Barret-sur-Méouge (, literally Barret on Méouge; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. It is located at the start of the 'Gorges de la Méouge' on the Méouge river.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Barcillonnette (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Bessey-lès-Cîteaux () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Baratier () is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Beurey-Bauguay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Aspres-sur-Buëch (, literally Aspres on Buëch; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes
Dauphiné


Aspres-lès-Corps (, literally Aspres near Corps; ) is a commune of the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes
Dauphiné


Beurizot () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Juanita León García (born 1970) is a Colombian journalist, writer, and public speaker. She is best known as the founder and director of the news website La Silla Vacía.

Biography
León obtained a law degree at the University of the Andes in Bogotá and an M.S. in Journalism from the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University in New York. She worked as a reporter on the Wall Street Journal Americas before returning to Colombia in 1998.

In Colombia, León worked for the newspaper El Tiempo and for Semana magazine. She was editor-in-chief of the weekly's website and collaborated with the TV series Tiempos difíciles and Regreso a la Esperanza.

In 2006, she returned to the United States as a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University. In 2008, she helped launch alternative online news magazine Flyp.

In 2009, León obtained a grant from the Open Society Foundations. With this grant and her share in her family's food production firm, León founded La Silla Vacía, a news website focused on Colombian politics. In 2016, León and several of her family members appeared in the Panama Papers, which revealed that hundreds of Colombia's elite families held their capital in off-shore accounts. On her news website, León showed that her investment in Panama was legal and known to the Colombian tax office, and declared her conflict of interest in reporting on the Panama Papers.

She was an Academic Visitor at St Antony's College, Oxford and the Latin American Centre at the University of Oxford from 2018 to 2019.

Awards
 World Health Organization's World Prize for Health Journalism (2001, for an article on the health risks posed by the conflict in Colombia)
 Fundación para un Nuevo Periodismo Iberoamericano - Cemex journalism prize (2002, finalist)
 Lettre Ulysses Award (2006, 3rd prize for the book País de Plomo: Crónicas de Guerra)
 Premio Gabriel García Márquez de Periodismo [Gabriel Garcá Márquez Journalism Award] (2016, Coverage Category, for a series of stories on the peace negotiations between the Colombian government and the FARC)

Bibliography
 Años de Fuego [Years of Fire] (2001) (editor)
 No Somos Machos Pero Somos Muchos [We Are Not Machos But We Are Many] (2004)
País de Plomo: Crónicas de Guerra [Country of Bullets: War Diaries] (2005)
 Los Súperpoderosos [The Superpowerful] (2014) (co-authored with the La Silla Vacía team)
 El Dulce Poder: Así Funciona La Política en Colombia [Sweet Power: This Is How Politics Works in Colombia] (2017) (co-authored with the La Silla Vacía team)

References

External links
 La Silla Vacía

Colombian journalists
Colombian women journalists
University of Los Andes (Colombia) alumni
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Nieman Fellows
Columbia University faculty
The Wall Street Journal people

1970 births
Living people


Arvieux (; ) is a commune of the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Arvidants or Arvidantes.

Geography
Arvieux lies at the foot of the Col d'Izoard in the Arvieux Valley some 20 km south by south-east of Briançon and 13 km east by north-east of La Roche-de-Rame. It is surrounded by the high mountains of the Massif du Queyras whose highest point is in the commune at Pic du Béal Traversier at 2912 m. Access to the commune is by the D902 from Cervières in the north which goes by a tortuous route through the commune to the village then continues south-east to Guillestre. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of La Draye, Brunissard  La Chalp, and Le Coin north of the village and La Cassiere, Les Maisons, Le Pasquier, Villargaudin, Les Moulins, Les Escoyeres, and Les Esponces south of the village. The commune is a high alpine commune with snow-covered mountains and rugged terrain.

Details of some of the hamlets are:
Les Escoyères, the first hamlet, is located at the end of a small winding road starting west of the Guil valley and is 1,532 m above sea level on a south-facing slope. The Chapel of St. Mary Magdalene, built in the 17th century,  whose door lintels are made with a Roman stele (see History section) and two sundials by Giovanni Francesco Zarbula are there.
Villargaudin or Villard-Gaudin is at 1593 m altitude on another road to the west at the bottom of the valley after the Queyron.
Les Moulins (The Mills) is at 1410 m and was so named because there were once several mills here built to use the power of the Aigue d'Arvieux.
Le Pasquier is located at 1570 m altitude at mid-slope on the eastern side.
Les Maisons is located at 1690 m a little higher on the same side of the valley.
Arvieux village at 1550 m is in the centre of the valley. It is the capital of the commune. The St Lawrence Church dating from the 16th century and the Protestant church are located there. The village can be accessed on foot from Furfande.
Le Coin is a small hamlet at 1600 m west of Arvieux.
La Chalp is 2 km north of Arvieux and is the highest in the valley at 1680 m altitude. La Chalp is a common name in the Alps and means pastureland. There is a mountain resort here.
Brunissard is the last village of the commune situated amidst meadows which rise to 1760 m altitude. The valley is separated into two with the north-west branch the path to the Col des Ayes, the alpine pastures of Clapeyto and the Col de Néal; the north-east branch leads to the Col d'Isoard (or Izoard).

The commune also has several hamlets consisting of alpine chalets. The most important are those of Furfande and Clapeyto.

The Guil forms the southern border as it flows south-west to join the Durance at Réotier. The Torrent de l'Izoard rises in the north of the commune and flows south through the centre fed by many tributaries, changing to the Torrent de la Rivière at Brunissard then back to the Torrent de l'Izoard at Le Coin, as it continues south to join the Guil. The Torrent de la Rabanelle rises in the west of the commune and flows east to join the Torrent de la Rivière at Brunissard.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Climate
Arvieux has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average annual temperature in Arvieux is . The average annual rainfall is  with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Arvieux was  on 26 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 10 February 1986.

Toponymy
The name Arvieux comes from the Latin arviolum meaning "small field".

One of the oldest monuments of the village and the valley of the Izoard, Campanile Brunissard, is itself only a fascinating summary of the economic, cultural and social life in the Hautes-Alpes, especially in Queyras 1 .

History

Antiquity
The ancient history of Arvieux is not well known. Occupied since antiquity, Arvieux was the first valley which was reached when passing through the Col Néal which was probably the ancient access route to the upper Queyras. The second access road, probably dominant, linked directly to the Durance basin at Queyras via a Roman road that ran from the hamlet of Gros passing through Escoyères which was probably in Roman times a place of testing "taxes". Part of this pathway, under overhanging cliffs, is still visible today (the Chemin de Charve).

During antiquity the area was inhabited by Gallic people called Quariates by the Romans whose name is probably formed from a Celtic root meaning "those of the cauldron" and from which Queyras is derived. The name Quariates is attested on a Roman stone found in the Chapel of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine at Escoyères. On this truncated stone there is a Latin inscription which mentions a man named Albanus Bussulus who was prefect of Capillates, Savincates (probably people living in the Savines valley), Brigani (people from Briançon), and Quariates.

Middle Ages - the Escarton of Queyras
The region suffered several invasions after the end of the Roman Empire with many Saracen incursions. Some say that on this occasion Queyras was deserted but an eventual abandonment that left no trace remains unlikely.

The Dauphins of Vienne received the Briançonnais and therefore the Queyras in fief in 1050. Arvieux was then part of the Kingdom of Dauphiné. The Briançonnais were divided into five entities called Escartons of which Queyras was part. Each Escarton was composed of communities called "universities". Arvieux was then one of the seven universities of Queyras, the others being: Abriès, Aiguilles, Molines, Ristolas, Saint-Véran, and Vielle-Ville.

At the end of the Middle Ages the Dauphin Humbert II, while short of money, gave a little more independence to the Escartons in exchange for an annual rent. Arvieux became part of what was later called abusively the Republic of Escartons.

This feudal entity was specifically created by the Charter signed in 1343 between the Dauphin and the Briançon communities. The Escarton of Queyras was an administrative unit responsible for collecting taxes. The Escarton Communities obtained from the Dauphin the right to manage paying their taxes themselves.

The Arvieux community was one of the seven "Universities" in the Escarton of Queyras and the capital was located at Ville-Vieille. There were a total of five Escartons.

The charter gave the inhabitants of the escartons the status of "francs-bourgeois", that is to say they were exempt from feudal service in exchange for an annual rent. The people had the right to elect their representatives called "consuls". They also had the right to hunt. Justice however remained a privilege of the Dauphin and the inhabitants of the escartons had to participate in the defence of the Dauphiné.

In 1349, six years after the signing of the charter, the Dauphiné was ceded to France who perpetuated these rights until the French Revolution. Under the ancien regime Arvieux was thus a relatively wealthy town in the French Alps. The relative prosperity of the village community was achieved despite numerous calamities. The wars of religion did not spare Arvieux. In 1630 the plague came from Italy and ravaged the region. The town was burned in 1638.

Modern era - Catholics and Protestants
Protestantism arrived in Arvieux during the second half of the 16th century. Queyrassins adhered in large numbers to the Reformation. Disorders occurred in the valley. After the Edict of Nantes Arvieux had a Protestant church. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes many people emigrated. During the war against the Catholic League of Augsburg from 1690 to 1696 Arvieux is crossed by the troops of the King of France and had to provide wood, fodder, food, and animals for the army. Militiamen from Vaud crossed the border several times and burned villages. Around 1700 Arvieux and Queyras generally was weakened but the region regained its prosperity before the Revolution.

The Revolution abolished the status of Escartons and the university of Arvieux became a commune. The Edict of Tolerance (1787) and the Revolution agreed to new freedoms of worship for Protestants.

Recent history

After the Revolution some of the inhabitants became officially Protestant and the inhabitants of Arvieux were divided between the two religious communities: the majority of Catholics were in the village of Arvieux and at the bottom of the valley while there were mainly Protestants in the present top of the valley at Brunissard and La Chalp which was the place of residence of their pastor.

Arvieux, as with all communes in Queyras suffered severe depopulation from 1830. First seasonally during the cold season, emigration became permanent in the middle of the 19th century. Having reached a maximum of 1,004 inhabitants in 1841, the population was reduced by two thirds in 150 years. The exodus, which stopped from that point, was to the cities (mainly Marseille). The difficult living conditions in the mountains as well as more specific calamities (Brunissard was completely destroyed by fire in 1882) explain this phenomenon. Nevertheless, to maintain perspective, Arvieux preserved its population more than any other in Queyras.

During the 20th century the economy was gradually transformed. Originally a fully agro-pastoral economy, it now relied mainly on tourism. This transition was nevertheless late in Arvieux and it was the commune in Queyras where agro-pastoral culture lasted the longest - up to about World War II.

By the relative weakness of emigration and by maintaining agro-pastoral activity for a relatively long time, Arvieux was a somewhat atypical commune in Queyras. This originality is probably related to the relative mild weather in the Arvieux Valley for agriculture compared to other communes in Queyras.

The use of French among the inhabitants is relatively recent in Arvieux as they spoke a dialect in the early 20th century. Literacy, however, was relatively advanced due to the Protestant culture of part of the population.

The opening of the Col d'Izoard in 1934 made the commune one of the highlights of the Tour de France. The pass is closed in winter.

In 1977 the Regional Natural Park of Queyras was established with Arvieux being one of the communes it covers.

The Belle and the Renon
Life in Arvieux was different for historians because of a unique organization. Arvieux society was historically divided into two castes:

1. The Gens du Renom or Race des Sorciers who were the lower caste people
2. The Gens de la Belle who formed a kind of local aristocracy

This distinction (which was not related to Protestants and Catholics) lasted until the town opened to the outside in the second half of the 20th century. Its origin is uncertain but it did not prevent solidarity among villagers. In Arvieux first place was reserved for widows and orphans.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Mayors from 1940

Population

Economy
Arvieux has a tourism economy both in winter and summer. In winter there is alpine skiing, cross country skiing, and ski touring. Summer is the season for hiking. Crafts (pottery, manufacture of wooden toys of Queyras, carved furniture) and livestock (for cheese making) also have an important role.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has many buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:

The Fantin House (1731)
The Route over the Col de l'Izoard (1710)
A Bakery at Villargaudin (18th century)
Le Veyer (13th century)
A Flour Mill (1803)
Furfande
A Fountain Boundary Stone (1865)
A Bakery at Les Escoyeres (18th century)
The Cooperative Cheese Factory at Les Escoyeres (1927)
A Bakery at Brunissard (18th century)
The Town Hall (19th century)
Arvieux Town

In addition the commune has a very large number of Farmhouses that are registered as historical monuments.

Other sites of interest
The Bell Tower at Brunissard
Many interesting Sundials. Two are located at Escoyėres and signed Zarbula: one from 1842 (Baroque) and one at Saint-Roch dated 1857 (period of birds).

Religious heritage
The commune has many religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
The Benedictine Chapel of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine (1700) The church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
2 Lintels (1st century)
A Reliquary (1604)
2 Statues: Angels (17th century)
The Furniture in the Chapel (17th century)
The Church (16th century)
The Chapel of Saint-Jacques le Majeur at Villargaudin (18th century). The church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
2 Hanging Cabinets (19th century)
A Painting: Saint Jacques le Majeur (1733)
A Retable (18th century)
An Altar (19th century)
The Furniture in the Chapel
The Parish Church of Saint-Claude at Le Veyer (15th century) The church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
A Painting: Annunciation (19th century)
A Painting with frame: Apparition of the Virgin and child to Saint Antoine (17th century)
A Painting: Apparition of the Virgin and child to Saint Antoine (19th century)
A Painting: Saint Claude de Besançon (17th century)
2 Busts-Reliquaries: Saints (18th century)
A Celebrant's Chair (1675)
A Sacristy Cabinet (1) (19th century)
A Sacristy Cabinet (2) (19th century)
An Altar Pulpit (1828)
A Stoup (1865)
The Furniture in the Church
The Chapel of Saint-Romuald near Serre (1785)
The Chapel of Saint-Roche at Les Escoyeres (1720) The church contains a large number of items that are registered as historical objects.
The Chapel of Saint-Marcellin at Le Chatelard (1793). The chapel contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
A Host Box (1727)
A Statuette: Virgin and child (18th century)
A Statuette: Immaculate Conception (19th century)
A Painting with frame: Saint Pape Martyr (18th century)
A Painting with frame: Saint Pape Martyr (18th century)
2 rows of seats (18th century)
A Cabinet (18th century)
The Furniture in the Chapel
The Chapel Evangelique at Brunissard (19th century). The chapel contains one item that is registered as an historical object:
A Pastoral Pulpit (19th century)
The Chapel of Saint-Pierre at Brunissard (1845) The chapel contains two items that are registered as historical objects:
A Painting: Miraculous Rescue (19th century)
The Furniture in the Chapel
The Protestant Church (1887)
The Parish Church of Saint-Laurent (15th century) The church contains a very large number of items that are registered as historical objects.

Notable people linked to the commune
Albanus, prefect of the western Alps in the 1st century

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

External links
Queyras: History, Culture, Heritage
 Arvieux on the old IGN website
Arvieux on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Auvien on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Hautes-Alpes
Dauphiné


Bévy () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Antonaves (; Vivaro-Alpine: Antonavas) is a former commune of the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Val Buëch-Méouge. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Méouge and Buëch, and is known as the gateway to the Gorges de la Méouge, a 4 km limestone gorge.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Former communes of Hautes-Alpes
Populated places disestablished in 2016
Dauphiné


Aiguilles (; ) is a commune of the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Geography
The village lies in the middle of the commune, on the right bank of the Guil, which flows southwest through the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department
 Pic de Petit Rochebrune

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes
Dauphiné


Bézouotte () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Proto-Austronesian (commonly abbreviated as PAN or PAn) is a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the world's major language families. Proto-Austronesian is assumed to have begun to diversify  in Taiwan.

Lower-level reconstructions have also been made, and include Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. Recently, linguists such as Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley have built large lexicons for Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Polynesian.

Phonology
Proto-Austronesian is reconstructed by constructing sets of correspondences among consonants in the various Austronesian languages, according to the comparative method. Although in theory the result should be unambiguous, in practice given the large number of languages there are numerous disagreements, with various scholars differing significantly on the number and nature of the phonemes in Proto-Austronesian. In the past, some disagreements concerned whether certain correspondence sets were real or represent sporadic developments in particular languages. For the currently remaining disagreements, however, scholars generally accept the validity of the correspondence sets but disagree on the extent to which the distinctions in these sets can be projected back to proto-Austronesian or represent innovations in particular sets of daughter languages.

Blust's reconstruction
Below are Proto-Austronesian phonemes reconstructed by Robert Blust, a professor of linguistics at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. A total of 25 Proto-Austronesian consonants, 4 vowels, and 4 diphthongs were reconstructed. However, Blust acknowledges that some of the reconstructed consonants are still controversial and debated.

The symbols below are frequently used in reconstructed Proto-Austronesian words.

 *C: voiceless alveolar affricate
 *c: voiceless palatal affricate
 *q: uvular
 *z: voiced palatal affricate
 *D: voiced retroflex stop
 *j: palatalized voiced velar stop
 *S: voiceless alveolar fricative
 *N: palatalized alveolar lateral
 *r: alveolar trill
 *R: uvular trill

*D only appears in final position, *z/*c/*ñ only in initial and medial position, while *j is restricted to medial and final position.

The Proto-Austronesian vowels are a, i, u, and ə.

The diphthongs, which are diachronic sources of individual vowels, are:
 *-ay
 *-aw
 *-uy
 *-iw

Wolff's reconstruction
In 2010, John Wolff published his Proto-Austronesian reconstruction in Proto-Austronesian phonology with glossary. Wolff reconstructs a total of 19 consonants, 4 vowels (*i, *u, *a, *e, where *e = ), 4 diphthongs (*ay, *aw, *iw, *uy), and syllabic stress.

The following table shows how Wolff's Proto-Austronesian phonemic system differs from Blust's system.

Historical overview of reconstructions for Proto-Austronesian

According to Malcolm Ross, the following aspects of Blust's system are uncontroversial: the labials (p b m w); the velars k ŋ; y; R; the vowels; and the above four diphthongs. There is some disagreement about the postvelars (q ʔ h) and the velars g j, and about whether there are any more diphthongs; however, in these respects, Ross and Blust are in agreement. The major disagreement concerns the system of coronal consonants. The following discussion is based on Ross (1992).

Otto Dempwolff's reconstruction of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian from the 1930s included:
Dental t d n l
Retroflex ṭ ḍ ḷ
Palatal t' d' n'
Palatal k' g'

Dyen (1963), including data from the Formosan languages, expanded Dempwolff's set of coronal consonants:
t split into t and C
n split into n and L/N
d' split and renotated as z and Z
t' split into s1 and s2
ḷ ṭ ḍ n' k' g' h renotated as r T D ñ c j q

Tsuchida (1976), building on Dyen's system:
Further split d into D1 D2 D3 D4. He also believed that Dyen's c (Dempwolff's k') could not be reconstructed for Proto-Austronesian (he also split Dyen's w into w W and q into q Q, which were not accepted by later scholars.)

Dahl reduced Tsuchida's consonants into:
D1 D2 D3 D4 into d3 d2 d1 d3 (with the new d3 reflecting the combination of the old D1 and D4) and combined Dyen's S X x into a single phoneme S. He did accept Dyen's c but did not accept his T D. (He also renotated a number of phonemes in ways that were not generally accepted by later scholars.)

Blust based his system on a combination of Dyen, Tsuchida and Dahl, and attempted to reduce the total number of phonemes. He accepted Dahl's reduction of Dyen's S X x into S but did not accept either Tsuchida's or Dahl's split of Dyen's d; in addition, he reduced Dyen's s1 s2 to a single phoneme s. While accepting Dyen's c, he was hesitant about T and D (more recently, Blust appears to have accepted D but rejected T, and also rejected Z).

Ross likewise attempted to reduce the number of phonemes, but in a different way:
He accepts Dahl's d1 d2 d3 and also Z (eventually rejected by Blust). He notes that the distinction between d1 and d2 d3 is only reconstructable for the Formosan language groups Amis, Proto-Puyuma and Proto-Paiwan, and only Proto-Paiwan has a three-way distinction among d1 d2 d3; contrarily the distinction between Z and d1 is reconstructable only for Proto-Rukai and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, but not any of the previous three groups. However, he still believes (contra Blust) that the distinction among these phonemes is an inheritance from Proto-Austronesian rather than an innovation in the respective groups.
He notes that d1 occurs only morpheme-initially, while r occurs only morpheme-non-initially, and as a result combines the two.
He does not accept the phonemes c z ñ in Proto-Austronesian, and asserts that none of them are "readily reconstructable" outside of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Furthermore, while he believes that ñ was a general innovation in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, c and z "are reflected differently from PMP [Proto-Malayo-Polynesian] *s and *d only in a fairly limited area of western Indo-Malaysia and appear to be the results of local developments".
He also reconstructs the coronals somewhat differently. He believes that C S l d3 were all retroflex (respectively, ), and s and L (Blust's N) were dental /s/ and /l/, as opposed to Blust's reconstruction as dental and palatal, respectively. According to Ross, this is based on their outcomes in the Formosan languages and Javanese; although their outcomes as dental/palatal is geographically more distributed, it occurs only in Malayo-Polynesian, which represent a single clade with respect to the Formosan languages.

Sound changes

As Proto-Austronesian transitioned to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian, the phonemic inventories were continually reduced by merging formerly distinct sounds into one sound. Three mergers were observed in the Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian transition, while nine were observed for the Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Polynesian transition. Thus, Proto-Austronesian has the most elaborate sound system, while Proto-Polynesian has the fewest phonemes. For instance, the Hawaiian language is famous for having only eight consonants, while Māori has only ten consonants. This is a sharp reduction from the 19–25 consonants of the Proto-Austronesian language that was originally spoken on Taiwan or Kinmen.

Blust also observed the following mergers and sound changes between Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.

However, according to Wolff (2010:241), Proto-Malayo-Polynesian's development from Proto-Austronesian only included the following three sound changes.

 PAn *ɬ > PMP *ñ, l, n
 PAn *s > PMP *h
 PAn *h > PMP *Ø

Proto-Oceanic merged even more phonemes. This is why modern-day Polynesian languages have some of the most restricted consonant inventories in the world.

Unusual sound changes that occurred within the Austronesian language family include:
 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *w or *b > Sundanese c- or -nc-
 Proto-Oceanic *w or *y > p in Levei Khehek
 Proto-Oceanic *r or *R > g͡ʟ in Hiw
 Proto-Polynesian *l or *r > ŋg (via *ɣ or *ʁ) in Rennellese
 Proto-Polynesian *t > k in Hawaiian, Samoan, and Ontong Java (after *k > ʔ)

Syntax

Word order
Proto-Austronesian is a verb-initial language (including VSO and VOS word orders), as most Formosan languages, all Philippine languages, some Bornean languages, all Austronesian dialects of Madagascar, and all Polynesian languages are verb-initial. However, most Austronesian (many of which are Oceanic) languages of Indonesia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and Micronesia are SVO, or verb-medial, languages. SOV, or verb-final, word order is considered to be typologically unusual for Austronesian languages, and is only found in various Austronesian languages of New Guinea and to a more limited extent, the Solomon Islands. This is because SOV word order is very common in the non-Austronesian Papuan languages.

Voice system
The Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Borneo, Madagascar and the Philippines are also well known for their unusual morphosyntactic alignment, which is known as the symmetrical voice (also known as the Austronesian alignment). This alignment was also present in the Proto-Austronesian language. Unlike Proto-Austronesian, however, Proto-Oceanic syntax does not make use of the focus morphology present in Austronesian-aligned languages such as the Philippine languages. In the Polynesian languages, verbal morphology is relatively simple, while the main unit in a sentence is the phrase rather than the word.

Below is a table of John Wolff's Proto-Austronesian voice system from Blust (2009:433). Wolff's "four-voice" system was derived from evidence in various Formosan and Philippine languages.

However, Ross (2009) notes that what may be the most divergent languages, Tsou, Rukai, and Puyuma, are not addressed by this reconstruction, which therefore cannot claim to be alignment system of the protolanguage of the entire family. He calls the unit to which this reconstruction applies Nuclear Austronesian.

Interrogatives and case markers
The following table compares Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian question words.

Currently, the most complete reconstruction of the Proto-Austronesian case marker system is offered by Malcolm Ross. The reconstructed case markers are as follows:

Important Proto-Austronesian grammatical words include the ligature *na and locative *i.

Morphology
Morphology and syntax are often hard to separate in the Austronesian languages, particularly the Philippine languages. This is because the morphology of the verbs often affects how the rest of the sentence would be constructed (i.e., syntax).

Affixes
Below are some Proto-Austronesian affixes (including prefixes, infixes, and suffixes) reconstructed by Robert Blust. For instance, *pa- was used for non-stative (i.e., dynamic) causatives, while *pa-ka was used for stative causatives (Blust 2009:282). Blust also noted a p/m pairing phenomenon in which many affixes have both p- and m- forms. This system is especially elaborate in the Thao language of Taiwan.

Reduplication
CV (consonant + vowel) reduplication is very common among the Austronesian languages. In Proto-Austronesian, Ca-reduplicated (consonant + /a/) numbers were used to count humans, while the non-reduplicated sets were used to count non-human and inanimate objects. CV-reduplication was also used to nominalize verbs in Proto-Austronesian. In Ilocano, CV-reduplication is used to pluralize nouns.

Reduplication patterns include (Blust 2009):

Full reduplication
Full reduplication plus affixation
Full reduplication minus the coda
Full reduplication minus the last vowel
Full reduplication with vocalic or consonantal change, or both
Full reduplication with consecutive identical syllables
Prefixal foot reduplication/leftward reduplication
Suffixal foot reduplication/rightward reduplication
CVC-reduplication
CV-reduplication (marks durative aspect, collectivity, or intensity in Bunun; future in Tagalog)
CV-reduplication plus affixation
Ca-reduplication (used to derive human-counting numerals and deverbal instrumental nouns in Thao and Puyuma)
Extensions of fixed segmentism
Reduplicative infixes
Suffixal syllable reduplication

Other less common patterns are (Blust 2009):
Vacuous reduplication (occurs in Paamese)
Full reduplication minus the initial (occurs in Anejom of southern Vanuatu)
Full reduplication plus an initial glide (occurs in Kosraean)
Partial reduplication minus initial glottal stop (occurs in Rennellese)
True CV-reduplication (occurs in Pangasinan)
Rightward trisyllabic reduplication (occurs in the Manam language)
Double reduplication (occurs in Woleaian)
Triplication (only in the Thao language)
Serial reduplication (only in the Thao language)

Vocabulary

Pronouns

The Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian personal pronouns below were reconstructed by Robert Blust.

In 2006, Malcolm Ross also proposed seven different pronominal categories for persons. The categories are listed below, with the Proto-Austronesian first person singular ("I") given as examples.
Neutral (e.g., PAN *i-aku)
Nominative 1 (e.g., PAN *aku)
Nominative 2 (e.g., PAN *=ku, *[S]aku)
Accusative (e.g., PAN *i-ak-ən)
Genitive 1 (e.g., PAN *=[a]ku)
Genitive 2 (e.g., PAN *(=)m-aku)
Genitive 3 (e.g., PAN *n-aku)

The following is from Ross' 2002 proposal of the Proto-Austronesian pronominal system, which contains five categories, including the free (i.e., independent or unattached), free polite, and three genitive categories.

Nouns
Proto-Austronesian vocabulary relating to agriculture and other technological innovations include:
 *pajay: rice plant
 *beRas: husked rice
 *Semay: cooked rice
 *qayam: bird (means "domesticated animal" in PMP)
 *manuk: chicken (PMP *manu-manuk means "bird")
 *babuy: pig
 *qaNuaŋ: carabao
 *kuden: clay cooking pot
 *SadiRi: housepost
 *busuR: bow
 *panaq: flight of an arrow
 *bubu: fish trap
 *tulaNi: bamboo nose flute

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian innovations include:
 *puqun: base of a tree; origin, cause
 *sumpit: blowpipe
 *haRezan: notched log ladder (used to enter pile dwellings)
 *taytay: bamboo suspension bridge (POc *tete "ladder, bridge")
 *kaka: elder same sex sibling
 *huaji: younger same sex sibling
 *ñaRa: brother of a woman
 *betaw: sister of a man

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian also has several words for house:
 *balay (house, building for public use)
 *Rumaq (house, family dwelling)
 *banua (land, village, house, country, sky, heaven) – hence vanua and  (as in )
 *lepaw (granary)
 *kamaliR (bachelors' clubhouse)

Animals

Plants

Colors and directions
Below are colors in reconstructed Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. The first three have been reconstructed by Robert Blust, while the Proto-Polynesian words given below were reconstructed by Andrew Pawley. Proto-Polynesian displays many innovations not found in the other proto-languages.

The Proto-Austronesians used two types of directions, which are the land-sea axis and the monsoon axis. The cardinal directions of north, south, east, and west developed among the Austronesian languages only after contact with the Europeans. For the land-sea axis, upstream/uphill and inland, as well as downstream/downhill and seaward, are synonym pairs. This has been proposed as evidence that Proto-Austronesians used to live on a mainland, since the sea would be visible from all angles on small islands.

 *daya: inland (also upstream/uphill)
 *lahud: seaward (also downstream/downhill)
 *SabaRat: west monsoon
 *timuR: east monsoon
 *qamiS: north wind

In Kavalan, Amis, and Tagalog, the reflexes of *timuR mean "south" or "south wind," while in the languages of the southern Philippines and Indonesia it means "east" or "east wind."

In Ilocano,  and  respectively mean "east" and "west," while in Puyuma,  and  respectively mean "west" and "east." This is because the Ilocano homeland is the west coast of northern Luzon, while the Puyuma homeland is on the eastern coast of southern Taiwan. Among the Bontok, Kankanaey, and Ifugaw languages of northern Luzon, the reflexes of *daya mean "sky" because they already live in some of the highest elevations in the Philippines (Blust 2009:301).

Also, the Malay reflex of *lahud is , which means "sea", used as directions  (means "northeast", timur = "east") and  (means "northwest", barat = "west"). Meanwhile, *daya only performs in , which means "southwest".

Numerals
Below are reconstructed Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian numbers from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database.

Note that *lima 'five', ultimately the root for 'hand', is not found for 'five' in some Formosan languages, such as Pazeh, Saisiat, Luilang, Favorlang and Taokas; numerals cognate with Proto-Malayo-Polynesian 6–10 are found in Amis, Basay, Bunun, Kanakanabu, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Saaroa and Tsou. Pazeh, Favorlang, Saisiat and Taokas reflect *RaCep 'five'.

Laurent Sagart suggests that this was the PAn root, replaced by *lima in a lineage that lead to the remaining languages, rather than the reverse, because it seems to be retained in proto-Malayo-Polynesian in the forms 7, 8, 9, which appear to be disyllabic contractions of additive phrases attested from some of the western Formosan languages, especially Pazeh: Pazeh xaseb-uza 'six' (literally 'five-one'); xaseb-i-dusa 'seven' ('five-and-two'), with the bidu cognate with PMP *pitu; xaseb-a-turu 'eight' ('five-and-three'), with the baturu cognate with PMP *walu; xaseb-i-supat 'nine' ('five-and-four'), with the supa (< PAn *Sepat 'four') cognate with PMP *Siwa.

The Proto-Austronesian language had different sets of numerals for non-humans ("set A") and humans ("set B") (Blust 2009:279). Cardinal numerals for counting humans are derived from the non-human numerals through Ca-reduplication. This bipartite numeral system is found in Thao, Puyuma, Yami, Chamorro, and various other languages (however, Paiwan uses  and  to derive human numerals). In many Philippine languages such as Tagalog, the two numeral systems are merged (Blust 2009:280–281).

Proto-Austronesian also used *Sika- to derive ordinal numerals (Blust 2009:281).

Verbs
Below are reconstructed Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian verbs from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database.

Monosyllabic roots
The following are monosyllabic Proto-Austronesian roots reconstructed by John Wolff (Wolff 1999).

Forms which can be reconstructed as monosyllables with a great deal of certainty
 *baw 'up, above'
 *bay 'woman'
 *beg 'spool, wind'
 *bit 'carry in fingers'
 *buñ 'fontanelle'
 *but 'pluck out'
 *dem 'think, brood'
 *gem 'first, hold in fist'
 *ɣiq 'Imperata cylindrica'
 *kan 'eat'
 *si-kan 'fish, what is eaten with staple'
 *pa-kan 'feed, weft'
 *paN-kan 'eat, feed'
 *kub
 *kubkub 'cover over'
 *takub 'cover over in a cupped way' (where *ta- is a fossilized prefix)
 *lid
 *belit 'wind'
 * 'wind, twist, or fold s.t. over'
 *pulid 'turn round'
 *luk 'concave bend'
 *lum 'ripe'
 *nem 'six'
 *ñam 'taste'
 *ñeŋ 'look, stare'
 *ŋa 'agape (mouth)'
 *kaŋa 'be open (as mouth)'
 *baŋa 'gap, stand open'
 *binaŋa (< -in- + baŋa) / *minaŋa 'mouth of river'
 *beŋa 'be agape'
 *búŋa 'flower'
 *paŋa 'forking'
 *ʃaŋa 'branch'
 *pan 'bait'
 *pat 'four'
 *peʃ 'squeeze, deflate'
 *pit
 *kepit 'pinched together'
 *pu 'grandparent/child'
 *put 'blow'
 *ʃaw 'wash, rinse off, dunk'
 *ʃay 'who?'
 *ʃek 'stuff, fill chock full'
 *ʃeŋ 'stop up'
 *ʃep 'suck'
 *ʃuk 'go in, through'
 *taw 'man'
 *tay 'bridge'
 *matay 'die'
 *patay 'dead, kill'
 *tuk 'strike, peck, beak'

Sequences which are likely (or may have been) monosyllabic roots, but cannot be unequivocally reconstructed
 *baŋ 'fly'
 *bu 'fish trap'
 *buʃ 'puff, blow out' (not well attested; most monosyllables occur in Oceanic languages)
 *dañ 'old (of things)'
 *daŋ 'heat near a fire'
 *dem 'dark, cloudy'
 *padem 'extinguish'
 *diʃ 'cut, lance'
 *ka 'elder sibling'
 *kid 'file, rasp'
 *lag 'spread out'
 *belag 'spread out'
 *pálag 'palm of hand'
 *qelag 'wing'
 *laŋ 'placed lengthwise'
 *galaŋ 'wedge, s.t. placed underneath to support'
 *halaŋ 'lie athwart, bar, be an obstacle'
 *leb 'for water to come over s.t.'
 *lem – reflexes variously mean 'night' or 'darkness'
 *luñ
 *luluñ 'roll up'
 *baluñ 'fold over, wrap'
 *muɣuɣ 'gargle, rinse out mouth' (monosyllabic status is weak)
 *pak 'make a sound of 'pak', wings (from the sound)'
 *tan 'set trap'
 *taʃ 'top'
 *tuk 'top, summit'
 *tun 'lead on a rope'

Reconstructed doubled monosyllables phonologically but which cannot be proven to be monosyllabic roots
 *baba 'carry on back'
 *bakbak 'remove outer layer of skin, bark'
 *baqbaq 'mouth'
 *bañbañ 'kind of reed used for mats, Donax canniformis'
 *bekbek 'pulverize'
 *biɣbiɣ 'lips (lip-like growth)'
 *biŋbiŋ 'hold, guide'
 *biʃbiʃ 'sprinkle'
 *buɣ(buɣ) 'broken into small pieces'
 *buñbuñ 'down, body hair' (only in Taiwan and the Philippines; probably not PAn)
 *dabdab 'set fire to'
 *dakdak 'slam s.t. down' (only in the Philippines)
 *dasdas 'chest'
 *debdeb 'chest'
 *diŋdiŋ 'wall'
 *diqdiq 'boil'
 *gapgap 'feel, grope'
 *ɣaʃɣaʃ 'scratched'
 *idid 'move rapidly in small motions' (e.g., 'fan')
 *jutjut 'pull at'
 *kaŋkaŋ 'spread the legs' (only in the Philippines and western Indonesia)
 *bakaŋ 'bow-legged'
 *kaqkaq 'split, torn, with intestines'
 *keŋkeŋ 'rigid, tight'
 *kepkep 'clasp'
 *dakep 'catch'
 *ʃikep 'catch s.t. moving, tight'
 *kiskis 'scrape off'
 *kiʃkiʃ 'grate, file'
 *kudkud 'grate, rasp, scratch out'
 *kañuskus 'fingernail'
 *kuʃkuʃ 'rub, scrape'
 *laplap 'flapping, loose (like skin on newborn)' (only in Paiwan and Philippine languages)
 *mekmek 'fragments'
 *neknek 'gnat, fruit fly'
 *nemnem 'think'
 *palaqpaq 'frond'
 *pejpej 'press together'
 *ququ 'crab'
 *sapsap 'grope'
 *ʃaʃa 'collect palm leaves for thatching'
 *ʃakʃak 'beat, chop'
 *ʃelʃel 'regret'
 *ʃelʃel 'insert, cram in'
 *ʃiʃi 'kind of mollusk'
 *ʃikʃik 'search through thoroughly (as for lice)'
 *ʃuʃu 'breast, teat'
 *ʃuɣʃuɣ 'follow behind'
 *ʃuŋʃuŋ 'go against' (only in the Philippines and western Indonesia)
 *taktak 'fall, drop'
 *tamtam 'smack lips' or taste'
 *taʃtaʃ 'rent, break thread'
 *bútaʃ 'hole'
 *ɣetaʃ 'break through, break open'
 *teʃteʃ 'rip open'
 *tutu 'strike'
 *waqwaq 'channel'
 *witwit 'swinging to and fro'

Sequences which occur as final syllables over a wide area but which cannot be reconstructed as a monosyllabic root
 *buk
 *dabuk 'ashes'
 *dábuk 'beat to pulp'
 *ɣabuk 'pulverized'
 *qabuk 'dust'
 *bun 'dew mist'
 *bun 'heap, stack'
 *subun 'heap, pile'
 *timbun / *tábun (?) 'heap'
 *ɣábun 'fog'
 *buq 'add, increase'
 *tubuq 'grow, shoot'
 *duŋ 'protect, shelter'
 *ket
 *deket 'near'
 *jeket 'stick'
 *ñiket / ñaŋket 'sticky'
 *ñiket 'sticky substance'
 *siket 'tie'
 *kuŋ
 *bekuŋ 'arch'
 *dekuŋ 'bent'
 *leŋkuŋ 'bent'
 *kup
 *aŋkup 'put in cupped hands'
 *tukup 'cover'
 *kut
 *dakut 'take in hand'
 *ɣakut 'tie together'
 *ʃaŋkut 'caught on a hook'
 *laq
 *telaq / *kelaq 'crack' or 'split'
 *belaq 'cleft'
 *liŋ
 *baliŋ 'wind around, turn s.t. around'
 *biliŋ 'turning round'
 *giliŋ 'roll over s.t.'
 *guliŋ 'roll up'
 *paliŋ 'wind around' or 'turn body'
 *liw
 *baliw 'return, go back'
 *ʃaliw 'give in exchange'
 *luʃ 'slip' or 'slippery' or 'smooth'
 *naw
 *línaw 'calm, unroiled'
 *tiqenaw 'clear'
 *ŋaw
 *baŋaw 'bedbug'
 *láŋaw 'fly'
 *tuŋaw 'kind of mite causing itch'
 *ŋet
 *qaŋet 'warm'
 *ʃeŋet 'sharp, stinger'
 *ʃeŋet 'acrid in smell'
 *paɣ 'be flat'
 *dampaɣ / *lampaɣ / *dapaɣ / *lapaɣ 'be flat'
 *sampaɣ 'mat, spread out'
 *puŋ 'cluster, bunch'
 *taɣ
 *dataɣ 'flat area'

See also
 Austronesian personal pronouns
 Austronesian alignment
 Fossilized affixes in Austronesian languages
 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language
 Proto-Philippine language
 Proto-Oceanic language
 Proto-Polynesian language
 Proto-Austroasiatic language
 Proto-Hmong–Mien language
 Proto-Tibeto-Burman language
 Wiktionary:Appendix:Cognate sets for Austronesian languages

References

Sources

Adelaar, A. (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: A historical perspective. In A. Adelaar, & N. P. Himmelmann (Eds.), The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. New York: Routledge. , ,
Bouchard-Côtéa, A., Hallb, D., Griffithsc, T. L., & Kleinb, D. (2012). Automated reconstruction of ancient languages using probabilistic models of sound change , PNAS, December 22, 2012.
 Blust, R. (1999). Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., & Li, P. J-K. (Eds.), Selected Papers From the 8th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Academica Sinica. https://web.archive.org/web/20170409095340/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=280
 Blust, R. A. (2009). The Austronesian Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. .
 Cohen, E. M. K. (1999). Fundaments of Austronesian Roots and Etymology. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
 Greenhill, S. J., Blust. R, & Gray, R. D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283. https://web.archive.org/web/20170503020518/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/
 Wolff, John U. (2010). Proto-Austronesian Phonology with Glossary. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.

Further reading

 Blust, Robert and Stephen Trussel. 2018. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition.
 Dahl, Otto Christian. 1976. Proto-Austronesian (2nd, revised edition). Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series, No. 15. London: Curzon Press.
 Dahl, Otto Christian. 1981. Early phonetic and phonemic changes in Austronesian. Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning.

External links

 Blust, Robert and Trussel, Stephen (work-in-progress), Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (ACD)
 ABVD: Proto-Austronesian (Blust)
 ABVD: Proto-Austronesian (Zorc)
 ABVD: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust)
 ABVD: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Zorc)
 ABVD: Proto-Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian (Blust)
 ABVD: Proto-Central Malayo Polynesian (Blust)
 ABVD: Proto-Oceanic (Blust)
 ABVD: Proto-Oceanic (Pawley)
 ABVD: Proto-Micronesian (Bender)
 ABVD: Proto-Polynesian (Pawley)
Fire Mountain Presents-A Comparison of Austronesian Languages-Foreword

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Billey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Billy-lès-Chanceaux is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Binges () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Bissey-la-Côte () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Bissey-la-Pierre () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Blagny-sur-Vingeanne () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

The Vingeanne river runs through the commune.

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Blaisy-Bas () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Blaisy-Haut () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Arthur J. Berglund (September 4, 1940 – December 19, 2020) was an American ice hockey coach and executive. He won the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1992, and was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2008. His international hockey career spanned around five decades; during that time, he was mostly a manager or part of the administrative staff of over 30 teams from the United States.

Career
Berglund graduated from Colorado College in 1963, where he was the leading scorer. He then had a brief playing career in Austria and Switzerland, after which he permanently moved to the United States. On the advice of William Thayer Tutt, Berglund decided to become a hockey executive, rather than player. He became the manager of the United States National Team from 1973 to 1975. In 1976, he was the general manager of the U.S. Olympic ice hockey team. He became general manager of the team again in 1988. He was the general manager of the U.S. Men's National Team from 1985 to 1991. In 1992, Berglund won the Lester Patrick Trophy for outstanding contributions to ice hockey in the United States. He was named senior director of international administration for USA Hockey in 1996. Berglund was mostly retired from the hockey scene by 2005, but he still served as a consultant for USA Hockey.

Personal life
Berglund resided in Colorado Springs, Colorado with his wife Char. He enjoyed ice skating, hockey and golf as pastimes. After he retired, Berglund admitted to being worried about what to do with his memorabilia, which includes a functional Canadian Hockey Foundation letter opener, a 1957 Detroit Red Wings poster signed by Gordie Howe, Al Arbour and Terry Sawchuk, a poster made for the 1969 ice hockey world championship tournament, which was to be held in Prague but was canceled because of the Soviet invasion, and a Nagano Olympics puck.

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Blancey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Blanot () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Parc naturel régional du Morvan

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Blessey () is a former  commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. On 1 January 2009, Blessey was merged with Saint-Germain-Source-Seine to form the new commune of Source-Seine. Its population was 24 in 2006.

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Populated places disestablished in 2009


Bligny-lès-Beaune (, literally Bligny near Beaune) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

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Jean Dard
Charlotte-Adélaïde Dard

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Luis Antonio Escobar (July 14, 1925 in Villapinzón, Cundinamarca – September 11, 1993 in Miami, Florida) was a Colombian composer and musicologist. He studied at the Bogota Conservatory and then at the Peabody Institute in Maryland. Afterward  he studied in Europe with Boris Blacher. Escobar was the Colombian consul in Bonn, West Germany, from 1967 to 1970 and was cultural attache to the consulate in Miami in 1993. He is survived by his wife, pianist and composer Amparo Ángel.

He was the author, among other works, of Cántica de cantas colombianas (1960), for choir and orchestra, the opera for children La princesa y la arveja (1958), the opera Los hampones (1961), the ballet Avirama (1956) and Epitafio a Jorge Gaitán (1962). Other well known works by Escobar are his Piano Concerti 2 and 3, and Bambuquerías y Preludios.

In 1973 he co-founded El Muro Blanco, a cultural learning center in Bogota, with Andres Holguín. He won the national music prize awarded by Banco de Colombia in 1974. He has been recorded by Colombian ensembles. His work at times incorporated folk and traditional music of Colombia.

Web sources

Colombian composers
Male composers
1925 births
1993 deaths
Colombian musicologists
20th-century composers
20th-century musicologists
20th-century male musicians
Colombian expatriates in the United States
Colombian expatriates in Germany


Bligny-le-Sec () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Places of interest
 A 19th century wash house.
 Saint-Georges church

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bligny-sur-Ouche (, literally Bligny on Ouche) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

History

The history of Bligny is ancient. Its church is an interesting monument to visit (constructed within an old medieval castle) and is dedicated to Saint Germain l'Auxerrois.

The history of the rural community of Bligny is characterized by a specific political organisation to the extent it was under the dual jurisdiction of the Bishop of Autun and the Duke of Burgundy. As a result, it was self-organised from the medieval times and ruled by a local mayor (the position was kept in the same family Le Maire).

Since the 12th century, the village was protected by a regiment of archers which was constituted by all the valid men of the community (the regiment remained faithful to the Duke of Burgundy and was therefore dissolved).

To a certain extent, this regiment still remains through the existence of the Confrérie Saint Sébastien which is a Catholic organisation running charities and involved in the local parish and the local hospital (the Confrérie is composed of around 300 members and has a "batonnier"). The coat of arms of Bligny is a bow by reference to this regiment and the Confrérie de la Saint Sébastien.

The famous writer Michel Tournier has spent much time in Bligny in his childhood (his grandfather held a chemistry) and has written about Bligny-sur-Ouche and Lusigny-sur-Ouche in his book Le vent Paraclet translated in English as The Wind Spirit (his most unsuccessful book!). He notably narrates the intrusion of the Prussians in the 1870s (more anecdotical) and the Germans in the 1940s (notably the dramatic events which occurred in Lusigny at the end of the war).

The history of Bligny-sur-Ouche was written in the early 20th century (well-written and complete book). A few monographs were also published and even a detective story was published recently embarrassing all the various historical and geographical elements of Bligny. However, a real academic history of Bligny still needs to be written. All the references are published on the French version of the article Wikipedia.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Boncourt-le-Bois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bonnencontre () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Boudreville () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France, in which the forest nearby (Le Bois de Fée) has a large population of boar, deer, and other animals. Rumour has it that this area was once inhabited by Gaulish and Roman people. Boudreville became a makeshift hospital during WWW2, where it would receive primarily American and French soldiers. In WW2, it was occupied by the Germans. During this time, Janine Michatlou Garnier reported that all the villagers of Boudreville were aligned and at two fingers from being exterminated by the SS. However, a German officer rushed in his motorcylce and stopped the massacre. Today, Boudreville is a peaceful village .

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bouhey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bouilland () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Giani Liviu Negoiţă (born 8 May 1977) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played for teams such as Petrolul Ploiești, Astra Ploiești and FC Argeș Pitești, among others.

External links

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Brașov
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC Petrolul Ploiești players
FC Astra Giurgiu players
FC Argeș Pitești players
FC Unirea Urziceni players
CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț players
CS Mioveni players
Romanian football managers


Bouix () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bourberain () is a commune situated in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bousselange () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Névache (;  ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Geography
It is situated in the Vallée de la Clarée.

Climate
Névache has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average annual temperature in Névache is . The average annual rainfall is  with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Névache was  on 30 July 1983; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 15 January 1966.

Administration
 unknown–2014: Georges Pouchot-Rougeblanc
 2014–2020: Jean-Louis Chevalier
 2020–2026: Claudine Morrier-Chretien

Population

Economy
In the winter months cross-country skiing is a popular activity. Other than tourism the main industry is cattle farming.

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Neffes (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Boussenois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Moydans is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Boussey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Motte-en-Champsaur is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Boux-sous-Salmaise () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Montgardin () is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Adventure Florida is a children's BBC television programme and is broadcast on the CBBC channel in which four British children, chosen from 16,000 applicants, join four American children for the ultimate Florida adventure and four US children take part in a summer camp in Florida at which they learn about environmental issues and saving the world's wildlife from extinction. They also learn about how animals live and the difficulties they face in life. The 8 children and the adults stayed together at Mzinga Lodge.

The necklace
Each day there is a different topic like reptiles and a different word for the day such as confidence or teamwork. Whoever the team leaders think has achieved the word for the day gets to wear the necklace and enjoy a special experience (linked with the topic of the day) with someone of their choice. These are experience are incredibly unique and are often once in a lifetime experience. If two people win the necklace then they both have the special experience.

Participants

Kids from the United States

Kids from the United Kingdom

Team Leaders
Kelly Deidring and Bill Street (both from Tampa).  Kelly was previously on the Animal Planet show King of the Jungle, where she won this competition.  Bill is the Director of Education at Busch Gardens.

Episodes

External links

2000s British children's television series
2008 British television series debuts
2008 British television series endings
BBC children's television shows
English-language television shows
Television series about children


Montbrand () is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Bouze-lès-Beaune (, literally Bouze near Beaune) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Monêtier-les-Bains (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Geography
Le Monêtier-les-Bains is the highest village of the French ski resort of Serre Chevalier at 1,500m. It is situated in the Guisane Valley. Le Monêtier-Les-Bains has two hot-water springs, one at  and one at , and the village has been a thermal spa since Roman times. The village is on the periphery of the Ecrins National Park.

Climate
Le Monêtier-les-Bains has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average annual temperature in Le Monêtier-les-Bains is . The average annual rainfall is  with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Le Monêtier-les-Bains was  on 3 August 1947; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 10 January 1945.

Population

Skiing
Monetier's slopes are a part of the extensive Serre Chevalier ski area. There are 7 chairlifts and 4 drag lifts with the highest skiing in the domain at 2760m.

Thermal baths

Warm water presence in the Monêtier area was already appreciated during the Roman Empire, when the village was known with the name of Stabatio (healing). Between 1715 and the late 19th century Monêtier was renowned for its thermal pools and facilities, which declined during the following century.
From 1999 the new thermal bath of Les grands Bains was opened and, thanks to the following improvement works, Le Monêtier-les-Bains became, again, a popular destination for spa tourism.

Tour de France
The village lies on the Col du Lautaret and is regularly used in the Tour de France. It has featured recently in the tours of 1996, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2008. In the 2011 Tour it was also passed through with about 20 km to go on the 18th stage.

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

External links
Thermal Bath

Communes of Hautes-Alpes
Hautes-Alpes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brain () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Monêtier-Allemont (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Molines-en-Queyras is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Méreuil (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Brazey-en-Morvan is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Manteyer (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2017, it had a population of 429. Its inhabitants are called Manteyards in French.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Brazey-en-Plaine () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lettret (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Brémur-et-Vaurois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Laye is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Lardier-et-Valença is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Bressey-sur-Tille (, literally Bressey on Tille) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Deutscher Schachbund (DSB) was founded in Leipzig on 18 July, 1877. When the next meeting took place in the Schützenhaus on 15 July 1879, sixty-two clubs had become member of the chess federation. Hofrat Rudolf von Gottschall became Chairman and Hermann Zwanziger the General Secretary. Twelve players participated in the master tournament of Leipzig 1879.

Masters' Tournament

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! # !!Year !!City !! Winner
|-
| 1 || 1879 || Leipzig ||  /  Czech Silesia
|-
| 2 || 1881 || Berlin ||  /
|-
| 3 || 1883 || Nuremberg ||  /
|-
| 4 || 1885 || Hamburg ||  /
|-
| 5 || 1887 || Frankfurt ||  /
|-
| 6 || 1889 || Breslau ||  /  Prussian Silesia
|-
| 7 || 1892 || Dresden ||  /  Prussian Silesia
|-
| 8 || 1893 || Kiel ||  /    /
|-
| 9 || 1894 || Leipzig ||  /  Prussian Silesia
|-
| 10 || 1896 || Eisenach ||  /
|-
| 11 || 1898 || Cologne ||  /
|-
| 12 || 1900 || Munich ||  /    /    /
|-
| 13 || 1902 || Hannover ||  /
|-
| 14 || 1904 || Coburg ||  /    /    /
|-
| 15 || 1906 || Nuremberg ||  /
|-
| 16 || 1908 || Düsseldorf ||  /
|-
| 17 || 1910 || Hamburg ||  /
|-
| 18 || 1912 || Breslau ||  /    /
|-
| 19 || 1914 || Mannheim ||  /
|-
| 20 || 1920 || Berlin ||  /
|-
| 21 || 1921 || Hamburg ||  /
|-
| 22 || 1922 || Oeynhausen ||  /
|-
| 23 || 1923 || Frankfurt ||  /
|-
| 24 || 1925 || Breslau ||  /
|-
| 25 || 1926 || Dresden ||  /
|-
| 26 || 1927 || Magdeburg ||  /
|-
| 27 || 1929 || Duisburg ||  /
|-
| 28 || 1931 || Swinemünde ||  /    /
|-
| 29 || 1932 || Bad Ems ||  /
|}

Hauptturnier A

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! # !!Year !!City !! Winner
|-
| 1 || 1879 || Leipzig || –
|-
| 2 || 1881 || Berlin ||  /
|-
| 3 || 1883 || Nuremberg ||  /  Prussian Silesia
|-
| 4 || 1885 || Hamburg ||  /
|-
| 5 || 1887 || Frankfurt ||  /
|-
| 6 || 1889 || Breslau ||  /  East Brandenburg
|-
| 7 || 1892 || Dresden ||  /
|-
| 8 || 1893 || Kiel ||  /
|-
| 9 || 1894 || Leipzig ||  /
|-
| 10 || 1896 || Eisenach ||  /
|-
| 11 || 1898 || Cologne ||  /
|-
| 12 || 1900 || Munich ||  /
|-
| 13 || 1902 || Hannover ||  /
|-
| 14 || 1904 || Coburg ||  /
|-
| 15 || 1906 || Nuremberg ||  /
|-
| 16 || 1908 || Düsseldorf ||  /
|-
| 17 || 1910 || Hamburg ||  /
|-
| 18 || 1912 || Breslau ||  /
|-
| 19 || 1914 || Mannheim ||  /
|}

See also
Silesian Chess Congress
German Chess Championship
List of strong chess tournaments

References

Chess competitions
Chess in Germany
1879 establishments in Germany


Lagrand () is a former commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Garde-Colombe.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Former communes of Hautes-Alpes


Laragne-Montéglin (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Geography

Climate
Laragne-Montéglin has a mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Laragne-Montéglin is . The average annual rainfall is  with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Laragne-Montéglin was  on 26 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 18 December 2010.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Bretenière () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Geography

Climate
Bretenière has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Bretenière is . The average annual rainfall is  with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around .

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jarjayes (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Bretigny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Haute-Beaume (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Les Infournas (Vivaro-Alpine: Infornats) is a former commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. Since 2013 it is part of the commune Saint-Bonnet-en-Champsaur.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Former communes of Hautes-Alpes


Guillestre (; Vivaro-Alpine: Guilhèstra) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Geography
The village lies in the northwestern part of the commune, on the left bank of the Chagne, a stream, tributary of the Guil, which forms all of the commune's northern border, before flowing into the Durance, which forms part of the commune's western border.
The village also lies high within the alps of France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes
Hautes-Alpes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Glaizil (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. It is famous for hosting the ruins of the castle of the Duke of Lesdiguières, Constable of France in the 17th century.

Population

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Brianny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brion-sur-Ource (, literally Brion on Ource) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Geography
The Ource forms part of the commune's western border, then flows north-northeast through the northern part of the commune, where it crosses the village.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Broin () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Broindon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Buncey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bure-les-Templiers () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Busseaut () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Busserotte-et-Montenaille () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The 1995 FIVB Volleyball World League was the sixth edition of the annual men's international volleyball tournament, played by 12 countries from 19 May to 9 July 1995. The Final Round was held in Rio de Janeiro (Main) and Belo Horizonte (Sub), Brazil.

Pools composition

Intercontinental round

Pool A

Pool B

Pool C

Final round

Pool play
Teams from the same pool of Intercontinental Round will not play.

Venue:  Mineirinho Arena, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Venue:  Ginásio do Maracanãzinho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Finals
Venue:  Ginásio do Maracanãzinho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3rd place match

Final

Final standing

Awards

Final round
Best scorer:  Dmitriy Fomin
Best spiker:  Gilson Bernardo
Best blocker:  Pasquale Gravina
Best server:  Gilson Bernardo

Intercontinental round
Best scorer:  Rafael Pascual
Best spiker:  Osvaldo Hernández
Best blocker:  Oleg Shatunov
Best server:  Lyubomir Ganev

External links
1995 World League results
Sports123

1995
FIVB World League
Volleyball
1995 in Brazilian sport


Bussières () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Bussière-sur-Ouche (, literally La Bussière on Ouche) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bussy-la-Pesle () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bussy-le-Grand () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Personalities
Jean-Andoche Junot, a general under Napoleon was born in the village. The Château de Bussy-Rabutin, home of the 17th-century courtier and writer Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy, is located within the commune.

The American painter Douglas Gorsline (1913-1985) lived in the village for twenty years.

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Buxerolles is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Censerey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Cessey-sur-Tille (, literally Cessey on Tille) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chaignay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chailly-sur-Armançon (, literally Chailly on Armançon) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chambain () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chambeire () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chamblanc () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


This is a list of railway stations in Essex, a county in the East of England. It includes all railway stations that are part of the National Rail network, and which currently have timetabled train services. The Central line of the London Underground and Heritage railway stations within Essex are not listed.

Rail operators
The main operator in the county is Greater Anglia, operated by Abellio and Mitsui. They operate services from Liverpool Street in London to all parts of the county, including commuter services within Essex, and longer distance services to Norwich and Peterborough. Greater Anglia also operate the Stansted Express service from London to Stansted Airport. The other major operators in Essex are c2c, a subsidiary of Trenitalia, who operate services from London's Fenchurch Street to Southend-on-Sea, and the Elizabeth line, operated by MTR Corporation for Transport for London, who operate services from Reading via central London to Shenfield. The Arriva subsidiary CrossCountry operate long-distance services from the West Midlands to Stansted Airport. CrossCountry also serve Audley End.

Stations
The following table lists the name of each station, along with (where known) the year it first opened and the local authority in whose area the station lies. The table also shows the train operators who currently serve each station, and the final two columns give information on the number of passengers using each station in recent years, as collated by the Office of Rail Regulation, a Government body. The figures are based on ticket sales, and are given to the nearest 100.

See also
 List of London Underground stations
 Closed London Underground stations
 List of railway stations in Kent

Footnotes

  moved in 1869 to accommodate through running of trains to Bishops Stortford. The site of the original station became a goods yard.
 Southend Central was rebuilt in 1889, and enlarged in 1899.

References

External links
 National Rail Enquiries

Essex

Railway stations


Chambœuf () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chamesson () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Champagne-sur-Vingeanne (, literally Champagne on Vingeanne) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

The Vingeanne river runs through the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sampo is a Finnish icebreaker built in 1960 in Helsinki and now stationed in Kemi.

History
The Sampo has a long and distinguished service record. The massive vessel, which was completed in 1961, was built to operate in extreme arctic conditions. In the northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia it kept lanes free for shipping for nearly 30 years. Its predecessor of the same name (1898–1960) was the first icebreaker in Europe with a propeller in the bow and stern. The ship is now used for tourist cruises.

The town of Kemi bought Sampo from the National Board of Navigation in the year 1987. The price of the vessel was 19 pennies per kilogram  i.e. 1 million Finnish Mark (about €167 000 ). Just by making a purchase decision Sampo got the Finnish Tourist Boards reward of Best Tourism Product of the year 1987.

Sampo in tourism
During the late winter 1988 Sampo started its career in tourism. Sampo made its first cruise 14.4.1988 with foreign and domestic media. In the year 1989 Sampo had 1000 passengers and in 1994 the record was 6000 passengers. While doing tourist cruises Sampo also kept lanes free for shipping in the northern Gulf of Bothnia.

The home port of Sampo is Ajos in Kemi. During the summer time Sampo stays in its home port but  during the wintertime it makes tourist cruises in the Gulf of Bothnia. During the cruise tourists have the chance to go down from the icebreaker and float in the sea dressed in arctic rescue dry suits. They can also participate in the guided ship tour and to get to know the icebreaker from the engine room to the bridge. Sampo can take 150 passengers at a time. Yearly Sampo takes about 10000 tourists on cruises, and in total there have been passengers from over 50 countries.

External links

Icebreaker Sampo
 Video Clips of Sampo
 Video: Trip to Sampo Icebreaker

Icebreakers of Finland
Ships built in Helsinki
1960 ships
Kemi


Champagny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Champ-d'Oiseau () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Champdôtre () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Champeau-en-Morvan is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Champignolles () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Champrenault () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chanceaux () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Chanceaux is located 5 kilometers from the source of the Seine.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Channay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Charencey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


The  is a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship owned by the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion. "IWGP" is the acronym of NJPW's governing body, the . The championship was created on March 1, 2021 by the unification of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship,and the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. The current champion is Sanada, who is in his first reign.

History

In 2019, when he was IWGP Intercontinental Champion, Tetsuya Naito declared his intention of making history by becoming the first to hold the IWGP Heavyweight Championship and the Intercontinental Championship at the same time. By the end of the year, Jay White, who had won the Intercontinental Championship from Naito, and Kota Ibushi, who was the next challenger for the Heavyweight Championship, also expressed the same desire. After a fan vote, it was decided that Naito, White, Ibushi, and Heavyweight Champion Kazuchika Okada would compete at Wrestle Kingdom 14 on January 4–5, 2020, where one would end up with both titles. Naito achieved the feat to become the first "Double Champion" and the two titles were defended together since (apart from one time). During 2020, Naito said his original intention was for the titles to be defended separately. He requested for this, or otherwise for the titles to be unified, but no change happened.

After Ibushi won the titles from Naito at Wrestle Kingdom 15 on January 4, 2021, he expressed his desire for the titles to be unified. On March 1, 2021, with Ibushi still champion, the unification of the titles to create the new IWGP World Heavyweight Championship was officially announced, with Ibushi as the inaugural World Heavyweight Champion. After the announcement, Ibushi, who was scheduled to face El Desperado at the NJPW 49th Anniversary Show on March 4, 2021 in a non-title match, requested for the match to be for the Double Championship. His request was granted with the title unification delayed until after the match, of which the winner would be final Double Champion and, therefore, the inaugural World Heavyweight Champion. Ibushi won the match.

With the announcement of the new championship was the announcement of a new championship belt. Until the new belt was ready, Ibushi continued to hold the old IWGP Heavyweight and IWGP Intercontinental Championship belts. The new belt was eventually revealed and presented to the champion Ibushi in a presentation ceremony on March 30, 2021. Its design incorporated the past belt designs of the two old titles.

Reigns

As of  , , there have been seven reigns shared among six wrestlers with one vacancy. Kota Ibushi was the inaugural champion, had the shortest reign at 31 days, and is also the oldest champion, winning the title at 38 years and 255 days old. Kazuchika Okada has most reigns with two. Will Ospreay was the youngest at 28. Shingo Takagi had the longest reign at 211 days and three successful title defenses.

Combined reigns

As of   , .

References

External links
 Championship history on official website
 Championship history on official website

New Japan Pro-Wrestling championships
World heavyweight wrestling championships


Charigny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Charny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

History
On 16 September 1911, Edouard Nieuport, racing pilot and airplane designer, dies a day after an airplane accident while landing at the Military Aerodrome in Charny in bad weather.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villar-Saint-Pancrace (, also known as Grand Villar or le Villar; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Villar-Loubière (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Geography

Climate
Villar-Loubière has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average annual temperature in Villar-Loubière is . The average annual rainfall is  with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Villar-Loubière was  on 25 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 6 February 2012.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Villar-d'Arêne (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France, between Grenoble and Briançon. It is in the French Alps, in Massif des Écrins. Near this village located in the Romanche valley, there is La Grave and Col du Lautaret. The access of the valley and its communes is departmental route 1091 (ex-national route 91) (Grenoble – Le Bourg-d'Oisans – Briançon).

Climate

Population

Sights
mountains as Massif des Ecrins, La Meije
Écrins National Park
Jardin botanique alpin du Lautaret
Tradition of boiled bread ("pain bouilli" or "pain noir"), a rye bread made with boiled water, in village's oven

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Charrey-sur-Saône (, literally Charrey on Saône) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

In October 2016, Charrey-sur-Saône hit the international headlines as one of the first Côte-d'Or villages to be used for the disbursement of refugees and economic migrants from the Calais Jungle.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Les Vigneaux (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Veynes (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. It developed largely as a minor rail hub, at the crossing of two lines.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Charrey-sur-Seine (, literally Charrey on Seine) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Ventavon is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

External links
Ventavon website

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Chassey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Valserres (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Communes of Hautes-Alpes


Châtellenot () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vallouise (; Vivaro-Alpine: Vau Loïsa) is a former commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Vallouise-Pelvoux.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Former communes of Hautes-Alpes


Chaudenay-la-Ville () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chaudenay-le-Château () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chaugey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


La Chaume () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chaume-et-Courchamp () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chaume-lès-Baigneux (, literally Chaume near Baigneux) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Manuel Jorge de Elías (born June 5, 1939) is a Mexican composer and conductor. He initially studied under his father, composer Alfonso de Elías, and then studied under Marie and Karlheinz Stockhausen. He was the founder of the Music Institute at the University of Veracruz, which was established in 1975. In 1988, he founded the Jalisco Philharmonic Orchestra. He directed the Las Rosas Conservatory in Morelian in 1990-91. In 1992 he was awarded the National Prize for Arts and Sciences of Mexico.

He has produced 175 scores. Many of his works make use of serialism and images or graphics in the scores. His Mictlán-Tlatelolco was dedicated to the victims of the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City.

He conducted the premiere of Alex Panamá's guitar concerto, Destellos de una Vida.

Selected works
Concierto de cámara for Viola, Percussion and String Orchestra (1992)
Elegía for Viola and Piano (1962)
Vitral 1 for chamber orchestra
Vitral 3 for Orchestra
Divertimento for Drum kit
Aphorismus 1 for Choir a capella
Aphorismus 3 for solo Flute
Preludio (Pieza de cámara No.1) for Viola Solo (1962)
Preludio for Viola Solo (1976)
Sonate 1 for Piano
Sonate 2 for Piano
Sonate 3 for Trumpet, trombone, and horn
Sonate 4 for Orchestra

References
Ricardo Miranda-Perez. "Manuel de Elias". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians online.

External links
Academia de Artes

Mexican male classical composers
Mexican classical composers
1939 births
Living people


Chaumont-le-Bois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Geography

Chaumont-le-Bois covers 7.5 km2 between 216 and 393 meters above sea level. Located at an average altitude of 228 meters, the Fontainotte brook is the main watercourse of the village.

History

Antiquity
With the neighboring village of Obtrée, Chaumont-le-Bois is a stopover on the ancient road coming from Mont Lassois heading northeast.

Middle Ages
From the 14th century, the village lives almost exclusively from the vine. It is believed that the settlement was located at the height of the valley on the site of the present cemetery. The seigniory seems essentially secular; of the old castle, only one dovecote remains.

Modern Times
On the eve of the Revolution when the population was around 500 inhabitants, the present church destroyed at the end of the 17th century is rebuilt below.

In 1811, Napoleon's land registry records 170 hectares of vines in the commune. After the phylloxera crisis that affected the region in the last decade of the 19th century, these were uprooted. Vine cultivation only resumed in 1987.

Economy
The economy of Chaumont-le-Bois is linked to the exploitation of the forest (sawmill) and the culture of the vine (Pinot noir and Chardonnay) for the Crémant du Châtillonnais production (vineyard in AOC Crémant de Bourgogne).

Tourism
"Floral village": participation in the bloom competition of towns and villages. Current award: 2 flowers.
Chaumont-le-Bois is a stopover on the route du Crémant, there is a vineyard and it's winemaker's museum .
Path of the Picherelle.
The Fontainotte park where you can find some games for the children and picnic places. There is also a short path along the Fontainotte stream.

Administration
The first mayor was elected in 1793, this table shows only the mayors from 1945 onwards.

Coat of arms

An azure background with three golden oak leaves.

Population

Local Culture & Heritage

Sites and Monuments
St. Martin's Church built in 1787.
Little castle of the lords of Chaumont-le-Bois and its dovecote near the Fontainotte stream.

Personalities
 Godelieve Rosselle to whom Willem Vermandere (Belgian singer) dedicated his song: La belle Rosselle (sung in Flemish).

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Bibliography

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Chaux is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or