Adventures in Appletown (also known as Hidden Treasure of the Mississippi or The Kings of Appletown) is a 2008 dramedy/adventure film starring twin  brothers Dylan Sprouse and Cole Sprouse, written by Amanda Moresco, directed by Robert Moresco, and produced by Moresco Productions in association with Oak Films. This was the second time the brothers and Victoria Justice worked together, the first time was in an episode of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody called "Fairest of Them All" (Season 1, Episode 2).

Production
It completed principal filming in New Braunfels, Texas and completed post production some time after that.

Story
The film is about two cousins – Will and Clayton – who witness a murder, but out of fear decide not to tell anyone. They and their friend Betsy, whose father has been wrongfully accused of the crime, go on a journey to find the real killer, and at the same time redeem themselves.

Early (limited) release
Adventures in Appletown had a limited preview release on December 12, 2008 and was returned to post production.

On April 13, 2009 the film had a special screening at Loews in Lincoln Square in New York City.  The screening benefited the Joseph Horvath Memorial Scholarship Fund.

The film premiered in Australia on September 13, 2012 on Family Movie Channel on Foxtel and Austar. It released in Australia on DVD early 2013.

Cast
 Dylan Sprouse as Will
 Cole Sprouse as Clayton
 Victoria Justice as Betsy
 Kate Burton as Mrs. Betta
 Charlie Stewart as Ben (Benny)
Dalton O'Dell as jimmy johnson
 Glenn Taranto as Potter
 Daniel Zacapa as Judge Morgan
Patrick Brennan as Officer Johnson
Sierra Jade Gerban as Faith Ramos
 Malcolm David Kelley as Clifford

Reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics.

References

External links

 The Kings of Appleton at Trailerfan
 Production stills at Image Event

2008 films
American adventure films
American coming-of-age films
Films shot in New Braunfels, Texas
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Robert Moresco
2000s American films


Manuel "Ciclón" Echeverría, (14 August 1913 – 14 October 1981) was a Mexican baseball player who pitched primarily in the Mexican League.

Career
As a child, Echeverría played for the team of the Talamante School in his hometown of Navojoa, Sonora. In 1935, he was a part of the Sonora Baseball Team.

He played in the Liga de la Costa with Naranjeros de Hermosillo and Mayos de Navojoa, where he recorded 82 wins and 54 losses. He had his most success with Águilas de Mexicali in the Sunset League, where he recorded 69 wins and 21 losses over four years. In 1951, he went 28–8 with 333 strikeouts and a 2.74 ERA, earning himself the league's most valuable player award.

Echeverría also played for Cafeteros de Córdoba, Industriales de Monterrey, Alijadores de Tampico, Azules de Veracruz, Ángeles de Puebla, Tecolotes de Nuevo Laredo, Tuneros de San Luis and Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League.

Death
Echeverría died on 14 October 1981, while playing a softball match in the Municipal Stadium of La Paz, Baja California Sur. The following year, he was inducted into the Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame. The Mayos de Navojoa stadium is named after him.

References

External links

1913 births
1981 deaths
Diablos Rojos del México players
Mayos de Navojoa players
Mexican Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
People from Navojoa
Baseball players from Sonora


Åndalsnes Station () is a railway station in the town of Åndalsnes, the administrative centre of Rauma Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It has been the terminal station of the Rauma Line since the line was extended to Åndalsnes on 30 November 1924. The station was designed by Gudmund Hoel and is located on reclaimed land along the Isfjorden. To get the line to the station, a cutting had to be built. In addition to a station building, the station has an engine shed and a bus station; the station building is next to a cruise ship port. It serves four passenger trains per day, and has correspondence by bus onwards to the nearby towns of Molde and Ålesund. The station is staffed and features a chapel within a retired train carriage.

History

The area where the station is located is built on reclaimed land, as the Åndalsnes side of Isfjorden is sufficiently shallow. The earthwork for the reclaiming was taken from a cutting built to allow the line access to Åndalsnes. The earthwork was transported using temporary  gauge railways. In 1912, tests were done in the area of the cutting to establish if it should be a cutting or a tunnel. Work with excavation started in 1915, with the cutting up to  deep. It was necessary to move one house to make room for the line through Åndalsnes. The station building was built in 1923 and 1924, and had an area of . It cost  to build. Both the main station building and the auxiliary buildings were designed by Gudmund Hoel of NSB Arkitektkontor, the in-house architecture firm for the Norwegian State Railways, who were responsible for construction.

The station also received an engine shed in natural stone brick. Built from mid to late 1924, it cost . The classic style brick buildings on the station stuck out from the other station buildings on the Rauma Line.  To secure a sufficient water supply for the steam locomotives, a new water pool needed to be built at Bjørmosen. By damming up a pool, it was possible to supply  of water per day to the station. This was built by NSB, but was then given free of charge to the municipality who operated it, in exchange for the railway receiving the allocated amount of water free for all eternity. Because of delayed delivery of parts from Germany, the water system was not opened until 10 February 1925. On 29 November 1924, Norsk Spisevognselskap established a restaurant in the station. As one of the larger railway station restaurants in the country, it included an outdoor patio. Åndalsnes Station was opened on 30 November 1924, when the Rauma Line was extended from Verma Station.

The train chapel was opened on 10 June 2003. On 8 June 2011, a renovation project for the station was completed. This included better transfer between trains and buses and cruise ships, a new park, and raising of the platforms. Including upgrades to the track, the upgrades cost . The station building has received an elevator and a renovation of the lobby. The station is considered worthy of preservation and the renovation was done in cooperation with the preservation authorities.

Facilities

Åndalsnes Station is located in downtown Åndalsnes  at  above mean sea level and is  from Oslo Central Station. The station building is owned by Rom Eiendom, a subsidiary of NSB, while the infrastructure is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration. Åndalsnes Station has a staffed ticket booth and has a waiting room, lockers, a kiosk, a bicycle rack and parking for 15 cars. It is located next to the cruise ship terminal. The part of the station building not used for train operations is rented out to businesses. At the station is a train chapel, a retired B3 carriage which has been converted to a chapel. It has kept the original seating of the train, but there is incorporated an altar. It is run as a cooperation between the Church of Norway, the Salvation Army and the Pentecostal Church.

Service
SJ Norge operates passenger train services on the line. Using Class 93 trains, they operate four services in each direction per day. From the station, there is correspondence with buses to the nearby towns of Ålesund and Molde. During the summer, from June through August, NSB operates the trains as tourists trains, limiting the service from Åndalsnes to Bjorli.

References

Bibliography

Notes

Railway stations in Møre og Romsdal
Railway stations on the Rauma Line
Railway stations opened in 1924
1924 establishments in Norway
Rauma, Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1920s


Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF2BPL gene. Mutations are associated with neurological problems. More specifically, mutations of the gene cause the NEDAMSS syndrome, whose abbreviation stands for NEurodevelopmental Disorder with regression, Abnormal Movements, loss of Speech, and Seizures, first described in 2018.

References

External links

 Parent Group Europe http://irf2bpl.de

Further reading


Macracantha hasselti, commonly known as Hasselt's spiny spider, is a species of spider belonging to the family Araneidae. It is a native of Asia, occurring from India eastwards to Indonesia.

Typical of this genus, the male of this species is small and nondescript but the female is larger and very colourful. It is usually around 8 mm in length, excluding legs. The carapace has a dense covering of white hairs. The abdomen is roughly triangular and bright orange with 12 black spots arranged in two rows along the back and six black spikes around the margin, the two at the rear corners being the longest.

Gallery

References

hasselti
Spiders described in 1837
Spiders of Asia


E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Praja1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PJA1 gene.

Interactions

PJA1 has been shown to interact with UBE2D2 and MAGED1.

References

Further reading


PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDLIM2 gene.

References

Further reading


Probable fibrosin-1 long transcript protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBRS gene.

Fibrosin is a lymphokine secreted by activated lymphocytes that induces fibroblast proliferation (Prakash and Robbins, 1998).

References

Further reading


Zinc finger protein 106 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFP106 gene.

References

Further reading


Ectoderm-neural cortex protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLHL25 gene.

References

Further reading

Kelch proteins


The Southern Maya Area (also abbreviated as SMA) is a region of Pre-Columbian sites in Mesoamerica. It is long believed important to the rise of Maya civilization, during the period that is known as Preclassic. It lies within a broad arc going southeast from Chiapa de Corzo in Mexico to Copán and Chalchuapa, in Central America.

The Pacific Ocean forms the southern and western limits of the Southern Maya Area. Within this area and in addition to these sites are found the major centers of Kaminaljuyu, Takalik Abaj, Chocolá, El Sitio, El Jobo, La Blanca, Ujuxte, Palo Gordo, El Baúl, Cotzumalhuapa, Monte Alto, Semetabaj, El Portón, Zacualpa, Zaculeu, Balberta, and La Montana; many of these sites are believed to have been built and populated by speakers of Maya languages, and others by speakers of other Mesoamerican languages, including Xinca, Lenca, Mixe–Zoquean, and Pipil; accordingly, in consideration of the multilingual character of the Southern Maya Area, in many ways Southern "Maya" Area is a misnomer.

Most of these centers developed to their apogees in the Preclassic period before declining or disappearing. In addition to these large sites, many Early Preclassic communities, found mostly along the Pacific Coast, bear witness to the seminal character of the Southern area; notably these include La Victoria, a site studied by Michael Coe that yielded the first secure ceramic sequence from early on in Preclassic times. Since Coe's work, John E. Clark and other scholars from the New World Archaeological Foundation have found, at Paso de la Amada and other sites, ceramics that refine Coe's sequence and deepen it in time, pushing it back to  BC. This applies to the earliest nuclear centers, fine pottery, figurines, and other manifestations of the beginnings of complex society and culture in Mesoamerica.

The earliest pristine ballcourt and evidence of a ranked society (a rich child's burial), indicative of emerging social hierarchization, were found at Paso de la Amada. And nearby at La Blanca, archaeologists discovered a quatrefoil made of baked clay buried near Mound 1, one of the largest and earliest temple mounds in Mesoamerica, indicating an early fount of what later became core Maya ideology.

Terminological and theoretical issues
Controversy remains about the origins of Maya civilization as scholars continue to search for and engage in debate about the roots or first pulses of what became an ancient civilization traditionally considered to have been one of the greatest of the world. Combined with the early frame of cultural development relative to elsewhere in Mesoamerica and given that the Southern area remains distinctly mysterious with respect to how and why complex societies developed as dramatically as they did, the Southern Maya Area is almost as much a theoretical construct as it is a geographical and temporal reality. This is because topics such as cultural evolution, complex societies, early urbanism, and the construction of (ancient) identity, all framed and discussed in highly abstract ways, necessarily are raised.

If the Southern Maya Area is a part of Mesoamerica delineated from the rest of Mesoamerica spatially, temporally and, in one specific sense – by the still unresolved question of its possibly crucial role in the origins of Maya civilization - one needs to understand that posing this large research question risks falling into ultimately meaningless, infinitely regressing arguments about how “origins” might be considered or defined – essentially arguments about qualitative or inevitably subjectively rendered entities or topics, giving way to questions such as, What is “Maya civilization”? What is “Maya”? What is “civilization”? What allows us to call this or that civilization “great”? One way to conceptualize the quandary of seeking first cause/s is to understand that such an effort leads to infinite regression unless a metaconcept is accepted which, in the case of Maya civilization, is whatever it is primordially that made “Maya” “Maya.” Another way is to focus on ahistorical processes - environmental circumscription, peer polity interaction, and other theories.

Despite these seemingly terminologically pitfall-laden inquiries, the question of Maya origins is justified for professional focus and elaboration, since all historical topics are, by their nature, constituted not only by ascriptions weighting the given topic in importance and cast by this or that interpretation or interpretative context but also by “fact.” Of necessity, these kinds of questions are rooted in the history of scholarship about this or that topic, taking into account different or new emphases or de-emphases, usually generationally or paradigmatically determined. Accordingly, “Maya civilization” is both a reality  - as John Lloyd Stephens first discovered - and a scholarly construct, with strands in the weave composed of actual patterns and “emergent” entities and characteristics but also of patterns and agentive decisions historically in the scholarly world, these, themselves, retroactively considered and reconsidered.

The Thermometer theory

Maya scholarship long has considered the ancient Maya in a temporal and geographic sense to have come into being, thermometer-fashion – as things began to “warm up,” socially and culturally – at the “bottom,” that is, in Southern Mesoamerica, in the Early Preclassic period: events and processes coalesced on the Pacific coast of what is now Guatemala and southern Mexico and in the piedmont and highlands of Guatemala and in northern El Salvador, moved north in Classic period times to the Maya Lowlands of northern Guatemala and southern Chiapas, Mexico; and migrated still further north into Yucatán following the Maya “collapse” in the 10th century AD. Mayanists from the New World Archaeological Foundation as well as other institutions have pioneered the efforts to discover the radix of Maya civilization from work at such sites as Chiapa de Corzo and Izapa building on efforts by Michael Coe at La Victoria, on the southern Pacific coast of Mexico, and followed up by the work of scholars such as John E. Clark, Barbara Voorhies, Barbara Stark, Robert Sharer and others. Notable, as well, is the work of Franz Termer at Palo Gordo. Work by Carnegie archaeologists A. V. Kidder and Edwin M. Shook at Kaminaljuyu has been fundamental in moving attention to the origins of Maya civilization to the South. Since their work, many other sites have been identified and at which investigations have either been carried out or are contemplated in determining the role of the Southern area in the trajectory of Maya civilization.

Two “emergents,” linguistics and the Olmec
The notion of an aboriginal Maya stimulus – linguistic, cultural, and ethnic strands interweaving together from late in the Paleoindian or Archaic periods – derives primarily from reconstructions of Maya linguistics. Ironically, a non-Maya stimulus also is considered, the Olmec; as at Takalik Abaj, direct Olmec influence seems to have come to Chocolá, as the remarkable monument known as the "Shook Panel" was found some ten kilometers south of the site.

Beyond these two “emergent” factors, processual archaeology continues to look at functionalist and highly theoretized aspects of social and cultural process, including egalitarian-to-hierarchical communities and other cultural evolutionary sequences, for example, those of Service and Fried, and of environment, “man-land interactions,” and zero-sum finite resource responses (e.g., “carrying capacity”).

Rough and sometimes illogically and erroneously inspired characterizations of social and cultural development derived from evolutionary biology threaten to muddy the discussion just as traditional yet persistent cultural historical characterizations leave many questions unanswered, given their emphasis on description as opposed to explanation.

By this token a theoretical dichotomy exists between advocates of autochthonous developments, that is, developments occurring from internal - often functionalist - processes, and those proposing that more fundamental in the creation of History have been native genius, diffusion, migrations, and so forth.

Historical linguists long have posed that a proto-Maya language had as its homeland the western highlands of southern Guatemala. While the issue remains somewhat controversial, no viable competing theory yet has been offered, although qualifications to the original view of Maya linguistic origin continue to be provided.

Accordingly, since a language or language family may be considered a cultural universal, linguistics seemingly points to the Southern area as the aboriginal home of the Maya.

Another theorized stimulus, forerunner, or “mother” to the Maya, at least with regard to certain hallmark traits of Maya civilization – writing and the Maya calendar – is the Olmec phenomenon. Archaeology does tend to support a movement through time and space, west from the Olmec heartland in Tabasco and Veracruz, Mexico; across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, down the Pacific coast of Mexico and Guatemala, and east from the coast through the piedmont - where Chocolá and Takalik Abaj are found - and highlands beyond Kaminaljuyu. However, such a scenario depends on how much or little one attributes a formal unity to Olmec civilization.

Competing theories
Discussions of the Southern Maya area as important if not essential to the rise of Classic Maya civilization and must be related to discussions of the putative primacy of developments in the Northern Petén, and vice versa. Fundamentally, the debate is between those who put more weight on the temporal priority of complex cultural and social achievements in the South and those who favor northern Guatemala for these developments. Large Preclassic cities with structures boasting the most massive scale in the ancient Maya world include El Mirador, Nakbe, Tintal, Wakna, and others from the Mirador Basin, north of the greatest Maya city in Classic times, Tikal. Without doubt, these cities represent an extraordinary development in Maya civilization; however, their dating remains essentially Late Preclassic, and scant evidence is found of two of the hallmark traits of Classic Maya civilization: upright carved shaft stones called stelae, which marked the birth of the cult of kingship, and hieroglyphic writing. While stelae and hieroglyphic writing from the Preclassic abound in the Southern area, proponents of the Lowlands, i.e., the Mirador Basin, as the origin locus for Maya civilization assert that the first Maya societies to reach the level of the state, accordingly, base their claim fundamentally on size and scale of construction, as well as on myriad evidence of distinct connections between these northern cities including even the sacbeob, the “white ways” or “high roads” that networked among them.

Some of the debates between Southern Maya area scholars and what might be called the “autochthonous school” of Maya scholarship – those advocating a unique or primary role to antecedents to Classic Maya civilization in the Northern Petén – are based as well on highly theoritized accounts of expansion of Maya peoples as interpreted by changing ceramic spheres. While some evidence supports the “Chicanel Expansion,” one does not find Chicanel pottery in the southern Highlands nor, indeed, in any significant quantity anywhere in the Southern area in the Preclassic

While evidence such as size and scale of site and of individual structures (e.g., El Tigre at El Mirador) is compelling, developments in the Southern area remain resilient against conclusive consensus. The temporal priority of plentiful as opposed to scant evidence of stelae and writing in the Preclassic south compared to the Mirador Basin must be based principally on absolute dating, although this problem, itself, becomes difficult to resolve when events are dated by 14C (“calibrated” or “uncalibrated”) – still the most widely used absolute dating method in Mesoamerica – and which cannot be rendered more fine-grained than ca. 100 years and often is less precise. Accordingly, the debate about temporal priority will remain unresolved unless and until other absolute dating methods such as archaeomagnetics and luminescence (hitherto, thermoluminescence), are applied more widely, or Long Count-dated texts, e.g., Cycle 6, are found earlier than those found thus far, which are Cycle 7. While relative dating methods – principally ceramic – are highly reliable, having been cross-referenced from many sites, and with sophisticated statistics available, unless anchored to absolute dates, these remain uncertain especially when the scholar's focus is on the early periods of development in Mesoamerica.

"High Traits" of the Southern Maya
“High traits” of ancient Maya civilization prominently include hieroglyphic writing and the Maya Long Count calendar, with the former constituting one of a handful, worldwide, of pristine inventions of writing and the latter comprising the invention of the concept of zero and other mathematical achievements unequalled at the time in Europe as well as extraordinary achievements in astronomy. Beginning in the Late Preclassic period and proliferating exponentially during the Classic Maya period, Maya texts are dateable because correlation can be made between Maya Long Count dates and the Gregorian calendar. Accordingly, with great certainty we can speak of the Classic period as framed by the large-scale appearance throughout the Maya world by the third to fourth century AD of dated texts on carved monuments, and by the disappearance of these texts on monuments by the 10th century AD. (Consensual acceptance of one correlation between the Maya Long Count and the Gregorian calendar – known as the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson or "G.M.T.” correlation – has come only fairly recently. In this correlation, a beginning date of August 12, 3114 BC, gives the Maya calendar its arrow-of-time character, just as the 0 date for the Christian calendar divides Western time-keeping into an absolute divide by virtue of which an infinite counting of both past and future time is permitted as opposed to “cyclical time.”)

As mentioned, one of the arguments in favor of the Southern area as “more seminal” to those of the Petén is based on the presently inarguable fact that by far the greatest number of Preclassic hieroglyphic texts are found in the South; for example, numerous texts were carved on monuments from Kaminaljuyu, the greatest city in the Southern area and one of the great ancient cities in world cultural patrimony. Several of  the earliest calendrical texts, as well, are found in the South at, for example, Takalik Abaj and El Baúl, although the very earliest – by ca. 60 years – confirmed thus far are found at Chiapa de Corzo and Tres Zapotes, that is, from sites with an Olmec (or “epi-Olmec”) identity. Glyphs found at San Bartolo, in the Petén, may date to as early as 300 BC, but these texts are very short in length and do not bear Long Count or Calendar Round dates. Calendrical origins, themselves, from the most compelling evidence, must be attributed to a thin latitudinal band stretching across southern Guatemala, and including sites such as Chocolá and Takalik Abaj.

In addition to hieroglyphics and calendrical innovations, the Southern area is noted for sites that, early on in the trajectory of Mesoamerica civilization, can be characterized as fully urban, and also for the appearance of long-distance trade in such vital commodities as obsidian and cacao, for the first true cults of sacred rulership or kingship, for masterfully carved monumental art, and for a very complex ideology and religion, probably based on some primordial version of the Popol Vuh.

We are left with the developments in the South still attributable fundamentally to their own autochthonous emergence, excepting, as mentioned, the evidence of some kind of Olmec influence spreading east to west across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, south along the Pacific coast, and west to east through the Guatemalan piedmont to the highlands, at Kaminaljuyu, and then east still farther. This putative march of Olmec missionaries, warriors, and/or traders – a scenario really feasible only if one accepts the Cultura Madre concept of Olmec civilization as opposed to the primus inter pares argument and if one interprets artifacts as “Olmec” and not simply “Olmecoid” – conceivably would have been catalyzed by the threefold attractions of cacao, in Soconusco, Mexico; the Guatemalan piedmont, centrally in which lie Chocolá and Escuintla, Guatemala; obsidian, from enormous beds in the highlands, with Kaminaljuyu as the main beneficiary of trade in this “steel of the New World;" and blue jade, hallmark of Olmec lore and treasure, from a great outcrop above the Motagua River east of Kaminaljuyu. That the Southern area originally constituted a truly astonishing source of material wealth, indeed a breadbasket, may have underlain the primordial appearance of cultural achievements such as writing, the calendar, kingship, masterful art, and complex religion, receives further support continuing through time in the Early Classic and evidence of interaction with Teotihuacan, the single greatest ancient city of Mesoamerica and the religious if not imperial capital for much of central Mexico, with hegemony extending far and wide. Such a profound material basis for the unique importance of the Southern area to civilizational developments is evidenced, as well, throughout the Classic period, with the appearance of the Cotzumalguapan culture – its sites ca. 60 kilometers east of Chocolá – and its emphasis on cacao and warfare, indicative of competition over this most highly prized commodity in Mesoamerica, and throughout the Postclassic, as ethnohistory records the enormous amounts of products, including cacao, exported from the South, a pattern that continued after the Conquest, with Spanish encomiendas still exploiting this vital resource and other agricultural products, and which constituted the beginning of the transformation of much of Guatemala into a vast farm growing cash-crops for export.

Returning to the fact that "Southern Maya Area" risks being a misnomer, that the Southern Maya Area comprised a volatile mix of peoples, languages, and cultures with correspondingly dynamic interactions provides more support for the argument that the South took part in seminal developments and a vault upward socially and culturally to Classic Maya civilization, in a manner at least co-equal to the northern Petén.

The Early and Middle Classic: Chocolate Wars
It may be argued in favor of a greater unity in the Southern Maya Area than the ethnic and linguistic diversity might otherwise indicate simply by virtue of the fact that a “Preclassic collapse” occurred extending through much of the Southern Maya Area . In the Southern Maya Area, in times called Classic for the Maya in the Lowlands to the north, tantalizing evidence exists of an abhorrence of a vacuum in the materially very rich breadbasket of the Area – and, as mentioned, particularly of a continuation of what must have been an extraordinary intensively cultivated commodity of enormous importance in Mesoamerica, and the Maya, in cuisine, ideologically, and even as currency, cacao. In the Guatemalan piedmont, located not more than sixty kilometers east of Chocola, Cotzumalguapa, of Middle Classic trajectory, is renowned for carved stone sculpture intimately associating decapitation and other sacrifice with cacao, associations we must conclude are representative of fierce warfare over this commodity, and copious ethnohistory from early after the Spanish Conquest makes reference to “chiefs” and chiefdoms fighting over production and distribution of the chocolate bean and/or its processed forms.

See also
Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures
Olmec religion

Footnotes

References
Arnauld, M.-Charlotte, Alain Breton, Marie-France Fauvet-Berthelot and Juan Antonio Valdés, eds. (2003) Misceláneas...en honor a Alain Ichon. Centro Francés de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos/Asociación Tikal, Mexico and Guatemala
Bove, Frederick J. (1993) The Terminal Formative-Early Classic Transition. In University of Pittsburgh Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology No. 6: The Balberta Project. The Terminal Formative-Early Classic Transition on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala; Frederick J. Bove, Sonia Medrano B., Brenda Lou P., and Bárbara Arroyo L., eds.; 177–194; University of Pittsburgh Department of Anthropology/Asociacion Tikal, Pittsburgh and Guatemala
Clark, John E. (1991) The Beginnings of Mesoamerica: Apologia for the Sononusco Early Formative. In The Formation of Complex Society in Southeastern Mesoamerica. William R. Fowler, ed.; 13–26; CRC Press, Boca Raton
Coe, Michael D. (1961)	La Victoria, An Early Site on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol 53, Cambridge
Coe, Michael D. (2005) The Maya. 7th ed. Thames and Hudson, London and New York
Feinman, Gary M. and Joyce Marcus, eds. (1998) Archaic States. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe
Fowler, William R., ed. (1991) The Formation of Complex Society in Southeastern Mesoamerica. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Kaplan, Jonathan (2008) Hydraulics, Cacao, and Complex Developments at Preclassic Chocolá, Guatemala: Evidence and Implications. Latin American Antiquity 19(4):399-413
Kaplan, Jonathan (2011) Conclusion: The Southern Maya Region and the Problem of Unities. In The Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic: The Rise and Fall of an Early Mesoamerican Civilization. Michael W. Love and Jonathan Kaplan, eds.; 490–532. University Press of Colorado, Boulder
Kroeber, Alfred and Clyde C. Kluckhohn (1952) Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Peabody Museum, Cambridge
Love, Michael W. (2002) Early Complex Society in Pacific Guatemala: Settlements and Chronology of the Río Naranjo, Guatemala. New World Archaeological Foundation, Provo
Love, Michael W. and Jonathan Kaplan, eds. (2011) The Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic: The Rise and Fall of an Early Mesoamerican Civilization. University Press of Colorado, Boulder
Lowe, Gareth W. (1977) The Mixe–Zoque as Competing Neighbors of the Early Lowland May. In The Origins of Maya Civilization; R. E. W. Adams, ed.; 197–248; School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series; University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque
Sharer, Robert J. (2005) The Ancient Maya. 6th ed. Stanford University Press, Stanford

+
Geography of Mesoamerica
Pre-Columbian cultural areas

fi:Eteläinen maya-alue


Ouvrage Anzeling is a gros ouvrage of the Maginot Line, part of the Fortified Sector of Boulay.  It is located between petit ouvrage Bousse and petit ouvrage Berenbach, facing Germany just to the east of Bockange.  With one of the longest main galleries of any Maginot position, it consists of two entrance blocks, three infantry blocks and four artillery blocks. A second phase of construction was planned to add nine more combat blocks and an anti-tank ditch, but was never executed. Anzeling saw limited action in World War II, and was rehabilitated for use during the cold war. It was de-activated in the 1970s and sold for private use.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency; Anzeling was approved for construction in May 1931. It was completed at a cost of 122 million francs by the contractor La Parisienne d'Enterprises. The gros ouvrage is of the typical fort palmé ("palm-shaped") form for a large position. The fort palmé is a distributed fortification, with its entrances and underground support areas more than a kilometer to the rear, connected to the combat blocks by a long underground gallery. The "palm" is composed of the grouped combat blocks, linked by galleries to the main trunk.

Description
Anzeling comprises two entrance blocks, three infantry blocks, and four artillery blocks. The combat blocks are connected to the entries and support areas by a gallery system extending about  from end to end, one of the longest in the Line.  The munitions and personnel entries are located far to the rear of the compactly arranged combat blocks.  An "M1" ammunition magazine is located just inside the ammunition entry, while the underground barracks are located at the junction of the two entry galleries. From there a long gallery runs at an average depth of  to the combat blocks. Anzeling was served by a 60 cm-gauge narrow-gauge railway, which enters at the munitions entrance and runs all the way out through the galleries to the combat blocks.  On the surface, the railway connects to supply points to the rear and to other ouvrages. Block 5 is unusual, as it mounts a 135mm howitzer in a façade embrasure, as well as the more usual twin mount in a turret. Anzeling also features a mixed-arms turret in Block 9, equipped with a machine gun and a 50mm grenade launcher that could fire when retracted.

 Block 1: infantry block with two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), one retractable machine gun turret, 47mm anti-tank gun (JM/AC47) embrasure and one twin machine gun embrasure.
 Block 2: infantry block with two GFM cloches and one retractable 81mm twin morar turret.
 Block 3: infantry block with one GFM cloche and one machine gun turret.
 Block 4: artillery block with two GFM cloches, one grenade launcher cloche (LG) and one 75mm twin gun turret.
 Block 5: artillery block with two GFM cloches, one retractable 135mm gun turret and one 135mm gun embrasure.
 Block 6 (unbuilt): Infantry block with one machine gun turret planned for Phase 2.
 Block 7: artillery block with one GFM cloche and one 75mm twin gun turret.
 Block 8 (unbuilt): Artillery block with one 75mm gun turret, planned for phase 2.
 Block 9: artillery block with one GFM cloche, one retractable mixed-arms turret, one twin machine gun embrasure and one JM/AC47 embrasure.
 Block 10 (unbuilt): Flanking casemate defending an anti-tank ditch, similar to those at Hackenberg and Hochwald, planned for Phase 2 with blocks 11 and 12, none connected to the gallery system.
 Block 11 (unbuilt): see above.
 Block 12 (unbuilt): see above.
 Block 15 (unbuilt): Unbuilt observation block.
 Block 16: (unbuilt): Advanced position, phase 2.
 Block 17: (unbuilt): Advanced position, phase 2.
 Block 18: (unbuilt): Advanced position, phase 2.
 Personnel entry: Entry block armed with two GFM cloches, one LG cloche and one JM/AC47 embrasure.
 Munitions entry: Inclined entry block armed with one GFM cloche and one JM/AC47 embrasure.

Anzeling also features a unique chimney or ventilator for its generating plant. Called the fosse aux ours, or "bear pit", the ventilation block was large enough to merit its own mixed-arms turret.

Casemates and shelters
 Abri de Bockange: Surface abri with two GFM cloches and a command post.

Manning
The 1939 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Commandant Guillebot comprised 609 men and 23 officers of the 162nd Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 152nd Position Artillery Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The nearby Casernement de Bockange provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Anzeling and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.

1940
No attempt was made in June 1940 by the Germans to directly attack this central portion of the Maginot Line, the Germans preferring to go around the west end of the Line and take the Line from the rear.  On 15 June the German 1st Army broke through the Line at the Saar and pushed west and east along the Line, enveloping the French armies. From the night of 15 June there was heavy German patrol activity in the area. Positions in the Boulay sector received notice that they may be required to evacuate their positions, and began to sabotage equipment. The following day remained quiet, while the evacuation notice was reversed. German patrols increased on the 17th. Anzeling fired on German forces on the surface of ouvrage Bousse, causing some damage to the installation. During the night of 17–18 June, German troops appear on the surface of Anzeling blocks 1 and 3 and to the rear of the ouvrage. The next day infiltrators were spotted between Anzeling and Berenbach. On 19–20 June Anzeling came under 105 mm and 155 mm artillery fire. Anzeling provided covering fire to Denting and Bovenberg. On the 22nd a German party came to the entry for a parley, asking for the surrender of the ouvrage, which was refused.  Anzeling provided covering fire for Mont des Welches. Intermittent firing continued on the 23rd from both sides. The 24th was quiet, with supporting fire for Mont des Welches. As a result of the armistice of 25 June 1940, a cease-fire went into effect of 25 June. During the following days the minefields surrounding the ouvrage were removed and the commandant negotiated terms for a surrender. On 3 July Anzeling surrendered to German forces. In the following years under German occupation, Anzeling was used as a bombproof factory.

Cold War
Following World War II, interest revived in the use of the Maginot Line to defend against a possible Soviet advance through southern Germany.  Funds were allocated for restoration of the gros ouvrages, with most of the position's equipment and armament restored.  Funding was not forthcoming for upgrades to heavier arms, and work was limited to restoration of systems and improvements to existing armament. The renovations did not include the command post or the barracks.  By 1956, Anzeling had been designated part of the Mòle de Boulay, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack. By the late 1950s interest in fixed fortifications was waning after France developed a nuclear deterrent.  The money needed to maintain and upgrade the fortifications was diverted for the nuclear programs. Anzeling was maintained for use by the Army until 1972, and finally abandoned in the 1970s.

In the 1980s Anzeling was used for the cultivation of mushrooms. Some of its equipment has been removed for display in other Maginot ouvrages that are open to the public.

Current condition
The M1 magazine is reportedly used as a shooting range by the gendarmerie and by local sports clubs.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Ouvrage Anzeling at Camp-de-Bockange, devoted to the nearby casernement that served the troops of the Anzeling area
 L'ouvrage d'Anzeling at alsacemaginet.com
 Ouvrage d'Anzeling at lignemaginot.com
 Anzeling (gros ouvrage A25 d') at fortiff.be
 Ouvrage d'Anzeling at wikimaginot.eu

ANZE
Maginot Line
Môle de Boulay


TBC1 domain family member 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBC1D15 gene.

References

Further reading


George Rochberg's String Quartet No. 3 is an important piece in American contemporary music literature. Written in 1971 and premiered on May 15, 1972, by the Concord String Quartet, the third string quartet was an important move away from serialism for the American composer.

Background of composition
Early in his career George Rochberg wrote in a total serialist style that was popular with post World War II composers. Rochberg's first and second quartets are written in this modernist style. Then in 1961 tragedy struck when Rochberg's son became ill with an ultimately fatal brain tumor. His son's death three years later left the composer deeply changed and struggling to compose. His eventual conclusion that he was unable to adequately express his profound grief and loss through serialism led him towards his more mature style, an aesthetic which often mixes tonality and atonality and has sometimes been labeled “neo-romanticism.” Rochberg described his goal in this new style as an attempt to achieve “the most potent and effective way to translate my musical energy into the clearest and most direct patterns of feeling and thought.”

Style and structure
String Quartet No. 3 is composed in five movements, with the first two and last two movements played without pause. This ultimately results in the work being heard in three large sections. Sections of atonality are superimposed with tonal and expressionist sections. The string quartet is written in a modified arch form.

Part A

I. Introduzione: Fantasia
As in the last movement, this movement presents the emotional contours of the third quartet in microcosm. The movement comprises six ideas repeated to form eighteen short sections. The work starts off with a highly charged glissando motif, but quickly passes through sections of lyric tonality, atonality, and florid ornamentation.

II. March
This movement is a dissonant march which has been compared to Bartok. It begins without pause after the first movement.

Part B

III. Variations
This central movement forms the cornerstone of the arch form. It is composed of new material in a traditional theme and variations form. Rochberg said this movement drew from “the harmonic/polyphonic palette of the Classical and Romantic traditions.”

Part C

IV. March
The central movement is followed by this second march, which is thematically connected to the first, but includes further development of the ideas.

V. Finale: Scherzos and Serenades
This finale, which completes the quartet's arch form, is also written in an internally palindromic form. The scherzo is highly chromatic in character, although still tonal. It is followed by the expressive serenade. After several interruptions from the scherzo theme, the original glissando motive from the beginning returns to complete the work.

Transcendental Variations
Following a suggestion by Vilem Sokol, in 1975 Rochberg arranged the third movement for orchestra under the title Transcendental Variations, highlighting its relation to Rochberg's vision of timelessness. Christopher Lyndon-Gee, who recorded them with the Saarbrücken Radio Symphony, considers it thoroughly recomposed in terms of registration and sonorities.

Critical reception and influence
Rochberg's String Quartet No. 3 was immediately controversial. Its aesthetic, which appeared to draw from older tonal music, was heavily criticized by Rochberg's academic colleagues. The composer's work was described by some major critics, such as Andrew Porter of The New Yorker, as “almost irrelevant.”

While academics scoffed at the work, Rochberg's String Quartet No. 3 was very popular with audiences and musicians. During the 1970s the piece received many performances, and the Concord String Quartet quickly commissioned three more quartets.

References

External links
Concord String Quartet Homepage

Rochberg 3
Compositions by George Rochberg
1971 compositions


Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8-like protein 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EPS8L2 gene.

This gene encodes a protein that is related to epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (EPS8), a substrate for the epidermal growth factor receptor. The function of this protein is unknown.

References

Further reading


DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 31, also known as DDX31, is a human gene.

DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), are putative RNA helicases. They are implicated in a number of cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Based on their distribution patterns, some members of this DEAD box protein family are believed to be involved in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division. This gene encodes a member of this family. The function of this member has not been determined. Alternative splicing of this gene generates 2 transcript variants.

References

Further reading


The Naked Pilgrim is documentary series produced by British broadcaster Five and presented by art critic Brian Sewell.  First broadcast in 2003, the series follows Sewell on the Catholic pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela.

The series, ostensibly an arts travelogue about the pilgrimage route, was notable for Sewell wrestling with his own loss of faith and for his emotional responses to the pilgrims he encountered.  Each episode features a leg of the pilgrimage route with a diversion in the third episode to visit the shrine at Lourdes.

The series was a success for Five and was watched by more than one million people - the channel's biggest audience for an arts programme.

The series won the prestigious Sandford St. Martin Trust award for Best Religious Programme.  It was released on DVD in 2004.

In the show, Sewell drives on the pilgrimage a bronze 1988 Mercedes-Benz C126 560SEC coupe (registration E132 NWP), that previously belonged to 1992 Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell.

Locations

Episode 1
Paris - Sainte Chapelle, Sacré-Cœur, Montmartre, Notre Dame de Paris

Episode 2
Chartres, Pons, Orléans

Episode 3
Bordeaux, Poitiers, Lourdes

Episode 4
Roncesvalles, Bermeo, Guernica, Bilbao

Episode 5
Burgos, Fromista, León

Episode 6
Santiago de Compostela

References

External links

Critical Reception
The Guardian,  "Sewell bares body and soul for Five" (TV Preview), Ciar Byrne, 19 June 2003.
The Guardian, "The life of Brian" (TV Review), 2 July 2003 (paragraphs 1-5).
The Guardian, "My kingdom for a hearse" (TV Review), Nancy Banks-Smith, 22 July 2003 (paragraphs 6-11).
London Evening Standard, "Anguish of the TV presenter," Brian Sewell, 1 July 2003. (version archived 6 June 2011)
New Statesman review
The Scotsman, "Not so much the Naked Pilgrim as the haughty hagiographer" (review), 30 June 2003.
The Scotsman, "Naked brilliance of braying Brian" (review), 2 July 2003 (paragraphs 1-7).
Times review (1) (logon required)
Times review (2) (logon required)
Times best television programmes of 2003 (logon required)

Channel 5 (British TV channel) original programming
Television shows about Catholicism
2003 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings


Monte Lewis Bennett is a former American football defensive end & nose tackle who played for the New Orleans Saints in 1981. Bennett played in the USFL for three seasons with the Oakland Invaders. Bennett played in the 1985 USFL championship game. After three years in the USFL. Bennett returned for another season in the NFL playing with the San Diego Chargers in  1987.

While playing with the Invaders Bennett wore #91

Early years
Monte was born on April 27, 1959, in Sterling, Colorado. His family moved to Sterling, Kansas, almost a year later. He attended Sterling High School.

College
Monte attended Kansas State University from 1977 to 1981. He played Nose Tackle in college.

Professional career
Monte went undrafted in the 1981 Draft, with teammate Stevan Dion Clark being picked up by the New England Patriots. He was signed by the New Orleans Saints in 1981 and played in all 16 games, starting 6 of them. At the end of the year, he was cut. In 1987, at the age of 28, he was signed by the San Diego Chargers, who switched him from Nose tackle to Defensive end. He only played 3 games that year before being cut.

External links
NFL.com Player Profile
Database Football Profile
Pro Football Reference Profile

1959 births
Living people
People from Sterling, Kansas
American football defensive ends
Kansas State Wildcats football players
New Orleans Saints players
San Diego Chargers players
Oakland Invaders players
People from Sterling, Colorado


DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) also known as DEP domain-containing protein 6 (DEPDC6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DEPTOR gene.

Structure

The gene DEPTOR can be found only in vertebrates. In human, DEPTOR gene locates at chromosome 8, 8q24.12 with protein size 409 a.a. Human DEPTOR contains two N-terminal DEP domains and a C-terminal PDZ domain.

Function

DEPTOR is involved in mTOR signaling pathway as an endogenous regulator. A direct interaction between DEPTOR and mTOR has been shown.  Overexpression of DEPTOR downregulates the activity of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in vitro. mTORC1 and mTORC2 can both inhibit DEPTOR through phosphorylation.

Metabolism

DEPTOR cell-autonomously regulates adipogenesis. In the muscle, Baf60c promotes a switch from oxidative to glycolytic myofiber type through DEPTOR-mediated Akt/PKB activation. Within the brain, DEPTOR is highly expressed in the hippocampus, the medio-basal hypothalamus and the circumventricular organs. Overexpression of DEPTOR in the medio-basal hypothalamus protects mice against high-fat diet-induced obesity by modulating Akt/PKB signaling.

Clinical cancer

Although in most cancer, mTOR pathway is constitutively activated and the expression of DEPTOR is low, one study has found that DEPTOR is overexpressed in multiple myeloma cells and is necessary for their survival.

References

Further reading


Serhiy Matyukhin (; born 21 March 1980) is a Ukrainian retired professional footballer and coach.

Career
Most of his career, Matyukhin spent in FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk from 1997 to 2010. In his early career, he played for FC Dnipro-2 Dnipropetrovsk which is the second team and it used to take part in the professional competitions during that time. In 2009 Matyukhin was loaned to FC Arsenal Kyiv and completed the permanent move in the following league campaign.

References

External links

Player profile

1980 births
Living people
Ukrainian men's footballers
FC Dnipro players
FC Dnipro-2 Dnipropetrovsk players
FC Dnipro-3 Dnipropetrovsk players
FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih players
FC Arsenal Kyiv players
FC Oleksandriya players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian First League players
Ukrainian Second League players
Ukrainian Amateur Football Championship players
Ukraine men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Donetsk Oblast


The 1906–07 Drake Bulldogs men's basketball team represents Drake University in the 1906–07 college basketball season. The team is led by first year head coach C.A. Pell. This was also Drakes first season of collegiate basketball. They finished with a 2–1 record.

Schedule

Notes

Drake Bulldogs men's basketball seasons
Drake
Drake Bulldogs men's basketball
Drake Bulldogs men's basketball


Sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC17A1 gene.

See also
 Solute carrier family

References

Further reading

Solute carrier family


Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC20A2 gene.

Genomics

This gene is found on the short arm of chromosome 8 (8p12-p11) on the minus (Crick) strand. It is 123,077 bases in length. The encoded protein has 652 amino acids and the predicted molecular weight of the protein is 70.392 kiloDaltons.

Function

The protein acts as a homodimer and is involved in phosphate transport by absorbing phosphate from interstitial fluid for normal cellular functions such as cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and nucleic acid and lipid synthesis.

Clinical significance

Mutations in the  SLC20A2 gene are associated with idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (Fahr's syndrome). This association suggests that familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification is caused by changes in phosphate homeostasis, since this gene encodes for PIT-2, an inorganic phosphate transporter.

See also
 Solute carrier family

References

Further reading

Solute carrier family


Skim is an open-source PDF reader. It is notably the first free software PDF reader for macOS. It is written in Objective-C, and uses Cocoa APIs. It is released under a BSD license. It is also cited as being able to help annotate and read scientific papers.

History
Its initial release was in April 2007, at version 0.2. Within its first year it managed to gain a small fan base of users due to its ease of use and features which allowed some flexibility over other PDF browsers for Mac OS X.  As of 2008, it had achieved version 1.0. Its main developers were also responsible for another popular open-source program, BibDesk.

Features
Some of its features include the ability to view and bookmark PDFs, highlight and underline selectable PDF text, and a full-screen and presentation mode, along with a split mode that allows scrolling a PDF separately in two parts on the same screen. It also allows the adding of circles and boxes, as well as being able to embed and edit notes.

See also
List of PDF software

References

External links

MacOS-only free software
Free software programmed in Objective-C
Free PDF readers
Software using the BSD license


Gasteracantha sturi, commonly known as the blunt-spined kite spider, is a species of spider belonging to the family Araneidae. It is found in Southeast Asia, from Laos to the Moluccas.

The abdomen is much broader than long and bright yellow with two black cross lines. The lateral corners have thick, blunt spikes with two shorter, sharper spikes both on the front and rear margins. All the spikes are black.

References

sturi
Fauna of Southeast Asia
Spiders of Asia
Spiders described in 1857


SOX12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOX12 gene. Sox12 belongs to the SoxC group of Sox family of transcription factors, together with Sox4 and Sox11. Sox12-null knockout mice appear normal, unlike Sox4 or Sox11 knockout mice. This probably comes from functional redundancy with Sox4 and Sox11. Sox12 is a weaker activator than both Sox4 and Sox11 in mouse.

Members of the SOX family of transcription factors are characterized by the presence of a DNA-binding high mobility group (HMG) domain, homologous to the HMG box of sex-determining region Y (SRY). Forming a subgroup of the HMG domain superfamily, SOX proteins have been implicated in cell fate decisions in a diverse range of developmental processes. SOX transcription factors have diverse tissue-specific expression patterns during early development and have been proposed to act as target-specific transcription factors and/or as chromatin structure regulatory elements. The protein encoded by this gene was identified as a SOX family member based on conserved domains and its expression in various tissues suggests a role in both differentiation and maintenance of several cell types.

References

Further reading

Transcription factors


UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UAP1 gene.

References

Further reading


Carl-Philipp-Emanuel-Bach-Straße is a street in Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.

Named after the 18th-century German musician and composer Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Carl-Philipp-Emanuel-Bach-Straße is indeed one of the longest street names in the world, certainly Germany.

Apart from being very close to the Oder river and the border crossing to Słubice, Poland, Carl-Philipp-Emanuel-Bach-Straße is home to part of the Viadrina Museum in the Junker house and Museum for Junge Kunst.

External links
 Museum Viadrina
 Das Museum Junge Kunst Frankfurt (Oder)
 Aerial view of Carl-Philipp-Emanuel-Bach-Straße

Roads in Brandenburg


Protein SSX5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSX5 gene.

Function

The product of this gene belongs to the family of highly homologous synovial sarcoma, X (SSX) breakpoint proteins. These proteins may function as transcriptional repressors. They are also capable of eliciting spontaneously humoral and cellular immune responses in cancer patients, and are potentially useful targets in cancer vaccine-based immunotherapy. SSX1, SSX2 and SSX4 genes have been involved in the t(X;18) chromosomal translocation characteristically found in all synovial sarcomas. This gene appears not to be involved in this type of translocation. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.

References

Further reading


The Palestinian Heritage Center is a Palestinian cultural center located in Bethlehem. It was established in 1991 by Maha Saca. The center contains several exhibitions on Palestinian costumes, folklore, history, and other cultural aspects.

External links

Palestinian Heritage Center Homepage

Buildings and structures in Bethlehem
Palestinian culture
Palestinian clothing
Tourist attractions in the State of Palestine
1991 establishments in the Palestinian territories


ATP-dependent RNA helicase SUPV3L1, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SUPV3L1 gene.

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of SUPV3L1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Supv3l1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists — at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.
Twenty six tests were carried out and three significant phenotypes were reported. All homozygous mutant animals died prior to birth, and therefore none were observed at weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant mice and radiography showed female animals had defects in their transverse processes.

References

Further reading

External links

Genes mutated in mice


James Alexander Forbes (January 6, 1804 – May 6, 1881) was the British vice-consul to Mexican California as well as the first British consul to the U.S. state of California. He built a flour mill outside of San Jose, California (now known as Forbes Mill), and that land eventually became the basis of the town of Los Gatos.

Early life
Born in Inverness, Scotland to John Alonzo Forbes and Marta Rodriguez, he emigrated to Argentina around the age of 12 with an uncle who owned a shipping line. He was later educated by Jesuits in Montevideo, Uruguay, and fought for Argentina during the Cisplatine War, having converted one of his uncle's ships into a man of war. He then came to California on a whaleship in 1831, and worked for a while as an accountant on the Castro Rancho San Pablo near Richmond. In 1834, he married Ana María Galindo, daughter of Jose Crisostino Galindo, majordomo of Mission Santa Clara de Asís.

He worked for Hudson's Bay Company beginning in 1836, becoming administrator of the company's affairs in California in 1845, although that office closed the following year.

He was appointed British vice-consul in 1842. While serving as vice-consul, he advocated the takeover of California by the British government; the proposal was flatly rejected. Forbes was informed that Great Britain had no desire to interfere in California politics, but that she would look with great disfavor upon such interference by any other power. This sentiment was communicated to Thomas O. Larkin, United States consul, but did little to dissuade the U.S. from annexing California in 1846.

The Forbes family lived on Rancho Potrero de Santa Clara, a  Mexican land grant near San Jose received from Governor Manuel Micheltorena in 1844. The rancho and cattle were sold in 1847 to Commodore Robert F. Stockton for US$$10,500, a high price for the time. The couple had a total of twelve children, three daughters and nine sons. In 1851, he persuaded the Jesuits to establish a school at Mission Santa Clara to educate his sons; this school formed the basis of what would become Santa Clara University. Five of the Forbes sons were part of the first class at Santa Clara College.

New Almaden
He was also an early investor in the New Almaden quicksilver mine with Alexander Forbes, British consul to Mexico and author of one of the first histories of California in the English language. Their company had purchased the title to the mine from Andrés Castillero in 1846, and it proved to be extremely profitable. However, José de los Reyes Berreyesa also laid claim to the mine on the basis that it lay on Rancho San Vicente. Furthermore, Berreyesa's neighbor Justo Larios of Rancho Los Capitancillos also claimed ownership.  Even the United States government stepped in to claim that the mine lay on public land between the two grants. A complex legal case involving Mexican laws and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo described by The New York Times as "one of the most remarkable civil trials in this or any other country", United States v. Andres Castillero eventually reached the United States Supreme Court whereupon it was finally decided in 1862 that, the mine was on the Larias grant, and that the furnaces and improvements of the company below the hill were on the Berreyessa grant. The company bought into these two titles and then sold the entire operation in 1864 to the Quicksilver Mining Company.

Los Gatos
Forbes' lasting legacy, however, is the town of Los Gatos. In 1850, noticing that there was no local production of flour (it was being imported from Chile), he purchased about  of Rancho Rinconada de Los Gatos from José María Hernandez with the intent of building a mill on Los Gatos Creek. In 1853 he raised the money for the construction, and in 1854 the mill was built. After many delays, the mill started grinding flour on December 1, 1855. However, the location Forbes chose was unfortunate, as there was only enough water in the creek to power the mill during the winter months. This, coupled with the delays in its opening which allowed competitors into the market thus dropping flour prices from a lucrative $50/barrel to a mere $5, meant that it was not generating enough income and eventually Forbes was forced into bankruptcy, much of his money also being tied up in litigation with regards to the mine. In 1858, he was evicted due to non-payment of the loan. However, a town sprang up around the mill and was initially known as Forbestown before changing its name to Los Gatos.

Personality
Los Gatos historian William A. Wulf describes Forbes as "a suede-shoe man [i.e., a devious individual]. He was bright, and better educated than most men in California when he first arrived. But he was basically a bad guy who ended up losing control of circumstances." When the Jesuits arrived from Oregon to Mission Santa Clara, they asked him to move out of the mission, which he did, but not before getting $11,000 from them. He then used this money to build a mansion right behind the mission. Later, he sold this to a group of nuns, neglecting to tell them there was a $20,000 lien on the house. Also, according to the Hernandez family, Forbes never paid $8,000 he owed for the Los Gatos rancho. With regards to his marriage, he is described as having treated his wife as a servant, often not allowing her to converse with dinner guests; instead she was made to help the other servants.

Forbes died in 1881, in Alameda.

Notes

References

1805 births
1881 deaths
People from Los Gatos, California
People from Inverness
Scottish emigrants to the United States


Probable methyltransferase TARBP1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TARBP1 gene.

HIV-1, the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), contains an RNA genome that produces a chromosomally integrated DNA during the replicative cycle. Activation of HIV-1 gene expression by the transactivator Tat is dependent on an RNA regulatory element (TAR) located downstream of the transcription initiation site. This element forms a stable stem-loop structure and can be bound by either the protein encoded by this gene or by RNA polymerase II. This protein may act to disengage RNA polymerase II from TAR during transcriptional elongation. Alternatively spliced transcripts of this gene may exist, but their full-length natures have not been determined.

References

Further reading


Tubulin-specific chaperone A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBCA gene.

The product of this gene is one of four proteins (cofactors A, D, E, and C) involved in the pathway leading to correctly folded beta-tubulin from folding intermediates. Cofactors A and D are believed to play a role in capturing and stabilizing beta-tubulin intermediates in a quasi-native confirmation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D/beta-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of beta-tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state. This gene encodes chaperonin cofactor A.

References

Further reading


Transcription factor 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF19 gene.

References

Further reading


Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 72 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS72 gene.

Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of VPS72 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Vps72tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping

References

Further reading


T cell receptor gamma variable 9, also known as TRGV9, is a human gene.

References

Further reading


Folkungagatan is a major thoroughfare and business street located at Södermalm in Stockholm, Sweden. The street runs between Söderledstunneln and Danviksbro. The street was named in 1885 and refers to the medieval House of Folkung.

SoFo (short for "South of Folkungagatan") is an area located to the south of the street.

See also
SoFo

References

External links

1885 establishments in Sweden
Streets in Stockholm


Tolloid-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLL1 gene.

This gene encodes an astacin-like zinc-dependent metalloprotease and is a subfamily member of the metzincin family. A similar protein in mice is required during heart development and specifically processes procollagen C-propeptides and chordin at similar cleavage sites.

References

Further reading


EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFCAB6 gene.

Interactions
EFCAB6 has been shown to interact with PARK7 and Androgen receptor.

References

Further reading

EF-hand-containing proteins


Nabih Youssef, S.E., F.A.S.C.E is an American structural engineer, most recognized for his work in earthquake engineering.

Education and working life
In 1967, Youssef received a B.S. in Structural Engineering from Cairo University. After emigrating to the United States he received a M.S. from C.S.U.-L.A. and then a postgraduate Diploma in Earthquake Engineering from U.C.L.A.

Youssef lead the engineering division at A.C. Martin Partners before founding his own firm, Nabih Youssef & Associates (NYA), in 1989.

Notable projects

L.A. Live! Hotel & Residences

The first of the 56 story L.A. LIVE's three development phases was completed late 2007 / early 2008 when the doors opened at Microsoft Theater, a 7,100 seat concert and awards show venue. Xbox Plaza (formerly Microsoft Square), a 40,000 sq. ft. open air space, featuring six 75-foot-towers with LED and static signage along with 1,500 parking spaces also debuted in phase one. It uses an advanced steel plate shear wall system to resist lateral loads and is the first building in Los Angeles to so.

The second phase began in late 2008 with The Novo (a 2,300 person venue), the Conga Room, Lucky Strike Lanes & Lounge, The GRAMMY Museum® and 2,000 more parking spaces. Restaurants opened throughout phase two, with all 13 eateries completed in 2009. Another notable phase two event was the first live broadcast from the ESPN West Coast Broadcast Center.

The last and final phase was completed in late 2009 with the grand opening of the 14-screen Regal Cinemas and in early 2010 with The Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Los Angeles, the JW Marriott Los Angeles L.A. LIVE and The Ritz-Carlton Residences at L.A.

Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels

Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels used base isolation to achieve a structure that would last 500 years.

Others
Cleveland
 Cleveland Museum of Art Expansion

Los Angeles
 Dodger Stadium Renovations
 J. Paul Getty Museum Villa
 Los Angeles City Hall Renovations
  Los Angeles Coliseum Renovations
 Los Angeles County Museum of Art
 Skirball Jewish Cultural Center

Washington, D.C.
 Walter E. Washington Convention Center

Contributions to field
Youssef pioneered the use of base isolation to seismically protect structures.  He is a Lecturer at the USC School of Architecture.  Additionally, Youssef has been involved in various industry and governmental panels, notably:

Congressional Office of Technology Assessment advisory panel member
Chair of the Vision 2000 Committee and the Seismology Committee of the Structural Engineers Association of California.
Chair of Project Restore, a non-profit organization dedicated to the historic restoration and revitalization of historic facilities in Los Angeles.

Honors
Recipient of two Design-Build Institute of America Public Sector Building merit awards in 2005.

See also
 List of structural engineers
 List of Copts
 Earthquake engineering structures

References

External links
 Nabih Youssef & Associates
 Cal State LA
 StructureMag

Structural engineers
American people of Coptic descent
American people of Egyptian descent
Earthquake engineering
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Solute carrier family 13 member 3 also called sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter (NaDC3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC13A3 gene.

Mammalian sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporters transport succinate and other Krebs cycle intermediates. They fall into 2 categories based on their substrate affinity: low affinity and high affinity. Both the low- and high-affinity transporters play an important role in the handling of citrate by the kidneys. The protein encoded by this gene represents the high-affinity form. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, although the full-length nature of some of them have not been characterized yet.

See also
 Solute carrier family

References

Further reading

Solute carrier family


DNA cross-link repair 1B protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCLRE1B gene.

DNA interstrand cross-links prevent strand separation, thereby physically blocking transcription, replication, and segregation of DNA. DCLRE1B is one of several evolutionarily conserved genes involved in repair of interstrand cross-links (Dronkert et al., 2000).[supplied by OMIM]

Function

The DCLRE1B/SNM1B/Apollo protein is a repair exonuclease that digests double-stranded and single-stranded DNA with a 5’ to 3’ directionality.

Using an SNM1B/Apollo knockout mouse model, evidence was obtained that SNM1B/Apollo protein is required to protect telomeres against illegitimate non-homologous end joining that can result in genomic instability and consequently in multi-organ developmental failure.

In a human patient with Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, a dominant negative mutation in the SNM1B/Apollo gene was discovered.  This mutation hampered the proper replication of telomeres, leading to major telomeric dysfunction and cellular senescence.  SNM1B/Apollo protein appears to be a crucial factor in telomere maintenance, independent of its function in repairing DNA inter-strand crosslinks.

References

Further reading


28S ribosomal protein S26, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS26 gene.

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. This gene lies adjacent to and downstream of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone precursor gene.

References

Further reading

External links

Ribosomal proteins


28S ribosomal protein S6, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS6 gene.

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein that belongs to the ribosomal protein S6P family. Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene are found on chromosomes 1p and 12q.

References

Further reading

External links

Ribosomal proteins


39S ribosomal protein L40, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL40 gene.

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Deletions in this gene may contribute to the etiology of velo-cardio-facial syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome.

References

Further reading

Ribosomal proteins


Henry Strong may refer to:

Henry Strong (ATSF), president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Henry A. Strong (1838–1919), first president of Eastman Kodak Company
Henry G. Strong (1873–1919), New York businessman
Henry W. Strong (1810–1848), New York politician


Aminadab () is a person in the Book of Mormon who appears in the Book of Helaman. He had been a member of the Nephite church but left it and became associated with the Lamanites. In the Book of Helaman, after Nephi abdicates the Chief Judgment Seat to Cezoram, he and his brother Lehi go to preach to the Lamanites, who imprison them. After a heavenly incident, Aminadab clarifies to the surrounding Lamanite captors that Nephi and Lehi are conversing with angels.

Latter-day Saint (LDS) commenters on the Book of Mormon write that it is likely that Aminadab was a Zoramite, or a part of the Nephites who elected to follow Zoram. This idea comes from Aminadab saying that he had been taught by Alma, Amulek, and Zeezrom, who taught the Zoramites together earlier in the Book of Mormon. The parallels between Helaman 5 and Alma 34 also support the idea that Aminadab was a Zoramite. In the journal Religious Educator, LDS teachers of seminary and institute invite readers to use the story of Aminadab to show that students sometimes look to their peers rather than their instructors for information, and as an example of someone who left the church but returned to teach the gospel afterwards.

Narrative in Helaman
In the Book of Helaman, the brothers Nephi and Lehi are imprisoned for preaching to the Lamanites. Helaman 5:23 describes them being "encircled about as if by fire". A voice from heaven calls prison guards to repentance. When Nephi and Lehi look upwards and speak, Aminadab explains that they are speaking with angels of God, and encourages the prison guards to repent and cry "unto the voice". After the prison guards "cry unto the voice," the holy spirit fills them and they hear a voice praising his "well beloved".

Interpretation
In A Pentecostal Reads the Book of Mormon, John Thomas cites Aminadab's explanation as evidence that angels converse with humans in the Book of Mormon. In his series Second Witness: Analytical and Contextual Commentary on the Book of Mormon, LDS scholar Brant Gardner writes that Aminadab knew that Nephi and Lehi were speaking with angels because of his Nephite background, even though he himself could not see the angels at this point in the narrative.

Aminadab's name is an alternate spelling of Amminadab, a name found in the Bible as a minor character referred to in the Book of Genesis.

Zoramite background
In the Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, Michael F. Perry, an LDS lawyer, considers how Aminadab tells his fellow onlookers to "have faith in Christ, who was taught unto you by Alma, and Amulek, and Zeezrom." The only time that Alma, Amulek, and Zeezrom appear together on a mission in the Book of Mormon is when they visit the Zoramites in Alma 31:6. While the Book of Mormon's compiler, Mormon, alludes to many events that are not described in the book, Perry believes that Mormon chose to include the mission that Aminadab references within the text. However, Aminadab's appearance occurs fifty years after this mission in the text. Perry presents the possibility that Aminadab is an older first-generation Zoramite, and concludes that it is not definite that Aminadab referred to the mission of Alma, Amulek, and Zeezrom mentioned earlier in Alma. In The Annotated Book of Mormon, Grant Hardy states that the Nephite dissenters present in Helaman 5, including Aminadab, must have been Zoramites. He noted the parallels of the text in Helaman with the teachings of Alma, Amulek, and Zeezrom in Alma 34 in the questions of "what shall we do?" and the responding advice to "cry unto" the voice.

Pedagogical application
Writing to an audience of Latter-day Saint (LDS) seminary and institute teachers, John Hilton III, an employee of the Church Educational System, suggested using Aminadab's story as scriptural example of how sometimes students will ask questions about religion to their peers rather than their teachers. Another article in Religious Educator by seminary teacher Daniel J. Prestwich used Aminadab as a scriptural example of an individual who had previously dissented from the church, but "chose to become a missionary" when he taught his fellow onlookers to "cry unto the voice".

See also
 Book of Helaman
 List of Book of Mormon people

References

External links
 Helaman 5

Book of Mormon people
Angelic visionaries
Harold B. Lee Library-related Book of Mormon articles


39S ribosomal protein L32, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL32 gene.

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the L32 ribosomal protein family. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome Xp.

References

Further reading

Ribosomal proteins


Receptor expression-enhancing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the REEP1 gene.

Clinical significance
Mutations in REEP1 are known to cause the following conditions:

 Spastic paraplegia 31, autosomal dominant (SPG31);
 Neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, 5B (HMN5B);
 Distal spinal muscular atrophy, autosomal recessive, 6 (DSMA6).

References

Further reading


Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS33A gene.

Function

Vesicle mediated protein sorting plays an important role in segregation of intracellular molecules into distinct organelles. Genetic studies in yeast have identified more than 40 vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes involved in vesicle transport to vacuoles. This gene is a member of the Sec-1 domain family, and it encodes a protein similar to the yeast class C Vps33 protein. The mammalian class C VPS proteins are predominantly associated with late endosomes/lysosomes, and like their yeast counterparts, may mediate vesicle trafficking steps in the endosome/lysosome pathway.

Interactions

VPS33A has been shown to interact with VPS11.

Clinical

A syndrome has been described that appears to be associated with mutations in this gene. This syndrome has since been named Mucopolysaccharidosis-plus syndrome.

References

Further reading


David McKellop Hodge (1841–1920, Creek) was an attorney and interpreter for the Creek Nation, and was politically active. He became an orator and a leader on the Creek Nation Council at Muskogee, the capital.

Born in Choska, Creek Nation, Indian Territory (near present-day Coweta in present-day Wagoner County, Oklahoma). Son of a white man and a Creek woman, he was raised in the matrilineal Creek culture, learning both Creek and English languages. He became involved with Creek Nation politics, and was licensed to practice law in the Creek Nation; he was recorded as "David M. Hodge" on legal documentation. He was buried at Oaklawn Cemetery in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Ancestry
David M. Hodge was the son of Nathanel Hodge, European-American, and Nancy McKellop (Creek), who had mixed ancestry. Her parents were David McKellop, an 1810 immigrant from Scotland, and his wife Susan (Perryman) McKellop. She was the daughter of Chief Perryman and his wife. Because the Creek had a matrilineal kinship system, Hodge was considered to belong to his mother's people, and through her family, he belonged to the Aktayace clan. According to the 1882 Creek Census, he belonged to Big Spring Tribal Town (he was listed as D.M. Hodge). Hodge married Susan Yargee, daughter of John Yargee; one of the founders of Red Fork, OK.

Career
Many Creek allied with the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Its leaders had promised the Creek and other nations in Indian Territory a state under Native American control if they won the war. Hodge is listed as a member of Company Company H, lst Creek Cavalry Regiment, Indian Territory, C.S.A., fighting under the "Cherokee Braves" flag.

Having been educated before the war in Presbyterian mission schools in the Creek Nation, he was appointed to write the Creek Constitution of 1868. He often served as clerk of the Creek National Council, and was appointed to several delegations that the Creek Nation sent to Washington, D.C. to negotiate with the federal government, including peace terms for the a new treaty after the war. He later negotiated terms of the original allowances of the Curtis Act of 1898.

In 1897, Creek Principal Chief Isparhecker appointed Hodge to serve on a committee to negotiate with the Dawes Commission for Creek rights in allocation of communal lands. He also represented the Creek Nation in Washington, D.C., before Congressional committees and the Courts.

In 1905, he was appointed a delegate to represent the Creek Tribal Town Broken Arrow at the Sequoyah Convention in Muskogee. This was an effort by several Indian nations in the territory to establish a state under Native American control, as pressure was increasing to admit the territories as a state after extinguishing Indian land rights. Hodge was a member of the convention's Committee of Three, which assisted the chairman in appointing subcommittees. The other members of the committee included Charles N. Haskell and Robert L. Owen.

Hodge is also credited with translating parts of the Bible into the Creek language. He collaborated with Presbyterian missionary Robert McGill Loughridge to complete and publish the English and Muskogee Dictionary, in 1890. It was the first created for that language and the only one for nearly a century.

He helped establish the Loughridge Memorial Presbyterian Church, now known as White Church, on the Creek Nation. He also aided development of a private school, supported by subscription by students' families, that was based in the church building from 1870-1900.

Hodge died in 1920. He is buried in Oaklawn Cemetery at Tulsa, Oklahoma.

References

1841 births
1920 deaths
People from Coweta, Oklahoma
Native American linguists
Muscogee (Creek) Nation people
American people of Scottish descent
20th-century Native Americans