The Geology of Yorkshire in northern England shows a very close relationship between the major topographical areas and the geological period in which their rocks were formed.  The rocks of the Pennine chain of hills in the west are of Carboniferous origin whilst those of the central vale are Permo-Triassic. The North York Moors in the north-east of the county are Jurassic in age while the Yorkshire Wolds to the south east are Cretaceous chalk uplands. The plain of Holderness and the Humberhead levels both owe their present form to the Quaternary ice ages.
The strata become gradually younger from west to east.

Much of Yorkshire presents heavily glaciated scenery as few places escaped the direct or indirect impact of the great ice sheets as they first advanced and then retreated during the last ice age.

The evolution of the landscape

Pre-Carboniferous
The oldest rocks in Yorkshire are represented by a number of small inliers of Palaeozoic areas along the southern margin of the Askrigg Block to the north of the Craven faults. This Ingletonian group of folded and cleaved mudstones and sandstones is of disputed age but fossils equate them with the Lower Skiddaw Group of the Lake District which are Ordovician. These rocks were laid down when the area was part of the Avalonia land mass and was positioned about 30° south of the equator.

By the end of the Ordovician period the Avalonian land mass had collided with Baltica and this event caused a marine regression which was exacerbated by a worldwide drop in sea level caused by a period of glaciation.

During the Silurian period Avalonia and Baltica moved rapidly towards Laurentia at a position about 20° south of the equator. The Iapetus Ocean which lay between them was closed. Inliers of the Silurian rocks which were formed at this time occur at Cross Fell, adjacent to the Pennine Fault, and at Horton in Ribblesdale and Austwick, north of the Craven Fault System.

In the following Devonian period the land area which is now Yorkshire was in a continental, inland, phase of deposition. There are no proven remaining Devonian deposits in the Yorkshire area and the Carboniferous rocks lie unconformably on the Silurian.

Carboniferous

Carboniferous deposits were laid down on and between large pre-existing land blocks and intervening troughs. The blocks are known as the Askrigg and Alston blocks. These upstanding areas and the troughs between were actively subsiding into shallow seas which were the result of a global rise in sea levels. These seas contained high levels of calcium carbonate and calcium forming fossils. There are areas of reef deposition around the blocks where the seas were temporarily shallower. The land mass was by now astride the equator. The bordering seas began to be periodically invaded by deltas formed by rivers flowing from the adjacent higher ground. The sand of the deltas became the Millstone Grits of the Yorkshire Pennines. The climate then became humid and the delta areas started to support swamps and tropical rain forests. These deltas changed size and shape frequently and were regularly inundated by the sea. They would eventually form the numerous coal seams of the Coal Measures sandstones. The Variscan orogeny occurred towards the end of the Carboniferous period as the former supercontinents of Gondwanaland and Euramerica collided to form the single supercontinent of Pangea. The seas between the land masses were closed up and fold mountain ranges were formed along the closure line in many areas. The area of Britain was uplifted and fault lines developed.

Permo-Triassic
Yorkshire lay in the arid hinterland of Pangea, between 20° and 30° north of the equator. The rocks of this period are dominated by red desert sandstones. The area which is now beneath the North Sea was a dry area of subsidence which was filled with a great thickness of wind-blown sands. Later a marine transgression from the north established a shallow saline sea which produced a thickness of dolomitic limestone and significant evaporite deposits as it dried up. This Zechstein Sea had completely evaporated by the end of the Permian. At the end of the Permian 95 per cent of animals and plants throughout the world became extinct. During the following Triassic period a hot and mainly arid climate continued but with flash floods from the south which deposited pebble beds in the mainly wind-deposited Sherwood sandstones. Another mass extinction at the end of this period saw 80 per cent of species disappear from earth.

At the end of the Triassic the Rhaetic ocean spread its shallow waters over the deserts to start the Jurassic period.

Jurassic

A shallow epicontinental sea, normally less than 100m deep, spread over the British area during this period. Britain at this time lay between 30° and 40° north of the equator. However, the Pennines, along with parts of Wales and Scotland were probably above sea level for most of the time. During the early and middle Jurassic an area of uplift around Market Weighton affected the way that sediments were deposited causing thinner bands of Jurassic rocks to be formed immediately north and south of the uplifted block.

The main  area of Jurassic deposition in Yorkshire was the North York Moors.

Lower Jurassic At the beginning of the Jurassic period shales, clays and thin limestones and sandstones were deposited in a shallow sea. These deposits are many metres thick and include layers of ironstone of various thicknesses and the rocks from which alum is extracted.
Middle Jurassic A period of gradual uplift happened when mudstone and sandstone were deposited on a low-lying coastal plain crossed by large rivers. Occasionally this land area was inundated by the sea and at these times calcareous rocks containing marine fossils were deposited. These are the Ravenscar Group of rocks. The Oxford Clay was deposited at the end of this era.
Upper Jurassic Towards the end of the Jurassic period the land again sank beneath the sea. At first the sea was shallow and calcareous sandstones and limestones were deposited. These are the Corallian rocks of the Tabular Hills towards the south of the area. Overlying the Corallian rocks is the Kimmeridge Clay which underlies the Vale of Pickering but this is not exposed on the surface.

Marine conditions continued into the Cretaceous period in the Yorkshire area.

Cretaceous
The Cretaceous period lasted for 80 million years. It was during this time that the North Atlantic was formed as North America and Europe drifted apart. To the north of the Market Weighton block only small amounts of deposit were laid down in the early part of the Cretaceous. These were the Speeton clays which are 100m thick and lie directly on the Jurassic deposits at Filey Bay. Above this clay is a 14m thick layer of red chalk coloured by impurities washing from the land. Later in the Cretaceous seawater covered the whole of southern Britain and deposited a layer of chalk up to 550m thick forming a great swathe from Flamborough Head to the Channel coast. At the end of the Cretaceous period there was another mass extinction of life with 75 per cent of all life becoming extinct, including the dinosaurs.

Paleogene and Neogene
During the Paleogene and Neogene, the British land mass drifted northwards from 40°N to its present latitude. It was also moved  eastwards by the widening of the Atlantic Ocean and there was violent volcanic activity  over north west Britain. It was in this period that the Cleveland Dyke was formed, originating from volcanic activity near the Scottish island of Mull. The highlands and lowlands of Britain assumed their present relative positions by the late Neogene, about 2 million years ago.

Quaternary
Towards the end of the Tertiary period there were repeated cycles of warmer and cooler climate. Each cycle had a period of about 10,000 years and they became more pronounced in the last two million years. Seventeen cycles of cold and temperate climate are recognised in Britain with three positive episodes of actual glaciation being confirmed. The latest glacial episode destroyed much of the evidence for former ones but traces do exist. On each occasion ice fields formed on the higher land and sent glaciers down the main valleys. There was scouring of material from the valley sides by the glaciers and this was deposited on lower ground as the ice retreated when the climate became warmer. In Yorkshire the higher land of the North York Moors stood proud of the glaciers, the Pennine valleys show classic glacial features and there was abundant deposition in the Vale of York and Holderness as the ice melted.

Topography

The Pennines

The Pennines form an anticline which extends in a north–south direction, consisting  of Millstone Grit and the underlying Carboniferous Limestone. The limestone is exposed at the surface to the north of the range in the North Pennines AONB.  In the Yorkshire Dales this limestone exposure has led to the formation of large cave systems and watercourses, known as "gills" and "pots". These potholes are more prevalent on the eastern side and are amongst the largest in England; notable examples are the chasms of Gaping Gill, which is over  deep and Rowten Pot, which is  deep. The presence of limestone has also led to some unusual geological formations in the region, such as the limestone pavements of the Yorkshire Pennines. Between the Northern and Southern areas of exposed limestone, between Skipton and the Peak,  lies a narrow belt of gritstone country.  Here the shales and sandstones of the Millstone Grit form high hills occupied by moors and peat-mosses with the higher ground being uncultivable and barely fit for pastures.

The landscape of the Pennines is  generally upland areas of high moorland indented by the more fertile valleys of the region's various rivers.

The Yorkshire Coalfield

The coalfield area is underlain by Coal Measures which consist mainly of mudstone with beds of sandstone and many seams of coal. The sandstones resist erosion so they form a recurring pattern of escarpments that stand out from the shallow mudstone floors of the valleys. The major rivers crossing the area have carved broad valleys which have been glaciated and are floored by fertile alluvial deposits.

The Magnesian Limestone Belt
The Magnesian Limestone belt forms a narrow north–south oriented strip of undulating land on the eastern edge of the Pennines overlooking the Vale of York. The magnesian limestone deposits were laid down in an evaporating inland sea in the Permian period. They are made up of a lower layer of dolomite and dolomitic limestone, which form the dominant landscape feature, overlain by red mudstone with gypsum. The upper layer is made of a similar sequence. There are numerous swallow holes caused by the underground dissolution of limestone and gypsum. The sequence can be seen clearly where it is cut by rivers in the Nidd gorge at Knaresborough, the Wharfe valley at Wetherby and the Don gorge near Doncaster. The York and Escrick glacial moraines swing north and merge north of Wetherby to cover the magnesian limestone with glacial deposits. In the Bedale area and northwards, these deposits are so extensive as to mask the limestone topography. South of Wetherby there is only a thin layer of glacial deposits overlying the limestone. The soils here are from the limestone and clay deposits and are generally very fertile.

The Vales of Mowbray and York
Beneath the drift deposits of the Vale of York lie Triassic sandstone and mudstone, and lower Jurassic mudstone but these are completely masked by the surface deposits. These deposits include glacial till, sand and gravel and both terminal and recessional moraines left by receding ice sheets at the end of the last ice age. The Escrick moraine extends across the vale from west to east and the York moraine, 8 miles further north, forms a similar curving ridge from York eastwards to Sand Hutton. To the north of these ridges are deposits of clay, sand and gravel left by a glacial lake. There are also areas of river alluvium consisting of clay, silt and sand deposited by the main rivers and streams.

The North York Moors

The geology of the North York Moors is dominated by rocks of the Jurassic period. They were mostly laid down in tropical seas 205 to 142 million years ago. Fluctuations in sea level produced different rock types varying from shales to sandstones and limestones derived from coral. These marine and delta deposited rocks are superbly exposed on the Yorkshire coast from Staithes to Filey.

Subsequently, about 30 million years ago, the land was uplifted and tilted towards the south by earth movements. The upper layers of rock were eroded away and the older rocks were exposed in places. Because of the tilt the oldest rocks became exposed in the north. These are the bands of shales and ironstones on the northern scarp of the moors and Cleveland Hills. The middle layers form the sandstones of the high moors and the youngest layers of limestone form the tabular hills. In the dales where the rivers have cut through the younger rocks there are also exposures of older shales, ironstone and sandstone. Rosedale is an example of this.

During the Quaternary period, the last 2 million years, the area has experienced a sequence of glaciations. The most recent glaciation, the Devensian, ended about 10,000 years ago. The higher parts of the North York Moors were not covered by the ice sheets but glaciers flowed southwards on either side of the higher land mass.

As the climate became warmer at the end of the ice age the snowfields on the moors began to melt. The meltwater was unable to escape northwards, westwards or eastwards because it was blocked by ice. Huge torrents of water were forced southwards. Water from the Esk valley area flowed southwards gouging out the deep Newtondale valley as it went. Water from the moors formed a vast lake in the area of the Vale of Pickering. Eventually this lake filled its basin and then overflowed at the lowest point which was at Kirkham. Here it cut the steep sided Kirkham gorge. When the glacier finally retreated they left deep deposits of boulder clay and glacial alluvium behind. The boulder clay blocked the eastern end of the Vale of Pickering causing a permanent deviation in the course of the River Derwent. Alluvium from the glaciers covers many areas to the north of the moors and in the Esk valley

The Vale of Pickering
The site of the post glacial Lake Pickering, the vale has a predominantly level topography covered by glacial drift deposits, with some rolling low ground on boulder clay and moraines in the far east. The underlying Jurassic sandstones and mudstones have little direct influence upon the landscape. There are minor outliers of Jurassic limestone in places at the foot of the Howardian Hills and the North York Moors, and there is some eroded chalk from the Wolds mixed with sands at the base of the Wolds in the south-east. There are springs associated with calcareous aquifers in places on the periphery of the vale.

The Yorkshire Wolds

The hills are formed from Cretaceous chalk, and make an arc from the Humber estuary west of Kingston upon Hull up to the North Sea coast between Bridlington and Scarborough. Here they rise up to form  cliffs, most notably at Flamborough, Bempton Cliffs and Filey; Flamborough Headland is designated a Heritage Coast. On the other side of the Humber, the chalk formations continue as the Lincolnshire Wolds.

Most of the area takes the form of an elevated, gently rolling plateau, cut by numerous deep, steep-sided, flat-bottomed valleys of glacial origin. The chalk formation of the hills provides exceptionally good drainage, with the result that most of these valleys are dry; indeed, surface water is quite scarce throughout the Wolds. Typically the valleys are hard to see from above, creating the visual impression that the landscape is much flatter than is actually the case.

Holderness

Geologically, Holderness is underlain by Cretaceous Chalk but in most places it is so deeply buried beneath glacial deposits that it has no influence on the landscape. The landscape is dominated by deposits of till, boulder clays and glacial lake clays. These were deposited during the Devensian glaciation. The glacial deposits form a more or less continuous lowland plain which has some peat filled depressions (known locally as meres) which mark the presence of former lake beds. There are other glacial landscape features such as drumlin mounds, ridges and kettle holes scattered throughout the area.

The well-drained glacial deposits provide fertile soils that can support intensive arable cultivation. Fields are generally large and bounded by drainage ditches. There is very little woodland in the area and this leads to a landscape that is essentially rural but very flat and exposed. The coast is subject to rapid marine erosion.

The Humberhead Levels

During the last ice age, a glacier extended across this area almost to where Doncaster now is. The main glacial front was at Escrick where the Escrick moraine marks its position. This formed the northern limit of an extensive lake, Glacial Lake Humber, which was impounded by the blocking of the Humber Gap by another ice front. Later the lake was filled with clay sediments which are up to 20 metres thick in some places. These clay sediments are locally overlain by peat deposits forming raised mires. At the base of the peat layers can be found the remains of a buried forest.

Geological Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Yorkshire

References

External links
British Geological Survey
Yorkshire Geological Society
University of Leeds School of Earth and Environment
University of Sheffield Earth-Surface Dynamics Group (Dept. of Geography)
Craven and Pendle Geological Society
Huddersfield Geology Group
Hull Geological Society
Leeds Geological Association
North East Yorkshire Geological Trust
Rotunda Geology Group (Scarborough)
Sorby Natural History Society (Sheffield) Geology Section
Yorkshire Regional Group of the Geological Society of London
GeoWhen Database
Forge Valley Geological Trail leaflet
Geological Sites – Nature on the Map


Lycium ferocissimum, the African boxthorn or boxthorn, is a shrub in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) indigenous to South Africa.

Distribution
The species is native to the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa, where it tends to occur in sands along the southern coast. It has also been recorded in the Free State, but these may represent introductions. It has been widely introduced in South Africa and elsewhere in Africa, as far north as Morocco.

It has become naturalised in Australia and New Zealand. It is listed in Australia's Weed of National Significance list and is a declared noxious weed in the United States.

Description
African boxthorn is a large shrub which grows up to  high and is covered in spines. The spines are of randomly varying lengths along the branch and, unlike most other species of Lycium (except for Lycium amoenum), they take the form of stout "peg-thorns".

The leaves are oval in shape and are  long and  in width.  The broadly obovate or elliptical shape of the leaves can serve to distinguish this species from many other similar species of Lycium, which tend to have narrower leaves.

The solitary flowers emerge from the leaf axils. The corolla is funnel-shaped with large, reflexed, pale purple lobes (petals). The calyx is tubular and encloses most of the corolla (a character shared with Lycium pumilum). This latter character, the calyx that is at least two thirds of the length of the corolla, serves to distinguish this species from many of its relatives.

The species was first formally described in 1854 by British botanist John Miers in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. His description was based on plant material collected from Uitenhage in South Africa.

Lycium ferocissimum in Cyprus

References

ferocissimum
Albany thickets
Fynbos
Flora of the Cape Provinces
Flora of the Free State
Flora of Lesotho


The Pierre Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in South Dakota, anchored by the state capital city, Pierre. As of the 2000 census, the μSA had a population of 19,253 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 19,761).

Counties
Hughes
Stanley

Communities
Cities
Blunt
Fort Pierre
Pierre (Principal city)
Towns
Harrold
Unincorporated places
Canning
Hayes

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 19,253 people, 7,623 households, and 5,085 families residing within the μSA. The racial makeup of the μSA was 89.51% White, 0.19% African American, 8.15% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.11% of the population.

The median income for a household in the μSA was $42,070, and the median income for a family was $49,216. Males had a median income of $31,070 versus $21,777 for females. The per capita income for the μSA was $20,495.

See also
South Dakota census statistical areas

References

Geography of Hughes County, South Dakota
Geography of Stanley County, South Dakota


The Hull and Hornsea Railway was a branch line which connected the city of Kingston upon Hull with the seaside town of Hornsea in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

History

Early proposals and construction
A proposal for a railway line to Hornsea together with several other lines was part of the York, Hull and East and West Yorkshire Junction Railway (), supported by the Manchester and Leeds Railway. As a consequence of this act entering into the 'territory' of the York and North Midland Railway alternative proposals were made by the Y&NMR, and put to parliament at the same time – both proposals included lines from near Beverley to Hornsea amongst their proposed routes. The Y&NMR's line was of  and would link Beverley (on the Hull to Bridlington Line) to Hornsea via a junction near Arram railway station north of Beverley. This line was to terminate at a site near Hornsea Mere. Construction of the line was passed as part of the York and North Midland Railway, East Riding Branches (No. 2) act, and included a branch from Selby to Market Weighton as well as the Hornsea branch. As a result of the poor financial position the Y&NMR was placed in following the downfall of George Hudson the line and several others was postponed and not constructed.

Acts were submitted in 1856 and 1861 for approval by parliament of a line from a junction on the Victoria Dock Branch Line in Hull to Hornsea. The 1861 proposal was successful, and an Act of Parliament passed in 1862 allowing its construction. Promoted by Hornsea resident and Hull timber merchant, Joseph Armytage Wade the line was to both provide transportation to and from the agricultural region of Holderness, and to promote Hornsea as a seaside resort. The line was to be  in length for which the act allowed the raising of £70,000 in shares and £23,000 in loans.

The first sod was ceremonially cut, by Mr Wade using a silver spade and ornate wheelbarrow, on 8 October 1862.

The terminus was originally to be at Hornsea Bridge, but the plans were changed and a decision was made to extend right to the seafront — the extension required a costly viaduct over the low ground at Stream Dike. The viaduct was later replaced by an embankment. The land on which the extension ran was boggy, requiring extensive piles to support the line. Consequently, the cost of construction increased from £68,000 to £122,000.

Route and operation
The line began in Hull at Wilmington railway station east of Cleveland Street (now Stoneferry Road) just to the east of the Victoria Dock Branch Line. The line then ran generally east and north towards Hornsea.

The line was officially opened on 28 March 1864, with the first train departing Wilmington railway station at 12:00 noon. From 1 June 1864 traffic travelled along the newly doubled Victoria Dock Branch Line (together with trains from the Hull and Holderness Railway) into Paragon station.

Although the expected traffic materialised the cost overruns of the construction left the company in debt, attempts to raise further funds by share issue had failed; the line merged with the North Eastern Railway on 16 July 1866, sanctioned by the "North-eastern, Hull, and Hornsea Railway Amalgamation Act" of 1866 (29 & 30 Vic., Cap 187).

In 1914 there were 14 trains a day between Hull and Hornsea, including a non-stop 'express' for business commuters at 8.50 am (to Hull) and 5.18 pm (to Hornsea). Two trains ran on Sundays. At this time a typical goods locomotive on the line was the Class J type 0-6-0, passenger trains were also worked by 0-6-0 tender locomotives as well as ex-GCR Class 9Ns and ex-Great Northern Railway 4-4-2 locomotives during the L.N.E.R period.

The service remained at a similar level of intensity until the 1950s, excluding reductions in frequency during the First and Second World Wars. In January 1957 Diesel multiple units had been introduced on the line.

Closure of the line came as a direct result of the Beeching Report. The last passenger train ran on 19 October 1964. Goods traffic continued to use the line as far as Hornsea Bridge until 3 May 1965.

One short section was retained in north-east Hull, part of the line east of Wilmington station as far as the level crossing at Chamberlain Road provided a head shunt for trains to Wilmington cement works (see Wilmington, Kingston upon Hull), accessed via a new chord from the former Hull and Barnsley Line. The section became operational in 1968. The cement works closed 1969, and by the 1980s the section had been removed.

Stations

After closure

Almost the entire route today can be followed as a public footpath known as the Hornsea Rail Trail (part of the Trans Pennine Trail); many of the station buildings remain in the rural areas outside Hull. The line can also still be seen on preserved tile maps on LNER stations such as on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway.

See also
Hull and Holderness Railway

References

Sources

Images

External links

Hull and Hornsea railway Historical images, timetables, tickets and other publisher material, via www.hornseyoldandnew.co.uk

Closed railway lines in Yorkshire and the Humber
Rail transport in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Rail transport in Kingston upon Hull
Railway lines opened in 1864
1864 establishments in England


The Roe Valley Country Park is a forested area containing part of the River Roe, south west of Limavady, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is maintained by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency, which is part of the Department of the Environment of Northern Ireland.

The park is approximately  long and consists of mainly deciduous, riparian woodland on each side of the Roe. The terrain next to the river is mostly steep sided gorge, with some areas of flat grassland on the northwest bank. As the river has a large, freely draining catchment area, it significantly increases in volume and speed soon after heavy rain. This is most visible around the visitor centre, where the river is forced through a narrow section of the gorge. The river is known for the legend of the dog who leaped the river Roe, fleeing enemies to warn the O'Cahan's of Limavady of danger via a message in its mouth.

Attractions
A visitor centre provides managerial office space, a cafe, exhibition space and a presentation area.

The area around the visitor centre contains the Green Lane Museum, with exhibits on local history, the area linen industry, agriculture and artefacts of rural life.

In the 18th century, the local linen industry was based on the same site, the remains of which include flax drying fields with watch towers, derelict buildings and a waterwheel originally used to power the machinery.

There is also a disused hydroelectric generating station which was the first to operate in Northern Ireland in 1896.

Recreational activities
Fishing on the river for salmon and brown trout is allowed with a permit. Parts of the river containing rapids and weirs are used for kayaking, although the park officially bans boats and canoes. Scrambling on the rock faces at O'Cahan's Rock has also been restricted. The section of river below O'Cahan's Rock, consisting of a bridge and weir, is used for swimming. The forest is used for orienteering by local clubs and schools in Limavady.

The river is bridged at several points through the park, although only the bridge by the visitor centre is suitable for vehicles. There are footbridges below the O'Cahan's Rock car park, below O'Cahan's Rock itself, at Carrick Mills and below Carrick Church.

The Green Lane Museum closes for winter, and reopens around Easter. It is advisable to contact staff before visiting to check opening hours.

External links

Green Lane Museum - information from Limavady Borough Council
 A walk along the Roe

References

 http://roevalley.com/newsbrowser/historical/townhistory.htm

Limavady
Forests and woodlands of Northern Ireland
Parks in County Londonderry
Museums in County Londonderry
Local museums in Northern Ireland
Country parks in Northern Ireland


Abū l-Walīd Ismāʿīl ibn Yūsuf Ibn al-Aḥmar () (Granada? 1324/1326 – Fes 1404/1407) was an Andalusian historian of the fourteenth century, the time of the Marinid dynasty. He was a contemporary of Ibn Khaldun. He was the official historian of the Marinid dynasty.

Ismail Ibn al-Ahmar was born in Granada son of a Nasrid prince. He fled al-Andalus with his father as an infant and took refuge in present-day Morocco where he was welcomed by the Marinids. In addition to his works on history, he composed many works in poetry mainly in the praise of the Marinids and lamenting the feud with his royal cousin in Granada.

Works
Books by Ibn al-Ahmar:
Rawdat al-nisrin fi dawlat Bani Marin (written in 1404) A defense of Marinid policies, attacking the Abdalwadid of the Kingdom of Tlemcen.
Nafha al-nisriniyya
Nathir faraid al-djuman fi nazm fuhul al-azam, ed. Muhammad Ridwan al-Daya (Beyrouth 1967)

See also
Ibn abd al-Malik al-Murrakushi

References

1324 births
1406 deaths
14th-century Arab people
15th-century Arab people


In the Royal Navy, the fleet flagship is, in practice, the warship designated as the fleet's most prestigious vessel, currently  .

In the modern era, the fleet flagship has usually been an aircraft carrier, but that changed in 2010 with the assignment of . The flag was transferred to  in 2011 and  in June 2015, then to  in 2018. Finally, the flag reverted to an aircraft carrier when  took up her position in January 2021.

Flagships in the Royal Navy
Technically, the fleet flagship would be the ship that would host the two-star maritime battlestaff headquarters (such as COMUKMARFOR, a Rear Admiral who normally is based ashore) for operations.

Generally, a flagship is a ship in which an Admiral (or a Commodore) flies his flag (or broad pennant). As, in the Royal Navy, shore establishments can be commissioned as warships, the term can also indicate that of shore establishments run by senior Royal Naval commanders. For example, in 1960, the Commanders-in-Chief of the Home Fleet and its successors the Western Fleet, and Commander-in-Chief Fleet, flew their flags ashore in HMS Warrior in Northwood, before the downgraded three-star Fleet Commander moved to Portsmouth in 2005. Since then the Fleet Commander has flown his flag from these headquarters at the shore establishment . In addition, the First Sea Lord flies his flag in  (permanently based at the National Museum of the Royal Navy, but still a commissioned warship), and she is thus referred to as the 'First Sea Lord's Flagship'.

"National Flagship"
In 2021 the UK Government announced plans for a new "national flagship" crewed and run by the RN that despite this designation would not be a command ship but a replacement for the Royal Yacht Britannia. The plans were abandoned in November 2022.

Historic flagships

Modern fleet flagships

See also
 List of flagships

References

Royal Navy


The 7th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between February 3, 1820, and March, 1820.

The assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick George Stracey Smyth.

The speaker of the house was selected as William Botsford.

History

Members

References
Journal of the House of Assembly of the province of New-Brunswick from ... February to ... March, 1820 (1820)

07
1820 establishments in New Brunswick
1820 disestablishments in New Brunswick


Dagfinn Grønoset (4 April 1920 – 28 January 2008) was a journalist and writer born in Trysil, Norway, and living in Elverum most of his life. He is known for his books about wilderness and people living off the beaten track. His literary debut was Vandring i villmark from 1952. Anna i Ødemarka from 1972 became one of the biggest commercial successes for Norwegian publishing houses, and is later translated into fourteen languages, issued in seventeen countries.

Personal life
Grønoset was born in Tynset. a son of farmer and forest owner Daniel Grønoset and Minda Augusta Skogli. In 1957 he married journalist .

Career
Grønoset started working for the Elverum based newspaper Østlendingen at the age of 19, and was assigned with the newspaper until 1974, when he became a full-time author.

He made his literary debut in 1952, with the book Vandring i villmark, based on his own hiking experiences in the Femund district. Further books are Finnskog og trollskap (1953), a biography of Hallgeir Brenden from 1956, Nitahå-Jussi (1957), Med Kong Olav mot nord (1959), Langs bygdevegen (1960), and I Vinjes fotspor (1960).

His book Folk fra skogene from 1970 reported on people living in the forest districts. Anna i ødemarka from 1972 portrayed one of these people in more detail, as a heroine living a hard life close to nature. The book soon became very popular, and received massive media attention such as full-page newspaper coverage and separate television programs. It has been translated into a total of 17 languages. Similar books are Tater-Milla (1974), Barnet Gud glemte (1979), and Gunhild fra skogene (1982).

He was awarded HM The King's Medal of Merit (gold) in 1980. A bust of Grønoset, sculpted by Skule Waksvik, was erected in Elverum in 1986.

Selected bibliography
Vandring i villmark (1952) Biographic reports from Femundsmarka
Finnskog og trollskap (1953). Also film
Gull i sporet  (1956) Biography of Hallgeir Brenden
Nitahå-Jussi (1957) Biografi of an eccentric from Finnskogen, the "Forest of the Finns"
Med kong Olav mot nord (1959)
Villmarksfolk (1959) Illustrated by Kjell Aukrust
Langs bygdevegen (1960)  With Vidar Sandbeck
I Vinjes fotspor (1960) Travelogue from Sollia and Folldal
Bella Capri (1961)
Folk fra skogene (1970) Short stories
Anna i ødemarka (1972)
Tater-Milla (1974)
Barnet Gud glemte (1979)
Femundsmarka (1979) With Ragnar Frislid og Per Hohle
Gunnhild fra skogene (1982)
Furer i fedrelandet (1984).  Illustrated by Kjell Aukrust
Kvinner på veg og vidde (1986)
Villmark og vinløv (1988)  Illustrated by Kjell Aukrust and others
Det rotfaste folket (1990) Illustrated by Kjell Aukrust and others
Hurra for livet (1991)
Viser ved vegen (1994)

References

1920 births
2008 deaths
20th-century Norwegian novelists
Norwegian male short story writers
Norwegian songwriters
Norwegian nature writers
Norwegian travel writers
Norwegian biographers
Male biographers
People from Trysil
People from Tynset
People from Elverum
Recipients of the King's Medal of Merit in gold
20th-century biographers
Norwegian male novelists
20th-century Norwegian short story writers
20th-century Norwegian male writers
20th-century Norwegian journalists


The Noctis Valkyries Metal Festival was a Canadian music festival started in Calgary, Alberta. Held annually from 2007 until 2013, the metal festival was organized by Scarab Metal Productions.

Festival dates and lineups

2007: Noctis Valkyries
September 22, 2007
MacEwan Hall Ballroom

Melechesh
Inquisition
Infernäl Mäjesty
Dark Forest
Wolves in the Throne Room
Insidious Omen
Norrath
Lords of the Mountain
Wargod

2008: Noctis II - Age of Darkness
October 4, 2008
MacEwan Hall Ballroom

Korpiklaani
Woods of Ypres
Ahab
Verbal Deception
Dark Forest
Begrime Exemious
Urheimat

2009: Noctis III - Tritagonist

October 2 & October 3, 2009

October 2nd
The Distillery (Club Night)

Novembers Doom
Slough Feg
Ares Kingdom
Kilyakai
Norrath
Tosca
Truck

Live Interviews

Martin Popoff - Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles
Paul Masvidal and Sean Reinert - Cynic
Paul Kuhr and members of Novembers Doom
Michael Scalzi and members of Slough Feg
Chuck Keller and members of Ares Kingdom

Guest Speakers, Panels, and Q&A

Michael Faley - President of Metal Blade Records
Michael Berberian - President and CEO of Season of Mist France
EJ Johangton - President of Prosthetic Records USA
Dan Rozenblum - Thunderdome Touring
David Gold - Woods of Ypres
Mira Born - Freelance photographer, Netherlands
Josh Hogan - Diminished Fifth Records Halifax
Sacha Laskow - Divinity
Greg Musgrave - Exit Strategy, Phantom Limb
Therese Lanz - Ex-Exit Strategy, Kilbourne, Mares of Thrace
Derek Orthner - Begrime Exemious
Tomislav Crnkovic - Viathyn, Axe Music
Pamela Porosky
James Stangroom - Freelance Photographer, Calgary
Joshua Wood - Co-Host Megawatt Mayhem
Kevin Woron - Co-Host Megawatt Mayhem

October 3
MacEwan Hall (Main Stage)

Cynic
Suffocation
Deströyer 666
Aura Noir
Exit Strategy
Begrime Exemious

The Den U of C (Second Stage)

Death Toll Rising
Sacred Ally
Akakor
A Bloodshed Nightmare
Hrom
Fornication

2010: Noctis IV - Thrones of War
September 24 & September 25, 2010
September 24
MacEwan Hall

Rotten Sound
Incantation (band)
Manegarm
Root (band)
Viathyn
Ominosity

Live Interviews

Martin Popoff - Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles
Tom 'Angelripper' - Sodom
Martin Atkins - Author of Tour:Smart

Guest Speakers, Panels, and Q&A

Mira Born - Freelance photographer, Netherlands
Jon Asher - Publicist, Asher Media Relations
Craig Boychuk - Recording Engineer
Tyson Boyd - Alberta Music Industry Association
Chris Bruni - Profound Lore Records
Ian Christie - Author, Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal
Topon Das - Fuck the Facts
Tomislav Crnkovic - Viathyn, Axe Music
Sam Dunn - Music Anthropologist Metal: A Headbanger's Journey
Eric Greif - Talent Manager
Evan Harting - Co-Founder of Maryland Deathfest
Josh Hogan - Diminished Fifth Records
Matt Jacobson - Relapse Records
Therese Lanz - Ex-Exit Strategy, Kilbourne, Mares of Thrace
Greg Musgrave - Exit Strategy, Phantom Limb
Sacha Laskow - Divinity
Sean Palmertson - Publicist, Sonic Unyon Records and Distro.
Pamela Porosky - Freelance Writer and Photographer, Ex-Gales of Avalon, Sacred Ally
Dan Rozenblum - Thunderdome Touring
Rob Shallcross - Music Engineer
Andy Sneap - Producer
James Stangroom - Freelance Photographer, Calgary
Ryan Taylor - Co-Founder of Maryland Deathfest
Joshua Wood - Co-Host Megawatt Mayhem
Kevin Woron - Co-Host Megawatt Mayhem

September 25
MacEwan Hall

Sodom (band)
Metsatoll
The Devil's Blood
Midnight
Martial Barrage
Divinity
Striker
Mark of Cain

2011: Noctis 4.20
October 1, 2011
October 1
The Distillery

Brutal Truth
Martyr
Acid King
Grave Miasma
Midnight
Samandriel
Atomis
Sub-Atomic Chaos

Vern's Tavern

Midnight Malice
Sons of Otis
Bloated Pig
Shadowblade
Lavagoat
Black Pestilence
Gatekrashor

2012: Noctis V - Baphomiss
September 27, September 28 & September 29, 2012
September 27
The Distillery

The Contortionist
Blood Ceremony
Speedwolf
Epi-Demic
Hoopsnake
Deviant Aerials

Guest Speakers, Panels, and Q&A

Martin Popoff - Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles
Martin Atkins - Author of Tour:Smart
Luc Lemay - Gorguts
Jon Asher - Publicist, Asher Media Relations
Chris Bruni - Profound Lore Records
Adrien Begrand - Journalist
Andy Piller - CEO of Ultimate Music Cruises
Chuck Keller - Ares Kingdom, Ex Order From Chaos
Clennon Aranha - Promoter, CPW Productions
Dan Neild - Gatekrashor
Eric Dieterich - Graphic & Web Designer, Soloman Media
Tomislav Crnkovic - Viathyn, Axe Music
Eric Greif - Talent Manager
Greg Musgrave - Exit Strategy, Phantom Limb
James Stangroom - Freelance Photographer, Calgary
Joel McIver - Author and journalist
Joshua Wood - Co-Host Megawatt Mayhem
Kevin Woron - Co-Host Megawatt Mayhem
Mark Howitt - Archaic North Productions
Sacha Laskow - Divinity
Sarah Kitteringham - Journalist
Susan Bullen - Manager, Kobra and the Lotus

September 28
The Distillery

Pig Destroyer
Manilla Road
Midnight
Psychostick
Kataplexis
Archspire
Phantom Limb
Anciients

September 29
MacEwan Hall

Venom (band)
Agalloch
Grand Magus (band)
Nunslaughter
Black Witchery
Excrementory Grindfuckers
The Order of Chaos
Scythia

References

External links
 Noctis Valkyries Metal Festival Official Website

Heavy metal festivals in Canada
Music festivals in Calgary
Music festivals established in 2007


Matthew William Smith (born 15 November 1985) is an English rugby union coach and a retired professional rugby union player. Smith played 228 games for Leicester Tigers between 2006 and 2019. He played in winning Premiership Finals in 2009, 2010 and 2013 (scoring a try in the 2010 final), as well as Anglo-Welsh Cup winning sides in 2012 and 2017.  His primary position was centre but he also played wing.

Career
Smith made his Tigers debut against the Barbarians in March 2006 and, by the close of the 2006/07 season, had played on a further three occasions for the first team. Smith had been a regular member of Tigers’ successful Development XV over the past two seasons, where his versatility saw him excel at centre, full-back or fly-half. He scored his first senior try during friendly encounter with Marcelo Loffreda’s  at Welford Road.

The son of former Tigers flanker, skipper and coach Ian "Dosser" Smith, Smith joined the Tigers Junior Academy at U-16 level and represented Oakham School in their 2003 Daily Mail Cup Final win at Twickenham. Smith entered his second year as a member of the first-team squad in 2007/08 and he was loaned out to National Division One team Nottingham.

The 2008/09 season saw Smith make his breakthrough into regular first team action, appearing in all 16 of the games before Christmas 2008.

In January 2009 he received a call up to the England Saxons and came off the bench to score a debut try in the match against .

He received the Outstanding Service Award at the end of the 2015/16 season.

On 9 May 2019 Smith announced his retirement from rugby and he took up a position as the club's academy head coach. He played his 228th and final game for the club on 18 May 2019 at Welford Road against Bath.

References

1985 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Rugby union centres
Leicester Tigers players
Rugby union players from Leicester
People educated at Oakham School


Port admiral is an honorary rank in the United States Navy, and a former appointment in the British Royal Navy.

Royal Navy
In British naval usage, the term 'port admiral' had two distinct (and somewhat contradictory) meanings, one generic, one specific.

Generic use
Historically, 'port admiral' was used as a generic term for the senior naval officer having authority over all commissioned ships and naval personnel stationed at a particular home base or anchorage. (Those appointed as Flag Officers Commanding or Commanding-in-Chief of a particular area or Fleet often functioned as the local port admiral in this sense.)

By this definition, the port admiral did not have oversight of the local Royal Navy Dockyard (if any); Dockyards (including ships laid up 'in ordinary') were overseen by an independent official: usually a resident Commissioner appointed by the Navy Board (prior to 1832) or an Admiral-superintendent appointed by the Admiralty (1832-1971). The distinction is seen in informal correspondence such as the following, dated 1837: "The Devonport regatta ... was attended by the Port-Admiral, the Admiral-Superintendent of the Dockyard ... and other persons of consideration."

In practice the offices of port admiral and admiral-superintendent were sometimes combined.

Specific use
In 1971 the remaining Admirals-Superintendent of HM Dockyards were redesignated as Port Admirals; unlike the above use of the term, this was an official designation. This reflected a consolidation of previously distinct command roles, and coincided with the appointment of civilian Dockyard General Managers to oversee work within the Dockyards across all departments.

Current use
Today, both uses of the term are obsolete (as far as current naval practice is concerned) as the equivalent appointments are not of flag-officer rank.

United States Navy
Port admiral is an honorary rank in the United States Navy for the senior officer of the ships in a naval dockyard. Examples include Samuel Livingston Breese from 1869 to 1870 in Philadelphia. The port admiral usually has a flagship, examples of which include  for the New York City port admiral from 1865 to 1874.

Use of the title in science fiction
The rank of port admiral appears in several futuristic military organisations in science fiction.

In the Lensman novels, the rank of port admiral appeared as the most senior naval officer of the Galactic Patrol, with de facto supreme command over its forces.  Three specific port admirals were mentioned by name: Roderick K. Kinnison, the first port admiral and ancestor of series protagonist Kimball Kinnison; Port Admiral Haynes, who commanded the patrol during Kimball Kinnison's early career and was a mentor and father figure to him; and Raoul Laforge, an academy classmate and friend of Kinnison's who had replaced the retired Haynes by the time of the last novel.

In the Starfire universe, a fleet admiral (five-star admiral) holds the position of port admiral, presiding over The Yard, the Terran Federation's largest and most important naval base and shipyard.

See also
 Captain of the port

References

Royal Navy appointments
Military ranks of the United States Navy
Admirals
Lensman series


The 1995 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament featured 64 teams. The Final Four consisted of Connecticut, Tennessee, Stanford, and Georgia. Connecticut defeated Tennessee 70-64 to win its first NCAA title and complete a 35-0 undefeated season.

The first two rounds were held at the home court of the top four seeds in each region (except for San Diego State, which hosted three games in the West region). The regional semifinals and finals were held at the University of Connecticut for the East region, UCLA for the West region, the University of Tennessee for the Mideast region, and Drake University for the Midwest region. The Final Four was played in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Notable events
In a second-round game, 4 seed Alabama faced the 5 seed Duke. The game was close throughout the contest, with neither team leading the other by more than seven points. With time winding down in regulation, Alabama's Niesa Johnson hit a three-pointer to send the game to overtime. Not just one overtime, the game would eventually feature four overtimes. Johnson went on to hit two free throws at the end of the fourth overtime to give Alabama a 121–120 victory, setting records for the most overtimes, and the most points scored in an NCAA tournament game. At the time, it was called "the best women's basketball game in history".

In the east regional semi-final involving Louisiana Tech and Virginia, confusion reigned momentarily with both teams celebrating at the end of regulation. Louisiana Tech led early, with as much as a 13-point lead in the first half and a ten-point lead at halftime. The Cavaliers came back and had a 63–62 lead with seconds left in the game. With time running out, Louisiana Tech's Debra Williams went to the foul line for a one-and-one shot. She missed it, but the scorekeeper accidentally recorded it, so the scoreboard showed 63–63. Louisiana Tech tried and missed a last second shot, but thought they were headed to overtime based upon the score, while Virginia thought they had won, so both teams were celebrating. The referees met at the scores table to sort it out, then Dee Kantner emerged and pointed to the Virginia bench signaling victory.

Georgia and Tennessee, both from the SEC, squared off in one of the Final Four match ups. Tennessee was a number 1 seed, while Georgia was a 3 seed, and upset top seed Colorado 82–79 in the Midwest Rational final. The two teams had faced each other in the final game of the regular season, when the Lady Vols beat the Lady Bulldogs by 22 points. Georgia coach Andy Landers complained about lack of effort in that game, but did not have the same complaints in the Final Four game, even though the final margin was identical. Tennessee's Pat Summitt emphasizes rebounds, and Tennessee out rebounded Georgia 51–33. While the Lady Bulldogs were able to get within seven points in the second half, they could get no closer and Tennessee prevailed 73–51, to send them into the champions ship game.

Despite entering the game against Stanford with an undefeated record, some skeptics weren't convinced that Connecticut could win. Although UConn had beaten Tennessee earlier in the year, they then played in the Big East, which at the time wasn't a strong conference. The Big East earned just two invitations to the NCAA tournament, while eight other conferences had three or more teams in the tournament. Stanford was a representative of the Pacific-10 conference, which had five teams strong enough to earn bids. However, the Huskies jumped out to an early 16–4 lead, and ended the game with a 27-point margin, winning 87–60. Kara Wolters scored 31 points, a single point under her career high while Jamelle Elliott matched her career high with 21 points. Consensus national player of the year Rebecca Lobo added 17 points, prompting coach Auriemma to quip "The reason we're playing [in the final] is I've got these three players [and Tara VanDerveer doesn't.]"

In the championship game, Tennessee had a small lead in the first half 28–25, but more importantly, two of UConn's All-Americans, Jennifer Rizzotti and Rebecca Lobo, had three fouls, while six foot seven inch Kara Wolters had two. Auriemma tried playing small, with six foot Jamelle Elliott the tallest Husky on the floor. The Tennessee lead extended, but only to six points at the half. In the second half, the lead was still four points in the Lady Vols favor when Wolters received her fourth foul. With twelve minutes left to go in the game, Lobo had but six points. Lobo then scored on four possessions, and with a steal by Rizzotti turned into a layup, the Tennessee nine point lead was down to a single point, prompting coach Summitt to call for a time-out. Jamelle Elliott tied the game with just over two minutes left, then Rizzotti made a play which would be talked about for years afterward. She grabbed a rebound, then drove the length of the court against Michelle M. Marciniak. Just before reaching the basket, she executed a cross-over dribble and sank a left-handed layup to take a lead that would never be relinquished. UConn  won the game 70–64, completing the first undefeated season in NCAA history since the 1986 Texas team, and winning the first national championship for the Connecticut Huskies team.

Tournament records
 Free Throws – Connecticut made 34 free throws in the semi-final game against Stanford, setting the record for most free throws completed in a Final Four.
 Most points – Alabama scored 121 points in a four overtime game against Duke, setting the record for most points scored in an NCAA tournament game. The 120 pins scored by Duke is the second most scored in an NCAA tournament game, and the most in a losing effort.
 Field goals attempted – Alabama attempted 114 fields goals in the game against Duke, setting the record for most field goals attempted in an NCAA tournament game.
 Most overtimes – Alabama and Duke played in a four overtime game, the most overtimes in an NCAA tournament game.

Qualifying teams – automatic
Sixty-four teams were selected to participate in the 1995 NCAA Tournament. Thirty-two conferences were eligible for an automatic bid to the 1995 NCAA Tournament .

Qualifying teams – at-large
Thirty-two additional teams were selected to complete the six-four invitations.

Bids by conference
Thirty-two conferences earned an automatic bid.  In seventeen cases, the automatic bid was the only representative from the conference. Thirty-two additional at-large teams were selected from fifteen of the conferences.

First and second rounds

In 1995, the field remained at 64 teams. The teams were seeded, and assigned to four geographic regions, with seeds 1-16 in each region. In Round 1, seeds 1 and 16 faced each other, as well as seeds 2 and 15, seeds 3 and 14, seeds 4 and 13, seeds 5 and 12, seeds 6 and 11, seeds 7 and 10, and seeds 8 and 9. In the first two rounds, the top four seeds were given the opportunity to host the first-round game. In most cases, the higher seed accepted the opportunity. The exception:

 Fourth seeded Purdue was eligible to host, but unable to, so fifth seeded San Diego State hosted three first and second-round games

The following table lists the region, host school, venue and the sixteen first and second round locations:

Regionals and Final Four

The Regionals, named for the general location, were held from March 23 to March 25 at these sites:

 East Regional  Harry A. Gampel Pavilion, Storrs, Connecticut (Host: University of Connecticut)
 Mideast Regional   Thompson-Boling Arena, Knoxville, Tennessee (Host: University of Tennessee)
 West Regional  Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles, California (Host: University of California, Los Angeles)
 Midwest Regional  Knapp Center, Des Moines, Iowa (Host: Drake University)

Each regional winner advanced to the Final Four held April 1 and April 2 in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the  Target Center,

Bids by state

The sixty-four teams came from thirty-three states, plus Washington, D.C. California had the most teams with five bids. Seventeen states did not have any teams receiving bids.

Bracket

East region - Storrs, Connecticut

West region - Los Angeles, California

Mideast region - Knoxville, Tennessee

Midwest region - Des Moines, Iowa

Final Four – Minneapolis, Minnesota

* denotes number of overtime periods

Record by conference
Seventeen conferences had more than one bid, or at least one win in NCAA Tournament play:

Fifteen conferences went 0-1: Big South Conference, Big West Conference, Colonial, Ivy League, MAAC, Mid-Continent, MEAC, Midwestern Collegiate, North Atlantic Conference, Northeast Conference, Ohio Valley Conference,  Patriot League, Southern Conference, Southland, and SWAC

All-Tournament team

 Rebecca Lobo, Connecticut
 Jamelle Elliott, Connecticut
 Jennifer Rizzotti, Connecticut
 Kara Wolters, Connecticut
 Nikki McCray, Tennessee

Game officials

 Sally Bell (semifinal)
 Art Bomengen (semifinal)
 Violet Palmer (semifinal)
 Sidney Bunch (semifinal)
 Dee Kantner (final)
 Larry Sheppard (final)

See also
 1995 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
 1995 NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament
 1995 NCAA Division III women's basketball tournament
 1995 NAIA Division I women's basketball tournament
 1995 NAIA Division II women's basketball tournament

References

NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
Basketball in Lubbock, Texas
Events in Lubbock, Texas
Sports competitions in Texas


Saratoga Springs is a city in Saratoga, upstate New York.

Saratoga Springs may also refer to:

Saratoga Springs, California
Saratoga Springs, Utah
Saratoga Springs, Nebraska, a former town and now a neighborhood of Omaha
Disney's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa, a resort hotel at Walt Disney World in Florida
Saratoga Springs (Death Valley), an oasis in California
Saratoga Springs (horse), a thoroughbred racehorse


Bassala Touré (born 21 February 1976) is a Malian former footballer who played at both professional and international levels as a midfielder.

Career
Born in Bamako, Touré began his career with hometown club Stade Malien, before moving to Morocco to play with Kawkab Marrakech. After a spell in Kuwait with Al-Arabi, Touré spent twelve seasons in Greece, playing for Athinaikos, Kerkyra, Levadiakos and Ilioupoli.

Touré earned 69 caps for Mali between 1994 and 2008, including in seven FIFA World Cup qualifying games. He was also a squad member for the Africa Cup of Nations in 1994, 2002, 2004 and 2008.

References

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Bamako
Malian men's footballers
Mali men's international footballers
Stade Malien players
KAC Marrakech players
Al-Arabi SC (Kuwait) players
Athinaikos F.C. players
A.O. Kerkyra players
Levadiakos F.C. players
Kuwait Premier League players
Men's association football midfielders
Malian expatriate men's footballers
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Morocco
Expatriate men's footballers in Morocco
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
Expatriate men's footballers in Kuwait
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
1994 African Cup of Nations players
2002 African Cup of Nations players
2004 African Cup of Nations players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
21st-century Malian people


The 20th BRDC International Trophy was a non-championship Formula One race held at Silverstone on 25 April 1968.

Report

Entry
A total of 15 F1 cars were entered for the event, with Tony Lanfranchi due to make his F1 debut.

Qualifying
Denny Hulme took pole position for Bruce McLaren Motor Racing team, in their McLaren-Cosworth M7A, averaging a speed of 127.635 mph, around the 2.927 mile course. He was joined on the front row by Mike Spence with his BRM P126.

Race
The race was held over 52 laps of the Silverstone circuit. Denny Hulme took the winner spoils for works McLaren team, driving their McLaren-Cosworth M7A. Hulme won in a time of 1hr 14:44.8mins., averaging a speed of 124.744 mph. Around 10.9 seconds behind was the second place car, that of his team-mate and team owner, Bruce McLaren. The podium was completed by another Kiwi, Chris Amon, giving New Zealand a podium lock-out. Amon was 5.6 seconds adrift off McLaren in his Ferrari 312. With the second Ferrari in fourth, driven by Jacky Ickx, the first English driver home was Piers Courage in his privately entered BRM P126, albeit one lap down.

Classification

References

BRDC International Trophy
BRDC International Trophy
BRDC International Trophy
BRDC International Trophy
BRDC International Trophy


Luke Abraham (born 26 September 1983) is a retired professional rugby union player, who played for Leicester Tigers & Sale Sharks in Premiership Rugby and Lyon OU in the French Top 14 between 2003 and 2014.

Career

A strong and pacy Leicester-born back-row player, Abraham came through the ranks after joining Leicester Tigers at the age of 15. He took up the sport three years earlier at Bushloe High School and joined his local club, the Vipers RFC, before becoming part of the Tigers set-up. He made his first-team debut as an 18-year-old against Worcester Warriors in January 2002.

A former England U-18, U-19 and U-21 international, he has also played for the England Saxons. Abraham had a short spell playing at hooker during his time with Nelson's Bay Club Stoke in New Zealand during the summer of 2005. He was an U-21 League winner with the Tigers in 2002–03. He also won the Guinness A League in 2004–05 and 2005–06.  He played an important role in the 2006–07 Guinness Premiership and the 2006-07 Heineken Cup double-winning campaign, making 12 Guinness Premiership appearances including eight starts as well as a single appearance in the 2006–07 EDF Energy Cup success.

In May 2008 it was announced that he had signed for Sale Sharks for the 2008–09 Guinness Premiership.

For the 2010–11 Rugby Pro D2 season, Abraham signed for Lyon OU.

References

External links
 Sale Sharks profile
 Leicester Tigers profile
 Guinness Premiership profile

1983 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Leicester Tigers players
Lyon OU Rugby players
Sale Sharks players
Rugby union players from Leicester
Rugby union flankers
People educated at Leicester Grammar School


Kierikki is an area located in Yli-Ii by the Ii River in Finland. It is about ten kilometres southeast and towards Pudasjärvi from Yli-Ii's centre. Kierikki is also a surname in Finland which has come to be used after the Ii River’s rapid named Kierikki.

Kierikki is one of Finland's most important archaeological exploration locations. Excavations began around 1960 and are still ongoing. Research has significantly changed the view of northern Finland in Stone Age. Archaeologists used to think that people in Stone Age were nomads, people who change their residence along with the seasons. In fact, people lived in large villages the whole year. This was possible because of the massive fish and seal catches people got at the time. Fish and seal surpluses were also used in trade. Arrow heads made of flint were traded from Russia and amber ornaments from Baltic states.

Stone Age chewing gum made of birch bark was found in Kierikki’s excavations in the summer of 2007. The finding was reported by the BBC.

Kierikki is also a subdivision of late typical comb ceramics. Kierikki ceramics were used in 3500–3100 BC and it preceded another asbestos-ceramic type called pöljä.  Finnish Comb Ceramic culture is called neolithic because it is comparable to neolithic cultures elsewhere. Besides ceramics, Finnish Comb Ceramic culture also includes polished weapons made of stone, which are a part of neolithic cultures. One difference was the lack of agriculture in Finland in the Stone Age.

Kierikki includes Kierikki Stone Age Centre, which is a popular destination with its archaeological exhibitions and Stone Age villages. There is also a hotel in the area.

Every summer public excavations are arranged, where members of public can participate in work in Kierikki. In 2012, an eleven year old, Hedvig Hautala, found amber during one of these excavations.

References

Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC
Neolithic settlements
Archaeological sites in Finland
Former populated places in Finland
4th-millennium BC establishments
History of North Ostrobothnia


Light Ages is a 1993 album by the Finnish rock group Wigwam. It is their seventh studio album after a sixteen year hiatus. Wigwam had disbanded in 1978 after the failure of the Dark Album and bankruptcy of their record label Love Records. Drummer Ronnie Osterberg died in 1981 putting an end to any hopes of the original band reforming. But other members, most notably Jim Pembroke had remained musically active.

On the 9 June 1991 the band played at the Provinssirock festival at Seinäjoki, Finland in what was intended to be a one-off appearance. However very favourable support encouraged further live appearances and the decision to record a new album. The single Borders To Be Crossed / Planetstar (Polarvox HOPE-71) was released to promote the album.
The resulting album was a combination of re-recorded versions of earlier Wigwam and Jim Pembroke songs and new material. Overall the album continued the pop-rock style of the last albums, with a polished AOR sound. The album was released in 1993 on the small Polarvox Music Publishing label, but then re-mastered on the Warner Music Finland Oy label in 2004.

Reception
The album has received mixed reviews. The performances of guitarist Pekka Rechardt were highly regarded as are new keyboardist Mikko Rintanen. However the work of drummer Ronnie Osterberg is missed and replacement Jan Noponen is found to have a generic style. Of the new material Absalom is highly regarded.

Track listing

Personnel
Pembroke, Rechardt and Groundstroem were retained from the previous album. Keyboardist Hessu Hietanen who had returned for the recent live shows was however replaced by Mikko Rintanen.  Jan Noponen was a new addition on drums. It was intended that former bassist Mats Huldén, who had been involved in mixing in the live shows, would produce the album. However, the respected and highly experienced T. T. Oksala was brought in to produce the album.

 Mosse Groundstroem – bass
 Jan Noponen – drums, percussion, tambourine (track 7).
 Jim Pembroke – vocals, piano, acoustic guitar
 Pekka Rechardt – guitar
 Mikko Rintanen – keyboards

Guest musicians
 Accordion - Hessu Hietanen (track 10).
 Backing Vocals - Maarit Hurmerinta (tracks 7, 11 and 12), Stiina Tarvonen (tracks 11, 12)
 Saxophone - Heikki Keskinen (tracks 1, 11 and 12)

Production
 Design – Kari Riipinen
 Photography By [Band] – Juha-Pekka Laakio
 Producer – T. T. Oksala, Wigwam
 Remastered By – Svante Forsbäck

References

1993 albums
Wigwam (Finnish band) albums
Warner Music Group albums
Albums recorded at Finnvox Studios


Roberto Colacone (born 26 April 1974) is an Italian former footballer who played as a forward.

He spent most of his career in Serie B and Serie C1, and only played once in Serie A.

Career
Colacone started his career at Parma. He made his Serie A debut on 9 April 1994, against A.S. Roma. He then played for two Serie C1 clubs and Serie B club Foggia, and joined Lucchese of Serie B in summer 1997. Lucchese relegated to Serie C1 in summer 1999, but gave a chance for Colacone. He scored 14 goals in Serie C1 that season. In summer 2000, he was signed by Treviso of Serie B, but in October left for league rival Ravenna, and in January 2003 for Como (Serie C1).

Colacone followed Como promoted to Serie B in summer 2001, but when Como won promotion to Serie A in summer 2002, he was loaned to Vicenza of Serie B for next season. He then played for Genoa in Serie B, and left for league rival Ascoli for just 6 months. On 30 June 2005, he signed for Modena of Serie B on free transfer, but Ascoli later offered a place in Serie A.

In January 2008, he joined AlbinoLeffe of Serie B.

Italian football scandal
On 18 June 2012 Colacone was suspended for 4 years due to 2011–12 Italian football scandal.

References

External links
 gazzetta.it

Italian men's footballers
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Carrarese Calcio players
SPAL players
Calcio Foggia 1920 players
Lucchese 1905 players
Treviso FBC 1993 players
Ravenna FC players
Como 1907 players
LR Vicenza players
Genoa CFC players
Ascoli Calcio 1898 FC players
Modena FC 2018 players
UC AlbinoLeffe players
AC Ancona players
US Cremonese players
AC Monza players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from the Metropolitan City of Milan
1974 births
Living people


Fang Rong (房融) per the biography of his son Fang Guan.  See New Book of Tang, vol. 139.</ref>) was an official of Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, briefly serving as chancellor.

Despite Fang's high status, little is firmly established about his career except for the time that he served as chancellor—as, unusual for a chancellor, he did not have a biography in either the Old Book of Tang or the New Book of Tang.  It is known that his clan traced its ancestry to the early Jin Dynasty (266–420) official Fang Qian (房乾), who was sent as an emissary to the Xianbei but was detained and not allowed to return to Jin, whose descendants then took the Xianbei surname Wuyin (屋引) and followed the rulers of Northern Wei back south.  They then changed their name back to Fang when Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei changed Xianbei names to Han names in 496 and settled in the Northern Wei capital Luoyang.  Fang Rong's ancestors served as officials in Northern Wei and succeeding dynasties Northern Qi, Sui Dynasty, and Tang Dynasty, with Fang Rong's father Fang Xuanji (房玄基) serving as a low level official at the department of the treasury.

As of 704, Fang Rong was serving as the secretary general of Huai Prefecture (懷州, roughly modern Jiaozuo, Henan), when he was promoted to be Zhengjian Daifu (正諫大夫), a senior advisor at the examination bureau of government (鸞臺, Luantai) and given the designation of Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi (同鳳閣鸞臺平章事), making him a chancellor de facto.  In spring 705, when a coup led by Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Jing Hui, Huan Yanfan, and Yuan Shuji overthrew Wu Zetian and restored her son Li Xian the Crown Prince, a former emperor, to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong), her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong were killed.  On the same day, Fang, along with fellow chancellor Wei Chengqing and the minister Cui Shenqing (崔神慶), were accused of being associates of Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong and arrested.  Half a month later, Fang was reduced to commoner rank and exiled to Gao Prefecture (高州, roughly modern Maoming, Guangdong), and he died there.  HIs son Fang Guan later served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Suzong.

Notes and references

 Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 207.

Chancellors under Wu Zetian
Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
705 deaths
Year of birth unknown


James Taylor (February 1761 – January 27, 1834) was a farmer, merchant and political figure in New Brunswick. He represented Sunbury County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1809 to 1816 and in 1820.

He was born in Truro, Nova Scotia, the son of Matthew Taylor, a native of County Londonderry in Ireland, and Elizabeth Archibald. He settled in the Saint John River valley during the 1780s, where he became a lumber merchant, operated a farm and raised livestock. Taylor married Margaret Bartlett. After being elected in 1809, he was defeated by Elijah Miles in 1816. His election in 1819 was overturned in March 1820 after an appeal; he was defeated in the general election later in 1820. He died at Maugerville in 1834.

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1761 births
1834 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Colony of New Brunswick people
People from Sunbury County, New Brunswick


Queen of Camelot is an Arthurian-legend based novel shown through the viewpoint of Queen Guinevere. It is a combination of two of Nancy McKenzie's previous books The Child Queen and The High Queen. She states in the foreword that she originally intended the novels to be combined, but they were split at the time of publication because of their length.

Plot summary
The novel begins at the end of the story. The prologue leads you to know how Guinevere came to write the story of her and Arthur, and the Knights. Guinevere is in a convent when Lancelot comes to her telling her of Arthur's death and deterioration of Britain. Lancelot tells her that he had a vision of Merlin telling him to go to her and ask her to write down the story of her life, and the life of Arthur. He says that it isn't meant for the people of today, but a future generation of Britons.

The novel then opens with Guinevere's birth, and a prophecy that was told to her father the night she was born. Guinevere is to be a "white shadow" or gwenhwyfar. Guinevere spends her early years being adored and pampered by her father, a minor king in northern Britain. As he ages, he sends her away to her mother's sister and her husband, who is king of a nearby land. Her aunt has one daughter near her age; Elaine. Elaine and Guinevere grow up together as best friends. Elaine is headstrong, stubborn, and always puts herself first, even before her older cousin. Elaine also adores the legend of Arthur, and then when Arthur takes his place at the throne of Britain, uniting the country and fighting the Saxons, Elaine becomes obsessed with him, believing herself to be his future bride, and meant for his unending love.

When Arthur is chosen a bride, it is Guinevere, which complicates her relationship with Elaine, igniting fierce jealousy in the heart of Elaine. Lancelot is sent to retrieve Guinevere for Arthur and take her to "Camelot" for him. At their first meeting they fall passionately and helplessly in love. Though, here, Guinevere's affair with Lancelot is celibate, although no less passionate, and at times much more realistic than other versions of the story. When Lancelot tells Arthur about his bride, Guinevere, Arthur realizes Lancelot's love for her, but due to their great friendship, and his own love and trust in Guinevere, Arthur finds a way to accept it and move on.

Years later, Elaine schemes to make Lancelot her husband, as revenge to Guinevere for taking Arthur from her. Though Lancelot does not love Elaine, he takes her for a bride and together they leave Camelot for his family's lands in Gaul, to start a family.

As time passes, it becomes clear Guinevere cannot become pregnant. In need of an heir, she and Arthur decide to recognize his bastard son Mordred, whom he had with his sister Morguase.  They bring Mordred and his half-brothers to Camelot, to train to become Knights. Guinevere takes a special liking to Mordred, who dreams of a unified Britain. His dreams are the undoing of Arthur. Mordred meets with Saxon leaders in secret to make a peace treaty, as Arthur goes to fight the Saxons. Seeing his son betray him, and stay on the Saxon side leads him to failure and his own death, by Mordred's hand. These are the events that have just taken place when we find Guinevere in the convent during the prologue.

Publication and critical reaction
The Child Queen and The High Queen were published in 1994 and 1995, respectively. They were revised and combined into one volume, Queen of Camelot, in 2002.

Publishers Weekly gave The Child Queen a mostly positive review, noting that McKenzie "brings immediate freshness to her entertaining reworking of an often-told story." While calling it a "worthwhile debut," the reviewer thought it suffered from Guinevere's rivalry with Elaine, which reduces the former to acting like "nothing so much as a spoiled brat." In a review of The High Queen, Melinda Helfer of the Romantic Times stated that "McKenzie relates [the story] with the power and enchantment of a true bard, bringing legend to compelling and unforgettable life." Michael Ashley, author of The Mammoth Book of King Arthur, opined that the characters were "well drawn if somewhat idealized," and felt that The High Queen was superior to The Child Queen.

Two novels followed Queen of Camelot: Grail Prince, which features Galahad, and Prince of Dreams, a version of the Tristan and Isolde legend.

References

Works cited

2002 American novels
2002 fantasy novels
Modern Arthurian fiction


St Paul's Church overlooks the River Dee in Boughton, Chester, Cheshire, England. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and, before its closure, was an Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of that diocese.  In the series Buildings of England, the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner stated that he regarded it as "the boldest of Douglas' church designs".

It ceased to be a church in 2016, when it was closed by the Diocese, as it was found to be in very bad repair. It was named by the Victorian Society as one of the Top Ten Heritage Buildings at Risk for 2016.

History

The first church on the site was built in 1830 in stuccoed brick.  Its style was Italianate with round-headed windows and a northwest campanile.  The architect was William Cole the younger.  It was virtually rebuilt in 1876 to a design by John Douglas, who added the south aisle in 1902, and the spire in 1905.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is built in red brick with stone dressings and in timber framing with brick and plaster panels.  The roof has grey and grey-green slates.  Its plan consists of a through nave and chancel of four bays plus an apsidal bay, a south aisle, a west porch and a broach spire at the west end.  Most of the windows are lancets.

Interior
Pevsner commented that the strength of the interior lies in its timber-work.  The walls are decorated with stencilled patterns in the Arts and Crafts manner.  The wrought iron screen is by Douglas.  The stained glass dated 1887 in the north aisle is by Kempe and that in the baptistry is by Frampton.  The rest of the stained glass was made by Morris & Co.  Two of the windows were designed by Burne-Jones, others by Morris himself, and the latest windows dating from 1925 to 1927 are by Henry Dearle.  The reredos is a war memorial dated 1920 by H. G. Hiller.  Also in the church is a monument from the older church dated 1845.  The three-manual organ was built by James J. Binns of Leeds.

See also

Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
List of church restorations, amendments and furniture by John Douglas

References

Citations

Sources

Church of England church buildings in Cheshire
Grade II* listed churches in Cheshire
Churches completed in 1905
19th-century Church of England church buildings
St Paul's Church, Boughton
John Douglas buildings
Diocese of Chester
Timber-framed churches
Wooden churches in England
1905 establishments in England


The herring scad (Alepes vari) (also known as the duskyfin crevalle and trevally scad), is a common species of tropical marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species inhabits the surface waters of coastal regions throughout the Indo-West Pacific region, feeding on a variety of crustaceans and small fishes. It is the largest fish of the scad genus Alepes, growing to a recorded length of 56 cm. The herring scad is identified among the genus Alepes by its more numerous and smaller scutes and the number of gill rakers on the first arch. It is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range.

Taxonomy and naming
The herring scad is one of five extant species in the scad genus Alepes, a group of fish in the jack family, Carangidae.  The Carangidae are part of the order Carangiformes.

The species was first scientifically described by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1833 from a specimen now lost to science. He named the species Caranx vari, believing the fish was closely affiliated with the large jacks of that genus. The species was later transferred to the scad genus Alepes by Gushiken in 1983, and a specimen from Puducherry, India was designated to be the lectotype the following year by Smith-Vaniz. The species was redescribed and renamed twice after Cuvier's description, first by Pieter Bleeker as Selar macrurus and then by Henry Fowler as Alepes glabra, both of which are junior synonyms discarded under ICZN rules. Although commonly called the 'herring scad', the names duskyfin crevalle, trevally scad and, incorrectly, blackfin scad (A. melanoptera) are applied to the species.

Description
The herring scad has a body profile very similar to other members of the genus Alepes, having a strongly compressed, ovate body. The ventral and dorsal profiles of the fish are almost evenly convex, joined anteriorally by a pointed snout. There are two separate dorsal fins, the first containing 8 spines while the second has a single spine followed by 24 to 27 soft rays. The anal fin consists of two anteriorally detached small spines followed by a single spine connected to 20 to 23 soft rays. The lateral line is strongly arched anteriorally with the junction of the curved and straight sections located the origin of second dorsal to the third soft ray. The curved section contains 42 to 50 scales and 0 to 2 scutes, while the straight section has 0 to 7 scales and 48 to 69 scutes.  There is a well-developed adipose eyelid on the posterior half of the eye. The jaws hold a single row of numerous comb like teeth. There are 32 to 38 gill rakers and a total of 24 vertebrae. The herring scad is by far the largest species in Alepes, growing to 56 cm in total length, although is more commonly encountered at below 30 cm.

The species is an ash blue above, fading to a silvery white below, with a diffuse dusky blotch on margin of operculum. The fins are dusky with the exception of the spinous dorsal fin which is pale to dark dusky. The amount of dark pigment in the fins is sexually dimorphic, with males developing darker spinous dorsal fin, lobes of soft dorsal and anal fins, and pelvic fins than females.

Distribution and habitat
The herring scad is distributed throughout tropical to subtropical regions of the Indo-West Pacific oceans. The species has been recorded from the Red Sea, eastward to Sri Lanka, India, Southeast Asia, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, and as far north as Taiwan and as far south as northern Australia. The herring scad is most commonly found in shallow coastal regions where it inhabits the surface layers of the ocean over a variety of substrates.

Biology and fishery

The herring scad is a carnivorous species, known to consume a variety of crustaceans including shrimps, copepods and decapods as well as other small fishes. It is one of a number of pelagic fish from the Red Sea found to have high numbers of luminescent bacteria in its gut, living symbiotically with the fish as part of the gut flora.

Parasites of the herring scad include the philometrid nematode Philometra austropacifica, which lives inside the ovary of the females.

The species is of little importance to fisheries, taken occasionally on hook and line gear.

References

External links
Herring scad at Fishbase
Zipcode Zoo page

Alepes
Fish described in 1833
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier


Fortier is a French-language Canadian television series which debuted on the TVA network in Quebec from February 3, 2000, and ended on April 1, 2004. A subtitled version later aired on the English-language CBC Television network, as part of its now-defunct late-night Best of French Canada anthology series, then followed by broadcast internationally on TV5 Monde, and later re-showing again for the disability network AMI-tv on July 18, 2017.

It was made by Aetios Productions, and the show's creator, writer and producer Fabienne Larouche.

Synopsis
Anne Fortier (Lorain) is a criminal psychologist from Montréal, who works with the investigators of SAS (Anti-Sociopathic Service), a fictional police division specialising in crimes involving abnormal psychology. Although their sordid crimes include those of a shoe thief and a pyromaniac, most of the cases given a lot of time on the series are ruthless murders, often serial killings.

While solving these cases Fortier and her colleagues must wrestle with her own murky past and several psychological issues.

Cast

Main characters

Recurring characters

Notable guest stars

Episode list

Awards and recognition
The series earned Michèle-Barbara Pelletier as the role of Magali Simon a Prix Gémeaux took place on September 30, 2001, for Best Supporting Actress - Series or Dramatic Program from her appearance in episodes two and three ("Elles ne sont qu'une...") of the second season.

Four other Prix Gémeaux nominations were given in the category Best Supporting Actor - Series or Dramatic Program, such as François Papineau for the role of Claude Lizotte in two episodes ("L'homme froid") of the second season.

See also

 Television in Québec

References

External links

2000 Canadian television series debuts
2004 Canadian television series endings
2000s Canadian drama television series
TVA (Canadian TV network) original programming
CBC Television original programming
Television shows set in Montreal


Hornsea Town railway station was a railway station which served the town of Hornsea in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was the terminus of the Hull and Hornsea Railway.

It opened with the rest of the line on 28 March 1864, it was originally named just "Hornsea".

The station originally had one platform adjacent to the station building with a canopy over the platform. There was a turntable, a signal box and two goods sidings. By 1910 there was an additional double sided platform and long sidings.

The station was renamed – with the "Town" suffix – on 25 September 1950, and closed on 19 October 1964.

Two camping coaches were positioned here by the North Eastern Region from 1959 to 1964.

Hornsea Town railway station is now a Grade II listed building.

References

External links

 Hornsea station on navigable 1947 O. S. map

Former North Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Disused railway stations in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Grade II listed buildings in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Beeching closures in England
Hull and Hornsea Railway
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1864
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964
Hornsea
Grade II listed railway stations


Eudokia (Greek: Εὐδοκία) was the third empress consort of Constantine V of the Byzantine Empire. According to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, Eudokia was a sister-in-law of Michael Melissenos, strategos of the Anatolikon Theme. Her sister and brother-in-law were parents to Theodotus I of Constantinople.

Empress
Constantine V was Emperor since 741. His first wife Tzitzak gave birth to their only known son, Leo IV the Khazar, on 25 January 750. There is no further mention of her and by the following year, Constantine was already married to his second wife Maria. Lynda Garland has suggested Tzitzak died in childbirth.

Maria died childless not long after her own marriage.

Though the year of the marriage of Constantine and Eudokia is not known, it can be placed between late 751 and 769. According to Theophanes, on 1 April 769, Constantine named her an Augusta. The following day two of her sons were named Caesars and a third made nobilissimus, which would place the ceremony several years following their marriage.
It was recorded about her coronation:
'in this year the thrice-married emperor crowned his wife Eudocia as his third Augusta in the Tribunal of the Nineteen Couches on 1 April, a Saturday. And the two [eldest] sons he had by her, Christopher and Nicephorus, he appointed Caesars in the same Tribunal on the next day, which was 2 April and Easter Sunday… He likewise placed a golden mantle and a crown upon their youngest brother Nicetas, whom he appointed nobilissimus.'

Theophanes points out the existence of a three-times-married emperor as unusual. On the occasion of the marriage of Leo VI the Wise to his own third wife Eudokia Baïana in 899, George Alexandrovič Ostrogorsky points that a third marriage was technically illegal under Byzantine law and against the practices of the Eastern Orthodox Church at the time. This would presumably also affect the legality of Eudokia's marriage.

Constantine was a fervent iconoclast and specifically targeted monasteries as strongholds of Iconodule sentiment. However, Eudokia is recorded as a generous benefactor of the monastery of St. Anthusa of Mantineon and even named a daughter after its patron saint, which indicates Eudokia may not have shared his religious views. Constantine was campaigning against Telerig of Bulgaria when he died on 14 September 775. Whether Eudokia survived her husband or not is unclear.

Children
Eudokia and Constantine V had six known children:
Nikephoros. Named Caesar in 769. Theophanes records him involved in various plots against Emperors. First in May 776 against his older half-brother Leo IV the Khazar. He was punished via flogging and exile. Second in September 780 against his sister-in-law, Empress-regent  Irene. He was exiled to a monastery. Third in August 792 against his nephew Constantine VI. He was blinded and placed in confinement within an imperial residence. Fourth in October 797 against Irene who had deposed her son. He was exiled to her native Athens. Fifth in 812 against Michael I Rangabe. His new exile place was called Aphousia, somewhere in the Sea of Marmara. He does not seem to resurface.
Christopher. Presumed to be the second son. Named Caesar in 769. Theophanes records him supporting his brother in various plots. Exiled to a monastery in 780. His tongue was cut in 792. He was blinded in 799.
Niketas. Presumed to be the third son. Named nobilissimus in 769. Theophanes records him supporting his brother in various plots. Exiled to a monastery in 780. His tongue was cut in 792. He was blinded in 799.
Anthimos. Presumed to be the fourth son. Named nobilissimus by his half-brother Leo IV in 775. Exiled to a monastery in 780. His tongue was cut in 792. He was blinded in 799.
Evdokimos. Presumed to be the fifth son. Named nobilissimus by his half-brother Leo IV in 775. Exiled to a monastery in 780. His tongue was cut in 792. He was blinded in 799.
Saint Anthousa the Younger (757–809). A pious nun, refused offer to share regency with Irene during the minority of Constantine VI.

References

External links
A short article on her by Lynda Garland

8th-century births
8th-century deaths
8th-century Byzantine empresses
Augustae
Isaurian dynasty


Phil Beal (born 8 January 1945) is an English former footballer who played as a central defender.

Career

Tottenham Hotspur
Beal was born in Godstone, Surrey. He played for Surrey boys and England Youth before signing as an amateur for Tottenham Hotspur in 1960 and became a professional at the club in 1962.

He made his debut as a defender against Aston Villa in 1963, and went on to make 16 appearances in that season.

By the start of the following season Danny Blanchflower had retired with Beal taking on the former captain's right half position. With the team in transition, he only made eight appearances that season.

The versatile player filled a variety of defensive positions and featured in 21 matches in 1965–66, started in 26 games in 1966–67, but did not feature in the  1967 FA Cup Final because of an injury. By the late 1960s he had fully established himself in the side and consistently showed his calm, authoritative and composed style.

Beal played in both League Cup winning sides against Aston Villa in 1970-71 and Norwich City in 1972-73. He played in both matches against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the 1972 UEFA Cup Final in which he collected a winners' medal, and in both legs of the 1974 UEFA Cup Final against Feyenoord.

Beal finished his career with Spurs in 1975 and made 420 appearances including three as substitute in all competitions, and scoring just one goal.

Later career
After leaving Spurs he played for Brighton & Hove Albion, Crewe Alexandra, Los Angeles Aztecs and Memphis Rogues.

After football
Today, Beal is a match day host at White Hart Lane.

Honours
Tottenham Hotspur
 UEFA Cup: 1972; runner up 1974
 Football League Cup: 1971, 1973

References

External links
 Phil Beal...cool, calm and sure
 Photo of Phil
 Spurs legends
 Phil Beal

Living people
1945 births
People from Godstone
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
UEFA Cup winning players
English Football League players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Ilford F.C. players
Los Angeles Aztecs players
Memphis Rogues players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Oxford City F.C. players
English expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Footballers from Surrey


Metalization may refer to one of a number of different processes:

Coating a covering applied an object's surface that improves surface properties: adhesion,  resistance to corrosion or wear or scratches.
Metallizing (also metalize) to coat, treat, or combine with a metal.
Thermal spraying  melted (or heated) materials are sprayed onto a surface.
Vacuum deposition  is a family of processes used to deposit layers as thin as one atom to millimeters thick in a vacuum.
Vacuum metallizing the metallic coating of an object takes place in a vacuum chamber.
Vacuum coating a mechanized process for applying coatings to lengths of materials.
Transition of a nonmetal to a metallic substance due to a change of allotrope or closure of a bandgap, usually at very high pressures
Metalation, a reaction between an organometallic compound and another organic compound which typically includes a halide group


Swanbank is an industrial locality in the City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. In the  Swanbank had a population of 0 people.

Geography
The predominant land usage in Swanbank is industrial, including the Swanbank Power Station (). There are both current and historic mines in the area. The south-west of the locality is used for grazing on native vegetation.

The Swanbank railway line  enters the locality from the north (Blackstone) and terminates in two balloon loops. There are two railway stations:

 Swanbank railway station ()
 Box Flat railway station ()

History
Early settler James Foote named the locality after his wife's birthplace Swanbank in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Previous names for this area were Logan Lagoon and Josey's Lagoon.

On 31 July 1972, the Box Flat Mine experienced an explosion which took the lives of 18 men and led to the closure of the mine.

In the  Swanbank had a population of 0 people.

Heritage
Swanbank railway station is used by a heritage and railway preservation society. The heritage train trips are operated by Queensland Pioneer Steam Railway who have steam train rides around Swanbank rail loop which was used to service the coal needs of Swanbank power station.

References

External links

 Queensland pioneer steam railway

City of Ipswich
Localities in Queensland


Hornsea Bridge railway station was a railway station which served the town of Hornsea in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was on the Hull and Hornsea Railway and the other station serving the town (the other being Hornsea Town).

It opened on 28 March 1864 and closed, as recommended by the Beeching Report, on 19 October 1964.

This station was originally to have been the terminus of the Hull and Hornsea railway and was the goods station for Hornsea throughout its existence. The passenger platforms were on an embankment with the goods yard to the north at ground level.

After the station was demolished, the site is occupied by a new road layout with the large goods yard, which is now the site of an industrial estate. The embankment can be traced at the western end of the station site, the section at the eastern side of the road continues to Hornsea Town as a footpath. That is the only major break in the railway formation on the line.

References

External links
 Hornsea Bridge station on navigable 1947 O. S. map

Hornsea
Disused railway stations in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Former North Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Beeching closures in England
Hull and Hornsea Railway
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1864
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964


Fritz Emeran Nkusi (born 28 March 1976) is a former professional footballer who played as a right-back. Born in Guadeloupe, he played for the Rwanda national team.

Club career
Born in Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, Nkusi played for Monaco B, Saint-Lô, Rennes B, Stade Poitevin, Saint-Denis Saint-Leu, KV Mechelen, Genk, Fortuna Sittard, Gueugnon, FC Brussels, La Louvière, Asteras Tripoli, Levadiakos, Saint-Leu and L'Entente SSG.

International career
Born in Guadeloupe, France, Emeran married a Rwandan woman was naturalized as a Rwandan citizen. He earned 6 caps for Rwanda between 2005 and 2007.

Personal life
He is the father of the French professional footballer Noam Emeran.

References

1976 births
Living people
People from Les Abymes
Rwandan men's footballers
French men's footballers
Guadeloupean men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Rwanda men's international footballers
AS Monaco FC players
FC Saint-Lô Manche players
Stade Rennais F.C. players
Stade Poitevin FC players
K.V. Mechelen players
K.R.C. Genk players
Fortuna Sittard players
FC Gueugnon players
R.W.D.M. Brussels F.C. players
R.A.A. Louviéroise players
Asteras Tripolis F.C. players
Levadiakos F.C. players
Entente SSG players
Belgian Pro League players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Ligue 2 players
Super League Greece players
French expatriate men's footballers
Rwandan expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Rwandan expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
French expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Rwandan expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
French expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Rwandan expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece