Jimmy Humes (born 6 August 1942) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger. He played in The Football League for four clubs.

Playing career
Humes began his career with Preston North End, making his debut aged 17 in a Division One match against Nottingham Forest. After a spell with Bristol Rovers, Humes joined Chester in July 1963.

He spent four years at Chester, with the most memorable season being 1964–65. Along with teammates Mike Metcalf, Elfed Morris, Hugh Ryden and Gary Talbot, Humes managed to score 20 first-team goals. This included a diving header to give Chester the lead at Manchester United in the FA Cup, although United recovered to win 2–1.

Humes moved to Barnsley in July 1967, where he ended his professional career with seven league appearances. After spending a year playing for non-league side Chorley, Humes retired from playing and went on to work for housing department for Carlisle City Council.

Honours

Barnsley

Division Four runners-up: 1967–68 (7 apps, 1 goal).

External links
Career stats

References

1942 births
Living people
Footballers from Carlisle, Cumbria
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
English Football League players
Preston North End F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players


Faugères (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


College Road may refer to:

 A2212 road in London, England
 College Road, Hong Kong, Kowloon City, Hong Kong
 College Road drill hall, Hanley, former military installation at College Road (formerly Victoria Road) in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
 College Road Trip, 2008 American family comedy film.
 North Carolina Highway 132, known as College Road in Wilmington, North Carolina

Odonyms referring to a building


Rotherham F.C. could mean one of four football clubs:
Rotherham F.C., founded in December 1870, which originally played to Sheffield rules on the Doncaster Road and which dissolved in around 1878;
Rotherham Town F.C. (1878), a former member of the Football League
Rotherham Town F.C. (1899)
Rotherham United F.C.


Arthur Wellin (born 31 October 1880, date of death unknown) was a German film director, actor, screenwriter and producer. He directed 18 films between 1916 and 1927. He also appeared in 11 films between 1915 and 1933. He was born in Berlin, Germany.

Selected filmography
 The Vice (1915)
 The Picture of Dorian Gray (1917)
 The Rose of Stamboul (1919)
 The Last of the Mohicans (1920)
 The Deerslayer and Chingachgook (1920)
 Don Juan (1922)
 Miss Rockefeller Is Filming (1922)
 Orient (1924)
 Lützow's Wild Hunt (1927)
 Light-Hearted Isabel (1927)
 The Convict from Istanbul (1929)

References

External links

1880 births
Film people from Berlin
German male film actors
German male silent film actors
Year of death missing
20th-century German male actors


Colangelo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Bryan Colangelo (born 1965), American basketball executive
 Jerry Colangelo (born 1939), American businessman and sports mogul, father of Bryan
 Mike Colangelo (born 1976), American baseball player


Félines may refer to the following places in France:

 Félines, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
 Félines, Haute-Loire, a commune in the department of Haute-Loire
 Félines-Minervois, a commune in the department of Hérault
 Félines-sur-Rimandoule, a commune in the department of Drôme
 Félines-Termenès, a commune in the department of Aude


Félines () is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The 1954 Polish Speedway season was the 1954 season of motorcycle speedway in Poland.

Individual

Polish Individual Speedway Championship
The 1954 Individual Speedway Polish Championship was held over five legs.

Wrocław, 30 May
Katowice, 20 June
Leszno, 8 August
Bydgoszcz, 3 October
Warsawa, 17 October

Team

Team Speedway Polish Championship
The 1954 Team Speedway Polish Championship was the seventh edition of the Team Polish Championship.

Rules

In First League, matches were played with part two teams, with it playing it matches return.  Teams were made up of six drivers plus two reserves. The score of heat: 3–2–1–0.  Mecz consisted of 9 heats.  For winning a game a team received 2 points, draw – 1 point, loss – 0 points.  The drivers from main squads started in match three times.  The quantity of small points was added up.

First League

Medalists

References

Poland Individual
Speedway


The NATO Eurofighter 2000 and Tornado Management Agency (NETMA) is the prime customer and management body for the four-state Eurofighter Typhoon Weapon System programme. Its offices are located in Hallbergmoos, Germany and it is staffed by civilian and military secondees from the participating states – the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Spain. Miguel Ángel Martín Pérez was appointed the General Manager of NETMA in mid-2020. Previous General Managers include Air Vice-Marshal Graham Farnell of the British Royal Air Force and Lt. General Gabriele Salvestroni of the Italian Air Force.

NETMA was established in 1996 to replace two former organisations – the NATO Multirole Combat Aircraft Development and Production Management Agency (NAMMA) and the NATO EFA Development Production and Logistics Management Agency (NEFMA). It is responsible for the joint development and production of both the Typhoon and the NATO Multi-Role Combat Aircraft, namely the Panavia Tornado.

References

Organizations established in 1996
Eurofighter aircraft
Panavia Tornado
NATO agencies
Organisations based in Munich


Fons is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gourdon () is a commune in of the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Zuzanów  is a village in Otwock County, Gmina Sobienie-Jeziory, Poland. From 1975 to 1998 the village was in Siedlce Voivodeship.

The population is around 80. It lies approximately  east of Sobienie-Jeziory,  south of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

Villages in Otwock County


Driver licences in Australia refer to the official permit required for a person to legally drive a motor vehicle in Australia. The issue of driver licences, alongside the regulation and enforcement of road use, are all managed by state and territory governments.

As no Australia-wide licensing scheme exists, rules for the issue of licences vary by jurisdiction. Nevertheless, licences are generally recognised and valid in other states and territories. Since 1997, nationwide uniform arrangements have been in place for the regulation of full drivers licences for motor vehicles, as well as their renewal.

Australia's lack of identity cards has led to driving licences becoming the de facto photo ID used in everyday situations. In 2017, the federal government proposed creation of a national drivers licence database that would involve state or territory governments handing over the identities of drivers in a stated bid to toughen national security laws. The national ID database would be used to monitor public events, but could be transferred to a national drivers licence system with agreement from the states.

Classes of licences
All states and territories in Australia have a uniform driver licence system.

The medical standards for drivers of commercial vehicles are set by the National Transport Commission and Austroads.

The driver of a vehicle carrying paying passengers (such as a school bus or tourist coach) is required to hold a driver licence depending on the size of the vehicle as well as a "Public Passenger Vehicle Driver Authority" which is issued by the state or territory Ministry of Transport.

Some states issue driver's licences for particular transmissions only. Drivers with an automatic-approved licence are not able to drive manual-transmission vehicles, whereas manual-approved drivers are able to operate both. States such as South Australia have no such differentiation, and can drive both regardless of which they learnt with.

Car licences – rules by jurisdiction

Terms
The official nomenclature for car licences varies in the states and territories, for example, "Driver's Licence" or "Driver Licence". However, "Driver's Licence" is most commonly used.

The official names for learners also vary, for example, "Learner Driver Licences" or "Learner's Permit", although they are commonly referred to as "L-platers".

Graduated Licensing System comparison between states and territories

P plate rules comparison between states and territories

Australian Capital Territory
The driving age in the Australian Capital Territory is 17 years, but after obtaining a licence, a driver is subject to restrictions during a three-year probationary period.

New South Wales
The minimum driving age in New South Wales is 16 years. The government introduced the Graduated Licensing Scheme in 2000 and therefore learners progress from a learner licence, to a provisional P1 licence, to a provisional P2 licence and finally to a full licence over an extended period of time. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a three-year probationary period.

 As of 20 November 2017, the Hazard Perception Test, became a requirement for learner drivers to progress to P1 Provisional licence.

P1 and P2 drivers are also prohibited from driving a vehicle with a power-to-weight ratio of or greater than 130 kilowatts per tonne as of 1 August 2014, replacing the previous law of being prohibited from driving vehicles with 8 or more cylinders and being turbocharged or supercharged (diesel vehicles exempt) If a P1 or P2 licence holder is disqualified by a court for a serious driving offence, they will have a one-passenger condition imposed on them at all times while on their P1 or P2 licence. It is also worth noting that any time a P1 or P2 licence is suspended or disqualified will NOT count towards the 12 months/24 months needed for the holder to progress to a P2/full licence.

 A provisional P2 licence (commonly known as Ps and Greens) is gained after one year on P1 licence. The driver is restricted to a speed limit of 100 km/h, a zero alcohol limit and a maximum of seven demerit points; however, they are eligible to upgrade the class of their licence to those for heavier vehicles, to a maximum of a Heavy Combination (HC). P2 drivers must conspicuously display a green-on-white "P-plate" on the exterior of the vehicle at all times. P2 drivers must hold the licence for two years before progressing to the next stage. From 1 December 2016, P2 licence holders will no longer be permitted to use a mobile phone at all while driving or riding.

These are ID cards issued for non-drivers by the Roads and Maritime Services.

Northern Territory
The learner licence may be obtained at age 16. Learner drivers may not use a mobile phone and must be supervised by a full licence holder and may not drive faster than 80 km/h. After holding the learner licence for six months a provisional licence may be obtained. Once the provisional licence is obtained, it must be held for a minimum of 2 years before obtaining the full Northern Territory licence.

Source: Northern Territory Department of Transport

Queensland

South Australia

Note: Drivers on their provisional or learners licence follow their own state's imposed limits while driving in other states. While driving on a SA licence in states with a provisional and learner licence imposed maximum speed limit less than 100 km/h, drivers are able to still drive at 100 km/h, while local P and L platers are subject to their own state's restrictions, such as 90 km/h in New South Wales. This means that South Australian provisional or learner drivers may be pulled over more frequently than local drivers.

Tasmania

 As of 2 March 2015; L2 drivers have new speed restrictions in which they can drive at 90 km/h in a 90 or 100 zone and at 100 km/h in a 110 zone.

Note: there are no vehicle restrictions in Tasmania.

Victoria
The minimum driving age in Victoria is 18 years. A learner can drive at the age of 16 under the supervision of a fully licensed driver since 1966. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a 4-year probationary period.

Western Australia

The driving age in Western Australia is 17 years. A learner can drive at the age of 16 under the supervision of a fully licensed driver. After obtaining a licence, a driver continues to be subject to restrictions during a 2-year probationary period.

Note: there are no vehicle restrictions in Western Australia.

Graduated demerit points
As of 1 December 2010, the Western Australian Government introduced a new Graduated Demerit Point system for Novice Drivers (which includes L- and P-plate drivers). Under this system, a driver may accrue less than 4 demerit points within the first year of their provisional licence, and less than 8 points within the second year, before losing their licence. These limits include demerit points accrued before these 1- and 2-year periods.

Full driver's licence
The provisional licence automatically converts into a full driver's licence after the 2-year probationary period. Drivers with full driver's licences must drive with a blood alcohol content less than 0.05%, may accrue less than 12 demerit points before being disqualified, and may drive at up to 110 km/h (the maximum speed limit in the state). 'P' plate drivers may also drive up to 110 km /h, where permitted by the state.

WA has two classes of drivers licence:
C which enables one to drive any vehicle weighing less than 4.5 tonnes
C-A which enables one to drive any vehicle fitted with an automatic transmission and weighing less than 4.5 tonnes. Refer

Double or nothing
Drivers who have accrued 12 or more demerit points can choose to continue driving on a 12-month Good Behaviour Period. If more than two demerit points are accrued during the 12-month period (even on different fines), the licence is lost for twice the original disqualification period; usually 6 months (3 months x 2).

Identification

Australia does not have a national identity card, and driver's licences are  commonly used as a means of photo identification. Photo cards are also available, especially for non-drivers. Beside identification, these may be used as proof of age for entry to venues which have age restrictions, such as premises where alcohol is sold.

Licences and photo cards are hologrammed, and contain a photograph, signature, the holder's address, and date of birth.

Electronic online identification can be (partly) established using a driver's licence for online applications for some services such as SIM card activation, and opening bank accounts.

The Australian Attorney-General's Department provides a document verification service that allows for validation of some licences.

Many issuing authorities such as NSW allow for an online check of the validity of a driver's licence.

Digital Driver Licences

New South Wales
The Digital Driver Licence was first trialled in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs, Dubbo and Albury before being rolled out statewide in October 2019. Under the system, Digital Driver Licences are available through the Service NSW app. The app allows licences to show dynamic content including demerit points, expiry date, suspension details and licence conditions. Drivers will continue to receive a physical licence card for backup purposes in addition to interstate and overseas usage.

South Australia
South Australia became the first state to officially roll out digital driver's licences via its mySA GOV smartphone app in October 2017. The app allows licences to show dynamic content including demerit points, expiry statuses and licence conditions.

Queensland
In 2020, Queensland trialled digital licences in the Fraser Coast Region. During the Fraser Coast test, users reported a 94 per cent satisfaction rating. The Queensland Government has announced plans to host another trial in Townsville in 2022 and a state-wide roll out in 2023.

Overseas licences
With the exception of the Northern Territory and Victoria, visitors with a temporary visa (other than a permanent visa) from other countries are conditionally permitted to drive with their current overseas drivers licence for the length of their stay. Conditions vary for every state and territory. Generally, drivers must carry their overseas licence with them. A certified translation or International Driving Permit is only required if the licence is not in English, and the original licence must be carried regardless. In NSW, once a driver becomes a permanent resident a local licence should be obtained generally within three months. In Victoria, a resident who is planning on staying for more than 6 months is not permitted to drive with an overseas licence for more than six months (calculated using the visa grant or Australia entry date, whichever is later).

Interstate travel
Interstate visitors are permitted to travel on their current Australian or New Zealand licence. They must obey the local road rules of that state. The differences in state laws have generated much confusion to visiting drivers, with many pushing for uniform federal road rules.

Interstate visitors on their L or P plates must follow the licence conditions set of their home state rather than conditions placed upon licence-holders of the state which they are visiting i.e, a driver holding an SA provisional licence who is visiting New South Wales is able to legally drive at 100 km/h, whereas a NSW provisional driver is restricted to 90 km/h.

Drivers who move interstate must apply for a new driver's licence within three to six months of moving depending on the state they are moving to. Unless a driving test is required, there is no charge for a conversion from a current interstate licence. Usually, licences are converted in the same day, to the same or equivalent class, or, in the case of the conversion of a non-GLS licence to a GLS system, a P1 or P2 licence is issued, depending on the length of time that the holder of the licence has been driving. The licence may need to be confirmed by obtaining a letter from the interstate licence issuing authority (on their letterhead) confirming the licence details (including first issue date) and status.

Drivers moving states may be eligible to upgrade their licence class, due to the varying age rules that apply in each state. For example, a Victorian learner driver who moves to NSW may be eligible to sit the driving test to obtain a P1 licence. However, drivers who are under 18 will not be able to obtain the same licence class in Victoria, where one must be at least 18 to do so. Another example is a Victorian over 25 moving to Tasmania, SA, QLD or WA will be able to obtain a full licence after having held their Ps for 12 months in Victoria despite the fact that the probationary period for over-21-year-olds in Victoria is 3 years.

Interstate commercial driving jobs
Most states do not allow a person to have an interstate commercial driving job if the person does not "reside" in that state.  For example, a person with a Queensland Driver's Licence and Driver's Authority (a variation of the wording Driver's Accreditation) cannot obtain a commercial driving job in South Australia unless that person registers a "residential" address in South Australia, even though they may not live there, and swap over the Driver's Licence and obtain a new Driver's Accreditation.

Suspension or cancellation of licence

Each state has a demerit points system that leads to the suspension of a driver's licence if the demerit point threshold is reached. The rules vary, but road authorities share information about interstate offenses.

In all states, drivers holding a full, unrestricted licence will be disqualified from driving after accumulating 12 demerit points or more within a three-year period, except in New South Wales, where drivers are allowed 13 points in a three-year period. Those who can prove they are professional drivers are allowed an additional point. The minimum suspension period is three months, plus one further month for every extra four demerit points beyond the licence's limit, with a cap in most states of five months (for 8 points or more over the suspension trigger; e.g. 20 points or more on a full licence). An alternative to initially accepting the suspension, a driver can apply for a "good behavior" period of 12 months. In most states, drivers under a good behavior period who accumulate one or two further points (except in Victoria, which does not allow any further offences) have their licence suspended for double the original period.

Most states also provide for immediate suspension of a licence, instead of or in addition to demerit points, in certain extreme circumstances. These generally include offences for driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, or for greatly excessive speed.

In some circumstances, driver's licences can be cancelled, either immediately or by court order,  such as for anti-social driving activity, popularly known as hooning.

Drivers on their learner's or provisional licence who accrue more than 4 demerit points can sometimes enter a "good behavior" system, in which they are given a licence with 1 maximum demerit point for a certain amount of time.

See also
 Australian state and territory issued identity photo cards

Notes

References

External links
 South Australia Department for Infrastructure and Transport
The Roads and Maritime Service of New South Wales
A ‘Demonstration’ Driver Knowledge Test for Learner Drivers
Road Users Handbooks (PDF)

Driving in Australia
Australia
Identity documents of Australia


The First Years of Piracy is an album by German band Running Wild. It is their last album with both bassist Jens Becker and drummer AC. It contains re-recorded versions of songs from the first three albums.

A promo video was made for this version of "Branded and Exiled".

Track listing

Personnel
 Rolf Kasparek – vocals, guitar, producer
 Axel Morgan – guitars
 Jens Becker – bass guitar
 AC – drums
Jan Nemec - mixing

1991 compilation albums
1991 remix albums
Noise Records albums
Running Wild (band) albums


"Aubrey" is a song written and composed by American singer-songwriter David Gates, and originally recorded by the soft rock group Bread, of which Gates was the leader and primary music producer. It appeared on Bread's 1972 album Guitar Man. The single lasted 11 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 15.  In Canada the song reached only number 41 on the pop singles chart, but reached number 6 on the adult contemporary chart.  In New Zealand, "Aubrey" reached number 8.

Background
David Gates wrote the song after watching Breakfast at Tiffany's starring Audrey Hepburn.

Musical structure and lyrics
The song features David Gates' solo voice, with no backup vocals or drumming. It relies on various melodic resources such as orchestral strings, acoustic guitar, celeste, and orchestra bells. In the lyrics, the singer talks about a longing for a girl named Aubrey for whom he had unrequited love ("the hearts that never played in tune"); perhaps a first love.

Chart history

Cover versions
"Aubrey" was covered by jazz saxophonist Grover Washington, Jr. on his 1973 album Soul Box.

"Aubrey" was later recorded by Perry Como and included on his 1973 album  And I Love You So.

Scarborough Faire included an instrumental version of "Aubrey" on their self-titled album in 2011.

Samples
A soul-jazz interpretation of the main melody from Washington's cover was sampled on the 1998 song "Step to My Girl" by Oakland-based hip-hop group Souls of Mischief. This version provided inspiration in turn for the song "Step" by American indie rock band Vampire Weekend.

Legacy
Actress Aubrey Plaza is named after this song.

References

1972 singles
Bread (band) songs
Songs written by David Gates
1972 songs
Elektra Records singles


Ferenc Szekeres (born 21 March 1947) is a retired long-distance runner from Hungary, who twice won the Amsterdam Marathon, in 1979 and 1981. He represented his native country in at two Summer Olympics: 1972 and 1980.

References
 1979 Year Ranking

1947 births
Living people
People from Abony
Hungarian male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Hungary
Place of birth missing (living people)
Hungarian male marathon runners
Sportspeople from Pest County
20th-century Hungarian people


Lafarre may refer to the following places in France:

 Lafarre, Ardèche, a commune in the  Ardèche département
 Lafarre, Haute-Loire, a commune in the Haute-Loire département


Lafarre (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


USS Bollinger (APA-234) was a  in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1947. She was scrapped in 1982.

History
Bollinger was named after Bollinger County, Missouri. She was launched 19 November 1944 by Kaiser Shipbuilding of Vancouver, Washington, under a Maritime Commission contract; transferred to the Navy 8 December, and commissioned the next day.

World War II
Bollinger joined the Pacific Fleet and arrived at Pearl Harbor 19 February 1945. She departed Pearl Harbor two days later for the invasion of Iwo Jima where she provided logistic support (6–16 March).

After returning to Pearl Harbor 5 April, she made a voyage to San Pedro, California, and back (22 April – 23 May), and then carried cargo and passengers to Eniwetok, Ulithi, Okinawa, Saipan, and Guam before returning to San Francisco on 29 July.

Leaving San Francisco 10 August she steamed to Eniwetok, Ulithi, and the Philippines before landing occupation troops at Wakayama, Honshū, Japan (12–26 September). She made one more voyage from the Philippines to Japan in October and then returned to San Diego, arriving 15 November. The transport made another voyage across the Pacific (December 1945 – January 1946) to bring men home from the Philippines.

Operation Crossroads
During June and July 1946 she carried passengers to Bikini Atoll for Operation Crossroads, the atomic bomb tests designed to test the effect of nuclear weapons on warships. Over 200 warships participated in this operation, 75 of them as targets.

Decommissioning and fate
Bollinger then returned to cross-Pacific service and was decommissioned at San Francisco 1 April 1947. She was returned to the Maritime Commission the following day, and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Suisun Bay, California. While still in the Reserve Fleet, she was redesignated an amphibious transport LPA-234 on 1 January 1969. She was sold for scrapping by the MARAD on 19 February 1982.

Awards
Bollinger received one battle star during World War II.

References

External links

NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive - USS Bollinger APA/LPA-234

Haskell-class attack transports
Bollinger County, Missouri
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1944 ships


Lagorce may refer to:

 Places
 Lagorce, Ardèche, a commune in Ardèche, France
 Lagorce, Gironde, a commune in Gironde, France
 La Gorce Island, Miami Beach, Florida
 People
 Franck Lagorce (born 1968), French racing driver
 Guy Lagorce (1937–2023), French sprinter, journalist and writer
 Marcel Lagorce (1932–2023), French classical trumpeter


Lagorce (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Geography
The village lies in the middle of the commune, on the right bank of the Salastre, a right tributary of the river Ibie, which flows south through the eastern part of the commune.

Population

See also
 Côtes du Vivarais AOC
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


In the United States, driver licenses are issued by each individual state, territory, and the District of Columbia rather than by the federal government due to federalism. Drivers are normally required to obtain a license from their state of residence. All states of the United States and provinces and territories of Canada recognize each other's licenses for non-resident age requirements. There are also licenses for motorcycle use. Generally, a minimum age of 16 is required to apply for a non-commercial driver license, and 18 for commercial licenses which drivers must have to operate vehicles that are too heavy for a non-commercial licensed driver (such as buses, trucks, and tractor-trailers) or vehicles with at least 16 passengers (including the driver) or containing hazardous materials that require placards. A state may also suspend an individual's driving privilege within its borders for traffic violations. Many states share a common system of license classes, with some exceptions, e.g. commercial license classes are standardized by federal regulation at . Many driving permits and ID cards display small digits next to each data field. This is required by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators' design standard and has been adopted by many US states. According to the United States Department of Transportation, as of 2018, there are approximately 227 million licensed drivers in the United States.

History

As the number of motor vehicles in the United States reached tens of thousands, states and their local governments began to exercise its power to authorize and regulate vehicles and drivers. In 1901, New York became the first state to register automobiles. By 1918 all states required license plates; states were slower to require licenses for drivers. Only 39 states issued them by 1935 and few required a test, despite widespread concern about incompetent drivers. Early motorists were taught to drive by automobile salesmen, family and friends, or organizations like the YMCA. By the 1930s, many high schools offered driver education.

Massachusetts and Missouri were the first states to require a driver license in 1903, but there was no test associated with the license. In 1908, Henry Ford launched the Model T, the first affordable automobile for many middle-class Americans (in 1919, when Michigan started issuing driver licenses, Ford got his first one at age 56). The same year the Model T debuted, Rhode Island became the first state to require both a license and a driver's exam (Massachusetts instituted a chauffeur exam in 1907 and started requiring tests for all other drivers in 1920). Maryland's driver's licenses did not feature photographs until the 1980s.

Decline in licensing among juveniles
Since the 1990s, young people have generally been less likely to start driving as teenagers than in previous decades. In 2018, 61% of 18-year-olds and 25% of 16-year-olds in the US had drivers licenses, a decline from 80% and 46%, respectively, in 1983. This continued a trend that had been observed in 2004, when the Los Angeles Times reported that 43% of US 15-to-17-year-olds had drivers licenses in 2002, compared to 52% in 1982.

Potential explanations for this decline include lower enthusiasm for driving, caused by environmental and road safety concerns; financial issues, such as the costs of driver's education and insurance premiums; stricter standards for granting licenses; and the rising popularity of ridesharing services such as Uber and Lyft.

Standard and special licenses
 Unrestricted licenses are driver licenses that most US drivers have to drive. Various states differ on what class they utilize to distinguish between a typical driver license and special licenses, such as restricted, chauffeur, or motorcycle licenses. For instance, Tennessee designates Class D as a regular driver license, while Class M is a motorcycle license and Class H is a hardship license (see below).
 Hardship licenses for minors are driver licenses that are restricted to drivers between 14 and 15 (sometimes up to 18) years old who need to drive to and from home and school due to serious hardships, e.g. the driver's family has financial or medical problems, or the driver needs to get to work or school and has no other practical way of getting to work or school. A hardship license for minors is distinct from hardship licenses granted for drivers with revoked or suspended licenses. The table below includes states that provide hardship licenses for minors.
 Provisional licenses are functionally the same as a driver license, but are typically issued to new drivers under the age of 18, i.e. 14 to 17 years old. Almost all states have some form of a graduated licensing provision. The actual restrictions and the length of time a new driver must adhere to them vary widely by state. Restrictions frequently include:
 A curfew, after which night driving is not permitted (unless 18 years of age, or if the individual has completed an online course) without an adult present (typically 11pm, like Pennsylvania, Michigan, or 12am, like Wisconsin). Some states (e.g. North Carolina) have curfews as early as 9pm. Some states such as New York provide exceptions for special situations, such as driving home from work or school functions, picking up family members, or for medical appointments, while others such as Massachusetts do not.
 Restrictions on the number of passengers under a specific age present in the vehicle. For example, in California, minors may not transport people under age 20 for the first 12 months of licensure unless said passengers are family members (brother, sister, cousin, niece, nephew, or anyone who is 21 or had their license for 1 year or longer, etc.).
 Chauffeur licenses are practically the same as a passenger car license, but also allow the holder to drive a taxi, limousine, or other livery vehicle for hire. In the US, chauffeur licenses are not considered a special driver's license (such as a commercial driver's license), and many states do not require an additional road test for a passenger car license to convert to a chauffeur license. Some states may require a short written exam on taxi-specific driving laws or a background check and require the driver to be at least 18 years of age. This type of license is typically, though not universally, called "Class E". Some states add an endorsement to a regular license, while others require no special permission at the state level to drive a taxi or limousine. Florida once issued chauffeur licenses through its Class D licenses, a designation that was discontinued in 2006. Regardless of whether and how the state handles chauffeur licensing, a permit or license must always be obtained from the city, town, or county where the driver will be operating.
 Motorcycle licenses covers motorcycles only, frequently combined with a regular driver license. In some states this does not include some types of mopeds, scooters, or motorized bicycles, but with a wide variety of different state-by-state definitions for these vehicles. A common but not universal criterion is an engine displacement of  or less, but also wheel size, type of transmission, and more are sometimes used in the legal codes to distinguish mopeds and scooters from motorcycles. These vehicles sometimes do not require a motorcycle license, or in some states any license at all, as well as in some states avoiding insurance and registration requirements, such as US states Arkansas, Texas, Washington, and Utah, which do not require any motorcycle endorsement for off-highway use under 60 mph. Some US states differentiate between low and full powered motorcycles for the purposes of licensing. Some states require an additional motorcycle license to operate a sidecar rig.
 Enhanced licenses are issued to US citizens in Washington, Vermont, Michigan, Minnesota, and New York, and establish nationality in addition to driving privileges. An EDL is a WHTI compliant document, acceptable for re-entering the US via land and sea crossings from Canada, Mexico, or the Caribbean. A US passport, birth certificate, or another document proving citizenship is required to apply for this type of license. Motorcycle and commercial driver licenses (see above and below) usually can also be issued as enhanced.
 Handicap permits are issued to persons who meet the proper guidelines for requiring handicap driving and parking access. They are granted special access to improve their quality of life as a driver. In certain states, namely Texas, a handicapped person's driver license can be revoked based on their disability.

Some states also have additional classifications. Nevada, for example, has a separate license category for drivers who only operate mopeds, while some more northerly states have separate categories for snowmobiles and ATVs. South Carolina and Georgia have non-commercial versions of every commercial class license for agricultural purposes.

Commercial driver's licenses (CDL)

Drivers of large and heavy vehicles (i.e. trucks, buses, and tractor-trailers) or a vehicle of any size with at least 16 passengers (including the driver) or hazardous materials must have a commercial driver's license, commonly abbreviated as CDL. The minimum age for a commercial driver's license is generally 18 years old, but federal law requires commercial drivers to be at least 21 years of age to operate a commercial motor vehicle in interstate commerce. An unrestricted driver's license is a prerequisite in all states before a commercial driver's license can be issued.

Most recreational and agricultural vehicles such as converted buses, tractor, lawn mowers, or full size (greater than  campers, including fire trucks are exempt from CDL regulations. However, federal law allows states to require a CDL for these vehicles. Some states require drivers who operate large and heavy vehicles strictly used for recreational and/or agricultural purposes to upgrade to a special driver's license or add an endorsement to their license usually by passing a written test, road test, or both. For example, in California, recreational vehicles require the driver to possess a "non-commercial" license (to distinguish from commercial driver licenses) to drive (Non-Commercial Class B) or tow (Non-Commercial Class A) a motorhome between 40 and 45 feet. In New York, recreational vehicles that exceed 26,000lbs (11,794kg) GVWR requires an R endorsement on a driver's license.

On 14 May 2022, New York lowered the minimum age for a CDL Class A from 21 to 18 years, making Hawaii the last and only state to have 21 as the minimum age. Previously, New York Law allowed 18 to 20-year-olds to be issued a CDL Class B or C, but not a CDL Class A until they turn 21. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act signed by President Joe Biden authorized a pilot experiment to allow 18 to 20-year-olds with a CDL to operate in interstate commerce in an effort to alleviate the national truck driver shortage provided they meet all other requirements for operating in interstate commerce.

CDL classifications
Class A: Any combination of vehicles providing the trailer being towed has a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 10,000 lbs (4,536kg) resulting in the gross combination weight rating of the combined vehicles to be 26,001lbs (11,794kg) or more.
Class B: Any single vehicle which has a gross vehicle weight rating of 26,001lbs (11,794kg) or more.
Class C: Any single vehicle which has a gross vehicle weight rating of 26,000lbs (11,793kg) or less that is designed to either transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver) or hazardous materials under 49 U.S.C. 5103 and is required to be placarded under subpart F of 49 CFR Part 172 or is transporting any quantity of a material listed as a select agent or toxin in 42 CFR Part 73.

Some states (such as New York and Nevada with endorsement) allow drivers with a CDL Class B or C to tow vehicles of more than 10,000lbs (4,536kg) as long as the gross combination weight rating of the combined vehicles does not go over 26,000lbs (11,794kg). In other states, drivers with a CDL Class B or C may only tow vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000lbs (4,536kg) or less.

Commercial drivers are usually required to add endorsements to their CDL to drive certain types of vehicles that require additional training. CDL endorsements requirements are mostly similar, but some vary between states. The training and testing requirements are regulated by the US Department of Transportation. Endorsements are as follows:
 P: Passenger Transport (required to transport 16 or more passengers and to drive a bus)
 H: Hazardous Materials (requires a TSA background check as well as an extensive written exam. Required to haul dangerous goods. The driver must be at least 21 years old.)
 N: Tank Vehicles (Required for carrying liquids in bulk.)
 T: Double/Triple Trailers (Class A licenses only - required to operate double or triple trailers. In most states, only two trailers can be towed; only 13 states allow triple trailers.)
 X: Hazardous Materials and Tank Combination
 S: School Bus (In addition to a standard bus endorsement, more stringent TSA and CORI background checks are required. Required to operate a school bus and transport students to/from school.)

There are two endorsements that do not come with a code:
 Air Brakes: Required to drive vehicles equipped with air brakes. If the CDL holder decides not to pass the written test, or be tested on a vehicle without air brakes, they'll be assigned an L restriction that will bar them from operating vehicles with air brakes.
 Combination Vehicles: Required for the Class A CDL to drive combination vehicles. Without passing this test, the applicant cannot apply for a Class A CDL, though they may instead opt for the Class B or Class C CDL.

CDL restrictions
Licenses can be restricted through any of the following ways:
 B: Corrective Lenses are required while operating a motor vehicle.
 C: A mechanical aid is required to operate a commercial vehicle.
 D: A prosthetic aid is required to operate a commercial vehicle.
 E: The driver may only operate a commercial vehicle with an automatic transmission.
 F: An outside mirror is required on the commercial vehicle.
 G: The driver of a commercial vehicle is only allowed to operate during daylight hours.
 K: Drivers are authorized to drive a commercial vehicle within the state of issue (intrastate) only. This restriction applies to any holder of a CDL license who is under 21 years old or is not healthy enough to cross state lines.
 L: Drivers are restricted from operating a commercial vehicle with air brakes. This restriction is issued when a driver either fails the air brake component of the general knowledge test or performs the CDL road skills test in a vehicle not equipped with air brakes.
 M: CDL-A holders may operate CDL-B school buses only.
 N: CDL-A and CDL-B holders may operate CDL-C school buses only.
 O: Driver limited to pintle hook trailers only.
 Z: Alcohol Interlock Device required in the commercial vehicle.
 T: 60-day temporary license.

Foreign officials and diplomats
In a rare exception to states and territories issuing driver licenses, the State Department's Office of Foreign Missions (OFM) issues driver licenses to foreign officials and diplomats, bypassing the states and territories in which they live. OFM-issued driver licenses are equivalent to a regular state-issued license.

Driver's licensing laws

The minimum age to obtain a restricted driver license in the US varies from 14 years, three months in South Dakota to as high as 17 in New Jersey. In most states, a graduated licensing law applies to newly-licensed teenage drivers, going by names such as Provisional Driver, Junior Operator, Probationary Driver, or Intermediate License. These licenses restrict certain driving privileges, such as whether the new driver may carry passengers and if so how many, as well as setting a curfew for young drivers. For example, Utah drivers who are under 18 may not drive other people outside the family in their first six months with a license. Unlike in some states of Australia and some provinces of Canada, graduated licensing laws do not require lowered speed limits, displaying of L and P plates, restrictions on towing a trailer or boat, or prohibitions on highway driving or operating high performance cars.

Drivers under 18 are usually required to attend a comprehensive driver's education program either at their high school or a professional driving school and take a certain number of behind-the-wheel lessons with a certified driving instructor before applying for a license. Some states like New York also require new adult drivers to attend some form of driver education before applying for a license.

In some states all newly licensed adult drivers may be on probation for a set amount of time (usually between six months and two years), during which traffic violations carry harsher penalties or mandatory suspensions that would not apply to experienced drivers.

The United States Department of Transportation requires all drivers with a commercial driver's license to pass a periodic physical examination every two years before renewal and to be at least 21 years old to operate in interstate commerce or to transport hazardous materials requiring the driver to place placards on the vehicle, but allow states to issue a commercial driver's license to drivers under 21 providing they only operate within state lines (intrastate commerce). All drivers who will drive commercial motor vehicles that do not require a commercial driver's license in interstate commerce must also be at least 21 years old and are subject to the same health requirements as drivers with a CDL.

In 2017, Oregon became the first state in the U.S. to offer residents who identify as transgender, gender nonconforming, or non-binary to designate their gender as "X" on their licenses or identification cards. Other states (including the District of Columbia) that allow transgender, gender nonconforming, and non-binary residents to select "X" as their gender include Hawaii, California, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Utah and Ohio require governmental approval for an "X" gender marker. All other states do not offer a third-gender option. The American Civil Liberties Union, transgender activists and members of the LGBTQ+ community praise the new changes as helping individuals have a driver's license that corresponds to their gender identity which may not align with their sex (male or female).

As of 2023, 16 states including the District of Columbia do not require a social security number to apply for a non-commercial driver's license allowing residents regardless of their immigration status to operate passenger cars, motorcycles, and mopeds. These states include California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington.

Licenses for adults and minors; GDL laws
Below is a list of Graduated Driver's Licenses (GDL) and hardship licenses for minors laws for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The list includes the state agency responsible for issuing driver's licenses and the length of time that a full (unrestricted) driver's license is valid for.

Use as identification and proof of age
Driver's licenses issued in the United States have a number or alphanumeric code issued by the issuing state's department of motor vehicles (or equivalent), usually show a photograph of the bearer, as well as a copy of the bearer's signature, the address of the bearer's primary residence, the type or class of license, restrictions, endorsements (if any), the physical characteristics of the bearer (such as height, weight, hair color and eye color) and birth date. Driver's license numbers issued by a state are unique. Social Security numbers are now prohibited by federal law from appearing on new driver's licenses due to identity theft or other forms of unlawful use  concerns. In most states, to be compliant with AAMVA standards, the orientation of a driver's license for persons under the age of 21 is vertical while a driver's license for those over the age of 21 is horizontal. Since the driver's license is often used as proof of a person's age, the difference in orientation makes it easy to determine that a person is legally allowed to purchase alcohol or tobacco (the drinking and tobacco age in all U.S. states is 21). Some states, such as Arizona, do not require that a driver's license be changed to horizontal at age 21. The vertical license does not expire until age 65 in the state of Arizona. Most states require that when a driver establishes residence in a state, he or she must obtain a license issued by that state within a limited time.

Because there is no national identity card in the United States, the driver's license is often used as the de facto equivalent for completion of many common business and governmental transactions. As a result, driver's licenses are sometimes stolen and used for identity theft. Driver's licenses were not always identification cards. In many states, driver's licenses did not even have a photograph until the 1980s. Advocacy by Mothers Against Drunk Driving for photo ID age verification in conjunction with increasing the drinking age to 21 to reduce underage drinking led to photographs being added to all state licenses. New York and Tennessee were the last states to add photos in 1986. New Jersey later allowed drivers to get non-photo licenses, but that option was subsequently revoked. Vermont license holders have the option of receiving a non-photo license. Tennessee drivers 60 years of age or older had the option of a non-photo driver's license prior to January 2013, when photo licenses were required for voting identification. Those with valid non-photo licenses were allowed to get a photo license when their current license expired. Thirteen states allow a non-photo driver's license for reasons of religious belief: Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington, and Wisconsin.

Later additions to licenses have included fingerprints, bar codes, magnetic strips, social security numbers, and tamper-proof features, most of which were added to prevent identity theft and to curb the use of fake IDs. States have slowly added digitized features to driver's licenses, which incorporate holograms and bar codes to reduce forgery.

Non-driver identification cards
Many states provide identification cards for people who do not drive, usually through the same agency that issues driver's licenses.

Real ID

The Department of Homeland Security enforces standards of the Real ID Act of 2005 for identification of applicants and license design for state-issued driver licenses and identification cards. States are not required to comply with Real ID, but any driver licenses or ID cards issued by that state will not be valid for any official purpose with the federal government, including entering federal buildings or boarding airplanes.

For a state to comply with Real ID, licenses and ID cards issued from that state must be approved by DHS to meet Real ID requirements.

States can choose to issue both regular licenses and ID cards as well as Real IDs, but any non-Real ID must be marked "Not for Federal Identification". Real IDs are normally valid for eight years.

Real IDs are allowed to be issued only to legal immigrants and citizens of the United States.

An applicant for a Real ID, either as a new driver license or ID card applicant, or renewing a current license or ID card, must present a citizenship document (US passport, certified birth certificate or citizenship certificate) or proof of legal immigrant status, proof of a Social Security number if they have been issued one, proof of any name changes if using birth certificate, and two proofs of residency in the state. The state then must verify the documents and store them either electronically or on paper. No one may have more than one Real ID at one time.

A Real ID can be identified with a gold or black star located on the top right third of the ID, depending on the state. , all U.S. states and territories have been certified as compliant with the law except American Samoa, which is under review. See RealID article for dates of adoption by individual states.

Enhanced driver's licenses
Some states, mostly those with an international border, issue enhanced driver's licenses and enhanced ID cards. Enhanced licenses combine a regular driver's license with the specifications of the new federal passport card. Thus, in addition to providing driving privileges, the enhanced license also is proof of US citizenship, and can therefore be used to cross the Canadian and Mexican borders by road, rail, or sea, although air travel still requires a traditional passport book. The enhanced licenses are also fully Real ID compliant.

As of 2023, enhanced driver's licenses were in Michigan, New York, Minnesota, Vermont and Washington State, and were expected to become available in Ohio. Texas was expected to implement an enhanced driver's license program, but the program was  blocked by former Texas Governor Rick Perry.

Digital driver's licenses
As of December 2021, approximately 20 US states have launched, tested, or considered digital driver's licenses, with Arizona, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Oklahoma and Utah partnering with Apple to the identification through the Apple Wallet on the iPhone and Apple Watch.

California, Iowa, and Delaware have proposed digital drivers licenses as a means of identification. The license would be available as an app by MorphoTrust USA and installed on a user's personal cellphone. Questions have been raised about user privacy, since a police officer may ask for one's license and gain access to one's cellphone.

Louisiana passed House Bill 481 in 2014 which became Act 625, making Louisiana the first state with a legally accepted digital driver's license via LA Wallet, an app created by Envoc that launched in July 2018. The law allows Louisiana residents to present driver identification using LA Wallet "...upon demand of any officer or agent of the department or any police officer of the state, parish, or municipality...". The Louisiana digital driver's license requires no additional hardware to accept and includes a “no-touch” policy whereby the citizen remains in possession of the mobile device at all times. In October 2018, the Louisiana Secretary of State Kyle Ardoin approved the usage of LA Wallet for voter identification at the polling stations. In January 2019, the Louisiana Office of Alcohol and Tobacco Control issued a notice legally approving LA Wallet, Louisiana's Digital Driver's License app for purchase age verification for tobacco and alcohol sales. In May 2021, LA Wallet expanded to include an individual's COVID-19 vaccination status and as of mid-June 2021, more than 100,000 people, or 14 percent of all LA Wallet users had added their COVID-19 vaccination status to the app. As of August 2021, LA Wallet had a userbase of 804,000 unique licenses across 1.5 million devices.

Starting in 2025, Montana will allow digital drivers licenses after the passage of House Bill 519 by 23 year old Republican state Representative Braxton Mitchell.

See also

 Department of Motor Vehicles
 Commercial driver's license
 Vehicle registration plates of the United States
 Joshua's Law
 Transportation safety in the United States

Notes

References

United States
Government documents of the United States
Minimum ages
Transportation in the United States
Identity documents of the United States


Lemps may refer to the following places in France:

 Lemps, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
 Lemps, Drôme, a commune in the department of Drôme
 Le Grand-Lemps, a commune in the department of Isère


Baardskeerdersbos (or Baardscheerders Bosch, locally known as B'bos) is a village in the Overberg region of the Western Cape province of South Africa. According to the 2011 census it has a population of 103 residents.

Geography

Baardskeerdersbos is located  east of Gansbaai on the Gansbaai–Elim–Bredasdorp road. It lies on the southern slopes of a mountain called Perdekop ("Horse Hill"), at the base of the Boskloof ("Forest Gorge") through which a small river flows south off the mountain. Just south of the village the Boesmansrivier ("Bushman's River") flows from east to west; the Boskloof stream flows into this river.

History
The first reference to this area by Europeans dates to 1660, when Jan van Riebeek sent an expedition to explore the Overberg. The farm "Baarscheerders Bosch" number 213 in the Bredasdorp registration district, which included the village and the surrounding farmland and hillside, was surveyed for a Phillip Fourie Senior in 1831; that original farm has since been subdivided considerably into separate farms, smallholdings and plots. The current church in Baardskeerdersbos was built in 1921 and is a National Monument. For a long time the village remained rural and undisturbed, but recently it has been discovered as a quiet getaway particularly for residents of Cape Town; several new houses have been built, and several more renovated.

Name
The name "Baardskeerdersbos" in Afrikaans or "Baardscheerders Bosch" in the original Dutch literally means "Beard Shaver's Forest". The accepted explanation for this name is that a species of solifuge inhabits the area, and that this arachnid is referred to as a "beard shaver" because it cuts hair to use for nest-building. The well-known cartographer and writer Peter Slingsby wrote a book entitled "Beard Shaver’s Bush: Place Names in the Cape" () which discusses the origin of this and many other place names.

References

Populated places in the Overstrand Local Municipality


Lemps is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jørgen Pilegaard Jensen (10 April 1944 – 2 October 2009) was a Danish middle- and long-distance runner.

Career
Jensen won the inaugural 1975 edition of Amsterdam Marathon on 3 May 1975, clocking 2:16:51. He ran the Olympic marathons in 1972 and 1976 and finished in 30th and 28th place, respectively.

Between 1966 and 1976 Jensen won eight national team titles (4 × 1500 m relay and cross-country) and eight individual titles, in the 5000 m (1966), 10000 m (1973), 20 km (1972 and 1974) and marathon (1973-1976).

Achievements

External links
 1975 Year Ranking

1944 births
2009 deaths
Danish male long-distance runners
Danish male marathon runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Denmark
People from Lolland