Emery Molyneux ( ; died June 1598) was an English Elizabethan maker of globes, mathematical instruments and ordnance. His terrestrial and celestial globes, first published in 1592, were the first to be made in England and the first to be made by an Englishman.

Molyneux was known as a mathematician and maker of mathematical instruments such as compasses and hourglasses. He became acquainted with many prominent men of the day, including the writer Richard Hakluyt and the mathematicians Robert Hues and Edward Wright. He also knew the explorers Thomas Cavendish, Francis Drake, Walter Raleigh and John Davis. Davis probably introduced Molyneux to his own patron, the London merchant William Sanderson, who largely financed the construction of the globes. When completed, the globes were presented to Elizabeth I. Larger globes were acquired by royalty, noblemen and academic institutions, while smaller ones were purchased as practical navigation aids for sailors and students. The globes were the first to be made in such a way that they were unaffected by the humidity at sea, and they came into general use on ships.

Molyneux emigrated to Amsterdam with his wife in 1596 or 1597. He succeeded in interesting the States-General, the parliament of the United Provinces, in a cannon he had invented, but he died suddenly in June 1598, apparently in poverty. The globe-making industry in England died with him.

Only six of his globes are believed still to be in existence. Three are in England, of which one pair consisting of a terrestrial and a celestial globe is owned by Middle Temple and displayed in its library, while a terrestrial globe is at Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex.

Globe-maker

Construction
Emery Molyneux is regarded as the maker of the first terrestrial and celestial globes in England and as the first English globe-maker. Little is known about the man himself. Petruccio Ubaldini, an Italian calligraphist, illuminator and ambassador who was acquainted with him, said he was "of obscure and humble family background". It seems likely that he was the "Emery Molynox" who was presented to the Worshipful Company of Stationers as the apprentice of one William Cooke in October 1557. By the 1580s he had a workshop in Lambeth, on the south bank of the Thames, and enjoyed a reputation as a mathematician and maker of mathematical instruments. Richard Polter, in his book The Pathway to Perfect Sayling (1605), mentioned that Molyneux had been a skilful maker of compasses and hourglasses.

Through his trade, Molyneux was known to the explorers Thomas Cavendish, John Davis, Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, the writer Richard Hakluyt, and the mathematicians Robert Hues and Edward Wright. The construction of globes by Molyneux appears to have been suggested by Davis to his patron William Sanderson, a London merchant who has been described as "one of the most munificent and patriotic of merchant-princes of London in the days of Elizabeth I". Sanderson readily agreed to bear the manufacturing costs, and financed initial production of the globes with a capital investment of £1,000 (almost £160,000 as of 2007).

Terrestrial globes
In making his terrestrial globes, Molyneux examined ruttiers (instructions for directions at sea) and pilots (navigational handbooks). He is known to have given a ruttier for Brazil and the West Indies to Thomas Harriot in 1590. He also received advice and assistance from navigators and mathematicians. It is likely, for instance, that Sir Walter Raleigh advised him on a legend in Spanish about the Solomon Islands that appeared on the terrestrial globe. Raleigh came by the information from Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, a Galician explorer sent by King Philip II of Spain to fortify the Strait of Magellan after Francis Drake had passed through it. In 1584, the Spaniard was Raleigh's guest in London for a few weeks, after being captured by Raleigh on a journey to Europe.

Molyneux accompanied Francis Drake on his 1577–1580 circumnavigation of the world; as Ubaldini reported, "[h]e himself has been in those seas and on those coasts in the service of the same Drake". A legend in Latin on the terrestrial globe, explaining why Molyneux had left out the polar lands and corrected the distance across the Atlantic Ocean between The Lizard and Cape Race in Newfoundland, concluded:

On the terrestrial globe, tracks of the voyages of Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish around the world are marked by red and blue lines respectively. These lines were applied when the globe was first made. They are mentioned in a description of Molyneux's globes in Blundeville His Exercises (1594) by Thomas Blundeville, a country gentleman who was an enthusiastic student of astronomy and navigation. Thomas Cavendish appears to have helped Molyneux with his globes, and it is possible that Molyneux accompanied him on his 1587 voyage around the world, which returned to England on 9 September 1588. In 1889, Sir Clements Markham, an English explorer, author and geographer, pointed out that a Latin legend on the terrestrial globe, placed off the Patagonian coast, states: "Thomas Caundish 18 Dec. 1587 hæc terra sub nostris oculis primum obtulit sub latitud 47 cujus seu admodum salubris Incolæ maturi ex parte proceri sunt gigantes et vasti magnitudinis". However, Helen Wallis, former Map Curator of the British Library, observed in 1951 that this was unlikely, because Molyneux incorrectly plotted Cavendish's course in Maritime Southeast Asia. She suggested, however, that another legend on the globe may indicate that he sailed on at least one if not all of John Davis's voyages.

The mathematician and cartographer Edward Wright assisted Molyneux in plotting coastlines on the terrestrial globe and translated some of the legends into Latin. On 10 April 1591, the astrologer and physician Simon Forman visited Molyneux's workshop and taught him how to find longitude. It appears that after Molyneux had prepared the manuscript gores (the flat map segments attached to the globes), he had them printed by the celebrated Flemish engraver and cartographer Jodocus Hondius, who lived in London between 1584 and 1593 to escape religious difficulties in Flanders. This can be deduced from the phrase "Iodocus Hon: / dius Flan. sc. / 1592" that appears on the celestial globe along with Sanderson's coat of arms and a dedication to the Queen dated 1592. Molyneux's own name is recorded on the Middle Temple terrestrial globe in the phrase "Emerius Mulleneux Angl.' / sumptibus Gulielmi— / Sandersoni Londinē: / sis descripsit" ("Emery Molyneux of England, at the expense of William Sanderson of London, described this").

Celestial globes
Molyneux's celestial globe was virtually a copy of Gerardus Mercator's globe of 1551, which itself was based on a globe of 1537 by Gemma Frisius that Mercator had helped to construct. To the constellations featured on Mercator's globe, Molyneux added the Southern Cross and Southern Triangle, though somewhat to the west of their true positions. His source appears to have been Andrea Corsali's diagram of the Antarctic sky published in 1550.

Molyneux's globes were the first to be constructed in such a way that they were unaffected by humidity at sea. They were made of flour-paste, an unusual material for the time. Simon Forman remarked that Molyneux's moulding or casting process was "the only way to caste [anything] whatsoever in perfecte forme ... and yt is the perfectest and trewest waie of all wayes ... and this was the wai that Mullenax did use to cast flowere [flour] in the verie forme".

Publication
In 1589, Richard Hakluyt announced the forthcoming publication of Molyneux's terrestrial globe at the end of the preface to The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation. Referring to the map that was inserted into the volume—a reproduction of the "Typus Orbis Terrarum" engraved by Franciscus Hogenberg for Abraham Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1570)—he wrote:

Ubaldini reported Molyneux's progress in manufacturing the globes to the Duke of Milan. He was in attendance when Molyneux presented a pair of manuscript globes to Elizabeth I at Greenwich in July 1591. Ubaldini noted that "he gave her the globe to let her see at a glance how much of the world she could control by means of her naval forces". According to Wallis, the printed globes, which at  in diameter were then the largest ever made, were published after some delay in late 1592 or early 1593. Sanderson arranged entertainments at his home in Newington Butts to mark the presentation of these globes to the Queen. His son William later reported the Queen's words on accepting the terrestrial globe: "The whole earth, a present for a Prince ..."; and on accepting the celestial globe, she said: "Thou hast presented me with the Heavens also: God guide me, to Govern my part of the one, that I may enjoy but a mansion place in this other." Elizabeth I saw globes and armillary spheres as symbols of her empire and spiritual mission on earth. The royal coat of arms contained in Elizabeth I Privy Seal was emblazoned across North America on the terrestrial globe.

Several treatises were published to describe the Molyneux globes and provide guides on their use. Molyneux himself wrote a treatise, now lost, entitled The Globes Celestial and Terrestrial Set Forth in Plano, which Sanderson published in 1592. In the same year, Thomas Hood, a London-based mathematics lecturer who had written a 1590 work on the use of celestial globes, published The Vse of Both the Globes, Celestiall and Terrestriall. This was followed in 1594 by two works, one of which was Blundeville's book. The other, Tractatus de Globis et Eorum Usu (Treatise on Globes and their Use), was published by the mathematician Robert Hues. This work went into at least 13 printings and was translated from Latin into Dutch, English and French. In 1599, Edward Wright published Certaine Errors in Navigation, which included commentary on the use of the terrestrial and celestial globes developed by Molyneux.

According to Markham, "the appearance of the globes naturally created a great sensation, and much interest was taken in appliances which were equally useful to the student and to the practical navigator." The largest and most prestigious globes were priced at up to £20 each: these were purchased by royalty, noblemen and academic institutions. Among the purchasers were Thomas Bodley and the Warden of All Souls College, for their libraries in Oxford. William Sanderson presented the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge with a pair each. The public preacher Thomas Laughton made an inaugural gift of a Molyneux globe to the Shrewsbury School library. Smaller globes were also made, though no examples have survived. Sanderson is known to have presented one of these to Robert Cecil in 1595, together with Hues' "Latin booke that teacheth the use of my great globes". Intended as practical navigation aids, they cost as little as £2.

The globes provided navigators and students with methods for finding the place of the sun, latitude, course, distance, amplitudes, azimuths, time and declination. They proved such a boon to navigation that they came into widespread use on ships. In the dedication of his 1595 book The Seamans Secrets to the Lord High Admiral, Charles Howard, the 1st Earl of Nottingham, navigator John Davis spoke of "the mechanical practices drawn from the Arts of Mathematick, [in which] our Country doth yield men of principal excellency", and he noted "Mr Emery Mullenenx for the exquisite making of Globes bodies".

Later life
In the 1590s, Molyneux sought Elizabeth I's patronage for the production of a cannon, which he described as his "new invention, of shot and artillery, to be used principally in naval warfare: protection of ports and harbours, a new shot to discharge a thousand musket shot; with wildfire not to be quenched". In March 1593, Molyneux was issued with a royal warrant. Two years later, the merchant Robert Parkes purchased coal, saltpetre, pitch, oils and waxes for him, possibly for the cannon. On 4 November 1596 the Privy Council urged the Lord Admiral "to speak to Molyneux, Bussy and the two Engelberts about their offensive engines" as part of measures to defend England's south coast. It appears the request was ignored. On 27 September 1594, the Queen granted Molyneux a gift of £200 and an annuity of £50. He chose to surrender the latter when, some time between March or April 1596 and 4 June 1597, he and his wife Anne emigrated to Amsterdam, Holland. Wallis has conjectured that he took with him the printing plates for the globes and sold them to Hondius, who had returned to Amsterdam in 1593.

Why Molyneux left England for Holland is unclear. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography suggests it was to be able to personally distribute his globes to European princes, since Amsterdam was then quickly establishing itself as the centre of globe- and map-making. However, this could not have been his intention if he had sold the globes' plates to Hondius. It is possible that he had decided to concentrate on manufacturing ordnance. On 26 January 1598, the States-General, the parliament of the United Provinces, showed interest in Molyneux's cannon and granted him a 12-year privilege on an invention. On 6 June he lodged a second application, but he died in Amsterdam almost immediately afterwards. His wife was granted administration of his estate in England later that month. It seems that Molyneux died in poverty, because Anne was granted a Dutch compassionate pension of 50 florins on 9 April 1599. Molyneux apparently had no other surviving family, and the English globe-making industry died with him. No other globes appear to have been manufactured in England until the appearance in the 1670s of globes by Robert Morden and William Berry, and by Joseph Moxon. However, over 40 years after Molyneux's death, William Sanderson the younger wrote that his globes were "yet in being, great and small ones, Celestiall and Terrestriall, in both our Universities and severall Libraries (here, and beyond Seas)".

Influence

Cartography
In the second volume of the greatly expanded version of his book The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1599), Hakluyt published what is known today as the Wright–Molyneux Map. Created by Edward Wright and based on Molyneux's terrestrial globe, it was the first map to use Wright's improvements on Mercator's projection.

Having, it is believed, purchased the plates of Molyneux's globes, Jodocus Hondius was granted a ten-year privilege on 1 April 1597 to make and publish a terrestrial globe. In that year, he produced in Amsterdam a Dutch translation of Hues' Tractatus de Globis. On 31 October 1598, despite a legal challenge by rival globe-maker Jacob van Langeren, Hondius obtained another privilege for ten years. He duly published globes in 1600 and 1601, and his sons Henricus and Jodocus published a pair in 1613. Hondius also published a world map in 1608 on the Mercator projection. Its reliance on the Molyneux globe is shown by a number of legends, names and outlines which must have been copied directly from it.

In his globes of 1612, van Langeren incorporated the improvements made by Hondius the Elder to Molyneux's globe. It is believed that the Hondius globes also spurred Willem Blaeu to start constructing his large globes in 1616, which were published in 1622. Molyneux's globes therefore may have indirectly influenced the evolution of Dutch globe-making.

Culture
The appearance of Molyneux's globes had a significant influence on the culture of his time. In Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors, written between 1592 and 1594, one of the protagonists, Dromio of Syracuse, compares a kitchen maid to a terrestrial globe: "No longer from head to foot than from hip to hip: she is spherical, like a globe; I could find out countries in her." The jest gained its point from the publication of the globes; Shakespeare may even have seen them himself. Elizabethan dramatist Thomas Dekker wrote in one of his plays published in The Gull's Horn-book (1609):

It has been suggested that the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the playing company that Shakespeare worked for as an actor and playwright for most of his career, named their playing space the Globe Theatre, built in 1599, as a response to the growing enthusiasm for terrestrial and celestial globes stimulated by those of Molyneux.

In Twelfth Night (1600–1601), Shakespeare alluded to the Wright–Molyneux Map when Maria says of Malvolio: "He does smile his face into more lynes, than is in the new Mappe, with the augmentation of the Indies."

Globes today
Only six Molyneux globes are known to exist today, two terrestrial globes and four celestial globes. Three celestial globes are in Germany, one each in Zerbst, Nuremberg (at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum (German National Museum)) and Kassel (Hessisches Landesmuseum (Hesse Museum), Kassel). The Hessisches Landesmuseum once had a 1592 terrestrial globe, but it is believed to have been destroyed during World War II. Three globes remain in England: one pair, consisting of a terrestrial and a celestial globe, is owned by Middle Temple in London and displayed in its library, while a terrestrial globe is at Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex.

Petworth House globe

A terrestrial globe was discovered in Lord Leconfield's library at Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex, in July 1949. According to the tradition of the Wyndham family, who are descended from Henry Percy, the 9th Earl of Northumberland, the globe belonged to Sir Walter Raleigh, who gave it to Northumberland when they were imprisoned together in the Tower of London. Northumberland, known as the "Wizard Earl" for his interest in scientific and alchemical experiments and his library, was suspected of being involved in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 because his relative Thomas Percy was among the conspirators. James I imprisoned Raleigh in the Tower for his supposed involvement in the Main Plot. Although the theory is supported by circumstantial evidence, a number of entries in Northumberland's accounts relating to the mending of globes, one dating back to 1596, suggest that the Molyneux globe may have belonged to him from the beginning and was not Raleigh's. The globe, however, almost certainly spent many years in the Tower before its transfer to Petworth House, where Northumberland was confined upon his release in 1621.

The Petworth House globe, now in the North Gallery, is the only Molyneux terrestrial globe preserved in its original 1592 state. One of Molyneux's "great globes", measuring  in diameter, it was reported in 1952 to be in poor condition despite restoration by the British Museum the previous year. The Northern Hemisphere was darkened by dirt and badly rubbed in places, to the extent that it was hard to read. Parts of it, and large sections of the Southern Hemisphere, are missing altogether. The restoration work revealed that the globe is weighted with sand and made from layers of small pieces of paper overlaid with a coat of plaster about 1⁄8 inch (3 mm) thick. On top of this is another layer of paper over which the gores are pasted. The globe retains its wooden horizon circle and brass meridian ring, but its hour circle and index are missing. Further restoration took place between 1995 and 1997. The globe was exhibited at the Royal Geographical Society in 1951 and 1952.

Middle Temple globes

A bill in the accounts of 11 April 1717 for "repairing the globes in the library" is the earliest reference to the Middle Temple's ownership of the Molyneux terrestrial and celestial globes. Markham's view was that Robert Ashley (1565–1641), a barrister of the Middle Temple who was also an ardent geographer, was likely to have left the globes to the Inn in his will, together with his books. Ashley's books formed the nucleus of the Inn's original library and included copies of the second edition of Hues' Tractatus de Globis and other works on cosmography. On the other hand, Wallis has said that Markham's view is not supported by any available evidence and the globes are not mentioned in the will. She believes that they were probably acquired by Middle Temple on their publication in 1603.

The celestial globe is dated 1592, but the terrestrial globe bears the year 1603 and is the only example of its kind. Wallis has surmised that the globes were made by Hondius in Amsterdam in 1603 for a purchaser in England, perhaps the Middle Temple itself. The celestial globe was made from the original 1592 printing plates, while the terrestrial globe was produced using revised plates redated to 1603. The Middle Temple terrestrial globe differs from the Petworth House globe of 1592 by incorporating Raleigh's discoveries in Guiana and adding new place-names in Brazil, Peru and Africa, as well as an island marked "Corea" off the coast of China. The most extensive revision altered the Northeast Passage to take account of discoveries made on Willem Barentsz's third voyage to Novaya Zemlya in 1596. It appears that the revisions to the original plates of Molyneux's globe were completed by 1597, because no discoveries after that year are included. It is possible that Molyneux helped Hondius to update the plates in 1596 or 1597. For instance, if Hondius had obtained a copy of Raleigh's map of Guiana, Molyneux was the most likely source. Unlike the Petworth House globe, the Middle Temple globes are heavily varnished. The varnish could have been first applied as early as 1818 when the globes were repaired by J. and W. Newton; they were certainly varnished by Messrs. Holland Hannen & Cubitts, Ltd. during maintenance work in 1930.

At the start of World War II, the globes were sent to Beaconsfield and stored with part of the Wallace Collection at Hall Barn in the care of Lady Burnham. They were brought back to London in 1945 and were at one stage kept in the King's Library on loan to the British Museum. The globes were installed in their present position in the Middle Temple Library when the current library building opened in 1958. In 2003, they were loaned to the National Maritime Museum for an exhibition commemorating the life of Elizabeth I.

In 2004, Middle Temple proposed selling the Molyneux globes, valued at over £1 million, to create a scholarship fund for the education and training of needy would-be barristers. Its members eventually decided by a large majority against such a move. There was also a general feeling that the globes should be made more accessible to those wishing to see them.

The Middle Temple's Molyneux globes are the subject of a book-length project, The Molyneux Globes: Mathematical Practice and Theory, by Lesley Cormack of the University of Alberta. The project examines the community of mathematicians, natural philosophers, instrument-makers, and gentlemen-virtuosi that developed around the creation of the Molyneux globes, particularly the histories of four men who wrote treatises about the globes and the larger mathematical community.

Hessisches Landesmuseum globe
The Molyneux globes at the Hessisches Landesmuseum, Kassel, were inherited from the collection of William IV (William the Wise), the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), a pioneer of astronomical research. William himself died in 1592, so it has been surmised that his son and successor, Maurice, purchased the globes for the collection. They were first mentioned in 1765 in the index of the Mathematische Kammer (Mathematics Chamber) of the Fürstliches Kunsthaus (Princely Art Gallery) in Kassel, during the reign of Landgrave Frederick III. Only a celestial globe survives today; it is believed that the terrestrial globe was destroyed during World War II.

Early books about Molyneux's globes

 . A modern reprint was published as:
 .
  (in Latin). Octavo. The work went into 12 other printings in Dutch (1597, 1613 and 1622), English (1638 and 1659), French (1618) and Latin (1611, 1613, 1617, 1627, 1659 and 1663), and a modern reprint of the English version was published as:
 .
 . Further editions were published, including those in 1606 (3rd), 1613 (4th), 1636 (7th) and 1638 (7th, "corrected and somewhat enlarged"). The work includes (at pp. 515–519 of the 7th ed.), a description of Molyneux's globes and an account of Sir Francis Drake's voyage around the world.
 . Another version of the work published in the same year was entitled . Mentions the use of Molyneux's terrestrial and celestial globes. Two further editions were published in 1610 and 1657, and the work was reprinted as:
 .

Notes

References

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Further reading

Articles and book chapters

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Books
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English cartographers
English inventors
16th-century English mathematicians
16th-century births
1598 deaths
Year of birth unknown
16th-century English cartographers


Circus Action is a Taiwanese television series, originally shown on Channel V from 2005, featuring people (mainly the four hosts known as Circus) performing various dangerous, ridiculous,  self-injuring stunts and kuso behaviors that are similar to the MTV reality television program Jackass. It is one of Channel V's most popular shows ever and makes a splash among teenagers in Taiwan.

Profile of Circus
Leo
Chinese Name: 廖人帥
Birthday: November 13, 1983
Height: 181 cm
Weight: 65 kg
Horoscope: Scorpio
Hobbies: watching movies, listening to rock songs, filming, creative brainstorming
 Kid
Chinese Name: 林柏昇
Birthday: February 21, 1984
Height: 176 cm
Weight: 56 kg
Horoscope: Pisces
Hobbies:  travelling, sports, experiencing exciting stuffs, listening to rock songs

Eason
Chinese Name: 黃尹宣
Birthday: December 20, 1983
Height: 168 cm
Weight: 56 kg
Horoscope: Sagittarius
Hobbies: travelling, exploring, listening to rock songs, having fun, going on a vacation, water activities

Mardy
Chinese Name: 林家緯
Birthday: October 19, 1983
Height: 177 cm
Weight: 65 kg
Horoscope: Libra
Hobbies: challenging the extreme of human beings, filming, listening to rock songs

Spin-off
Between Circus Action 3 and Circus Action 4, Circus has created a program called Circus Paparrazi, where Circus follows and interviews a celebrity for an entire day.

References

External links
Blogs
  Leo's Blog
  Eason's Blog
  Kid's Blog
  Mardy's Blog

Taiwanese reality television series
2005 Taiwanese television series debuts


SpeakerCraft is an American manufacturer of custom-installed audio/video and home theater products based in Petaluma, California.

History
SpeakerCraft was founded in 1976 by Edward Haase, Ken Humphreys and Eugene Humphreys. Beginning as a retail stereo store and original equipment manufacturer of loudspeakers for companies such as Sonance, Niles Audio, Bang and Olufsen, JBL, Polk Audio, and many others, the company evolved into a designer and installer of custom audio systems. In 1988 Humphreys sold his interest to Jeff King, Sr. Jeff remained with the company until it ultimately sold in 2000 to Burkhardt, Management and Kinsman Capital.  Jeff was a major force in both operations and development as well as defining the companies position for future growth.  He was the primary decision maker that included hiring Jeremy Burkhardt in 1991 in the companies 16th year of business.  Jeff Francisco managed the custom installation business and retail store where he studied product development and developed custom systems for the company.

In 1994, Ed Haase, Jeff King and Jeremy Burkhardt founded The SpeakerCraft Brand of architectural loudspeakers as a line of high-end custom speakers; they were set on making a new brand for the CEDIA marketplace. In 1999 Haase and King offered Burkhardt a partnership.  From 1994 to 2000 this team invented and patented products, grew the brand and took market share.  As mentioned Burkhardt, Management and Kinsman Capital bought out Haase and King, with the two exiting the company in 2000.  Burkhardt remained with the company, serving as Vice President of Sale and Marketing Along with Jim Munn the companies CEO and Bob Cavasos the companies CFO. This team-up led to the fastest growth in company history, Kinsman's access to capital vaulted SpeakerCraft to the number one position in the industry.

Management and Kinsman sold SpeakerCraft again in 2004 to Nortek, Inc, for 58 million dollars, and Burkhardt, like all minority shareholders benefited proportionately from this sale. Munn and Cavasos stepped out and Burkhardt remained as a 32-year-old CEO with a vision for growth, seeing the iPod as forever the defining grounds for SpeakerCraft's future in distributing audio through the home.  Selected by CE PRO magazine as a top ten industry leader, Burkhardt again leveraged his ownership and became an owner in Nortek, Inc and was promoted to company CEO.  The company currently produces more than 1000 products, which include loudspeakers, amplifiers, iPod multi-room music distribution systems, and accessories that allow for various system configurations and sizes. SpeakerCraft's patented AIM series of speakers is available in ceiling and wall versions; these were patented by Haase, Francisco and Burkhardt are the largest advancements in architectural speakers.  In 2007 Haase returned to SpeakerCraft as Chief technical Officer.  Developing some of the finest SpeakerCraft inventions, Haase is known as the man that invented the in-wall speaker.

Early research
Ken Humphreys and Edward Haase developed a series of architectural speakers, speakers that use the structure of a building as the “cabinet”, at the request of Fleetwood Enterprises of Riverside, California, which wanted to incorporate high-end speakers in its motor homes without taking up much space. Their first experiment with replacing bulky box speakers was a speaker featuring an in-wall mounted subwoofer, a loudspeaker used to produce low-pitch sounds. They then tested the feasibility of using walls and ceilings as alternatives for speaker cabinets; all experimenting was done with anechoic chambers, microphones, and wall enclosures. Soon Humphreys and Haase reproduced the high quality sound produced by large, space-consuming box speakers in flush-mounted architectural speakers.  Much of this early work was done in conjunction with Sonance (Dana Innovations) and both companies are credited with many early developments for architectural speakers.

Proprietary technologies

Architectural speakers

SpeakerCraft's first innovation was the development of the architectural speaker. Architectural speakers are built into either walls or ceilings and use the structure of the wall or ceiling as the “cabinet” to enhance performance. Components of an architectural speaker include the driver (actual speaker), cross-over (which sends the correct frequencies to the correct driver), and termination point (which is where the speaker wires connect to the frame). Driver configurations typically consist of two or three drivers that provide for the playback of the bass (low frequencies), the midrange (mid-level frequencies), and tweeter (high frequency) signals.

AIM
To overcome the directional limitations of in-wall/in-ceiling speakers, Haase, Burkhardt and Francisco invented and patented the AIM speaker technology fully represented in SpeakerCraft’s directional in-ceiling and in-wall loudspeakers. AIM in-ceiling speakers pivot in a patented ball-and-socket arrangement toward the listener while recessed in the ceiling and in the wall they move side to side and AIM toward the listening area.

TIME
TIME (Theater In Motion Experience) Series speakers are flush-mounted ceiling speakers that descend and rotate to direct sound to different positions in the room. This type of “directable” speaker was first invented by SpeakerCraft in response to customer demand for customizable sound configurations.

WavePlane
SpeakerCraft invented the WavePlane, a baffle that isolates the tweeter from the woofer in a coaxial ceiling speaker, which results in improved high frequency dispersion and fidelity.

MODE
Music On Demand Experience or MODE is an audio control system that connects the Apple iPod to a house-wide music system.

Current product lines

In-ceiling
In-ceiling speakers are a type of architectural speaker designed to flush-mount into the ceiling of a structure. SpeakerCraft in-ceiling speakers include TIME and AIM Series, CRS, and DT.

In-wall
In-wall speakers are a type of architectural speaker designed to flush-mount into the wall of a structure. SpeakerCraft in-wall speakers include AIM LCR, AIM7 MT, The Rogue, AIM Cinema, AIM Cinema Dipole, AIMLCR3, and AccuFit IW7.

Subwoofers
Subwoofers are loudspeakers designed to respond to only the lowest acoustic frequencies. SpeakerCraft’s subwoofers include powered compact subwoofers, passive in-ceiling subwoofers, powered floor subwoofers, and powered in-wall subwoofers.

Box speakers
Box speakers are speakers with their own integrated cabinet (compare with architectural speakers). SpeakerCraft box speaker products include AIM Monitor and AIM MDU.

Outdoor speakers
SpeakerCraft’s Outdoor Elements (OE) and Rox lines are specialized box speakers meant to be used outdoors.

Control systems
Control systems are a variety of remotes and keypads that allow the users to operate their speaker systems. SpeakerCraft control systems include MODE, Multi Zone Controllers, EZ-Pad System, and SmartPath.

Market share
SpeakerCraft competes with major brands in the home audio and home theater markets such as the following:
TruAudio
Paradigm Electronics
JBL
Klipsch
Sonance
Triad
Def Tech
NHT

Opinions about SpeakerCraft
SpeakerCraft is viewed by trade publications and magazines as a niche producer of audio equipment on par in quality and price with Klipsch and JBL, but has been distinguished from its competitors for its innovation and ability to adapt to and incorporate new technologies such as Apple’s iPod.

Criticism
Consumers have criticized SpeakerCraft for the cost of its products. However, audiophiles also praise SpeakerCraft for its lifetime warranty on products and the quality of its product design, features, and sound.

Legal action
In 1995, Dana Innovations (Sonance) sued SpeakerCraft for infringement of patents on a method of retrofitting a wall to mount speakers. The speaker mounting system Sonance claimed to have patented was in fact largely invented by the SpeakerCraft partner Ken Humphreys as is evidenced by his name as an inventor.  This invention is composed of a bracket attached by screws through the wall to the speaker support. The speaker is then wedged between the bar and the support surface in a hole in the wall, resulting in the speaker being flush-mounted to the wall. SpeakerCraft moved for a summary judgment of invalidity. The district court of California held that the patents were invalid because they were anticipated by an in-wall speaker offered by Boston Acoustics Inc. more than a year prior to the application dates of each patent. The U.S. Court of Appeals held that the patents were not anticipated by the Boston Acoustics product and reversed the district court’s decision and remanded the case for further proceedings. The circuit court affirmed the district court’s decision.

SpeakerCraft then developed Mounting System 540040012, which eliminated the need for the separate bracket used in the Sonance design.

References

External links
 The official SpeakerCraft Web site
 SpeakerCraft Company Story 2007
 Home Theater magazine AIM Four review
 CE Pro magazine’s Products of the Year list for 2007
 Sound and Vision magazine’s review of MODE

Companies based in Riverside, California
Electronics companies established in 1976
1976 establishments in California


The Sabah Development Corridor or SDC (Malay: Koridor Pembangunan Sabah or Koridor Sabah) is a new development corridor in Sabah, Malaysia. The SDC was launched on 29 January 2008 by the Malaysian fifth Prime Minister, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.

The project is expected to take 18 years with total investment of up to RM 105 billion. On average, starts from the year of 2009, RM5.83 billion will be allocated each year for development. 900,000 jobs are expected to be created with this project along with a waterfront city, tourism sub project and a Sabah Railway terminal. The project kick-started with the Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi announcing that the government has allocated an extra RM 5 billion under the Ninth Malaysia Plan to improve infrastructure and lower the cost of doing business in the state.

Key objectives of the project are:
 make Sabah a gateway for trade, investment and tourism
 transform the state into a harmonious state regardless of race or religion
 create job opportunities in the state
 make the state more technology-savvy
 make the state a comfortable state to live in

See also
 Ninth Malaysia Plan
 Iskandar Malaysia
 Northern Corridor Economic Region
 East Coast Economic Region
 Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy

References

External links
Sabah Development Corridor
Sabah Development Corridor Open Community

Development Corridors in Malaysia
Sabah
Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)


Sobha Naidu (1956 – 14 October 2020) was among the foremost Kuchipudi dancers of India and a disciple of the renowned master Vempati Chinna Satyam. She mastered the technique of Kuchipudi and began dancing lead roles in dance-dramas at a young age. She performed with her guru's troupe extensively, performing the roles of Satyabhama and Padmavati. Principal of Kuchipudi Art Academy, Hyderabad, Sobha Naidu imparted training to younger students over the past few years.
In 2010, the school celebrated the completion of 30 years. She also choreographed several dance-dramas. She received the title of Nritya Choodamani from Krishna Gana Sabha, Madras. She received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1991 and the Padma Shri award by the Government of India in 2001.

Early life
Sobha Naidu was born in Anakapalle, Anakapalli district, Andhra Pradesh state in 1956. She earned a degree from Queen Mary's college.

Regardless of family opposition, her mother Sarojini Devi had her tutored by P.L. Reddy at Rajamahendravaram. After which she trained under the legendary Sri Vempati Chinna Satyam. She was an outstanding student of Vempati. Eminent Carnatic violinist Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu is a relative of her.

Awards and achievements

With twelve years of rigorous practice, some of her best roles are her portraits of Sathyabhama, Padmavathi and Chandalika. She choreographed eighty solo numbers, fifteen ballets, and trained over 1500 students from India and overseas.

Naidu was admired not just in the country, but all over the world. Organized by the TANA, she traveled across the US to perform. She also represented India in various cultural events in like U.K., U.S.S.R., Syria, Turkey, Hong Kong, Baghdad, Kampuchea, and Bangkok. On behalf of the Indian government, Sobha Naidu led a cultural delegation to West Indies, Mexico, Venezuela, Tunis, and Cuba, followed by a visit to West Asia.

Padma Shri award in 2001
Nritya Choodamani award in 1982
She received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for her contribution to Kuchipudi dance in 1991
Nritya Kala Siromani award in 1996
NTR National Award in 1998
AP State Government Hamsa Award

References

 Kuchipudi Sammelan
 SPIC MACAY
 http://www.hyderabadbest.com/discoverhyd/personalities/dance/Shobhanaidu.asp

External links
Information about Kuchipudi
Comprehensive Background On Kuchipudi
Kuchipudi Dancer in Sydney

Indian female classical dancers
Performers of Indian classical dance
2020 deaths
Kuchipudi exponents
1956 births
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Recipients of the Kala Ratna
Indian women choreographers
Indian choreographers
People from Visakhapatnam district
Dancers from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian dancers
20th-century Indian women artists
Women artists from Andhra Pradesh
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award


The Federal Office for Civil Aviation can refer to:
Federal Office for Civil Aviation of Germany
Federal Office of Civil Aviation, Switzerland


The Kelowna Community Theatre is an 853-seat Theatre in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. It is the home of the Kelowna Community Concert Society and is also the home of the Okanagan Symphony Orchestra and has been since it opened.

External links
Kelowna Community Theatre

Theatres in British Columbia
Music venues in British Columbia
Buildings and structures in Kelowna
Culture of Kelowna


The proper palmar digital nerves of the ulnar nerve are nerves of the hand.

The superficial branch of the ulnar nerve divides into a proper palmar digital nerve, which supplies the medial side of the fifth digit and a common palmar digital nerve which divides into two proper palmar digital nerves that supply the adjacent sides of the fourth and fifth digits.

Additional images

References

Nerves of the upper limb


The common palmar digital nerves of the ulnar nerve are nerves of the hand. The nerve branches off the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve and runs toward the cleft between the ring and little fingers.

Additional images

References

Sources

Nerves of the upper limb


The 1997  Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) rookie draft was an event at which teams drafted players from the amateur ranks. The annual rookie draft was held on January 19, 1997, at the Glorietta Mall in Makati.

Round 1

Round 2

Notes
The top two draft picks; Andrew John Seigle and Nic Belasco were born outside the Philippines. It was the first time in league history that a pure-born Filipino player was not chosen as the overall top pick.

References

Philippine Basketball Association draft
draft


Ouvrage Saint-Gobain is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, one infantry block, one artillery block, one observation block and one combination block.  Located in Modane, France, it is just across the valley of the Arc from Ouvrage Saint-Antoine and somewhat to the east of Ouvrage Sapey.

The ouvrage covers the approach to the Fréjus Rail Tunnel and the N6 road. In 1940 it had a garrison of 154 under Captain Dutrey. It cost 12.2 million francs.

Description
Block 1 (artillery): one machine gun cloche and one 81mm mortar embrasure.
Block 2 (artillery): one machine gun cloche, cone heavy twin machine gun cloche two 81mm mortar embrasures, one heavy twin machine gun embrasure and one heavy twin machine gun/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure.
Block 3 (observation): one machine gun cloche, one  machine gun embrasure and one observation embrasure.
Block 4 (infantry): one machine gun cloche, one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Entry: one machine gun cloche, one heavy twin machine gun/37mm anti-tank gun embrasure.

History
Saint-Gobain participated in artillery fire directed at Italian troops in the Italian invasion of France in 1940 only indirectly, when one of its observation blocks spotted the fall of shot from Ouvrage Sapey in the morning hours of June21 against an Italian observation post.

After the 1940 armistice, Italian forces occupied the Alpine ouvrages and disarmed them. In August 1943, southern France was occupied by the German 19th Army, which took over many of the Alpine positions that had been occupied by the Italians until Italy's withdrawal from the war in September 1943.

In 1944, Saint-Gobain was recaptured relatively easily on 13 September. The Modane end of the Fréjus Tunnel was blown up by the retreating Germans, leaving a tilted blockhouse by the railway line, now known as the "Tilted House." Saint-Gobain had suffered little damage during the war and by the end of 1944 was partly repaired and placed into service. Immediately after the war, the Maurienne region was regarded as an area of medium priority for restoration and reuse by the military. By the 1950s the positions in the Southeast of France were restored and operational again. However, by 1960, with France's acquisition of nuclear weapons, the cost  and effectiveness of the Maginot system was called into question. Between 1964 and 1971 nearly all of the Maginot fortifications were deactivated.

Ouvrage Saint-Gobain is open for public visitation, maintained by the Association du Musée de la Traverse des Alpes.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages
 Fort du Replaton

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Saint-Gobain (gros ouvrage du) at fortiff.be

STGO
World War II museums in France
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Warren Richard Renick (born March 16, 1944) is a retired American professional baseball player, manager and coach. Renick had a 14-year (1965–1978) professional playing career, including all or part of five seasons (1968–1972) in Major League Baseball as a third baseman, left fielder and shortstop for the Minnesota Twins. He threw and batted right-handed and was listed as  tall and .

Playing career
Renick graduated from Madison South High School in his hometown of London, Ohio, attended Ohio State University, and signed with the Twins in 1964, the year before the institution of the Major League Baseball Draft. In , he was recalled from Triple-A Denver in midyear, and in his debut major league at bat on July 11, he homered off Mickey Lolich, ace left-hander of the Detroit Tigers. The blow helped Minnesota win the game, 5–4. Renick started in 30 games at shortstop during the season's final three months.

Beginning in , he was a backup third baseman and outfielder for Minnesota, setting career bests in games played (81), hits (41), doubles (eight), home runs (seven) and runs batted in in . Overall, he batted .221 lifetime with 122 career hits, 42 of them for extra bases. In the field, he appeared in 71 games (65 games started) at third base, 63 games (37 starts) in the outfield, and 48 games (33) at shortstop. Although Minnesota sent him to the minor leagues at the end of the  season, Renick continued his active career through 1978, playing his final two seasons in the Montreal Expos' organization.

Coach and manager
In 1979, Renick began his coaching and managing career, starting as a minor league batting instructor in the Kansas City Royals' system. For 13 years between  and , he was a member of the major league coaching staffs of the Royals, Expos, Twins (including serving as third-base coach for the 1987 World Series champions), Pittsburgh Pirates and Florida Marlins. He also managed in the high minors for the Expos and Chicago White Sox; as skipper of the Triple-A Nashville Sounds, Renick was named American Association Manager of the Year in 1993 and 1996.

References

External links

Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)

1944 births
Living people
Baseball players from Ohio
Denver Bears players
Florida Instructional League Red Sox players
Florida Instructional League Twins players
Florida Marlins coaches
Kansas City Royals coaches
Major League Baseball bench coaches
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball infielders
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Minnesota Twins coaches
Minnesota Twins players
Montreal Expos coaches
Nashville Sounds managers
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Ohio State Buckeyes baseball players
Ohio State University alumni
Orlando Twins players
People from London, Ohio
Pittsburgh Pirates coaches
Tacoma Twins players
Wilson Tobs players


John E. McIntyre is the co-founder of the American political news website and polling data aggregator RealClearPolitics. He also publishes on the TIME blog and has appeared on the nationally syndicated Michael Reagan Talk Show.

McIntyre, who majored in economics at Princeton University, was working as a trader at the Chicago Board Options Exchange in 2000 when he and co-founder Tom Bevan made the decision to launch RealClearPolitics. McIntrye said at the time, "We're political junkies and obsessive newspaper readers. So we decided that we would help people like us who don't have the time to cruise around the Web, but want to read the best articles of the day. We set up a one-stop shop where we do all the hunting, so others don't have to."

A 2017 SEC filing reported on by the Daily Beast listed RealClear co-founder John McIntyre as a director at FDRLST Media and put both companies at the same Chicago address. FDRLST Media is the parent company of conservative news site The Federalist.

References

External links
RealClearPolitics

American bloggers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Living people
Princeton University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


Ouvrage Saint-Antoine is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, one infantry block and  one artillery block overlooking Modane on the way to the Col du Mont Cenis. Ouvrage Saint-Gobain is just to the north, across the mountain valley. Saint-Antoine overlooks the approaches to the Fréjus Rail Tunnel and was part of an ensemble of forts, including Saint-Gobain, Ouvrage Sapey and Fort du Replaton that guarded the French end of the tunnel and the descent from the Mont Cenis pass.

Description
Block 1 (artillery): two machine gun cloches, two 75mm gun embrasures and four 81mm mortar embrasures.
Block 2 (infantry): one observation gun cloche and two heavy twin machine embrasures.
Block 3 (entry): one machine gun embrasure and one heavy twin machine gun/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure.

A casemate is located nearby, but not connected to the underground gallery network. It is the only CORF-design casemate in the southeastern fortifications. It is equipped with one machine gun cloche, two machine gun embrasures and two heavy twin machine gun embrasures.

History
Saint-Antoine saw no significant action during the 1940 Italian invasion of France. In 1944, Saint-Antoine, which had been disarmed and occupied by the Germans, was recaptured relatively easily on 13 September. The fortifications of the Maurienne had suffered little damage during the war and by the end of 1944 were partly repaired and placed into service. Immediately after the war, the Maurienne region was regarded as an area of medium priority for restoration and reuse by the military. By the 1950s the positions in the Southeast of France were restored and operational again. However, by 1960, with France's acquisition of nuclear weapons, the cost  and effectiveness of the Maginot system was called into question. Between 1964 and 1971 nearly all of the Maginot fortifications were deactivated.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Saint-Antoine (gros ouvrage du) at fortiff.be

STAN
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Lapham's Quarterly is a literary magazine established in 2007 by former Harper's Magazine editor Lewis H. Lapham. Each issue examines a theme using primary source material from history. The inaugural issue "States of War" contained dozens of essays, speeches, and excerpts from historical authors ranging from Thucydides, William Shakespeare, and Sun Tzu to Mark Twain, among others. Recent issue themes included "Foreigners", "Time", and "Youth". Each issue includes an introductory essay by Lapham (or a member of the magazine's editorial board), readings from historical contributors, and essays by contemporary writers and historians.

History
Lapham left Harper's in 2006 to found Lapham's Quarterly, saying he had been thinking about the idea since 1998:"I had put together a collection of texts on the end of the world for the History Book Club. They wanted something at the turn of the millennium and I developed this idea by looking at the way the end of the world has ended [or been envisioned to end] many, many times and how predictions of doom have been spread across time. Whether you're talking about the Book of Revelation or tenth-century sects. So I had this wonderful collection of texts and I thought what a great idea. Also it was fun."

Organization
Lapham's Quarterly is published by the American Agora Foundation, a not-for-profit foundation dedicated to fostering interest in history. The offices are located in New York City. As of 2014, the magazine had a staff of 17 and a circulation of 40,000.

Online
Since 2010 the magazine has produced a podcast featuring interviews and discussion related to topics from recent issues.

References

Further reading
 .
 .
"F. Scott Fitzgerald, It Seems, Never Met Lewis Lapham", by Gary Shapiro, New York Sun, February 23, 2007.
"Lapham's Quarterly: Cutting-Edge Journalism From The Distant Past", Tony Hendra, Huffington Post, Dec 3, 2007.
"My Library: Lewis Lapham", a look inside the journal's operations.

External links

Visual arts magazines published in the United States
Literary magazines published in the United States
Political magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2007
Magazines published in New York City
Publishing companies of the United States


Heath O'Loughlin is an Australian journalist.

He has previously been a weekend sports presenter and reporter for Nine News Melbourne.

Career
At the end of 2006, O'Loughlin moved from the Seven Network to the Nine Network to replace Leith Mulligan as weekend sport presenter, with Mulligan moving to Fox Sports News. O'Loughlin presented alongside news presenter Jo Hall and filled-in for the weeknight sports presenter Tony Jones.

O'Loughlin previously worked for Seven News as a reporter. He started work with the Seven Network in production roles behind the scenes and after learning how the industry worked off-camera, O'Loughlin pursued a journalism cadetship with the newsroom. After completing his cadetship and six years of reporting general news for the network.

As an athlete Heath was a member of the national volleyball team and was headed to the Olympics, but left the team to pursue his career in journalism. He plays basketball, Australian rules football and boxing.

O'Loughlin finished at Nine News when his contract ended in November 2008. He was replaced by Grant Hackett. He subsequently worked for the North Melbourne Football Club.

References

External links
Heath O'Loughlin, Nine News

Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian television presenters
Living people


Stone Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge that is located in central Pennsylvania, United States, trending northwest of the Jacks Mountain ridge and Jacks Mountain Anticline. The ridge line separates Kishacoquillas Valley from the Seven Mountains area. Stone Mountain lies in, and the ridge line forms part of the border between, Mifflin and Huntingdon counties.

Pennsylvania Route 305 crosses the ridge and follows a valley along a fault line at  near Greenwood Furnace State Park. Allensville Road also crosses the ridge crest north of Allensville, and Barrville Road passes through a wind gap west of Barrville. There are no water gaps carrying rivers through the ridge. The Saddler Creek passes the southern foot of the ridge near the town of Mill Creek.

Geology
Just below the ridge crest lies the contact between the older Ordovician Juniata Formation on the southeast slope, and the younger more erosion resistant Silurian Tuscarora Formation geologic layer forming the steeper northwest slope and the crest.

The Bald Eagle Formation crops out on the Kishacoquillas Valley-facing slopes of Stone Mountain, forming a steep topographic bench below the Juniata Formation. Below the Bald Eagle Formation, the uppermost sandstone layer of the underlying Reedsville Formation contain brachiopods and other marine fossils.

Across the Kishacoquillas Valley, on the opposite side of the Jacks Mountain anticline, the same rock layers are repeated in reverse order on Jacks Mountain.

References
 Geographic Names Information System, Feature ID: 1193474.
 USGS Allensville and Mc Alevys Fort 7.5-Minute Quadrangles

Landforms of Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
Landforms of Snyder County, Pennsylvania
Ridges of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
Landforms of Union County, Pennsylvania
Ridges of Pennsylvania


Larkin Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 Larkin Charter Township, Michigan
 Larkin Township, Nobles County, Minnesota

Township name disambiguation pages


Hubert Thomas Spencer (born February 28, 1951) is a retired Major League Baseball outfielder. He played during one season at the major league level for the Chicago White Sox. After his playing career, he began a career managing in the minor leagues. He managed three teams to their league championships: the Asheville Tourists (), Geneva Cubs (), and Charlotte Knights ().

Early life
Spencer was born in Gallipolis, Ohio and graduated from Gallia Academy High School. He played college baseball at the University of Rio Grande.

Coaching and managing
Spencer was the first base coach for the Cleveland Indians in 1998 and 1989. In 2003, Spencer was named the manager of the Memphis Redbirds, the Triple-A affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals.  However, he was replaced as skipper by Danny Sheaffer in the middle of the 2003 season. It was announced on December 9, 2010 that Spencer was named as the manager of the Lancaster JetHawks, the Advanced Class A affiliate of the Houston Astros, for the 2011 season.

References

External links
"JetHawks Announce Tom Spencer as 2011 Manager". Lancaster JetHawks - News - Press Releases. 9 December 2010.
"Tom Spencer Statistics". The Baseball Cube. 26 January 2008.
"Tom Spencer Statistics". Baseball-Reference. 26 January 2008.
Baseball Almanac

1951 births
Living people
Chicago White Sox players
Major League Baseball outfielders
African-American baseball coaches
African-American baseball players
Baseball players from Ohio
Asheville Tourists managers
Nashville Sounds managers
New York Mets coaches
People from Gallipolis, Ohio
Houston Astros coaches
Cleveland Indians coaches
Tampa Tarpons (1957–1987) players
Fort Myers Sun Sox players
Memphis Redbirds managers
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Charleston Charlies players
Indianapolis Indians players
Iowa Oaks players
Knoxville Sox players
Trois-Rivières Aigles players
Tucson Toros players


The Wacky World of Tex Avery (French: Le Monde Fou de Tex Avery)  is an animated television series created by Robby London and co-produced by DIC Productions, L.P., Les Studios Tex SARL, Milimetros, M6 and Telcima.

Both the series and the titular character were named after Tex Avery, a cartoonist who is known for his work at Warner Bros. and MGM. The creator describes the show as "homage to the brilliant, hilarious and groundbreaking animator Tex Avery and the wonderful squash-and-stretch cartoons of his era". The series was first broadcast on French channel M6 on September 3, 1997, followed on by its broadcast in the United States on September 29, through syndication, until it ended on December 26 the same year, due to poor ratings and reviews. In following years, The Wacky World of Tex Avery was overwhelmingly panned for it being an "insult" to Tex Avery's legacy, along with its animation, crude humor, voice acting, character designs and imagery, theme song, outdated stereotypes and characters.

Segment series
The series contains 7 segment series: The reason why the characters Tex Avery created weren't included was due to the fact that Tex Avery cartoons from WB and MGM are all owned by Turner Entertainment, then owned by Time Warner in 1996, and Universal's Tex Avery cartoons would still be owned by Universal Studios.

Tex Avery
This segment series centers on a cowboy named Tex Avery who saves the day and his love interest, Chastity Knott, from his nemesis, Sagebrush Sid. He was inspired by Bob Clampett's (a fellow animator at Termite Terrace in the 1930s) Red Hot Ryder character from Buckaroo Bugs. The theme song is "Home on the Range".

Pompeii Pete
Pete is a diminutive bumbling Roman centurion from Pompeii who was buried in lava from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius and two thousand years later breaks free from his preserved state in the modern world. His over-interpretive behavior constantly foil the schemes of sleazy conman, Dan. He was loosely inspired by Shorty from the Famous Studios era of Popeye the Sailor and Manuel from Fawlty Towers, borrowing some inspiration from Encino Man. The theme song is "Tarantella Napoletana".

Einstone
This segment series centers on a brilliant caveman, Ughbert Einstone, who is the world's first inventor. He tries to teach his friends how to be civilized through the use of his inventions. This segment is inspired by The First Bad Man, with Einstone's name being a play on Albert Einstein. The theme song is "If You're Happy and You Know It".

Genghis & Khannie
Genghis the lion is a warlord who leads his barbarian army across the world to conquer in the name of his emperor and often crosses paths with a female panda cub named Khannie who tends to thwart his plans through her innocent behavior. The duo's names are a play on Genghis Khan, while Genghis's design is based on the lion from Slap Happy Lion with his voice being modeled after Sean Connery and Khannie's mannerisms being influenced by Shirley Temple.

Freddy the Fly
A playful, obnoxious, and uncultured fly named Freddy bothers an obese, lazy and exceedingly short-tempered billionaire named Amanda Banshee, whose continuous excessive attempts to get rid of him often involve the most extreme of ways. Freddy was inspired by both one of Tex Avery's earlier characters, Homer the Homeless Flea and comedian Red Skelton's character, Freddy the Freeloader. Freddy and Banshee each have their own themes; Beethoven for Freddy and Vivaldi for Banshee.

Maurice & Mooch
This segment series centers on a young chicken named Maurice Squab who outwits Mooch, a fox constantly trying to eat him. Maurice's design is based on the canary from King-Size Canary, with his personality influenced by Junior Pig from One Ham's Family. Maurice speaks with a Swedish accent; Mooch has a New York accent, with a voice modelled on Jimmy Durante. The segment's theme is "Home! Sweet Home!".

Power Pooch
A normal dog gains superpowers after licking a superhero's shoe and becomes a superhero himself, albeit an incompetent one. Along with his cat sidekick, Little Buddy, Power Pooch fights the forces of evil, such as Doctor Hydrant and his henchman, Boney. This segment is inspired by W. Watts Biggers and Joe Harris' Underdog, as well as Doug TenNapel's Earthworm Jim.

Cast
 Billy West - Tex Avery, Sagebrush Sid, Freddy
 Kathleen Barr - Chastity Knott
 Ian James Corlett - Ughbert Einstone and Pompeii Pete
 Phil Hayes - Power Pooch
 Terry Klassen - Maurice Squab
 Maurice LaMarche - Mooch, The Emperor, Mr. Squab, The Narrator and Doctor Hydrant
 Scott McNeil - Amanda Banshee
 Cree Summer - Khannie
 Lee Tockar - Genghis and Little Buddy
 Alec Willows - Dan

Episodes

Development
In October 1995, DIC Entertainment announced they would be opening an animation office in France in partnership with Hampster Productions (which at the time, was 33% minority-owned by DIC's majority owner Capital Cities/ABC), and that their first project would be called Tex Avery Theater. DIC also acquired the rights to use Avery's name and likeness through his estate in order to produce the series. The package of 195 7-minute cartoons would have been made available starting in October 1996. In March 1997, the studio was opened up and was named Les Studios Tex, which DIC was a shareholder, with DIC launching the show as The Wacky World of Tex Avery in syndication in the Fall of that year.

A logo of the studio that appears after the end credits of Archie's Weird Mysteries, shows a prototype design of Tex Avery that was scrapped, with a purple arc hat, while riding a horse. The same prototype design also appears in the French dub.

Home media releases and current-day syndication

France
In July 2003, TF1 Video through the TF! Video label released a 2-DVD boxset of the series, which contained 48 cartoons (24 cartoons each). Another boxset was released in January 2004, containing 64 cartoons (32 cartoons each).

In April 2011, AV Video released a boxset containing the first 24 episodes, with 72 cartoons all on the 3 DVDs.

United States
In 2003, Sterling Entertainment released three VHSs/DVDs of the series titled Power Pooch to the Rescue, Pompeii Pete in the 21st Century and Tex Rides Again, each containing nine cartoons from their respective segments. On the DVD versions, three bonus cartoons are featured with other characters from the show, like Freddy the Fly. The Tex Avery and Pompeii Pete DVDs were re-released in 2007 by NCircle Entertainment.

In February 2013, Mill Creek Entertainment released The Wacky World of Tex Avery- Volume 1 on DVD in Region 1 for the first time. The four-disc set features the first 40 episodes of the series and includes a bonus episode of Bump in the Night. It is unknown whether the rest of the episodes will be released on another DVD, as this DVD is currently out-of-print.

The show was originally available on Hulu, but has since been taken down, and is now only on Tubi and Vudu.

International
In Italy, the show was shown to Mediaset from 1999.

Later syndication
After the show's run on M6 in France, the show re-aired on Télétoon In March 2002, and on Canal+ Family and Gulli in 2008 and 2010, respectively.

In the United States, it aired in reruns on most Fox and UPN stations from 1997 to 2000 under the Bohbot Kids Network, and was brought back in reruns on the DiC Kids Network in 2003 (also on most Fox and UPN stations) up until 2004. In 2010, the program re-aired in the United States for the first time in a decade, where it was a part of the weekday morning Cookie Jar Toons programming block on the digital subchannel This TV. The show was removed from the lineup on September 26, 2011. Most episodes of the show were also available on Hulu and Jaroo.com. These prints plaster the DIC logo with the 2008 Cookie Jar logo. As of 2022, episodes 1-52 are available on Tubi.

Reception
The Wacky World of Tex Avery has been critically panned for its animation and humor. David Perlmutter in his book Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows described the show as an "insult" to the titular cartoonist, writing that it lacked the masterful way Avery himself employed and often transcended the limits of his material.

See also
 The Tex Avery Show

References

External links

 The Wacky World of Tex Avery on RetroJunk

1990s American animated comedy television series
1990s American children's comedy television series
1990s American surreal comedy television series
1990s American anthology television series
1990s French animated television series
1990s French comedy television series
1997 American television series debuts
1997 American television series endings
1997 French television series debuts
1997 French television series endings
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated anthology television series
American children's animated comedy television series
French children's animated adventure television series
French children's animated anthology television series
French children's animated comedy television series
Western (genre) animated television series
Slapstick comedy
Tex Avery
English-language television shows
French-language television shows
YTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming
Bohbot Kids Network
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Animated television shows based on films
Animated television series about dogs
Animated television series about cats
Television series about cavemen
Animated television series about insects
Fictional flies
Television series about chickens
Animated television series about foxes
Animated television series about lions
Television series about pandas
Television series set in 1997
Television series by DIC Entertainment


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Pinellas County, Florida.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 76 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark. Another 3 properties were once listed but have been removed.

Current listings

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Former listings

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See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Florida
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida

References

Pinellas County


Jumeirah Creekside Park is a group of two towers in Dubai Healthcare City in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.  The towers are Jumeirah Creekside Park Residence and Jumeirah Creekside Park Hotel. Jumeirah Al Khor Residence is the taller of the two with 43 floors, standing at .  The other tower has a height of , with 35 floors.  Construction was expected to be completed in 2008 but was put on hold for several years until it recommenced in 2012.

The two towers will be managed by the Dubai-based hotelier Jumeirah.  The hotel tower will contain 439 rooms and suites while the residential tower will have 406 apartments.

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Dubai
 List of buildings in Dubai

References

External links
 Jumeirah Al Khor on Emporis.com

Skyscrapers in Dubai


Craig Smith (born 31 October 1971) is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who played as a  in the 1990s and 2000s. He played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Illawarra Steelers, St. George Illawarra Dragons and the Newcastle Knights as well as representing New Zealand, New Zealand Māori and Queensland.

Background
Smith was born in Kaitaia, New Zealand and originally was a rugby union player in Northland. In 1988, Smith moved to Queensland to complete his final years of schooling at Ipswich Grammar School. He later took up rugby league.

Playing career

Club career

South Sydney Rabbitohs
Smith commenced his top level career with the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the 1995 ARL season.

Illawarra Steelers
He then moved to the Illawarra Steelers.

St. George Illawarra Dragons
Smith played at prop forward for the St. George Illawarra Dragons in their 1999 NRL Grand Final loss to the Melbourne Storm.

Wigan Warriors
Following a series of suspensions in 2001 for contrary conduct and striking, Smith left the NRL and Australia in 2002 to play for the Super League club, the Wigan Warriors. With Wigan, he won the 2002 Challenge Cup Final. In 2003 he was named at  in the season's Super League Dream Team. Smith played for the Wigan Warriors at  in the 2003 Super League Grand Final, which was lost to the Bradford Bulls.

Newcastle Knights
In 2005, Smith agreed to a one-year deal and a return to the NRL with the Newcastle Knights.

Although originally intending to retire at the end of the 2005 season, Smith was re-signed by Newcastle for the 2006 season. A broken jaw in August 2006 sidelined him for several rounds but he was fit to return for Newcastle's finals appearances. Smith played his last NRL game in Newcastle's semi-finals defeat by the Brisbane Broncos.

Representative career

Queensland
Smith was selected to represent Queensland as a prop for games I and II of the 1997 State of Origin series and on the bench for game III.

New Zealand
Smith was selected to go on the 1998 New Zealand tour of Great Britain and played for the Kiwis twelve times between 1998 and 2001.

Smith was selected for the New Zealand team to compete in the end of season 1999 Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament. In the final against Australia he played at prop forward in the Kiwis' 20-22 loss.

New Zealand Maori
Smith was again coaxed out of retirement to take part in the New Zealand Māori team that met the Indigenous Dreamtime team in a commemorative match at the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.

Coaching career
Smith has been on the coaching staff for the under-20s side at Newcastle.

References

Footnotes

External links

NRL profile
Craig Smith at NRL Stats

1971 births
Living people
New Zealand rugby league coaches
New Zealand rugby league players
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in England
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in Australia
New Zealand Māori rugby league players
New Zealand Māori rugby league team players
New Zealand national rugby league team players
South Sydney Rabbitohs players
Illawarra Steelers players
St. George Illawarra Dragons players
Newcastle Knights players
Newcastle Knights captains
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin players
Rugby league players from Northland Region
Rugby league props
New Zealand emigrants to Australia
Wigan Warriors players


Megilot Regional Council  (, Mo'atza Azorit Megilot), also Megilot Dead Sea Regional Council, is a regional council in the Judean Desert of the West Bank, near the western shores of the Dead Sea. It covers six Israeli settlements. With only about 1,400 residents, it is Israel's smallest regional council. Its municipal offices are located in Vered Yeriho.

Etymology
The name "Megilot" means scrolls. It refers to the fact that the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered in Qumran, which lies within the council's governing area, near Kalya.

Communities
There are six communities in the council: four kibbutzim, one moshav, and one other community.

Kibbutzim
Almog
Beit HaArava
Mitzpe Shalem
Kalya

Moshav
Vered Yeriho

Other community
 Bait Hagla
Ovnat

References

External links
 Megilot Regional Council homepage (Hebrew)

Israeli regional councils in the West Bank
Judaean Desert


The Kenneth W. Monfort College of Business (MCB) is a college of the University of Northern Colorado, United States, which offers seven undergraduate business programs and one graduate program. It is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), and is the sole business school to receive the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award.

Academics
The college offers two undergraduate programs and one graduate program. All students are required to complete the university's "Liberal Arts Core" (LAC), and must complete a professional experience in the real business world. Students at MCB consistently score in the top 5 percent on nationwide standardized exit exams.

Undergraduate
The primary undergraduate track of the college is the BS in Business Administration. Students can choose an emphasis in Accounting, Computer Information Systems, Finance, Management, Marketing, or General Business. Class sizes are small, with an average of 31 students.

The college also offers a separate Software Engineering track, in collaboration with UNC's College of Natural and Health Sciences. This program prepares students for success in the field of computer software development.

Graduate
The college offers a Master of Accounting. The program satisfies the 150-hour requirement for licensing as a Certified Public Accountant in Colorado and other states.

The college introduced a Master of Business Administration program in 2014, which offers flexible degree programs for active professionals, or full-time students alike. Classes are held both online and at the University of Northern Colorado main campus in Greeley, CO.

Student life
A variety of extracurricular programs are available to students at MCB, namely:
Student Council
Alpha Kappa Psi (Professional Fraternity)
Beta Alpha Psi (Accounting Society)
Beta Gamma Sigma (Honor Society)
Delta Sigma Pi (Professional Fraternity)
ENACTUS
Financial Management Association
Management Club
Marketing Club
Student and Foundation Fund (Allows students to invest part of the school's endowment on the New York Stock Exchange)
Student Center for the Public Trust

MCB also provides students with free online and print access to the Wall Street Journal.

See also
List of business schools in the United States

References

University of Northern Colorado
Business schools in Colorado


Ulrich "Ueli" Giezendanner (; born 31 October 1953) is a Swiss businessman and former politician who served as a member of the National Council (Switzerland) for the Swiss People's Party from 1991 to 2019. He previously also served on the Grand Council of Aargau from 1989 to 1991. He remains a controlling shareholder in Giezendanner Group and serves as deputy chairman of KPT Health Insurance in Bern, Switzerland.

Early life and education
Giezendanner was born 31 October 1953 in Rothrist, Switzerland to Johann Ulrich Giezendanner, originally from Wattwil, who founded Giezendanner Group in 1934. He has one sister who permanently resides in Vira (Gambarogno) in Ticino. According to his own statements, Giezendanner completed a commercial apprenticeship, and did not pursue further education.

Career
In 1976, Giezendanner took over the company from his parents and turned it into a stock corporation. Today the business is managed by his son Benjamin Giezendanner, since 2017 as sole managing director, after his brother Stefan was excluded from management due to internal discrepancies.

More recently, Giezendanner has become deputy chairman of KPT Health Insurance, where is also a member on the Nomination and Compensation Committee.  He remains a board member of the board of all Giezendanner companies.

Politics
From March 1989 to November 1991, he served in the Canton of Aargau legislature. In 1991, he was elected to the National Council, representing the canton of Aargau, and since 1995 he has been the head of the Commission for Transport and Telecommunications.  Until mid-1996, he was a member of the Freedom Party of Switzerland. Since then, Giezendanner has been a member of the Swiss People's Party.

Giezendanner supported the expansion of the Baregg tunnel (a bit of a bottleneck in the Swiss motorway network) in 2003, and the adding of a second tube of the Gotthard road tunnel. He currently is an advocate of the creation of a Formula 1 circuit course in Switzerland.  The federal government's policy of shifting the heavy transit traffic to rail, has been the cause of criticism of Giezendanner, because of his work on the Baregg tunnel and on the Gotthard road tunnel.

He's a member of a Campaign for an Independent and Neutral Switzerland.

Private
In 1975, Giezendanner married his first wife Helene (née Rüegger), who died in 1997. They had four children together. His eldest son, Oliver, died in infancy. His youngest son, Benjamin Giezendanner, was the youngest elected member of the Grand Council of Aargau and current member of the National Council (Switzerland), and most recently prospective candidate for Council of States (Switzerland). His elder son, Stefan Giezendanner, is a member of the Grand Council of Aargau since 2020.

Since 2017, he is married to his second wife and long-term partner Roberta Baumann (b. 1965).

Weblinks

 Giezendanner Ulrich on the Website of the Swiss Parliament (parl.ch, in English)

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
People from Zofingen District
Freedom Party of Switzerland politicians
Swiss People's Party politicians
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Aargau politicians
Campaign for an Independent and Neutral Switzerland


Ouvrage Le Lavoir Is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also called the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of two entry blocks, one infantry block, three artillery blocks and one observation block  south of Modane, France, guarding the Col de Fréjus. The surface barracks at Le Lavoir were connected to Charmaix by an aerial tram.

Description
Block 1 (artillery): one heavy twin machine gun cloche, one anti-tank gun embrasure and two 75mm gun embrasures.
Block 2 (artillery): two 75mm gun embrasures.
Block 3 (observation): one observation cloche.
Block 4 (infantry): one grenade launcher cloche and two heavy twin machine gun embrasures.
Block 5 (artillery): one machine gun cloche, two 75mm gun embrasures and four 81mm mortar embrasures.
Block 6 (ventilation): unarmed.
Personnel entry: three machine gun embrasures.
Supply entry: one machine gun cloche, one heavy twin machine gun cloche, one heavy twin machine gun embrasure and one anti-tank gun embrasure.

History
The mountains above Le Lavoir were the focus of an Italian invasion attempt during the Italian invasion of France in 1940. On June 20, Le Lavoir and Ouvrage Sapey fired on Italian forces in the vicinity of the advance post of La Roue, right on the border. The next day the Italian Superga Division infiltrated the area around Ouvrage Pas du Roc. Le Lavoir continued to fire on Italian forces through the day. On the 24th, Le Lavoir fired on Italian troops on the surface of Pas-du-Roc. An explosion in an 81mm mortar injured two of Lavoir's gunners.  The armistice of June 25 put an end to action. Altogether, Le Lavoir fired 3818 shots, mostly on 24 June, the most of any ouvrage in the Marienne region.

After the 1940 armistice, Italian forces occupied the Alpine ouvrages and disarmed them. In August 1943, southern France was occupied by the German 19th Army, which took over many of the Alpine positions that had been occupied by the Italians until Italy's withdrawal from the war in September 1943.

In 1944, Le Lavoir was recaptured relatively easily on 13 September, along with the other strongpoints around Modane. The Maurienne positions had suffered little damage during the war and by the end of 1944 were partly repaired and placed into service. Immediately after the war, the Maurienne region was regarded as an area of medium priority for restoration and reuse by the military. By the 1950s the positions in the Southeast of France were restored and operational again. However, by 1960, with France's acquisition of nuclear weapons, the cost  and effectiveness of the Maginot system was called into question. Between 1964 and 1971 nearly all of the Maginot fortifications were deactivated.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Lavoir (gros ouvrage du) at fortiff.be
 Location on map, photos and infos about Ouvrage du Lavoir  at wikimaginot.eu

LELA
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Special Forces is a creator-owned comic book limited series written and drawn by Kyle Baker, and published by Image Comics. The series details the lives and deaths of a platoon of misfit soldiers who are for one reason or another unsuitable for service, but who have nonetheless been recruited to fight in the Iraq War; one of the main characters is autistic. It was inspired by a 2006 incident in which the US Army recruited an autistic teenager.

The protagonist is a woman who spent her teenage years in reform school before finally using up her "three strikes" and being given a choice between life in prison or military service.  She turns out to be the only competent member of her platoon, other than the autistic soldier, whose rigid insistence on following written orders makes him almost unstoppable.

The New York Times reviewed the 2009 trade-paperback collection of the first four issues, calling it "the harshest, most serrated satire of the Iraq War yet published."

The title is a pun on "special needs".

References

Comics set during the Iraq War
Image Comics titles
Books about autism
Autism in the arts


Ouvrage Pas du Roc is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry blocks, one infantry block, two artillery blocks and one observation block  south of Modane and  east of Ouvrage Le Lavoir in the vicinity of the Col de Fréjus. The position was incomplete at the outbreak of war in 1940.

Description
Block 1 (infantry): One machine gun cloche, one grenade launcher cloche, two heavy twin machine gun cloches and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (observation): One observation cloche.
Block 3 (artillery): Two 75mm gun embrasures.
Block 4 (artillery): One machine gun cloche, four 81mm mortar embrasures and one additional embrasure.
Entrance block: One machine gun cloche (uncompleted), two of four machine gun embrasures completed.
Aerial tram entry: An additional entry served the position by aerial tram from Pont Nua, not completed.

History
During the Italian invasion of France in 1940, Pas du Roc was the focus of an advance over the Italian border by the Italian Superga Division. On 21 June the cable of the aerial tram was cut by the Italians.  Pas-du-Roc opened fire with machine guns and mortars, while the advanced post of Fréjus directed the fire of the ouvrage. On 24 June 1940 the ouvrage was attacked.  Supported by its neighbor, petit ouvrage Arrondaz and others, the fort repelled the attack

After the 1940 armistice, Italian forces occupied the Alpine ouvrages and disarmed them. In August 1943, southern France was occupied by the German 19th Army, which took over many of the Alpine positions that had been occupied by the Italians until Italy's withdrawal from the war in September 1943.

In 1944, Pas du Roc was recaptured relatively easily on 13 September, along with the other strongpoints around Modane. The Maurienne positions had suffered little damage during the war and by the end of 1944 were partly repaired and placed into service. Immediately after the war, the Maurienne region was regarded as an area of medium priority for restoration and reuse by the military. By the 1950s the positions in the Southeast of France were restored and operational again. However, by 1960, with France's acquisition of nuclear weapons, the cost and effectiveness of the Maginot system was called into question. Between 1964 and 1971 nearly all of the Maginot fortifications were deactivated.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

PASR
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Lucy Brown is a 1991 album by funk metal band Lucy Brown. It was released by Megaforce/Atlantic Records in August 1991. The band had previously recorded a different eponymous LP in 1988 for a small local label.

Joe Blaney was asked in 1995 by Rolling Stone for the meaning of song title "Skyburn" and his reply was:

- Skyburn is an adjective. The absolute worst thing ever can be described using just this single word. Like for example: "Placenta Flavored Ice Cream is literally skyburn because he fucking sucks."

Track listing
"Skyburn"
"Nobody Home"
"Colorblind"
"Thoughts (Working Class)"
"It Takes Me High"
"Brother"
"Mold the Truth"
"Roots"
"Favorite Waste of Time"
"Big Sleep"
"Rhode Island"

References

Lucy Brown (band) albums
1991 albums


Ouvrage Arrondaz is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also known as the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, one infantry block, and one observation block fin the vicinity of the Col de Fréjus to the south of Modane at an altitude of .  All but one of the blocks are presently buried by later construction.

Description
Block 1 (observation): One observation cloche.
Block 2 (infantry): Two twin heavy machine gun embrasures.
Entry block: One machine gun embrasure.
Emergency exit block: One machine gun embrasure.

A second position, or demi-ouvrage, was planned for the other side of the Col du Fréjus road, linked by an underground gallery. The Ouvrage Stokes was to have two blocks, an entry and an emergency exit block, disposed similarly to the Arrondaz blocks, but with mortars. Construction of the ouvrage was canceled after the discovery of rock with gypsum deposits and solution cavities.

History
On 22 June 1940 during the Italian invasion of France, the ouvrage was attacked with its neighbor gros ouvrage Pas du Roc by the 1 Infantry Division Superga.  Supporting fire from neighboring positions repelled the attack Further action took place on the 23rd, when Arrondaz, Le Lavoir and Pas du Roc cooperated to fire on Italian troops on the surface of Arrondaz. 75mm guns at Ouvrage Sapey also fired on the surface of Arrondaz. Sapey fired 246 shots at Arrondaz on the 24th.  The following day, an armistice brought action to a halt.

After the 1940 armistice, Italian forces occupied the Alpine ouvrages and disarmed them. In August 1943, southern France was occupied by the German 19th Army, which took over many of the Alpine positions that had been occupied by the Italians until Italy's withdrawal from the war in September 1943.

In 1944, Arrondaz was recaptured relatively easily on 13 September, along with the other strongpoints around Modane. The Maurienne positions had suffered little damage during the war and by the end of 1944 were partly repaired and placed into service. Immediately after the war, the Maurienne region was regarded as an area of medium priority for restoration and reuse by the military. By the 1950s the positions in the Southeast of France were restored and operational again. However, by 1960, with France's acquisition of nuclear weapons, the cost  and effectiveness of the Maginot system was called into question. Between 1964 and 1971 nearly all of the Maginot fortifications were deactivated.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

ARRO
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Demachy is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

François Demachy, French perfumer
Pierre-Antoine Demachy (1723–1807), French artist
Robert Demachy (1859–1936), French photographer

See also
Le Sieur de Machy, 17th-century French musician

French-language surnames


The Fish class sloop, also known informally as the Fish Boat, is a one-design sailboat designed in 1919 by New Orleans resident Rathbone DeBuys, member of the Southern Yacht Club. It is reputed to have been the most popular sailboat racing class on the US Gulf Coast in the early 20th century and was the Gulf Yachting Association one-design racer until it was replaced by the Flying Scot in 1969.

It should not be confused with  Nat Herreshoff's larger sloops, the Annisquam Fish Class Marconi rigged catboats, nor various motor yachts and surfboards of similar names.

Specifications
The Fish class sloop is a gaff-rig, fixed-keel, hard chine, v-hull sloop, originally made of wood, which can carry a crew of from two to five (usually three) depending on the wind. Its specifications are length 20' 6", waterline 16', beam 6', draft 3', weight , ballast , sail area , mainsail area , jibsail area . In early years a club foot jib was used and in later a genoa jib was used.  Rules have been modified to allow aluminum spars and hulls made partially or totally of fiberglass composite. When the Fish is raced in a cruising class event its (2008) Portsmouth yardstick rating is 97.1. It is not listed in the PHRF critical dimension database.

Notes

See also
Catboat
Keelboat
Sharpie

External links
 Fish Class Association home page
 Gulf Yachting Association home page

Keelboats


Ouvrage Les Rochilles is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, in the high Alps about  southwest of Modane.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, two infantry blocks and one observation block. Unusually, it was built by the Main d'Oeuvre Militaire (MOM), rather than CORF (Commission pour l'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), which built most of the larger positions. The design was by CORF.

Work began in  1931, but was not completed by 1940, when it was commanded by Lieutenant Curbaille.

Description
Block 1 (observation): One observation cloche
Block 2 (infantry): one heavy twin machine gun embrasures covering the Col du Fréjus.
Block 3 (infantry): one heavy twin machine gun embrasures covering the Col du Fréjus.
Entry: one machine gun embrasure.
Emergency exit: one machine gun embrasure.

The Camp des Rochilles is located nearby. Constructed 1902–1907, it is at an altitude of . The barracks complex was connected to Plan-Lachat by an aerial tram. The advanced post of Aiguille Noire is a short distance to the south, with four machine gun embrasures.

Les Rochilles saw no significant action in 1940 or 1944.

See also

 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Wikimaginot.eu - Localisation sur carte, informations, documents et photos sur l'ouvrage des Rochilles

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

LERO
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Michelle Jaggard-Lai (born 6 May 1969) is a retired tennis player from Australia. She turned professional in 1984. In her career, Jaggard-Lai won three doubles titles on the WTA Tour. She also reached the quarterfinals of the 1992 Australian Open, partnering Kimiko Date. In singles, she reached round three of the 1989 Australian Open. She reached a career-high doubles ranking of No. 42 in February 1991 and a best singles ranking of No. 83 in May 1993.

Jaggard-Lai was a member of the Australia Fed Cup team that lost in the final of the 1993 Federation Cup.

She played in the singles main draw at the Australian Open eight times, the French Open six times, Wimbledon four times & the US Open once. In doubles, she played in the main draw at the Australian Open seven times, the French Open & Wimbledon nine times, and the US Open six times.

She married ex-professional soccer player Gershwin Lai from the Netherlands, in February or March 1992.

Jaggard-Lai retired from the tour at the end of 1994 (aged just 25 & ranked No. 2 in Australia in singles at the time). Together with her husband, she is a tennis teacher at Wakehurst Tennis in Seaforth, New South Wales, Australia.

WTA career finals

Doubles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner-ups)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles (2–6)

Doubles (7–1)

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Australian female tennis players
Australian Open (tennis) junior champions
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Tennis players from Sydney
Wimbledon junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' doubles
20th-century Australian women