Telestial is a mobile virtual network operator headquartered in Boston with a large share of North America’s international cell phone market. Telestial offers travelers a local cell phone service at local rates with a local cell phone number as an alternative to an expensive phone rental and convenient but expensive international roaming. Telestial is a provider of international cell phones and SIM cards.

History

Telestial began operations in September 1999 and was founded by former telecommunications consultant Ken Grunski, after frustrations with calling during travels in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. By establishing dealerships with wireless carriers overseas, Telestial was able to offer travelers a local cell phone service at local rates. Telestial became incorporated in February 2000 and launched telestial.com in June 2000, offering two dual-band GSM 900/1800 handset and local prepaid sim cards from seven countries including Germany, France, UK, and South Africa. This is the first time that local SIM cards were available to consumers in the US and around the world, for purchase outside their respective host countries. Telestial is an alternative to an expensive phone rental and convenient but expensive international roaming.

In 2003, Telestial introduced the HopAbroad service for North American travelers. This was the first international prepaid roaming SIM that offered a single flat rate for coverage in 70 countries.

In March 2007, with local prepaid SIM cards and dealerships covering over 70 countries from New Zealand and Fiji to Tanzania, Sweden and Brazil, as well as the Explorer and Passport international roaming SIM cards, Telestial agreed to merge operations with ekit, retaining all brands and services. In 2010, JT Global, of the Channel Islands, acquired ekit becoming the new parent company of Telestial.

Services and products
Telestial sells GSM cell phones that work in countries in Europe and Asia, as well as phones that will work both in these countries and in the United States and Canada. Telestial also has operations in Australia, the UK and Europe. Telestial works with over 300 companies in the travel industry.

In May 2009, Telestial became the first company to offer a dual-number SIM, the Passport SIM, with U.S. and U.K. global cell phone service all in one.

References

External links
 Practical Traveler: Avoiding a Large Phone Bill When Traveling, New York Times, 2010-07-27
 Keep in touch, Macworld, 2007-07-06
 Another phone menu: how to call home from abroad, Boston Globe, 2007-07-01
 Phoning home? Plan ahead before heading overseas, Chicago Tribune, 2007-07-22
 10 Ways to Keep Europe Within Reach, New York Times, 2007-08-05
 Telestial
 ekit

Mobile phone companies of the United States
Telecommunications companies established in 1999
Mobile virtual network operators
1999 establishments in Massachusetts


Chris Collins is an American television writer and producer. He has worked on the HBO dramas The Sopranos and The Wire. He was an executive story editor for the Starz drama series Crash. He is a producer and writer for the FX series Sons of Anarchy.

Biography
Collins joined the crew of The Wire in 2004 as a script coordinator for the third season. He continued to serve as a script coordinator and became a staff writer for the fourth season in 2006 . Collins and the writing staff won the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2008 ceremony for their work on the fourth season. Collins became a story editor for the fifth season in 2009. Collins was involved in the writer's planning meetings for the fifth season. He wrote the teleplay for the third episode of the fifth season "Not for Attribution" from a story he co-wrote with show runner and executive producer David Simon. Collins and the writing staff were nominated for the WGA award for Best Dramatic Series again at the February 2009 ceremony for their work on the fifth season but Mad Men won the award.

In 2009 Collins became an executive story editor and writer for new Starz drama series Crash. Showrunner Glen Mazzara handpicked the writing staff for the series and selected people with a background of writing edgier material. Collins was hired because of his work on The Wire. The series followed an ensemble cast in racially tense Los Angeles and was based on the film of the same name. Collins co-wrote the episode "The Doctor Is In" with co-executive producer Frank Renzulli and wrote the episode "Los Muertos". Mazzara, Collins and the majority of the writing staff left the series at the end of the first season.

Collins was hired as a co-producer and writer for the second season of FX crime drama Sons of Anarchy in fall 2009. Sons of Anarchy showrunner and executive producer Kurt Sutter had previously worked with Mazzara on The Shield. The series focuses on a motorcycle gang. Collins wrote the episode "Smite" and co-wrote the episode "Gilead" with Sutter.

Collins was promoted to producer for the series third season in 2010. He wrote the episode "Caregiver", co-wrote the episode "The Push" with Julie Bush, co-wrote the teleplay for the episode "Turas" with Brady Dahl based on a story by Sutter and wrote the teleplay for the season's penultimate episode "June Wedding" based on a story by Sutter. Collins was promoted to supervising producer for the fourth season in 2011. Collins co-wrote the season's second episode "Booster" with co-executive producer Dave Erickson and the sixth episode "With an X" with co-producer Regina Corrado.

Filmography
Production staff

Writer

Awards

References

External links

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male screenwriters
American television writers
American male television writers
Writers Guild of America Award winners


Ahmadreza Ahmadi (; 20 May 1940 – 11 July 2023) was an Iranian poet and screenwriter. He was one of the prominent figures of the "New Wave poetry movement" in Iran.

Ahmadi was born in 1940 in Kerman, Iran. He moved to Tehran in 1948. In Tehran, he attended the "Adab" (Persian: ) school. Then, in 1954, entered Dar ol-Fonoun. According to Ahmadi, writer Abdorrahim Ahmadi (his maternal nephew) and Mohammad Shirvāni (his teacher at Dar ol-Fonoun), were instrumental in the development of his love for literature.

Ahmadi's first book of poetry, Tarh (Persian: , ), was published in 1962. His poetry had its roots in French Surrealism and the American Imagists, especially from poets such as Saint John Perse, Paul Éluard, Louis Aragon, and Ezra Pound.

Ahmadi died on 11 July 2023, at the age of 83.

References

External links
 Ahmad Reza Ahmadi at the Internet Movie Database
  Some poems of Ahmadreza Ahmadi (web.archive.org/web) in English
 Some Poems of Ahmadreza Ahmadi (caroun.com) in English
 Shokā Sahrā'i, The Poet of Delight and Loneliness (Jadid Online, 14 March 2009 (Persian)
 Audio slideshow: Jadid Online (6 min 41 sec).

1940 births
2023 deaths
People from Kerman Province
Iranian male poets
Persian-language poets
Iranian screenwriters
Male screenwriters
20th-century Iranian poets
20th-century male writers
21st-century Iranian poets
21st-century male writers


The Shankheshwar Jain Temple is located in the center of Shankheshwar town of Patan district, Gujarat, India. The temple is dedicated to Parshwanath and is an important place of pilgrimage for the followers of Jainism.

Jain legend
In ancient scriptures, this Tirtha (pilgrimage site) is referred to as Shankhapur. The story is that Ashadhi Shravak became depressed, and began to ask questions about nirvana, liberation, and salvation. Answering all these questions, Damodar Swami, the ninth Tirthankar, said "Parshvanath will be the twenty-third Tirthankar in the Avasarpinikala (the descending half of the wheel of time). You will be his Ganadhar (prime disciple) named Aryaghosha and attain salvation there". Shravak then became fully absorbed in praying to Bhagawan Parshvanath and worshipping his idol, which went on to be worshipped in the worlds of gods, demons, and on earth.

History
In the year 1155 VS (1098 CE), Sajjan Shah re-built/ renovated the Shankheshwar Parshwanath Jain Temple on the banks of the Rupen river. In Vikram Samvat 1286 (1229 CE), Vastupala—Tejpal renovated this temple under the instructions of Vardhamansuri. There were 52 idols in the temple. In VS 1302, king Durjansalya, awed by the idol and inspired by Uktasuri, renovated the temple substantially. In the fourteenth century VS, the temple was destroyed by Alauddin Khalji. In the sixteenth century VS, under the inspiration of Vijaysensuri, a new temple with 52 idols was built. In VS 1760 (1703 CE), the sangha built the new temple and got the idol reinstalled. Besides the original sanctuary, the temple has an open square, a decorated square, a vast square and two assembly halls. The current temple was built in 1811.

About temples

The mulnayak, the main idol, nearly  high, is a white-coloured idol of Parshvanatha in the Padmasana posture. In the Shvetambara tradition, idols tend to derive their name from a geographical region, the Shankheshwar Parshvanatha is one of 108 prominent idols of Parshvanath idols. There are dozen of replica temples and icons of Shankheshwar Parshvanatha. The idol of Bhidbhanjan Parshvanath is in a small temple to the right of the main idol, and the idol of Ajitnatha is in a small temple to the left of the main idol. The idols of Dharanendra, Padmavati, Parshva and Chakreshwari are also in the temple. On the tenth day of the month of Posh, the tenth day of the dark half of the month of Magasar, and during the Diwali days, thousands of pilgrims come to observe a two-day-long fast.

Shankheshwar is considered one of the most important Jain . Shankheshwar Parshvanath Stavan, a hymn dedicated to Shankheshwar Parshvanath, is one of the most performed Jain prayer. Sankhesvara Stotram is another hymn to Shankheshwar Parshvanatha compiled by Mahopadhyaya Yashovijaya.

At present, the temple complex is under renovation. The doors of the small temples on the passage for going around the temple are being enlarged, and the height of their summits will be raised.

Other Jain temples
Besides this temple, there are several other Jain temples - the Agam Mandir, the modern sprawling complex of 108 Parshvanath and Padmavati (108 Parshwanath Bhaktivihar Tirth), Rajendrasuri Navkar Mandir, Kalapurnam Smriti Mandir, the Gurumandir, and Dadawadi are important.

There is a temple dedicated to Bhaktamara Stotra built by Jain Acharya Surendrasuri. The temple houses 84 yantra.

Shruth tirth is located two kilometres southerly of Sankeshwar on Sankheswar-Viramgam Highway. Further four kilometre south, there is Pavapuri Jalmandir at Ratanpura.

Thus Shankeshwar tirth ranks next only to those on Mount Shatrunjaya in Palitana, (Gujarat) in terms of importance to the Swetambara Jains.

Gallery

Other buildings
There are an upashray, an ayambilshala, a bhandar, a pathshala, and a hall where food is given to pilgrims for their journeys.

See also

 Panchasara Jain temple
 Nagarparkar Jain Temples

Notes

References

Citation

Sources

Jain temples in Gujarat
11th-century Jain temples
Māru-Gurjara architecture


Ouvrage Billig, a gros ouvrage or large fortification of the Maginot Line, was located in the Fortified Sector of Thionville, Moselle in northern France.  It is located between the gros ouvrages Metrich and Hackenberg, facing Germany. It saw relatively little action during World War II and after a period of reserve duty in the 1950s, was abandoned in the 1970s.

Design and construction
Billig was approved for construction by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in June 1930 and became operational by 1935, at a cost of 65 million francs. The contractor was Ossude of Paris.

Description
This gros ouvrage is unusual in having one entrance for both ammunition and personnel. It lacks the large "M1" magazine of other gros ouvrages. The dogleg-shaped layout is relatively short for a gros ouvrage, with less than  of underground gallery at an average depth of  from the entrance to the farthest combat block.  Like all gros ouvrages, Billig was provided with a 60 cm railway running through the gallery system to provide materiel.  The railway continued out the single entrance and connected to the railway system paralleling the front in the rear zones.
Mixed entry: Inclined ramp, two automatic rifle/anti-tank gun embrasures (JM/AC47). The mixed entry combines ammunition and personnel access, which is usually separated in a gros ouvrage.
Block 1: Infantry block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one machine gun embrasure (JM) and two automatic rifle cloches (GFM).
Block 2: Infantry block with one machine gun turret and one GFM cloche.
Block 3: Infantry block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one JM embrasure and two GFM cloches.
Block 4: Artillery block with two 75 mm gun embrasures, one 75 mm gun turret, one grenade launcher cloche (LG) and one GFM cloche.
Block 5: Artillery block with two 75 mm gun embrasures and one GFM cloche.
Block 6: Artillery block with 81 mm mortar turret and one GFM cloche.
Block 7: Observatory block with one GFM cloche, one grenade launcher cloche and one periscope cloche (VDP).

Casemates and shelters
Several small blockhouses with machine guns and anti-tank guns were located around Billig. The Casernement d'Elzange provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Billig and other ouvrages in the area.

Manning
The manning of the ouvrage in 1940 comprised 521 men and 16 officers of the 167th Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 151st Position Artillery Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.

History
See Fortified Sector of Thionville for a broader discussion of the events of 1940 in the Thionville sector of the Maginot Line.
Billig was not subjected to significant attack by the Wehrmacht in 1940, although an aerial bomb penetrated the 81 mm mortar turret in Block 6 on 15 June, killing two. The area around Billig did not become active until late June 1940, but German infiltration persisted until the June 25 armistice. Billig fired 2030 75 mm shots in support of Hackenberg on the 24th. After the armistice Billig was used for explosive effects testing by the Germans. Blocks 1 and 2 and the magazine of Block 5 were subjected to projectile penetration tests and gas explosions. Block 2's turret was blasted into the air, falling back into its opening.

Billig was assaulted by the U.S. 90th Infantry Division in September 1944 and captured after two days of fighting, using close-assault tactics. Following its capture, Billig was used for ordnance testing by the U.S. Army.  Following the war, the Maginot Line was viewed as a means of slowing an advance by Warsaw Pact forces and most of the north-eastern positions were renovated and rearmed.  Replacement of 75 mm guns with 105 mm guns was proposed for Billig. However, the program was abandoned, and after a period of routine maintenance, Billig's status was lowered to inactive reserve, and finally abandoned.

Billig is abandoned and vandalised, with openings closed off to prevent access. The above ground installations remain visible.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 La Ligne Maginot - Billig
 Billig at fortiff.be
 Ouvrage du Billig at wikimaginot.eu
 |L'ouvrage du Billig at alsacemaginot.com
 Ouvrage du Billig at lignemaginot.com

BILL
Maginot Line
Môle de Thionville


The Taught Course Centre or TCC is a collaboration between the mathematics departments at five UK universities aimed at providing a broader range of lecture courses for postgraduate students.

Members

The five collaborating universities are:
University of Bath
University of Bristol
Imperial College London
University of Oxford
University of Warwick

Lectures are given at all five universities and, using Access Grid technology, students at each of the other four institutes may participate with each lecture.

The TCC was set up in 2007 with funding from the EPSRC.  Twenty six courses were made available to students in the first year of the collaboration, with topics from diverse areas of mathematics including number theory, partial differential equations, random matrix theory, and group theory.  One of the aims of the project was to encourage contact between postgraduate mathematics students at the five universities and set up future collaborative work.

Configuration
In normal operation, the TCC uses access grid technology for video conferencing using the proprietary IOCOM software suite.  The lectures take place in the virtual venue named Maths TCC.  These lectures may be recorded upon request if permission from participants is obtained in advance.

TCC lectures normally transmit video streams using H.261 and audio as G.711 for compatibility with the freely available AG3 software.

Each Access Grid session is paired with a Jabber/XMPP session on the Access Grid Support Centre (AGSC) Virtual Venue Server. The XMPP session allows instant messaging with other participants allowing fault diagnosis or communication without interrupting a session.

Oxford
The Oxford TCC is equipped with a Smart Board and Sympodium that can be viewed locally and transmitted to all participants of the meeting.

Events
 January 21, 2008
 TCC Number Theory Event Day was held at Bristol and students were given a chance to talk about their research to their peers and share ideas.

 May 21, 2013
 Graduate TCC Conference in Number Theory was a successful continuation of the aforementioned event.

External links
The TCC website
The Graduate TCC Conference in Number Theory website

College and university associations and consortia in the United Kingdom
Taught Course Centre
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Grid computing projects
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Organisations associated with the University of Oxford


Hagger as a surname may refer to:

Kim Hagger, British athlete, born 1961
Lloyd Hagger, Australian rules footballer, born 1898
Nicholas Hagger, British poet and author, born 1939
Peter Hagger, British trade unionist, born 1944 and died 1995
Rubeus Hagrid, a character in the fictional Harry Potter universe, is referred to this way by his half-brother Grawp

See also
Hagar (disambiguation)
Haggar (disambiguation)
Hager


Metropolitan Park is a waterfront park in Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.

Metropolitan Park may also refer to:
Metropolitan Park (New York City), a former baseball ground in New York City
Metropolitan Natural Park, a park in Panama City, Panama
Metropolitan Park Station, a station of the Kaohsiung MRT in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Hellenikon Metropolitan Park, an unfinished development project in Athens, Greece
Santiago Metropolitan Park, an urban park in Santiago, Chile


HMS Chanticleer was a Cherokee-class 10-gun brig of the Royal Navy. Chanticleer was launched on 26 July 1808. She served in European waters (mainly the North Sea) in the Napoleonic Wars and was paid off and laid up at Sheerness in July 1816. She was chosen for an 1828 scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean.  Her poor condition on her return meant that the Admiralty replaced her for the second voyage in 1831 with another Cherokee-class brig, Beagle, which subsequently became famous because of the association with Charles Darwin. Chanticleer then spent 15 years as a customs watch ship at Burnham-on-Crouch and was broken up in 1871.

War service
Her initial base was Great Yarmouth. She was commissioned in September 1808 under Commander Charles Harford, but he drowned in an accident on 19 October, so Commander Richard Spear took command in November 1808. On 27 July 1809, Chanticleer captured the Russian lugger Emperor. Then on 24 October,  captured the Jupiter.  and Chanticleer shared in the prize money by agreement.

On 2 September 1811 while off the coast of Norway, Chanticleer became involved in an action with three 18-gun brigs of the Royal Danish Navy, Lolland, Alsen and Samsøe.  Outgunned and outnumbered, Chanticleer made good her escape, leaving her consort, , for the Danes to capture.

On 28 August 1810, Chanticleer captured the Dutch fishing boat Hoop. Chanticleer was under the command of John G. M'Bride M'Killop (Acting Commander) when she took possession of the derelict vessel Haabet on 16 November 1811.

Chanticleer was in company with  when they captured the Jobb on 2 January 1812. Then on 9 April 1812, Chanticleer captured the Danish vessel Christine.

On 23 October 1812, Chanticleer,  and  captured the Jonge Henrick.

Chanticleer served chiefly as an escort vessel and cruised off the European coast. Commander Stewart Blacker assumed command in May 1813. In 1813, she took three prizes near the German archipelago of Heligoland in the North Sea. Commander J. Thomson replace Blacker in July 1814.

In August 1815 Chanticleer, under the command of Lieutenant George Tupman (Acting), was part of the British force that captured Guadeloupe. She swept one beach of the few French troops that made an appearance; she then provided cover at another beach.

On 2 October 1815 Chanticlear and  brought a French brig into Antigua. The brig was carrying 208 slaves from Africa and some ivory tusks.

Post-war service
Chanticleer was at Chatham in 1817. On 23 October 1821 Captain Henry Eden took command. He sailed her to the Mediterranean, where he was "very efficiently occupied during the revolution in Greece." Commander Burton Macnamara replaced him in July 1822. Two months later Chanticleer was dispatched to Fanari, Preveza, to supervise evacuation of the Souliotes.

Charles James Hope Johnstone took command in September 1824, still in the Mediterranean. He was posted in December 1826 and command devolved to an acting commander until April 1827, when Commander John Balfour Maxwell took command.

Chanticleer was dispatched on a scientific expedition in the Pacific Ocean in 1828 under the command of Captain Henry Foster, who had taken command in December 1827. He explored the South Atlantic, and especially the South Shetland Islands; Port Foster on Deception Island, which is the caldera of an extinct volcano, is named after him.  On the expedition, the ship visited the River Plate and Staten Island of Argentina, Cape Horn of Chile at the southernmost tip of South America, New Zealand, South Georgia, and rounded the Cape of Good Hope. From there she sailed back to South America via Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Fernando de Noronha. Chanticleer reached the South American coast at Saint Louis, Maranham. From there she sailed up the Amazon river to Pará. Chanticleer next arrived at Port of Spain, Trinidad, sailing from there to La Guaira and on to Portobelo, Colón. Foster sent his first lieutenant, Horatio Thomas Austin across the Isthmus of Darien. After Austin returned, Foster set out to conduct some more scientific tests in the same area. Unfortunately, after he had completed his experiments and was on his way back to his ship, Foster fell out of his canoe in the Chagres River and drowned. After Foster's death, the ship's command fell to Austin. He sailed Chanticleer across the Atlantic Ocean to Falmouth in 1831.

Chanticleer had originally been scheduled to make the second South America survey of 1831, but due to her poor condition after her three-year voyage, the Admiralty sent Beagle instead. Thus it was Beagle, and not Chanticleer, that became the ship upon which Charles Darwin established his reputation as a naturalist.

Instead of sending Chanticleer to South America, the Navy lent her to the Royal Sailing Society, Thames. That assignment lasted from 1831 to 1832.

In 1832, Dr John Frost obtained an Admiralty grant to establish Chanticleer as a hospital ship to be moored off Millbank to serve as a refuge for Thames boatmen. However, Frost overextended himself and the plan fell through.

Fate

In 1845, Chanticleer was towed to Burnham-on-Crouch in Essex, for use in the River Crouch as a Customs watch ship. She was re-named WV5 (Watch Vessel 5) on 25 May 1863 and served in that capacity until 1870. She was broken up in June 1871 at Sheerness.

Notes

Citations

References

External links

Brig-sloops of the Royal Navy
Cherokee-class brig-sloops
1808 ships


The 2008 Yonex All England Super Series is the 98th edition of the All England Open Badminton Championships and also the third tournament of the 2008 BWF Super Series. It was held from 4 to 9 March 2008 in Birmingham, England.

Finals

Men's singles

Seeds
 Lin Dan
 Lee Chong Wei
 Bao Chunlai
 Chen Jin
 Kenneth Jonassen
 Sony Dwi Kuncoro
 Taufik Hidayat
 Peter Gade

Section 1

Section 2

Women's singles

Seeds
 Xie Xingfang
 Zhang Ning
 Lu Lan
 Zhu Lin
 Wang Chen
 Pi Hongyan
 Xu Huaiwen
 Wong Mew Choo

Section 1

Section 2

Doubles

Seeds

Men's doubles
 Fu Haifeng / Cai Yun
 Markis Kido / Hendra Setiawan
 Koo Kien Keat / Tan Boon Heong
 Choong Tan Fook / Lee Wan Wah
 Candra Wijaya /  Tony Gunawan
 Jung Jae-sung / Lee Yong-dae
 Jens Eriksen / Martin Lundgaard Hansen
 Luluk Hadiyanto / Alvent Yulianto

Women's doubles
 Zhang Yawen / Wei Yili
 Yang Wei / Zhang Jiewen
 Du Jing / Yu Yang
 Lee Kyung-won / Lee Hyo-jung
 Gao Ling / Zhao Tingting
 Chien Yu Chin / Cheng Wen-Hsing
 Kumiko Ogura / Reiko Shiota
 Gail Emms	/ Donna Kellogg

Mixed doubles
 Zheng Bo / Gao Ling
 Nova Widianto / Lilyana Natsir
 Flandy Limpele / Vita Marissa
 Xie Zhongbo / Zhang Yawen
 He Hanbin	/ Yu Yang
 Lee Yong-dae / Lee Hyo-jung
 Sudket Prapakamol / Saralee Thungthongkam
 Nathan Robertson / Gail Emms

Semi-finals

References

All England Open Badminton Championships
All England
2008 in English sport
Sports competitions in Birmingham, West Midlands
March 2008 sports events in the United Kingdom


S. Robert Morgan is an American television actor and theatre director. He starred in the HBO drama series The Wire as Butchie from the second season until the show's fifth and final season.

Personal life
Morgan is from Fort Washington, Maryland and is a regular patron of the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, which The Washington Post has described as "A Haven for Sightless Readers". He lost his sight in his twenties due to macular degeneration.

Filmography
Literary Visions (1992) (Actor) (2 episodes)
The Wire (2003–08) (Butchie) (10 episodes)
Blind Date (2009) (Fred)
Luke Cage (2016) (Oliver) (Moment of Truth)

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
African-American male actors
Place of birth missing (living people)
American male television actors
American blind people
Male actors from Washington, D.C.
Blind actors
American actors with disabilities
21st-century African-American people


Lyndhurst Secondary College is a co-educational secondary school, located in Cranbourne North, Victoria, Australia, which is approximately 40 km south east of Melbourne.

History
Founded in 1981 as Cranbourne Meadows Technical School, the curriculum consisted mainly of technical classes such as Automotive, Textiles, Wood & Metal Work, Ceramics, Home Economics, and more.  For the first term due to school still being built students were sent to Doveton High and Doveton Technical schools for classes. When technical schools began to fall out of use, the school changed its name to Lyndhurst Secondary College.

School profile
Lyndhurst's student body consists of around 750 students from Year 7 to Year 12.

The School Colors are based on uniform colors, blue and white. For sporting activities, students are divided into houses. These houses and their colors are: Red – Hale, Blue – Sayers, green – Kettner, yellow – Flintoff. The school offers both VCE and VCAL pathways in the senior years.

References

Secondary schools in Melbourne
Educational institutions established in 1988
1988 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures in the City of Casey


Michal Katya Adler (born 3 May 1972) is a British journalist. She has been the BBC's Europe editor since 2014.

Early life
Adler was born on 3 May 1972 in Hampstead, north London, to German parents. She attended the independent, fee-paying South Hampstead High School.

While at the University of Bristol, she studied German and Italian and was the president of a political society, and started its magazine.

In late 1995, in a year abroad, she began working for FUNtastic Show on Blue Danube Radio, in Vienna. In the year abroad, she had work placements with Reuters, NBC in Turkey, and at the Rome offices of The Times.

She graduated in 1995. One of her dissertation topics was denazification.

Career
After graduating, Adler initially briefly worked for The Times before moving to Vienna in August 1995 to work for Mondial Congress & Events, a Destination Management Company and professional conference organiser, for International Congresses.

In late 1995, she began working as a correspondent for Austrian national public broadcaster ORF reporting locally and then internationally from Kosovo, Eastern Europe and across Southwest Asia and North Africa.

Adler joined the BBC in Vienna in 1998, reporting on Austrian and Central European affairs. After becoming the BBC's Berlin correspondent for a short period, from 2000 she was based in London for the BBC World Service presenting on European current affairs, and commuting weekly to Berlin to work as a news anchor for Deutsche Welle Television.

From August 2003, she was the BBC Madrid correspondent, travelling around Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa to cover stories including the deaths of Pope John Paul II and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat in a Paris hospital. Adler also reported on the Madrid train bombings. She admitted in an interview in 2019 that she had lied about being able to speak Spanish to get the Madrid correspondent job. Adler later learned the language by listening to Spanish political radio and Mexican soap operas.

From December 2006 Adler was the BBC's Middle East correspondent, based in Jerusalem but reporting around the region from Gaza, the West Bank, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Libya. During this period she was also an occasional presenter or interviewer on HARDtalk.

Adler has also presented a number of one-hour documentaries, such as Mexico's Drug Wars for BBC2. Her film Spain's Stolen Babies was runner-up for an RTS award in 2012.

At the end of April 2014 she was appointed the BBC's Europe editor, replacing Gavin Hewitt. Her appointment was controversial because her LinkedIn profile stated that for 15 years she had regularly facilitated conferences for a number of clients including one for the European Union. This brought about criticism from Conservative Party MPs, including  Andrew Bridgen and Philip Davies. Davies stated: "this cosy relationship between the BBC and the European Commission severely undermines your editorial integrity and ability to report matters in a strictly objective manner." The BBC in written response clarified that Adler had at the time been working freelance for the BBC and a number of other broadcast organisations, and in 19 years had only been paid to chair one EU event in 2005, invited by the UK presidency, not the European Commission.

In early February 2017, the BBC broadcast a documentary by Adler titled After Brexit: the Battle for Europe in which she examined the mounting challenges facing the European Union over the next few years. In June 2017 Adler became one of the four presenters of Brexitcast, a BBC podcast covering Brexit. In September 2019, Brexit Newscast became a regular television broadcast fixture on BBC One, usually following Question Time, as of December 2020.

As of 2019, Adler was paid between £205,000-£209,999, placing her on the list of the highest-paid BBC news and current affairs staff.

Although Adler is predominantly a news journalist, in July 2023, she started presenting the BBC Proms on television. Adler joined newsreaders Clive Myrie and Huw Edwards, plus former newsreader Katie Derham, in the presenting line-up.

In September 2023, Adler presented Living Next Door to Putin; a two-part documentary series that aired on BBC One.

On September 30th, 2023, Adler made her presenting debut on the BBC One network bulletins, fronting the evening and late bulletins.

Criticism of Michael Gove
In September 2020 the BBC partially upheld a complaint against Adler after she sent a series of tweets on 28 April 2020 stating that an "observation" put forward by Cabinet Office Minister Michael Gove was "delusional". Gove had stated "the COVID crisis, in some respects, should concentrate the minds of EU negotiators". In addition, Adler's analysis also altered Gove's words, changing the term "should" to "will" in her tweets. The BBC Editorial Complaint Unit ruled that although Adler backed up her opinion with detailed evidence and was entitled to state it, her use of the word "delusional" broke the guidelines' licence for "professional judgements, rooted in evidence".

Awards
In July 2017, Adler was awarded an honorary LL.D from Bristol University and an honorary D.Lit from the University of London Institute in Paris.

She was awarded the Charles Wheeler award for Outstanding Contribution to Broadcast Journalism in 2019. She has also been awarded Broadcast Journalist of the Year 2018 at the PSA, Political Studies Association; Broadcast Journalist of the Year 2019 jointly with Laura Kuenssberg by the London Press Club; Listeners Choice Award at British Podcast awards 2019 for the Brexitcast podcast. In 2019 she was listed in the Evening Standard as one of London's most influential people, and by Politico magazine as one of Brussels top 20 most influential women in 2017.

Personal life
Adler is married and has three children.

As well as English, she speaks "Spanish, German, Italian and French", and basic Arabic and Hebrew.

References

External links

Journalisted – Articles by Katya Adler

1972 births
Living people
British people of German descent
Alumni of the University of Bristol
BBC newsreaders and journalists
BBC World Service presenters
British women television journalists
British radio presenters
British women radio presenters
People educated at South Hampstead High School
People from Hampstead


Hoka! Hoka! Hoka! is a collection of science fiction stories by Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson. It was first published by Baen Books in 1998 and reprints the authors' earlier collection, Earthman's Burden, expanded with two additional stories from Hoka!. The story "Don Jones" originally appeared in Earthman's Burden. The other stories originally appeared in the magazines Other Worlds, Universe and Fantasy and Science Fiction.

Contents
 Prologue
 "The Sheriff of Canyon Gulch"
 Interlude I
 "Don Jones"
 Interlude II
 "In Hoka Signo Vinces"
 Interlude III
 "The Adventure of the Misplaced Hound"
 Interlude IV
 "Yo Ho Hoka!"
 Interlude V
 "The Tiddlywink Warriors"
 Interlude VI
 "Joy in Mudville"
 "Undiplomatic Immunity"
 Mysterious Message

See also
Hoka!

Sources

External links

1998 short story collections
Short story collections by Poul Anderson
Short story collections by Gordon R. Dickson


The Joe Horn shooting controversy occurred on November 14, 2007, in Pasadena, Texas, United States, when local resident Joe Horn shot and killed two burglars outside his neighbor's home. Recordings of Horn's exchange with emergency dispatch indicated that he was asked 14 times not to interfere with the burglary, because police would soon be on scene.  The shootings resulted in debates regarding self-defense, castle doctrine laws, and Texas laws relating to use of deadly force to prevent or stop property crimes. The undocumented status of both burglars was highlighted because of the U.S. border controversy. On June 30, 2008, Horn was cleared by a grand jury in the Pasadena shootings.

Shooting
On November 14, 2007, Joe Horn, 61, spotted two men breaking into his next-door neighbor's home in Pasadena, Texas. He called 911 to summon police to the scene. While on the phone with emergency dispatch, Horn stated that he had the right to use deadly force to defend property, referring to a law (Texas Penal Code §§ 9.41, 9.42, and 9.43) which justified the use of deadly force to protect Horn's home. Horn exited his home with his shotgun, while the 911 operator tried to dissuade him from that action several times. On the 911 tape, he is heard confronting the suspects, saying, "Move, and you're dead", immediately followed by the sound of a shotgun blast, followed by two more. Following the shootings Horn told the 911 operator, "They came in the front yard with me, man, I had no choice!"

Police initially identified the dead men in Horn's yard as 38-year-old Miguel Antonio DeJesus and 30-year-old Diego Ortiz, both residents of Houston. However, DeJesus was actually an alias of an individual named Hernando Riascos Torres. Torres and Ortiz were carrying a sack with cash and jewelry taken from the home of Horn's next-door neighbor. Both had criminal convictions in Colombia and had been convicted on drug trafficking charges. Police found a Puerto Rican man's identification card on Ortiz. Torres had three identification cards from Colombia, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic, and had been previously sent to prison for dealing cocaine. Torres had been deported in 1999.

An unidentified plainclothes police detective responding to the 911 call arrived at the scene before the shooting, and witnessed the escalation and shootings while remaining in his car. His report on the incident indicated that one of the men who was killed "received gunfire from the rear". Police Captain A.H.Corbett, a spokesman for the Pasadena Police Department, stated that the two men ignored Horn's order to freeze and that one of the suspects ran towards Horn before angling away from him and toward the street when they were shot in the back. The medical examiner's report could not specify whether they were shot in the back due to the ballistics of the shotgun wound. Pasadena police confirmed the two men were shot after they ventured into Horn's front yard. Horn was not arrested.

The incident touched off protests, led by Quanell X, leader of the Houston chapter of the New Black Panther Party (NBPP) that were met by counter-protests from Horn's neighbors and other supporters.

911 call transcript
One vital piece of evidence were segments of Horn's 911 calls which could have possibly incriminated Horn or shown his innocence. The most scrutinized segment is presented below:

The 911 call ended about 80 seconds after the shots were fired, when officers arrived on the scene.

Joe Horn
Joe Horn took an early retirement from AT&T and moved in with his daughter, Rhonda, and her husband in Kentucky. After his daughter was widowed in 1998 the remainder of the family moved to Houston and Horn went back to work so his daughter could take care of the children. When Rhonda remarried, she and her new husband purchased a home and asked Horn to move in. In 2003, he accepted and moved in once more. A Houston native, Horn graduated from Sam Houston High School in 1964. He went to work as a 7-Eleven store clerk immediately after high school. Two years afterwards, he started work in the communications industry, eventually working his way up to a computer program manager for AT&T before retiring in 2003. He was proficient with guns for hunting but had lost interest in hunting years before the fateful shootings.

Aftermath

Death threat
A death threat was made anonymously to the district attorney in which the following was said: "Don't worry about my name. But what you better do, you better indict Joe Horn, and you better find him guilty. Because if you don't, somebody is gonna kill him on the outside, and if he goes to prison he's gonna get killed on the inside. It's as simple as that. They waiting on him in prison, and we're waiting on him on the outside. We gonna kill that mother fucker. Bye."

Grand jury
On June 30, 2008 a Harris County grand jury cleared Horn by issuing a no bill after two weeks of testimony.

Reaction
Black activist Quanell X said he was meeting with civil attorneys to discuss the next legal move.  He said he planned to lobby lawmakers to change the  Castle Doctrine, which he believes is racially motivated.  He went on to say, "This was a wild and out-of-control Western-thinking, gun-toting man who saw the opportunity to be judge, jury and executioner, and Harris County let him get away with it. But we're not going to let him get away with it."

On a Sunday in early December 2007,  Quanell X and dozens of members of the group New Black Panther Party planned a march through Pasadena, Texas to protest.

Joseph Gutheinz, a Houston attorney and member of the National Republican Lawyers Association, said: "I wonder if Joe Horn were black if he would be free tonight or in the Harris County Jail." Speaking on the Harris County Grand Jury system, Gutheinz said: "It's a sea of white faces that doesn't look anything like the county."

National reactions
The Glenn Beck Program had conditionally taken up Horn's defense, but allowed that "property is worth killing over."

See also

Castle doctrine
Tony Martin (farmer)

References

External links

Crimes in Harris County, Texas
2007 in Texas
2007 controversies in the United States
November 2007 crimes in the United States


Bodyworks Voyager is an educational first-person shooter for MS-DOS released in 1994. It was developed by Mythos Software and published by Software Marketing Corporation. The game teaches human anatomy, mixing shooter gameplay with quizzes on the human body.

Gameplay
Besides exploring the multiple layers and parts of the human body within the Medical Database, the prime objective of the game is to destroy all infecting microbes in a hospital patient by use of a fighter ship reduced by shrink ray and inserted into the body. All microbes must be destroyed to accomplish a mission and save the patient. There two kinds of microbes, one that attacks the patient more often and the latter that attacks the ship more often.

In the ship's control system there are four utilities. The target indicator determines where shots are fired. The patient screen indicates the patient's vitality and the microbe threat level presence. The radar show's the ship's and microbes' positions. The ship screen indicates the ship's vitality and firepower rate.

External links

Mirsoft World of Game Music - MIDI Music Files

1994 video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Educational video games
First-person shooters
Medical video games
Mythos Software games
North America-exclusive video games
Single-player video games
Video games about microbes
Video games developed in the United States


The Aaro Kivilinna Memorial Trophy is an award given every year since 1973 to the best ice hockey club overall in Finland by the Finnish SM-liiga. The recipient is determined by the final standings of each club in the SM-liiga or Mestis as well as their teams in the three topmost junior leagues and the women's league. (Thus the winner is quite often another club than the SM-liiga champion of that year.)

Aaro Kivilinna was an ice hockey defenseman from Helsinki, Finland who also worked as a sports journalist and as the secretary and later vice-president of the Finnish Ice Hockey Association. He was killed in action in the Winter War in February 1940.

Winners of the Aaro Kivilinna Memorial Trophy

References

Liiga trophies and awards


Bécordel-Bécourt (; before 1900: Bécourt-Bécordel) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Situated on the D938 road, about  southeast of Albert.

History
The village of Bécourt was destroyed in the First World War, see Battle of Albert (1914).

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Blue Danube Radio (BDR) was an English-language radio station broadcast by the Österreichischer Rundfunk (;  ORF).

History
Blue Danube Radio went live on 23 August 1979, created principally for the United Nations community at UNO-City in Vienna. It was popular with many Austrian people too. The name "Blue Danube" was also previously used by the unrelated  radio station operated by American Forces Network (AFN) and the 5th United States Army in the American-occupied zone of Austria between 1945 and 1955. From 1995, it shared airtime with FM4, which eventually completely took over on 1 February 2000.

Favourite programmes included Continental Breakfast, Soft Sound Café, Drive Time, Today@Six, and Sunday Brunch. Many of the people who worked for BDR moved to FM4. Notables include David Halliwell, Paul Catty, Joe Remick, John Wilde, Joanna Bostock, Jill Zobel, Ellis Hill, Paul Hollingdale, Chris Wisbey, Stuart Freeman, Dale Winton, Graham Knight, Paul Holmes, Steve Allen, John Brocks and Katya Adler. It also aired syndicated Casey Kasem's Top 40 (American hit parade), and a short programme called Passport that encouraged the study of foreign languages.

Frequencies

Burgenland

Carinthia

Lower Austria

Upper Austria

Salzburg

Styria

Tyrol

Vienna

Vorarlberg

See also
 List of radio stations in Austria

References

External links
 ORF Website
 Archive of Friends of BDR

1979 establishments in Austria
2000 disestablishments in Austria
Defunct radio stations in Austria
English-language radio stations
Mass media in Vienna
Radio stations established in 1979
Radio stations disestablished in 2000
ORF (broadcaster)


Astrid Rødmyr (born 30 March 1940) is a Norwegian orienteering competitor and World champion. She won a gold medal in the 1968 World Orienteering Championships with the Norwegian Relay team, and placed 10th in the individual contest. She received a bronze medal in the relay in the 1970 World Orienteering Championships.

References

1940 births
Living people
Norwegian orienteers
Female orienteers
Foot orienteers
World Orienteering Championships medalists
20th-century Norwegian women
20th-century Norwegian people


Christian media, sometimes referred to as inspirational, faith and family, or simply Christian, is a cross-media genre that features a Christian message or moral. Several creative studios and mass media formats are considered to be aspects of Christian media, including media organizations, a characteristic film industry, musical genres, radio formats, TV formats, and subgenres.

History
Christian art has long been a tradition of the faith, dating back to early Christian art and architecture and it was a major part of the medieval and renaissance eras. Christian literature similarly dates back to the history of early Christianity, The Shepherd of Hermas was a popular story in the early church. This included depictions of Jesus and parables of Christ figures, as aniconism in Christianity was largely rejected within the ante-Nicene era, since artistic expression helps fulfill the Great Commission. Originally Christian art was created under patronage and tithe, today adapted into contemporary creative media and arts funding techniques. The patron-client relationship is a primary analogue for the relationship between Christian as client with God as patron, and it is basis for the terminology patron saint. Mass media had one of its earliest success with the invention of the printing press and the subsequent printing of The Holy Bible, the Christian Bible is the best-selling book of all time, and the first well received mass printing of it was the Gutenberg Bible. Christian media productions are recognized as a popular film, music, broadcasting, and interactive media format alongside secular counterparts.

Early Christian allegory in works of fiction, such as John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, made an impact on later works of fiction, including C. S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia and J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter. The Pilgrim's Progress is one of the most commonly referenced Christian allegories in media and art, artist Vincent van Gogh was known to have been inspired by the story. Besides The Pilgrim's Progress, other classic books in the Christian genre include the Divine Comedy, Le Morte d'Arthur, and Paradise Lost, these four novels are depicted in large stained glass windows at Princeton University Chapel. Other books in the Western canon from Christian novels, or those drawing heavy inspiration from Christian concepts, include The Count of Monte Cristo, The Scarlet Letter, Les Misérables, and Bless Me, Ultima.

This genre's films date back to early cinema with adaptions of Lew Wallace's Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ in 1907 and 1925, as well as Cecil B. DeMille's landmark religious film The Ten Commandments (1923), and their popular 1950s remakes The Ten Commandments (1956) and Ben-Hur (1959). Other popular Christian film and television productions include the Superbook anime (1981–1983, and rebooted in 2011-ongoing), VeggieTales animated series (1993-ongoing), The Prince of Egypt (1998), Bruce Almighty (2003), The Passion of the Christ (2004), The Chronicles of Narnia film series (2005-ongoing), God's Not Dead (2014), Duck Dynasty (2012–2017), The Chosen (2017-ongoing), and Jesus Revolution (2023).

Christian music including hymns, Josquin's "Ave Maria" and Handel's Messiah, are a part of church and gospel music. Contemporary Christian music encompasses several other popular music styles including Christian rock, Christian hip hop, contemporary worship music, and Christian electronic dance music. Broadway theatre productions like Jesus Christ Superstar, recorded sermons by preachers of Billy Graham and Martin Luther King Jr., along with Christian radio shows Adventures in Odyssey and Family Theater so too with podcasts produced by the likes of Phil Vischer and Phil Robertson, are sometimes included in this genre.

Characteristics

Themes

The Christian genre often portrays a focus on the teachings of Jesus, the gospel, ministry as per the Great Commission, and Christian virtues: attributes encompassing love, grace, forgiveness, prudence, justice, temperance, fortitude, faith, hope, and charity, along with messages of resurrection. These codes are often played out through depictions of good and evil through conflicting virtues and vices, or as in the evangelism of The Pilgrim's Progress with individuals seeking personal growth and redemption. This depiction of Christian theology, in the narrative, contrasts sharply with comparatively impersonal institutions leading to some form of moral understanding.

The narrative can be delivered through sermons, retelling Bible stories especially the life of Jesus in the New Testament, or a hero's journey. Witnessing, a term used to describe a personal experience with coming to Christ, is another storytelling method that has been a part of the biographies of historical figures and celebrities alike, including Paul the Apostle, Priscilla and Aquila, Bede, Mary Stone, Hani Motoko, Johnny Cash, Colonel Sanders, Mr. T, Alice Cooper, Carlos Santana, Serena Williams, Stephen Colbert, Kel Mitchell, and Selena Gomez. It can sometimes be in the form of allegory as in the religion in The Chronicles of Narnia, or through plots including those of Christian mythology, like those foretelling of the Second Coming, or tales about knights and holy fighters, i.e. El Cid, Joan of Arc, King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table, Paladins, or the paladin RPG character class. While others use a "Christian magic" that is "neither allegorical nor topical" such as J. R. R. Tolkien's application of Christianity in Middle-earth found within The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Distribution

Libraries such as the Library of Congress often categorize each media format under its own genre. Due to mainstream appeal of Christian media, it is distributed at retailers like Hobby Lobby, Walmart, and international technology conglomerates such as Amazon and Tencent. Kosher and halal food brands usually include Christian media within the scope of their advertisement and marketing campaigns, employing slogans like Hebrew National's "we answer to a higher authority" which appeals to consumers throughout the Abrahamic faiths, and restaurant chain The Halal Guys has reached a success with Christian consumers due to similarity with Christian-based brands.

Some companies associate themselves with Christian media; In-N-Out Burger prints Bible verses on their food containers, the name of Tiger Balm and tea distributor Prince of Peace Enterprises, and Chick-fil-A plays Christian music at their restaurants. Advertising managers and agencies categorize Christian media in the same advertising media selection as community marketing, educational entertainment, and Disney-style family-oriented entertainment audiences, including those employed by most major corporations, American Airlines, Bank of America, Coca-Cola, Dairy Queen, Ford, McDonald's, Pepsi, and other multinational corporations, along with locally and regionally relevant target audiences; not to mention other old media and new media funding options, crowdfunding, merchandising, tie-ins, and underwriting.

While there is a prevalence of the Christian media format in popular culture, it is considered to be an alternative to the concentration of media ownership. Certain ideas in Christian culture, which are sometimes overlooked by mainstream outlets, are often given a pulpit through Christian media; this effect has been historically shown during its effectiveness during the civil rights movement and Jesus movement eras.

For many the same reasons as other media outlets, such as the high cost of production and distribution, most Christian publications have switched to digital and streaming media formats. This includes mobile apps, online newspapers, online magazines, video on demand, etc.

Production studios

Christian media studios and publishers range from independent media to mainstream mass media. Many specialize in a particular format, and are noted within their specific field, but some are multimedia production companies. Most major production houses have Christian oriented production studios including Sony's Affirm Films, MGM's Lightworkers Media, NBCUniversal's Big Idea Entertainment, Lionsgate's partner Kingdom Story Company, and 20th Century Studios former Fox Faith. Whereas some production houses simply produce Christian genre productions like they would any other genre, including The Walt Disney Company with their adaption of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe or as with Warner Bros. Discovery throughout their studios such as their acquisition of Warner Alliance and Warner Resound into Warner Music Group proper. Interdenominational independent media studios make up an important part of Christian media, including both small and large scale producers, such as Camfam Studios, Angel Studios, Icon Productions, Mono vs Stereo, and Word Entertainment.

The largest nondenominational television networks, Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN), and the Christian productions of Hallmark Channel and GAC Family have media franchises that are regularly considered for broadcast syndication; as do denominational broadcasts by Catholic Vatican Media, or the Seventh-day Adventist related Three Angels Broadcasting Network (3ABN) and LifeTalk Radio. Some of the most watched Christian news programs occur on CBN or TBN, as for print media the most widely regarded Christian news media includes Christianity Today and The Christian Science Monitor, these outlets are archived by The Library of Congress and have been venues for Pulitzer Prize winning journalists, organizations, segments, and articles.

In Japan, several media professionals are graduates of International Christian University. The editor and founder of Christian Today is an alumnus of that university, so is Kaz Hirai who is the former chairman of Sony Group Corporation.

Media franchises

Radio dramas were among the earliest to feature the transmedia storytelling of modern media franchises. The Family Theater of Mutual Broadcasting System and Adventures in Odyssey of Focus on the Family were some of the first successful syndicated broadcasts within Christian media. Family Theater was digitally remastered and continues to be broadcast by EWTN. Adventures in Odyssey, using the naming of Radio Theatre, has made radio adaptions of  Les Miserables, Anne of Green Gables, and The Chronicles of Narnia.

The life of Jesus in the New Testament is portrayed in numerous productions. This includes media formats from rock operas like Jesus Christ Superstar or major film productions. The Jesus Film Project by Cru which has created several films; Jesus (1979) and the My Last Day anime in collaboration with Studio 4°C. A series referred to as the Visual Bible had several adaptions of the Matthew and the Acts of the Apostles, they were called The Visual Bible: Matthew and The Visual Bible: Acts. There were some interactive media mini CDs in the late 1990s which contained trailers and behind the scenes footage of the movies, these clips were later added to DVD releases of the films. Major blockbuster films like The Passion of the Christ have their associated soundtracks released as well. Other Biblical epic series such as the 2013 The Bible miniseries also receive multimedia and social media promotion. The Chosen is a crowdfunded television series about Jesus and the Apostles in the New Testament, the series is directed by Dallas Jenkins and has been adapted into Bible studies, novels by author Jerry B. Jenkins, and children's picture books. The list of actors who have played Jesus in these productions have been Brian Deacon, Bruce Marchiano, Jim Caviezel, Diogo Morgado, and Jonathan Roumie.

Superbook and is a 1981 Japanese anime series produced by Tatsunoko Production for Christian Broadcasting Network and TV Tokyo, it was rebooted in 2011 by CBN in collaboration with Asia-based animation studios; the original voice cast included Billie Lou Watt, and for the reboot it includes Sam Vincent, the voice of Edd from Ed, Edd n Eddy and Andrea Libman, the voice of Pinkie Pie from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. In both the original and reboot, the episodes follow a couple of kids, Chris and Joy, and their robot friend named Gizmo. The series is an early example of a modern isekai, as the Superbook teleports the users to various Bible stories. Superbook also had another companion anime series known as The Flying House during the 1980s.

The VeggieTales direct-to-video series became a media franchise, with recognizable characters including Bob the Tomato voiced by Phil Vischer and Larry the Cucumber voiced by Mike Nawrocki; it has two feature-length films Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie and The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything, Netflix spin-offs VeggieTales in the House and VeggieTales in the City, and the series was rebooted in 2019 by NBCUniversal and Trinity Broadcasting Network as The VeggieTales Show. Phil Vischer documented some of his experience with the show in the novel Me, Myself, and Bob: A True Story About Dreams, God, and Talking Vegetables, he previously hosted a podcast titled The Phil Visher Podcast with Sky Jethani and Christian Taylor, and he now co-hosts The Holy Post.

Left Behind is a series of Second Coming post-apocalyptic novels that had adaptions into graphic novels, film adaptations, and video games. The spin-off novels Left Behind: The Kids follows a format more akin to dystopian fiction, and the video game Left Behind: Eternal Forces is a real-time strategy game.

Bibleman is a 1995 superhero franchise originally produced as a low-budget live-action children's television series, Bibleman: The Animated Series is an ongoing cartoon series started in 2016, the franchise has had numerous action figure depictions, tabletop games, video games, comics, and uniquely Christian tie-ins such as a devotional study Bible. In the series Bibleman's alter-ego was originally Miles Peterson, and his friend Josh Carpenter eventually replaced him as Bibleman, he is joined by fellow heroes Biblegirl and Melody, against the villains Dr. Fear, the Baroness, and the Master of Maybe.

The duck call company Duck Commander has several media productions, and the children of Phil Robertson and Kay Robertson are celebrities associated within Christian media. Their original shows, sponsored by Benelli Armi SpA based on the Duck Commander and Buck Commander brands, were featured on the Outdoor Channel. This sparked interest by A&E to produce the Duck Dynasty television series, which highlighted Willie Robertson and his wife Korie Robertson as they ran their family business, alongside Willie's brother Jase Robertson and Uncle Si Robertson. The show sparked spin-offs including a music album titled Duck the Halls: A Robertson Family Christmas. Duck Commander has their own Duck Call Room podcast featuring Si Robertson with Martin and Godwin, while Blaze Media helps to produce In The Woods with Phil and Unashamed with Phil and Jase, Willie and Korie's daughter Sadie Robertson created the podcast WHOA, That's Good Podcast. Miss Kay released a Duck Commander Kitchen Cookbook, and Phil has released several Christian novels. Si Robertson has an autobiography titled Si-cology 1, and Jase and youngest brother Jep have a 2022 metal detecting television series produced by Fox Nation called Duck Family Treasure.

Media formats

Books, magazines, and newspapers

Evangelicalism doesn't have a central authority, so publishers like Zondervan, LifeWay Christian Resources, and Christianity Today are considered de facto gatekeepers of theology. Christian books are a segment of Christian media which typically communicates the core elements of the Christian faith to non-believers, or publishes books to help develop and inform the beliefs of adherents. While these nondenominational publishers appeal to a wide variety of Christians and non-Christians, there are denomination specific publications including the Catholic Church's America and Seventh-Day Adventist's Amazing Facts. Other publishers include Concordia Publishing House and David C. Cook.

Christian magazines are one of many special-interest categories within the magazine publishing industry. Christian magazines often focus on groups within Christianity, such as men or women, youth, or certain denominations. Many Christian magazines are published by denominations and independent ministries as an outreach to the unchurched or to the organization's supporters, frequently at no cost to the reader. One of the most well known is "Guideposts" magazine, published by Guideposts non-profit since 1945. Examples of denominational magazines include House to House Heart to Heart. Other Christian magazines are published commercially for a profit, and sold by subscription or by single copies through bookstores and other retailers. Examples include Charisma, Relevant, and Spectrum.

Newspapers are a segment of Christian media which typically communicates news to members of the denomination or group which publishes the paper. Such newspapers often published weekly, rarely more frequently and often less frequently (bi-weekly, monthly). Examples include the Southern Baptist Convention, whose various state conventions often publish weekly or bi-weekly newspapers, Christian Examiner and The Christian Post. Sometimes individual congregations will publish newspapers; one example is Southeast Christian Church, a megachurch in Louisville, Kentucky which publishes a weekly newspaper distributed throughout the metro area. Christian Science Monitor is a general interest newspaper that has an appeal beyond Christian audiences, it is owned by the Church of Christ, Scientist. Independent publishers have produced Christian newspapers, often aimed at a specific group such as Roman Catholics.

Poetry produced by Christian poets can often find its way into the popular consciousness, an example includes "Footprints".  Another sub-format is Christian devotional literature which usually has Christian publishers, celebrities, and pastors giving their testimony or sharing ideas, either as Devotional Bibles, Devotional Calendars, or other literary formats. Devotional Bibles are a subgenre of the Study Bible format.

Comics, animation, and graphic novels
Davey and Goliath, Superbook, and VeggieTales are some popular Christian animated series. They were referenced as an inspiration for television writer Len Uhley, regarding X-Men'''s Nightcrawler and Wolverine when the characters' faiths were featured in an episode of the 1990s animated series. Len Uhley later worked on popular Christian animated series Friends and Heroes and the Superbook reboot.The Gospel According to Peanuts, written by Robert L. Short about the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz, discussed the Christian themes of the comic strip. In the television special A Charlie Brown Christmas the character Linus Van Pelt would directly quote Luke 2:8-14, with "And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid. And the angel said unto them, "Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying, "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men."

Spire Christian Comics, part of Baker Publishing Group and Archie Comics, which ran from 1972 and 1982 were a Christian spin-off of their larger franchises. They featured characters from Archie Andrews, Jughead Jones, Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, and Josie and the Pussycats.

During the 1990s, Marvel Comics partnered with Thomas Nelson to create a series of Christian themed books including comic book adaptions of The Screwtape Letters, The Pilgrim's Progress, and created a Christian superhero called Illuminator.

Film and television

Many forms of Christian films are widespread, from full length, feature films to short and discussion orientated clips.

Christian television includes broadcast television, cable television, and streaming television channels whose entire broadcast programming schedule is programs directly related to Christianity, such as  Trinity Broadcasting Network (the world's largest religious television network), Three Angels Broadcasting Network, Christian Broadcasting Network, God TV, SAT-7 and Emmanuel TV or individual shows including comedy, action, drama, reality, dramatizations and variety shows, movies and mini-series; which are part of the overall programming of a general-interest television station.

Some Christian streaming services have emerged in the interactive media space, such as Pure Flix which is owned by Sony Entertainment and Great American Media. Family oriented Christian streaming service Yippee TV received distribution rights for The VeggieTales Show reboot from NBCUniversal Syndication Studios and TBN from 2019 to 2022, and afterward would be broadcast by the Minno streaming service.

Radio and music

Christian radio is a radio format of music and programming that, within itself, includes several sub-formats. These include contemporary Christian music, contemporary worship music, Urban contemporary gospel, Southern Gospel, inspirational music, children's programming which include Adventures in Odyssey and Patch the Pirate, talk radio, and formats which include primarily preaching and/or instructional programming. Christian music festivals and camp meetings are held worldwide including The Experience in Nigeria and Sunza Rock Festival in Japan, and some are sponsored by companies like McDonald's as a part of community outreach including McDonald's Gospelfest, while others are sponsored by churches and Christian music labels like that of Creation Fest.

The American popular music industry first began with the distribution of Christian hymnals and gospel music. The contemporary Christian music of today is still rooted in Christian music and church music, but includes Christian rock and Christian hip hop music. Christian and Gospel record labels are usually founded by artists within the field. TobyMac started the label Gotee Records and Lacrae is the founder of Reach Records. Musicians in Christian music groups often have prominent solo careers as well, Michael Tait wrote the book Living Under God with former DC Talk bandmate TobyMac. Fred Hammond started out with the Commissioned gospel music group, and has become one of the most influential contemporary gospel musicians. Some secular musicians convert to Christian music, Carlos Santana known for his Latin rock music infused Latin Christian music into the sound following his conversion in the early 1970s, Kanye West with his Sunday Service Choir have had success with a single called "Jesus Walks" and the music albums Jesus Is King and Jesus Is Born, and Korn band member Brian Welch has a Christian metal band called Love and Death.

Video games and interactive media

One of the first Christian video games was Bible Computer Games which first appeared on the TRS-80 Color Computer in 1982, it was ported in 1983 to Timex Sinclair and TI-99/4A, then released on the Apple IIe, Commodore 64, VIC-20, and the Kaypro CP/M computer platforms in 1984, and finally on MS-DOS 1986 by PC Enterprises. Many of the early Christian video games have become highly valued collectables, because they received smaller distribution at Christian bookstores and magazines instead of typical distribution at video game retailers, one such example is the 1983 Atari 2600 title Red Sea Crossing which has become one of the rarest video games of all time. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, video game developer Wisdom Tree made several unlicensed video games for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Nintendo that have since been ported to numerous platforms, including Spiritual Warfare and Super 3D Noah's Ark. The MS-DOS Wisdom Tree games were brought to Steam by Piko Interactive using DOSBox and a Wolfenstein 3D source port.

While Christian video games may have at first been misunderstood by the video game industry, the topic of religion and video games has since been accepted as a part of the mainline video game culture. Major Triple-A media franchises, including The Legend of Zelda, Castlevania, Assassin's Creed, and Halo, prominently feature Christian concepts to varying degrees. Crave Entertainment had VeggieTales video games officially released on PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance, a game based on reality show Duck Dynasty was published by Activision on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo 3DS. The video game adaptions of The Lord of the Rings film series titles The Two Towers and The Return of the King, and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe video game, became Nintendo Player's Choice, PlayStation Greatest Hits, and Xbox Platinum Hits. Christian game developer Scott Cawthon launched a major success outside of the Christian media field with the survival horror series Five Nights at Freddy's. Games with Christian themes, like That Dragon, Cancer, have even become examples of video games as an art form.

Christian interactive media includes Biblical software such as YouVersion's Bible mobile app, The SWORD Project, and Logos Bible Software, along with various forms of church software, as well as websites such as BibleGateway.com and Crosswalk.com.

 Sub-formats

 Holidays

 Christmas
Christmas media is a well known sub-format, including its own films, television specials, music, and literature. The Nativity of Jesus is depicted in art, scenes, and plays. Characters including the Christmas gift-bringer especially Santa Claus are common within the film format, as are related additional characters like Mrs. Claus and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Various Christmas stories have inspired other fictional works, such as A Christmas Carol's Ebenezer Scrooge being the original inspiration for Scrooge McDuck, a cornerstone of Disney's Mickey Mouse universe related Donald Duck universe, with Christian messaging still featured for McDuck focused productions Mickey's Christmas Carol, DuckTales and the DuckTales 2017 reboot.

 Easter
The Resurrection of Jesus is a common motif in works of art, and other themes are explored in Easter films and television episodes. The Easter Bunny, Easter eggs, and Easter baskets are universal icons of the holiday, due in large part to Christian media.

 Halloween
Several works of fiction, film, and television specials center around Halloween, and its associated All Saints' Day, Allhallowtide, All Souls' Day, and Day of the Dead. Its original intent was to celebrate the anticipated Second Coming and a jubilant prayer for the dead, and to celebrate the lives and works of saints, the apostles, disciples, and one's interpersonal relationships. Halloween costumes were originally from Celtic Christianity and were based on Christian mythology and folklore, they have since come to encompass supernatural fiction. Horror fiction has some of its roots in Halloween fiction story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, as do horror's later multimedia adaptions to comics, film, and video games.

 Televangelism

Televangelism is a popular sub-format that usually features sermons by television hosts like Pat Robertson of Christian Broadcasting Network in Virginia Beach, author Joyce Meyer, and preachers including Joel Osteen of Lakewood Church in Houston, the televangelism sub-format can include radio rebroadcasts including those of Bishop T. D. Jakes of The Potter's House Church in Dallas and Pastor Skip Heitzig of Calvary Chapel in Albuquerque. During the late 1990s to the early 2000s, Jakes along with pastors Eddie Long and Creflo Dollar had three of the largest churches and television audiences in America.

While there are many benefits to this popular sub-format, as most televangelism broadcasts are simply sermons and theological seminars, there are controversies involving Word of Faith-style prosperity theology, including a senate probe that led to an investigation of six televangelists. Several popular televangelists and preachers have shunned the use of prosperity theology, and instead rely on traditional means of funding for their ministries.

 Impact
 Themes
There is a misconception of Christian media being a form of proselytism and extremism. The concerns are taken very seriously within the field, as it is not the intent or goal of the genre, and the issues are combatted by those within both the Christian and secular media industries. ,  The common intent and goal behind most Christian media is often that "entertainment doesn't have to be shallow and devoid of meaning ... values-based media can still be entertaining and engaging." According to the former head of Religion and Ethics for the BBC, Michael Wakelin, "journalists often assume that they understand Christianity simply because of its popularity. As a result, reporters are often more willing to 'take swipes' at Christianity in newspaper and television reports, while other religions are treated with more caution." Another concern of the genre is a perceived secularization of religion and the McDonaldization of reducing faith to a fad, which are similar to criticisms of various approaches to evangelism and mass media in general.

Most criticism about Christian media comes from the prior misconceptions and concerns, and when it isn't a blockbuster it often receives the same criticisms as other independent and low-budget media due to the typically subculture nature of the productions, but as such it likewise receives the same types of cult followings as other mainstream fandoms and sleeper hits in small press, independent music, cult film, and indie games. Despite the decline of Christianity in the Western world the genre has shown resilience giving Christian culture prominence within global popular culture, and even increased the number of those identifying as Christians regardless of church attendance. Much of this approach was mimicked by technology evangelists to improve the perception of technology in the Information Age. Which in turn inspired the digital spread of the gospel with virtual accessibility of the ministry of Jesus, causing the growth of personal Bible studies, Christian contemplation and Christian meditation.

Christian media has a broad demographic reach. Asian peoples, African Americans, indigenous peoples of the Americas, women, Hispanic and Latino Americans, within nondenominationalism/evangelicalism are among the fastest growing audiences and creatives of Christian media, and this is reflected in the popularity of Christian leaders across the growing panethnic Christian population. These leaders include Renee Begay, Kristina Button, Francis Chan, Roma Downey, Layla de la Garza, T. D. Jakes, Sarah Jakes Roberts, Kel Mitchell, Joseph Prince, Siouxsan Robinson, Samuel Rodriguez, Michael Todd, CeCe Winans, Randy Woodley, and Danny Yamashiro.

Society
The genre is influential within American conservatism, but because creatives with both conservative and liberal viewpoints are involved with media productions, the most common stance is "taking the conservative theological position but a definite liberal approach to social problems" as per Christianity Today. A side-effect of that is Christian media outlets being well known for their journalistic objectivity, ethics, and standards, and research has found that independent and Christian media publications help in government accountability, exposing corruption, and encouraging the separation of church and state. The media industry in general has an issue with sexual harassment and sexual assault and much of it goes unpublicized at secular institutions; preventing such corruption at Christian media organizations, Christian outlets even self-report the appearance of impropriety to help repair and prevent such issues.

Influential leaders in Christian media were at the forefront in fighting against racial segregation in the United States, and it has continued to lead in the topic of Christian egalitarianism and feminism; women in the Bible are depicted in Christian media, ranging from prophetess Miriam, Israelite judge Deborah, queen Esther, to the women in Church history such as Mary Magdalene, Saint Joanna, and Susanna, and married couple Priscilla and Aquila. Their stories are common subjects dating back to Christian literature in the 1550s onward. Women in Christianity play important roles in Christian media, including musicians Aretha Franklin, Amy Grant and Faith Hill, as well as businesswomen J.D. Dewitt, Robin McLain, and Sadie Robertson. The Handmaid's Tale, by author Margaret Atwood, warns of a disregard for egalitarianism, fictional televangelist Serena Joy manipulates complementarianism to help build the dystopian government in the story.

Christian denominations are taking various stances on homosexuality or sexual orientation and some Christian denominations affirm LGBT people, so the same is happening within Christian media as well. There are some LGBT Christians that have had success in the Christian music field, those include Semler, Jennifer Knapp, Everyday Sunday frontman Trey Pearson, and Vicky Beeching. LGBT Christian media personalities differ heavily from the mainstream media portrayal of LGBT people, in that the Christian LGBT community focuses on agape, the love of God and love of Christ, particularly encouraging committed relationships and opposing promiscuity while moreover strictly denouncing hookup culture. Christianity has a complicated history with the LGBT community, once ostracized leaders like Lonnie Frisbee have began to receive positive portrayals, including in the 2023 film Jesus Revolution which covers his pivotal role in the hippie Jesus movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

Lesbianism in Christianity was an influential topic in the early church. Sappho's poetry and Sapphic stanza positively impacted the writings of Christianity in the 1st century and in the ante-Nicene period, after the Renaissance the topic began to be further explored with Christian literature discussing lesbian experiences of women in Christianity, including nuns and ministers/clergy.

 Pop culture

Like most pop culture and subculture movements, Christian media personalities and businesses have been the subject of feature stories and been featured on talk shows such as breakfast television and late-night shows. One of the earliest pop worship groups The Joystrings first gained popularity performing on Cliff Michelmore's BBC Tonight, a trend which continued with other night programs; Christian rock band Relient K made appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and celebrities like those from Duck Dynasty made appearances on Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Conan.

In The Simpsons there are recurring characters that are usually used to discuss and parody Christian topics, those being Ned Flanders and Reverend Lovejoy. Some episodes parody Christian media concepts, such as "Sky Police" which references Church Team, a Christian card counting blackjack team.

Japanese manga and anime franchise Trigun covers numerous Christian themes throughout its story. The main character Vash the Stampede differentiates himself from other outlaw Western heroes by attempting to not kill, the show also features a Christian priest named Nicholas D. Wolfwood.King of the Hill parodies both the positive and negative impacts of Christian media. A recurring fictional Christian media franchise called The Manger Babies, created by the character Luanne Platter from hand puppets she found at a yard sale in the season 2 episode "Meet the Manger Babies". The characters of the fictional series were Obadiah the Donkey, Hosea the Cat, Gurgle Gurgle the Octopus, and Sir Reginald Featherbottom III the Penguin. While Luanne's Christian media series is shown positively in all the episodes it appears in, in the season 8 episode "Reborn to Be Wild" it focuses on a Christian hardcore band and Hank warns his son Bobby about treating faith like a fad.South Park had several episodes that parodied Christian media topics. One comparing Mel Gibson to Daffy Duck following the success of Passion of the Christ, another about fictional Christian rock band called Faith Plus One, and both Jesus and Satan are recurring characters; in South Park episodes that feature Jesus or Satan, the show pays homage to Christian media story-telling by teaching some type of Christian virtue. Matt Stone and Trey Parker included an episode in South Park about Mormonism, and later produced a Broadway theatre musical The Book of Mormon to both parody and pay homage to Christian missionaries and particularly Mormon missionaries.Futurama had an episode entitled "Godfellas" which is the first win for an animation with the Writers Guild of America Award, for tackling deep theological and religious topics. Including a science fiction take on the idea of predestination, grace, repentance, and salvation from a Judeo-Christian perspective.

Animated series Clone High features a clone of Jesus named Jesús Cristo. In the episode "A.D.D.: The Last 'D' is for Disorder", the clone of Joan of Arc asks for his advice after she begins hearing religious voices. It turns out to be a Christian radio station, which she was accidentally picking up on her bent retainer wire. The episode centered on Christian ideas related to persecution and tolerance.

The show Drawn Together was a cartoon which parodied most animation genres and styles, for the Christian genre they parodied the VeggieTales characters as extremists called The VeggieFables.

Japanese manga franchise Saint Young Men is about Jesus and Buddha becoming roommates in modern Tokyo. The series has been successfully adapted from its manga to anime, film, and dramas. It has been praised by religious scholars, as the manga contained well-researched theological humor and was respectful to the source faiths. Christian media and art was also a primary influence, as was Buddhist art and contemporary Buddhist culture.

In the Rick and Morty episode "Never Ricking Morty" the characters of Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith both repent and turn to Jesus, at which point an imaginary version of Jesus and various Christian media character parodies rescue them. The imaginary Jesus character later returns as self-referential humor in Season 6, Episode 7 "Full Meta Jackrick".

The season 1 series finale of Smiling Friends parodied the Divine Comedy'', particularly Dante's Inferno, as the character Charlie must make the devil smile in order to be return to Earth; Charlie fails to make the devil smile in the end but God, played by Gilbert Godfried, saves Charlie for having confronting fears.

References

Sources

Christian culture
Fiction by genre
Genres
Radio formats


Astrid Hansen is a Norwegian orienteering competitor and World champion. She won a gold medal in the 1968 World Orienteering Championships with the Norwegian Relay team. She received a bronze medal in 1966.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Norwegian orienteers
Female orienteers
Foot orienteers
World Orienteering Championships medalists
20th-century Norwegian women
20th-century Norwegian people


The military reserve forces of France are the military reserve force within the French Armed Forces.

History
From the very moment Napoléon Bonaparte took power as First Consul in the coup of 18 Brumaire, he was feared by his rivals, and keenly supported by the army.  They participated in the creation of a new constitution that forbade a Consul from leading an active army outside France. The violence of the coup d'état had already caused disquiet, and the consuls had access to an impressive garde des consuls.

Following the new constitution to the letter, Napoléon raised a reserve army (and thus not counting as an active army) at Dijon to support his war effort in Italy.  This was the turning point of his Second Italian campaign.

From 1872 to 1999 the French Army reserves were divided into:

 Army Reserve proper
 Territorial Army
 Primary Reserve of the TA

Present organisation
On the suspension of obligatory national service and the professionalisation of its armies, France also modified the organisation of its military reserve in the same professionalising way.  Law n°99-894 of 22 October 1999 (modified by law 2006-449 of 18 April 2006) set out the organisation of the military reserve and of the defence forces.

The military reserve was organised into two bodies :
 the réserve citoyenne (citizen reserve), group of volunteers actively getting to know the military world, undergoing training and maintaining the links between the armed forces and civil society.  Citizen reservists have military status.
 the réserve opérationnelle (operational reserve), grouping together reservists with an ESR (engagement à servir la réserve, or "obligation to serve in the reserve") and former military officers with an availability obligation (who thus remain available for the armed forces).  The reservists serving under an ESR serve as military officers for periods of 1 to 210 days per year; they are coming from all fields (former officers, old appelés du contingent (conscripts), civilians without a military past) and all the professional social categories.

These reservists serve in many branches of the forces - the air force, army, gendarmerie, navy, health service, supply corps, and DGA.

The Reserve of the French Army
The Army operational reserve is about 60% headquarters/staff specialists and 40% sub-unit reservists (company, battery, squadron, drill).

Two types of reserve units are in service:

The Unités d'Intervention de Réserve (UIR) (Intervention Reserve), specializing in national defense
The Unités Spécialisées de Réserve (USR) (Specialist Reserve) for the Engineers, Logistics and NBC units of the Army. These units share the same missions as the active units within the regiment.

Training consists of:
Reserve Initial Training ("La formation initiale du réserviste", FMIR) : 15 days
Technical Aptitude Certificate ("Le certificat d'aptitude technique élémentaire", CATE) : 15 days
Cadre training (FIE) : 1 month
Reserve Officer Initial Training ("La formation initiale d'officier de réserve", FIOR) : 21 days
Platoon Leader Training ("La formation de chef de section") : 21 days

Among the units expected to form reserve sub-units, circa 2014, were the 1st Infantry Regiment at Sarrebourg; the 35th Infantry Regiment at Belfort; the 92nd Infantry Regiment at Clermont-Ferrand; the 126th Infantry Regiment (Brive); 152nd Infantry Regiment (Colmar); :fr:7e bataillon de chasseurs alpins (7e BCA) at Varces ; 13e BCA at Barby; 16e BC at Bitche; 27e BCA ; Annecy; 1er RTir ; Epinal; 1er RCP at Pamiers; 501e RCC at Mourmelon Le Grand; 1er RCh at Thierville Sur Meuse; 4e RCh ; Gap; 12e RC ; Olivet; 4e RD ; Carnoux En Provence; 1er RHP ; Tarbes; 3e RH at Metz; and the 1st Spahi Regiment (1er RS) at Valence.

References
This page is a translation of :fr:Réserve militaire#La réserve en France.

Anne-Beatrice MICARD, "Paroles de réservistes," Terre information magazine, No. 185, June 2007, pp25-39.

Reserve
Reserve forces


Béhen is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Béhen is situated on the D173 road,  southwest of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Powiat średzki may refer to either of two counties (powiats) in Poland:
Środa Śląska County, in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (SW Poland)
Środa Wielkopolska County, in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)


Hokas Pokas! is a collection of science fiction stories, as well as the novel Star Prince Charlie, by American writer Poul Anderson and Gordon R. Dickson.  It was first published by Baen Books in 2000.  The stories originally appeared in the magazines Fantasy and Science Fiction and Analog Science Fiction and Fact.  It is a sequel to the Hoka story collection Hoka! Hoka! Hoka!, together with which it forms a complete reprint of the collections Earthman's Burden and Hoka! and the novel Star Prince Charlie.

Contents

 "Full Pack"
 "The Napoleon Crime"
 Star Prince Charlie

Sources

External links

2000 short story collections
Short story collections by Poul Anderson
Short story collections by Gordon R. Dickson
Books with cover art by Michael Whelan


Powiat świdnicki may refer to either of two counties (powiats) in Poland:
Świdnica County, in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (SW Poland)
Świdnik County, in Lublin Voivodeship (E Poland)


Powiat opolski may refer to either of two counties (powiats) in Poland:
Opole County, in Opole Voivodeship (SW Poland)
Opole Lubelskie County, in Lublin Voivodeship (E Poland)


Janowski (feminine: Janowska; plural: Janowscy) is a Polish surname. It is related to a number of surnames in other languages.

Related surnames

People

Janowski/Janowska
 Adam Janowski (born 1987), English rugby league player
 Alina Janowska (1923–2017), Polish actress
 Bronisława Janowska (1868–1953), Polish painter and publisher
 Chaim Janowski (1867–1935), Polish-Jewish chess master, brother of Dawid
 Claire Janowski, American politician
 Dawid Janowski (1868–1927), Polish chess master, brother of Chaim
 Gabriel Janowski (born 1947), Polish politician
 Janusz Janowski (born 1965), Polish artist and musician
 Jarosław Janowski (born 1967), Polish rower
 Maciej Janowski (born 1991), Polish speedway rider
 Marek Janowski (born 1939), Polish-born conductor
 Max Janowski (1912–1991), Polish composer of Jewish liturgical music
 Mieczysław Janowski (born 1947), Polish politician
 Piotr Janowski (1951–2008), Polish violinist
 Sylwester Janowski (born 1976), Polish footballer
 Werner von Janowski (c.1903–1978), German Nazi spy
 Wioletta Janowska (born 1977), Polish runner
 Wojciech Janowski (born 1949), Polish-Monegasque businessman and diplomat

Yanovsky/Yanovskaya/etc.
 Aleksandr Yanovsky (born 1952), Russian footballer
 Anna Yanovskaya (born 1996), Russian ice dancer
 Avrom Yanovsky (1911–1979), Canadian editorial cartoonist
 Chana Schneerson (née Yanovsky; 1880–1964), wife of Levi Yitzchak Schneerson and mother of Menachem Mendel Schneerson
 Igor Yanovsky (born 1974), Russian footballer
 Nikki Yanofsky (born 1994), Canadian musician
 Rudolph Yanovskiy (1929–2010), Russian philosopher
 Saul Yanovsky (1864–1939), American anarchist
 Semyon Yanovsky (1788–1876), Russian naval officer
 Sofya Yanovskaya (1896–1966), Soviet mathematician and historian
 Vasyl Gogol-Yanovsky (1777–1825), Ukrainian playwright and poet, father of Nikolai Gogol
 Vyacheslav Yanovskiy (born 1957), Belarusian boxer
 Zal Yanovsky (1944–2002), Canadian rock musician

See also

 Yanofsky, alternate romanization.
 Janowski Don Kichot, a Polish ultralight aircraft
 Jankowski

Polish-language surnames


The Serie B 1956–57 was the twenty-fifth tournament of this competition played in Italy since its creation.

Teams
Venezia and Sambenedettese had been promoted from Serie C, while Novara and Pro Patria had been relegated from Serie A.

Final classification

Results

Promotion tie-breaker

Alessandria promoted to Serie A.

References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005

Serie B seasons
2
Italy


Ragnhild Bente Andersen (born 31 March 1965) is a Norwegian orienteering competitor and World champion. She won a gold medal in relay at the 1987 World Orienteering Championships, together with Bratberg, Olsvik and Volden. She received a silver medal in relay in 1991, together with Sandstad, Arnesen and Bratberg.

Andersen won the overall Orienteering World Cup in 1990.

References

External links

 Ragnhild Bente Andersen at World of O Runners

1965 births
Living people
Norwegian orienteers
Female orienteers
Foot orienteers
World Orienteering Championships medalists
20th-century Norwegian women
20th-century Norwegian people


Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar are similar to those of the United Kingdom, with the same colours and typeface, similar to the common EU format. Vehicle registration plates, usually called 'number plates', include the international vehicle registration code for Gibraltar, 'GBZ' (Great Britain and Northern  GBG is used for Guernsey.

Dimensions

Number plates in Gibraltar have the same measurements as those in the UK:

 Front plates (white) are 520 mm x 111 mm (standard).
 Rear plates (yellow) may be 520 mm x 111 mm (standard) or 285 mm x 203 mm (square).

Metal pressed number plates

Until 2017, Gibraltar's plates were made on a plastic base like British plates. However, as of 2017 Gibraltar has had the choice of bases after a company specialising in metal based plates started. To date, new vehicles still have a choice whether to use plastic plates or metal plates. On average, the ratio to new registrations issued on plastic plates to metal plates is 1:1.

Privately owned vehicles

From 1912 to 2001 Gibraltar number plates consisted of the letter 'G' (for Gibraltar) followed by a series of digits issued in numerical order. The maximum number of digits was five, so the first registration plate should have been  - in fact the first plate was  - and the last was .

A new system was introduced in October 2001, in anticipation of running out of registration numbers once reaching . The new system consists of the letter 'G' followed by four digits from 1000 to 9999 and another letter. The last letter represents the series. For example, series A consists of all registration plates from  to . The next series is B, and so on. Currently, as of July 2021 registration plates in Gibraltar are in series F.

The European flag was also featured, along with Gibraltar's international vehicle registration GBZ until Brexit
The two registration formats resemble those used in Spain between 1900 and 1971, and 1971 and 2000. However the single letter G was never issued as a provincial designator on Spanish plates.

As of January 2021, Gibraltar plates are issued with a blue band and "GBZ" as the country identifier, however the European stars have been removed. There were a few public surveys which had a different overall outcome (a Gibraltar flag replacing the Euro stars), however the government decided to opt for a plain blue band. The main reason behind this was to prevent any incidents in Spain due to the Gibraltar flag potentially causing a minor provocation.

 Registrations can be re-issued.

Special number plates
Trailer plates are similar to the regular issues. However, they feature "GT" instead of "G" as the prefix before the registration code. Trailer plates have become compulsory in Gibraltar for all trailers registered after 2016.

Temporary/export plates are similar to, and in the same series as, the regular issues. However at the right hand side of the plate is a green band, showing month and year of expiry. Until 2001 temporary tourist (duty-free) plates had registrations from the normal series except that the prefix used was GG. This series reached past GG90000, and was probably superseded by the dated green band style when the suffix letter was introduced.

British military vehicles in Gibraltar display regular UK military plates. Most military vehicles in Gibraltar use the letters 'RN' (reserved for Royal Navy vehicles), although some use other letters indicating that they are of the British Army or the Royal Air Force. UK military vehicles do not carry national identity ovals, but sometimes display a small Union Flag.

Dealer plates are light blue with the letters DLR and a serial number in white. These are usually magnetic plates, but also can be simply written on paper or cardboard etc.

The Chief Minister's official car has the registration number G 1.

The Governor's official car, following tradition, displays a silver crown, in place of a registration plate with a number.

See also
 Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom
 Vehicle registration plates of Europe
 Transport in Gibraltar

References

External links

Gibraltar
Transport in Gibraltar
Gibraltar-related lists


Powiat tomaszowski may refer to two counties (powiats) in Poland:
Tomaszów Lubelski County, in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)