Michoacan University of Saint Nicholas of Hidalgo (UMSNH) is a public university in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, and the oldest institution of higher education in the Americas. The University grants law, economics, computer science, medicine, architecture, and dentistry degrees, plus several other additional fields of study, mainly in Humanities, Science and Arts.

History
The Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH) is the institution of higher education with the longest tradition in the state of Michoacán and one of the oldest in the Americas. Its historical background dates back to 1540, the year in which Don Vasco de Quiroga founded the College of San Nicolás Obispo in the city of Pátzcuaro, with the purpose of training priests to help him in the evangelization of the natives of the vast territory under the jurisdiction.

During his episcopal administration, Vasco de Quiroga showed special concern for consolidating the incipient educational institution. Thanks to his negotiations, on May 1, 1543, Carlos V issued a royal certificate in which he agreed to assume the patronage of the college, for which, as of that date, it was called the Royal College of San Nicolás Obispo.

In 1566, by means of a "royal execution" it was arranged that, in the name of the Spanish monarch, the ecclesiastical council exercised the administration of the Quiroguiano campus. Faced with the demands of the post-Tridentine Church, to impart a new orientation to the formation of priests, in 1574 the chapter decided to transfer academic responsibility to the meritorious Society of Jesus.

Change of venue
In 1580, due to the change of the episcopal residence from Pátzcuaro to Valladolid, the Royal College of San Nicolás Obispo was also moved, where it merged with the College of San Miguel Guayangareo. The new cathedral headquarters represented a great advance for the strengthening of the bishopric of Michoacán. However, the training of priests continued without responding to the demands of the Council of Tridentine, widely reaffirmed during the Third Mexican Provincial Council of 1585.

To solve this deficiency, from 1590, the fourth bishop of Michoacán, Fray Alonso Guerra, insisted on converting the college into a Tridentine Seminary. Within the ecclesiastical council, this initiative found strong opposition, considering that, if the proposal was accepted, the founding objectives of the campus would be contravened. Upon the death of Bishop Guerra, it fell to his successor, Fray Domingo de Ulloa, to receive – on October 17, 1601 – from Clement VIII a bull in which, taking advantage of the infrastructure of San Nicolás, he ordered the establishment of a Council Seminary.

The council's reaction was immediate: in open contempt, by legal means it undertook an energetic defense that involved the civil and ecclesiastical authorities of New Spain in a confrontation that would last until the year 1610, when Pope Paul V he reversed his predecessor's order.

However, during that time the Colegio de San Nicolás regularly maintained its activities, without incorporating transcendental changes in its classrooms, where essentials were taught to attend the religious services of the Spanish and evangelize the indigenous. Concerned as the Valladolid society was in consolidating itself, it was little interested in its instructional institutions reaching the development of the European ones. The affirmation of the colonial project must have been necessary for the Creoles to feel the need to match their knowledge to that which was in vogue in the Spanish cloisters.

Viceroyalty
Consequently, at the end of the 17th century, the Colegio de San Nicolás undertook a profound reform of its regulations and constitutions, which served as the basis for modifying the study plan of the beginning of the 18th century, in which, among other disciplines, they included the subjects of Philosophy, Scholastic Theology and Moral Theology.

By royal decree of November 23, 1797, San Nicolás was granted the privilege of incorporating the chairs of Civil Law and Canon Law into his teaching.

It can be affirmed that at the beginning of the 19th century the campus was going through the most solid stage of its existence. Everything seemed to indicate that in the New Spain intellectual world he was embarking on an ascending career. However, the consequences of the independence movement, led by a select group of Nicolaita teachers and students, including Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, José María Morelos, José Sixto Verduzco, José María Izazaga and Ignacio López Rayón, led the government to Viceregal decided to close it.

Independent Mexico
Once Mexican independence was achieved, the main concern of the new government focused on national reorganization based on a new project in which, for the first time on this soil, within the priority items, public education was considered. In this way, the actions aimed at the reopening of the campus began during the decade of the 1920s. After a long and painful negotiation between the Church and the State, on October 21, 1845, the ecclesiastical chapter ceded the patronage of the campus to the Michoacán Subdirectorate Board of Studies.

Provided with this legal basis, on January 17, 1847, Governor Melchor Ocampo proceeded to reopen it, under the name of Primitivo y Nacional Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. This marked the beginning of a new stage in the existence of the institution.

In the second half of the 19th century, chemistry, physics, cosmography, mathematics and biology burst into Nicolaitan classrooms. Laboratories and libraries were enriched by important acquisitions made by the Michoacan government in European countries, while their heritage increased through donations conferred by the state executive from secularized assets to Michoacan temples and convents. The winds of renewal that spread throughout the state during those years were carriers of solid foundations for the creation of a university in Michoacán.

This project was consolidated with the triumph of the Mexican Revolution when, a few days after the Michoacán government took office, the engineer Pascual Ortiz Rubio adopted the initiative, and on October 15, 1917, he managed to establish, with the characteristic of autonomy, the Michoacan University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, made up of the College of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, the schools of Arts and Crafts, Industrial and Commercial for young ladies, Superior of Commerce and Administration, Normal for teachers, Medicine and Jurisprudence, in addition to the Public Library, the Michoacan Museum, the Museum of Independence and the State Meteorological Observatory.

As members of the first University Council, the directors of each campus were appointed; as rector, the engineer Agustín Aragón, who a few days later, for not accepting the constitutional protest to which the members of Congress forced him, resigned from his position. Faced with this setback, the nascent institution was adrift, until, in 1918, Dr. Alberto Oviedo Mota was appointed as the person in charge of initiating university activities.

The following year, Congress appointed Professor José Jara Peregrina as rector, who also promoted actions aimed at consolidating the university. Of these, the Constitutive Law and the creation of the first budget item stand out, which allowed it to correct the pressing needs. In 1920, according to the opinion of Governor Francisco J. Múgica, the university continued "as a group of schools that were independent of each other."

To remedy this abnormality, General Múgica modified the Constitutive Law and appointed new authorities. Ignacio Chávez, a young doctor from Michoacán recently graduated from the National University School of Medicine, occupied the rectory.

During his administration, profound academic and administrative reforms were undertaken, which included modifications to the study plans and programs of all schools. Medicine was the most favored, as the new rector incorporated a host of Michoacán doctors into his teaching staff: his colleagues Salvador González Herrejón, Adolfo Arreguín Vidales and Manuel Martínez Báez, in addition to Ignacio Chávez himself, who promoted a momentous turn to medical teaching in Michoacán.

Annually, the university awards the Father of the Nation Award to the students with the best average.

Shield
The university coat of arms is made up of elements from the coat of arms of the Quiroga family, which Don Vasco bequeathed to the college he founded, which mean: "Given in harmony, under the shadow of religion, fraternally united towards the light of knowledge and teaching, in peace and in victory, under the universality of science and humanities".

In 1917, when the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo was founded, the new institution adopted the shield of the College, with which it sealed the official papers until 1919. From then on, the previous inscription was replaced by that of Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. . Morelia. This delay is easy to explain, since from that year the institution begins its academic activities regularly.

When Dr. Ignacio Chávez was rector, in 1921, a substantial transformation occurred in the coat of arms, by which the edges of the plaque were perfected, which remained divided into four quarters. In the first, the six dice appear arranged in two suits. In the first pair one and four points can be seen; in the second, two and five; in the third, three and six. In the second quarter is the flowered cross. In the third the five clubs appear, and in the lower left a mount added to a cypress in a straight position, ending in the lower part with a "spear point". Above and in front, the wide-brimmed episcopal hat and the episcopal pretensions embracing the plaque are preserved, which balance the graphic elements. The double circle takes a breath and opens to become a ribbon, supported by two lighted torches bearing the inscription UNIVERSIDAD MICHOACANA DE SAN NICOLAS DE HIDALGO. Two crossed branches finish off the bottom: one of laurel; the other, olive. It is necessary to consider that they are not clubs if these figures represent a harmonica, and it reads as follows: Dice, harmonica, a tree with a shadow and the cross, now if the symbols coincide, given to harmony under the shadow of the religion. The description of the symbol made by Rodolfo Jiménez Avalos, approximately in 1970 on a visit to the City of Quiroga.

In this regard, Chávez informs that he chose that shield for the nascent university based on the quartered family crest of its illustrious founder: Don Vasco de Quiroga. He only added the border that crowns it, where the name of the university is read, supported by two lit torches, related to science and humanistic culture. It is necessary to point out that, although Dr. Chávez makes this brief description of the shield, he says nothing about the colors, which, as has been mentioned, were red, green, white and gold.

This shield was preserved for a long time. In the sixties the third barracks was deformed: the five clubs were transformed into as many figures that resemble bowling pins.

Schools and colleges

Nicolaita Baccalaureate

The Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo has seven preparatory schools or high schools:

Primitive and National College of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, High school

Ing. Pascual Ortiz Rubio, High School

Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon, High School

Isaac Arriaga, High School

Melchor Ocampo, High School

Eduardo Ruiz, High School (Uruapan)

General Lázaro Cárdenas, High School (Uruapan)

These schools provide the education needed to begin study for a bachelor's degree. On June 21, 1990, the University Council approved a reform to the baccalaureate that is taught at this university. From that date it is studied in three years, divided into two phases: a) common core, lasting two years, and b) propaedeutic course, so that the student chooses one of the following areas:

Engineering and architecture

Chemical-Biological Sciences

Economic-Administrative Sciences

Historical-Social Sciences

In addition, two of 20 optional subjects are chosen, according to the area and semester studied.

Bachelor's degrees

Engineering Division:

Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Wood Technology Engineering

architecture facuilty

Division of Sciences and Humanities:

Faculty of Physical-Mathematical Sciences "Mat. Luis Manuel Rivera Gutiérrez"

Faculty of Biology

Faculty of History UMSNH "Uandascuaro"

Faculty of Philosophy Dr. Samuel Ramos M.

Letters faculty

Arts Division:

Popular Faculty of Fine Arts

Division of Administrative and Social Sciences:

Faculty of Accounting and Administrative Sciences

Faculty of Law and Social Sciences

Faculty of Economics "Vasco de Quiroga"

Health Sciences Division:

Faculty of Medical and Biological Sciences "Dr. Ignacio Chávez"

Faculty of Dentistry

College of Nursing

Faculty of Public Health and Nursing

Faculty of Chemical Pharmacobiology

Faculty of Psychology

Agricultural Sciences Division:

Faculty of Agricultural Business Administration (Apatzingán)

Faculty of Agrobiology (Uruapan)

Faculty of veterinary medicine and zootechnics

Faculty of Biotechnology

Professional Units:

Hidalgo City Professional Unit

Lázaro Cárdenas Professional Unit

Professional Unit of Balsas Huetamo de Núñez

Postgraduate

Institutes:

Chemical-Biological Research Institute

Metallurgy and Materials Research Institute

Historical Research Institute

Institute of Physics and Mathematics

Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute

Natural Resources Research Institute

Institute of Economic and Business Research

Institute of Philosophical Research "Luis Villoro"

Earth Sciences Research Institute

Currently, one of the main strengths is the Postgraduate Nicolaita, which offers more than forty master's and doctoral programs, taught in faculties and institutes, most of them recognized in the National Postgraduate Program (PNP), of the National Council of Science and Technology ( Conacyt). The last postgraduate course approved by the H. University Council is the Doctorate in Philosophy, offered by the Samuel Ramos Faculty of Philosophy and by the recently created "Luis Villoro" Philosophical Research Institute. In addition, the postgraduate course at the Universidad Michoacana is a melting pot for scientific research. As of 2014, it had 400 researchers belonging to the National System of Researchers (SNI), of Conacyt.

External links

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Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
Educational institutions established in the 1540s
1540 establishments in New Spain
Morelia
Forestry education


is a railway station in the town of Kiso, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Miyanokoshi Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located 255.5 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 141.4 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has one island platform connected by a footbridge. The station is unattended.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

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History
Miyanokoshi Station was opened on 25 November 1910.  On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 40 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Kiso River
Miyanokoshi-juku

See also

 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1910
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Kiso, Nagano (town)


Martti Johannes Liuttula (12 January 1894 – 17 November 1979) was a Finnish sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics.

In the 1924 Summer Olympics he participated in the following events:

 Team 100 metre running deer, double shots - fourth place
 100 metre running deer, single shots - fifth place
 Team 100 metre running deer, single shots - fifth place
 100 metre running deer, double shots - 15th place

References

External links

1894 births
1979 deaths
Finnish male sport shooters
Running target shooters
Olympic shooters for Finland
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics


is a railway station in the town of Kiso, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Harano Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located 258.3  kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 138.6 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has two ground level side platforms. The platforms are not connected within the station, and passengers wishing to change platforms must first exit the station, and use a public overpass to cross the tracks, and re-enter the station from the other side. The station is unattended.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

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History
Harano Station was opened on 21 April 1955.  On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 63 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Harano Hachiman-gu
Harano Forestry Center

See also

 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1955
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Kiso, Nagano (town)


André Ricardo Soares (born 9 October 1981), known as Andrezinho, is a Brazilian former professional footballer. Mainly a right-back, he was equally at ease on the left flank.

Club career
Andrezinho was born in Mineiros, Goiás. After playing for five teams in his country in six years, he moved in July 2007 to Portugal with Vitória SC, as the Guimarães-based club had just returned from the second division.

An undisputed starter from the very beginning, Andrezinho only missed one game en route to a final third place in the Primeira Liga, with the subsequent qualification to the UEFA Champions League. In the 2009–10 season he enjoyed his best year as a professional, scoring five goals in 25 matches – often from free kicks– as Vitória finished in sixth position, narrowly missing out on a UEFA Europa League spot.

In late July 2010, Andrezinho joined 1. FC Köln in Germany, penning a two-year contract and reuniting with former Guimarães teammate Pedro Geromel. However, coach Frank Schaefer saw no perspective for him in a reorganised team, and advised him to leave in the following transfer window.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Goiás
Men's association football defenders
Brazilian men's footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
São Raimundo Esporte Clube (AM) footballers
Vila Nova Futebol Clube players
Goiás Esporte Clube players
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
Primeira Liga players
Vitória S.C. players
Bundesliga players
1. FC Köln players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
People from Mineiros


Crazy Day or The Marriage of Figaro () is a modern comedy musical staged by television channels «NTV» (Russia) and «Inter» (Ukraine) in association with «Melorama Production», under direction of Semen Gorov in 2003, based on the 1784 Pierre Beaumarchais' play The Marriage of Figaro. The musical was aired for the first time on the New Year's night of 2004.

Plot
The day before his wedding, handsome and merry Figaro, played by Boris Hvoshnyansky, learns of the bride Susanna (Anastasia Stotskaya), but he has a rival - voluptuous Count Almaviva, played by Philip Kirkorov. Earl intends to use the old right of the first night in his possessions and to steal from the lovers their happiness. The case becomes more complicated as another lover - Marceline (Sofia Rotaru) claims her love for Figaro as well, requiring a considerable amount of money to return and marry her. Figaro uses infinitely jealousy count to his wife Rosine, played in the movie by Lolita Miliavskaya. The reason for the jealousy becomes innocent infatuation by Kerubino young countess' page, who played by Andrei Danilko. A whole series of changing, humorous situations and misunderstandings leads finally to all the love and harmony. Figaro gets his parents and wife. The Earl once again loves his Rosine, as small Cherubin successfully avoided serving in the army.

Cast
Philipp Kirkorov as Count Almaviva
Lolita Milyavskaya as Countess Rosine
Boris Khoshnyansky as Figaro
Anastasiya Stotskaya as Suzanne
Sofia Rotaru as Marceline
Boris Moiseev as Antonio the gardener
Ani Lorak as Fanchette
Andriy Danylko as Cherubin
Vitaly Linetsky as Bazile
Vladimir Goryansky as Don Guzman Brid'Oison (judge)

References

External links
RussArt.com (Russian)
Kinoexpert (Russian)
Film description (Russian)

Russian television films
2004 television films
2004 films
Russian films based on plays
Russian musical films
2000s musical films
2000s Russian-language films


The Sabbath Collection is a compilation album released in 1985 by the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. The album was released without the consent of the band, and is therefore considered "unofficial". There are some mistakes with the track listing; "Sleeping Village" and "Warning"'s track length listings were inverted, giving Sleeping Village a length of 10:47 and Warning a length of 3:30. There is also a misspelling of "Sabbra Cadabra".

Track listing
 Paranoid - 2:48 (Iommi, Ward, Butler, Osbourne/Westminster Music Ltd.)
 Behind The Wall Of Sleep - 4:20 (Iommi, Ward, Butler, Osbourne/Westminster Music Ltd.)
 Sleeping Village - 3:30 (Iommi, Ward, Butler, Osbourne/Westminster Music Ltd.)
 Warning - 10:47 (Dunbar/Getaway Songs)
 After Forever - 5:25 (Iommi/Westminster Music Ltd.)
 Supernaut - 4:40 (Iommi, Ward, Butler, Osbourne/Westminster Music Ltd.)
 St. Vitus Dance - 2:25 (Iommi, Ward, Butler, Osbourne/Westminster Music Ltd.)
 Snowblind - 5:27 (Iommi, Ward, Butler, Osbourne/Westminster Music Ltd.)
 Killing Yourself To Live - 5:40 (Black Sabbath/Westminster Music Ltd.)
 Sabbra Cadabra - 5:56 (Black Sabbath/Westminster Music Ltd.)* (Spelled "Sabra Cabadra" on back cover of the album.)
 The Writ - 7:46 (Black Sabbath/Westminster Music Ltd.)

Credits
 Songs 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5 produced by Roger Bain for Tony Hall Enterprises
 Songs 6, 7, 8 & 8 produced by Patrick Meehan & Black Sabbath
 Songs 9, & 10 produced by Black Sabbath for Excellency Production
 Song 11 produced by Black Sabbath with Mike Butcher

Sales accomplishments
BPI certification  (United Kingdom)

See also

References

Black Sabbath compilation albums
1985 compilation albums


is a railway station in the town of Kiso, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Kiso-Fukushima Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located  263.8 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 133.1 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has one island platform connected to the station building by an underground passage. The station is staffed. An old JNR Class D51 locomotive is preserved at the station as a local attraction.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

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History
Kiso-Fukushima Station was opened on 25 November 1910. On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 774 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Kiso Town Hall
Kiso Fukushima Post Office
Nagano Prefectural Kiso Seiho High School

See also

 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1910
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Kiso, Nagano (town)


Les Chalesmes () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


The English Militia was the principal military reserve force of the Kingdom of England. Militia units were repeatedly raised in England from the Anglo-Saxon period onwards for internal security duties and to defend against external invasions. One of the first militia units in England were the fyrd, which were raised from freemen to defend the estate of their local Shire's lord or accompany the housecarls on offensive expeditions. During the Middle Ages, English militia units continued to be raised for service in various conflicts such as the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses. Militia troops continued to see service in Tudor and Stuart periods, most prominently in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Following the Acts of Union 1707, the English Militia was transformed into the British Militia.

Origins

The origins of military obligation in England pre-date the establishment of the English state in the 10th century, and can be traced to the 'common burdens' of the Anglo-Saxon period, among which was service in the fyrd, or army. There is evidence that such an obligation existed in the Kingdom of Kent by the end of the 7th century, Mercia in the 8th century and Wessex in the 9th century, and the Burghal Hidage of 911–919 indicates that over 27,000 men could have been raised in the defence of 30 West Saxon boroughs. In the late 10th century, areas began to be divided into 'hundreds' as units for the fyrd. The obligation to serve was placed on landholders, and the Domesday Book indicates that individuals were expected to serve for approximately 60 days.

The Norman conquest of England in 1066 brought with it a feudal system which also contained an element of military obligation in the form of the feudal host. This system supplemented rather than replaced the fyrd, which continued to be deployed until at least the beginning of the 12th century. The Assize of Arms of 1181 combined the two systems by dividing the free population into four categories according to wealth and prescribing the weapons each was to maintain. The first category corresponded to the feudal host, the next two corresponded to the old fyrd and the last to a general levy. The Statute of Winchester in 1285 introduced two more non-feudal categories to impose a general military obligation on all able-bodied males, including non-free, between the ages of 15 and 60, and updated the prescribed weaponry in the light of developments in warfare at the time.

Because it was not practical to call out every man, King Edward I introduced a system whereby local gentry were authorised to conduct commissions of array to select those who would actually be called for military service. During the reign of King Edward III, feudal service was recognised as increasingly obsolete, and the feudal host was formally called out in full for the last time in 1327. During the Hundred Years' War, the king raised armies for service in France by indenture, which contracted magnates, under their obligation as subjects rather than feudal tenants, to supply a certain number of men for a specific amount of time in return for a set fee. Those forces allocated for the defence of England, however, were raised on the basis of the general obligation

Sixteenth century
In 1511, King Henry VIII signalled the elevation of the national obligation as the sole means of raising armies from the citizenry. He ordered the commissioners of array be responsible not just for the raising of levies, but also for ensuring that they were suitably equipped according to the Statute of Winchester. He also restricted landowners to raising forces only from their own tenants or others for whom, by the tenure of office, they were responsible. By these means Henry instituted a quasi-feudal system, whereby he looked to the nobility to raise forces, but expected them to do so within the constraints of the shire levies, and the last use of indenture to raise an army came in 1512.

Italian ambassadors reckoned that England had 150,000 armed men in 1519 and 100,000 in 1544 and 1551 available through their militia, while a French ambassador in 1570 reported that 120,000 were ready to serve. This was reasonably close to the truth as 183,000 militiamen were mustered in 37 counties in 1575, and in the officials returns of 1588 more than 132,000 were expected to be fielded in England and Wales. They were intended to comprise part of the armies raised to combat the Spanish invasion. There were expected to be a total of 92,000 men mustered in the south of England (including 5,300 cavalry). Their poor state of readiness and obsolete nature of the weapons they used (mainly bills and longbows) prompted the creation of the more elite Trained Bands, who numbered 50,000 in 1588 (comprising about a third of the militia). This was only a partial solution however. By 1591 official records show 102,000 men on the rolls, of whom 42,000 are fully trained and furnished, plus 54,000 armed but not sufficiently trained and 6,000 neither armed nor trained. In 1588 the Trained Bands primary weapons were 42% firearms, 26% pikes, 18% longbows, and 16% bills.Ian Heath. "Armies of the Sixteenth Century: The Armies of England, Ireland, the United Provinces, and the Spanish Netherlands 1487–1609." Foundry Books, 1997. Pages 33 and 37.

A 1522 survey had revealed a significant lapse in the obligation to maintain arms and train in their use, and from 1535 commissioners of muster held tri-annual inspections. In the mid-16th century Lords Lieutenant began to be appointed, a great improvement in local authority, and an increasingly efficient machinery for enforcing the obligations of the citizenry to be ready for war resulted in 1558 the Militia Act, which ended the quasi-feudal system and implemented a more efficient, unified national militia system. In an attempt to remove the statutory limitations and allow the lieutenants to increase their demands on the militia, the act was repealed in 1604. This, however, succeeded only in removing the statutory basis for the militia itself. Although the militia continued to exist, it fell into neglect as attempts to introduce new legislation to regulate it failed.

English Civil War and the development of a standing army

The beginning of the English Civil War was marked by a struggle between King Charles I and Parliament for control of the militia. The indecisive Battle of Edgehill in 1642, the first pitched battle of the war, revealed the weakness of the amateur military system, and both sides struggled with barely trained, poorly-equipped, ill-disciplined and badly led armies. While the Royalists persisted with the amateur tradition, the Parliamentarians developed the New Model Army, a small but disciplined, well-equipped and trained army led by officers selected according to ability rather than birth. The New Model Army defeated the Royalist army at the Battle of Naseby in 1645, effectively ending the First English Civil War in victory for the Parliamentarians.

Following the execution of King Charles I, the establishment of the Commonwealth of England and the subsequent Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, the New Model Army became politicised, and by the time of Cromwell's death in 1658, martial law and the Rule of the Major-Generals had renewed the traditional mistrust of standing armies. On the restoration of King Charles II to the throne in 1660, the New Model Army was disbanded. Despite the concerns of Parliament about expense and the threat to the power it had only recently won from the Crown, it still proved necessary to maintain a small standing force in England, for the protection of the new king and to garrison coastal forts. A new army was therefore established in 1660, comprising two regiments born in the civil war; one raised in 1656 as Charles's bodyguard while he was in exile during the Interregnum, the other raised in 1650 as part of the New Model Army. Several conspiracies uncovered towards the end of 1660 convinced Parliament of the need for two more regiments – again, one raised in exile during the Interregnum, the other originally a New Model Army regiment – and the army was officially established by royal warrant on 26 January 1661.

In the midst of the English Civil War there was some debate as to whether the militia should be a supplement or an alternative to a standing army, and a series of ordinances were passed in attempts to replace the repealed 1558 act. These reflected the ongoing struggle for control of the militia until, in the early 1660s, new legislation established the militia under the control, through the lieutenancy, of the gentry. The legislation made it a counter to the standing army, the main bulwark against disorder and the guarantee of the political settlement.

Militia and the army
The army – which, by the time of King James II's accession in 1685, comprised seven regiments of foot and four mounted regiments – was officially part of the royal household and had no basis in law; both king and Parliament were careful to refer to the regiments as 'guards', based on their role as bodyguards to the king, and it was still intended that the militia would provide the country's main force in the event of war. However, it was the army, already made more palatable to Parliament by acts of civilian service in support of the common good, that defeated the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685, the militia having proved too slow to mobilise. Following the rebellion, King James II was able to expand the army with 16 new regiments, paid for by money misappropriated from funds voted by Parliament for the militia. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 brought the Dutch King William III to the throne, and with him came interests in continental Europe. It was the defence of these interests that would lead, by the time of the Battle of Blenheim in 1704, to the establishment of the army as an accepted state body and a military leader in Europe. The status of the army as a state institution under parliamentary control and subject to national law was normalised in 1689 by the Bill of Rights and the annually passed Mutiny Acts.

Failure in the Monmouth Rebellion and controversy over the mis-use of funds had an adverse effect on the militia. Although it continued to be called out, for example in the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in the aftermath of the Battle of Beachy Head and in the face of the Jacobite risings, the militia entered a period of decline. In some areas it received at best only 12 days of annual training, and in others it had not been mustered in a generation. It was regarded as so ineffective that against the Jacobite rising of 1745 it would prove more expedient to raise an ad hoc force of volunteers than to rely on the militia.

Militia in the English Empire

Successful English settlement of North America, where little support could be provided by regular forces, began to take place in 1607, in the face of Spain's determination to prevent England establishing a foothold in territory it claimed for itself. The settlers also had to contend with frequently hostile native populations. It was immediately necessary to raise militia amongst the settlers. The militia in Jamestown saw constant action against the Powhatan Federation and other native polities. In the Virginia Company's other outpost, Bermuda, settled officially in 1612 (unofficially in 1609), the construction of defensive works was placed before all other priorities. A Spanish attack in 1614 was repulsed by two shots fired from the incomplete Castle Islands Fortifications manned by Bermudian Militiamen. In the nineteenth century, Fortress Bermuda would become Britain's Gibraltar of the West, heavily fortified by a Regular Army garrison to protect the Royal Navy's headquarters and dockyard in the Western Atlantic. In the 17th century, however, Bermuda's defence was left entirely in the hands of the Militia. In addition to requiring all male civilians to train and serve in the militia of their Parish, the Bermudian Militia included a standing body of trained artillerymen to garrison the numerous fortifications which ringed New London (St. George's). This standing body was created by recruiting volunteers, and by sentencing criminals to serve as punishment. The Bermudian militiamen were called out on numerous occasions of war, and, on one notable occasion, to quell rioting privateers. In 1710, four years after Spanish and French forces seized the Turks Islands from Bermudian salt producers in 1706, they were expelled by Bermudian privateers. Although the Bermudian force operated under a Letter of Marque, its members, as with all military age Bermudian males, were members of the militia. By this time, the 1707 Acts of Union had made Bermudian and other English militiamen British.

Political issues
Up until the Glorious Revolution in 1688, the Crown and Parliament were in strong disagreement. The English Civil War left a rather unusual military legacy. Both Whigs and Tories distrusted the creation of a large standing army not under civilian control. The former feared that it would be used as an instrument of royal tyranny. The latter had memories of the New Model Army and the anti-monarchical social and political revolution that it brought about. Consequently, both preferred a small standing army under civilian control for defensive deterrence and to prosecute foreign wars, a large navy as the first line of national defence, and a militia composed of their neighbours as additional defence and to preserve domestic order.

Consequently, the English Bill of Rights (1689) declared, amongst other things: "that the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law..." and "that the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law." This implies that they are fitted to serve in the militia, which was intended to serve as a counterweight to the standing army and preserve civil liberties against the use of the army by a tyrannical monarch or government.

The Crown still (in the British constitution) controls the use of the army. This ensures that officers and enlisted men swear an oath to a politically neutral head of state, and not to a politician. While the funding of the standing army subsists on annual financial votes by parliament, the Mutiny Act is also renewed on an annual basis by parliament. If it lapses, the legal basis for enforcing discipline disappears, and soldiers lose their legal indemnity for acts committed under orders.

Eighteenth century and the Acts of Union
In 1707, the Acts of Union united the Kingdom of England with the Kingdom of Scotland. The Scottish navy was incorporated into the Royal Navy. The Scottish military (as opposed to naval) forces merged with the English, with pre-existing regular Scottish regiments maintaining their identities, though command of the new British Army was from England. The Militia of England and Wales continued to be enacted separately from the Militia of Scotland (see Militia (Great Britain) and, for the period following 1801, Militia (United Kingdom)).

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

Military history of England
History of the British Army
English Army


Xiahou Ying (died 172 BC), posthumously known as Marquis Wen of Ruyin, was a Chinese politician who served as Minister Coachman () during the early Han dynasty. He served under Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu), the founding emperor of the Han dynasty, and fought on Liu Bang's side during the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC) against Liu Bang's rival, Xiang Yu. He is also sometimes referred to as the Duke of Teng in historical records.

Early life
Xiahou Ying was from Pei County in present-day Jiangsu. He started his career as a minor officer in charge of horses, chariots and carriages in the county office. Whenever he passed by Sishui Village (), one of the villages in Pei County, he would visit his friend Liu Bang, a low-ranking officer in the village, and spend a long time chatting with him.

On one occasion, Liu Bang played a prank on Xiahou Ying and caused him to be injured. The county magistrate found out about the incident and ordered an investigation. Under the law of the Qin dynasty at the time, Liu Bang would be punished more severely than a civilian because he was a village officer. Xiahou Ying lied that he had accidentally injured himself in order to protect Liu Bang, and the case was initially closed. Later, somebody reported Xiahou Ying for making a false statement, so Xiahou Ying was arrested, flogged, and imprisoned for over a year. However, he still continued to cover up for Liu Bang.

Rebelling against the Qin dynasty
In 209 BC, several rebellions broke out throughout China to overthrow the Qin dynasty. When Liu Bang also started a rebellion in Pei County, Xiahou Ying joined him and assisted him in seizing control of their home county. Liu Bang then gave himself the title "Duke of Pei" (), and made Xiahou Ying a seventh-grade official () and appointed him as his personal carriage driver.

When Liu Bang was attacking Huling (; northeast of present-day Longgu Town, Pei County, Jiangsu), Xiahou Ying and Xiao He, another of Liu Bang's followers, managed to persuade the Qin officer guarding Huling to surrender to Liu Bang. For his achievement, Xiahou Ying was promoted to a fifth-grade official ().

Between 209 BC and 206 BC, Xiahou Ying joined the rebels led by Liu Bang in attacking Qin forces at various locations: Dang County (), Jiyang () and Yongqiu (), all in present-day eastern Henan; Dong'e (; present-day Liaocheng, Shandong); Puyang; Kaifeng; Luoyang; Nanyang;  Lantian; and Zhiyang (; east of present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi). During battle, he was known for driving his chariot at high speed and striking at the enemy with sheer ferocity. In one battle at Kaifeng, he captured 68 enemy soldiers, received the surrender of 850 others, and obtained a box of golden seals. For his achievements, he was consecutively promoted to higher positions: zhibo (); zhigui (); and Duke of Teng ().

After the Qin dynasty was overthrown by rebel forces in 206 BC, the former Qin Empire was divided into the Eighteen Kingdoms, each ruled by a rebel leader or surrendered Qin general. Liu Bang became the King of Han () and was given a domain in the remote Bashu region (present-day Chongqing and Sichuan). He appointed Xiahou Ying as Minister Coachman () and awarded him the title of Marquis of Zhaoping ().

Chu–Han Contention
From 206 BC to 202 BC, Xiahou Ying fought on Liu Bang's side against Liu Bang's rival, Xiang Yu, in a power struggle for supremacy over China historically known as the Chu–Han Contention.

Around 206 BC, Han Xin, who previously served under Xiang Yu, defected to Liu Bang's side after Xiang Yu refused to heed his suggestions. When Han Xin first joined Liu Bang, he was given a lowly position as a supply officer and his talent was hardly noticed by anyone. On one occasion, Han Xin was implicated in a capital case involving 13 others and about to be executed. At the time, Xiahou Ying was supervising the executions. When it was his turn, Han Xin looked up at Xiahou Ying and asked, "Does the King of Han not want to gain control of the Empire? Why does he execute warriors then?" Xiahou Ying sensed that Han Xin was no ordinary soldier so he released Han Xin, chatted with him and recognised his talent. He then recommended Han Xin to Xiao He, one of Liu Bang's chief advisers. Xiao He, in turn, recommended Han Xin to Liu Bang, but Liu Bang was unimpressed with Han Xin.

When Liu Bang first moved into the remote Bashu region, many men under him deserted. Disappointed that Liu Bang did not appreciate his talent, Han Xin deserted as well. When Xiao He heard about it, he left in search of Han Xin and managed to find him and bring him back. Xiahou Ying also caught up with them and, together with Xiao He, succeeded in convincing Han Xin to return to Liu Bang. This time, Liu Bang listened to Xiao He and Xiahou Ying; he appointed Han Xin as a general.

In 205 BC, Liu Bang lost to Xiang Yu at the Battle of Pengcheng and was forced to retreat. Pursued by enemy forces, he fled on a carriage with his son and daughter driven by Xiahou Ying. During their journey, Liu Bang became panicky and attempted to abandon his children so that the carriage could move faster. Each time he forced his children off the carriage, Xiahou Ying would stop and pick them up again. Liu Bang was so angry with Xiahou Ying that he threatened to kill him each time he did that. Eventually, they managed to escape from danger and Xiahou Ying delivered Liu Bang's children safely to Liu Bang's base in the Guanzhong region.

Service under Emperor Gaozu
In 202 BC, Liu Bang ultimately defeated Xiang Yu, became the emperor of China, and established the Han dynasty. Xiahou Ying followed Liu Bang to suppress rebellions by the vassal kings throughout the emperor's reign. During the Battle of Baideng in 200 BC, Xiahou Ying helped Liu Bang escape from danger after the Han forces were defeated by the Xiongnu. The emperor also enfeoffed Xiahou Ying as the Marquis of Ruyin ().

Service under Emperor Hui
After Liu Bang's death in 195 BC, Xiahou Ying continued serving as Minister Coachman under Liu Bang's son and successor, Liu Ying (Emperor Hui), who was effectively a puppet emperor controlled by his mother, Empress Lü.

Service under Emperor Wen
Following the end of the Lü Clan Disturbance in 180 BC, Xiahou Ying and others supported Liu Heng (Emperor Wen), another son of Liu Bang, in becoming the new emperor, thus restoring Liu Bang's clan to power again.

Death
Xiahou Ying continued serving under Emperor Wen until his death in 172 BC. Emperor Wen granted Xiahou Ying the posthumous title "Marquis Wen" ().

Descendants
Many of Xiahou Ying's descendants were active towards the end of the Han dynasty. The most prominent ones were the generals Xiahou Dun and Xiahou Yuan, who served under the warlord Cao Cao. Their descendants also served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period.

References
 Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 95.
 Ban Gu et al. Book of Han, Volume 41.

Year of birth unknown
172 BC deaths
Chu–Han contention people
Han dynasty government officials
People from Xuzhou


La Chapelle-sur-Furieuse () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


La Charme () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


La Chassagne () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


The British Militia was the principle military reserve force of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Militia units were repeatedly raised in Great Britain during the Victorian and Edwardian eras for internal security duties and to defend against external invasions. The British Militia was transformed into the Special Reserve under the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, which integrated all militia formations into the British Army.

Nineteenth century
A separate voluntary Local Militia was created in 1808 before being disbanded in 1816.

By 1813 the British Army was experiencing a shortage of manpower to maintain their battalions at full strength. Some consideration was given to recruiting foreign nationals; however on 4 November 1813 a bill was introduced to Parliament to allow Militia volunteers to serve in Europe. In the event only three battalions were raised, and these were sent to serve under Henry Bayly. On 12 April 1814 they arrived in Bordeaux, where they were attached to the 7th Division.

After the Napoleonic Wars, the Militia fell into disuse, although regimental colonels and adjutants continued to appear in the Army List. Whilst muster rolls were still prepared during the 1820s, the element of compulsion was abandoned. For example, the City Of York Militia & Muster Rolls run to 1829. They used a pre-printed form with a printer's date of Sept 1828.

The Militia was revived by the Militia Act 1852, enacted during a period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of the Militia Ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). It was intended to be seen as an alternative to the army. Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then the recruits would return to civilian life but report for 21–28 days training per year. The full army pay during training and a financial retainer thereafter made a useful addition to the men's civilian wage. Of course, many saw the annual camp as the equivalent of a paid holiday. The militia thus appealed to agricultural labourers, colliers and the like, men in casual occupations, who could leave their civilian job and pick it up again. The militia was also a significant source of recruits for the Regular Army, where men had received a taste of army life. An officer's commission in the militia was often a 'back door' route to a Regular Army commission for young men who could not obtain one through purchase or gain entry to Sandhurst.

Under the Act, Militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time service in three circumstances:
 'Whenever a state of war exists between Her Majesty and any foreign power'.
 'In all cases of invasion or upon imminent danger thereof'.
 'In all cases of rebellion or insurrection'.

Until 1852 the militia were an entirely infantry force, but the 1852 Act introduced Militia Artillery units whose role was to man coastal defences and fortifications, relieving the Royal Artillery for active service. Some of these units were converted from existing infantry militia regiments, others were newly raised. In 1877 the militia of Anglesey and Monmouthshire were converted to Royal Engineers.

Under the reforms introduced by Secretary of State for War Hugh Childers in 1881, the remaining militia infantry regiments were redesignated as numbered battalions of regiments of the line, ranking after the two regular battalions. Typically, an English, Welsh or Scottish regiment would have two militia battalions (the 3rd and 4th) and Irish regiments three (numbered 3rd – 5th).

The militia must not be confused with the volunteer units created in a wave of enthusiasm in the second half of the nineteenth century. In contrast with the Volunteer Force, and the similar Yeomanry Cavalry, they were considered rather plebeian. Volunteer units appealed to better-off recruits as, unlike the Militia which engaged a recruit for a term of service, a volunteer could quit his corps with fourteen days notice, except while embodied for war or training with the regular forces. Volunteer Corps required recruits to fund their own equipment, however, effectively barring those with low incomes.

The Special Reserve

The militia was transformed into the Special Reserve by the military reforms of Haldane in the reforming post 1906 Liberal government. In 1908 the militia infantry battalions were redesignated as "reserve" and a number were amalgamated or disbanded. Numbered Territorial Force battalions, ranking after the Special Reserve, were formed from the volunteer units at the same time. Altogether, 101 infantry battalions, 33 artillery regiments and two engineer regiments of special reservists were formed.

Upon mobilisation, the special reserve units would be formed at the depot and continue training while guarding vulnerable points in Britain. The special reserve units remained in Britain throughout the First World War, but their rank and file did not, since the object of the special reserve was to supply drafts of replacements for the overseas units of the regiment. The original militiamen soon disappeared, and the battalions became training units pure and simple.

The Special Reserve reverted to its militia designation in 1921, then to Supplementary Reserve in 1924, though the units were effectively placed in "suspended animation" until disbanded in 1953.

The Militiamen

The term militiaman was briefly revived in 1939. In the aftermath of the Munich Crisis Leslie Hore-Belisha, Secretary of State for War, wished to introduce a limited form of conscription, an unheard of concept in peacetime. It was thought that calling the conscripts 'militiamen' would make this more acceptable, as it would render them distinct from the rest of the army. Only single men aged 20–22 were to be conscripted (given a free suit of civilian clothes as well as a uniform), and after six months full-time training would be discharged into the reserve. The first intake was called up, but the Second World War was declared soon afterwards, and the militiamen lost their identity in the rapidly expanding army.

Modern survivals
Two units still maintain their militia designation in the British Army, in the Army Reserve. These are the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (formed in 1539) and the Jersey Field Squadron (The Royal Militia Island of Jersey) (formed in 1337).

See also
Lord-lieutenant
Fencibles
Home Guard

References

History of the British Army


is a railway station in the town of Agematsu, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Agematsu Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located 271.1 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 125.8 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has one side platform and one island platform connected by a footbridge. The station is staffed.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

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History
Agematsu Station was opened on 5 October 1910. The current station building was completed in 1951.  On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 189 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Agematsu Town Hall
Agematsu-juku

See also

 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1910
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Agematsu, Nagano


La Châtelaine () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Aïbeg and Serkis, also Aibeg and Sergis or Aïbäg and Särgis, were two ambassadors sent by the Mongol ruler Baichu to Pope Innocent IV in 1247–1248. They were the first Mongol envoys to Europe.

Aïbeg ("Moon Prince") is thought to have been a Turcophone Christian, possibly Uighur, and Sergis (from the Roman and later Christian name "Sergius" or "Sarkis") a Nestorian Christian, probably Assyrian. Both were sent by Baichu, to accompany the 1245 embassy of the Dominican Ascelin of Lombardia back to Lyon, France, where the Pope was residing at the time. They stayed there for about a year.

Aïbeg and Serkis met with Innocent IV in 1248, and remitted to him a rather vexing letter from Baichu, expressing his difficulty in understanding the Pope's message, and asking for his submission:

As a reply to the letter from Baiju, Innocent IV remitted to the envoys the letter known as Viam agnoscere veritatis. According to historian Kenneth Setton, it "stated that Innocent IV had acted out of a sense of duty to let the true religion be known to the Mongols, and that he regretted the Mongols' perseverance in their errors and adjured them to cease their menaces." The Pope appealed to the Mongols to stop their killing of Christians, while indicating no further interest in continuing the dialogue.

Aïbeg and Serkis stayed at Lyon for about a year, before returning to the Mongol realm on November 22, 1248.

See also
 Franco-Mongol alliance

Notes

References
 Jackson, Peter, Mongols and the West, p. 89
 Grousset, Rene, Histoire des Croisades, III, Tempus, 2006 edition,
 Rachewiltz, I, Papal Envoys to the Great Khans, Stanford University Press, 1971.
 Roux, Jean-Paul, Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, 1993, Fayard,
 Kenneth Meyer Setton,  "A History of the Crusades"
 Runciman, Steven, History of the Crusades, III, Penguin Books, 2002 edition,

Mongol Empire Christians
Ambassadors to the Holy See
Holy See–Mongolia relations


Le Chateley () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


La Chaumusse () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


La Chaux-du-Dombief is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Count Jean Bonnin de la Bonninière de Beaumont (13 January 1904 – 12 June 2002), known as Jean de Beaumont, was a French businessman, politician, journalist and sport shooter who competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Biography

De Beaumont was born in Paris into an aristocratic French family, the son of Count Marc Louis Bonnin de la Bonninière de Beaumont. His grandfathers were Marc Antoine de Beaumont and surgeon Baron Guillaume Dupuytren. He studied at the École des Roches and École Libre des Sciences Politiques.

De Beaumont was a versatile sportsman and sports official. In 1923, he reached the finals of the 110 metre hurdles at the World Student Games. At the 1924 Olympics, he finished 11th with the French team in the team clay pigeons competition. He served as president of the French Olympic Committee from 1967 to 1971, member of the International Olympic Committee from 1951 to 1971, and vice president of the IOC Executive Committee from 1970 to 1974.

De Beaumont started his business career as an assistant manager on rubber plantations in Indo-China. After returning to France he became president of several companies operating in the Far East and South Africa. Because of his business connections with Africa he was the first IOC Member to actively promote Olympic sports there. In France, de Beaumont served as a Member of Parliament in 1936–40, and fought as a pilot during World War II. On 10 July 1940, he voted in favour of granting the cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe Pétain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France.

Family

De Beaumont married Paule de Rivaud de La Raffinière in 1928, by whom he had three children:
 Jacqueline, born in 1929;  married vicomte Édouard de Ribes, later comte de Ribes.
 Monique, born in 1930
 Marc, born in 1934.

References

External links

1904 births
2002 deaths
Sport shooters from Paris
Counts of France
Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of Parliament for French Cochinchina
French male sport shooters
Olympic shooters for France
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Trap and double trap shooters
Presidents of the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games
French International Olympic Committee members
French people of World War II
Commanders of the Legion of Honour


La Chaux-en-Bresse (, literally La Chaux in Bresse) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


was the eighth single by the Japanese band The Blue Hearts. The song was recut from the group's third album Train-Train. This song was written in opposition to the continuing apartheid of the time. "Heisei no Blues" (平成のブルース), the B-side track, was not on the album Train-Train.

The song was covered by miwa in 2010, for use as the ending theme song of the animated film adaptation of Eto Mori's novel Colorful. Mone Kamishiraishi worked with Glim Spanky on a cover of the song for her 2021 album Ano Uta -2-.

In December 2019, the song was published as a picture book with illustrations by French artist Botchy-Botchy. Publisher is Gendaishokan and is only available in Japanese for the time being. The book also features a 2 pages original text written by Yoshimoto Banana, who is a fan of the band ´The Blue Hearts’.

References

The Blue Hearts songs
1989 singles
Songs written by Masatoshi Mashima
1988 songs


Les Crozets () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

Sites and monuments
Church of St. Anthony;
Fountains (10);
Old toy factory, today a plastics factory
Mount Pelan viewpoint

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)
Jura communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


is a railway station in the town of Agematsu, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Kuramoto Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located 277.7 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 119.2 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has two opposed ground-level  side platforms connected by a level crossing. The station is unattended.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

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History
Kuramoto Station began as "Tachimachi Signal Stop" on 1 May 1914. It was elevated to a full passenger station on 1 September 1948.  On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 19 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Kiso River

See also

 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1948
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Agematsu, Nagano


Les Deux-Fays () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Mary Adelaide may refer to:
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (1833–1897), later Duchess of Teck, by marriage
Princess Marie Adélaïde of France (1732–1800), daughter of Louis XV of France
Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1894–1924), Sovereign of Luxembourg
Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy (1685–1712), mother of Louis XV of France


Le Deschaux () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


La Favière () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


is a railway station in the village of Ōkuwa, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Suhara Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located 282.5 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 114.4 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has one ground-level  island platform connected by a footbridge with the wooden station building, which dates from the 1909 construction of the station. The station is staffed.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

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History
Suhara Station was opened on 1 December 1909. On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 48 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
 Suhara Post Office
Kiso River

Suhara-juku (Nakasendō)

See also

 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1909
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Ōkuwa, Nagano


La Ferté () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Buzz!: The Pop Quiz developed by Relentless Software and Sleepydog, is the sixth game in the Buzz! series of quiz games for the PlayStation 2 console. The game features music from the 1990s to the present day. To coincide with the release of Pop Quiz Sony launched a new website called letsplaybuzz.com which allows users to take part in a short 10 question sample game.

Rounds
Name that Band- Listen carefully to an audio clip and identify the band.
Musical Squares- One player chooses a subject and everyone answers questions.
Pass the Bomb!- One person answers a question and when the get it right they pass the bomb to the next player.
Video Stars- Watch a video of pop stars and answer a question about the video.
Pie Fight- First one to get the answer right gets to throw the pie.
Pop Picker- Hit your buzzer on a subject and choose who answers the question before it comes up.
Point Stealer-First person to get the answer right steals points from one player.
What's That Song- A timer is put on and you try to answer  the questions as fast as you can.

External links
 http://www.buzzthegame.com/en-gb/

References

2008 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Europe-exclusive video games
Buzz!
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Relentless Software games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games


La Frasnée () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Les Essards-Taignevaux () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Hanifa Deen is an Australian writer, of Pakistani ancestry. She won the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards — Ethnic Affairs Commission Award in 1996, and her book, The Jihad Seminar, was short-listed for the 2008 Human Rights Awards — Literature Non-Fiction Award.

Biography
She has described how one of her grandfathers was a Kashmiri who jumped ship in Melbourne, while the other was a Punjabi small business man who came in the wake of the Afghan camel drivers, who helped to facilitate access to the Australian interior.

Her non-fiction books have focused on issues concerning Muslims. Her first book, Caravanserai, portrayed the lives of Australian Muslims. Her second book, Broken Bangles, focused on Muslim women in South Asia (Pakistan and Bangladesh). The Crescent and the Pen described the author's journey on the trail of Taslima Nasreen, the author of the controversial novel Lajja ("Shame"), after she fled Bangladesh for Europe. Deen's 2008 book, The Jihad Seminar is about Melbourne's first religious hate speech case, (UWA Press). Ali Abdul vs The King was published in 2011 by UWA publishers. In 2013 The Crescent and the Pen was extensively rewritten and released as On the Trail of Taslim in paperback by Indian Ocean Press.

Awards and honours
Caravansserai won the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards — Ethnic Affairs Commission Award in 1996, and The Jihad Seminar was short-listed for the 2008 Human Rights Awards — Literature Non-Fiction Award.

Publications
 Caravanserai : journey among Australian Muslims, 1995
 Broken bangles, 1998
 The crescent and the pen : the strange journey of Taslima Nasreen, 2006
 The jihād seminar, 2008
 Ali Abdul v. the king : Muslim stories from the dark days of white Australia, 2011
 On the trail of Taslima'', 2013

References

External links
 Author's website
Five generations: the story of Hanifa Deen's family  (National Archives of Australia)
 Editor of "Sultana's Dream" first online magazine produced and written by Australian Muslim women.
 Hanifa Deen on the Muslim fatigue (video)

Living people
Australian writers
Australian Muslims
Australian people of Kashmiri descent
Australian people of Punjabi descent
Australian writers of Pakistani descent
Year of birth missing (living people)


Le Fied () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


in the village of Ōkuwa, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Ōkuwa Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located 285.8  kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 111.1 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has one ground-level  side platform and one island platform connected by a footbridge with the wooden station building, which dates from the 1909 construction of the station. The station is staffed.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

|-
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History
Nojiri Station was opened on 1 September 1951. On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 112 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
 Ōkuwa village hall
 Ōkuwa Post Office
Kiso River

See also

 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1951
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Ōkuwa, Nagano


Le Frasnois () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Les Hays is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Maxim Alexandrovich Chudov (; born 12 November 1982) is a former Russian biathlete.

Career
He debuted in the Biathlon World Cup in the 2004/05 season and has since been a regular member of the Russian team. He has won a total of seven medals at World Championships, three gold, three silver, and one bronze.

Graduated from the law faculty of the Bashkir State University.

Chudov retired from the sport after the IBU Cup in Obertilliach in the 2013–14 season.

Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

Olympic Games
1 medal (1 bronze)

World Championships
7 medals (3 gold, 3 silver, 1 bronze)

*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.

Individual victories
4 victories (1 In, 2 Sp, 1 Pu)

*Results are from UIPMB and IBU races which include the Biathlon World Cup, Biathlon World Championships and the Winter Olympic Games.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
People from Ufimsky District
Russian male biathletes
Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic biathletes for Russia
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in biathlon
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Bashkir State University alumni
Sportspeople from Bashkortostan
20th-century Russian people
21st-century Russian people


Pearl of the Army is a 1916 American silent film serial directed by Edward José. The Pathé-Astra Film Corp movie was made when many early film studio and film producers in America's first motion picture industry were based in New Jersey's Hudson River towns, particularly Fort Lee. Prints and/or fragments were found in the Dawson Film Find in 1978.

Cast
 Pearl White as Pearl Date
 Ralph Kellard as Captain Ralph Payne
 Marie Wayne as Bertha Bonn
 Theodore Friebus as Major Brent
 William T. Carleton as Colonel Dare (as W.T. Carleton)

Chapter titles
 The Traitor
 Found Guilty
 The Silent Menace
 War Clouds
 Somewhere In Grenada
 Major Brent's Perfidy
 For The Stars and Stripes
 International Diplomacy
 The Monroe Doctrine
 The Silent Army
 A Million Volunteers
 The Foreign Alliance
 Modern Buccaneers
 The Flag Despoiler
 The Colonel's Orderly

References

External links

1916 films
1910s rediscovered films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Edward José
Films shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey
Pathé Exchange film serials
Rediscovered American films
1910s American films


Pakistani architecture is intertwined with the architecture of the broader Indian subcontinent. The major architectural styles popular in the past were Temple, Indo-Islamic, Mughal and Indo-Saracenic architecture, all of which have many regional varieties. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, for the first time in the area which encompasses today's Pakistan an advanced urban culture developed with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day. This was followed by the Gandhara style of Buddhist architecture that borrowed elements from Ancient Greece. These remnants are visible in the Gandhara capital of Taxila.

Indo-Islamic architecture emerged during the medieval period, which combined Indian and Persianaite elements. The Mughal Empire ruled between the 16th and 18th centuries, and saw the rise of Mughal architecture, most prevalent in Lahore.

During the British Colonial period, European styles such as the Baroque, Gothic and Neoclassical became prevalent. The British, like the Mughals, built elaborate buildings to project their power. The Indo-Saracenic style, a fusion of British and Indo-Islamic elements also developed. After Independence, modern architectural styles like the International style became popular.

Harappan architecture

Archaeologists excavated numerous Bronze Age cities, among them are Mohenjo Daro, Harrappa and Kot Diji from the 3rd millennium BCE. They have a uniform, appropriate structure with broad roads as well as well thought out sanitary and drainage facilities. The majority of the discovered brick constructions are public buildings such as bath houses and workshops. Wood and loam served as construction materials. Large scale temples, such as those found in other ancient cities are missing. With the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization the architecture also suffered considerable damage.

Little is known about this civilization, often called Harappan, partly because it disappeared about 1700 BC for reasons unknown, its language remains undeciphered, its existence was revealed only in  the 1920s, and excavations have been limited. Surviving evidences indicate a sophisticated civilization.  Cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (the "City of the Dead") had populations of some 35,000, they were laid out according to a grid system.  Inhabitants lived in windowless baked brick houses built around a central courtyard. These cities also had a citadel, where the public and religious buildings were located, large pools for ritual bathing, granaries for the storage of food, and a complex system of covered drains and sewers.  The latter rivaled the engineering skill of the Romans some 2,000 years later.

Gandharan architecture

During classical antiquity, a special Gandharan architecture evolved in the ancient region of Gandhara with the rise of Buddhism. In addition, the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century AD. The high point of this era was reached with the culmination of the Gandhara style.

Important remnants of Buddhist construction are stupas and other buildings with clearly recognizable Greek statues and style elements like support columns which, beside ruins from other epochs, are found in the Gandhara capital Taxila in the extreme north of the Punjab. A particularly beautiful example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi  in the northwest province.

Hindu Temple Architecture

During Pre Islamic era in Pakistan, there was a prominent population of Hindus, especially in provinces in Punjab and Sindh. The important temples built during that era include:

The  Shri Katas Raj Temples (Punjabi, ) also known as Qila Katas (), is a complex of several Hindu temples connected to one another by walkways. The temple complex surrounds a pond named Katas which is regarded as sacred by Hindus. The complex is located in the Potohar Plateau region of Pakistan's Punjab province.

The Amb Temples () are part of a Hindu temple complex located at the western edge of the Salt Range in Pakistan's Punjab province. The temple complex was built in the 7th to 9th centuries CE during the reign of the Hindu Shahi empire. The main temple is roughly 15 to 20 metres tall, and has three stories, with stairwells leading to inner ambulatories.

The Shri Varun Dev Mandir and Sharada Peeth are other examples of Hindu temple architecture in Pakistan.

Jain architecture

The Nagarparkar Jain Temples  () are located in the region around Nagarparkar, in Pakistan's southern Sindh province. The site consists of a collection of Jain temples. They were built in Māru-Gurjara style in 12th century AD to the 15th century - a period when Jain architectural expression was at its zenith. The temples were inscribed on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage status in 2016 as the Nagarparkar Cultural Landscape.

Indo-Islamic architecture

Early Era (8th century to 16th century)

The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan - first in Sindh - during the 8th century CE meant a sudden end of Buddhist architecture. However, a smooth transition to predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture occurred.

The earliest example of a mosque from the days of infancy of Islam in South Asia is the Mihrablose mosque of Banbhore, from the year 727, the first Muslim place of worship in South Asia. Under the Delhi Sultan, the Persian-centralasiatic style ascended over Arab influences. The most important characteristic of this style is the Iwan, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open. Further characteristics are wide prayer halls, round domes with mosaics and geometrical samples and the use of painted tiles. The most important of the few completely discovered buildings of Islamic architecture is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam (built 1320 to 1324) in Multan.

The Makli Necropolis at Thatta, which includes tombs of various rulers, noblemen and Sufi saints of Sindh was built between the 14th and 18th centuries. It showcases a wide variety of architecture, including Indo-Islamic, Persian, Hindu and Rajput and Gujarati influences. The Chaukhandi Tombs near Karachi are similar in style.

Other examples include the Rohtas Fort built by Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century, and the Tombs of the Talpur Mirs.

Mughal Architecture (16th–18th centuries CE)

Mughal architecture emerged in the medieval period during the reign of the Mughal Empire in the 15th to 17th centuries. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation, usually surrounded by gardens on all four sides.

The buildings are usually constructed out of red sandstone and white marble, and make use of decorative work such as pachin kari and jali-latticed screens.

The earliest example in Pakistan is the Lahore Fort, which had existed at least since the 11th century but was completely rebuilt by various Mughal Emperors like Akbar and Jahangir (1556–1627) . The Tomb of Anarkali, Hiran Minar and Begum Shahi Mosque also date back to this period.

The Tomb of Jahangir, the fourth Mughal Emperor, was completed in 1637 during the reign of his son and successor Shah Jahan. The Emperor had forbidden the construction of a dome over his tomb, and thus the roof is simple and free of any embellishments.  It stands amidst a garden which also houses the Tomb of Nur Jahan, Tomb of Asif Khan and Akbari Sarai, one of the most well-preserved caravanserais in Pakistan.

Mughal architecture reached its zenith in the 17th century during the reign of Shah Jahan. During this time, several additions were made to the Lahore Fort. Other masterpieces of this time include the Wazir Khan Mosque, Dai Anga Mosque, Tomb of Dai Anga, Shalimar Gardens and Shahi Hammam in Lahore. The Shah Jahan Mosque in Thatta reflects a heavy Persian influence.

The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore was built during the reign of Aurangzeb in 1673. It is made out of red sandstone with three marble domes, very similar to the Jama Masjid of Delhi. It remains one of the largest mosques in the world.

Regional architecture

Architecture of Sindh

Architecture of province of Sindh is greatly influenced from its neighbouring regions of Gujarat and Punjab, as well as broader Indo-Islamic architecture. The necropolis at Makli gives a good example of Sindhi architecture. Its architecture of the largest monuments synthesizes Muslim, Hindu, Persian, Mughal, and Gujarati influences, in the style of Lower Sindh that became known as the Chaukhandi style, named after the Chaukhandi tombs near Karachi. The Chaukhandi style came to incorporate slabs of sandstone that were carefully carved by stonemasons into intricate and elaborate designs.
thumb|right|Ranikot Fort in Sindh
By the 15th century, decorated rosettes and circular patterns began to be incorporated into the tombs. More complex patterns and Arabic calligraphy with biographical information of the interred body then emerged.  Larger monuments dating from later periods included corridors and some designs inspired by cosmology. Pyramidal structures from the 16th century feature the use of minarets topped with floral motifs in a style unique to tombs dating from the Turkic Trakhan dynasty. Structures from the 17th century at the Leilo Sheikh part of the cemetery feature large tombs that resemble Jain temples from afar, with prominent influence from the nearby region of Gujarat.

Several of the larger tombs feature carvings of animals, warriors, and weaponry – a practice uncommon to Muslim funerary monuments. Later tombs at the site are sometimes made entirely of brick, with only a sandstone slab. The largest structures in the most archetypal Chaukhandi style feature domed yellow sandstone canopies that were plastered white with wooden doorways, in a style that reflects Central Asian and Persian influences. The size of the dome denoted the prominence of the buried individual, with undersides embellished with carved floral patterns. The underside of some canopies feature lotus flowers, a symbol commonly associated with Hinduism.

They also feature extensive blue tile-work typical of Sindh. The use of funerary pavilions eventually expanded beyond lower Sindh, and influenced funerary architecture in neighbouring Gujarat. The Chaukhandi tombs are embellished with geometrical designs and motifs, including figural representations such as mounted horsemen, hunting scenes, arms, and jewelry.

Apart from tombs, Ranikot Fort and Kot Diji Fort are also a good example of Sindhi architecture.

Architecture of Multan

A distinct Multani style of architecture began taking root in the 14th century with the establishment of funerary monuments, and is characterized by large brick walls reinforced by wooden anchors, with inward sloping roofs. Funerary architecture is also reflected in the city's residential quarters, which borrow architectural and decorative elements from Multan's mausolea.

In spite of being in Punjab, the architecture of city of  Multan is more influenced by the architecture of the neighbouring province of Sindh. It is usually expressed in the form of mausoleums of Sufi saints.

Rajput architecture

The Rajput architecture makes an extensive use of Jalis, Chatris and Jharokhas. All these features also have influenced Mughal architecture. The forts of Derawar and Umerkot were built by Rajput clans during the medieval era, and are examples of early Rajput architecture.

Sikh architecture

thumb|The Gurdwara Janam Asthan in Nankana Sahib, Pakistan, commemorates the site where Guru Nanak is believed to have been born. It was rebuilt by the Pakistani Government
Sikh architecture is a style of architecture that was developed under Sikh Empire during 18th and 19th century in the Punjab region. Named after Sikhism, a religion native to Punjab, Sikh Architecture is heavily influenced by Mughal architecture and Islamic styles. The onion dome, frescoes, in-lay work, and multi-foil arches, are Mughal influences, more specially from Shah Jahan's period, whereas chattris, oriel windows, bracket supported eaves at the string-course, and ornamented friezes are derived from elements of Rajput architecture.

One of the most well known examples of Sikh architecture is the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh, built in 1839. The building has gilded fluted domes and cupolas, and an ornate balustrade around the upper portion of the building. The dome is decorated with Naga (serpent) hood designs - the product of Hindu craftsmen that worked on the project. The wooden panels on the ceiling are decorated with stained glass work, while the walls are richly decorated with floral designs. The ceilings are decorated with glass mosaic work.

Gurdwara Dera Sahib and Gurdwara Panja Sahib are other prominent examples.

Indo-Saracenic architecture
During the British Raj, European architectural styles such as baroque, gothic and neoclassical became more predominant. The Frere Hall, St. Patrick's Cathedral and Mereweather Clock Tower in Karachi, and neoclassical Montgomery Hall in Lahore are some examples.

A new style of architecture known as Indo-Saracenic revival style developed, from a mixture of European and Indo-Islamic components. Among the more prominent works are seen in the cities of Karachi (Mohatta Palace, Karachi Metropolitan Corporation Building), in Peshawar (Islamia College University) and Lahore (Lahore Museum, University of the Punjab and King Edward Medical University).

Post-Independence

After Independence, the architecture of Pakistan is a blend of historic Islamic and various modern styles.

This reflects itself, particularly in modern structures. In addition, buildings of monumental importance such as the Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore or the mausoleum established with white marble known as Mazar-e-Quaid for the founder of the state expressed the self-confidence of the nascent state.

The city of Islamabad was designed by Greek architect Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis and completed in 1966. The Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, one of the largest mosques in the world, is one of the best examples of modern Islamic architecture. It was designed by Vedat Dalokay and constructed between 1976 and 1986.

The National Monument in Islamabad, built in 2007 is in the shape of a blooming flower. The four main petals of the monument represent the four provinces of Balochistan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh, while the three smaller petals represent the three territories of Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir and the Tribal Areas.

Skyscrapers built in the international style are becoming more prevalent in the cities.

World Heritage Sites

There are currently six sites in Pakistan listed under the UNESCO World Heritage:

 Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro
 Buddhist Ruins at Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol
 Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)
 Historic Monuments of Thatta
 Rohtas Fort
 Taxila

Gallery

Mughal

Indo-Saracenic

Post-Independence

See also
 Culture of Pakistan
 List of Pakistani architects
 List of mosques in Pakistan

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading
 Mumtaz, Kamil Khan. Architecture in Pakistan Singapore: Concept Media Pte Ltd, 1985.
 Maurizio, Taddei and De Marco, Giuseppe. "Chronology of Temples in the Salt Range, Pakistan". South Asian Archaeology. Rome: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, 2000.
 "Crossing Lines, Architecture in Early Islamic South Asia". Anthropology and Aesthetics 43 (2003)
 "Malot and the Originality of the Punjab". Punjab Journal of Archaeology and History 1 (1997)
 "Pattan Munara: Minar or Mandir?". Hari Smiriti: Studies in Art, Archaeology and Indology, Papers Presented in Memory of Dr. H. Sarkar, New Delhi: Kaveri Books, 2006.

External links

 ARTSEDGE Pakistan: The Gift of the Indus
 Pakistan's Salt Range Temples - A photographic review of Professor Michael W. Meister of the University of Pennsylvania.
 Architecture in Pakistan: A Historical Overview
 Islamic Architecture Pakistan
 Modernity and Tradition: Contemporary Architecture in Pakistan
 The Architectural Heritage of Bahawalpur

Arts in Pakistan
Science and technology in Pakistan


Ron Andrews (born 13 May 1955) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon and Collingwood in the VFL.

Andrews was a centre half-back and had a reputation throughout his career as being a tough and uncompromising player.  A regular visitor to the VFL tribunal, he missed a total of 24 games through suspension, with perhaps the most notable suspension coming in the aftermath of the 'Windy Hill Brawl' in 1974. At half-time in that game against Richmond, he king hit an opponent and was subsequently suspended for six weeks.

He played his best football in the late 1970s, finishing second in Essendon's 1976 best and fairest and representing the Victorian interstate team in 1977 and 1978. In the 1982 season he was club captain and led them into the finals before losing to North Melbourne in the Elimination Final.

Andrews crossed to Collingwood in 1984 after missing out on selection in Essendon's Grand Final side the previous September. He remained at Collingwood for just one season and then joined West Adelaide in the SANFL and topped their goalkicking in his first year with 51 goals.

External links

1955 births
Collingwood Football Club players
Essendon Football Club players
Living people
West Adelaide Football Club players
Redan Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)


is a railway station in the village of Ōkuwa, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Nojiri Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located 288.8  kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 108.1 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has one opposed ground-level  side platform and one island platform connected by a footbridge with the wooden station building, which dates from the 1909 construction of the station. The station is staffed.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

|-
!colspan=5|

History
Nojiri Station was opened on 1 September 1909. On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 116 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
 Ōkuwa Elementary School
Nojiri Post Office
Kiso River

Nojiri-juku (Nakasendō)

See also

 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1909
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Ōkuwa, Nagano


Sándor Lumniczer (16 January 1896 – 24 December 1958) was a Hungarian sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics.

In the 1924 Summer Olympics he participated in the following events:

 Team clay pigeons - 10th place
 100 metre running deer, single shots - 31st place
 individual trap - 10th by teams (321); result for himself 31-44 (score unknown)

Trap World Championships:

 He won three times (1929 in Stockholm, 1933 in Vienna and 1939 in Berlin), came in 2nd twice (1931 in Lviv and 1935 in Brussels), and came in 3rd twice (1930 in Rome and 1937 in Helsinki).
 As a member of the Hungarian team, he won six times (1929 in Stockholm, 1933 in Vienna, 1934 in Budapest, 1935 in Brussels, 1936 and 1939 both in Berlin) and came in 3rd once (1938 in Luhačovice).

Trap European Championships:

 He won twice (1933 in Vienna and 1937 in Helsinki) and came in 2nd four times (1931 in Lviv, 1934 in Budapest, 1935 in Brussels and 1938 in Luhačovice).
 As a member of the Hungarian team, he won six times (1929 in Stockholm, 1931 in Lviv, 1933 in Vienna, 1934 in Budapest, 1935 in Brussels and 1936 in Berlin).

References

External links

1896 births
1958 deaths
Hungarian male sport shooters
Running target shooters
Olympic shooters for Hungary
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Trap and double trap shooters
Sport shooters from Budapest


Lac-des-Rouges-Truites () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Ladoye-sur-Seille (, literally Ladoye on Seille) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Lains () is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Montlainsia.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)


"Hot Love" is a 1990 single by British pop group Five Star, the second release for their new record label, Epic. Peaking at #68, this track would be the group's last appearance in the UK Top 75 to date.

The group recorded the single in their new hi-tech studio that was built in the grounds of their family home, Stone Court, in Ascot, Berkshire. The single proved a flop, and the press were quick to pounce, claiming Five Star's career was rapidly fading. After the single's release, the album Five Star, was shelved by Epic, and merited only a U.S. release, although the album was made available in Britain on import towards the end of 1990. After a third single, "Shine" (released in 1991) failed to chart, the band left Epic and pursued a career in the United States.

The video to the single was hardly shown on British TV. The video was shot in a mock coffee shop called "Joe's Bar", in which the band performed a dance routine.

The group did promote the song on TV, appearing on the Terry Wogan chat show with a dance routine.

Track listings

7" single, 7" postcard pack and cassette single:

 Hot Love
 Act One

12" single:

 Hot Love (Extended Version)
 Hot Love (Full Rub)

UK promo 12" single: [feat. Miss D]

 Hot Love (Full Rub) 5:56
 Hot Love (Instrumental) 5:14
 Hot Love (Bonus Rub) 5:30

CD single:

 Hot Love
 Hot Love (Extended Version)
 Act One

3" CD single:

 Hot Love (Extended Version)
 Hot Love (Full Rub)

All tracks available on the remastered version of the 2013 'Five Star' album.

References

Five Star songs
1990 singles
Songs written by Delroy Pearson
Songs written by Doris Pearson
1990 songs
Epic Records singles


Lajoux () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Lamoura is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Climate

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


La Latette () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Alexander Elsden Martin (29 January 1895 – 28 October 1962) was a British sport shooter. He competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, finishing ninth in the 600 metre free rifle competition.

His father is John Martin, who won a silver medal in shooting at the 1908 Olympics.

References

External links
 profile

1895 births
1962 deaths
British male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Great Britain
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics


Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road was a 1974 off-Broadway production directed by Tom O'Horgan. It opened at the Beacon Theatre in New York on November 17, 1974 and ran for a total of 66 performances.

The plot tells of a Candide-like rock music singer, Billy Shears, who marries Strawberry Fields. Billy loses her to death, and his own integrity to Maxwell's Silver Hammermen, Jack, Sledge and Claw, dressed in chain mail and representing the Hells Angels of the commercial music business. Billy's bête noire is a temptress named Lucy.

Among the original cast were Ted Neeley as Billy Shears and Alaina Reed as Lucy. David Patrick Kelly played Sgt. Pepper.

The musical would later be loosely adapted into the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band film.

John Lennon attended several rehearsals and the Opening Night performance with May Pang. It was caught on film in the original promo video for "Whatever Gets You Through the Night".

Musical Numbers

Act One
 "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"
 "With a Little Help from My Friends"
 "Nowhere Man"
 "With a Little Help from My Friends" (Reprise)
 "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
 "I Want You (She's So Heavy)"
 "Come Together"
 "Nowhere Man" (Reprise)
 "Sun Queen"
 "Lovely Rita"
 "Polythene Pam"
 "She Came In Through the Bathroom Window"
 "You Never Give Me Your Money"
 "Lovely Rita" (Reprise)
 "Her Majesty"
 "A Day in the Life"
 "She's Leaving Home"
 "Strawberry Fields Forever"
 "Getting Better"

Act Two
 "Because"
 "When I'm Sixty-Four"
 "Because" (Reprise)
 "Good Morning Good Morning"
 "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!"
 "Oh! Darling"
 "Fixing a Hole"
 "Oh! Darling" (Reprise)
 "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" (Reprise)
 "Mean Mr. Mustard"
 "Maxwell's Silver Hammer"
 "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" (2nd Reprise)
 "Carry That Weight"
 "Golden Slumbers"
 "Carry That Weight" (Reprise)
 "The Long and Winding Road"
 "Get Back"
 "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)"
 "The End"

Credits

Produced by Robert Stigwood, in association with Brian Avnet and Scarab Productions, Inc.
Executive Producer, Peter Brown
Associate Producers: Gatchell and Neufeld, Steven Singer, Steven Metz and Howard Dando

Music and Lyrics by John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr
Directed by Tom O’Horgan
Scenic Design by Robin Wagner
Lighting Design by Jules Fisher
Costume Design by Randy Barceló
Sound Design by Abe Jacob
Music Arranged and conducted by Gordon Lowry Harrell

Production Supervisor: Richard Scanga

Opening Night Cast:
Ted Neeley - Billy Shears
Allan Nicholls - Jack Hammer
Kay Cole - Strawberry fields
B.G. Gibson - Claw Hammer
William Parry - Sledge Hammer
Alaina Reed - Lucy

Hammeroids:
 Blake Anderson
 Arlana Blue
 Ron Capossoli
 Stoney Reece
 Jason Roberts

Understudies:
 Billy – David Patrick Kelley
 Strawberry & Lucy – Stoney Reece
 Sgt. Pepper, Polythene Pam – Michael Meadows

References

Off-Broadway musicals
Musicals based on songs by the Beatles
1974 musicals
Jukebox musicals