Bœsenbiesen (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Bolsenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links
 Bolsenheim official website

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Boofzheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Its name is probably derived from the French "bœuf" (bull or ox). Variants of the name include Boofi - Boffesheim - Bofftsheim - Boffsheim - Bototzheim - Booftzheim - Booffzheim.

History

It is said that from the fifteenth century the village belonged to the Mieg family. In 1545, they introduced the Protestant Reformation into the village and the village church of St Etienne was turned into a Protestant chapel.

According to another source, Sebastian Mieg (Mueg), from a Strasbourg merchant family, bought half of Boofzheim in 1567 from the Abbess of St Etienne and built a castle on the land. This castle was burnt down by the Swedes in 1636 and was rebuilt in 1642. It was to the east of the Catholic Church, but no trace remains today. Église Saint-Étienne de Boofzheim was last built in 1684.

From 1687 to 1854, the Church was shared by Protestants and Catholics, after which the Protestants built their own church and St Etienne's was given back to the Catholics.
In 1852, there were 953 Protestants and 200 Catholics in the village.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Romagné (; ; Gallo: Romanyaé) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Romagné are called Romagnéens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


The NCAA University Division was a historic subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) consisting of member schools competing at the highest level of college sports. The University Division was first established as a basis for determining eligibility to participate in the 1957 NCAA University Division basketball tournament. It was replaced in 1973 with the creation of NCAA Division I.

Origin
The University Division began for purposes of college basketball. In August 1956, NCAA executive director Walter Byers announced that, starting in 1957, the NCAA would hold separate basketball tournaments for major schools and smaller colleges. Approximately 156 major schools competing in the "University Division" would compete for 24 spots in the University Division tournament, while 285 smaller schools in the "College Division" would compete for 32 spots in a separate tournament.

From its inception, the University Division included all member schools in NCAA-allied conferences, and champions of those conferences automatically qualified to participate in the NCAA University Division basketball tournament. The original allied conferences were the Atlantic Coast Conference, the Big Seven Conference, the Big Ten Conference, the Border Conference, the Ivy League, the Metropolitan New York Conference, the Mid-American Conference, the Missouri Valley Conference, the Mountain States Conference, the Ohio Valley Conference, the Pacific Coast Conference, the Southeastern Conference, the Southern Conference, the Southwest Conference, and the West Coast Athletic Conference.

The first separate "University Division" basketball tournament was held in March 1957.

By December 1957, the ranks of the University Division expanded to 179 universities and colleges.

Extension to football
While the University Division was initially created as a basis for determining eligibility for the basketball tournament, the concept was eventually extended to college football as well. In 1962, 140 major college football teams were recognized as being part of the "University Division" for purposes of football. Another 370 schools were placed in the "College Division".

In 1963, the NCAA began holding regional football championships within the College Division. At that time, 120 of the 419 NCAA football programs were classified as being part of the University Division.

Classification into the University Division for purposes of basketball was broader and included more schools than for purposes of football. For purposes of football, and unlike basketball, classification into the University Division was not automatic based on conference membership.

Changes in status
For purposes of football, the ranks of the University Division evolved from year to year. Promotion of football programs to the University Division Annual was determined in earlier years by members of the American Football Writers Association, and in later years by an NCAA sanctioning committee. Annual changes in the University Division football membership include the following:

 1960: Southern Miss was promoted to the University Division.
 1961: Bowling Green was promoted to the University Division.
 1962: Buffalo, Kent State, and Marshall were promoted to the University Division. There were 140 teams playing football in the University Division.
 1963: Out of 419 NCAA member schools, only 120 football programs were part of the University Division.
 1967: Idaho and Pacific (CA) were involuntarily dropped to the College Division; both were elevated two years later.
 1968: Ball State was elevated to the University Division.
 1969: Northern Illinois and San Diego State were admitted to the University Division, while Idaho and Pacific (CA) returned after two years in the College Division. The promotions increased the University Division to 118 teams for football.
 1970: The University Division remained stable at 118 teams. The NCAA Football Statistics and Classification Committee recommended that a College Division team not be elevated unless it includes at least five major-college opponents on its upcoming season schedule.
 1971: Temple and Texas–Arlington were elevated to the University Division.
 1972: Long Beach State and Tampa were elevated to the University Division.

References

University Division


Bootzheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

Geography
The village is located a few kilometres to the north of Marckolsheim.   Adjacent municipalities are Mackenheim and Artolsheim.

Economy
Employment opportunities in the village are limited.   The traditional economic focus of the region is Sélestat some fifteen kilometres (ten miles) to the west. The river crossing of Marckolsheim with its associated locks and hydro-electric power station offer employment opportunities:  many low paid seasonal jobs are also provided by the Europa-Park theme park on the other side of the German border nearby.

Landmarks
The Romanesque period church of St Blaise.

Twin towns
  Plazac, Dordogne

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Bossendorf (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bourg-Bruche (;  or Burg-Breusch) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Allendale Public Schools (APS) is a school district headquartered in Allendale, Michigan, United States.

Schools

 Allendale High School (8–12)
 Allendale Middle School (6–8)
 Oakwood Intermediate (KG–5)
 Evergreen Elementary (KG–3)
 Allendale Early Childhood Center (PK–KG)

Optional:
 New Options High School (9–12)

References

External links

Allendale, Michigan
Education in Ottawa County, Michigan
School districts in Michigan


Rimou (; ; Gallo: Rimou) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Rimou are called rimois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Bouxwiller (; , ; , or ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department, Alsace, Grand Est, northeastern France. Likely meaning "Bucco's land", Bouxwiller is the capital of the Bouxwiller canton and is located within the Saverne arrondissement about 34 kilometres (21 mi) northwest of Strasbourg.

The earliest known mention of Bouxwiller dates to 724 AD. In the 13th century, the town came into possession of the Lichtenberg family, who constructed the Château de Bouxwiller here in the early 14th century. Bouxwiller was the capital of the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg, and residence of the Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg, throughout its existence from 1480 to 1736. The Château de Bouxwiller was pillaged during the French Revolution and its remnants were gone by the early 19th century. In 1973, the villages of Griesbach-le-Bastberg, Imbsheim, and Riedheim were incorporated into the commune of Bouxwiller.

Toponymy
Puxuvilare is the earliest spelling of the town, as mentioned in 724. In 737, Buxwilari and Buxovillare were used. Eventually, Buchsweiler became the standard German spelling. The spelling of the town is Busswiller in Alsatian.

The current spelling of the town's name dates to the French Revolution. In 1792, the German spelling Buchsweiler—sometimes seen as Bouxweiler—was officially replaced with its French equivalent Bouxwiller, then Bouxviller in 1793. During the German annexation of Alsace from 1871 to 1918 and German annexation between 1940 and 1944, the town reverted to its German spelling Buchsweiler.

The name of the town is composed of two elements: Boux- and -willer. The suffix -willer is the French spelling of the German -weiler, which derives from the Medieval Old High German suffix -willer, which in turn is derived from the Low Latin word villare and means "agricultural land". The first element of the name, Boux-, is likely representative of the Germanic name Bucco, as toponyms incorporating the suffix -willer was typically combined with a personal name as the first element. The letter 'X' represents the letters 'ks', of which the 's' is the Saxon genitive that frequently appeared in toponyms in the region in the late Middle Ages. Thus, a probable meaning of the town's name is "Bucco's land". An alternative folk etymology of the town name is that the name is a combination of Buchs-, the German word for Buxus (boxwood), and -willer, thus meaning "land of boxwood". However, this origin is improbable considering the use of Puxuvilare in 724, since the Latin suffix -villare was not associated with vegetation.

History
Tiles and pottery shards indicate the presence of Romans on Bastberg, where the remains of a laconicum (Roman bath) were discovered in 1739. The earliest written mention of Bouxwiller was in 724, when Radolph and Eloïn gave the property of their respective mothers located in Puxuvilare to the Wissembourg Abbey.

Bouxwiller came into the possession of the knights of Lichtenberg around 1260. Rudolf I of Germany elevated Bouxwiller to the rank of city to attract the allegiance of the Lichtenberg family; this status was renewed by Albert I of Germany in 1301. This status allowed Bouxwiller to have a city wall and host a market, among other new sources of revenue. In 1312, the city was described as an oppidum, then meaning a fortified city. The Lichtenberg family built a moated castle in Bouxwiller—the Château de Bouxwiller—which was first mentioned in 1329, although it incorporated a chapel that was mentioned in 1315, when it hosted funeral services for John the First of Lichtenberg. The chapel also contained an epitaph and the tomb of John, Count of Werd and Landgrave of Lower Alsace, who died in 1376.

Count Jacob of Lichtenberg died in 1480 without issue, leaving his territory to be divided among his nieces. The Bailiwick of Bouxwiller was inherited by Anne of Lichtenberg and her husband Philipp I of Hanau-Babbenhausen (later Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg) to become a part of the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg. Bouxwiller was the capital of the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg and residence of the Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg throughout its existence from 1480 to 1736. After being looted during the German Peasants' War, the castle was renovated in the mid-sixteenth century by Philipp IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg and expanded with two new wings and lavish gardens. In June 1683, French King Louis XIV and his son Louis the Grand Dauphin made a stop in Bouxwiller and three years later, the city came under French control.

In 1736, the County of Hanau-Lichtenberg was transferred to Landgrave Louis IX of Hesse-Darmstadt, officially becoming a part of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt. The Château de Bouxwiller became the residence of Louis IX's neglected wife Countess Caroline of Zweibrücken. During the French Revolution, the château was confiscated by the state and was pillaged in November 1793 by revolutionaries. The last remnants of the château were gone by the early 19th century. The medieval fortified city's two gates were razed in 1830.

In 1787, there were about 400–500 households in Bouxwiller, of which there were 40–50 Catholic families, 40 Jewish families, and over 300 families of the Augsburg Confession of the Lutheran Church. Mining brought prosperity to the commune in the nineteenth century, but ended in 1957.

In 1973, the villages of Griesbach-le-Bastberg, Imbsheim, and Riedheim were incorporated into the commune of Bouxwiller.

Judaism
The presence of a Jewish population in the city is documented in 1322. The Hanau-Lichtenberg administration was tolerant of the Jews, allowing the presence of a yeshiva (religious school) and beth din (Jewish court), which lasted from the 1760s until the French Revolution, and the establishment of two Jewish cemeteries in the commune in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In 1725, a census of the Jews in the city counted 31 families and five widows. A large synagogue was built in Bouxwiller in 1844. It was defaced and damaged during the Second World War and the building now houses the Judeo-Alsatian Museum of Bouxwiller, dedicated to the history of Jews in Alsace.

Geography

Bouxwiller is situated  northwest of Strasbourg. It is the capital of the Bouxwiller canton and is located within the Saverne arrondissement. It is bordered by the communes of Obersoultzbach, Niedersoultzbach, Uttwiller, Obermodern, Kirrwiller, Bosselshausen, Printzheim, Hattmatt, Neuwiller-lès-Saverne, and Weiterswiller.

Bouxwiller covers an area of  at an altitude of . The commune is not crossed by any significant rivers, but contains several large streams that drain into the river Moder. Among the large streams are the Wappachgraben, Embsbaechel, Oberholtz, Griesbaechel, Schnurgraben, and the Wallbach.

Bouxwiller has a Cfb oceanic climate in the Köppen climate classification with an annual average temperature of  and annual average precipitation of .

Transport
A railway from Saverne was opened on 15 October 1877, with the railroad station in Bouxwiller opening the following year. The line was extended to Haguenau in 1881 and Ingwiller in 1889. Service between Bouxwiller and Ingwiller ended in 1953; the remaining line served passenger trains until 1970 and freight trains until 1989. The rail line has since been removed and its right-of-way now forms a cycle path, while the Bouxwiller train station has been remodeled and houses artisanal shops.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

Notes

References

External links

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Historic Jewish communities


Breitenbach (Alsatian: Braitebàch) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Breuschwickersheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

The Château de Breuschwickersheim is situated here.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Abdulla Nasser Al-Mousa is a footballer. He currently plays as a midfielder for the Al Muzahimiyyah club in Saudi Arabia.

Al-Mousa started playing for the first team in the 2007-2008 season.

References

External links

Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Living people
Al Nassr FC players
Al-Riyadh SC players
Al-Muzahimiyyah Club players
Saudi First Division League players
Saudi Pro League players
Saudi Second Division players
1988 births
Men's association football midfielders


La Broque (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in the Grand Est region in Northeastern France. In 2018, it had a population of 2,646.

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Salm-Salm


La Richardais (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of La Richardais are called richardaisiens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website
Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Buhl (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Nurzhan Karimzhanov (born 30 May 1980) is a Kazakhstani boxer, who won the gold medal at the 2002 Asian Games in the Junior Welterweight division.

Career
At the Olympics 2000 he fought at lightweight and beat among others local hero Michael Katsidis but lost to Andriy Kotelnyk. At the Asian Games he won the junior welterweight title.

Karimzhanov qualified for the Athens Games by ending up in second place at the 1st AIBA Asian 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Guangzhou, PR China. In the final he lost to Thailand's eventual gold medalist Manus Boonjumnong. At the Olympics 2004 he beat two opponents, but lost to Boris Georgiev 18:20.

References

External links
Yahoo

1980 births
Living people
Kazakhstani male boxers
Light-welterweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Kazakhstan
Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in boxing
Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan
Boxers at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games


Burbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bust (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Le Rheu (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Le Rheu are called rheusois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Per Johan Kinde (14 April 1887 – 1 July 1924) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish team in the team clay pigeons competition. Kinde committed suicide by hanging in 1924.

In the 1920 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 Team running deer, single shots - fourth place
 Individual running deer, single shots - result unknown
 Individual trap - result unknown

References

External links
profile

1887 births
1924 suicides
1924 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
Running target shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Suicides by hanging in Sweden
Sportspeople from Gothenburg
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Buswiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Butten (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. The inhabitants of Butten are called Buttenois, Buttenoises in French.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cleebourg (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Cleebourg was claimed by the Kings of Sweden from 1652 to 1787.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Retiers (; ; Gallo: Restier) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Retiers are called restériens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Climbach () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Colroy-la-Roche (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ashe Cottage, also known as the Ely House, is a historic Carpenter Gothic house in Demopolis, Alabama.  It was built in 1832 and expanded and remodeled in the Gothic Revival style in 1858 by William Cincinnatus Ashe, a physician from North Carolina.  The cottage is a -story wood-frame building, the front elevation features two semi-octagonal gabled front bays with a one-story porch inset between them.  The gables and porch are trimmed with bargeboards in a design taken from Samuel Sloan's plan for "An Old English Cottage" in his 1852 publication, The Model Architect.  The house is one of only about twenty remaining residential examples of Gothic Revival architecture remaining in the state.  Other historic Gothic Revival residences in the area include Waldwic in Gallion and Fairhope Plantation in Uniontown.  Ashe Cottage was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on August 22, 1975, and to the National Register of Historic Places on 19 October 1978.

The Ashe House is given as one of four examples of the paired-gable subtype of Gothic Revival houses in A Field Guide to American Houses (1984).  It is noted as having "very delicate lace-like porches and vergeboard details."  Paired gables appear in about five percent of Gothic Revival houses in America.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Marengo County, Alabama
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Houses in Demopolis, Alabama
Carpenter Gothic architecture in Alabama
Carpenter Gothic houses in the United States
Gothic Revival architecture in Alabama
Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage


Cosswiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Crastatt () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Crœttwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Dachstein is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Of note is Château Hervé. Dachstein station has rail connections to Strasbourg and Molsheim.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Black Rock Forest is a  forest and biological field station maintained by Black Rock Forest Consortium. It is located in the western Hudson Highlands region of the U.S. state of New York, in Orange County, mostly in the town of Cornwall, with the southern fringe overlapping into the neighboring town of Highlands.

Established by a local resident in 1928, the forest was the property of Harvard University until 1989. The Consortium has invested heavily in facilities to improve its research and educational missions and promote sustainability, erecting several green buildings in the middle of the forest with guest facilities, classrooms and laboratories. Its educational facilities are used by groups at every level, from elementary grades to college undergraduates. Over 400 papers have been published from research done in the forest.

History
Forest began to grow in the area about 14,000 years ago, with the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age. Originally, like many post-glacial forests, it consisted of evergreen conifers such as spruce and fir, but as the climate warmed they gave way to the deciduous species of oak and maple that now predominate.

Like much of the Highlands, the land now part of Black Rock had been heavily impacted by human usage. Native communities hunted the forest extensively, built large settlements and started forest fires to clear sections of the woods and prevent larger natural ones. After colonization of the Hudson Valley in 1690, the impact becomes more evident to the contemporary eye. During the last years of the Revolutionary War the Continental Army used the Continental Road that runs through the center of the property to get between West Point and its encampment at New Windsor. Spy Rock got its name from its use by Continental soldiers as a lookout point where they could monitor Newburgh Bay for any signs of British activity on the strategically important Hudson River.

Throughout the 19th century it saw extensive logging and mining, with some homesteads and farms established in its lower-lying portions. Only one building, the 1834 Chatsfield stone house, remains today. As the forest land began to decline in value with the depletion of its productive resources, various tracts were bought by the Stillman family in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1928, enough land had been acquired for Dr. Ernest Stillman to officially create Black Rock Forest for research and demonstration purposes. He hoped to restore it to productive use again through newly developed practical forestry techniques, as well as leaving plenty of undisturbed land available for use in silvicultural research.

To this end he hired a forester, Hal Tryon, and a small crew to cull unwanted species and poorly growing trees from wanted ones. The forest improved considerably, and upon his death in 1949 Stillman left the forest to his alma mater, Harvard University, for the continuation of its purposes. During Harvard's ownership of the forest, 75 scientific papers were published based on research in it. Hiking trails were also developed in the forest under the auspices of the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference. During the late 1960s and 1970s the Forest faced its biggest threat, as a massive power plant proposed for nearby Storm King Mountain by Consolidated Edison would have flooded most of it to build a large reservoir. That plan was eventually abandoned in 1982 after a landmark environmental lawsuit.

Since Harvard also owns the eponymous forest closer to campus in Petersham, Massachusetts, in 1981 it asked another alumnus, William Golden, what he thought should be done with Black Rock. He suggested that there were plenty of local organizations which might be able to derive the same benefit from it, and approached them about forming a consortium or similar group to take over from Harvard. Many were enthusiastic about the idea but lacked enough funds to contribute even a share of the purchase price. Golden decided to purchase the land himself in 1989 and give it to a newly created Black Rock Forest Preserve, which in turn leases it to the Black Rock Forest Consortium. Harvard donated the purchase price to the forest as the beginning of an endowment, and Golden added to that with more of his own money.

Geography

The forest is nestled in an area roughly bounded by US 9W to the east and Angola Road (which it does not reach) on the north. To the southwest, a small portion, the former Mineral Springs Nature Preserve, protrudes to a public access point on Old Mineral Springs Road. A large tract along the western boundary, and a smaller one to the east, are designated as ecological reserves within the forest.

Most public access comes from Route 9W, near the lowest portions of the land, and many of the research and educational facilities are located in that north central area. To the south, in the Highlands portion of the forest, the land rises over a thousand feet (300 m) to several peaks, including the eponymous  Black Rock with its observation tower and Spy Rock, at  the highest point in the Town of Highlands and the highest peak in the Highlands west of the Hudson River. There are seven ponds in the forest, all of which form part of the village of Cornwall on Hudson's water supply system save Sutherland Pond, the only one in which visitors are allowed to swim. The ponds drain into an unnamed stream that crosses the village and empties into Moodna Creek near where it joins the Hudson; Sutherland gives rise to Mineral Springs Brook, which flows out to the scenic Mineral Springs Falls near the western end of the forest and then to Moodna Creek's main tributary, Woodbury Creek.

The forest is buffered by other, nearby protected areas in two directions, with Storm King State Park on the east across Route 9W and the large United States Military Academy reservation directly to the south. In other directions the large, minimally developed tracts of private landowners serve as a buffer.

Roads and trails

A network of old logging and mining roads, including the Continental Road, still exists and provides access to many points in the central region of the park. They are closed to all motor-vehicle use save that authorized by the consortium for its members; they are open to bicycles and foot traffic and marked as part of the forest's trail system.

Together with cut footpaths, the roads provide over 30 miles (50 km) of trails in Black Rock Forest. Most are short routes between the roads and other trails or spurs to various overlooks running less than two miles (3 km) in total length. The two exceptions are the Scenic and Stillman trails, backbone routes across the park in different directions, both also carrying the long-distance Highlands Trail for all or most of their lengths.

The Scenic Trail, the longest in the forest at 5.9 miles (9.5 km), runs from its western trailhead on Old Mineral Springs Road near the falls atop the ridge past Spy Rock to end at a junction with the Stillman near Mount Misery. The Stillman Trail, named for the forest's founder, is actually a continuation of a trail that begins in Cornwall on Hudson and goes over Storm King, then crosses 9W into the forest. It runs 5.3 miles (8.5 km) across the forest and over Black Rock to end at an overlook to Schunemunk Mountain and Mountainville near the forest's western boundary.

Geology

The forest is one of the northernmost sections of the Highlands Province of the Appalachian Mountains. The Precambrian gneiss bedrock in the forest is the oldest in New York State, formed 1.1 billion-1.3 billion years ago and first uplifted during the Taconic Orogeny 460 million-440 million years ago. The Acadian and Alleghenian orogenies further shaped the mountains to their present form, and then the glaciers and erosion wore them down.

Within the gneiss can be found several other minerals: feldspar, quartz, pyroxene and mica. Black bands within the bedrock come from the mineral that gave the forest its name: magnetite, a source of iron. Two plane crashes on the Hill of Pines, less than 600 feet (180 m) apart, are believed to have occurred because of the mineral's influence on the aircraft compasses.

Biological resources
Black Rock Forest's flora and fauna are part of the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion.

Flora
Botanists working in the forest have identified several distinct plant communities, including 60 species of tree, within it, spread among six different regions. The most widespread is an oak forest found in the drier lowlands, where red oak, the most common canopy tree on the property, predominates along with maples, hickory and black birch. Some chestnuts, once the dominant canopy tree before the chestnut blight, survive as well. Shrubs include mountain laurel and witch-hazel.

The same trees can also be found in the wetlands. More associate species show up, particularly sugar maple, as well as beech, basswood and sweetgum. The understory add ironwood, striped maple and spicebush. In flooded areas, red maple and alder, which can tolerate the water, are dominant along with leatherleaf and sphagnum. A few gray birch are found along the edges of ponds, and eastern hemlock can be found along some of the streams, cooling the water with its shade.

Higher up the ridges, as the soils thin, the dominant oaks are the chestnut and scrub oak varieties found on most montane sites in the Highlands. Pitch pine cannot flourish anywhere else in the forest except in the thin soils found here, and on the bare rocks sensitive lichens, mosses and grasses take hold where they can.

A 2003 study by the Brooklyn Botanical Garden identified 688 species of vascular plants in the forest over an eight-year period. It found ten species rare in New York, and six considered endangered by the state, including Virginia snakeroot and swollen bladderoot

Fauna

As in other woodlands in the Eastern United States, white-tailed deer are the most abundant mammal within Black Rock Forest, providing ample hunting opportunities. Common associate species like foxes, mink, striped skunks and raccoons are also common, as are rodent species like squirrels, chipmunks and voles. Some bat species also have taken up residence. Coyotes have made a comeback since 1985, and there have been signs of beaver activity although the animals themselves have rarely been seen.

Many reptiles and amphibians common to Eastern forests are well represented. These include several salamander species, a few frogs, the American toad, and the Eastern box and painted turtles. Some poisonous snakes have been found, although garter snakes and other non-hazardous species are more common.

Woodland birds like ruffed grouse and wild turkey are dominant among avian species, with Canada geese and mallard ducks conspicuous in and near the ponds. Smaller birds include the downy and hairy woodpeckers. All are prey for common predator species like the red-tailed hawk, Cooper's hawk and barred owl.

Most insect species have not been formally counted. The American Museum of Natural History, a consortium member, has counted 296 spider species in the forest as of 2005, and the following year a Harvard study found 33 ant species and projected a possible 58 in the forest.

Management

Black Rock Forest is run on a daily basis by a staff of ten headed by Executive Director, Dr. William Schuster. They report to the consortium's board, which is composed of six officers, a representative of each member organization, 13 directors-at-large and the seven members of the Black Rock Forest Preserve board. It is currently chaired by Sibyl Golden, who also edits Black Rock Forest News, the consortium's quarterly newsletter. Columbia professor Kevin Griffin serves as president.

Land usage

The forest is free and open to the public daily for hiking and mountain biking, but within strict rules in order to preserve its value as a research and educational facility. No motor vehicles other than those authorized by the forest are allowed on its roads, and then only within a 10 mph (16 km/h) speed limit. The forest closes at dusk daily; no camping is permitted except for occasional light-impact stays. Research plots, when clearly marked, are not to be disturbed.

Hikers are asked to stay on marked trails and refrain from bushwhacking. Swimming and fishing are permitted only in Sutherland Pond and Mineral Springs Brook. Only members of the Black Rock Fish and Game Club are allowed to hunt in the forest during New York State firearm deer season in late fall; the forest is closed to the public during that period.

Facilities

During the Stillman and Harvard eras, the forest administration worked out of what is now known as the Old Forest Headquarters, on Continental Avenue, just across Route 9W from one of the main access points. It can still house 15 guests. It also has a lawn for recreational activities, a tree and shrub nursery, weather station, storage barn and woodshop.

When the Consortium took over, it decided to build several facilities to allow education and research to take place in the forest itself, the first new construction in the forest since the 19th century. All are green buildings, in keeping with the forest's mission, that have won their architects some awards.

The main building is the Center for Science and Education, a 9,000-square foot (810 m²) structure erected in 1999 with grants from the National Science Foundation, Kresge Foundation and other donors. It has a wet and dry laboratory, plus 1,150 square feet (104 m²) of classrooms (with labs of their own) designed for levels from kindergarten through undergraduate. The 700-square foot (63 m²) dry lab also has refrigerators, freezers, centrifuges, distilled water and a fume hood. Archived data from forest research and observation goes back to 1930 in some cases. Wired and wireless Internet access is available.

Next to the Center is the Forest Lodge, built in 2005 as the primary center for overnight stays in the Forest. Sixty people can spend the night here, sleeping four to eight to a room. A central Commons can accommodate 140 for lectures and 65 for meals prepared in the kitchen, and the deck offers a view of the surrounding mountains.

The third building in this main complex is the Solar Pavilion, on a small rise behind the Science Center. It is an unwalled shelter built of red pine harvested within the forest. Its 32 solar panels on its sloping, south-facing roof, which when combined with 48 more on the Center for Science and Education provided 26,000 kilowatt hours of electricity in their first 11 months of operation, about half the building's total demand. During daylight in summer it can provide all the building's power. Underneath the roof are two large picnic tables and real-time monitors for the solar power system to allow the Pavilion's use as an outdoor classroom.

Away from this complex are two other buildings. The 1834 Chatfield Stone House, located along the Continental Road between Arthurs and Tamarack ponds, the only remaining structure from the area's past uses, was rebuilt after a 1912 fire and is now a museum. Its exhibits relate not only to the past human uses of the forest but to its natural history, and include a short nearby interpretive trail designed to teach tree identification. Some educational programs are based here, and it too can be used for overnight stays (albeit without electricity or running water) with forest permission.

Programs and projects

The consortium runs several regular programs and projects in conjunction with its member institutions. A Small Grants program, funded by the Ernst C. Stiefel Foundation, has been in place since 1990, continuing a similar practice of Harvard's. Teachers and researchers at member institutions are eligible for up to $3,000 for educational projects and $5,000 for research projects. A total of $425,000 has been given out since then.

The School in the Forest program, funded initially by a grant from the New York Community Trust, brings students from urban public schools in New York City to the forest for day or overnight trips to get the same experience the consortium's member schools and school districts enjoy for their students. Currently P.S 220 in the Mott Haven section of the Bronx and P.S/I.S 311 from Inwood, the northern tip of Manhattan Island, are participating. The weekend of April 29, 2011, the Marine Biology Research Program of the Urban Assembly New York Harbor School headed to Black Rock Forest to take part in ecosystem ecology projects.

In the mid-1990s, Jean Gardner, a consortium consultant, began putting together a Virtual Forest Initiative, a new concept designed to take advantage of the possibilities of the then-emerging World Wide Web. It would not only allow visitors to take a "virtual hike" through the forest, it would also provide real-time data from the forest's environmental monitoring network to enhance appreciation of its ecological importance. In April 2004 a virtual hike with data was made available, in addition to the clickable map on the Consortium's website.

The first "Green Ride", a three-day, 260-mile (418 km) bicycling trip from Fort Tryon Park in Manhattan to the forest and back, was held in October 2007. It was successful in raising $60,000 for forest programs and will be held again in 2008.

Consortium member institutions and organizations
The following institutions are members of the consortium:

American Museum of Natural History
Avenues: The World School
Barnard College
The Browning School
The Calhoun School
Central Park Conservancy
Columbia University
Cornwall Central School District
The Dalton School
Metropolitan Montessori School
New York - New Jersey Trail Conference
New York University (Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, and School of Arts and Sciences)
Newburgh Enlarged City School District
The School at Columbia University
The Spence School
Storm King School
Trevor Day School
Urban Assembly School for Applied Math and Science

Access
Most access to Black Rock Forest comes from Route 9W to the east, where there are three separate parking areas along the southbound roadway of the divided highway. The main entrance and parking lot is on Reservoir Road near Storm King School and Cornwall on Hudson's Deer Hill section. From there it is  via trail or  road to the Center for Science and Education.  north of that is the entrance opposite the old headquarters building on Continental Road, with more limited parking, and several miles to the south, just north of the USMA property, there is another small parking lot aside 9W.

Three other entry points exist. From the south, along NY 293 a mile south of Route 9W, a trail from the end of a short road leads from the military reservation into the forest. On the northwest side, there is another trailhead near the end of Mine Hill Road, a dead-end street off Angola Road, and finally there is the access from Old Mineral Springs Road at the western corner.

See also
 Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission

References

External links
Black Rock Forest Consortium website
Student Investigations using Data from the Environmental Sensors at the Black Rock Forest

Nature reserves in New York (state)
Protected areas of Orange County, New York
Forest research institutes
U.S. Route 9W
Protected areas of the Hudson Highlands
Cornwall, New York
Highlands, New York
Protected areas established in 1928
1928 establishments in New York (state)


Dahlenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Dalhunden () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Dambach may refer to:

Places
 Dambach, Bas-Rhin, France
 Dambach Colonia, a neighborhood of Managua, Nicaragua
 Dambach-la-Ville, Bas-Rhin, France
 Dambach, Germany, a municipality in Landkreis Birkenfeld, Rhineland-Palatinate

People with the surname
Erica Dambach (born 1975), American women's soccer player and coach


Renac (; ; Gallo: Renac) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Renac are called renacois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Dambach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Tautoro is a locality about 8 km south-southeast of Kaikohe in Northland, New Zealand. Further to the south is the Awarua rural community.

History and culture

Tautoro has Ngāpuhi marae:

 Kaikou Marae and Eparaima Makapi meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Hine.
 Kaingahoa Mataraua Marae and Tūmanako meeting house are affiliated with Ngāi Tāwake ki te Waoku and Ngāti Rangi.
 Te Maata Marae and Te Whare Huinga are connected to Ngāti Moerewa and Ngāti Rangi.
 Te Rīngi and Māhūhū ki te Rangi meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Moerewa.
 Māhūhū ki te Rangi Marae and meeting house belong to Ngāti Moerewa.
 Te Hungāiti is also a meeting ground for both hapū.

In October 2020, the Government committed $90,424 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Te Maata Marae and Te Kotahitanga Marae, creating 12 jobs.

The Awarua community has two Ngāpuhi marae:

 Te Hūruhi Marae and Ngāti Māhia meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Hine and Ngāti Māhia
 Ururangi Marae and meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Māhia

Demographics
Tautoro is in an SA1 statistical area which covers . The SA1 area is part of the larger Mataraua Forest statistical area.

The SA1 statistical area had a population of 210 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 3 people (−1.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 21 people (11.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 72 households, comprising 93 males and 117 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.79 males per female. The median age was 35.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 57 people (27.1%) aged under 15 years, 33 (15.7%) aged 15 to 29, 99 (47.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 21 (10.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 37.1% European/Pākehā, 77.1% Māori, 8.6% Pacific peoples, 1.4% Asian, and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 41.4% had no religion, 41.4% were Christian, 5.7% had Māori religious beliefs and 1.4% were Muslim.

Of those at least 15 years old, 21 (13.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 30 (19.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 15 people (9.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 57 (37.3%) people were employed full-time, 18 (11.8%) were part-time, and 21 (13.7%) were unemployed.

Mataraua Forest statistical area
The statistical area of Mataraua Forest covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Mataraua Forest had a population of 507 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 30 people (6.3%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 39 people (−7.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 168 households, comprising 246 males and 261 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.94 males per female. The median age was 36.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 129 people (25.4%) aged under 15 years, 93 (18.3%) aged 15 to 29, 231 (45.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 57 (11.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 45.0% European/Pākehā, 70.4% Māori, 5.3% Pacific peoples, 2.4% Asian, and 1.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 6.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 42.6% had no religion, 43.2% were Christian, 2.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.2% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 42 (11.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 84 (22.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 27 people (7.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 150 (39.7%) people were employed full-time, 51 (13.5%) were part-time, and 24 (6.3%) were unemployed.

Education
Tautoro School is a coeducational full primary (years 1-8) school with a roll of  students as of

The school celebrated its centenary in 2006. It was originally called Tautoro Native School.

Notes

Far North District
Populated places in the Northland Region


Dangolsheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


The American Volunteers were a British Loyalist unit during the American Revolutionary War.

Company formed
British Army Major Patrick Ferguson raised the "American Volunteers" in 1779 in the Province of New York.

Campaigns
In 1780, the Volunteers were sent to the Siege of Charleston. On 2 May 1780 they captured the redoubt at Haddrell's Point. The Battle of King's Mountain resulted in the death of Major Ferguson and the unit's virtual annihilation.

References

External links
 Index to American Volunteers History - The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies

Loyalist military units in the American Revolution


Daubensand is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Dauendorf () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

It is the site of the remains of Neubourg Abbey, a former Cistercian monastery, destroyed during the French Revolution.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dehlingen () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Marimar can mean:
 Marimar (Mexican TV series), a 1994 Mexican telenovela, starring Thalía, originally broadcast in 1994 on Televisa
 MariMar (2007 TV series), the first Philippine remake of the Mexican telenovela
 MariMar (2015 TV series), the second Philippine remake of the Mexican telenovela
 Metel El Amar, a 2016 Lebanese remake of the original Mexican telenovela
 Marimar Vega, a Mexican actress.


Diebolsheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Diedendorf () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dieffenbach-au-Val () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dieffenbach-lès-Wœrth (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dieffenthal (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Diemeringen () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Talna Mică is a left tributary of the river Talna in Romania. It flows into the Talna in Vama. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Satu Mare County


Dimbsthal (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

History
The name of the commune is officially mentioned for the first time in 1120. At that time, it was ruled by the Marmoutier Abbey.

Sport
The village hosted the Grand Est regional amateur cycling championships in 2018.

Historical heritage and architecture
The church Saint-Symphorien is located in Dimbsthal.

The village also include an old water fountain. It was built in 1889 and is no longer in activity.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Dingsheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Kochersberg

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Dinsheim-sur-Bruche (, literally Dinsheim on Bruche; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Donnenheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. As with other parts of Alsace and Bas-Rhin, Donnenheim has had periods under German rule, and its name is Germanic. Donnenheim has been part of France since 1790, with an interlude of German rule 1871-1919.

The village has a church, a town hall with library, and a multi-purpose community hall.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Dorlisheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Economy
The headquarters of Bugatti Automobiles is located at the Château Saint-Jean just outside Dorlisheim.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

 Commune de Dorlisheim - official website (in French)

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dossenheim-Kochersberg is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Kochersberg

References

External links

Official website

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Dossenheim-sur-Zinsel is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Drachenbronn-Birlenbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Drulingen () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Château de Drulingen was built in 1816.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Drusenheim ( or ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin département in Grand Est in north-eastern France, situated on the bank of the Rhine.

History
Drusenheim was fortified by the military architect,  militaire Jean Maximilien Welsch in 1705.

Population

Notable people
 Roland Wagner (born 1955), former football international

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Duntzenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Erik R. G. Lundquist (29 April 1896 – 20 August 1961) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish team in the team clay pigeons competition. He also participated in the individual trap event but his result is unknown. Four years later he finished fifth with the Swedish team in the team clay pigeons competition. In the individual trap event he finished 24th.

References

External links
Erik Lundquist's profile at databaseOlympics

1896 births
1961 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Sport shooters from Stockholm
20th-century Swedish people


Duppigheim (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Duppigheim station has rail connections to Strasbourg and Molsheim.

Notable people
 Jean Bugatti died in a car accident in Duppigheim
 Arsène Wenger gave his name to the Stadium of Duppigheim

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Durningen (; Dürningen in German; Dírnínge in Alsatian) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

It is the highest-situated commune in the Kochersberg natural region.

The name is first recorded in 724 as Deorangus, subsequently as Teuringas (742), Thurinca (787), Thuringen (1276), and finally Turningen / Durningen (1371).

In the Middle Ages, Durningen was part of the domain of Hanau-Lichtenberg and belonged to the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Durrenbach () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Durstel (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Duttlenheim (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It is located about  southwest of Strasbourg, and approximately 20 km from the German border.

Arsène Wenger, former long-time manager of Arsenal F.C., grew up here. His parents ran the bistro La croix d'or, where he would spend hours studying the behaviour of the football-loving customers.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Sandai () is a 2008 Tamil-language action comedy film directed by Sakthi Chidambaram. The film stars Sundar C, Nadhiya, Namitha and Ramya Raj, while Vivek, Lalu Alex, and Mithun Tejasvi, among others, play supporting roles. The music was composed by Dhina with cinematography done by K. S. Selva Raj and editing by G. Sasikumar. The film was released on 21 March 2008.

Plot
Thangalakshmi, a wealthy woman, arranges marriage for her daughter, Abhi, with an NRI in her native village. However, a twist of events leads to Abhi getting married to her bodyguard, Kathiresan.

Cast

Production
It was announced in 2007 that Sundar C. will team up with Sakthi Chidambaram for an action comedy film. During the launch, the film was initially titled as Porukki, however as the title was said to be derogatory, the titles like Adhirudhula and Mahamagam were considered before the team preferred to name the film as Sandai.

Soundtrack

Music is composed by Dhina and Released on T-Series.

Reception
Rediff called it "illogical" and stated that "Just suspend all logic and reason before settling for this age-old mother-in-law/son-in-law battle movies on the lines of Poova Thalaiya and Mappillai." Behindwoods wrote "You need no introduction to the Shakthi Chidambaram brand of cinema- he makes movies purely for entertainment and most often they work. This time the director who had formerly specialized in Sathyaraj starrers has teamed up with Sundar C to provide Sandai." Sify wrote "Here is regressive piece of kitsch, with over-the-top loud performances. The plot degenerates into a farce in the second half of this tedious film as it tumbles to an all?s-well-that- concludes-well end". The Indian Express wrote, "One star for Sundar C. and one star for Shakthi Chidambaram for his fast paced narration".

References

External links

2008 action films
2008 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Indian action films
2000s masala films
Films directed by Sakthi Chidambaram


Bank Polska Kasa Opieki Spółka Akcyjna, commonly using the shorter name Bank Pekao S.A., is a universal bank and currently the second largest bank in Poland with its headquarters in Warsaw. The Italian bank UniCredit used to own 59% of the company. It sold the bank in December 2016. Now Powszechny Zakład Ubezpieczeń owns 20% of the company, Polish Development Fund 12.80%, UniCredit 6.28% and others 60.94%.

The bank was founded in 1929 by the Ministry of Treasury as a national bank, mainly to provide financial services to Poles living abroad. In 1939 the bank had branches in virtually every capital city of countries where Poles lived.

The full name "Polska Kasa Opieki" may be translated literally as "Polish Bank of Aid", and the popular form "Pekao" sounds out the acronym "PKO".

History

Formative years
In 1929, the CEO of Pocztowa Kasa Oszczędności, Henryk Gruber, observed that there was a demand for a bank that could provide financial services to the eight million Poles living outside the country. Starting from these assumptions, on 17 March 1929, the Ministry of Finance established Bank Polska Kasa Opieki Spółka Akcyjna. On 29 October of the same year, the Warsaw District Court entered Bank Polska Kasa Opieki SA in the commercial register. The company's shareholders were Pocztowa Kasa Oszczędności, Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego and Państwowy Bank Rolny.
The first branches were opened in France, Argentina, and the United States, and in Tel Aviv (now Israel). By 1939 Pekao had branches in the capitals of most countries where Polish emigres had settled.

People's Republic of Poland
After the end of World War II and the beginning of the Soviet domination in Poland, the bank took care of international financial operations conducted by the authorities of the newly established Polish People's Republic. With the bank's help, the Poles who live abroad could support their families behind the Iron Curtain. In 1968, the Minister of Finance authorized the establishment of foreign currency accounts for persons working abroad in Bank Pekao. Monopoly on their conduct Pekao lost only in 1989 with the onset of economic reforms that swept in Poland and the communist bloc.

In the 1970s, currency accounts in Pekao were divided into three categories: Account A for people paying currencies with documented origin, B accounts for payments with undocumented origin, and C accounts for foreigners. The funds from B accounts could not be legally exported abroad, but in 1976 the rights of A and B accounts were leveled. In 1974, the bank had around 91,000 registered accounts. At the end of the 1980s, the total value of foreign currency accounts was US$3.3 billion.

Much earlier, in 1960, the bank began issuing its own vouchers, "Bon Towarowy PeKaO", denominated in US dollars. Initially, for these vouchers (as well as directly for convertible currencies deposited in domestic and foreign bank representations) it was possible to buy both foreign and deficit domestic goods in the foreign sales network operated directly by Bank Pekao. The offer of the bank for individual clients included a variety of goods covering, among others, groceries (including "Krakus" ham and western chewing gum), alcohol, cosmetics, textiles, household appliances, bicycles, motorcycles, cars, trucks, tractors, agricultural machinery, fuel, building materials, installation and sanitary equipment, and also apartments and furniture. This retail network was created with the establishment of the Pewex "internal export" company, in 1972 out of the bank's structures.

Third Polish Republic (1989–present)

On 3 August 1999, Pekao became a member of the UniCredit company.

In December 2016, Polish state-owned PZU together with Polish Development Fund acquired Bank Pekao Poland's second largest bank previously owned by Italian bank UniCredit by buying a 32.8% stake in the bank for the amount of PLN 10.6 billion (EUR 2.6 billion).

In September 2018 Bank Pekao has opened a representative office in London, with the aim to facilitate cooperation between Poland and the UK and to stay close to their clients and investors. Bank Pekao also plans on opening several other offices across Europe.

At the end of 2020, Bank Pekao announced its acquisition of Idea Bank, which was subjected to compulsory restructuring to prevent bankruptcy. The acquisition was facilitated by Poland's Bank Guarantee Fund (BGF), an institution aiming to maintain stability in the financial system and resolving issues with financially distressed institutions.

Since 2022, the Headquarters of the Bank are located in the Forest Tower in Warsaw, Poland.

In 2022 Bank Pekao's profits declined by 48.8% due to two main factors. The first reason was the introduction of payment holidays by the polish government, which allowed mortgage holders to postpone payment instalments, which in turn led to a cost of 2.4 billion zlotys ($498.4 million) for the bank. The second reason were the increased provisions for legal risks as bank Pekao expected a higher number of court cases related to the long-running Swiss franc mortgage affair. After initially predicting a decrease in interest margins for 2023, due to higher deposit costs and the potential of the polish central bank reducing interest rates, for the first quarter of 2023 the net interest income grew by 34% to 2.77 billion zlotys ($651.1 million), while the net profit surged by 60% to 1.45 billion zlotys ($349.7 million).

In early 2023, Bank Pekao, alongside three other banks, signed a cooperation agreement with Orlen Synthos Green Energy (OSGE). The agreement aims to provide financing for the construction of several BWRX-300 small modular reactors (SMs) in the country. According to Bank Pekao's President, Leszek Skiba, the investment was made because nuclear energy production aligns with Bank Pekao's aspirations to be a leader in Poland's energy transformation.

List of directors
List of Bank Pekao CEOs:

 Marian Kanton (1989–1996)
 Andrzej Dorosz (1996–1998)
 Maria Pasło-Wiśniewska (1998–2003)
 Jan Krzysztof Bielecki (2003–2010)
 Alicja Kornasiewicz (2010–2011)
 Luigi Lovaglio (2011–2017)
 Michał Krupiński (2017–2019)
 Marek Lusztyn (2019–2020)
 Leszek Skiba (2020–)

Pekao Group
Apart from Pekao Bank, Pekao Group's subsidiaries are:

 Centralny Dom Maklerski Pekao SA
 Centrum Bankowości Bezpośredniej Sp. z o.o. (call center)
 Pekao Leasing Sp. z o.o.
 Pekao Investment Banking SA
 Pekao Leasing Holding SA
 Pekao Leasing Sp. z o.o.
 Pekao Faktoring Sp. z o.o.
 Pekao Pioneer Powszechne Towarzystwo Emerytalne SA
 Centrum Kart S.A
 Pekao Bank Hipoteczny SA (działalność bankowa)
 Pekao Financial Services Sp. z o.o.
 Pekao Fundusz Kapitałowy Sp. z o.o.
 Pekao Property SA
 FPB – Media Sp. z o.o.

Miscellaneous
Bank Pekao was the official bank and sponsor of the UEFA EURO in 2012.

Gallery

See also
 Bon PeKaO
 Ukrsotsbank

References

External links
 Pekao Bank's history page

Government-owned companies of Poland
Banks of Poland
Banks established in 1929
Companies based in Warsaw
Former UniCredit subsidiaries
1929 establishments in Poland
Companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange
Polish brands
Companies set up in the Second Republic of Poland


Elsenheim () is a commune, in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Engwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Erckartswiller () is a commune, in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It is part of the arrondissement of Saverne and the canton of Ingwiller.

History

In 1176, the Holy Roman Emperor donated the Ekengeriswilre monastic grange to Neubourg Abbey in nearby Dauendorf. The fiefdom of Erkartswyler was sold by the Burn family to the lord of Lichtenberg in 1345. Following the end of the lordship of Lichtenberg, the town was transferred to the lord of Oberbronn in 1480 and to the count of Linange (fr) in 1541. Like several cities in the vicinity, many of the inhabitants left during the Thirty Years War and the town was uninhabited from 1649–1651. During the Franco-Prussian War, a brigade of the retreating French army passed through the town on 7 August 1870, during which they quickly mobilized to fight what turned out to be a false alert before slowly advancing to La Petite-Pierre.

Since Erckartswiller lacks significant arable land, the inhabitants have historically lived off of the surrounding forests, with a sizeable number of cobblers. The town also has a windmill, located along the Mittelbach River, which was built before 1630 and continued to function until the early 20th century.

Religion
Saint Apollonia Chapel (French: Chapelle Sainte-Apollonie), dedicated to Saint Apollonia, is the town's Protestant church. The church's bell tower dates to the 14th century and the church is mentioned for the first time in 1371. Alterations and expansions were made in 1613, 1669, and 1739 and the church was restored in 1994.

The sisters of Neuenberg built a house in Erckartswiller in 1973. It houses a small permanent team that manages a reception center and spiritual retreat for visitors from not only Alsace, but Germany and Switzerland as well. A chapel was built on the same property in 1994.

Geography
Erckartswiller lies entirely within the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.

Demographics
The inhabitants of Erckartswiller are known as Erckartswillerois (males) and Erckartswilleroises (females). Its population was 299 in 2017.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

Notes

References

External links

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Ernolsheim-Bruche () is a commune, in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The Château d'Urendorf is situated here.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rannée (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Rannée are called rannéens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Eschbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Eschbourg (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Eschwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Quédillac (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Quédillac are called Quédillacais.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Karl G. B. Richter (14 December 1876 – 30 November 1959) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics.

In 1920 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish team in the team clay pigeons competition. He also participated in the individual trap event but his result is unknown. Four years later he finished fifth with the Swedish team in the team clay pigeons competition.

References

External links
profile

1876 births
1959 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Sport shooters from Stockholm
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Ettendorf () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Eywiller () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Québriac (; ; Gallo: Cóberiac) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Québriac are called Québriacois.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website Québriac

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Fessenheim-le-Bas (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

It has been built near an old Roman road leading from Strasbourg to Saverne.

Notable people
 Aloyse Kobès (born at Fessenheim on 14 April 1820; died at Dakar on 11 October 1872) was the first missionary bishop from Alsace. Since 1972 a French school at Dakar has borne his name.

Transport link
The town is served by Bus Route 205 of the Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS) inter-urban service.

See also
 Fessenheim
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Kochersberg

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Flexbourg (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Decline and revival
Between 1806 and 1836 the registered population increased from 524 to 622, before falling back to 265 by 1962. Since then it has picked up, to stand at 499 in 2012.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Forstfeld (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Between 1975 and 2019 the registered population increased from 456 to 754.

Twin towns
  Condat-sur-Vienne

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Perumal  is a 2009 Tamil action film starring Sundar C, Namitha and Meenakshi. It is directed by Vincent Selva and released to negative reviews.

Plot
The movie begins in a hospital where a mafia is involved in adulterating drugs. Unfortunately, a junior doctor Alamu (Meenakshi) manages to stumble upon their antisocial act. To safeguard themselves, the gang sets out to wipe out Alamu. She meets Perumal (Sundar C), a petty thief who does the job of recovering loans for an agency. He eventually vows to protect Alamu from her distress by putting an end to the gang and their atrocities.

Cast

 Sundar C. as Perumal
 Namitha as Saroja
 Meenakshi as Dr. Alamu
 Vivek as Idithangi/Indrasena Reddy
 Kota Srinivasa Rao
 Sudheer
 Ilavarasu
 Singamuthu
 Swaminathan
 Dhamu
 Thennavan
 Cell Murugan
 Thambi Ramaiah
 T. P. Gajendran
 Crane Manohar
 Muthukaalai
 Scissor Manohar
 Kadhal Arun Kumar
 Sivanarayana Moorthy
 Kaajal Pasupathi as Idithangi's wife
 Bava Lakshmanan
 Munnar Ramesh
 Naveen
 Marthandan
 Gayathri
 Jasper
 Besant Ravi

Soundtrack

The soundtrack features five songs composed by Srikanth Deva and lyrics written by Kabilan.

Track listings:
 "Enna Enna Seyyapporae" - Sumangali (5:38)
 "Yedhaachum Sollikuvee" - Anuradha Sriram (4:27)
 "Yaen Kedutha" - Benny Dayal, Surmukhi Raman (4:40)
 "Enna Enna" - Asha Ramesh (4:43)
 "Kadhal Vaipogamae" - S. Janaki, Arivunidhi (4:03)

Reception
Indiaglitz wrote "It is a movie sure to appease action-buffs. Had Vinecent Selvah concentrated more on screenplay and ensured that more suspense elements are attached, this Perumal would have blessed his devotees ardently." Behindwoods wrote "Overall, Perumal is a potent idea gone wrong. The theme had the ability to give suspense and thrills that would have made for engaging viewing but the director has failed to sustain either of these, it does not make for interesting viewing." Rediff wrote "Apparently, the makers decided that nothing much was needed to make this into a complete movie because there's nothing else."

References

External links

Indian action films
2000s masala films
2009 action films
2009 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Srikanth Deva


Princé (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Princé are called princéens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Forstheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

To the south and southwest the village is flanked by a wood. Otherwise, Forstheim is surrounded by arable farmland.

Between 1962 and 2006 the registered population rose from 487 to 539.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Ángel Tavira Maldonado (July 3, 1924 – June 30, 2008) was a Mexican composer, musician and violinist of son calentano. He was awarded the Best Actor Award on the 2006 Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section for his role in the movie The Violin.

Biography
Ángel Tavira Maldonado was born in the town of Corral Falso in the municipality of Ajuchitlán del Progreso, Guerrero, which lies in the region known as Tierra Caliente.  He was the only child of J. Isabel Maldonado Tavira and Anita Tavira López, and grandson of Juan Bartolo Tavira, a composer and performer of son, gustos, Indias, malagueñas, rhymes and coplas, who inspired and taught him the love for local traditional music.  Being born in a family traditionally related with music, he was successively encouraged by his uncles and cousins Félix, José Guadalupe Lupito, and Sósimo Tavira López in learning and playing music.  When he was six years old, he began to play four instruments by ear training: saxophone, bass, guitar and violin, and later he went to take courses in classical, semi-classical and romantic music.  Still being young he suffered an accident during the town's patron saint feast when a firework exploded in his right hand, which had to be amputated, discouraging Tavira from playing music.  However, it was his uncle "Lupito" who encouraged him to continue performing.  Later on, he went to take classes at the National Conservatory of Music in Mexico City.

He was considered a great composer of son calentano, traditional music genre of Tierra Caliente (a region within the state of Guerrero), along with other composers such as Juan Reynoso Portillo, Cástulo Benítez, José Natividad Leandro, Zacarías Salmerón and Pedro Ignacio Pablo.  When he was 60 years old he enrolled at the Music Conservatory of Morelia to study music notation with the purpose of recovering the traditional music of his region.
Ángel Tavira was director of the Hermanos Tavira Band, a musical group that has been protecting and promoting the traditional music by recovering the works of Juan Reynoso, Zacarías and Filiberto Salmerón, and Severino Bañuelos.  Among other activities, Ángel Tavira was a farmer, a goldsmith and, as a teacher, he worked at the "Antonia Nava de Catalán" Kindergarten and at the "Jaime Torres Bodet" Secondary School No. 2, since 1972 until he retired, 32 years later, in Iguala.

In 1988, Tavira was introduced to politics when he was selected as Federal Substitute Deputy for the candidacy of Félix Salgado Macedonio.  Ángel Tavira married  Rafaela Martínez with whom he had ten children: Ma de los Ángeles, Elizabeth, Rafaela, Ma. Eugenia, Carlos, Felix, Ángel, Guadalupe, Salvador and Alejandro

With no studies or experience in acting he participated in 2005 in the movie El violín, directed by Francisco Vargas Quevedo, in the role of don Plutarco Hidalgo, a musician and farmer that participates in a guerrilla that plans to revolt against its own government, role for which he obtained the Best Actor Award in the Un Certain Regard section (Prix d'interprétation masculine - Un certain regard) at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, besides being awarded the Golden Kikito for best actor in a Latin Motion Picture category of the 34th Festival de Gramado, and a Special Jury Award at the 30th São Paulo International Film Festival.  Tavira died of kidney complications on June 30, 2008.

References

1924 births
2008 deaths
Mexican composers
Mexican male composers
Mexican violinists
Male violinists
Mexican male film actors
Deaths from kidney disease
Mexican fiddlers
21st-century Mexican male actors
20th-century violinists
20th-century male musicians


Fort-Louis () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

It acquired its name and its principal raison d'être from a 17th-century fort, known as Fort Louis. More recently the population of the settlement increased between 1962 and 2004 from 137 to 279.

History
In 1686 the king mandated Vauban to construct a fortification complex at Fort Louis, situated at that time on an island between two branches of the Rhine.   The principal fort, to be called the square fort (Fort Carré) was to be backed up by two fortified bridgeheads, one of which, named Fort Alsace, was to be on the Alsace side of the river, and the other of which, Fort Marquisat, was to be on the Baden side of the river.   During the course of the Franco-German wars of the 18th century the fort was besieged on several occasions, and following the defeat of Napoleon, the square fort (Fort Carré) was dismantled in 1818.   It was later, in 1890, purchased by the commune.   Today, little survives beyond earthworks and some sections of wall from Fort Carré and Fort Alsace.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Vauban fortifications in France


Walther Andreas Jacobs known as W. Andreas Jacobs (born 27 October 1963) is a German businessman, private equity investor and heir to Jacobs. His father was Klaus J. Jacobs, who was an equestrian and controlling shareholder of the company. He currently serves as chairman and board member to several companies and business school INSEAD, which include Dr. Oetker and Louis Dreyfus Company.

Early life and education
Jacobs was born in October 1963 in Bremen, West Germany to Klaus J. Jacobs. He and his elder brother Christian (born 1962) were the oldest sons of him through his first marriage. His father was the main heir and controlling shareholder of Jacobs, which was founded in 1895 by Johann Jacobs. Their parents divorced in 1973 and their father remarried to Renata Jacobs, which resulted in four half-siblings; Lavinia (born 1980); Nicolas (born 1982); Philippe (born 1984) and Nathalie (born 1985).

He studied law at the Universities of Freiburg im Breisgau, Munich and Montpellier. Subsequently, Jacobs obtained a Doctor of Law from the University of Freiburg. Afterwards he obtained an MBA from INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France.

Career
From 1991, Andreas Jacobs worked three years as a consultant and project manager at The Boston Consulting Group in Munich. Since 1992, Andreas Jacobs has been an independent entrepreneur with a stake in several companies plus minority interests in several other companies.

Since 2000, Andreas Jacobs has been responsible for the family business in Switzerland. As from 2003, Andreas Jacobs served on the board of Barry Callebaut AG, where he was chairman from 2005 to 2016. He was executive chairman of Jacobs Holding AG from 2004 to 2015 and a member of the board until 2019. In April 2015, he stepped down from his functions at Adecco SA, where he had served as member of the board since May 2006, chairman of the Nomination & Compensation Committee since May 2008 and as vice-chairman of the board since January 2012. Furthermore, he served as chairman of Infront Sports & Media AG (until 2011), and as chairman of Brach’s Inc. (from 2000 until 2004).

Andreas Jacobs serves as chairman of INSEAD, Minibar AG and Röwer & Rüb GmbH. Furthermore, he is CEO of Niantic Holding GmbH, a member of the advisory board of Dr. August Oetker KG, member of the board of Louis Dreyfus Company Holdings, member of the board of Hoist Group Holding Intressenter AB, and member of the board of directors of various small private companies. In 2015, he was co-founder and investor of GENUI Partners, an investment company based in Germany, where he advises several investments. In 2020, Andreas joined the board of directors of Hoist Group - provider of the widest range of hospitality technology.

Personal life

Jacobs is married to Natalie (née Albin). They have four children.

References

1963 births
INSEAD alumni
Boston Consulting Group people
Chocolatiers
Living people
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
People from Bremen (city)


Fouchy (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

It shares its latitude with the southern suburbs of Paris being located in the south-western corner of the department.

Nomenclatures
Residents are called Fouchyssois.

The name Fouchy may derive from a German patois and relate to a noun or adjective, 'Fosche' or 'fossé' describing a large ditch or river bed.  (The village is traversed by the River Giessen.)   In the local Alsace dialect residents are called Fouchottes, a word that is disconcertingly similar to the French word for a fork (fourchette) (fourchette).

Long before Alsace became officially francophone the village was called Groba, which then mutated to Grube.   The ancient Germanic name of Grube was revived after 1871 when Alsace found itself incorporated within the German Empire and again during the German occupation between 1940 and 1944.

Geography

Located on the left bank of the little River Giessen, Fouchy occupies a site of 787 hectares embraced on one side by the river and faced on its north side by wooded hills culminating in the peaks of the Guichat and Rougerain, respectively 623 meters and 650 meters above sea level.   The altitude of the village itself is very varied, but 300 meters is a reasonable average (median) value.   The southern part of the village rests on the dividing ridge between the valleys of the Giessen and of the River Liepvrette:  this ridge rises from 690 meters in the east to 830 meters at the Schnarupt peak, dominating the hamlet of Hingie in the adjacent commune of Rombach-le-Franc.   The ridge is traversed by the 608 meter high Fouchy which connects the two valleys.

From outside the village, it is dominated by the spire of the church, and this is the focus from which Fouchy's streets radiate.  One route runs to the bottom of the valley, and leads out of the village towards Saint-Dié: scattered farms comprise a few hamlets some of the larger ones being La Combre, Berlicombelle, Noirceux, Rouhu, Schlingoutte, and Schnarupt.   To the west, along the departmental road D39, is the village of Urbeis while three kilometers to the east, the same road leads to Villé.

History

Early records
The village of Fouchy (Groba) is first documented around 1150, at which time the village was part of the patrimony of the Convent of St Faith in Sélestat.   Originally the settlement would have been located in a clearing, supported by a few fields cleared from the surrounding woodlands.   Some value would have come to the convent from the economic potential of the  woodlands, but the valley had also a considerable strategic importance.   Linking Alsace to Lorraine along the route through Villé and Urbeis, the route had commercial significance in that it provided an alternative route for the important trade in salt from nearby deposits in the eastern part of Lorraine.  The salt trade otherwise was dependent of the state of Steige Pass, which would have presented challenges during the cold wet weather that is still a frequent feature of the weather in this region.   The convent exploited the Fouchy route, charging a toll for merchandise conveyed along it.

Until the late Medieval period, the valley, part of a route between Alsace and Lorraine, played an intriguing role as an interface between the two very different worlds of the residual Gallo-Roman heritage on the one hand and the Germanic sphere on the other.   This is one reason why lives in the valley have been regularly shaken by crimes and betrayals which have, on occasion, sent their shock waves across Europe.   But probably it is only since a little before 1150 that a small group of men came to clear the forest and create a permanent settlement in what, then, they would have called Groba.   For the next two hundred years the wealth of Fouchy lands and the surrounding forests offered tempting prizes to local property holders.   An example is provided by a legal case which the Convent of St Faith found itself in opposition to the Abbey of Honcourt and the Villé priest, Father Huno.  Honcourt Abbey provided religious instruction to populations subject to the Convent of St faith, in return for which they expected payment.   However, in a judgment of 1169/70 the court rejected the claim of Honcourt Abbey and Father Huno on the Fouchy tithe, which thereby remained payable in full to Convent of St Faith.   Later on in 1170 the court's judgment was upheld in favour of the convent by the Pope, on the grounds that the parish of Fouchy was considered to be a part of the property of the Convent of St Faith which was thereby entitled to exercise within the parish all rights concerning tithes, along with fees for baptisms and burials.   Just over a century later, in 1309, we find a papal bull requiring the Abbey of Ebersmunster to restore assets alienated from the church at Fouchy.   Suffering of a different sort is recorded around 1313 when the citizens of Fouchy were touched by plague, and between 1348 and 1349 they were attacked by the Black Death which ravaged western Europe at this time.   These were also years during which Fouchy experienced a particularly high and unwelcome level of attention from passing armies and other pillaging hoards, leaving behind them desolation and misery.

Late Medieval
In 1359 Fouchy was incorporated within  Ban county while retaining its ecclesiastical relationship with the convent at Sélestat.   Later, in 1489, the district passed into the control of the cathedral chapter of Strasbourg.

The influence of the Convent of St Faith diminished progressively after 1217 when Sélestat was granted the rights and status of a free city.  Increasingly the convent found itself competing with a growing mercantile class in the young city, and in the process conceding its traditional rights and possessions to the increasingly assertive middle class.  That is the context in which, following the population collapse caused by the black death, "Grube et Breytenowe" (Fouchy and Breitenau) were ceded to the lords of Frankenbourg, and came to form a part of Ban County.   Fouchy now would share its destiny with the neighboring settlements of Neuve-Église, Hirtzelbach, Dieffenbach-au-Val and Neubois.   In the same year, the Ban county along with the Castle of Frankenbourg were purchased by the Bishop of Strasbourg, John of Lichtenberg.   Fouchy thus became an episcopal possession of Strasbourg while continuing to depend for its spiritual sustenance on the Convent of St Faith in Sélestat.

However, during the fifteenth century the spiritual influence exercised by the convent diminished, and in 1464 it was the abbot of Honcourt Abbey who appointed the Fouchy rector.   In its turn, the power of Honcourt declined and in 1594 Honcourt Abbey came under the control of Andlau Abbey.

The ravages of the Middle Ages
Because of its position on a strategic route between Lorraine and Alsace, Fouchy periodically encountered by transiting armies and pillagers.   It was overrun by the Armagnacs in 1444-1445 and endured twenty -five years later the presence of Peter of Hagenbach and his men.   Hagenbach was a Burgundian knight in command of the Ninth Regiment of Charles the Bold. In 1474 Hagenbach would, according to some sources, be executed for war crimes: his reputation was one of corruption and brutality.   In 1470 he turned up in the valley of Villé, accompanied by a band estimated at 5,000 horsemen, en route towards the Pass of Steige. The first night he spent at Villé, which he took over along with the Castle of Ortenburg:  the next day he established his headquarters at Châtenois, committing numerous atrocities in the process.   He marched on Colmar where he encountered fierce resistance.   He then turned his attention to Breisach where he would be killed. Charles the Bold himself would be killed in battle at Nancy less than three years later, leaving behind him a disputed succession which would sow the seeds for the end of the Burgundian Kingdom. Alsace had been part of the empire since Ottonian times, and as the fifteenth century drew to a close the directing influence of the Holy Roman Empire became more visible with the emperor Frederick III and his Habsburg dynasty exercising increased levels of central control from Vienna.

Life in the valley became relatively peaceful until 1493 when new troubles erupted:  this time the source of the problem was closer to home. There was an uprising of peasant farmers from the areas of Sélestat, Dambach, Stotzheim, Châtenois, Scherwiller and Dieffenthal.   They were inspired by a former mayor of Sélestat called Jean Uhlmann. Other rebel leaders were Jacques Hanser from Blienschwiller and Nicolas Ziegler from Stotzheim. Ulhmann soon gave up and sought refuge in Basel where he was arrested, convicted and put to death, his body subsequently being quartered.   As he died he declared to his judges, "sooner or later, the people's alliance will win".   Nicholas Zielger met a similar fate at Sélestat: it is not known what became of Jacques Hanser.   Other leading protagonists were captured and punished: some had their fingers cut off while others were banished or fined.   The Peasants' uprising of 1493 failed miserably thanks to measures implemented by the emperor's son, the future Emperor Maximilian, when he found himself in Colmar on the way home from Burgundy.

The idea of greater independence and social justice for impoverished peasants had certainly not permanently disappeared, however.   Such notions continued to be advocated by committed reformers and found a receptive audience among the people, putting pressure on landowners. In 1524 the 'Peasants' War' broke out. In 1525 the inhabitants of Fouchy undoubtedly participated in the fighting, and some undoubtedly were lost on the Battle of Scherwiller. In any event, there is evidence of a savage population reduction.

Fouchy in the Thirty Years War
By 1618 when war broke out, advances in weapons technology and in military organisation had made warfare significantly more lethal, even, than it had been in the Medieval period, not merely for soldiers but also for any civilian populations that found themselves in the wrong place.   Located on a principal communications route, Fouchy was one of several villages in the valley that suffered badly during the Thirty Years' War:  villagers were frequently forced to seek safety in the forest and many houses were destroyed.   Of the fifty-eight houses in the village in 1618, only twenty-five were habitable thirty years later.  By 1648 many of the propertied families in the village had simply disappeared:  the overall population had declined to 364 by 1660, from a prewar level of 1,050.   The valley was ruined economically:  climate deterioration experienced in northern Europe during the first half of the seventeenth century will have done nothing to help the survivors at harvest time. Recovery would come to Fouchy only slowly.

Repopulation
The Treaty of Westphalia confirmed the conquest of Alsace by France, and in due course the French state addressed the challenge of rebuilding population levels in its new eastern territories.   In about November 1662 the government issued an order encouraging former owners of abandoned lands to return and reclaim their former properties, and in addition encouraging newcomers to colonise the abandoned territories in the region.   The only condition imposed on newcomers wishing to settle in the villages was that they must be Roman Catholics. Powerful incentives for newcomers included the offer of a five-year exemption from taxation. The policy succeeded, with immigrants arriving from nearby parts of Lorraine, across the Vosges Mountains as well as from more distant places. By 1801 the population would be back up to 696 as the village was rebuilt around the church.   Today the year 17.. inscribed on several of the older houses in the centre of the village bears silent testimony to a century of peace and reconstruction.  These houses are generally of traditional Vosgien stone built construction with a house on one end and a stable at the other, and a barn in the middle.   A long corridor from the front leads to a large kitchen at the rear.  The stone used is the local sandstone, and the walls are coated with plaster.

Revolutionary Fouchy
The parish was spared the worst excesses of the revolution:  Mass continued to be celebrated, but the priests avoided drawing attention to themselves and major damage was avoided by means of a ruse in which the parishioners collaborated. To escape the attention of fanatical 'patriots', the fine 18th century presbytery was quietly converted into an inn, complete with its own 'dance room'. Revolutionary fanatics nevertheless did attack rural crosses, though the extent of resulting destruction is hard to assess two centuries later since many crosses appear to have been erected in the nineteenth century and it is no longer clear how far these replace pre-revolutionary forerunners.

Notable people

 Pierre Adrian

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia