Forest dieback (also "", a German loan word) is a condition in trees or woody plants in which peripheral parts are killed, either by pathogens, parasites or conditions like acid rain, drought, and more. These episodes can have disastrous consequences such as reduced resiliency of the ecosystem, disappearing important symbiotic relationships and thresholds. Some tipping points for major climate change forecast in the next century are directly related to forest diebacks.

Definition
Forest dieback refers to the phenomenon of a stand of trees losing health and dying without an obvious cause. This condition is also known as forest decline, forest damage, canopy level dieback, and stand level dieback. This usually affects individual species of trees, but can also affect multiple species. Dieback is an episodic event and may take on many locations and shapes. It can be along the perimeter, at specific elevations, or dispersed throughout the forest ecosystem.

Forest dieback presents itself in many ways: falling off of leaves and needles, discolouration of leaves and needles, thinning of the crowns of trees, dead stands of trees of a certain age, and changes in the roots of the trees. It also has many dynamic forms. A stand of trees can exhibit mild symptoms, extreme symptoms, or even death. Forest decline can be viewed as the result of continued, widespread, and severe dieback of multiple species in a forest. Current forest decline can be defined by: rapid development on individual trees, occurrence in different forest types, occurrence over a long duration (over 10 years), and occurrence throughout the natural range of affected species.

History
A lot of research was done in the 1980s when a severe dieback occurred in Germany and the Northeast United States. Previous diebacks were regionally limited, however, starting at the end of the 1970s, a decline took over the forests in Central Europe and parts of North America. The forest damage in Germany, specifically, was different as the decline was severe: the damage was widespread across various tree species. The percentage of affected trees increased from 8% in 1982 to 50% in 1984 and stayed at 50% through 1987. Many hypotheses have been proposed for this dieback, see below.

In the 20th century, North America was hit with five notable hardwood diebacks. They occurred following the maturation of the forest and each episode had lasted about eleven years. The most severe temperate forest dieback targeted white birch and yellow birch trees. They experienced an episode that started between 1934 and 1937 and ended between 1953 and 1954. This followed a wave pattern that first appeared in Southern regions and moved to Northern regions, where a second wave was evident between 1957 and 1965 in Northern Quebec.

Dieback can also affect other species such as ash, oak, and maple. Sugar maple, particularly, experienced a wave of dieback in parts of the United States during the 1960s. A second wave occurred primarily in Canada in the 1980s, but also managed to reach the United States. These diebacks were numerically analyzed to exclude natural tree mortality. It is hypothesized that a mature forest is more susceptible to extreme environmental stresses.

Potential causes of forest dieback
The components of a forest ecosystem are complex and identifying specific cause–effect relationships between dieback and the environment is a difficult process. Over the years, a lot of research has been conducted and some hypotheses have been agreed upon such as:

 Bark beetle: Bark beetles use the soft tissues of a tree for shelter, subsistence and nesting. Their arrival usually also includes other organisms such as fungi and bacteria. Together, they form symbiotic relationships where the condition of the tree gets exacerbated. Their life cycle is dependent on the presence of a tree as they lay their eggs in them. Once hatched, the larva can form a parasitic relationship with the tree, where it lives off it and cuts the circulation of water and nutrients from the roots to the shoots.
 Groundwater conditions: A study conducted in Australia found that conditions such as depth and salinity could potentially help predict diebacks before they occur. In one bioregion, when both depth and salinity concentrations increased, standing of forests increased. However, in another bioregion in the same study area, when depth increased but the water had lower concentrations of salts (i.e. freshwater), diebacks increased.
 Drought and heat stress: Drought and heat stress are hypothesized to cause dieback. Their apparent reason comes from two mechanisms. The first one, hydraulic failure, results in transportation failure of water from the roots to the shoots of a tree. This can cause dehydration and possibly death. The second, carbon starvation, occurs as a plant's response to heat is to close its stomata. This phenomenon cuts off entry of carbon dioxide, thereby making the plant rely on stored compounds like sugar. If the heat event is long and if the plant runs out of sugar, it will starve and die.
 Pathogens are responsible for many diebacks. It is difficult to isolate and identify exactly which pathogens are responsible and how they interact with the trees. For instance Phomopsis azadirachtae is a fungus of the genus Phomopsis that has been identified as responsible for the dieback in Azadirachta indica (Neem) in the regions of India. Some experts consider dieback as a group of diseases with incompletely understood origins influenced by factors which predispose trees under stress to invasion.

Some other hypotheses could explain the causes and effects of dieback. As agreed upon between the scientific exchanges of Germany and the United States in 1988:

 Soil acidification/aluminum toxicity: As a soil becomes more acidic, aluminum gets released, damaging the tree's roots. Some of the observed effects are: a reduction of uptake and transport of some cations, reduction in root respiration, damage to fine feeder roots and root morphology, and reduction in elasticity of the cell walls. This was is proposed by Professor Bernhard Ulrich in 1979.
 Complex High-Elevation Disease: The combination of high ozone levels, acid deposition and nutrient deficiencies at high elevations kills trees. High ozone concentrations damage the leaves and needles of trees and nutrients get leached from the foliage. The chain of events gets magnified over time. This was proposed by a group of professors: Bernhard Prinz, Karl Rehfuess, and Heinz Zöttl.
 Red-needle disease of spruce: This disease causes needle drop and crown thinning. Needles turn a rust color and fall off. This is caused by foliar fungi, which are secondary parasites attacking already weakened trees. This was proposed by Professor Karl Rehfuess.
 Pollution: The increased concentration level of atmospheric pollutants hurts the root system and leads to the accumulation of toxins in new leaves. Pollutants can alter the growth, reduce the photosynthetic activity, and reduce the formation of secondary metabolites. It is believed that low concentrations levels can be considered are toxic. This was proposed by a group of professors led by Peter Schütt.
 Organic Air Pollutants: this subsection focuses on organic compounds. The three compounds seriously discussed are ethylene, aniline, and dinitrophenol. Even at low levels, these organic chemical compounds have caused: abnormal dropping of foliage, twisted foliage, and killing of seedlings. This was proposed by Fritz Führ.
 Excess Nitrogen Deposition: The increased level of nitrogen and ammonium, both commonly found in fertilizer, could have the following possible effects: it could inhibit beneficial fungi, delay chemical reactions, disturb normal balances between shoot growth and root growth, and increase soil leaching. However, there is no experimental proof. This was proposed by Carl Olaf Tamm.  See also: Nutrient pollution

Consequences of forest dieback
Forest dieback can be caused by a multitude of factors, however, once they occur, they can have certain consequences.

 Fungal community: Ectomycorrhizal fungi form a symbiotic relationship with trees. Following a bark beetle outbreak, dieback can occur. This process can decrease photosynthesis, nutrient availability and decomposition rates and processes. Once this occurs, the symbiotic relationship, previously mentioned, gets negatively affected: the ectomycorrhizal fungi community decreases and then the relationship disappears altogether. This is problematic as certain plants depend on their presence for survival.
 Soil chemistry: Soil chemistry can change following a dieback episode. It can result in the increase of base saturation as biomass left behind set free certain ions such as calcium, magnesium and potassium. This can be considered a positive consequence as base saturation is essential for plant growth and soil fertility. Therefore, this signifies that soil chemistry following a dieback even could aid in recovering acidic soils.

Climate change

Changes in mean annual temperature and drought are major contributing factors to forest dieback. As more carbon is released from dead trees, especially in the Amazon and Boreal forests, more greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere. Increased levels of greenhouse gases increase the temperature of the atmosphere. Projections for dieback vary, but the threat of global climate change only stands to increase the rate of dieback.

 Reduced resiliency: Trees can be resilient. However, that can be changed when the ecosystem is hit with a drought episode. This results in trees becoming more susceptible to insect infestations, thereby triggering a dieback event. This is a problem as climate change is predicted to increase drought in certain regions of the world.
 Thresholds: A number of thresholds exist in relation to forest dieback such as "biodiversity ..., ecological condition ... and ecosystem function". As climate change has the power to cause diebacks through multiple processes, these thresholds are becoming more and more achievable where, in some cases, they have the ability to induce a positive feedback process: when the basal area in an ecosystem decreases by 50%, species richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi follows. As mentioned earlier, ectomycorrhizal fungi are important for the survival of certain plants, turning dieback into a positive feedback mechanism.
 Tipping points: Scientists do not know the exact tipping points of climate change and can only estimate the timescales. When a tipping point is reached, a small change in human activity can have long-term consequences on the environment. Two of the nine tipping points for major climate changes forecast for the next century are directly related to forest diebacks. Scientists are worried that forest dieback in the Amazon rain forest and the Boreal evergreen forest will trigger a tipping point in the next 50 years.

See also

 Bark beetle
 Birch dieback
 Forest pathology
 Heat wave
 Hymenoscyphus fraxineus – cause of ash dieback
 Kauri dieback
 Permanent wilting point

References

Environmental issues with forests
Forest pathology


Vegam () is a 2007 Indian Tamil action thriller film directed by K. R. Udhayashankar and starring Ashwin Shekhar and Veda. It is an unofficial remake of the English movie Cellular
 It was remade again in Tamil as Nayagan.

Plot

The movie revolves around Ashwin (Ashwin Shekar) who runs an event management company, and romances Archana (Veda). Aswin comes to Malaysia to meet her. He comes across a telephone call from a woman, who cries out for help.

A former cop Sriman kidnaps a housewife Selvi (Khushboo) and her son and asks for a tape. Selvi does not know anything about the tape Sriman is asking about. To ensure that Selvi does not make any outside contacts from his place, he breaks the receiver of the telephone. Selvi somehow repairs it and dials an anonymous number which is answered by Aswin and Selvi pleads with him to save her life, and her sons. Aswin takes the conversation as light initially but later on when the calls keep repeating, he realises the issue and sets in search of Selvi to rescue her.

He eventually acquired the assistance of a local cop, Prabhu Ganesan in his quest.

How did Aswin rescue Selvi and her son from Sriman and his gang is the rest of the story. This story is a remake from the Hollywood movie, "Cellular", starring Chris Evans, Kim Basinger and Jason Statham.

Cast
Ashwin Shekhar as Ashwin
Veda as Archana
Prabhu as Kumaravel, ASP, Malaysia Police
Khushbu Sundar as Selvi
Sriman as Cop
Lollu Sabha Jeeva as Ashwin's friend
Mohan Vaidya as Ashwin's father
S. Ve. Shekhar as cameo appearance
Venu Aravind
Crane Manohar
Sridhar

Soundtrack
Veena exponent Rajesh Vaidhya made his debut as composer with this film.
"Aarumugam" — Rajesh Vaidya
"Kalathara" – P. Unnikrishnan, Anuradha Sekhar
"Silirkudhe" — Anuradha Sekhar
"Kya Bole" — Tippu, Harini
"Vegam" — Ranjith, Haricharan

Reception
The film received negative reviews from critics.Behindwoods wrote "Director K R Udayshankar should have worked harder. There are absolutely no elements in the film to create an impact on the audience mind." Balaji of Thiraipadam wrote "Not only is Ashwin completely unsuited to play the hero, the film, a combination of a bad romance and weak action ripped off from Cellular, provides nothing to make Ashwin more tolerable."

References

Indian thriller films
2007 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Indian remakes of American films
2007 thriller films


The 1956 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 6, 1956, to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina.  All five incumbents who ran were re-elected and the open seat in the 5th congressional district was retained by the Democrats.  The composition of the state delegation thus remained solely Democratic.

1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman L. Mendel Rivers of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1941, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John J. Riley of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1951, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan Dorn of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1951, defeated Republican challenger Maka Knox.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert T. Ashmore of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1953, defeated Republican challenger Dan H. Wallace, Jr.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman James P. Richards of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1933, opted to retire.  Robert W. Hemphill defeated Thomas S. Gettys in the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.

Democratic primary

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John L. McMillan of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1939, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

See also
United States House of Representatives elections, 1956
United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1956
United States Senate special election in South Carolina, 1956
South Carolina's congressional districts

References

"Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." Reports and Resolutions of South Carolina to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1957, pp. 10–12.

1956
South Carolina
United States House of Representatives


Félix Boutboul, best known by the pseudonym of Félix Gray (born 28 June 1958), is a French singer and songwriter.

He was born in Tunis. He has a daughter named Marie-Charlotte, born on 7 January 1991.

Compositions

Songs
He has composed texts for various artists :
 "Les Envies d'amour" for Adeline Blondieau Hallyday (1991)
 "Should I Leave" for David Charvet (1997)
 "Au Café des délices" for Patrick Bruel (1999)

Musical comedies
In 2004, he wrote the successful French language musical Don Juan, which opened in Montreal, then went on to be staged in Paris and other parts of the world.

In March 2009, his new musical show "Sherazade, les milles et unes nuits" opened at the Olympia of Montreal. In December 2011, it was featured in Paris. There are negotiations for shows in Las Vegas and Dubai.

Discography

Albums

 Les Amours cassées, with Didier Barbelivien (1991)
 Face cachée (1992)
 14 succès + 1 inédit (1996)
 Félix Gray (2001)

Singles

 "La Gitane (Ma tête tourne...)" (1987) – #3 in France
 "Histoire d'amour ratée" (1987)
 "Fille des nuits" (1988)
 "Te revoir à Madrid" (1989)
 "À toutes les filles..." (1990) with Didier Barbelivien – #1 in France
 "Il faut laisser le temps au temps" (1991) with Didier Barbelivien – #1 in France
 "E vado via" (1991) with Didier Barbelivien – #5 in France
 "Nos amours cassés" (1991) with Didier Barbelivien – #20 in France
 "Mourir pour elle" (1992)
 "Chanson pour Marie" (1992)
 "Les jours où j'ai mal" (1992)
 "Un autre amour" (1992)
 "Tellement je t'aime" (1992)
 "Lettre apple" (1992)
 "Banlieue dortoir" (1992)
 "La plus belle fille du monde" (1992)
 "A quoi tu penses ?" (1992)

 "Tombe la nuit" (1992)
 "Un seul blues" (1992)
 "Bahia" (1994)
 "Pour un amour" (Le prix pour ça) (1996)
 "Dieu me pardonne" (2001)
 "Lequel de nous" (2001)
 "Tomber les voiles" (2001)
 "Jérusalem" (2001)
 "Toute une vie" (2001)
 "Dis lui" (2001)
 "T'attends quoi" (2001)
 "Dire" (2001)
 "Que de l'amour" (2001)
 "Je t'attends" (2001)
 "Un monde à part" (2001)
 "L'histoire recommence" (2001) with Didier Barbelivien
 "J'ai fait chanteur" (2001)

Theater
2004: Don Juan
2009: Shérazade les mille et une nuits

References
 Félix Gray discography, with peak positions in French Chart

1958 births
Tunisian emigrants to France
French male singers
French pop singers
Living people
Musicians from Tunis


Inimey Nangathan () is a 2007 Indian Tamil-language animated children's film, directed by Venkybaboo. It was the first Tamil film to be animated. The film went unnoticed due to the lack of big stars. The film won the National Film Award for Best Animated Film.

Plot
The film depicts Vichu, Varadhu, Vaithi, and Govind as four friends who earn their livelihood doing Kathakalakshepam. They want to become rich and famous. They come across an old lady, who advises them to meet a Swamiji; she tells them she will help them become rich overnight. The Swamiji agrees to help them, but on one condition, they should retrieve a holy necklace from Rakshasas.

The four friends set out to the cave, where they meet a colorful character from the sea in a golden palace. They reach a flowing desert, where Govind pushes them into a pit and then a very tall mountain rises, closing Govind's story.

The others reach a hill with stones. Varadhu wants to kill them, so he pushes a big stone onto them. Varadhu eats a fruit given to him by the Swamiji. Since he ate the full fruit, he becomes very fat and his face gets stuck in a doorway. This is the end of Varadhu.

Vaithi does not listen to Vichu and says that all the diamonds belong to him. He pushes Vichu into a valley. The diamonds become weapons, touching Vaithi, and his body disappears. If he goes out of the cave, he blends into the air. This is the end of Vaithi.

Vichu falls into the valley. He finds the holy necklace, but a rakshas guards it. Vichu fights with the rakshas and takes the necklace.

Later Vichu gives the necklace to the Swamiji. In exchange for the holy necklace, the Swamiji gives the golden palace to Vichu, but Vichu refuses. He tells her that he has gotten what he wanted in his journey and goes back to his village. The Swamiji tells him telepathically that he will come back, so she will wait for him. The film ends with a golden cow following Vichu.

Cast
 M.S. Bhaskar as Vishwanathan a.k.a. Vichu
 Pandu as Varadarajan a.k.a. Varadhu
 Vasu Vikram as Vaidyanathan a.k.a. Vaithi
 Maaran as Venkata Govindarajan a.k.a. Govind
Murali Kumar as Priest

Music
Songs were composed by Ilaiyaraaja

See also

 Indian animation industry
 List of Indian animated feature films

References

External links

2007 films
2007 animated films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Indian animated films
Indian children's films
Best Animated Feature Film National Film Award winners
2007 directorial debut films
Indian animated fantasy films


Horace Howard Furness High School is a secondary (9th-12th) school in South Philadelphia. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia.

Portions of South Philadelphia (including Bella Vista, Passyunk Square, Pennsport, Queen Village, and Whitman) are zoned to Furness. A section of Center City, including Society Hill and Old City, was formerly zoned to Furness for high school.

History
It was originally built as an elementary school, with construction starting in 1913 and ending in 1914; it later became Horace Furness Junior High School. It was named for Shakespearean scholar Horace Howard Furness (1833-1912).

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Horace Furness Junior High School in 1986. It was later converted into a senior high school, and its first high school graduation was held in 1991.

In 2012 Daniel Peou, a Cambodian American man who was once a refugee and had lived in Philadelphia, became the principal of Furness.

Architecture
The school building was designed by Henry deCourcy Richards and built by Cramp & Co. It is a four-story, rectangular, reinforced concrete building clad in brick and terra cotta in the Late Gothic Revival-style. It features an oversized arched entryway, blind panels, terra cotta quoining, and a brick parapet.

Student body
 the school had 694 students. These students used over 25 different languages.

In 2000 the school had about 1,200 students. In the 2009-2010 school year the school had 673 students, with 40% being African-American and 38% being Asian.

Benjamin Herold of the Philadelphia Public School Notebook stated that Furness was largely free of racial tensions.

Academic performance
In regards to Pennsylvania's state achievement tests, of 11th graders at Furness, the percentages of students meeting the standard or higher were 43% in reading and 58% in mathematics. In terms of Philadelphia's comprehensive schools these percentages were higher than the average.

Transportation
SEPTA routes 29, 57 and 79 serve Furness.

School uniforms
Furness requires its students to wear school uniforms. Students may wear a gray shirt that must have a collar on it with black pants.

Feeder patterns
K-8 schools feeding into Furness include:
 Andrew Jackson School
 Eliza Butler Kirkbride School
 William M. Meredith School
 George W. Nebinger School
 George Sharswood School
 John H. Taggart School
 Vare-Washington School (formerly Abigail Vare School and George Washington School)

Previously George A. McCall School in Society Hill fed Furness High.

See also

Horace Howard Furness

References

External links

  - 2017
  - 2001-2007
  - 1997-2002

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Gothic Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
School buildings completed in 1914
High schools in Philadelphia
School District of Philadelphia
Public high schools in Pennsylvania
1914 establishments in Pennsylvania
South Philadelphia


"The Boss" is the second single from Rick Ross's second studio album Trilla. It samples the song "Paul Revere" by Beastie Boys. It is produced by J. R. Rotem. Matt Kemp from the Los Angeles Dodgers and Brian McCann from the Houston Astros use this song as their at-bat / intro music. The song is also Ross's highest-charting single to date, peaking at number 17 on the US Billboard Hot 100.

Music video
The video was directed by Diane Martel, and shows a shirtless Rick Ross in bed with two girls. He is then seen yelling at someone who owes him money on the phone and tells him to meet him at midnight. At midnight, the man who owes him money shows up and tells him that he does not have it. Rick Ross calls a girl (portrayed by Felicia "Snoop" Pearson) who steals his necklace and Rick Ross steals his girlfriend. Fat Joe, along with DJ Khaled and Anwan Glover from HBO's television series The Wire, make appearances in the video. The music video premiered on Rap City on February 19, 2008.

Remix
There is an unofficial remix to the song known as the Mick Boogie Remix, it features Lil' Wayne (verse from Trina's "Don't Trip"), Red Cafe & Fabolous (verses from the freestyle of the song named "F*** Em All" with DJ Drama), Rick Ross' 1st verse, & T-Pain's chorus. It is commonly mistaken as the official remix. D12 recorded a remix for their Return of the Dozen mixtape called "I'm a G". Hussein Fatal recorded a remix. Nicki Minaj did a remix on her mixtape Sucka Free. Freestyles were also recorded by Ludacris (Big Ass House) Dolla, KiD CuDi, Wiz Khalifa, & Meek Millz.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2007 songs
2008 singles
Rick Ross songs
T-Pain songs
Def Jam Recordings singles
Song recordings produced by J. R. Rotem
Songs written by T-Pain
Songs written by J. R. Rotem
Songs written by Rick Ross
Music videos directed by Diane Martel
Mafioso rap songs


A logical line of operation (LLO) is  an obsolete American military doctrinal concept. It was originally used along with the separate term line of operation which described a geographic line from a base of operations to a military objective. The qualifier "logical" indicated the pursuit of military objectives that  did not necessarily require a physical or geographic description, such as governance capacity-building and development activities.

In 2011, the US Army's Field Manual 3-0: Operations rescinded the term in favor of the term line of effort. As there is no joint doctrinal equivalent in the US military, the term has become obsolete in US military vernacular. The terms still exists in various US doctrinal references that have not been updated since 2011.

Usage
In the traditional sense, a line of operations is "an imaginary line between the force's base of operations and the objective". In contrast, a logical line of operations is one in which "positional reference to enemy forces has little relevance". In essence, an LLO was a strategy or a series of steps to address a problem, either military or non-military, within the context of counterinsurgency operations, stability operations, or other operations not focused on major combat operations.  Such problems included traditional military objectives such as providing security or training host-nation security forces, or unconventional tasks such as providing social services, economic development, or governance capacity-building.

Rescinded in US military doctrine
The term "logical line of operation" was rescinded in US Army doctrine by FM 3-0: Operations. It was replaced by the term Line of Effort. The change makes lines of operation, which are now strictly geographic designations, distinct from the conceptual line of effort, which "links multiple tasks and missions using the logic of purpose—cause and effect—to focus efforts toward establishing operational and strategic conditions."

Current uses
The current U.S. counter-insurgency field manual identifies five different LLOs.

 Combat Operations/Civil Security Operations
 Host Nation Security Forces
 Essential Services
 Governance
 Economic Development

Depending on their appropriateness to the situation, all five should be pursued simultaneously in order to weaken the root causes of insurgency.  As many of these tasks exceed the traditional scope of the U.S. military, this concept is tied to the use of Provincial Reconstruction Teams (civilian reconstruction experts embedded with combat troops).

References

Counterinsurgency
United States Department of Defense doctrine


Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a 1981 novella by Gabriel García Márquez.

Chronicle of a Death Foretold may also refer to:
 Chronicle of a Death Foretold (film), a 1987 film directed by Francesco Rosi
 Chronicle of a Death Foretold (musical), a 1995 musical


Esprit Barthet (6 October 1919 – 4 July 1999) was an artist born in Valletta, Malta on 6 October 1919. Son of Camillo and Guzeppina Grixti.

He started art studies in Valletta, at the Government School of Arts.  He went to Rome where he attended the Regia Accademia di Belle Arti and later to England, at the Academy of Arts in Bath. In the early 1950s he started experimenting with cubism and the abstract. Much of his work can be admired in public places, Government Departments and in many private collections in Malta and abroad.

In 1944, he married Teresa Borg and had six children.

He died on 4 July 1999.

There is a street named after him: 'Triq Esprit Barthet' in Swieqi, Malta. Triq means street in Maltese.

Training
1932 - School of Arts, Malta 1932 Under Robert and Edward Caruana Dingli
1938-1939 - Accademia d'Belle Arti, Rome Under Carlo Siviero
1947 - Academy of Arts in Bath Corsham, Wiltshire, England

Style
Portraits; Romantic Tradition; cubism; abstract

Awards
He was awarded the title of Knight of the Italian Republic by the Italian Government and also invested as a member of the Order of St. John.

Paintings

Portraits

Prime Minister of Malta Dr. Francesco Buhagiar 1923-1924 (Oil on Canvas - 127x100cm)
Prime Minister of Malta Dr. Enrico Mizzi 1950 (Oil on Canvas - 122x92cm)

Prime Minister of Malta Dr. Gorg Borg Olivier 1950-1955 and 1962-1971 (Oil on Canvas - 122x91cm)
Prime Minister of Malta Dr. Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici (Oil on Canvas - 80x95cm)
President of Malta Dr. Vincent Tabone (Oil on Canvas - 118x75cm)
Attorney General of Malta Dr. Anthony Borg Barthet (Oil on Canvas - 100x75cm)
Governor-General of Malta Sir Maurice Dorman (Oil on Canvas - 184x122cm)

Rooftops
Barthet is also known for his abstract rooftops.

National School of Art
Parliament established the National School of Art in the 1920s. During the reconstruction period that followed the Second World War, the emergence of the "Modern Art Group", whose members included Josef Kalleya (1898–1998), George Preca (1909–1984), Anton Inglott (1915–1945), Emvin Cremona (1919–1986), Frank Portelli (1922-2004), Antoine Camilleri (1922-2005) and Esprit Barthet (1919–1999) greatly enhanced the local art scene.

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20111007144223/https://opm.gov.mt/prev-prime-ministers
Esprit Barthet, Portraits by: Dennis Vella (Malta, National Museum of Fine Arts, 2000)
http://www.baacorsham.co.uk/adatabase.htm Bath Academy of Art Corsham Alumni
Esprit Barthet (1919–1999): A Critical Evaluation of His Artistic Development, By: Nicoline Sagona B.A.(Hons) History of Art June 2001 Dissertation

External links
 PORTRAITS OF THE PRIME MINISTERS OF MALTA

20th-century Maltese painters
1919 births
1999 deaths
People from Valletta
Maltese stamp designers
Portrait painters
Maltese expatriates in Italy
Maltese expatriates in the United Kingdom


Nam Naadu ( Our Country) is a 2007 Indian Tamil language political action film starring Sarath Kumar and Karthika Mathew. It is a remake of 2006 Malayalam film Lion. The film received negative reviews and failed to replicate the success of the original.

Plot
Aalavandhar a corrupt politician who holds the post as Education minister and wants to become the chief minister. He is supported by his sons-in-law, Sathya  ex-IPS Officer who runs a finance company and Elamaran  IAS officer, the district collector. With the idea of his in-laws, Aalavandhar tries to disturb peace in state and make situation against the CM.

Muthazhagu  an honest youth wing leader of the same ruling party learns and opposes the move of his father and he stands by and for the people. Sathya, Elamaran and Aalavandhar allocates a land space in a village for a cool drink company. The village is rich in land water and the people oppose for the governments move against them. But these corrupt personalities issue an order for the start of the factory. Muthazhagu tries to meet the collector  with the people of the locality and fails to get a reason for it. So he moves on to the court and with the court's order he gets a stay for the project.

In order to save and work for the people he plans to contest in the elections as an independent candidate. He stands opposite his father Aalavandhar. He wins the elections and extends his support to the party and gets a place in the ministry. He takes charge of the high-profile department as Home Minister.

Muthazhagu commands and passes orders to all the departments to work for the welfare of the public and he would take care of all the other issues within the departments. He threatens the CM and takes orders for effective governance.

Aalavandhar gets irritated by the moves of Muthazhagu and discusses the same with his in-laws. Sathya plans to wipe him off. This brings Aalavandhar to realize his misdoings in the past and meets Muthazhagu and confesses his mistake and asks him to return to their home. Muthazhagu accepts to return to their home along with his wife Gowri. On an official call he goes to Delhi. Aalavandhar meets up in an accident and passes away. Muthazagu's mom thinks Muthazagu killed his dad and bans him from the house. Muthazaghu finds that Sathya was the mastermind for the murder as his dad  said to him about the public confession of their crimes. Muthazaghu kills his brother-in-law in the climax.

Cast

 Sarath Kumar as Muthazhagu
 Karthika as Gowri
 Nassar as Aaalavandhar
 Ramesh Khanna as Narayanan
 Charan Raj as Sathya
 Ponvannan as Elamaran
 Vijayakumar as Boominathan
 Manivannan as Purushothaman
 Santhana Bharathi as political member
 C. R. Saraswathi as political member
 Nellai Siva as political member
 Pragathi as Muthazhagu's mother
 Abitha as Sathya's wife
 Sriman as Bala
 Riyaz Khan as Krishna Kumar I.P.S
 Madhan Bob as Sena
 Ilavarasu as Albert
 Pandu as political member
 Raj Kapoor as local rowdy
 Besant Ravi as local rowdy
 T. P. Gajendran as Irulandi
 Scissor Manohar

Soundtrack
Lyrics were written by Kabilan.
"Kadhal Ennum" - Murali Yesudas, Sujatha
"Kottaisamy Varaaru" - Manikka Vinayagam
"Manasil Manasil" - Karthik, Chinmayee
"Vaazhaiyadi" - Jerome Pushparaj

Critical reception
Sify wrote:"Sarath and director Suresh has kept the theme of politics as family business, and added a lot of heroism to the central character and made him a one-man fighting machine". Rediff.com wrote: "Director Suresh needs to realise that unless the scripts are original, it takes a miracle to save a movie. And even in a bankable star like Sarath, he finds no miracle".

References

External links

Tamil remakes of Malayalam films
2007 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Indian political films
Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police
Films scored by Srikanth Deva


APEC Australia 1989 was composed of a series of political meetings held around Australia between the 12 member economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. These meetings were the first of a series of meetings and were held between 5 and 7 November 1989 in Canberra, the capital of Australia.

Leader

References

1989 in Australia
Diplomatic conferences in Australia
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1989 conferences
1989 in international relations
1980s in Canberra
1989
November 1989 events in Australia


George Montgomery may refer to:

George Montgomery (actor) (1916–2000), American actor
George Leslie Montgomery (c. 1727–1787), Irish Member of Parliament
George Montgomery (set decorator) (1899–1951), American set decorator
George Thomas Montgomery (1847–1907), American Roman Catholic prelate
George Montgomery (basketball) (born 1962), American basketball player
George Montgomery (bishop) (1562–1621), Church of Ireland bishop
George Montgomery (drag racer), American drag racing driver
George Montgomery (pathologist) (1905–1993), Scottish pathologist
George F. Montgomery Jr. (born 1933), American politician
George F. Montgomery Sr. (1909–1981), member of the Michigan House of Representatives
George Washington Montgomery (1804–1841), American Spanish-born writer, translator and diplomat

See also
George Montgomerie (1712–1766), MP for Ipswich
George Montgomerie, 15th Earl of Eglinton (1848–1919)


The HTC Atlas (also known as the HTC P4351) is an Internet-enabled Windows Mobile Pocket PC smartphone designed by HTC of Taiwan. It has a touchscreen with a right-side slide-out QWERTY keyboard. The Atlas's functions include those of a camera phone and a portable media player in addition to text messaging and multimedia messaging. It also offers Internet services including e-mail, instant messaging, web browsing, and local Wi-Fi connectivity. It is a quad-band GSM phone with GPRS and EDGE. It is the successor to the HTC Herald (also known as the HTC P4350).

References

Atlas
Windows Mobile Professional devices
Year of introduction missing


The 2008 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois in the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team's head coach was Ron Zook. The Illini played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. This was Zook's fourth season as the Illini head coach.

Schedule

Game summaries

Missouri

Eastern Illinois

Louisiana-Lafayette

In the first quarter, Matt Eller kicked a 51-yard field goal. Brit Miller recovered Michael Desormeaux's fumble for a 27-yard touchdown. Drew Edmiston kicked a 24-yard field goal for Louisiana-Lafayette.
Juice Williams passed to Daniel Dufrene for a 10-yard touchdown in the 2nd quarter.

In the second half, Desormeaux rushed for a 34-yard touchdown and passed to Erick Jones for an 11-yard touchdown. Matt Eller kicked a 27-yard field goal for the Fighting Illini.

Penn State
The Illini lost on the road to the Nittany Lions 38–24 in a nationally-televised, prime time, "White Out" game at Beaver Stadium. Illinois jumped out to a 14–7 lead, becoming the first team to take a lead on the Nittany Lions and the first to score points against them in the first quarter this season. However, the Nittany Lions responded with two touchdowns en route to a 21–14 halftime lead. The Illini wouldn't score again until kicking a field goal on the final play of the third quarter after recovering a Stephfon Green fumble, but Derrick Williams returned the ensuing kickoff for a touchdown.

The loss was head coach Ron Zook’s first as a head coach against a ranked opponent. The Illini's 24 points were the most allowed by Penn State this season as were their 189 total rushing yards.

Penn State wide receiver Derrick Williams became the first player under PSU head coach Joe Paterno to score a rushing, a receiving, and a kick return touchdown in the same game. Williams was selected the Big Ten Special Teams Player of the Week.

Michigan

Minnesota

Indiana

Wisconsin

The Fighting Illini fell to the Badgers 27–17 for Wisconsin's first Big Ten win of the year. The Badgers outscored Illinois 17–7 in the second half.

Iowa

Western Michigan

Ohio State

Northwestern

Rankings

References

Illinois
Illinois Fighting Illini football seasons
Illinois Fighting Illini football


List

References

H


"Customer" is a song by American singer Raheem DeVaughn, produced by Carvin & Ivan, is the second single from his album Love Behind the Melody. It is also Raheem's most popular single and highest-charting single on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 76.

Remix
A remix was released on April 21, 2008. It features American singer R. Kelly and was included on the reissue of Love Behind the Melody.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

9<refund>=[organization]

2008 singles
2008 songs
Raheem DeVaughn songs
Songs written by R. Kelly
Jive Records singles
Songs written by Ivan Barias
Songs written by Carvin Haggins
Song recordings produced by Carvin & Ivan
Zomba Group of Companies singles


List

Notes

a.    British motorists are credited with being the first to christen the 1930s Fiat 500A “Little Mouse” or Topolino in Italian. The nickname was universally adopted by the public, but never officially adopted by Fiat.
b.    At some time the company was restructured to become Sipani Automobiles Ltd, sources vary widely as to the year that this took place. In 1982 the company began production of a licence built Reliant Kitten under the name Sipani Dolphin

References

I


List

References

J


List

References

N


A color chart or color reference card is a flat, physical object that has many different color samples present. They can be available as a single-page chart, or in the form of swatchbooks or color-matching fans.

Typically there are two different types of color charts:
 Color reference charts are intended for color comparisons and measurements. Typical tasks for such charts are checking the color reproduction of an imaging system, aiding in color management or visually determining the hue of color. Examples are the IT8 and ColorChecker charts.
 Color selection charts present a palette of available colors to aid the selection of spot colors, process colors, paints, pens, crayons, and so on – usually the colors are from a manufacturers product range. Examples are the Pantone and RAL systems.

Color reference charts
Color reference charts are used for color comparisons and measurements such as checking the color reproduction of an imaging system, and calibration and/or profiling of digital input devices such as digital cameras, and scanners and output display systems like printers, monitors and projectors. They are also used by traditional photographers and cinematographers to calibrate cameras that use film and to check the color temperature of the lighting.

Color reference cards can also be used to assess light quality, as in the color rendering index, where reflectance from a set of  Munsell  samples are evaluated.

Shirley cards

Shirley cards are color reference cards that are used to perform skin-color balance in still photography printing. The industry standard for these cards in North American photography labs in the 1940s and 1950s depicted a solitary "Caucasian" female dressed in brightly colored clothes. Very few of these color reference cards showed an adult male as the reference image. Light skin tones therefore served as the recognized skin ideal standard. Stock color film chemistry for still cameras was designed originally with a positive bias toward "Caucasian" skin tones because of its high level of reflectivity.

By the mid-1990s, Japanese companies redesigned their Shirley cards using data from their own color preference tests. The new reference card featured Japanese women with light yellow skin.

In 1995, Kodak designed a multiracial norm reference card. This card showed three women (Caucasian, Asian, African) with different skin colors and brightly contrasted clothing.

A similar cinematic calibration technique is known as the China Girl.

ColorChecker charts

The ColorChecker, first produced as the "Macbeth ColorChecker" in 1976, is a cardboard-framed arrangement of twenty-four squares of painted samples based on Munsell colors. Its previous maker Gretag–Macbeth was acquired in 2006 by X-Rite.

A ColorChecker chart can be used to manually adjust color parameters (e.g. color temperature) to achieve a desired color rendition. ColorChecker charts are available in different sizes and forms.

IT8 charts

Standardized IT8 charts (also called IT8 targets) are made by several companies including Coloraid.de, FujiFilm, Kodak, LaserSoft Imaging. Unlike ColorChecker charts, IT8 charts are supplied with measurement values and can be used to create ICC color profiles by software (e.g. for digital cameras) to create reproducible color management.

Other

Pier Andrea Saccardo proposed this "chromotaxy scale" in 1894, to standardize the naming of colors of plant specimens.

Color charts can take custom forms, as for example the calibration target used by the Curiosity rover for its Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI).

The European Pharmacopoeia monograph 2.2.2 is a method to determine the degree of coloration in liquids, applied to pharmacological compounds, drug substances and finished product. It consist in 3 stock solutions, yellow, red, and blue. These are prepared by dissolving in hydrochloride acid ferric chloride, cobalt chloride, or copper sulfate, respectively. The stock solutions are then used in different proportions to prepare five standard solutions, termed B (brown), BY (brownish-yellow), Y (yellow), GY (greenish-yellow), and R (red). Results are given by observation of the test material against the standard solutions, and expressed as less intensely colored as the next color standard (for example, "color of solution colorless to slightly brown-yellow liquid, <BY4"). This method has been updated in Ph.Eur. release version 10 to include a digital method that eliminates the errors inherent in visual methods due to differences in human perception, while providing a quantitative color value.

Color selection charts
Because paints and inks depend for their color on pigments and dyes, a reference is needed to match specific combinations of coloring substances in a given matrix against the resulting color. One of the earliest attempts to achieve this goal was the 1692 manuscript Klaer Lightende Spiegel der Verfkonst.  It presented a range of watercolor mixtures, but remained relatively unknown, because only one manuscript was produced.  Due to the development of the paint and ink industry, the requirement for this kind of chart intensified, and a number of systems are now available, including:
 "DIC Color System Guide" and "Toyo Color Finder," commonly used for spot color matching, mostly in Japan
 NCS Palette (Natural Color System)
 Pantone, used for printing and sometimes for paint, fabric, and plastics
 RAL (Reichsausschuß für Lieferbedingungen) "Classic", "Effect", and "Design," used for varnish and powder coating

See also

 Color calibration
 Colour Index International
 Color management
 Color mapping
 ICC profile
 IT8
 Lenna, the digital equivalent of a Shirley card, but with a different woman.
 List of colors
Test film
China girls

References

Color space
Shades of color
Photography equipment


List

References

P


List

References

R


Camp Interlaken JCC, formally The Steve and Shari Sadek Family Camp Interlaken JCC, is a Jewish summer camp located in Eagle River, Wisconsin, United States. It provides residential camping for incoming 3rd through 10th grade Jewish children from around the world. The camp has been affiliated with the Milwaukee Jewish Community Center; previously it was called Camp Interlaken of the Pines for Boys and operated as a private camp since 1935.

The camp welcomes transgender and gender-fluid campers and staff.  Jewish Living Magazine has ranked Camp Interlaken among the top Jewish summer camps in the country.

History
Camp Interlaken was established in 1935, when Herbert Magida bought the Interlaken Hotel in Hartland, Wisconsin to serve as a summer camp for boys.  In 1938 Magida moved the camp to a location in Eagle River, home to a number of other Jewish summer camps, where it remains.  In 1948 Magida sold the camp to attorney Arthur Morse (owner of the Chicago Stags basketball team) and Joe Kupcinet, football coach at Taft High School and brother of Chicago Sun-Times columnist Irv Kupcinet.  The Milwaukee JCC bought the camp in 1965.

Activities

Individual Sports: Tennis, Gymnastics, Golf, Disc golf, Tushball, Gaga, Archery, Cycling, Fitness, and Rock Climbing Wall.

Team Sports: Softball, Soccer, Basketball, Volleyball, Floor (Court) Hockey, High/Low Ropes with Zip Line. Ultimate Frisbee and Maccabiah.

Waterfront Activities:  Waterskiing, Wake-boarding, Knee-boarding, Windsurfing, Sailing, Small Crafts, Swimming, Life Guard Training

Cultural and Creative activities: Ceramics, Fine Arts, YOGA, Aerobics, Modern Dance, Theater, Theater Tech, Israeli Dance, Bar/Bat Mitzvah Preparation, Woodworking, Crafts, Guitar, Photography, Video, Nature, Fishing and Shabbat.

Notable attendees
Former Hall of Fame NFL football coach Marv Levy spent several summers in the 1950s working at Camp Interlaken when it was run by Joe Kupcinet, before it was owned by the JCC.

References

External links
 Camp Interlaken Official Website

Buildings and structures in Vilas County, Wisconsin
Interlaken JCC
Jewish Community Centers in the United States
1966 establishments in Wisconsin
Jews and Judaism in Wisconsin


List

References

S


Mesfer Al-Qahtani () (born 15 January 1984) is a Saudi Arabian footballer who played as a defender in the Saudi Premier League. He initially played for Al-Shabab before joining Al-Ittihad. During the 2002–03 Saudi Premier League season, on 25 March 2003 he scored against Al-Riyadh.

While playing for Al-Ittihad he made one appearance for the Saudi Arabia national under-20 football team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship. He also appeared in the third place match of the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship against Deportivo Saprissa in Yokohama, Japan.

Later he briefly played for Al-Hilal before retiring in 2009.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Saudi Arabia men's youth international footballers
Al Hilal SFC players
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) players
Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) players
Al-Najma SC (Saudi Arabia) players
Footballers from Riyadh
Saudi First Division League players
Saudi Pro League players


List

References

T


List

References

U


Reksio is a Polish cartoon character who is the protagonist of the children's animated adventure-comedy Polish TV series of the same name. Reksio was created by Polish director Lechosław Marszałek. Its 65 episodes were designed and produced from 1967 to 1990 in a Polish animated films studio, more specifically in Studio Filmów Rysunkowych (situated in the city of Bielsko-Biała) which also made the more well-known Bolek and Lolek (there are even cameo appearances of Lolek and Bolek in Reksio).

All episodes describe the adventures of a friendly and courageous piebald terrier dog named Reksio along with his human owners (a middle class Polish family throughout most of the main series) and his animal friends, mostly living in the same courtyard as him, namely hens, cats, or other dogs (and their owners as well). Along with Lolek and Bolek, Reksio has achieved cult status in Poland. Additionally, there is even a crisps brand named after him in Poland. Furthermore, a series of educational, adventure, and puzzle video games for children were also created by Aidem Media from Gdańsk which are based on and star Reksio.

These educational video games were distributed even outside Poland, to other Central European and Eastern European countries (even to Russia) during the early to mid 2000s. In Romania, for example, they were distributed in educational gaming magazines for children by Erc Press. There was an additional second wave of video games developed by Aidem Media throughout the late 2000s and even early 2010s.

History

The history of Reksio began when the idea of Reksio was first thought of by the creator of the series who was Polish animated film director and screen writer Lechosław Marszałek. The inspiration for the character Reksio came from a female rough-haired fox terrier dog named Trola. She belonged to the creator, main producer, and writer of the series. The first episode of the series, Reksio poliglota, which was produced by Lechosław Marszałek and Studio Filmów Rysunkowych aired in 1967 on the national Polish television. This episode had poorer graphics and set design compared to the episodes that would be later produced throughout the 1970s. In addition, Reksio also looked different, sporting a collar that he did not wear in later episodes. While a noticeable improvement in terms of graphics can be clearly seen throughout the late 1960s, it was later during the early 1970s (more specifically in 1972) that the animated TV series would significantly evolve, also with a better intro with its own music theme.

All episodes that were produced until 1971 were produced by Lechosław Marszałek. In total, Marszałek directed 19 episodes and co-directed 1 episode, the most of any other director involved in the production of the animated series. Almost all of the episodes of the animated series can be watched on YouTube on the official channel of Studio Filmów Rysunkowych. The years 1972 and 1974 were the most productive ones for the main series, throughout which 7 new episodes were produced and released during each year. Each episode ends with 'Koniec' (which is Polish for '(The) End').

Media appearances

The character of Reksio has appeared not only in television, but also in various computer games, as statue or mascot, and other related media. These include the following:

 A "Reksio" television series consisting of 65 episodes.
 A series of educational video games that star the character of Reksio which was produced by Aidem Media in Poland. This series of educational video games had also been exported to other countries in Central and Eastern Europe, such as in Romania, where they have been distributed by Erc Press.
 A series of adventure and puzzle games produced by Aidem Media that star Reksio. These games include the "City of Secrets" series.
 A bronze statue of Reksio situated in a square named "Plac Reksia" located in the Polish city of Bielsko-Biała. Reksio is pointing towards a fountain next to the statue.

Video games

In the passing of time, there have been various video games developed and released by Aidem Media starring Reksio (for both PC and iOS). They are the following ones:

 Liczę z Reksiem/I Count with Reksio (educational puzzle game) - 2001
 Abc z Reksiem/ABC with Reksio (educational puzzle game) - 2001
 Reksio i Skarb Piratów/Reksio and the Pirates' Island (adventure game) - 2003
 Wesołe przedszkole Reksia/The Merry Kindergarten of Reksio (educational puzzle game) - 2003
 Reksio i UFO/Reksio and the UFO (adventure game) - 2003
 Reksio i ortografia/Reksio and spelling (educational puzzle game) - 2003
 Reksio i Czarodzieje/Reksio and the wizards (adventure game) - 2004
 Reksio i Wehikuł Czasu/Reksio and the Time Machine (adventure game) - 2004
 Reksio i kapitan Nemo/Reksio and Captain Nemo (adventure game) - 2006
 Reksio i Kretes w Akcji!/Reksio and Kretes in action! (arcade game) - 2007
 Reksio i Kretes: Tajemnica Trzeciego Wymiaru/Reksio and Kretes - The Mystery of the Third Dimension (arcade game) - 2007
 Łamigłówki Reksia: Wielki Odkrywca/Reksio's puzzles: great explorer (puzzle game) - 2008
 Reksio i Miasto Sekretów/Reksio and the City of Secrets (adventure game) - 2009 for PC and 2011/2012 for iOS

Full list of episodes

Reksio's profile as main character

As the main character of his own animated TV series, Reksio is clearly the protagonist. Throughout the main series, he is depicted as a responsible, dutiful, loving, caring, and respectful dog to both his owner, a blonde Polish kid, as well as to his family and the other animals with which he lives in the same courtyard. Sometimes though, he is a little bit mischievous (but only in rare contexts) with his older owners or other humans with whom he interacts. In addition, Reksio also has a special bond with a female dog with red-haired ears. His owner is almost always good or very good to him.

Most of the time, however, he is portrayed as a saviour, helper, rescuer, and peacemaker (and occasionally as a wanderer across the neighbourhood or his home town). In these regards, he is seen protecting the hens in his courtyard against foxes who want to steal their eggs as well as managing or peacefully settling conflicts between other animals who live in the same courtyard with him. He is courageous enough to even save or aid some humans in some dangerous situations as well, most notably his young owner, a blonde Polish kid, from gas intoxication in his kitchen in one episode.

Yet his help is not only limited to his young owner or the animals in his courtyard, as in the second series, more specifically in Reksio and the birds series, Reksio can be seen as an empathetic saviour for a stork and a cuckoo (originally 'pigeon' in the title of that episode), outside animals/birds. While he is mostly friendly towards all animals living in the same courtyard as him, Reksio has occasional skirmishes or quarrels with the rooster (more specifically throughout the main series). In addition, several times during the Reksio and birds series, Reksio has occasional problems or scuffles with the gander living in his courtyard as well. Last but not least, he is a great friend to the owl who shares with him music that relaxes him. Furthermore, the owl eventually convinces him not to leave the courtyard at the end of the second series.

Gallery

Notes

References

External links
 SFR - Studio Filmów Rysunkowych Bielsko Biała

Television characters introduced in 1967
1967 Polish television series debuts
1990 Polish television series endings
1960s animated television series
1970s animated television series
1980s animated television series
1990s animated television series
1960s comedy television series
1970s comedy television series
1980s comedy television series
1990s comedy television series
Fictional dogs
Polish children's animated adventure television series
Polish children's animated comedy television series
Telewizja Polska original programming
Animated television series about dogs


This is a list of the weekly Canadian RPM magazine number one Top Singles chart of 1978.based on the publication's top 100 singles lists.

See also
1978 in music

Hot 100 number-one hits of 1978 (USA)
Cashbox Top 100 number-one singles of 1978

References
Notes

§ – RPM did not publish issues for the first two weeks of November 1978.

¶ – 2nd week on #1 assumed as RPM'''s first issue the following year was published for 13 January 1979.

External links
 Read about RPM Magazine at the AV Trust
 Search RPM'' charts here at Library and Archives Canada

1978 record charts
1978


List

References

V


List

References

Y


The following are club Gaelic football competitions run by the Derry County Board.

Adult

Championships

Derry Senior Football Championship

The Derry Senior Football Championship is the most prestigious football competition in Derry. It has been running for over 100 years, and the winning team are awarded the Johnny McLaughlin Cup. The winners of the Derry Senior Championship qualify to represent Derry in the Ulster Senior Club Football Championship. Currently it is entered by the top 16 teams in Derry. Bellaghy have won the championship the most times, having won 21 titles since their first success in 1956.

Derry Intermediate Football Championship

The Derry Intermediate Football Championship is the second-tier Derry championship and is competed for by the Division 2 clubs. The trophy is named after John Bateson (19), James Sheridan (20) and Martin Lee (18), all members of the South Derry Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army who died whilst priming a bomb in Magherafelt on 18 December 1971. All three men came from Ballymaguigan and played for the St. Trea's GFC Ballymaguigan. The winners of the Derry Intermediate Championship qualify to represent Derry in the Ulster Intermediate Club Football Championship. Craigbane have won the championship the most times, having won 6 titles since their first success in 1986.

Derry Junior Football Championship

The Derry Junior Football Championship is competed for between the Junior (third tier) Derry clubs. It has been running for over 50 years. The winners of the Derry Junior Championship represent Derry in the Ulster Junior Club Football Championship. Drum have won the championship the most times, having won six titles since their first success in 1973.

Derry Thirds Football Championship
The Derry Thirds Football Championship is competed for between the Derry clubs with a Thirds team (i.e. third choice team). It is a relatively new tournament.

Leagues
The league structure in Derry was recently re-organised and returned to the old system of three divisions - Division 1 (Senior League), Division 2 (Intermediate League) and Division 3 (Junior League).

Derry All-County Football League (ACFL) Division 1
The Derry All-County Football League (ACFL) Division 1 (referred to as the H&A Mechanical Services ACFL Division 1 for sponsorship reasons) is a competition for the top sixteen senior teams in Derry.

Under the current regulations, teams play each another once (15 games each), with the top team winning the league. The bottom team is automatically relegated to the ACFL Division 2.

Derry Senior Football League Roll of honour (incomplete)

Derry All-County Football League (ACFL) Division 2
The Derry All-County Football League (ACFL) Division 2 (currently known for sponsorship reasons as the H&A Mechanical Services ACFL Division 2) is the second-highest football league in Derry. It is entered by the fourteen intermediate teams in Derry

Under the current regulations, teams shall play one another once (13 games each), with the top team winning the league and being promoted to the ACFL Division 1, and the bottom team being relegated to the ACFL Division 3.

Derry Intermediate Football League Roll of honour (incomplete)

Derry All-County Football League (ACFL) Division 3
The Derry All-County Football League (ACFL) Division 3 (currently known for sponsorship reasons as the H&A Mechanical Services ACFL Division 3) is the third-highest football league in Derry. It is entered by the top eight junior teams in Derry.

Under the current regulations, teams shall play one another twice (14 games each), with the top team winning the league and being promoted to the ACFL Division 2.

Other adult competitions

Larkin Cup
The Larkin Cup is a knock-out competition for the top South Derry Senior clubs. It is named after Seán Larkin (), a militant Irish republican from the townland of Bellagherty (Baile Uí Facharthaigh) in Ballinderry. He was a member of the Irish Volunteers in the early 1910s, and was later a member of the Irish Republican Army (3rd Western Division) during the Irish War of Independence. He fought for the "anti-treaty" side in the Irish Civil War and was captured and executed by the Irish Free State on 14 March 1923. Prior to 1958?, the semi-final and final of the Derry Senior Football Championship was played between the winners of the South Derry Championship, North Derry Championship and Derry City Championship. These district championships ceases to exist after the Derry Senior Championship became open-draw in 1958. The Larkin Cup was presented to the winners of the South Derry Championship, so effectively it is the modern-day South Derry Senior Football Championship. The current holders are Ballinderry.

Larkin Cup Roll of honour (incomplete)
Draw and fixtures for 2008 Larkin Cup

Dr. Kerlin Cup
The Dr. Kerlin Cup is a knock-out competition for the top North Derry clubs. It has been running for over 70 years and the final has been traditionally played on Claudy Green. The current holders are Claudy.

Dr. Kerlin Cup Roll of honour

McGlinchey Cup
The McGlinchey Cup is a knock-out competition for South Derry clubs, regarded as the secondary South Derry district competition after the Larkin Cup. It is named after Dean McGlinchey. The current holders are Castledawson.

McGlinchey Cup Roll of honour (incomplete)
Draw and fixtures for 2008 McGlinchey Cup

O'Hagan Cup
The O'Hagan Cup is a knock-out competition for North Derry clubs, regarded as the secondary North Derry district competition after the Dr. Kerlin Cup. It is named after James O'Hagan. The current holders are Glenullin.

O'Hagan Cup Roll of honour (incomplete)
Draw and fixtures for 2008 O'Hagan Cup

Under 21

Championships

A new format for he Under 21 championship was introduced in 2016. All Derry clubs can opt to play in the Jack Cassidy Cup which is fifteen a side or the Harry O'Kane cup which is thirteen a side.

Minor

Derry Minor Football Championship

The Derry Minor Football Championship is the most prestigious football competition for Under-18 teams in Derry. It has been running for over 60 years. The winners of the Derry Minor Championship qualify to represent Derry in the Ulster Minor Club Football Championship. Bellaghy have won the championship the most times, winning 9 titles since their first success in 1953. The 2015 champions were Glen.

Other Minor competitions

Tommy O'Neill Cup
The Tommy O'Neill Cup is a cup played for between the South Derry 'B' and North Derry 'B' Champions. It is named after the late Tommy O'Neill, a former Ballymaguigan underage player.

Tommy O'Neill Cup Roll of honour

Hughes/McElwee Memorial Cup
The Hughes/McElwee Cup is a 13 aside (as opposed to the usual 15) knock-out competition for the top South Derry Minor clubs. It is named after Vol. Francis Hughes and Vol. Thomas McElwee, two cousins from Bellaghy who were members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and died on hunger strike in 1981. It is a new tournament, with 2008 being its inaugural year. 15 teams will compete.

Draw and fixtures for 2008 Hughes/McElwee Memorial Cup

Carlin/Duffy Cup
The Carlin/Duffy Cup is a 13 aside (as opposed to the usual 15) knock-out competition for the top North Derry Minor clubs. It has been running for a number of years. 18 teams will compete in the 2008 competition.

Carlin/Duffy Cup Roll of honour (incomplete??)
Draw and fixtures for 2008 Carlin/Duffy Cup

References

External links
Official Derry Website
Derry on Hoganstand
Derry Club GAA


Gary Ray Holt (born January 1, 1952) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward who played 101 games in the National Hockey League for the St. Louis Blues, Cleveland Barons and California Golden Seals. Holt now resides in Spokane, Washington.

Born in Sarnia, Ontario, Holt is the older brother of former NHL defenseman Randy Holt.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
California Golden Seals players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Cleveland Barons (NHL) players
Port Huron Wings players
St. Louis Blues players
Salt Lake Golden Eagles (CHL) players
Salt Lake Golden Eagles (WHL) players
Ice hockey people from Sarnia
Undrafted National Hockey League players


The 1958 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 4, 1958, to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina.  The primary election in the 2nd congressional district was held on June 10.  All six incumbents were re-elected and the composition of the state delegation remained solely Democratic.

1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman L. Mendel Rivers of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1941, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John J. Riley of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1951, defeated E.B. Linder in the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.

Democratic primary

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan Dorn of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1951, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert T. Ashmore of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1953, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert W. Hemphill of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1957, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John L. McMillan of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1939, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

See also
United States House of Representatives elections, 1958
South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1958
South Carolina's congressional districts

References

1958
South Carolina
United States House of Representatives


James George Moxey (born May 28, 1953) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward. Born in Toronto, Ontario, Moxey played 127 games in the National Hockey League for the Cleveland Barons, Los Angeles Kings, and California Golden Seals between 1974 and 1977. As a youth, he played in the 1965 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto George Bell minor ice hockey team.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
California Golden Seals draft picks
California Golden Seals players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Cleveland Barons (NHL) players
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) draft picks
Fort Worth Texans players
Hamilton Red Wings (OHA) players
Los Angeles Kings players
Salt Lake Golden Eagles (CHL) players
Salt Lake Golden Eagles (WHL) players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Springfield Indians players


Harold Edward Snell (born May 28, 1946) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played 104 games in the National Hockey League for the Kansas City Scouts, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Detroit Red Wings between 1973 and 1975. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1965 to 1988, was mainly spent with the Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League, though he spent the last seven seasons playing in Switzerland, serving as a player-coach for part of it before retiring and coaching full-time.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

External links

1946 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Detroit Red Wings players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Ottawa
Kansas City Scouts players
Niagara Falls Flyers (1960–1972) players
Oklahoma City Blazers (1965–1977) players
Phoenix Roadrunners (WHL) players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
SC Langenthal players
Virginia Wings players


You Gotta Love That! is the fourth studio album by American country music artist Neal McCoy, released in 1995 via Atlantic Records. It includes the singles "For a Change", "They're Playin' Our Song", "If I Was a Drinkin' Man", and the title track. Of these, all but "If I Was a Drinkin' Man" were Top 5 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts.

Track listing

Personnel
Eddie Bayers - drums
Barry Beckett - keyboards
Paul Franklin - steel guitar
Neal McCoy - lead vocals
Terry McMillan - percussion
Phil Naish - keyboards
Bobby Ogdin - keyboards
Donny Parenteau - fiddle, mandolin
Don Potter - acoustic guitar
Michael Rhodes - bass guitar
Brent Rowan - electric guitar
John Wesley Ryles - background vocals
Harry Stinson - background vocals
Dennis Wilson - background vocals
Curtis Young - background vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1995 albums
Albums produced by Barry Beckett
Atlantic Records albums
Neal McCoy albums


Archer T. Gammon (September 11, 1918 – January 11, 1945) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Gammon joined the Army from Roanoke, Virginia, in March 1942, and by January 11, 1945, was serving as a staff sergeant in Company A, 9th Armored Infantry Battalion, 6th Armored Division. On that day, near Bastogne, Belgium, he destroyed a German machine gun position before beginning a one-man assault on a Tiger Royal tank. He silenced a supporting machine gun emplacement and killed two infantrymen before he was killed by a shot from the tank. For these actions, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on February 13, 1946.

Gammon, aged 26 at his death, was buried in Mountain View Cemetery, Danville, Virginia.

Medal of Honor citation
Staff Sergeant Gammon's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
He charged 30 yards through hip-deep snow to knock out a machinegun and its 3-man crew with grenades, saving his platoon from being decimated and allowing it to continue its advance from an open field into some nearby woods. The platoon's advance through the woods had only begun when a machinegun supported by riflemen opened fire and a Tiger Royal tank sent 88mm. shells screaming at the unit from the left flank. S/Sgt. Gammon, disregarding all thoughts of personal safety, rushed forward, then cut to the left, crossing the width of the platoon's skirmish line in an attempt to get within grenade range of the tank and its protecting foot troops. Intense fire was concentrated on him by riflemen and the machinegun emplaced near the tank. He charged the automatic weapon, wiped out its crew of 4 with grenades, and, with supreme daring, advanced to within 25 yards of the armored vehicle, killing 2 hostile infantrymen with rifle fire as he moved forward. The tank had started to withdraw, backing a short distance, then firing, backing some more, and then stopping to blast out another round, when the man whose single-handed relentless attack had put the ponderous machine on the defensive was struck and instantly killed by a direct hit from the Tiger Royal's heavy gun. By his intrepidity and extreme devotion to the task of driving the enemy back no matter what the odds, S/Sgt. Gammon cleared the woods of German forces, for the tank continued to withdraw, leaving open the path for the gallant squad leader's platoon.

Honored in ship naming
The USAT Sgt. Archer T. Gammon which served the United States Army at the end of World War II was named in his honor.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

External links

1918 births
1945 deaths
People from Chatham, Virginia
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army soldiers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor


"Sexy Can I" is the first single from Ray J's fourth studio album, All I Feel (2008). It was produced by Noel "Detail" Fisher and features rapper Yung Berg, whose debut album Look What You Made Me also includes the track. The song was released on January 8, 2008, and peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100.

Chart performance
On the issue date of February 16, 2008, the single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 77 and climbed to peak at number 3 on the chart week of late 2007–2008 (after reaching the Top 40 on February 19, 2008), spending over three months in the Billboard Top 10. It is both Ray J's and Yung Berg's first top five single on the Billboard Hot 100. It has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The official remix which features Sheek Louch is on the soundtrack to Ray J's reality show For the Love of Ray J.

Music video
Professional basketball player Shaquille O'Neal makes a cameo in the music video. A second version of the video was shot of Yung Berg and Ray J performing the song, while a video model watches on a computer, in which The D.E.Y. appears.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

|-

Release history

References

2007 songs
2008 singles
MNRK Music Group singles
Epic Records singles
Hitmaka songs
Ray J songs
Song recordings produced by Detail (record producer)
Songs written by Detail (record producer)
Songs written by Hitmaka
Songs written by Ray J


Trevor Lynn Powis (born July 7, 1949) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Powis played for several teams in the National Hockey League, World Hockey Association and the German Eishockey-Bundesliga between 1970 and 1983.

Playing career
Powis was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. His brother is Geoff Powis, who also played professional ice hockey. He played junior ice hockey with the Melville Millionaires and the Moose Jaw Canucks. Choosing university, Powis attended the University of Denver, starting in 1968. After one year, he was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens, 68th overall in the NHL Amateur Draft.

Powis played one more season at Denver, then turned professional in 1970 with the Denver Spurs of the Western Hockey League. Powis played on season for the Canadiens' American Hockey League affiliate Nova Scotia Voyageurs before being traded to the Atlanta Flames. Powis played one season with the Flames' Omaha Knights affiliate, then was traded to the Chicago Black Hawks. Powis made his NHL debut in 1973 with the Black Hawks, and played 57 games in the 1973–74 season with the Black Hawks, recording 8 goals and 13 assists.

In 1974, Powis was claimed by the Kansas City Scouts in the 1974 Expansion Draft. He played the 1974–75 season for Kansas City, before being traded in the off-season to the St. Louis Blues. Powis did not play again in the NHL. After being waived by St. Louis, Powis signed with the Calgary Cowboys of the World Hockey Association. He would go on to also play with the Indianapolis Racers and the Winnipeg Jets. Powis was a member of the championship 1978 Jets team.

In 1978, Powis moved to Germany and played four seasons in the Eishockey-Bundesliga for Duisburger SC and EV Füssen. He finished his career with one season in the Italian League for Alleghe, retiring in 1983.

In total, Powis played 130 games in the National Hockey League, scoring 19 goals and 33 assists. He played 153 games in the World Hockey Association scoring 50 goals and 65 assists.

After retirement from ice hockey, Powis has worked in real estate in the Denver area.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

External links

1949 births
Living people
Calgary Cowboys players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Denver Spurs players
EV Füssen players
Füchse Duisburg players
HC Alleghe players
Indianapolis Racers players
Kansas City Scouts players
Melville Millionaires players
Montreal Canadiens draft picks
Moose Jaw Canucks players
NCAA men's ice hockey national champions
Nova Scotia Voyageurs players
Omaha Knights (CHL) players
Providence Reds players
Ice hockey people from Saskatoon
Winnipeg Jets (WHA) players


In mathematics, a nonlinear eigenproblem, sometimes nonlinear eigenvalue problem, is a generalization of the (ordinary) eigenvalue problem to equations that depend nonlinearly on the eigenvalue. Specifically, it refers to equations of the form

where  is a vector, and  is a matrix-valued function of the number . The number  is known as the (nonlinear) eigenvalue, the vector  as the (nonlinear) eigenvector, and  as the eigenpair. The matrix  is singular at an eigenvalue .

Definition
In the discipline of numerical linear algebra the following definition is typically used.

Let , and let  be a function that maps scalars to matrices. A scalar  is called an eigenvalue, and a nonzero vector is called a right eigevector if . Moreover, a nonzero vector is called a left eigevector if , where the superscript  denotes the Hermitian transpose. The definition of the eigenvalue is equivalent to , where  denotes the determinant.

The function  is usually required to be a holomorphic function of  (in some domain ).

In general,  could be a linear map, but most commonly it is a finite-dimensional, usually square, matrix.

Definition: The problem is said to be regular if there exists a  such that . Otherwise it is said to be singular.

Definition: An eigenvalue   is said to have algebraic multiplicity  if  is the smallest integer such that the th derivative of  with respect to , in  is nonzero. In formulas that   but    for .

Definition:  The geometric multiplicity of an eigenvalue   is the dimension of the nullspace of .

Special cases

The following examples are special cases of the nonlinear eigenproblem.

 The (ordinary) eigenvalue problem:
 The generalized eigenvalue problem:
 The quadratic eigenvalue problem:
 The polynomial eigenvalue problem:
 The rational eigenvalue problem:  where  are rational functions.
 The delay eigenvalue problem:  where  are given scalars, known as delays.

Jordan chains
Definition: Let  be an eigenpair. A tuple of vectors  is called a Jordan chain iffor , where  denotes the th derivative of  with respect to  and evaluated in . The vectors  are called generalized eigenvectors,  is called the length of the Jordan chain, and the maximal length a Jordan chain starting with  is called the rank of .

Theorem: A tuple of vectors  is a Jordan chain if and only if the function  has a root in  and the root is of multiplicity at least  for , where the vector valued function  is defined as

Mathematical software
 The eigenvalue solver package SLEPc contains C-implementations of many numerical methods for nonlinear eigenvalue problems.
 The NLEVP collection of nonlinear eigenvalue problems is a MATLAB package containing many nonlinear eigenvalue problems with various properties.
 The FEAST eigenvalue solver is a software package for standard eigenvalue problems as well as nonlinear eigenvalue problems, designed from density-matrix representation in quantum mechanics combined with contour integration techniques.
 The MATLAB toolbox NLEIGS contains an implementation of fully rational Krylov with a dynamically constructed rational interpolant.
 The MATLAB toolbox CORK contains an implementation of the compact rational Krylov algorithm that exploits the Kronecker structure of the linearization pencils.
 The MATLAB toolbox  AAA-EIGS contains an implementation of CORK with rational approximation by set-valued AAA.
 The MATLAB toolbox RKToolbox (Rational Krylov Toolbox) contains implementations of the rational Krylov method for nonlinear eigenvalue problems as well as features for rational approximation.
 The Julia package NEP-PACK contains many implementations of various numerical methods for nonlinear eigenvalue problems, as well as many benchmark problems.
 The review paper of Güttel & Tisseur contains MATLAB code snippets implementing basic Newton-type methods and contour integration methods for nonlinear eigenproblems.

Eigenvector nonlinearity
Eigenvector nonlinearities is a related, but different, form of nonlinearity that is sometimes studied. In this case the function  maps vectors to matrices, or sometimes hermitian matrices to hermitian matrices.

References

Further reading
 Françoise Tisseur and Karl Meerbergen, "The quadratic eigenvalue problem," SIAM Review 43 (2), 235–286 (2001) (link).
 Gene H. Golub and Henk A. van der Vorst, "Eigenvalue computation in the 20th century," Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 123, 35–65 (2000).
 Philippe Guillaume, "Nonlinear eigenproblems," SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 20 (3), 575–595 (1999) (link).
Cedric Effenberger, "Robust solution methods fornonlinear eigenvalue problems", PhD thesis EPFL (2013) (link)
Roel Van Beeumen, "Rational Krylov methods fornonlinear eigenvalue problems", PhD thesis KU Leuven (2015) (link)

Linear algebra


There are many concepts of teachers in Islam. Islam does not have an explicit hierarchy, thus the concepts and names for spiritual teachers and secular functions are often mixed and easily confused.  A list of terms used in various Islamic traditions follows:
 The Marja is a label used by the Shia community, meaning source to follow.
 The most respected of the Marjas are entitled Allamah. This Persian name for teacher is also used by some Sunnis to denote a teacher of extraordinary respect.
 Ulema/Ulama is the title that indicates that the teacher has come to awareness of the consensus, the ijma, of the Umma. Umma is the universal community of all the followers of God as understood by the Muslim community (cf. Sangha, Ecclesia)
 Mufti is a someone who interprets or expounds Islamic law (Sharia and fiqh)
 Muhaddith is someone who has profound knowledge of the Haddith, and teaches by Narration, or storytelling.
 Hend is often the title of the teachers at the Madrasahs, Islamic schools. Mullah is a teacher in regard of being respected as a vicar and guardian of Qur'an and the Islamic traditions.
 Mawlawi is a Persian word for teacher meaning Master.
 Sheikh is sheikh is an Arabic honorific term that literally means Elder. It is a long historic debate in many cultures whether the elder in itself denotes the role and status of a teacher.
 Shaykh is the authenticated Quran teacher.
 Ayatollah is a high ranking title given to Shi'a clerics.
 Mujaddid is someone is sent by God to aid the Umma and revive Islam at the beginning of every century.
 Marabout is a spiritual teacher of Islam as it is taught in the West Africa and Maghreb, The word comes from the Berber concept of Saint. The "marabout" is known as "Sayyed" (سيد) to the Arabic speaking Maghribians.

Teaching
Islamic education


In mathematics, a matrix polynomial is a polynomial with square matrices as variables. Given an ordinary, scalar-valued polynomial

this polynomial evaluated at a matrix A is

where I is the identity matrix.

A matrix polynomial equation is an equality between two matrix polynomials, which holds for the specific matrices in question.  A matrix polynomial identity is a matrix polynomial equation which holds for all matrices A in a specified matrix ring Mn(R).

Characteristic and minimal polynomial

The characteristic polynomial of a matrix A is a scalar-valued polynomial, defined by . The Cayley–Hamilton theorem states that if this polynomial is viewed as a matrix polynomial and evaluated at the matrix A itself, the result is the zero matrix: . The characteristic polynomial is thus a polynomial which annihilates A.

There is a unique monic polynomial of minimal degree which annihilates A; this polynomial is the minimal polynomial. Any polynomial which annihilates A (such as the characteristic polynomial) is a multiple of the minimal polynomial.

It follows that given two polynomials P and Q, we have  if and only if

where  denotes the jth derivative of P and  are the eigenvalues of A with corresponding indices  (the index of an eigenvalue is the size of its largest Jordan block).

Matrix geometrical series

Matrix polynomials can be used to sum a matrix geometrical series as one would an ordinary geometric series,

If I − A is nonsingular one can evaluate the expression for the sum S.

See also
Latimer–MacDuffee theorem
Matrix exponential
Matrix function

Notes

References

 .
 .

Matrix theory
Polynomials


Claude Daniel Houde (born November 8, 1947) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played 59 games in the National Hockey League for the Kansas City Scouts from 1974 to 1976. Most of his career, which lasted from 1970 to 1977, was spent in the minor leagues, mainly in the American Hockey League. As a youth, he played in the 1960 and 1961 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with Drummondville.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1947 births
Living people
Baltimore Clippers players
Beauce Jaros players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Kansas City Scouts players
Providence Reds players
Sportspeople from Drummondville
Syracuse Blazers players
Toledo Hornets players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Virginia Wings players
French Quebecers


The  is a Japanese company that produces a range of musical instruments.

History
Suzuki was founded in 1953 by Mr. Manji Suzuki. Initially the company manufactured Harmonicas and later developed the Melodion which in 1956 was officially adopted  by the Japanese Ministry of Education for use in schools.
Authorised Distribution centers are located in the United Kingdom (Suzuki Europe Ltd - owned by Suzuki Japan) and in Western U.S. (distribution center is located in San Diego, California).
It has expanded to include a variety of instruments including pianos and band instruments, and purely electronic instruments such as the Tronichord, Omnichord, and QChord Digital Soundcard Guitar.

In 1991 Suzuki bought the Hammond Organ Co., which is now known as Hammond Suzuki.

References

External links

 Interview with President, Fujio Suzuki at NAMM Oral History Library (2003)
 Interview with Chairman, Manji Suzuki NAMM Oral History Library (2006)

Electronic organ manufacturing companies
Harmonica manufacturers
Audio amplifier manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1953
Japanese brands
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of Japan
Japanese companies established in 1953


Michael Aloysius Devaney (June 6, 1891 – January 25, 1967) was an American track and field athlete who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in Belleville, New Jersey.

In 1920 he finished fifth in the 3000 metre steeplechase competition. He was also a member of the American team which won the gold medal in the 3000 metre team race. Four years later he finished seventh in the 3000 metre steeplechase event.

References

External links

1891 births
1967 deaths
People from Belleville, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Essex County, New Jersey
Track and field athletes from New Jersey
American male middle-distance runners
American male steeplechase runners
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics


ThriftBooks is a large web-based used bookseller headquartered near Seattle, Washington. ThriftBooks sells used books, DVDs, CDs, VHS tapes, video games, and audio cassettes. ThriftBooks' business model "is based on achieving economies of scale through automation."

History and platform structure
Selling over 165 million books since its inception in 2003, ThriftBooks is considered one of the largest sellers of used books in the United States and has seven warehouses across the United States. ThriftBooks was founded in the summer of 2003 by Daryl Butcher and Jason Meyer. The two created software that organizes and lists thousands of book titles per day. Since 2004, it has partnered with libraries, which provide unsorted books and get a share of the profits. The first library systems to join were King County, Pierce County, and North Central.

Thriftbooks is popular among book collectors—particularly with those shoppers choosing to avoid Amazon—for being one of few western online bookselling platforms that is not a subsidiary of Amazon. However, Thriftbooks does sell books on Amazon, as well other book resellers such as eBay and Amazon subsidiary AbeBooks. The platform is also popular for its free shipping with a $15 minimum order (formerly $10 but raised to $15 as of January 2022). However, free shipping does not apply to international orders as of 2021. Books do not ship from any ThriftBooks warehouse during U.S. Federal Holidays. Books listed as "New" cannot be delivered to countries outside the United States, although used books, VHS tapes, DVD videos, coloring books, and books categorized as "Collectible" can be. For each book purchased, customers build up points in their accounts which can be put towards a free book through the company's Reading Rewards program.

ThriftBooks opened a  processing center in Phoenix in 2021.

See also

List of online booksellers

References

External links

Bookstores of the United States
Book selling websites
Auburn, Washington
Companies based in King County, Washington
Online retailers of the United States
Retail companies established in 2003
2003 establishments in Washington (state)
Online bookstores
EBay stores


Nelson Edward Toburen (born November 24, 1938) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Green Bay Packers. A serious neck injury in his second season ended his NFL career; he attended law school and eventually became a judge.

Early years
Born in Boulder, Colorado, Toburen played high school football in Kansas at Colby High School and college football at Wichita State University as an end.

Playing career
Toburen was selected in the fourteenth round (194th overall) of the 1961 NFL draft by the Green Bay Packers. It was the third season under head coach Vince Lombardi and the Packers won the NFL championship, their first since 1944. As a rookie, Toburen was a reserve linebacker, playing mostly on special teams.

Only start
In 1962, Toburen was a second-year linebacker when he made his first NFL start, replacing the injured Dan Currie on November 18 at City Stadium in Green Bay. The Packers had won all nine games and the opponent was the Western Conference rival Baltimore Colts, led by star quarterback Johnny Unitas.  The Packers were leading 17–13 early in the fourth quarter when, "Unitas went back to pass and then started to run," Toburen said. "(Ray) Nitschke was coming at him straight on and I was coming from the side.

"I hit him squarely in the hip, but the mechanics of the tackle got blown up. My head was down and it should have been up." Toburen's hit jarred the ball loose from Unitas and Nitschke recovered the fumble. But Toburen lay still on the City Stadium turf. "With my first start, my emotions were high, and I was playing reckless that day," Toburen said. "It was the greatest thing with my first start in front of my wife and dad. One moment I was on top of the world and then I wasn't."

Before Toburen even hit the ground, James Nellen, the team physician, was off the Packer bench and running onto the field to assist. "Doc Nellen realized right away what had happened - Nelson had broken his neck," said former guard Jerry Kramer. "According to Kramer, Nellen put pressure on Toburen's neck as they put him on a cart, moved him off the field, loaded him in the ambulance, wheeled him into the hospital and took him up to his room where they put him into traction.

Nellen's quick actions to stabilize Toburen's head and neck were instrumental to a successful outcome. "Nellen was wringing wet and shaking after that, but he made the difference," Kramer said. "He preserved Nelson's functions and maybe his life."

The ,  Toburen said it was a tackle that he had made more than 1,000 times in his football career, but he immediately knew something was wrong, very wrong. "I was aware of things and just knew that it felt like my arms were on fire," Toburen said. "Doc Nellen saved my bacon. He realized what was wrong and he didn't let me get up."

Toburen, whose sixth vertebrae broke in half and fifth was displaced, was fortunate that his spinal cord was stretched, not severed. At St. Vincent's Hospital, he was put in a body cast for the next six weeks. With Currie and Toburen out, backup center Ken Iman played linebacker and started the next game four days later on Thanksgiving in Detroit against the Lions (8–2).

"I tell people I broke my damn neck, but I had to be dramatic and do it against a hall of fame quarterback like Johnny Unitas," Toburen said with a laugh. "But I accomplished everything I set out to do on the play - make the tackle and cause a fumble. "Most important, we won the game. The next week we lost our only game at Detroit, and I always told my teammates it was because I wasn't there." But for Toburen, his first start in a Green Bay uniform also was his last.

After football
Nelson obtained his law degree from Washburn University's School of Law in Topeka in 1967, and became a judge in Crawford County, Kansas, in 1987.

His son Chris was a standout linebacker at the University of Kansas and became a helicopter pilot in the U.S. Marine Corps. He was killed at age 27 in a training mission crash of his CH-46 in California in 1987.

References

External links

 Judge Nelson Toburen

1938 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Boulder, Colorado
American football linebackers
Green Bay Packers players
Players of American football from Colorado


The 1960 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 8, 1960 to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina.  All six incumbents were re-elected without opposition and the composition of the state delegation remained solely Democratic.

1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman L. Mendel Rivers of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1941, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John J. Riley of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1951, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan Dorn of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1951, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert T. Ashmore of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1953, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert W. Hemphill of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1957, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John L. McMillan of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1939, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

See also
United States House of Representatives elections, 1960
United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1960
South Carolina's congressional districts

1960
South Carolina
United States House of Representatives