norway. The station is located at the split between the Dovre Line and the Røros Line, with the former heading south via Gudbrandsdalen to Eastern Norway while the latter heads down Østerdalen to Eastern Norway. Going northwards, the Dovre Line continues to the city of Trondheim, located  to the north. The distance to Oslo via Dovre is  and via Røros it is . Støren is served by regional trains on the Røros Line and express trains on the Dovre Line by SJ Norge.

History

The station was built as part of Trondhjem–Støren Line in 1864. It was connected with the Rørosbanen in 1877 and to the Dovre Line in 1921. At the same time it was converted from narrow gauge to standard gauge.

On 1 May 1922, the restaurant was taken over by Norsk Spisevognselskap. On 26 April 1940, the station was destroyed during the fighting of the Norwegian Campaign of World War II. Quickly afterwards a kiosk was erected, and one year after the original station's destruction, a new station building and restaurant was opened. It was further expanded in 1949.

References

Midtre Gauldal
Railway stations in Trøndelag
Railway stations on the Dovre Line
Railway stations on the Røros Line
Railway stations opened in 1864
1864 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1860s


The 2008 Senior Bowl was a college football exhibition game featuring players from the 2007 college football season and prospects in the 2008 NFL Draft. The 59th edition of the Senior Bowl was played on January 26, 2008, at 3 p.m. EST at Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile, Alabama. Coverage of the event was on high-definition on the NFL Network during January 21–26. Clothing company Under Armour sponsored the event for the second consecutive year, and provided apparel for the game, including "newly-designed, state-of-the-art game jerseys." The South team won, 17–16.

Coaching staffs

North
With the worst record (1–15) during the 2007 NFL season, the Miami Dolphins were originally slated to coach the North squad. However, after all but two members of the coaching staff were fired the Dolphins became ineligible for the duties. They were replaced by  head coach Lane Kiffin and the Oakland Raiders, who went 4–12 in 2007.

South
San Francisco 49ers head coach Mike Nolan and his staff coached the South squad for the third consecutive year after going 5–11 in 2007.

References

Senior Bowl
Senior Bowl
Senior Bowl
Senior Bowl


Breast carcinoma amplified sequence 3, also known as BCAS3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BCAS3 gene. BCAS3 is a gene that is amplified and overexpressed in breast cancer cells.

Function

The BCAS3 gene is regulated by estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α).  The PELP1 protein acts as a transcriptional coactivator of estrogen receptor induced BCAS3 gene expression.  In addition BCAS3 possesses histone acetyltransferase activity and itself appears to act as a coactivator of ER-α. Furthermore, BCAS3 requires PELP1 to function as a coactivator in ER-α. Hence BCAS3 apparently is involved in a positive feedback loop leading to ER-α mediated signal amplification.

References

External links

Further reading


Lignerolles (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


WW domain binding protein 1-like (WBP1L) also known as outcome predictor in acute leukemia 1 (OPA1L) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WBP1L gene.

References

Further reading


Nameless () is a 1923 Austrian silent drama film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Victor Varconi and Mary Kid. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Artur Berger and Julius von Borsody.

Cast
 Victor Varconi as Jean Moeller
 Mary Kid as Dorothy Holston
 Paul Gardner as Paul Holston
 Hans Lackner as Prof. Dr. Peterson
 Maria Raffe as Frau Holston
 Karl Farkas
 Arthur Gottlein

Bibliography
 Alan K. Rode. Michael Curtiz: A Life in Film. University Press of Kentucky, 2017.

External links

1923 films
Austrian black-and-white films
Austrian silent feature films
Films directed by Michael Curtiz
Films produced by Arnold Pressburger


GON-4-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GON4L gene. It is a nuclear protein containing two serine phosphosites and a lysine-glutamine cross-link  and is thought to be a transcription factor.

References

Further reading


Magnet () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

Sports
Magnet hosted the road cycling competition of the 2023 Virtus Global Games from 5 to 7 June 2023. The cyclists completed a  loop, a  (women) or  (men) race and individual and team time trials.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

External links
 Town hall website

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Man the Worlds Rejected is a collection of science fiction stories by American writer Gordon R. Dickson.  It was first published by Tor Books in 1986.  Most of the stories originally appeared in the magazines Planet Stories, Analog Science Fiction and Fact, If, Fantastic Universe and Fantasy and Science Fiction.

Contents

 "The Man the Worlds Rejected"
 "Jackal’s Meal"
 "Minotaur"
 "Turnabout"
 "Strictly Confidential"
 "In Iron Years"
 "The Monster and the Maiden"
 "A Matter of Perspective"

References

1986 short story collections
Short story collections by Gordon R. Dickson
Tor Books books


Badile Lubamba (born 26 April 1976) is a Swiss former professional footballer of Congolese descent who played as a defender.

References

External links

Living people
1976 births
Democratic Republic of the Congo emigrants to Switzerland
Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
Footballers from Kinshasa
Men's association football defenders
Swiss men's footballers
Swiss Super League players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
SR Delémont players
FC Luzern players
FC Lugano players
ES Troyes AC players
FC Sion players
FC Lausanne-Sport players
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS players
AS Vita Club players
Switzerland men's international footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate men's footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in France
Democratic Republic of the Congo men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Swiss expatriate men's footballers
Swiss expatriate sportspeople in France
Swiss people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent


USRC Massachusetts was one of the first ten cutters operated by the Revenue-Marine (later to become the US Coast Guard). She was built in Newburyport, Massachusetts and served out of Boston. Massachusetts by tradition is held to be the first revenue cutter to enter active service. She was also the first to be decommissioned, having a very short service life of only about 15 months before being sold.

Description
A contemporary description, provided by the Collector of Customs at Boston, Mr. Benjamin Lincoln to the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, noted:

Agreeably to your orders I here send you a description of the Cutter Massachusetts built at Newbury port in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the year 1791.  She has on [sic: one] deck, two masts her length is sixty feet above her upper deck her depth is seven feet Eight inches, breadth seventeen feet eight inches she measures seventy tons 43/95.  She is a square-stern schooner, has quarter badges, an Indian's head for figurehead. She has a long quarter deck and a deep waist."Kern, p 3

Dr. John Tilley noted that "the Massachusetts was a two-masted schooner of 70 43/95 tons burden, 60 ' in length, with a beam of 17' 8" and depth of hold of 7' 8".  The ship had a long quarterdeck, deep bulwarks, and an armament of either four of six swivel guns.  The contract signed by Searle and Tyler called for two boats and seven sails: mainsail, foresail, jib, flying jib, fore topsail, main topsail, and squaresail." The cutter ended up being larger than originally authorized as her first master,  John Foster Williams, ordered an increase in her size without first seeking departmental approval.  Her cost was therefore considerably over the original estimate.  Nevertheless, the government accepted her as built.

Operational service
Although she was launched later than a number of other cutters, by tradition she is considered to be the first to actually enter active service.

There are a number of surviving documents regarding her history.  A journal, kept by second mate Nathaniel Nichols, has turned up and gives a glimpse of what life was like on this cutter.  He faithfully recorded his thoughts and actions from 31 October 1791 through 16 June 1793.
"No Revenue Cutter in Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton's 'system of cutters' saw shorter Federal service than the first [cutter named] Massachusetts, a 70-ton schooner built in Newburyport, Massachusetts in 1791.  One of the first ten armed vessels of the United States ordered to patrol the Atlantic Coast to protect the revenue, she was too costly to please Alexander Hamilton, too expensive to operate to please General Benjamin Lincoln, and too slow to please her Master, Captain John Foster Williams.  They sold her in October 1792 and replaced her the following spring with a smaller, livelier cutter, the sloop ."

Original officers

John Foster Williams, Master; 1791-1792
Hezekiah Welch, First Mate; Charlestown, Massachusetts
Nathaniel Nichols, Second Mate, Cohasset, Massachusetts
Sylvanus Coleman, Third Mate, Nantucket, Massachusetts

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References cited

Chapelle, Howard I. (1935): The History of American Sailing Ships, New York: Bonanza Books.
Dixon, Robert Jr. (1966): Captain Gross's Arms and Stores. Coast Guard Academy Alumni Association The Bulletin (April–May 1966), pp. 95–100.

 Kern, Florence, 1976: John Foster Williams' U.S. Revenue Cutter Massachusetts, 1791-1792 "To Stand the Trials." Washington, D.C.: Alised Enterprises.

First ten Revenue Service cutters
1791 ships
Ships of the United States Revenue Cutter Service


Condensin-2 complex subunit G2 (CAP-G2) also known as chromosome-associated protein G2 (CAP-G2) or leucine zipper protein 5 (LUZP5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCAPG2 gene. CAP-G2 is a subunit of condensin II, a large protein complex involved in chromosome condensation. It interacts with PLK1 through its C-terminal region during mitosis

Clinical importance

Mutations in this gene in humans have been associated with severe neurodevelopmental defects, failure to thrive, ocular abnormalities, and defects in urogenital and limb morphogenesis.

References

Further reading

Human proteins


The Washington Air National Guard (WA ANG) is the aerial militia of the State of Washington, United States of America. It is, along with the Washington Army National Guard, an element of the Washington National Guard.

As state militia units, the units in the Washington Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Washington through the office of the Washington Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States.  The Washington Air National Guard is headquartered at Camp Murray, Tacoma, and its commander is  Brigadier general Gent Welsh.

Overview
Under the "Total Force" concept, Washington Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components (ARC) of the United States Air Force (USAF). Washington ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are operationally gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized. In addition, the Washington Air National Guard forces are assigned to Air Expeditionary Forces and are subject to deployment tasking orders along with their active duty and Air Force Reserve counterparts in their assigned cycle deployment window.

Along with their federal reserve obligations, as state militia units the elements of the Washington ANG are subject to being activated by order of the Governor to provide protection of life and property, and preserve peace, order and public safety. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of vital public services, and support to civil defense.

In addition, the Washington State Guard (WSG) is an all-volunteer militia force under the Washington Military Department that provides reserve personnel to both the Washington Army National Guard and the Washington Air National Guard. It is under state jurisdiction and its members are employed only within the State of Washington. It is not subject to be called, ordered or assigned as any element of the federal armed forces. Its mission is to provide units organized, equipped and trained in the protection of life or property and the preservation of peace, order and public safety under competent orders of State authorities.

Components
The Washington Air National Guard consists of the following major units:
 141st Air Refueling Wing
 Established 6 August 1924 (as: 116th Observation Squadron); operates: KC-135R Stratotanker and RC-26B Metroliner
 Stationed at: Fairchild Air Force Base, Spokane
 Gained by: Air Mobility Command
 The oldest unit of the Washington ANG, the 141st Air Refueling Wing is composed of over 1,000 citizen airmen. Subordinate units within the 141st include: 560th Air National Guard Band, the 242d Combat Communication Squadron, and the 256th Intelligence Squadron.

 194th Wing
 Established 30 August 2006; non-flying Wing
 Stationed at: Camp Murray, Lakewood
 Gained by: Air Combat Command
 The 194th Wing consists of nearly 1,000 citizen airmen in the fields of cyberspace operations, air support operations, mission support, and medical. The 194th's cutting edge capabilities are well-suited to the threats the world faces in the 21st Century.

 Western Air Defense Sector
 Established 8 January 1958 (as: Seattle Air Defense Sector), non-flying unit
 Stationed at: Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma
 Gained by: Air Combat Command
 The unit's origins date to 1948 as the 25th Air Division; the first Air Defense Command Air Division formed for the air defense of the United States.  Today, the Washington ANG Western Air Defense Sector (WADS) is one of two sectors responsible to NORAD's aerospace warning and control mission. The Western Air Defense Sector is part of the Continental U.S. NORAD region which includes both Canadian and Alaskan NORAD regions.

History
The Washington Air National Guard origins date to 28 August 1917 with the establishment of the 116th Aero Squadron as part of the World War I American Expeditionary Force. The 116th served in France on the Western Front, then after the 1918 Armistice with Germany was demobilized in 1919.

The Militia Act of 1903 established the present National Guard system, units raised by the states but paid for by the Federal Government, liable for immediate state service. If federalized by Presidential order, they fall under the regular military chain of command. On 1 June 1920, the Militia Bureau issued Circular No.1 on organization of National Guard air units.

In 1924, the Adjutant General for the Washington National Guard, who was traveling through Spokane, made a simple proposal to the city fathers. Whichever city, Spokane, Seattle or Tacoma, could raise 10,000 dollars first for building hangars would get an Observation Squadron. As the General's westward train pulled out of the station and was approaching the city limits, a telegraph wire sent out ahead of the train stated, "The $10,000 has been raised. We want the squadron."

On 6 August 1924 the 116th Observation Squadron, Washington National Guard, received federal recognition. They established their unit headquarters at the former Parkwater Municipal Golf Course (now Felts Field) near Spokane. Major John T. "Jack" Fancher, a World War I veteran, would act as the units' first commander. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. The 116th Observation Squadron was ordered into active service on 16 September 1940 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps prior to the United States entry into World War II.

On 24 May 1946, the United States Army Air Forces, in response to dramatic postwar military budget cuts, imposed by President Harry S. Truman, allocated inactive unit designations to the National Guard Bureau for the formation of an Air Force National Guard. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units.

The modern Washington ANG received federal recognition on 1 July 1946 as the 116th Fighter Squadron at Felts Field, Spokane.  It was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and its mission was the air defense of the state.  18 September 1947, however, is considered the Washington Air National Guard's official birth concurrent with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military under the National Security Act The 143rd Air Control and Warning Squadron was formed in 1948 and was later redesignated as a combat communications squadron, operating out of Boeing Field in Seattle for its first 60 years. Additional combat communications units were added throughout the Cold War years under the umbrella of the 252nd Combat Communications Group, which was federally recognized in 1953. On 1 May 1956 the 116th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 141st Fighter Group (Air Defense) was allotted by the National Guard Bureau, extended federal recognition and activated. The Washington Air National Guard took on an support operations mission with the formation of the 111th Air Support Operations Squadron at Camp Murray in 1988.

Today, the 141st ARW provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps and allied nation aircraft. The 194th WG, formed in 2006 to bring together various units throughout the state, includes mission specializations in cyberspace operations and air support operations; at the time of its formation, the 194th was the only non-flying Wing in the Air National Guard. WADS is one of two sectors responsible to NORAD's aerospace warning and control mission.

After the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, elements of every Air National Guard unit in Washington has been activated in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Flight crews, aircraft maintenance personnel, communications technicians, air controllers and air security personnel were engaged in Operation Noble Eagle air defense overflights of major United States cities. Also, Washington ANG units have been deployed overseas as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq as well as other locations as directed.

See also

 Washington Wing Civil Air Patrol

References

 Gross, Charles J (1996), The Air National Guard and the American Military Tradition, United States Dept. of Defense,

External links

 141st Aerial Refueling Wing
 194th Wing
 Washington State Military Department
Western Air Defense Sector

United States Air National Guard
Military in Washington (state)
1924 establishments in Washington (state)


The South Carolina Air National Guard (SC ANG) is the aerial militia of the State of South Carolina, United States of America. It is, along with the South Carolina Army National Guard, an element of the South Carolina National Guard.

As state military units, the units in the South Carolina Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of South Carolina though the office of the South Carolina Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. The South Carolina Air National Guard is headquartered in Columbia under the command of the Assistant Adjutant General for Air, Brigadier General Russell A. Rushe, and ultimately reporting to the Army general officer serving as The Adjutant General of South Carolina, Major General Van McCarty.

Overview
Under the "Total Force" concept, South Carolina Air National Guard units are considered to be part of the Air Reserve Component (ARC) of the United States Air Force (USAF). South Carolina ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are operationally gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized. In addition, the South Carolina Air National Guard forces are assigned to Air Expeditionary Forces and are subject to deployment tasking orders along with their active duty and Air Force Reserve counterparts in their assigned cycle deployment window.

Along with their federal reserve obligations, as state military units the elements of the South Carolina ANG are subject to being activated by order of the Governor to provide protection of life and property, and preserve peace, order and public safety. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of vital public services, and support to civil defense.

Formations
Air National Guard Element, JFHQ-SC
 169th Fighter Wing...McEntire JNGB
 169th Operations Group
 157th Fighter Squadron
 245th Air Traffic Control Squadron
 169th Operations Support Flight
 169th Maintenance Group
 169th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 169th Maintenance Squadron
 169th Maintenance Operations Flight
 169th Medical Group
 169th Mission Support Group
 169th Civil Engineer Squadron
 169th Logistics Readiness Squadron
 169th Security Forces Squadron
 169th Communications Flight
 169th Force Support Squadron

 Originally established 9 December 1946 (as the 157th Fighter Squadron); currently operates: Block 52 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon (F-16CJ/DJ) and one WC-130H Hercules minus weather reconnaissance equipment

 Stationed at: McEntire Joint National Guard Base, Eastover; Operationally Gained by: Air Combat Command )ACC)

 The federal mission of the 169 FW in accordance with Title 10 USC is to maintain wartime readiness and the ability to mobilize and deploy expeditiously to carry out tactical air missions or combat support activities in the event of a war or military emergency. More specifically, the wing specializes in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD).

Support Unit Functions and Capabilities:
 245th Air Traffic Control Squadron, McIntire JNGB
 The 245th ATCS has the ability to perform air traffic control at fixed air bases and at remote sites.

History
On 24 May 1946, the United States Army Air Forces, in response to dramatic postwar military budget cuts imposed by President Harry S. Truman, allocated inactive unit designations to the National Guard Bureau for the formation of an Air Force National Guard. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units.

The South Carolina Air National Guard origins date to 9 December 1946 with the establishment of the 157th Fighter Squadron and is oldest unit of the South Carolina Air National Guard. It was federally recognized and activated at Congaree Air Base, the present day McEntire JNGB, near Eastover and was equipped with P-51D Mustangs excess to ISAAF needs. Its mission was the air defense of the state. 18 September 1947, however, is considered the South Carolina Air National Guard's official birth, concurrent with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military under the National Security Act.

In 1952, the 157th was re-equipped with F-51H Mustangs that had been used in the United States in a training role. The squadron then became part of Tactical Air Command (TAC) as a Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron.  The 157th Fighter Squadron was federalized due to the Korean War on 10 October 1950.  During its federalization period, the 157th was deployed to Toul-Rosières Air Base, departing for Europe in January 1952. On 9 July 1952 the activated South Carolina Air National Guard was released from active duty and returned to state control.

On 5 September 1957, the 157th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 169th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 157th was re-designated as a Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and became the group's flying squadron.  In late 1961, the SCANG was again called to active duty during the Berlin Crisis, and the 169th Tactical Fighter Group was stationed at Moron Air Base, Spain.

Today, the South Carolina Air National Guard is one of the most advanced and modern Air National Guard organizations in the nation. The 169 FW was the first wing in the Air National Guard to fly the F-16, with the 169 FW flying the F-16A and F-16B from 1983 to 1994. In 1994, the wing transitioned to the F-16C and F-16D/Block 52, the newest, most advanced F-16 in the Air Force inventory. The SCANG also flies a single WC-130H Hercules minus its weather reconnaissance equipment for airlift support. Prior to operating the F-16, the 169 FW operated the A-7D Corsair II during the 1970s and early 1980s and the F-104 Starfighter in the 1960s.

In late 1990, units of the SCANG were activated and deployed to Saudi Arabia for Operation Desert Shield/Storm, flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping 4 million pounds of munitions, while maintaining the highest aircraft mission capable rate in the theater. This was a significant achievement because munitions were not allowed to be deployed unless enemy targets were verified. In January 2002, aircraft and personnel of the 169th Fighter Wing were deployed to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, directly participating in combat operations. In late February 2002, the 240th Combat Communications Squadron deployed a 50-member team to Central Asia in support of War on Terrorism. The 240th members returned in August after six months in theater. In September 2002, the 245 ATCS deployed to Afghanistan Asia in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, returning in January 2003. In February 2003, nearly 400 members of the 169 FW and all of its F-16s were mobilized and deployed to Southwest Asia as part of what became Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 169th was attached to the 379th Air Expeditionary Wing, stationed at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar. The unit flew more than 400 combat missions, performing the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) mission and flying numerous precision bombing missions over Iraq.

Prior to 11 Sep 2001, the 169 FW was also a regular participant in the rotational Air Expeditionary Forces (AEFs) which patrolled the Iraqi no-fly zones.  The unit has deployed for: Operation Southern Watch (Qatar, 1996), Operation Northern Watch (Turkey, 2000), Operation Southern Watch (Saudi Arabia, 2001). The 169 FW was the first Air National Guard unit to deploy alongside active-duty Air Force units to comprise an AEF.

See also

South Carolina State Guard
South Carolina Wing Civil Air Patrol

References

 Gross, Charles J (1996), The Air National Guard and the American Military Tradition, United States Dept. of Defense,
 South Carolina Military Department

External links

 169th Fighter Wing

United States Air National Guard
Military in South Carolina


Four ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Charon, after Charon, the boatman to Hades across the River Styx in Greek Mythology:

  was a 44-gun fifth rate launched in 1778 and destroyed at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781.
  was a 44-gun fifth rate launched in 1783. She was on harbour service from 1795, used as a troopship from 1800 and was broken up in 1805. Because Charon served in the navy's Egyptian campaign between 8 March 1801 and 2 September, her officers and crew qualified for the clasp "Egypt" to the Naval General Service Medal, which the Admiralty issued in 1847 to all surviving claimants.
  was a wooden paddle packet, formerly the GPO vessel Crusader. She was launched in 1827, transferred to the navy in 1837 and used as a mail packet. She was sold to Trinity House in 1849.
  was an  wooden screw gunboat launched in 1856 and broken up in 1865.

Sources

References

Royal Navy ship names


Ouvrage Hackenberg, one of the largest (a gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line fortifications, is part of the Fortified Sector of Boulay. It is situated twenty kilometres east of Thionville, in the Moselle département, near the village of Veckring, on the Hackenberg (343 metres).  It is located between gros ouvrage Billig and petit ouvrage Coucou, facing Germany. The fort occupies the wooded Hackenberg ridge. Before World War II it was considered a showpiece of French fortification technology, and was visited by British King George VI.

In 1940 Hackenberg was never directly attacked, providing covering fire to neighboring positions and harassing nearby German forces. Its garrison was one of the last French units to surrender after the June 1940 armistice. In 1944, under German occupation, it was in action against American forces advancing along the Maginot Line. It resisted for three days before artillery bombardment from the rear forced the Germans to evacuate. Following World War II it became part of a strongpoint meant to delay a potential advance by Soviet forces into northeastern France. Hackenberg has been preserved and operates as a museum.

Design and construction
The site was approved in stages by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, between 1929 and 1932. Work by the contractor Enterprise de Travaille de Fortification began in 1929 at a cost of 172 million francs. A planned second phase was to add two 81mm mortar turrets and three more casemates on the back side of the ridge.

Original plans called for a turret block with 155mm guns and another with long-range 145mm guns. More than  of underground galleries connect the entries to the farthest blocks 4 and 5, at an average depth of . An "M1" magazine, arranged with a horseshoe-shaped perimeter gallery connected by cross galleries between the legs, is located close to the ammunition entrance, while the large underground barracks and utility areas are just inside the personnel entry.

The ouvrage is Y-shaped in plan, with the main gallery splitting in two almost  in from the ammunition entry. A  gallery runs to the principal combat blocks of the west wing, while the other passage runs another approximately  to the combat blocks of the east wing. The gallery system was served by a narrow-gauge (60 cm) electrified railway that continued out the ammunition entry and connected to a regional military railway system for the movement of materiel along the front a few kilometres to the rear.

Description
The gros ouvrage (large work) is composed of 17 combat blocks and 18 artillery pieces, with a total of  of galleries.  The galleries are between  below the surface to protect against bombardment. The main gallery extends  .

Entries
 Ammunition Entry Type A: Connects to military railroad, defended by one machine gun/37mm anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC37) and two automatic rifle cloches (GFM).
 Personnel Entry: defended by one machine gun/37mm anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC37), one grenade-launcher cloche (LG), and two GFM cloches.

East wing blocks
 Block 1: infantry block, in front of the east wing, equipped only with a retractable machine gun turret.
 Block 2: artillery block armed with a retractable twin 75mm gun turret and two automatic rifle cloches (GFM).
 Block 3: armed with one 81mm mortar turret. An automatic rifle cloche (GFM) was tactically linked to the neighboring Ouvrage Mont des Welches as an observation point.
 Block 4: infantry block with one retractable machine gun turret, 37mm anti-tank gun (JM/AC37) embrasure, one machine gun embrasure (JM) and two GFM cloches.
 Block 5: eastwards-flanking artillery block with three 75mm gun embrasures, two automatic rifle embrasures (FM), two GFM cloches and one grenade-launcher cloche (LG).
 Block 6: artillery block with one 135mm retractable gun turret and one GFM cloche.

West wing blocks
 Block 7 : infantry block, twin of Block 4 with one machine gun turret (JM), one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC37), one machine gun embrasure (JM) and two GFM cloches.
 Block 8 : westwards-flanking artillery block with three 75mm gun embrasures and two GFM cloches.
 Block 9 : an unusual artillery block, armed with one 135mm gun turret and a flanking 135mm gun embrasure to the west. Two GFM cloches provided local defense.
 Block 10 : artillery block with one 81mm mortar turret and two GFM cloches.

Observation blocks
Two observation blocks are situated on the ridge of the Hackenberg, which gives its name to the ouvrage

 Block 11: equipped with a periscope-type observation cloche (VDP) and a GFM cloche.
 Block 12: with a periscope-type observation cloche and two GFM cloches.

Tank obstacle blocks
Apart from Hochwald, Hackenberg is the only ouvrage in the Line with a deep anti-tank ditch and wall. The ditch is defended by Blocks 21 and 25.

 Block 21: located at the eastern extremity of the ditch, this infantry block is provided with one machine gun/anti-tank embrasure (JM/AC37), one machine gun embrasure (JM), one 50mm mortar embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Block 22: an infantry block in the angle of the ditch with one machine gun/anti-tank embrasure (JM/AC37), one machine gun cloche (JM), and a GFM cloche.
 Block 23: a small block armed with two GFM cloches and a grenade-launcher cloche (LG).
 Block 24: a large infantry block in the western angle of the ditch, with a machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC37), a machine gun turret (JM), a 50mm mortar turret and two GFM cloches.
 Block 25: a mixed block for the defense of the anti-tank ditch with a 75mm gun embrasure, a machine gun embrasure, a 50mm mortar embrasure and a GFM cloche.

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the extensive network of connected combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Hackenberg, including

 Abri du Hummersberg: Subterranean infantry shelter (abri-caverne)  with two GFM cloches.
 Casemate du Hummersberg Nord: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Hummersberg Sud: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Veckring Nord: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Veckring Sud: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Abri de Veckring: Subterranean infantry shelter (abri-caverne) with two GFM cloches.

Manning
940 men and 41 officers were billeted in June 1940, part of the 153rd Position Artillery Regiment (RAP) and the 164th Fortress Infantry Regiment (RIF). Official strength was 42 officers and 1040 men. The commanding officer was Chef d'Escadron Ebrard until 13 June 1940, succeeded by Chef de Bataillon Ismeur.

The Casernement de Veckring provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Hackenberg and other positions in the area.

History

See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
The construction of Hackenberg' took place between 1929 and 1933.  After France's entry into World War II, the ouvrage was considered emblematic of the entire Line and was visited by King George VI on 9 December 1939.

1940
German troops harassed Hackenberg in 1940. A portion of the front was at this time held by the British 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, along with the French 26th and 42nd Infantry Divisions. No attempt was made by the Germans to directly attack this central portion of the Maginot Line, the Germans preferring to go around the west end of the Line and take it from the rear.  Hackenberg provided covering fire to other ouvrages in the area through June as the Germans advanced eastwards behind French lines. On 15 June the German 1st Army broke through the Line at the Saar and pushed west and east along the Line, enveloping the French armies.

The ouvrage remained under French control for a time after the armistice of 25 June 1940.  Hackenberg's garrison evacuated on 4 July 1940. Following the takeover, French prisoners of war were put to work removing mines around the ouvrage, resulting in many French casualties. In the following years under German occupation, Hackenberg was used as a bombproof factory by the Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz company of Cologne for the production of transmissions and gears. The operation used the M1 magazine and the caserne, sharing the magazine with German munitions.

1944
During the Occupation, the Germans occupied Hackenberg and posed a considerable obstacle to American advances in 1944 during the Lorraine Campaign. Although much of Hackenberg's armament had been removed for use in the Atlantic Wall, some of the heavier guns remained. On 15 November, the U.S. 90th Infantry Division encountered Hackenberg as it advanced along the length of the Maginot Line.  Block 8, with its battery of 75mm guns, proved particularly troublesome, with 99 rounds falling on the American position in 90 seconds. After an attack using tank destroyers failed, the Americans used a 155mm self-propelled gun against the rear of Block 8 in the morning of 16 November. The success of this attack allowed the Americans to take the west wing on the 17th. Hackenberg was entirely occupied by American forces on the 19th, only after the retreating Germans had destroyed the M1 magazine.

Cold War
Following World War II, interest revived in the use of the Maginot Line to defend against a possible Soviet advance through southern Germany.  Funds were allocated for restoration of the gros ouvrages, with new 105mm artillery proposed for Block 8 at Hackenberg.  Funding was not forthcoming, and work was limited to restoration of systems and improvements to existing armament. Restoration of Block 8, damaged in the American attack of 1944, was canceled. The renovations did not include the command post or the barracks.

By 1956, Hackenberg had been designated part of the Mòle de Boulay, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack. By the late 1950s interest in fixed fortifications was waning after France developed a nuclear deterrent.  The money needed to maintain and upgrade the fortifications was diverted for the nuclear programs. Hackenberg was maintained for use by the Army until 1968, and finally abandoned in 1970 after it was placed in second-class reserve.

In 1975, residents from nearby villages started to organize sightseeing tours, which led to the founding of the volunteer-driven AMIFORT association for the preservation of Hackenberg.

Current status
Today, site visits are organized by l'Association AMIFORT VECKRING. The volunteers have restored one block in the west wing to functionality, with a working elevator, a turret turntable and lift table. The movement of the turret is shown to visitors. One of the four generators is equipped with a post-World War II engine and is also running during sightseeing tours. The electric train in the mountain is used in the tour to transport visitors from the ammunition entry to the functional turret. Block 8 is also visited in the tour. The eastern wing is in poor condition due to subsidence in gypsum strata that have damaged the structure, and cannot be toured.

Guided tours are offered on weekends, opening hours on weekends are 14:00 to 17:00, varying over the year.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Degon, André; Zylberyng, Didier, La Ligne Maginot: Guide des Forts à Visiter, Editions Ouest-France, 2014.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Hackenberg discovery
 Ouvrage du Hackenberg site, Association AMIFORT Veckring
 French government English-language site
 Bunkertours – Hackenberg
 Ouvrage du Hackenberg at wikimaginot.eu
 L'ouvrage du Hackenberg at alsacemaginot.com
 Ouvrage du Hackenberg at lignemaginot.com
 Hackenberg (gros ouvrage A19) du) at fortiff.be

HACK
Môle de Boulay
Maginot Line
World War II museums in France


Ripped may refer to:

 Ripped, a slang term for having achieved muscle hypertrophy
 Ripped: How the Wired Generation Revolutionized Music, a book by Greg Kot
 Ripped, a series of books and DVDs by Clarence Bass
 "Ripped", an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
 Ripped, a 2017 comedy film starring Faizon Love and Russell Peters

See also

 Ripping, the process of copying audio or video content to a hard disk
 RIPD (disambiguation)
 Rip (disambiguation)


Events from the year 1715 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Monarch: George I

Events
 County Palatine of Tipperary Act, an Act of the Parliament of Ireland, enables purchase by the crown of rights and revenues in County Tipperary held by the Dukes of Ormonde.
 George Evans is created 1st Baron Carbery in the Peerage of Ireland.

Arts and literature
First record of the actress and writer Eliza Haywood, performing in Thomas Shadwell's Shakespeare adaptation, Timon of Athens; or, The Man-Hater at the Smock Alley Theatre, Dublin.

Births
Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, pioneer and army officer in colonial New York (d. 1774).
Patrick Lynch, emigrant to Rio de la Plata and landowner.
Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin, poet (d. 1795).

Deaths
December 14 – Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick, member of Irish Parliament, Royalist military officer during the English Civil War and governor of the Province of New York (b. 1634)

References

Ireland