A driving licence in Singapore is required before a person is allowed to drive a motor vehicle of any description on a road in the country. Like many other countries in the world, an individual must possess a valid driving licence before being permitted to drive on the road, and driving licence holders are subject to all traffic rules.

The minimum age to drive a motor vehicle and getting a Qualified Driving Licence (QDL) in Singapore is 18 years old. The driving licence is for the normal lifespan of a person, but continued eligibility to drive requires a medical clearance after reaching the age of 65.

For those who accumulated 13 demerit points and above within one year probation, the licence will be revoked. Driving licences in Singapore are administered by the Traffic Police of the Singapore Police Force (SPF).

Classes of driving licence
The classification of motor vehicles and eligibility of a driving licence in Singapore is as follows:

Types of driving licence

 Provisional driving licence (PDL) - possessed by learners in driving schools. A PDL can only be applied after passing the basic theory test (BTT), which can be taken at any of the established driving schools in Singapore. This licence itself carries several restrictions:
 A certified driving instructor must be present to guide the learner driver.
 A learner driver is not allowed to use the expressway and some busy roads such as those in Chinatown and Orchard Road.
 A "L" plate must be placed at the front and rear of the car.
 A PDL is valid for 24 months from the date of grant and can be renewed subsequently for every 6 months if the licence is granted before 1 Dec 2017.
 PDLs granted after 1 Dec 2017 will be revamped to 2 years validity officially to allow learners to have more time to learn and pass their driving tests.
 People above the age of 65 will be required to pass a medical examination when they apply for or renew their PDLs.

Upon the passing of a final theory test, the learner driver can then proceed to take the practical driving test.

 Qualified driving licence - full licence. On passing the practical driving test, a driving licence will be issued. The licence holder will undergo a 1-year probation period, in which they are required to display the probationary licence plate, a triangular plate, at the top right portion of the front windscreen and the rear windscreen, as seen from the outside of the vehicle. If the licence holder accumulates more than 12 demerit points within the probationary year, the licence will be revoked. Failure to display Probationary Licence plates may also cause the offending driver to receive a fine for the first time, then an immediate revocation for the subsequent time.
However, if the driver has a licence of class 3A that has had lasted a year or more and they recently passed their class 3 (manual) licence for less than a year, they will need to only place the probationary licence plate when driving a class 3 (manual) vehicle.

 Vocational driving licence (VDL) - a special driving licence for commercial vehicle drivers of taxis and buses. There are three types of VDL:  bus driver vocational licence, private hire car driver vocational license, and taxi driver vocational licence. To apply for the bus driver vocational licence, the applicant must have a Class 3 Singapore driving licence with at least one year's driving experience and a clean driving record and be at least 21 years old. To apply for the taxi driver vocational licence, the applicant must be a Singapore citizen of at least 30 years of age and have a qualified Class 3 Singapore driving licence with at least one year's driving experience and a clean driving record. To apply for the private hire car driver vocational licence, the applicant must be a Singapore citizen of at least 30 years of age and have a qualified Class 3 Singapore driving licence with at least one years' driving experience and a clean driving record.

Conversion of driving licence
Foreigners holding foreign driving licence and intend to remain in Singapore for less than twelve months are not required to convert their foreign driving licence to a Singaporean driving licence. They may drive in Singapore with a valid foreign driving licence. However, if the licence is not in English, in addition to a valid foreign driving licence, they are required to have an International Driving Permit/IDP. If an IDP is not available, an official translation of the driving licence in English is required. Foreigners from ASEAN member countries need to possess a valid driving licence to drive in Singapore but would not need to require an IDP.

To convert to a Singapore driving licence, the foreigner is required to pass the Basic Theory Test (BTT) for familiarisation of traffic rules and Singapore's Highway Code pertaining to traffic related issues specific to Singapore. A Singaporean Permanent Resident (PR) who wishes to drive in Singapore is required to convert their foreign driving licence after becoming a PR.

References

External links
Singapore Traffic Police's website on Driving in Singapore
Singapore Safety Driving Center (SSDC)
Bukit Batok Driving Centre (BBDC)
ComfortDelGro Driving Centre

Singapore
Road transport in Singapore


In Taiwan, driver licenses () are issued by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications to a qualified motor vehicle driver. The number on a driver licenses is the same as the ID number of the license holder's household registration in Taiwan. In Taiwan, the driver license is sometimes accepted as a valid identity document, as its information replicates most of that on a National Identification Card.

Format

The driver licenses in Taiwan are only issued in Chinese. For comparison purposes the table below is shown in bilingual form.

Notes:
 License Number is identical to the National Identification Number.
 All dates are written in Republic of China calendar, the year is in three(3) digit format.
 Conditions:
 A – Unlimited
 B – Automatic transmission cars only
 C – Other conditions on reverse side
 Date of expiry: Since July 2013, all the license are valid until the holder's 75th birthday. A citizen who is elder than 75 has to renew their driver license every 3 years.
 Date of issue: the date that the holder passed the driver test of the type
 Date of Inspection: date for taking driver's physical examination, for commercial driver's license only.

Categories
Driver licenses are categorized pursuant to the Road Traffic Security Rules (道路交通安全規則) in Taiwan. These 15 categories are:

 9. International Driving Permit (): A multilingual translation a Taiwanese license for international use, issued after Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 1968. As the Republic of China has lost diplomatic relations with most countries since the 1970s, certain countries do not honor international driver permits from Taiwan.
 10. driver license of light-duty motorcycle (): Formerly used, now splits into 11 and 12.
 13. driver license of heavy-duty motorcycle (): Formerly used, now splits into 14 and 15.

Licenses and Motor vehicles

Driving tests
The minimum age pursuant to Article 60 is normally 18, but one must be at least 20 to get a professional license or a license for an ultra-heavy motorcycle. A professional license must be converted to an ordinary one at 60 years old, but a professional small vehicle driver may keep the license until they are 65 years old when passing annual physical examinations. Since driver jobs are not open to foreigners, foreigners cannot get professional driver licenses.

International Driving Permit

Taiwan is a signatory of the 1968 "Vienna Road Traffic Convention" and recognizes the international driving licenses of all countries. However, due to the Republic of China's withdrawal from the United Nations in 1971, some countries did not recognize the status of Taiwan as a signatory state, nor did they recognize its international driving license. The Republic of China and these countries reciprocate in the mutual recognition and renewal with test exemption for driving licenses.

In Asia (including Pacific Islands), this includes Brunei, Japan, Hong Kong, Kiribati, Laos, Macau, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Thailand, Tuvalu, and Vietnam.

In Australia (a total of 6 states and 2 territories: Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia, and Victoria.

In Europe, this includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, and Switzerland.

In North America, a total of 39 states and territories of the United States participates: Arizona, Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, New Mexico, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Washington, Washington DC, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, and the US territories of Guam, US Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico. Canada includes these 10 provinces: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan.

In Central and South America, the list includes Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Christopher, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

To exchange a foreign driver's license for a ROC driver's license in Taiwan, the foreign driver's license must be verified by the ROC's foreign affairs office or the foreign ministry in Taiwan, such as the US Driver's License notary service of the American Institute in Taiwan.

Exchanging foreign license into Taiwan driver's license, for foreigners (Reciprocity Agreement)
Holders of a valid full driver's license issued by a foreign, mainland China, Hong Kong or Macau government who obtained a certificate of permit to stay or stay for more than six months in Taiwan can be exempted from the test and reissued a Taiwan driver's license to an equivalent vehicle class upon entry, based on the principle of equality and reciprocity. This only applies to licenses from certain participating authorities (see above).

Exchanging foreign license into Taiwan driver's license, for Taiwanese
Holders of a valid foreign full driver's license who has Republic of China nationality can be exempted from taking the test and be issued a Taiwan's driver's license for the same type of vehicle. This is applicable to countries not in the reciprocity agreement.

References

Transportation in Taiwan
Taiwan


Prunet may refer to the following places in France:

 Prunet, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
 Prunet, Cantal, a commune in the department of Cantal
 Prunet, Haute-Garonne, a commune in the department of Haute-Garonne
 Prunet-et-Belpuig, a commune in the department of Pyrénées-Orientales
 La Salle-Prunet, a commune in the department of Lozère

and to:

Prunet, a village in Bratovoești Commune, Dolj County, Romania


Prunet () is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ribes (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rosières may refer:

Places in France
 Rosières, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
 Rosières, Haute-Loire, a commune in the department of Haute-Loire
 Rosières, Oise, a commune in the department of Oise
 Rosières, Tarn, a commune in the department of Tarn
 Rosières-aux-Salines, a commune in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle
 Rosières-en-Haye, a commune in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle
 Rosières-en-Santerre, a commune in the department of Somme
 Rosières-près-Troyes, a commune in the department of Aube
 Rosières-sur-Barbèche, a commune in the department of Doubs
 Rosières-sur-Mance, a commune in the department of Haute-Saône
 Sars-et-Rosières, a commune in the department of Nord

Other uses
 Battle of Rosières, World War I
 , a French appliance brand owned by Candy

See also
 La Rosière (disambiguation)


Rosières (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


John Burra (born November 20, 1965) is a retired long-distance runner from Tanzania, who won the 1987 edition of Amsterdam Marathon, clocking 2:12:40 on May 10, 1987. He twice represented his native country in the Olympic men's marathon, in 1988 and 1992. At his last Olympic Games appearance in Barcelona, Spain he didn't finish the race.

He won the City-Pier-City Loop half marathon in the Hague in 1991 and also won the Madrid Marathon.

Achievements

References

External links

 1986 Year Ranking at ARRS.net

1965 births
Living people
Tanzanian male marathon runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Tanzania
Place of birth missing (living people)


Saint-Basile may refer to the following places:

 Saint-Basile, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche, France
 Saint-Basile, Quebec, in Quebec, Canada
 Saint-Basile, New Brunswick, in New Brunswick, Canada
 Saint-Basile-le-Grand, Quebec, in Quebec, Canada

See also:
 Saint-Bazile, a commune in the department of Haute-Vienne, France


Radwanków Szlachecki () is a village in Otwock County, Gmina Sobienie-Jeziory.The population is near 150. In the village is Voivodship Road 801. It lies near the Vistula river. From 1975 to 1998 village was in Siedlce Voivodeship.

Villages nearby

Warszawice, Dziecinów, Sobienie-Jeziory, Sobienie Biskupie.

Villages in Otwock County


Saint-Basile (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.  The commune consists of four hamlets: Saint-Basile, Mounens, Laprans, and Cluac.  A castle in the commune is owned by French comedian Yves Lecoq.

Population
Inhabitants of Saint-Basile are called Basilians.

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Christol (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Clair (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jacks Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge which is located in central Pennsylvania, United States, trending southeast of the Stone Mountain ridge and Jacks Mountain Anticline. The ridge line separates Kishacoquillas Valley from the Ferguson and Dry Valleys.

Jacks Mountain lies in Mifflin, Huntingdon, Snyder, and Union Counties, and the ridge line forms part of the border between Huntingdon and Mifflin Counties.

History
This mountain was named for Jack Armstrong, an eighteenth-century fur trader. During the autumn of 1743, Armstrong confiscated the horse of Mushemeelin, a Delaware Indian from Shamokin who was in debt to Armstrong. Mushemeelin and two Delaware companions tracked Armstrong to the Juniata River narrows and, in 1744, killed the trader and his two servants. The site was thereafter known as "Jack's Narrows".

U.S. Route 22 (US 22), the William Penn Highway, and the former Pennsylvania Main Line, now the Norfolk Southern Railway's Pittsburgh Line, follow the Juniata River through the Jacks Narrows water gap between Mapleton and Mount Union. U.S. Route 322 and the former Milroy Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad pass through the Mann Narrows Water Gap along the Kishacoquillas Creek near Reedsville.

Geology
Just below the ridge crest lies the contact between the older Ordovician Juniata Formation on the northwest slope, and the younger more erosion resistant Silurian Tuscarora Formation geologic layer forming the steeper southeast slope and the crest. The Bald Eagle Formation crops out on the Kishacoquillas Valley-facing slopes of Jacks Mountain, forming a steep topographic bench below the Juniata Formation. Below the Bald Eagle Formation, the uppermost sandstone layer of the underlying Reedsville Formation contains brachiopods and other marine fossils. The Reedsville forms the less steep lower slope that becomes shallower toward the base of the ridge. Across the Kishacoquillas Valley, on the opposite side of the Jacks Mountain anticline, the same rock layers are repeated in reverse order on the Stone Mountain ridge.

References

 Geographic Names Information System, Feature ID: 1177904.
 USGS Allensville 7.5-Minute Quadrangle

Landforms of Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
Landforms of Snyder County, Pennsylvania
Ridges of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
Landforms of Union County, Pennsylvania
Ridges of Pennsylvania
Water gaps of Pennsylvania


Saint-Félicien may refer to:

Places:
 Saint-Félicien, Ardèche
 Saint-Félicien, Quebec

Food:
 Saint-Félicien cheese


Saint-Félicien (; Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Farcian) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

Personalities linked to Saint-Félicien
 Marie-France Banc (1876 - 1965), Righteous Among the Nations. Under the name Sister Mary of the Angels, Mother Superior Banc ran the two boarding houses in Saint-Félicien during World War II and protected two Jewish children for two years. She died in Saint-Félicien in 1965.

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Marco Octávio Simoes Barbosa (or simply Marco Octavio) is a Brazilian beach soccer and football coach. He was the head coach of the Iran national beach soccer team.

Octávio guided Brazil to four BSWW Mundialito titles, which remains a record.

His coaching ability did not go unnoticed in Asia and he was given a job in United Arab Emirates before assuming the Chinese controls in 2006. He masterminded China's rebuilding process and did take the East Asians to the level where they were capable to compete against the continent's best.

Octávio has also coached professional clubs, including Bahia and Shirin Faraz. He has qualified Iran to the 2015 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup.

Career
 Brazil national beach soccer team
 Portugal national beach soccer team
 United Arab Emirates national beach soccer team
 China national beach soccer team
 Esporte Clube Bahia (2003–2004)
 Iran national beach soccer team (2007)
 Shirin Faraz (2007–2008)
 Iran national beach soccer team (2010)
 Iran national beach soccer team (2012–2015)
 Iran national beach soccer team (2017–2019)

References

Brazilian football managers
Expatriate football managers in Iran
Beach soccer coaches
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Vítor Hugo Gomes da Silva (born 25 December 1987), known as Gomes, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Rio Ave as a defensive midfielder.

He achieved Primeira Liga totals of 246 games and 15 goals over 12 seasons, for Rio Ave, Moreirense, Belenenses and Aves. He also played professionally in Hungary, Turkey and Cyprus.

Club career
Born in Vila do Conde and a product of hometown club Rio Ave FC's youth system, Gomes first appeared with the first team on 19 March 2006, starting in a 0–1 home loss against S.L. Benfica. In late January 2008, he began an unsuccessful loan spell at Serie A's Cagliari Calcio, making no appearances and returning to Rio Ave in July. During that season, he also played 13 matches (12 starts) as they returned to the Primeira Liga after an absence of two years.

In the following top-division campaigns, Gomes was regularly used by Rio Ave. He scored his first goals in 2009–10, against C.D. Nacional (2–0, home) and S.C. Olhanense (1–5 defeat, also at the Estádio dos Arcos).

In January 2013, Gomes joined a host of compatriots at Videoton FC, with the Hungarians making the deal permanent in early June. Two years later, he was loaned to Balıkesirspor in the Turkish Süper Lig by Moreirense FC.

Gomes continued to compete in the Portuguese top tier in the following years, with C.F. Os Belenenses and C.D. Aves. On 18 April 2018, he scored twice in a 2–1 away victory over Caldas S.C. in the semi-finals of the Taça de Portugal to take the latter club to its first ever final in the competition. He also played the full 90 minutes in the decisive match against Sporting CP, providing an assist to Alexandre Guedes in the 2–1 win in Lisbon.

On 1 October 2018, Gomes scored a hat-trick, his only goals of the season, in a 3–0 home defeat of Portimonense SC. He moved abroad again the following 2 July, on a free transfer to AC Omonia of the Cypriot First Division for two years. During his time in Nicosia, he won a league title in 2020–21.

Gomes returned to Rio Ave on 1 July 2021, signing a two-year deal with the option of a third. The team won promotion as champions in his first season back, and he scored the only goal of a home winner over title rivals Casa Pia A.C. with two games remaining.

International career
Gomes was a member of the Portugal under-20 squad at the 2007 FIFA World Cup. Later that year, in August, he received his first callup to the under-21s; he won his first and only cap for the latter on the 21st, playing the second half of the 3–0 friendly win against Malta held in his hometown.

Personal life
Gomes' older brother, José, was also a footballer. A defender, he represented several clubs, and the pair shared teams in Rio Ave (2005–06, 2009–12).

Career statistics

Honours
Aves
Taça de Portugal: 2017–18

Omonia
Cypriot First Division: 2020–21

Rio Ave
Liga Portugal 2: 2021–22

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Portuguese men's footballers
Footballers from Vila do Conde
Men's association football midfielders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Rio Ave F.C. players
Moreirense F.C. players
C.F. Os Belenenses players
C.D. Aves players
Cagliari Calcio players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Fehérvár FC players
Süper Lig players
Balıkesirspor footballers
Cypriot First Division players
AC Omonia players
Portugal men's youth international footballers
Portugal men's under-21 international footballers
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus


Saint-Germain (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Martial (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The National Academy of Sciences, India, established in 1930, is the oldest science academy in India. It is located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. Prof. Meghnad Saha was the founder president.

Fellows
Suddhasatwa Basu
Sudha Bhattacharya
 Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah
Vinod Krishan
Suhas S. Joshi
Neelam Sangwan
Rajender Singh Sangwan
Ram Parikshan Roy

Publications
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India was a peer-review scientific journal established in 1930. It split in two parts in 1942.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences
The academy also publishes National Academy Science Letters.

References

External links
 Official website

Research institutes in India
India
Education in Prayagraj
Science and technology in Prayagraj
Organisations based in Prayagraj
1930 establishments in India
Scientific organizations established in 1930


Saint-Privat (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jolpan (), or snacks, are often served at breakfast in the cuisine of Assam, although they may also be served at Bihu festivals or weddings. The word jolpan includes all the preparations namely jolpan, pitha, laru and tea. Other common items served for breakfast may include roti, luchi, ghugni and sometimes paratha etc. Jolpan are also found in Bengal. The word literally derives from "water and betel leaf" but can mean any snack.

Types of Jolpan
Variations on jolpan include Bora saul, Komal Saul, Xandoh, Chira, Muri, Akhoi along with curd, jaggery, yogurt and various Pitha.

Bora saul

Bora saul (Assamese: বৰা চাউল) is boiled and served as Jolpan with curd or milk, jaggery or sugar. Mostly used in Northern Assam.

Komal Saul
Kumol saul (Assamese: কোমল চাউল) is a unique type of rice from Assam that can be eaten without cooking. It is rendered fluffy and edible by being soaked in water for a short time. The rice may be eaten with milk or curd, jaggery, yogurt after being immersed in warm water for just fifteen minutes or so.

Chira

Chira (Flattened rice, also called beaten rice, Assamese: চিৰা) is a dehusked rice which is flattened into flat light dry flakes. These flakes of rice swell when added to liquid, whether hot or cold, as they absorb water, milk or any other liquids. It can be eaten raw by immersing it in plain water or milk or curd, with salt or sugar or jaggery to taste, or lightly fried in oil.

Muri

Muri (puffed rice) is made by heating sand in a pot, and then throwing in grains of rice. The rice may be washed in brine to provide seasoning. The rice puffs up and is separated from the sand by a strainer. It is served with hot milk or curd and jaggery or sugar.

Xandoh Guri
(Assamese: সান্দহ গুৰি) It is prepared from Kola bora, Ghiu bora, Pakhi bora or Ronga bora (varieties of Bora saul). The rice is soaked for three to four days and then it is fried. The fried rice is pounded in a dheki, a homemade wooden mill in Assam to pound grains, and sifted to dehusk. Now the pounded and dehusked rice is again fried in hot sand and thus Hurum is prepared. It is served with curd, hot milk, yogurt, sugar or jaggery.

Sunga Saul
Dehusked Aroi bora saul is soaked for 2/3 hours. Then it is put in an immature bamboo tube and a little water or sometimes coconut milk is added to it. Banana leaf is used as cork. The tube is roasted in fire and Sunga saul is prepared. Removing the tube the substance is served with curd, hot milk, yogurt, sugar etc.

Pithaguri
Rice flour (Pithaguri in Assamese) is fried and served with hot milk, jaggery and sometimes with ripe banana or ripe jackfruit. It is a common type of jolpan.

Suji
Suji (Semolina) is also one type of common jolpan, a type of dessert. Like pithaguri it is heated on a frying pan and water is added to make it a paste and then served with hot milk.

Koni-dhan
The basic preparation consists in washing the millet (Konidhan in Assamese; Koni = tiny; dhan = rice) and toasting it while moving until one notes a characteristic scent. Then five measures of boiling water for each two measures of millet are added with some sugar or salt. The mixture is cooked covered using low flame for 30–35 minutes.

Kath Aloo
Yam (Kath aloo in Assamese) is peeled, sliced, added salt and tamarind powder and then deep fried in mustard oil.

Pitha

Pitha (Assamese পিঠা) is a rice cake or pancake, a thin-flat cake prepared from a batter and cooked on a hot griddle or frying pan. It is an inseparable part of Jolpan in Assam. It is a special class of rice preparation generally made only on special occasions like Bihu in Assam. Made usually with soaked and ground rice, they could be fried in oil, roasted over a slow fire or baked and rolled over a hot plate. Some pithas are- Til Pitha, Narikol Pitha, Ghila Pitha, Xutuli Pitha, Sunga Pitha, Bhapotdiya Pitha, Lakhimi Pitha, Tora Pitha, Tekeli Pitha, Muthiya Pitha or Kholasapori Pitha.

Kachi Pitha
Kachi Pitha is a type of pancake. It is a special class of rice preparation and generally made only on special occasions like Bihu in Assam. Bora saul, a glutinous type of rice is soaked and ground. Then a certain quantity of this rice flour is baked, filled up with sesame seeds, ground coconut and dried rind of orange, jaggery  etc. and pressed and rolled with many folders.

Ghila Pitha
Ghila pitha is a type of pancake so called because of its knee cap sized shape. Knee cap is called Ghila in Assamese. Rice flour of Bora saul, one kind of glutinous rice or any common rice is used in it. A paste made of rice flour and jaggery is prepared first and then fried in cooking oil at a certain quantity. Salt is also used instead of jaggery to make salty Ghila pitha. It is generally prepared and served in Bihu in Assam.

Sunga Pitha
The procedure of preparing Sunga Pitha is almost the same as for Sunga Saul except for the fact that the preparation of sunga pitha involves grounded rice or rice flour instead of whole rice as in Sunga saul . Rice flour of Xaali saul and Bora saul is mixed with water and jaggery and churned thoroughly. Then the paste is put in an immature bamboo tube corked with banana leaf and roasted over a fire. The bamboo tube is removed to leave a solid cylinder of pitha. This is cut into pieces and served with hot milk.

Uhuwa Pitha
Rice flour of xaali saul and bora saul is mixed with jaggery or salt and water and churned thoroughly. The paste is rolled into small balls and flattened and then boiled in water. It is served with tea and also can be eaten with milk.

Tekeli Pitha
Rice flour of Xaali saul (sunned rice) and Bora saul is mixed with coconut, sugar, a little powder milk. Ground cardamom and dried orange rind can also be added. An earthenware, half filled up with water is set on a hearth. A neat clothe is placed on the beam of the pitcher and the flour mixture is put in it. Now the beam is covered with a cork and fire is set in the hearth. The substance is baked with the heat of vapor comes from inside the pitcher and subsequently takes a shape. Now it is cut into pieces like a cake and served with tea. This pitha is so called because a tekeli (earthenware) is used in it.

Ketli Pitha
The method of preparation as well as the substance is as same as tekeli pitha, but a kettle is used here instead of the earthenware. That’s the reason it is called Ketli pitha (Ketli in Assamese means kettle). Here the kettle-cork is kept upside down on the kettle and the substance is put on it. It usually takes less time to be baked than tekeli pitha takes.

Laru
Different types of larus are prepared in the season of Bihu in Assam.

Narikolor Laru
Mature coconut is scrapped (or ground) and fried. Then sugar is added and mixed well. Then it is toasted over slow fire till the ingredients caramelized and holds on to each other. It is tested its readiness by trying to make a small ball first, if it does then the caramelized coconut pot is taken out to cool off a little. With help of cold water rubbed on palms, and before it cools down to room temperature, is now rolled into small balls and kept separately to dry. These small balls of coconut are called Narikol Laru. It is served with tea.

Tilor laru
Tilor laru is a kind of sesame candy. Sesame seeds are fried and kept aside. Jaggery is heated to liquefy and then  poured in the heap of fried sesame seeds. They get sticky and the substance is rolled into small balls and kept separately to dry. These balls are served with tea.

Tea
A cup of tea is inseparable from jolpan or pitha. It is always seen with those items whenever they are served. It is served in form of Black tea, Milk tea, Spiced tea, Lemon tea (adding lemon juice to black tea) etc. It is the hugely consumed beverage in Assam and also can be called a type of dessert.

See also
Cuisine of Assam
List of vegetables used in Assamese cuisine

References

External links
 AssameseFood.com (2009) "Assamese Food- taste for a difference"

Assamese cuisine
Snack foods
Pitha


Saint-Sylvestre (Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Silvèstre) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Victor (; Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Victor) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Leo Kottke/Peter Lang/John Fahey is a split album by American guitarists Leo Kottke, Peter Lang, and John Fahey, released in 1974.

History
Fahey had started a new genre of guitar music, known later as American primitive guitar, which comprised traditional fingerpicking steel string guitar techniques applied to neo-classical compositions. The Takoma label showcased such music and its roster included Kottke and Lang. Kottke's 6- and 12-String Guitar became a surprise hit and the profits funded an expansion of the label. Leo Kottke/Peter Lang/John Fahey was released to help gain greater exposure for Fahey and Lang as well as the label itself.

Each guitarist plays four solo pieces. The Fahey tracks are re-recordings of four well-known Fahey songs. Kottke would later re-record "Cripple Creek" and "Ice Miner" (on Mudlark).

Cover
The cover contains the names of the three guitarists in a circle in order that none is listed first. Therefore, various discographies note the title in different manners. The spine, although, reads Leo Kottke/Peter Lang/John Fahey.

The back cover contains a comical or absurd biography of each artist as well as a description of Takoma Records: "Takoma Records is widely ignored as a freckle on the soft white underbelly of the record business. Intrepid and enterprising, this indigestible little company has an unblemished record. The unblemished record can be seen in its glass case at the Takoma archives between the hours of 6 midnight and 12."

Reception

Music critic Richie Unterberger wrote that "While their performances here may not be their very best—you can turn to their solo albums for those—anyone who likes the artists will like what they offer here. Indeed, their approaches are similar enough that casual listeners may mistake this compilation for the work of a single artist."

In his 2008 Innerviews interview with Peter Lang, Anil Prasad claimed "To this day, one of the biggest-selling fingerstyle albums of all time remains John Fahey, Peter Lang & Leo Kottke."

Track listing
No song times or composers were listed on the original label or jacket.

Side one
Leo Kottke:
 "Cripple Creek"
 "Ice Miner"
 "Red and White"
 "Anyway"
Peter Lang:
 "St. Charles Shuffle"
 "When Kings Come Home"

Side two

 "As I Lay Sleeping"
 "Thoth Song"
John Fahey:
 "On the Sunny Side of the Ocean"
 "Sunflower River Blues"
 "Revolt of the Dyke Brigade"
 "In Christ There is No East or West"

Personnel
Leo Kottke – guitar
Peter Lang – guitar
John Fahey – guitar

Production notes
Peter Lang cuts produced by Kerry Fahey
Mastered at United Sound, Burbank
Album Art / Eric Monson & John Cabalka

References

Peter Lang (guitarist) albums
John Fahey (musician) compilation albums
Collaborative albums
Leo Kottke compilation albums
1974 compilation albums
Takoma Records compilation albums


Serrières may refer to the following places:

France
 Serrières, Ardèche, in the department of Ardèche
 Serrières, Saône-et-Loire, in the department of Saône-et-Loire
 Serrières-de-Briord, in the department of Ain
 Serrières-en-Chautagne, in the department of Savoie
 Serrières-sur-Ain, in the department of Ain

Switzerland
 Serrières, Neuchâtel, in the canton of Neuchâtel
 Stade de Serrières, a football stadium


Serrières (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


USS Bexar (APA-237/LPA-237) was a  in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1970. She was scrapped in 1982.

History
Bexar was named after Bexar County, Texas. She was launched 25 July 1945 by Oregon Shipbuilding of Portland, Oregon, under a Maritime Commission contract, acquired by the Navy 9 October, and commissioned the same day.

Upon completion of shakedown training, Bexar joined the Operation Magic Carpet fleet. She returned troops from the Pacific until February 1946. After a brief tour of duty around San Diego during the early part of 1946, she was ordered to Pearl Harbor to prepare for Operation Cross-roads.

Atomic bomb test

In June Bexar proceeded to Bikini Atoll to participate in Operation Crossroads, the large-scale operation designed to test the effectiveness of atomic bombs on warships. Over 200 warships participated in the operation, 75 of them as targets. Bexar served as an equipment supply center.

In August she returned to the West Coast and underwent radioactivity tests.

Peacetime missions
In January 1947 she joined the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet, based at Norfolk, Virginia. Bexar operated along the Eastern seaboard and in the Caribbean until July 1950, making a Mediterranean cruise (January–February 1948) with Marines embarked.

Between March 1948 and July 1950 she participated in several amphibious exercises and Naval Reserve cruises along the East Coast. In September 1949 she proceeded to the Hawaiian Islands for a large scale amphibious exercise. Returning to Norfolk in December, she resumed her role in the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet.

On 31 July 1950 Bexar departed Norfolk for the Mediterranean. In August she was ordered to embark Marines and proceed via the Suez Canal to Japan.

Korean War
Upon arrival, she proceeded to Korea where she took part in the Inchon (15 September) and Wonsan (25 October) landings and the evacuation of Chinnampo and Inchon. Departing the Far East on 6 January 1951 she proceeded to San Diego, arriving later in the month.

Between August 1951 and December 1953 Bexar made two more Far Eastern tours in support of Korean operations (August 1951 - May 1952 and July–December 1953). During the latter she served as flagship for Operation Big Switch, the movement of prisoners from Koje Do to Inchon, Korea.

Return to peacetime duties
Bexar made another tour of the Far East (23 October 1954 - 22 April 1955) during which she participated in the Tachen Islands evacuation.

Vietnam War

Bexar also saw extensive service in the Vietnam War, from 1965 to  1969.  In 1965, she helped land the first US ground troops at Chu Lai.

On 1 January 1969, Bexar along with the other surviving attack transports from World War II were redesignated amphibious transports, Bexar receiving the designation LPA-237.

Decommission
Bexar was decommissioned on 7 August 1970 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 September 1976. She was returned to the Maritime Administration on 1 July 1972, and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California. On 16 June 1982, she was sold for scrapping to C. W. Enterprises & Investment Inc., and scrapped in either South Korea or Taiwan.

Decorations
Bexar received three battle stars for Korean War service and five campaign stars for Vietnam War service.

References

APA/LPA-237 Bexar, Navsource Online

Haskell-class attack transports
Bexar County, Texas
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
1945 ships


Uzer may refer to the following places in France:

 Uzer, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
 Uzer, Hautes-Pyrénées, a commune in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées

Uzer may refer to the following person:
 Turgay Uzer, Turkish born American theoretical physicist

Turkish-language surnames


Uzer is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Inetimi Alfred Timaya Odon  (born 15 August 1980), better known by his stage name Timaya, is a multiple award-winning Nigerian singer and songwriter. He is from Odi, Bayelsa state, South-South Nigeria. Timaya is known for combining Nigerian pop with elements of dancehall, hip-hop, and soca. Timaya is well known for his blend of Afro-Caribbean/Dancehall music. He is the founder of DM (Dem Mama) Records Limited, which he is also signed to.

His solo career began in 2005 with the release of the single "Dem Mama." His debut album, True Story, released the following year. His second album Gift and Grace was released in 2008. His third studio album De Rebirth was released in partnership with Black Body Entertainment and had the lead single "Plantain Boy". He collaborated with Dem Mama Soldiers on the album LLNP (Long Life N Prosperity). In 2012, Timaya released Upgrade. To date, his work has earned him several notable awards and nominations including four Headies Awards wins, 2 AFRIMMA Awards wins, one Nigeria Music Award and an NEA Award.

In August 2023, Timaya released a new single, “Tomato” under Dem Mama Records and Empire. The music video was released on YouTube the following month. It was directed by Clarence Peters, with cameo appearances from D’Banj, Cubana Chief Priest.

Early life
Inetimi Timaya Odon was born on 15 August 1980 in Port Harcourt. He grew up as part of a large family, the youngest of fifteen children. His father was a banker and his mother was a trader. For his early education, Odon attended Assemblies of God Nursery And Primary School. His secondary school education began at Nkpolu Oroworukwo in Port Harcourt. He would often break house rules to attend late-night music events. After his mother arranged for him to move to Lagos, he gained admission into Lagos' Ikeja Grammar School, where he eventually obtained a secondary school certificate.

Timaya later returned to Port Harcourt to study Banking and Finance, however, he performed poorly in examinations and dropped out after first semester. He then moved back to Lagos to join Eedris Abdulkareem's hiphop group as a backup vocalist. After three years working for Eedris, Timaya departed from the group to focus on his solo career. He began to record collaborations with fellow up-and-coming artists and made his first cameo appearance in an unreleased music video by UDX, a Lagos-based rap group. He subsequently met producer Obaksolo in Mafoluku, Oshodi, who produced his first major hit record "Dem Mama" after hearing him perform the a cappella version. He worked with Namse Udosen (Menthol X) on the track Pomporo on his first album, True Story.

Describing the song in an interview posted in August 2013, Timaya said: "'Dem Mama' was an account of the 1999 destruction of Odi, a river side community in Niger Delta. Soldiers were hunting down militants they alleged killed eight policemen. The village was burnt down and numerous people killed. I bravely tackled the issue years later and won instant street credibility for my boldness."

Career

2005-2009 (True Story, Gift & Grace, De Rebirth)
His solo career began in 2005 with the release of his debut single, Dem Mama, which was an account of the massacre that happened in his community, Odi. The song appeared on his debut album, True Story, released the following year to great critical acclaim. His sophomore album, Gift and Grace, was released in 2008. He gained further visibility and international prominence through his third studio album, De Rebirth released in partnership with Black Body Entertainment—with its lead single, Plantain Boy. Both were commercially successful as they took over airwaves within and outside Nigeria.

2010-2017 (Upgrade, Epiphany, Bum Bum remix and Grammy nomination)
In 2010, he featured on the song Kokoroko by female gospel artist Kefee, which went on to win in the Best Collaboration category at the 2010 Headies Awards. He went on to be featured by Kcee in a song titled Erima. On 25 June 2012, Timaya released another album, Upgrade which spawned hits like Bum Bum, Sexy Ladies, and Malonogede. The album featured collaborations with Attitude, Terry G and Vector. Duncan Mighty and Timaya dueted on 'I Know I Know Dat', which was leaked onto the internet a few hours after the former's album footprints was released into stores. Both artists were among the honorees at the fourth annual Odudu Music Awards alongside M-Trill, Sodi Cookey, Becky Enyioma and Timi Dakolo.

In 2014, he released his fifth studio album, titled Epiphany. The album was a 20-tracker, with global hits, such as Bum Bum Remix featuring Dancehall A-Lister, Sean Paul, Sanko, and Ukwu. It also featured 2Baba Idibia, Patoranking, Olamide, Sir Shina Peters, Deethi, Phyno and Terry G. In 2017, Timaya performed in Nassau where he headlined the first-ever Afro-Soca Concert. In 2018, he received his first Grammy nomination in the Best Reggae Album category. The Afro-Soca star featured on Avrakedabra, an album by Morgan Heritage on a track titled Reggae Night (global remix). Timaya set up his record label, DM Records Limited, which became home to artists like Patoranking and Runtown. In 2017, he signed young Dancehall/Afro-Fusion artiste, King Perryy, KillerTunes to the DM Records imprint.

2019-2020 (CHULO VIBES & GRATITUDE)
After 5 years of releasing singles and touring, Timaya released an EP titled Chulo Vibes. This project featured collaborations from East African artist Alikiba, Trinidadian Soca legend, Machel Montano, and Nigeria's Grammy-winning artist Burna Boy. His sixth solo studio album, Gratitude, a 15-track body of work, was released in 2020. The projects had hit singles like Balance, I Can't Kill Myself & Gra Gra, Don Dada, and Born To Win, respectively.

2021/2022 (Cold Outside)
In 2021, Timaya teamed up with Nigerian wonderkid, BNXN and hit record producer, Yung Willis for his latest single titled Cold Outside. After its release, the song became an instant hit and has stayed on the Official Naija Top 10 charts since it was released on October 14. Cold Outside raced to over 75 million streams in barely three months of release and has been played over 500 million times around the world. On March 16, 2022, Timaya released the third single Charger off his next studio album titled Chuloverse, following Cold Outside and No Pressure. Charger Produced by Nigerian Amapiano powerhouse duo, Smeez & D3an, is a modish Amapiano rhythm (a hybrid of deep house, jazz and lounge music characterized by synths, airy pads and wide percussive bass lines which originated from South Africa) caressed by his unique, rhythmic vocals to score deserved points.

Honours
In 2011, Timaya was appointed a Peace Ambassador by the Inter religious and International Federation for World Peace (IIFWP). Dr. Hak Ja Haan Moon, co-founder of the IIFWP, stated that he is "one of those individuals whose lives exemplify the ideal of living for the sake of others, and who dedicate themselves to practices which promote the founding ideals of the IIFWP."

Fashion
He launched the Chulo Brand in 2020 which was inspired by his popular nickname Papi Chulo  or Chulo for short. His fanbase (which is divided into two groups) also calls themselves Chulo Gang or Team Higher. With the Chulo Brand, Timaya says we should expect a fashion line and a cool merchandise rollout as he wants to channel his fashion essence through the brand.

Brand Ambassadorship
MTN
Globacom
Hennessy
Moniepoint

Discography

Albums
 True Story (2007)
 Gift And Grace (2008)
 De Rebirth (2010)
 LLNP Long Life N Prosperity (2011)
 Upgrade (2012)
 Epiphany (2014)
 Chulo Vibes EP (2019)
Gratitude 2020

Selected singles

Videography

Awards and nominations
Afrotainment-Museke Online African Music Awards
2011:Best Afro-Dancehall song, " Plantain Boy" (Won)
 Nigeria Music Awards
 2008: Album of the Year, True Story (Won)
 The Headies
2008: Best Reggae/Dancehall Album, True Story (Won)
2009: Best Reggae/Dancehall Album, Gift and Grace (Won)
2009: Best Collaboration, "Good or Bad" (with J. Martins and P-Square) (Won)
2009: Artiste of the Year (Nominated)
 2010: Best Collaboration, "Kokoroko" (with Kefee) (Won)
 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
2014: Indigenous Artist of the Year (Nominated)
AFRIMMA
Afrimma 2015 Best Dancehall Artist (Nominated)
Afrimma 2016 Best Dancehall Act of the Year (Nominated)
Afrimma 2017 Dancehall Act of the Year (Won)
Afrimma 2018 Best African Reggae/Dancehall Act (Nominated)
Grammy 2018
Morgan Heritage's Reggae Night (Global Remix) off the album Avrakedabra

Tours
2021 – Timaya US Tour
2019 – Timaya Chulo Vibes Europe Tour
2018 – Timaya Live in Canada
2017 – Timaya US Tour

Outstanding Collaboration
Cold Outside feat BNXN
Bum Bum remix feat Sean Paul
Pull Up feat Burna Boy
Malonogede feat Terry G
Life Anagaga - MI feat Timaya
Reggae Night - Morgan Heritage feat Timaya & others
Kokoroko - Kefee feat Timaya
Alubarika - Patoranking feat Timaya

See also

 List of people from Port Harcourt
 List of Nigerian musicians

References

External links

1977 births
Singers from Port Harcourt
Living people
Nigerian male singer-songwriters
Nigerian singer-songwriters
21st-century Nigerian male singers
Nigerian hip hop singers
The Headies winners
Nigerian reggae musicians
Afrobeats musicians


Vernon () is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Veyras is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Iran national beach soccer team () represents Iran in international beach soccer competitions and is controlled by the IFF, the governing body for football in Iran. Iran is the best ranked beach soccer team in Asia and is ranked second in the world.

Iran has won the AFC Beach Soccer Championship a record two times (2013, 2017). Iran has also appeared in the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup seven times, reaching the quarterfinals on three occasions (2013, 2015, 2017), and finishing in third place once (2017).

Team

Current squad
Correct as of November 2015

Coach: Marco Octávio

Fixtures & Results

Tournament record

FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup

Beach Soccer Intercontinental Cup

World Beach Games

Persian Beach Soccer Cup

AFC beach Soccer Asian Cup Championship

Asian Beach Games

Continental Beach Soccer Tournament

WAFF Beach Soccer Championship

World Cup record

History of coaches
 Farshad Falahatzadeh (2006)
 Marco Octávio (2007)
 Farshad Falahatzadeh (2008)
 Reza Sadeghpour (2009)
 Marco Octávio (2010)
 Behzad Dadashzadeh (2011)
 Marco Octávio (2012–2015)
 Mohammad Hossein Mirshamsi (2015–2017)
 Marco Octávio (2017–2019)
 Abbas Hashempour (2021–2022)
 Ali Naderi (2022–present)

Former notable players
Behzad Dadashzadeh
Farshad Falahatzadeh

References

External links
FIFA.com profile

Asian national beach soccer teams
Beach soccer
Beach soccer in Iran


Prunus fremontii is a North American species of plants in the rose family, known by the common name desert apricot. It takes its scientific name from John C. Frémont. It is found in northern and western Baja California especially, mostly Pacific and western, and the adjacent area of southern California. It also occurs in northern Baja California Sur.

Description
Prunus fremontii is a deciduous shrub or small tree reaching up to  in height. The flowers are white or pink, blooming about the same time as the leaves unfurl in the spring. The fruits are yellow and egg-shaped.

Uses
The fruits are an important food for Native American groups, such as the Cahuilla.

References

External links
Jepson Manual treatment for Prunus fremontii
Interactive Distribution Map of Prunus fremontii

fremontii
Flora of California
Trees of Baja California
Trees of Baja California Sur
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Plants described in 1880
John C. Frémont
Taxa named by Sereno Watson
Plants used in Native American cuisine
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Trees of Mediterranean climate
Drought-tolerant trees
Drought-tolerant plants
Desert fruits


Cluster of differentiation CD79A also known as B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain and MB-1 membrane glycoprotein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD79A gene.

The CD79a protein together with the related CD79b protein, forms a dimer associated with membrane-bound immunoglobulin in B-cells, thus forming the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). This occurs in a similar manner to the association of CD3 with the T-cell receptor, and enables the cell to respond to the presence of antigens on its surface.

It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-3.

Gene

The mouse CD79A gene, then called mb-1, was cloned in the late 1980s, followed by the discovery of human CD79A in the early 1990s. It is a short gene, 4.3 kb in length, with 5 exons encoding for 2 splice variants resulting in 2 isoforms.

CD79A is conserved and abundant among ray-finned fish (actinopterygii) but not in the evolutionarily more ancient chondrichthyes such as shark. The occurrence of CD79A thus coincides with the evolution of B cell receptors with greater diversity generated by recombination of multiple V, D, and J elements in bony fish contrasting the single V, D and J elements found in shark.

Structure

CD79a is a membrane protein with an extracellular immunoglobulin domain, a single span transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic domain. The cytoplasmic domain contains multiple phosphorylation sites including a conserved dual phosphotyrosine binding motif, termed immunotyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). The larger CD79a isoform contains an insert in position 88-127 of human CD79a resulting in a complete immunoglobulin domain, whereas the smaller isoform has only a truncated Ig-like domain. CD79a has several cysteine residues, one of which forms covalent bonds with CD79b.

Function

CD79a plays multiple and diverse roles in B cell development and function. The CD79a/b heterodimer associates non-covalently with the immunoglobulin heavy chain through its transmembrane region, thus forming the BCR along with the immunoglobulin light chain and the pre-BCR when associated with the surrogate light chain in developing B cells. Association of the CD79a/b heterodimer with the immunoglobulin heavy chain is required for surface expression of the BCR and BCR induced calcium flux and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Genetic deletion of the transmembrane exon of CD79A results in loss of CD79a protein and a complete block of B cell development at the pro to pre B cell transition. Similarly, humans with homozygous splice variants in CD79A predicted to result in loss of the transmembrane region and a truncated or absent protein display agammaglobulinemia and no peripheral B cells.

The CD79a ITAM tyrosines (human CD79a Tyr188 and Tyr199, mouse CD79a Tyr182 and Tyr193) phosphorylated in response to BCR crosslinking, are critical for binding of Src-homology 2 domain-containing kinases such as spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and signal transduction by CD79a.  In vivo, the CD79a ITAM tyrosines synergize with the CD79b ITAM tyrosines to mediate the transition from the pro to the pre B cell stage as suggested by the analysis of mice with targeted mutations of the CD79a and CD79b ITAM. Loss of only one of the two functional CD79a/b ITAMs resulted in impaired B cell development but B cell functions such as the T cell independent type II response and BCR mediated calcium flux in the available B cells were intact. However, the presence of both the CD79a and CD79b ITAM tyrosines were required for normal T cell dependent antibody responses. The CD79a cytoplasmic domain further contains a non-ITAM tyrosine distal of the CD79a ITAM (human CD79a Tyr210, mouse CD79a Tyr204) that can bind BLNK and Nck once phosphorylated, and is critical for BCR mediated B cell proliferation and B1 cell development. CD79a ITAM tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling is negatively regulated by serine and threonine residues in direct proximity of the ITAM (human CD79a Ser197, Ser203, Thr209; mouse CD79a Ser191, Ser197, Thr203), and play a role in limiting formation of bone marrow plasma cells secreting IgG2a and IgG2b.

Diagnostic relevance

The CD79a protein is present on the surface of B-cells throughout their life cycle, and is absent on all other healthy cells, making it a highly reliable marker for B-cells in immunohistochemistry. The protein remains present when B-cells transform into active plasma cells, and is also present in virtually all B-cell neoplasms, including B-cell lymphomas, plasmacytomas, and myelomas. It is also present in abnormal lymphocytes associated with some cases of Hodgkins disease. Because even on B-cell precursors, it can be used to stain a wider range of cells than can the alternative B-cell marker CD20, but the latter is more commonly retained on mature B-cell lymphomas, so that the two are often used together in immunohistochemistry panels.

See also
 Cluster of differentiation

References

Further reading

External links

Clusters of differentiation


The New York Volunteers, also known as the New York Companies and 1st Dutchess County Company, was a British Loyalist Provincial regiment, which served with the British Army, during American Revolutionary War.   Eventually, the New York Volunteers became the 3rd American Regiment, after being place on American establishment.

Regiment formed
The "New York Volunteers" were raised in Halifax, Province of Nova Scotia, in January, 1776.  Two companies, in the 1776 New York Campaign. In March 1777 a detachment of the Volunteers along with soldiers of the Queen's Rangers were sent out to West Farms to fend off an insurgent raiding party in the act of rustling cattle and horses. The rebels were tracked to the home of Steven Bridge, leading to an evening siege in which as many as 50 were killed and another 27 taken prisoner. During surrender negotiations, Captain Archibald Campbell was shot in the heart and killed. The Volunteers later participated in the 1777 Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery.  In October, 1778 they were sent to East Florida and were present, at the 1779 capture of Savannah and the 1780 Charleston. The Volunteers were at the 1780 Battle of Camden and the 1781 Hobkirk's Hill.

On May 2, 1779 New York Volunteers were placed on the American Establishment, as the 3rd American Regiment. A detachment of the regiment served, under Charles Grey in the defence of Plymouth, when their transport ship was blown across the Atlantic, after encountering foul weather, while sailing down the North American coastline. It was disbanded in Canada in 1783.

References

 Nelson, Paul David. Sir Charles Grey, First Earl Grey: Royal Soldier, Family Patriarch. Associated University Presses, 1996.

Loyalist military units in the American Revolution


Olof Charles "Olle" Ericsson (1 June 1890 – 25 July 1950) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the team 300 m military rifle, standing competition. In the 1924 he also participated in the following events:
 Team free rifle – seventh place
 600 m free rifle – 14th place
 50 m rifle, prone – 26th place

Ericsson won several dozen medals in the discontinued 50 and 300 m rifle events at the world championships of 1927–1937.

References

1890 births
1950 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
People from Kumla Municipality
Sportspeople from Örebro County
20th-century Swedish people


CD79b molecule, immunoglobulin-associated beta, also known as CD79B (Cluster of Differentiation 79B), is a human gene.

It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-6.

The B lymphocyte antigen receptor is a multimeric complex that includes the antigen-specific component, surface immunoglobulin (Ig). Surface Ig non-covalently associates with two other proteins, Ig-alpha and Ig-beta, which are necessary for expression and function of the B-cell antigen receptor. This gene encodes the Ig-beta protein of the B-cell antigen component. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.

See also
 Cluster of differentiation

References

Further reading

External links

 PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein beta chain (CD79B)

Clusters of differentiation


"Anges" (lit. Angel in French) is the first mini-album of the Japanese Singer Shunichi Miyamoto under Victor Entertainment. It was released on December 12, 2003. It includes the live versions of the song, Byakuya ~True Light~ and Caged Bird.

Track listing

CD
 The Way To Myself
 Run Deeper!
 帰るべき場所 - (Kaerubeki Basho)
 そばにいられるなら - (Soba Ni Irareru Nara; If I Can Stay Close To You (Close To You))
 Never, So Far Away
 Anges
 そばにいられるなら（Starlight Version） - (Soba Ni Irareru Nara (Starlight Version); If I Can Stay Close To You (Close To You (Starlight Version))
 Caged Bird（Live Version）
 白夜～True Light～（Live Version） - (Byakuya ~True Light~ (Live Version); White Night ~True Light~ (Live Version))

Chart performance

Charts

References

2003 albums


Leonid Nikolaevich Moseyev (; born October 21, 1952, in Metlyno, Chelyabinsk Oblast) is a retired male long-distance runner from the Soviet Union.

Moseyev won the gold medal in the men's marathon at the 1978 European Championships in Prague.

He twice competed in the same event for the Soviet Union at the Summer Olympics in 1976 and 1980, finishing 7th and 5th respectively.

Achievements

External links
1978 Year Ranking

1952 births
Living people
Soviet male long-distance runners
Russian male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
People from Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1977 Summer Universiade
Sportspeople from Chelyabinsk Oblast


Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) also known as CD66e (Cluster of Differentiation 66e), is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family.

Functions
In the literature, CEACAM5 is often used as a synonym for cancer embryonic antigen (CEA), a well-known biomarker of many types of malignancies, such as colorectal cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. Its primary function in the embryonic intestine and colon tumors is adhesion between epithelial cells. Also, it plays a significant role in the inhibition of differentiation  and apoptosis  in colon cells. There are evidences that high CEACAM5 expression is firmly associated with the CD133-positive colorectal cancer stem cells. High CEACAM5 expression has also been identified in ~25% of patients with advanced non-squamous (NSq) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) detectable via IHC (immunohistochemistry).

See also
 Cluster of differentiation

References

Further reading

External links

 PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5)

Clusters of differentiation


Forstbotanisk Have (lit. "Forestry Botanical Garden"), or Charlottenlund Arboretum was established in 1838 as an educational garden for botanists as part of the University of Copenhagen. It has previously been managed as a unit under the Hørsholm Arboretum, which in turn is operated by the University of Copenhagen's Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management. From 2008 until October 2021 it had been managed by the Skov- og Naturstyrelsen ("The Danish Nature Agency"). The land is now rented from the state and maintained by Gentofte Municipality. It is located in the grounds of Charlottenlund Palace north of Copenhagen, Denmark.

It is 3.5 hectares in size and has more than 600 species of trees and plants. It is open to the public for free 24 hours a day.

References

External links
 Forstbotanisk Have homepage

Parks and open spaces in Gentofte Municipality
1835 establishments in Denmark
Botanical gardens in Denmark
Tourist attractions in the Capital Region of Denmark


Gustaf Walfrid Hellman (17 November 1883 – 7 October 1952) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish team in the team 300 metre military rifle, standing competition.

References

External links
profile

1883 births
1952 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Corning Airport may refer to:
Elmira-Corning Regional Airport, Elmira, New York

See also
Corning Municipal Airport (disambiguation)


Lake Charles is a reservoir in Vernon Hills, Illinois, United States. It is serviced by Lake Charles Park, managed by the Vernon Hills Park District. Fishing is allowed on the 39.1 acre lake, and a fishing pier allows anglers to cast further into the lake. For those interested in boating, a small canoe launch is available as well. The deepest point in the lake is 10 feet (3 m), and contains bluegill, largemouth bass, and sunfish.

References

Lake Charles is located in the center of Gregg's Landing

Charles
Protected areas of Lake County, Illinois
Lakes of Lake County, Illinois


The Rascals were an English rock band formed in Hoylake, Merseyside, in 2007. Their debut album, Rascalize, was released on 23 June 2008. In August 2009, it was announced that the lead singer, Miles Kane, had left the Rascals to focus on a solo career and the group disbanded. Kane later formed the band, the Last Shadow Puppets, with Alex Turner of the Arctic Monkeys.

History

Early years
Hailing from Hoylake (The Wirral, on Merseyside) in England, The Rascals began as a three person band in September 2007. They were signed to Deltasonic Records and played their first gig as support for more well-known bands, including Arctic Monkeys.

Initial releases
On December 2007, the band released their debut EP, Out of Dreams, which contains their first single of the same name. A second single was released on 18 February 2008 called Suspicious Wit.

Rascalize
The Rascals' debut album, Rascalize, was released on 23 June 2008 (first released on iTunes on 15 June 2008). The album's reception was not successful commercially, only peaking at #100 on the UK Albums Chart for one week; however, its release was generally well received by critics.

Appearance in Awaydays
The Rascals perform in the film Awaydays, an adaptation of the book by Kevin Sampson. In the film, they are seen playing a cover version of the song All That Jazz by Echo & the Bunnymen. The track is available on the Soundtrack, released on 18 May 2008.

Miles Kane's departure
On 24 August 2009, lead singer Miles Kane confirmed to NME.COM that he had quit The Rascals. Kane stated that he was writing new material and had been in the studio. Greg Mighall and Joe Edwards announced they were working on a film project with 'Awaydays' star Liam Boyle.

Conflicts with the name
Despite carrying the same name as the American band The Rascals, the English band has stated that it was unintentionally copied. Miles Kane used to tell in several interviews that when they were in The Little Flames, they were often called "You Little Rascals".

Membership
The group consisted of:
 Miles Kane – Lead vocals and guitar
 Joe Edwards – Bass
 Greg Mighall – Drums

Discography

Album

EPs

Singles

Music videos
 Out of Dreams
 Suspicious Wit
 Freakbeat Phantom
 I'll Give You Sympathy
 I'll Give You Sympathy (Night Time Version)

References

External links
 Profile at Last.fm

English indie rock groups
Musical groups established in 2007
Musical groups from Merseyside
Deltasonic Records artists


Nammalvar Lingusamy, (born 14 November 1967), is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and film producer in Tamil cinema based in Chennai. Lingusamy made his directorial debut with Aanandham in 2001 and followed by Run (2002),  Sandakozhi (2005), Paiyaa (2010) and Vettai (2012). He and his brother N. Subash Chandrabose have also produced films through his production company, Thirupathi Brothers.

Career
Lingusamy born on 14 November 1967 and hails from a town Kumbakonam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. He worked as the assistant to A. Venkatesh and Vikraman.

He made his directorial debut with the Tamil family drama Aanandham, starring Mammootty. About the film, Linguswamy said: "The film actually is based on real life. Born in a large family I was impressed with the incidents my mother narrated to me. They were deeply etched in my memory and I thought I would use them when I got a chance to direct a film. Thus when Mr. Chowdhry gave me an opportunity I narrated the stories and he found them highly appealing". Linguswamy originally wanted to title the project, Thirupathi Brothers, which he later went on to name his production house. Aanandham opened to positive reviews in May 2001, with a critic noting that "it is a promising work from the debutant director". The film won several awards including the
Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil, Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil, and two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, while, The Hindu listed the film amongst the best of 2001.

His second film was Run with Madhavan. The film, too, was a commercially successful and also received good reviews. After the success of Run, Linguswamy announced his plans of re-collaborating with Madhavan in Sathyam, a film about student politics. Owing to Madhavan's unavailability, the role went to Ajith Kumar, with the film being newly re-titled Ji. Upon release the film received positive reviews especially a critic from Indiaglitz praising the film citing that "Lingusamy should be appreciated for giving a movie with pulsating sequences. He has infused the script with all the right ingredients and keeps the tempo of the narration on an even keel." Critics from The Hindu claimed that the film "could have been better". Similarly the film received a negative review from Rediff.com's critics citing that "Ji is for Ajith fans only!". The film took a large opening all over Tamil Nadu, but later turned out to be a box office failure and sustained a considerable loss for the producer.

His next project was Sandakozhi with Vishal in his second film. The film was a commercial success grossing $3.5 million at the box office. A critic from Sify in his review wrote: "Lingusamy lives up to his reputation as a director who makes racy action packed family entertainers with his new release Sandakozhi." In 2005, Vikram signed his next project Bheemaa, which faced severe delays and only released in January 2008. Upon release, the film gained mixed reviews though reviewers praised Vikram's performance with a critic claiming to see the film "only for him". Similarly the review from The Hindu was critical of the excessive violence and mentioned that "as narration gives way after a point, Vikram can only appear helpless". Noted director Gautham Vasudev Menon criticized the film in a leading newspaper.

In 2008, Lingusamy began filming his sixth project, Paiyaa featuring Karthi and Tamannaah in the lead roles. Upon release the film and its soundtrack by Yuvan Shankar Raja were successful and received generally positive reviews, with most critics calling the film "summer entertainer" and lauding its technical aspects. Sify described the film as a "road movie laced with mass elements and extraordinary songs", adding that it is a "jolly good ride" and naming it "technically [...] Linguswamy's his best". A reviewer from the Times of India, Bhama Devi Ravi, gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing that "the story is not earth-shatteringly new, but what pulls you into the movie is the different spin that Lingusamy gives to the familiar story".

Lingusamy's next made the action masala film Vettai with Arya and Madhavan in lead roles. Vettai released on the Pongal weekend on 14 January 2012, and received overall mixed to positive reviews as well.

Although Lingusamy has worked in Tamil only, his films have been dubbed or been remade in other languages too. Dubbed Telugu versions of Run, Sandakozhi and Paiyaa, titled Run, Pandem Kodi and Awara, respectively, were released in Andhra Pradesh and also became commercially successful. Aanandham was remade in 2005 as Sankranti by Muppalaneni Shiva in Telugu, while Jeeva remade Run in Hindi under the same title in 2004.

In 2014, Anjaan was released with cast of Suriya and Samantha. The film turned out to be a disaster. Critics lashed at the lack of content with some labelling it as a 'Kaatu Kuppa'. Part of the reason for the film's box office result was due to the hype generated by the film crew pre release which it subsequently could not satisfy and also became the basis of memes generated on social media. The film was also released in Telugu in the name of Sikandar for the Telugu fans of Suriya and Samantha.

He later directed  Sandakozhi 2 (2018) and bilingual Telugu, Tamil movie The Warriorr (2022).

Filmography

References

External links
 N. Lingusamy at Facebook

Tamil film producers
Tamil film directors
People from Theni district
Living people
Film producers from Tamil Nadu
Film directors from Tamil Nadu
21st-century Indian film directors
Tamil screenwriters
Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu
1965 births
Telugu film directors
Telugu screenwriters


Cadherin-1 or Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), (not to be confused with the APC/C activator protein CDH1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH1 gene. Mutations are correlated with gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid, and ovarian cancers. CDH1 has also been designated as CD324 (cluster of differentiation 324). It is a tumor suppressor gene.

History
The discovery of cadherin cell-cell adhesion proteins is attributed to Masatoshi Takeichi, whose experience with adhering epithelial cells began in 1966. His work originally began by studying lens differentiation in chicken embryos at Nagoya University, where he explored how retinal cells regulate lens fiber differentiation. To do this, Takeichi initially collected media that had previously cultured neural retina cells (CM) and suspended lens epithelial cells in it. He observed that cells suspended in the CM media had delayed attachment compared to cells in his regular medium. His interest in cell adherence was sparked, and he moved on to examine attachment in other conditions such as in the presence of protein, magnesium, and calcium. At this point in 1970s, little was understood about the specific roles these ions played. Therefore, Takeichi’s work in discovering calcium’s role in cell-cell adhesion was highly transformative.

Takeichi went on to discover the existence of multiple cadherins, beginning with E-cadherin. Using rats immunized with F9 cells, he worked with an undergraduate student in the Okada laboratory, Noboru Suzuki, to generate mouse antibodies called ECCD1. This antibody blocked cell-adhesion ability and showed a calcium-dependent interaction with its antigen, E-cadherin. They went on to find that ECCD1 reacted to a variety of epithelial cells when comparing antibody distributions. The delay Takeichi experienced in specifically discovering Ecadherin was most likely due to the model he used to initially investigate cell adherence. The chinese hamster V79 cells apparently did not express E-cadherin, but instead 20 other subtypes that have since been discovered.

Function

Cadherin-1 is a classical member of the cadherin superfamily. The encoded protein is a calcium-dependent cell–cell adhesion glycoprotein composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region, and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Mutations in this gene are correlated with gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid, and ovarian cancers. Loss of function is thought to contribute to progression in cancer by increasing proliferation, invasion, and/or metastasis. The ectodomain of this protein mediates bacterial adhesion to mammalian cells, and the cytoplasmic domain is required for internalization. Identified transcript variants arise from mutation at consensus splice sites.

E-cadherin (epithelial) is the most well-studied member of the cadherin family and is an essential transmembrane protein within adherens junctions. In addition to E-cadherin, adherens junctions are composed of the intracellular components, p120-catenin, beta-catenin, and alpha-catenin. Together, these proteins stabilize epithelial tissues and regulate intercellular exchange. The structure of E-cadherin consists of 5 cadherin repeats (EC1 ~ EC5) in the extracellular domain, one transmembrane domain, and a highly-phosphorylated intracellular domain. This region is vital to beta-catenin binding and, therefore, to E-cadherin function. Beta-catenin can also bind to alpha-catenin. Alpha-catenin participates in regulation of actin-containing cytoskeletal filaments. In epithelial cells, E-cadherin-containing cell-to-cell junctions are often adjacent to actin-containing filaments of the cytoskeleton.

E-cadherin is first expressed in the 2-cell stage of mammalian development, and becomes phosphorylated by the 8-cell stage, where it causes compaction. In adult tissues, E-cadherin is expressed in epithelial tissues, where it is constantly regenerated with a 5-hour half-life on the cell surface.   Cell–cell interactions mediated by E-cadherin are crucial to blastula formation in many animals.

Cell cycle
E-cadherin has been known to mediate adhesion-dependent proliferation inhibition by triggering cell cycle exit via contact inhibition of proliferation (CIP) and recruitment of the Hippo pathway. E-cadherin adhesions inhibit growth signals, which initiates a kinase cascade that excludes the transcription factor YAP from the nucleus. Conversely, decreasing cell density (decreasing cell-cell adhesion) or applying mechanical stretch to place E-cadherins under increased tension promotes cell cycle entry and YAP nuclear localization.

Cell sorting during epithelial budding
E-cadherin has been found to have a role in epithelial morphogenesis and branching, such as during the formation of epithelial buds. Physiologically, branching is an important feature that allows tissues, such as salivary glands and pancreatic buds, to maximize functional surface areas. It has been discovered that the application of appropriate growth factors and extracellular matrix can induce branching in tissue, but the mechanisms of branching appear to differ between single-layered and stratified epithelium.

Single-layered branching occurs as nearby mechanical influences, such as airway smooth muscle cells, cause epithelial sheets buckle. Stratified epithelial cannot respond to stimulus in the same way due to the absence of internal space (i.e. lumen) that allows tissue sheet flexibility. Instead, it appears stratified epithelial buds are generated by the clefting of one original epithelial cell cluster. Investigations in salivary glands revealed that buds expand as new cells are uniformly distributed across the peripheral surface. Surface-derived cells continue to replicate and produce daughter cells, which then move from the interior back to the surface. This movement is maintained by an E-cadherin gradient, in which surface cells have low levels of E-cadherin and interior cells have high levels of E-cadherin. Such a system allows for increased interactions between interior cells, limiting mobility and ensuring they remain more static, while likewise ensuring the surface cells are comparatively less hindered. This gives a fluidity to their movement within the stratified epithelia, until they begin to accumulate at the edges of the forming bud.

While this gradient is important for cell sorting within the tissue layers, additional experiments show that the physical generation of buds is dependent on cell-matrix interactions[13]. As low-E-cadherin cells accumulate at the surface, they tightly adhere to the basement membrane, allowing the epithelia to cleft and bud as the surface area expands and folds. If the structure of the basement membrane is disrupted, such as by collagenase, the low-E-cadherin cells no longer have a barrier to interact with. Surface-derived daughter cells fail to remain at the periphery to initiate budding under these conditions, yet budding can be reestablished with basement membrane restoration.

Cell sorting during gastrulation
The adhesive qualities of E-cadherin indicate it could be a relevant player within germ-layer organization during gastrulation. Gastrulation is a fundamental phase of vertebrate development in which three primary germ layers are defined, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cell adhesion has been linked to progenitor sorting, where ectoderm was found to be the least cohesive and mesoderm was comparable to endoderm cohesion. Initial work depleting calcium from media and, more strikingly, the impairment of E-cadherin both greatly impaired primary germ layer cohesion. As cohesive properties of progenitors were further examined, higher concentrations of CDH-1 were found on mesoderm or endoderm than on ectoderm.
While adhesion is a factor in gastrulation, the driving factor in cell sorting was instead found to be in cell-cortex tension[15]. Disrupting the actomyosin-dependent cell cortex with actin depolymerizers and myosin-II inhibitors interrupted impeded tension balances and was sufficient to inhibit cell sorting. This is likely because cell sorting is driven by energy minimization. WIthin tissue energetics, tension plays an important role in ensuring: (1) lower surface tension surrounds the higher surface tension germ layers; (2) aggregate surface tension is appropriately increased; and (3) tension is higher at the cell-to-medium interface than cell-to-cell interface[8]. Cellular adhesion must still be considered for a complete understanding of progenitor sorting, as it directly  diminishes the energetic effects of tension. Combined, tension and adhesion increase aggregate surface tension, which allows for unique interactions between differing germ layers and appropriate cell sorting.

Cell migration
Cell migration is vital for constructing and maintaining multicellular organization. Morphogenesis involves numerous events of cell migration, such as the migration of epithelial sheets in gastrulation, the neural crest cell migration, or posterior lateral line primordium migration. It is known that cells that begin to internalize at the dorsal surface of the embryo mobilize to extend the axis and direct posterior prechordal plate and notochord precursors. How cells are able to orient themselves during this process is dependent on the protrusions of “follower cells” to guide the leading cells in the appropriate direction.

E-cadherin has an active role in collective cell dynamics, such as by directing the migration of mesendoderm towards the animal pole. It has been demonstrated that the genetic knockdown of E-cadherin results in random orientations of the cellular protrusions, resulting in cellular migration that is random and no longer unified. Knockdowns in leading and following cell groups both resulted in a loss of orientation, which could be rescued by re-expressing E-cadherin.
The information E-cadherin transmitted from cell to cell was directional information inherent to cytoskeletal tension. Restoring only the external adhesion capability of E-cadherin was not enough to rescue protrusion orientation during knockdown experiments. The intracellular domain of E-cadherin is essential due to its mechanotransduction characteristics; it interacts with alpha-catenin and vinculin and altogether allows for the mechanosensation of tension. The exact mechanism on how mechanosensation directs actin-rich protrusions is yet to be elucidated, however initial investigations suggest regulation of PI3K activity is involved.

Force transduction by E-cadherin
Adherens junctions (AJs) form homotypic dimers between neighboring cells, where the intracellular protein complex interacts with the actomyosin cytoskeleton. p120-catenin controls E-cadherin membrane localization, while β-catenin and α-catenin provide the link that connect AJs to the cytoskeleton. If AJs experience tensile force when β-catenin is bound, the interaction, known as a catch bond interaction, between α-catenin and F-actin is reinforced. This exposes the a previously inaccessible actin binding site within α-catenin. The binding of vinculin to α-catenin offers the protein complex another linkage with actin in addition to recruiting proteins such as Mena/VASP.

Coordination of the actomyosin network between neighboring cells permits collective cellular activity, such as contractility during morphogenesis. This network is better equipped to maintain tissue integrity if under intercellular stress, but should not be considered a static system. E-cadherin is involved in cellular responses and transcriptional activators that impact migration, growth, and reorganization.

Mechanism of action
E-cadherin interacts with its environment through numerous pathways. One mechanism that it is involved in is the migration of tissue sheets via cryptic lamellipodia. Rac1 and its effectors act at the front edge of this structure to initiate actin polymerization, allowing the cell to generate force at the cellular margin and forward movement. As leader cells extend their lamellipodia, followers also extend protrusions to collect information on where the tissue sheet it moving. Cell migration is dependent on the generation of a polarized state, with Rac1 at the front and Rho-mediated adhesion at the rear. The release of Merlin from cell contacts partially mediates concomitant migration by acting as a mechanochemical transducer. This tumour suppressor protein relocalizes from cortical cell-cell junctions to the cytoplasm during migration to coordinate Rac1 activation. Other pathways can then modulate Merlin activity, such as circumferential actin belts, which suppresses the nuclear export of Merlin and its interaction with E-cadherin.

Interactions
CDH1 (gene) has been shown to interact with

 CBLL1,
 CDC27,
 CDH3,
 C-Met,
 CTNND1,
 CTNNB1,
 CTNNA1
  FOXM1,
 HDAC1,
 HDAC2,
 IQGAP1,
  FYN,
 NEDD9,
 Plakoglobin,
  Vinculin,

  PTPmu(PTPRM)
  PTPrho(PTPRT)

Clinical significance

Loss of E-cadherin function or expression has been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis.  E-cadherin downregulation decreases the strength of cellular adhesion within a tissue, resulting in an increase in cellular motility. This in turn may allow cancer cells to cross the basement membrane and invade surrounding tissues. E-cadherin is also used by pathologists to diagnose different kinds of breast cancer. When compared with invasive ductal carcinoma, E-cadherin expression is markedly reduced or absent in the great majority of invasive lobular carcinomas when studied by immunohistochemistry. E-cadherin and N-cadherin temporal-spatial expression are tightly regulated during cranial suture fusion in craniofacial development.

Cancer

Metastasis
Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states play important roles in embryonic development and cancer metastasis. E-cadherin level changes in EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) and MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition). E-cadherin acts as an invasion suppressor and a classical tumor suppressor gene in pre-invasive lobular breast carcinoma.

EMT

E-cadherin is a crucial type of cell–cell adhesion to hold the epithelial cells tight together. E-cadherin can sequester β-catenin on the cell membrane by the cytoplasmic tail of E-cadherin. Loss of E-cadherin expression results in releasing β-catenin into the cytoplasm. Liberated β-catenin molecules may migrate into the nucleus and trigger the expression of EMT-inducing transcription factors. Together with other mechanisms, such as constitutive RTK activation, E-cadherin loss can lead cancer cells to the mesenchymal state and undergo metastasis. E-cadherin is an important switch in EMT.

MET

The mesenchymal state cancer cells migrate to new sites and may undergo METs in certain favorable microenvironment. For example, the cancer cells can recognize differentiated epithelial cell features in the new sites and upregulate E-cadherin expression. Those cancer cells can form cell–cell adhesions again and return to an epithelial state.

Examples

Inherited inactivating mutations in CDH1 are associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Individuals with this condition have up to a 70% lifetime risk of developing diffuse gastric carcinoma, and females with CDH1 mutations have up to a 60% lifetime risk of developing lobular breast cancer.
Inactivation of CDH1 (accompanied with loss of the wild-type allele) in 56% of lobular breast carcinomas.
Inactivation of CDH1 in 50% of diffuse gastric carcinomas.
Complete loss of E-cadherin protein expression in 84% of lobular breast carcinomas.

Genetic and epigenetic control

Several proteins such as SNAI1, ZEB2, SNAI2, TWIST1 and ZEB1 have been found to downregulate E-cadherin expression. When expression of those transcription factors is altered, transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin were overexpressed in tumor cells. Another group of genes, such as AML1, p300 and HNF3, can upregulate the expression of E-cadherin.

In order to study the epigenetic regulation of E-cadherin, M Lombaerts et al. performed a genome wide expression study on 27 human mammary cell lines. Their results revealed two main clusters that have the fibroblastic or epithelial phenotype, respectively. In close examination, the clusters showing fibroblast phenotypes only have either partial or complete CDH1 promoter methylation, while the clusters with epithelial phenotypes have both wild-type cell lines and cell lines with mutant CDH1 status. The authors also found that EMT can happen in breast cancer cell lines with hypermethylation of CDH1 promoter, but in breast cancer cell lines with a CDH1 mutational inactivation EMT cannot happen. It contradicts the hypothesis that E-cadherin loss is the initial or primary cause for EMT. In conclusion, the results suggest that “E-cadherin transcriptional inactivation is an epi-phenomenon and part of an entire program, with much more severe effects than loss of E-cadherin expression alone”.

Other studies also show that epigenetic regulation of E-cadherin expression occurs during metastasis. The methylation patterns of the E-cadherin 5’ CpG island are not stable. During metastatic progression of many cases of epithelial tumors, a transient loss of E-cadherin is seen and the heterogeneous loss of E-cadherin expression results from a heterogeneous pattern of promoter region methylation of E-cadherin.

See also
 Hereditary lobular breast cancer
 Cluster of differentiation

References

Further reading

External links

 GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer

Clusters of differentiation
Tumor suppressor genes


Out of Dreams is the debut EP by Hoylake indie rock band The Rascals, first released on 9 December 2007.

The EP features "Out of Dreams", the second track of their debut album Rascalize, along with three other songs.

Track listing

References

2007 debut EPs
The Rascals (English band) albums


Ray Kennedy (1951–2021) was an English footballer for Arsenal and Liverpool.

Ray or Raymond Kennedy may also refer to:

 Raymond Kennedy (novelist) (1934–2008), American novelist
 Raymond Louis Kennedy (1946–2014), singer-songwriter and musician
 Raymond M. Kennedy (1891–1976), guiding light and architect of the Grauman's Chinese Theater
 Ray Kennedy (country singer) (born 1954), country music artist
 Ray Kennedy (pianist) (1957–2015), American jazz pianist
 Ray Kennedy (journalist) (born 1970), Irish journalist
 Ray Kennedy (baseball) (1895–1969), American baseball player, scout and executive


Jardim da Luz (also: Praça da Luz or Parque da Luz) is a public park near the Luz station and Avenida Tiradentes in the Bom Retiro district of São Paulo. The headquarters of the Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo is located in the southeastern corner of the park.

History
Originally created in 1798 as a botanical garden, the garden was transformed into a public park only in 1938, initially only serving as a big pasture for cattle and cows.

In 1900 was inaugurated the headquarters of Liceu de Artes e Ofícios de São Paulo, a building that nowadays holds the Pinacoteca do Estado.

During a big part of the 20th century, Jardim da Luz passed through a period of severe degradation, serving as a zone of prostitution and drug trafficking. The state government has since revitalized the central region of the city through a series of reforms, including installation of sculptures in the park, a remodel of the Pinacoteca do Estado, and increased police supervision of the area.

Sculptures

References

Parks in São Paulo
Protected areas of São Paulo (state)


Baâlons () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Baâlonnais or Baâlonnaises.

Geography
Baâlons is located some 25 km north-east of Rethel and 18 km south of Charleville-Mézières. Access to the commune is by the D28 road from Bouvellemont in the south which passes through the village and continues north-east then north to join the D27.  The D991 also goes north from Bouvellemont passing through the west of the commune to join the D951 north of Mazerny. The commune is mixed forest and farmland with particularly large forests in the east.

The Ruisseau du Fond Cahors rises west of the village and flows west to join the Ruisseau de la Fontaine aux Chênes. The Ruisseau des Puiselets forms the western border of the commune as it flows south to join the Ruisseau du Fond Cahors. The Ruisseau de Baâlons rises in the north of the commune and flows south towards the village then turns east to join the Ruisseau de Bairon on the eastern border. The Ruisseau de Bairon forms the eastern border of the commune as it flows south to join the Étang de Bairon which feeds into the Canal des Ardennes west of Tannay.

Hamlets and localities in the commune

Géraumont
Géraumont was a former fief where there is still a castle, now Géromont Farm.

Les Puiselets
A small hamlet west of Baâlons village. It is now very sparsely populated however the General Dictionary of cities towns, villages, hamlets and farms of France by Duclos says that in 1846 there were 70 inhabitants.

Beauvois
A Hamlet in the north of the commune which is still populated.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History
Various objects have been found in the commune:
Tools and shards of flint which are probably Neolithic
Gallo-Roman Bronze Statuettes of Mars and Jupiter
A Merovingian and Carolingian Cemetery

The Universal Dictionary of Ancient and Modern France and New France by Marin Saugrain stated in 1726 that:

"BAALON in Champagne, Diocese of Reims, Parliament of Paris, Intendance of Chalons, Election of Rhetel, has 419 inhabitants. The Curate is worth nine hundred livres.".

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Population

Sites and Monuments

The Church of Saint-Rémi is a church dating to the 13th century in the late Romanesque style with a tympanum over the door from the 10th century representing a man with a crosier and an open book flanked by two angels. The church contains two items which are registered as historical objects:
A Group Sculpture: Saint Nicolas (17th century)
A Statue: Virgin and child (14th century)
The Chapel of Saint Anne was built in 1911 on the site of a chapel dating from 1807 near the Saint Anne spring which was a place of pilgrimage. The Procession of Saint Anne is held on 26 July of each year.

Church and Chapel Picture Gallery

Notable people linked to the commune
Eugène Houssière, emigrated to Louisiana USA in 1883, donated the Chapel of Saint Anne in 1911.

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

External links
 Baâlons
 Baâlons on the old National Geographic Institute website
Baâlons on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Baalon on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Ardennes (department)