The Italian Catholic diocese of Cariati, in Calabria, existed until 1979. In that year it was united into the archdiocese of Rossano-Cariati. The diocese was a suffragan of the archdiocese of Santa Severina, and then of the archdiocese of Reggio Calabria. In 2001, it became a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano.

History
It has been claimed that the first bishop of Cariati mentioned in history is Menecrates, who was present at the Synod of Rome in 499. The list of bishops attending tha first Roman synod, however, contains neither the name Menecrades nor the diocese Cariatensis. Neither name nor diocese appears in the subscription list of the third Roman synod, held in October 501; or in the fourth, held in November. At the fifth synod, held in 503, with 218 bishops in attendance, many of them from the Greek east, the name "Menecrates Caryssensis" does appear. He subscribes after the bishops of Tripolis and Gabala, and immediately before the bishop of Sardis. It is more likely that he is the bishop of the well-known Carystus, than that he is the bishop of a putative Cariati.

Pope Gregory I, it is claimed, mentioned Cariati in a letter to the Bishop of Reggio. In 595, Pope Gregory I wrote to Bishop Boniface of Reggio Calabria, ordering him to hasten to fill the vacaancy in the diocese of "Carinensis". This is the diocese of Carini, a suffragan of Reggio, not Cariati.

According to some, during the eleventh or twelfth century the diocese of Cerenza (Geruntia, Gerenza) was united to Cariati, though it is only in 1342 that mention is made of a Bishop of Cariati and Cerenza. The bishop of Cerenza, Polychronius, with the cooperation of Archbishop Constantine of Santa Severina, rebuilt the monastery of S. Maria in Altilia, which was endowed by Duke Roger of Apulia (1099).

Among the bishops of Cerenza was the Cistercian Matteo (attested as bishop in 1234), who was the first successor of Joachim da Fiore as Abbot of San Giovanni di Fiore, in 1202.

Foundation
The diocese of Cariati was canonically erected by Pope Eugenius IV in 1445, and immediately united aeque principaliter with the diocese of Cerenza. Its territory had formerly belonged to the archdiocese of Rossano. The cathedral of Cariati is dedicated to S. Michele Archangelo; and the cathedral of Cerenza to S. Theodore.

A diocesan synod of the diocese of Cariati e Cerenza was held in Cariati on 16–18 March 1726, by Bishop Giovanni Andrea Tria (1720–1726).

The Napoleonic disruption and restoration
From 1802 to 1818 the see of Cerenza e Cariati remained vacant. From 1806–1808, Naples was occupied by the French, and Joseph Bonaparte was made king, after Napoleon had deposed King Ferdinand IV. Joseph Bonaparte was succeeded by Joachim Murat from 1808 until the fall of Napoleon in 1815. Pope Pius VII was a prisoner of Napoleon in France from 1809 to 1815, and was both unable and unwilling to make new episcopal appointments. The French expelled all monks, nuns, and Jesuits from the kingdom, and closed the monasteries and convents; colleges of canons were also closed. Their assets were seized, to be used for "the benefit of the people."

Following the extinction of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, the Congress of Vienna authorized the restoration of the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples. Since the French occupation had seen the abolition of many Church institutions in the Kingdom, as well as the confiscation of most Church property and resources, it was imperative that Pope Pius VII and King Ferdinand IV reach agreement on restoration and restitution. Ferdinand, however, was not prepared to accept the pre-Napoleonic situation, in which Naples was a feudal subject of the papacy. Neither was he prepared to accept the large number of small dioceses in his kingdom; following French intentions, he demanded the suppression of fifty dioceses. Lengthy, detailed, and acrimonious negotiations ensued. On 17 July 1816, King Ferdinand issued a decree, in which he forbade the reception of any papal document without prior reception of the royal exequatur. This meant that prelates could not receive bulls of appointment, consecration, or installation without the king's permission.

A concordat was finally signed on 16 February 1818, and ratified by Pius VII on 25 February 1818. Ferdinand issued the concordat as a law on 21 March 1818. The re-erection of the dioceses of the kingdom and the ecclesiastical provinces took more than three years. The right of the king to nominate the candidate for a vacant bishopric was recognized, as in the Concordat of 1741, subject to papal confirmation (preconisation). On 27 June 1818, Pius VII issued the bull De Ulteriore, in which he reestablished the metropolitan archbishopric of Santa Severina, but with only one suffragan diocese, the diocese of Cariati. The diocese of Belcastro was suppressed completely, and its territory incorporated into the archdiocese of Santa Severina. The diocese of Cerenza, which had been united with the diocese of Cariati aeque principaliter, was suppressed and its territory completely incorporated into the diocese of Cerenza. In addition, the dioceses of Strongoli and Umbriatico, which also had been united aeque principaliter, were both suppressed, and their territories permanently incorporated into the diocese of Cariati.

Bishop Niccola Golia (1839–1873) attended the First Vatican Council in 1869–1870.

Diocesan reorganization
The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), in order to ensure that all Catholics received proper spiritual attention, decreed the reorganization of the diocesan structure of Italy and the consolidation of small and struggling dioceses. It also recommended the abolition of anomalous units such as exempt territorial prelatures.

On 4 April 1979, Pope John Paul II carried out a major reorganization of the ecclesiastical provinces of Campania and Calabria. The towns of Belvedere di Spinello, Caccuri, Carfizzi, Casabona, Castelsilano, Cerenzia, Ciro, Ciro Marina, Crucoli, Melissa, Pallagorio, S. Nicola dell'Alto, Savelli, Strongoli, Umbriatico, and Verzino were removed from the diocese of Cariati and assigned to the diocese of Croton. With its sixteen towns removed, the diocese of Cariati was permanently united aeque principaliter to the archdiocese of Rossano, as Rossano e Cariati.

On 30 September 1986, Pope John Paul II ordered that the dioceses of Rossano e Cariati be merged into one diocese with one bishop, with the Latin title Archidioecesis Rossanensis-Cariatensis. The seat of the diocese was to be in Rossano, and the cathedral of Rossano was to serve as the cathedral of the merged dioceses. The cathedral in Cariati was to become a co-cathedral, and the cathedral Chapter was to be a Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be only one diocesan Tribunal, in Rossano, and likewise one seminary, one College of Consultors, and one Priests' Council. The territory of the new diocese was to include the territory of the former dioceses of Rossano and Cariati.  However, the united diocese was now made a suffragan of the metropolitan archdiocese of Reggio-Bova.

This situation changed again in 2001, when Pope John Paul II further reformed the diocesan structure of Calabria. On 30 January 2001, he ordered that the metropolitan status of the archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano be restored, and that it be assigned as suffragans the dioceses of Rossano-Cariata and Cassano, which were removed from the jurisdiction of the archdiocese of Reggio Calabria.

It is now the Arcidiocesi di Rossano-Cariati.

Bishops of Cariati e Cerenzia
United: 1445 with the Diocese of Cerenzia
Latin Name: Cariatensis et Geruntina
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Santa Severina
assumed title by bishops of Cerenza
Nicolaus (elected 1342)
Hugo
Joannes Fardini, O.P (1372–1391?)
Jacobus
Gerardus
Guillelmus (1394–1420)
Tommaso Rubeus (Rossi) (1420–1429)
Guillelmus de Podio (1429–1437)
official title
Giovanni de Volta (1437–1481)
Petrus de Sonnino (1481–1489)
Franciscus (1489–1500)
Girolamo Candido, O.F.M. (20 Nov 1500 – 1504 Died)
Bishop-elect Francesco Dentice  (7 Mar 1504 – 1505 Died)
Martino de Lignano, O.P. (6 Oct 1505 – 1506 Died)
Giovanni Sarsali  (21 Aug 1506 – )
Antonio Ercolano  (21 May 1520 – 1528 Resigned)
Tommaso Cortesi  (16 Jan 1529 – 3 Mar 1533 Appointed, Bishop of Vaison)
Taddeo Pepoli, O.S.B.  (3 Mar 1533 – 15 Jan 1535 Appointed, Bishop of Carinola)
Juan Canuti  (15 Jan 1535 – 1545 Died)
Marco Antonio Falconi  (17 Apr 1545 – 1556 Died)
Federico Fantuzzi  (5 Jul 1557 – 1561 Died)
Alessandro Crivelli  (10 Mar 1561 – 23 Jan 1568 Resigned)
Pietro Giacomo Malombra  (23 Jan 1568 – 1573 Resigned)
Sebastiano Maffo (9 Mar 1573 – 1576 Died)
Giovanni Battista Ansaldo  (24 Oct 1576 – 1578 Died)
Tarquinio Prisco  (14 Nov 1578 – 1585 Died)
Cesare Nardo, O.F.M. Conv.  (9 Sep 1585 – 1586 Died)
Properzio Resta, O.F.M. Conv.  (5 Nov 1586 – 6 May 1601 Died)
Filippo Gesualdo, O.F.M. Conv.  (15 Apr 1602 – 1619 Died)
Maurizio Ricci  (8 Apr 1619 – 1627 Died)
Lorenzo Fei  (29 Nov 1627 – Aug 1631 Died)
Francesco Gonzaga, C.R. (21 Feb 1633 – 17 Dec 1657 Appointed, Bishop of Nola)
Agazio di Somma  (13 Jan 1659 – 28 Apr 1664 Appointed, Bishop of Catanzaro)
Girolamo Barzellini  (21 Jul 1664 – 8 Apr 1688 Died)
Sebastiano Delli Frangi  (9 Aug 1688 – Oct 1714 Died)
Bartolomeo Porzio  (6 Apr 1718 – Nov 1719 Died)
Giovanni Andrea Tria (seniore)  (4 Mar 1720 – 23 Dec 1726 Appointed, Bishop of Larino)
Marco Antonio Raimundi  (23 Dec 1726 – 22 Sep 1732)
Carlo Ronchi  (19 Dec 1732 – 9 Jan 1764)
Franciscus Maria Trombini  (9 Apr 1764 – 28 Jul 1785)
Felice Antonio d’Alessandria  (26 Mar 1792 Confirmed –1802)

Bishops of Cariati
Reorganization: 1818
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Santa Severina

Gelasio Serao (4 Jun 1819 Confirmed – 1838 Died)
Niccola Golia (11 Jul 1839 Confirmed – 27 Apr 1873 Died)
Pietro Maglione (15 Jun 1874 – 18 Dec 1876 Appointed, Bishop of Capaccio e Vallo della Lucania)
Giuseppe Antonio Virdia, O.F.M. Conv.  (12 Mar 1877 – 23 Feb 1903 Resigned)
Lorenzo Chieppa (22 Jun 1903 – 23 Jun 1909 Appointed, Bishop of Lucera)
Giovanni Scotti (21 Feb 1911 – 13 Dec 1918 Appointed, Archbishop of Rossano)
Giuseppe Antonio Caruso (10 Mar 1919 – 26 Aug 1927 Appointed, Bishop of Oppido Mamertina)
Eugenio Raffaele Faggiano, C.P. (15 Feb 1936 – 25 Sep 1956 Retired)
Orazio Semeraro (22 Mar 1957 – 30 Apr 1967 Appointed, Coadjutor Archbishop of Brindisi)
Giuseppe Agostino (21 Dec 1973 Appointed - 4 Apr 1979 Resigned)

See also
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cosenza-Bisignano
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rossano-Cariati
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santa Severina
Cerenzia (Roman Catholic Diocese)
List of Catholic dioceses in Italy

Notes

Bibliography

Reference works for bishops
 p. 869. (Use with caution; obsolete)

Studies

Cappelletti, Giuseppe (1870). Le chiese d'Italia: dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni. . Vol. vigesimoprimo (21). Venezia: G. Antonelli. pp. 257-263.
Kehr, Paulus Fridolin (1975). Italia pontificia. Regesta pontificum Romanorum.  Vol. X: Calabria–Insulae.  Berlin: Weidmann.
Taccone-Gallucci, Domenico (1902). Regesti dei Romani pontefici della Calabria.  Roma: Tip. Vaticana, 1902. pp. 427-428.
Torelli, Felice (1848), La chiave del concordato dell'anno 1818.  Vol. I, second edition (Naples: Fibreno 1848)

Cariati


Colonel Sergei Olegovich Tretyakov (Russian: Сергей Олегович Третьяков; 5 October 1956 – 13 June 2010) was a Russian SVR (foreign intelligence) officer, who defected to the United States in October 2000.

Intelligence career
Born 5 October 1956 in Moscow, Tretyakov was a career KGB/SVR officer. Before being posted in New York, he worked in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Starting in 1995, he worked in New York in the position of SVR deputy rezident (station chief) under the diplomatic cover of first secretary at Russia's mission at the United Nations. It was later revealed that Tretyakov was a double agent, passing secrets to Washington, from around 1997.

He was reported to have been close to Sergey Lavrov, Russia's UN mission head.

Defection
In October 2000, Tretyakov disappeared with his wife, daughter, and cat. He told the SVR, in a statement, "My resignation will not harm the interests of the country." It was not until the end of January 2001 that his defection was first reported by the Associated Press. The news was then broken in the Russian media, which reported that Russia's Foreign Ministry was insisting on having a consular meeting with him to make sure he was not being forcibly kept by the US side.

On 10 February 2001, it was revealed, with reference to "several American officials familiar with the case," that the defector "was in fact an officer in the S.V.R., Russia's foreign intelligence service, successor to the Soviet-era K.G.B." The timing of his decision was reportedly partly affected by the death of his mother in 1997, the last close family member still living in Russia the state could threaten.

Upon defection, Tretyakov was debriefed by the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He was given one of the largest US financial packages ever for a foreign defector, over US$2 million, and was resettled, along with his family, with a new name in an unknown location.

Later life
His location has since become known to Russian journalists. Alexey Veselovsky, a TV reporter, interviewed Tretyakov in his house in Florida before he died.

In 2007, Tretyakov and his family were granted US citizenship.

In his interviews published in early 2008, Tretyakov maintained that he had never had any sort of problems when he was in the KGB/SVR service, and he never requested any money from the US government; everything that he had received upon his defection was provided by the US government, on its own initiative.

He also claimed then that the chief motivation for his defection had been his "growing disgust with and contempt for, what was happening in Russia," he said: "I saw with my own eyes what kind of people were governing the country. I arrived at the irrevocable conclusion that to serve those people is immoral, I wanted nothing to do with them." A second motive he mentioned was to provide a better future for his daughter "in a country that has a future."

Book release
In January 2008, Tretyakov gave several interviews to publicize a book of his experiences, Comrade J.: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America after the End of the Cold War, written by journalist Pete Earley. Earley first met Tretyakov through an FBI contact at the Ritz-Carlton in Tysons Corner, Virginia; two FBI agents and two CIA were assigned to Tretyakov as an escort. The SVR responded to the book's release by calling it "self-publicity based on treachery." The book's release in Canada was delayed by the publisher because of legal considerations, namely Tretyakov's accusation that former Progressive Conservative MP Alex Kindy was recruited by an SVR officer at the Russian embassy in Ottawa and paid several times between 1992 and 1993. When promoting his book, Tretyakov said that Russian intelligence was just as active now as in Cold War times, adding that he hoped his book would act as a "wake-up call" to Americans.

Claims
 Azerbaijan's UN ambassador Eldar Kouliev (1994–2000, previously a Soviet diplomat) was "a deep-cover SVR intelligence officer."
 United States Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott was "an extremely valuable intelligence source" who was manipulated by SVR agents to disclose useful information but not a spy.
 Canadian MP Alex Kindy was recruited as a Russian spy.
 KGB chief Vladimir Kryuchkov sent US$50 billion worth of funds of the Communist Party to an unknown location in the lead-up to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
 Raúl Castro was a long-term "special unofficial contact" for SVR.
 "The KGB was responsible for creating the entire nuclear winter story to stop the Pershing II missiles." Tretyakov says that two fraudulent papers about global cooling were commissioned by the KGB but never published, one supposedly by physicist Kirill Kondratyev about dust storms in the Karakum Desert, the other supposedly by climatologist Georgii Golitsyn and mathematicians Nikita Moiseyev and Vladimir Alexandrov about dust storms after a nuclear war. Tretyakov says that the KGB distributed fake findings to "their contacts in peace, anti-nuclear, disarmament, and environmental organisations in an effort to get these groups to publicize the propagandists' script." and "targeted" the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences journal, Ambio, which carried a key article on the topic, "The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon," in 1982.
 Tretyakov says that from 1979, the KGB wanted to prevent the US from deploying Pershing missiles in Western Europe and, directed by Yuri Andropov, they used the Soviet Peace Committee, a government organization, to organize and finance  demonstrations in Europe against US bases.
 Two chiefs of Vladimir Putin's Federal Protection Service (FSO), Viktor Zolotov and General Murov, discussed how to kill the former director of Yeltsin's administration Alexander Voloshin. They also made "a list of politicians and other influential Muscovites whom they would need to assassinate to give Putin unchecked power." However, since the list was very long, Zolotov allegedly announced, "There are too many. It's too many to kill – even for us." An SVR officer who told about that story felt "uneasy" because FSO includes 20,000 troops and controls the "black box" that can be used in the event of nuclear war.
 A claim about privately owned nuclear weapons. Tretyakov described a meeting with two Russian businessman representing a state-created Chetek corporation in 1991. They came up with a fantastic project of destroying large quantities of chemical wastes collected from Western countries at the island of Novaya Zemlya (a test place for Soviet nuclear weapons) using an underground nuclear blast. The project was rejected by Canadian representatives, but one of the businessmen told Tretyakov that he keeps his own nuclear bomb at his dacha outside Moscow. Tretyakov thought that man was insane, but the "businessman" (Vladimir K. Dmitriev) replied, "Do not be so naive. With economic conditions the way they are in Russia today, anyone with enough money can buy a nuclear bomb. It's no big deal really."
 Disinformation over the Internet. He often sent SVR officers to branches of New York Public Library where they got access to the Internet without anyone knowing their identity. They placed propaganda and disinformation to various web sites and sent it in e-mails to US broadcasters.

Death and allegations of foul play
Although Tretyakov died on June 13, 2010, his death was not announced until July 9, 2010. Tretyakov's wife cited cardiac arrest  as the probable cause of death and strongly denied the foul play speculations voiced in the media but called his death quite unexpected. According to the Florida medical examiner's report, Tretyakov died after choking to death on a piece of meat; a cancerous tumor was also found in his colon.

Some Russian commentators construed Russia's Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's comments about the ultimate fate that is bound to befall "traitors" made on July 24, 2010, while he was talking to reporters about the members of the 'Illegals Program', as a thinly veiled allusion to Tretyakov's death.

See also
 Mitrokhin Archive

References

External links
 Comrade J Epilogue
 After Words with Pete Earley and Sergei Tretyakov
 Former Russian Spy Tells All - The Leonard Lopate Show
 SVR Col. Sergei Tretyakov
 Russia denounces allegations by spy defector in U.S. book

1956 births
2010 deaths
KGB officers
Russian defectors
Double agents
Military personnel from Moscow
People with acquired American citizenship
Russian emigrants to the United States


The Solidarity Party (Hizb Al-Tadamon Al-Lubnany; Arabic:حزب التضامن اللبناني) is a Lebanese political party established in 1985 and by Emile Rahme and part of the March 8 Alliance. It had one seat in the 2009 Lebanese elections. Emile Rahme, who was in 2000 an external candidate in Bsharri District, was elected deputy for the Maronite seat of Baalbek-Hermel District in 2009. In 2018 and again in 2022, he lost his seat to the Lebanese Forces candidate Antoine Habchi.

In 1986 and till now, it is an active member in the Maronite Union. Rahme is also considered an active member in the National Christian Union Committee since 2008.

References

 Jean-Marc Aractingi, La Politique à mes trousses, Editions l'Harmattan, Paris, 2006, Lebanon Chapter ().

Catholic political parties
Christian political parties in Lebanon
March 8 Alliance
Political parties in Lebanon
Lebanese Maronites


André Parmentier (29 May 1876 – 17 September 1939) was a French sport shooter who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics and at the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sauveterre de Guyenne, Gironde. In 1908 he was a member of the French team which won the bronze medal in the team free rifle competition. He also finished fourth with the French team in the team military rifle event. In the 1908 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 300 metre free rifle - eighth place
 moving target small-bore rifle - tenth place
 disappearing target small-bore rifle - 21st place

Twelve years later he won the silver medal as member of the French team in the team 300 metre military rifle, prone competition. In the 1920 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 Team 300 and 600 metre military rifle, prone - fourth place
 Team 50 metre small-bore rifle - fifth place
 Team 300 metre military rifle, standing - fifth place
 Team 600 metre military rifle, prone - fifth place
 Team free rifle - seventh place
 300 metre free rifle, three positions - place unknown
 50 metre small-bore rifle - result unknown

References

External links
André Parmentier's profile at databaseOlympics

1876 births
1939 deaths
French male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for France
Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for France
Olympic bronze medalists for France
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics


Ruslan Ivanov (born 18 December 1973 in Chişinău) is a former Moldovan road bicycle racer.

Palmares

1997
National Road Championships
1st  Time trial
1st  Road race
 1st Coppa Collecchio
 2nd, Overall, Baby Giro
1998
National Road Championships
1st  Time trial
1st  Road race
 1st, GP d'Europe (with Massimo Cigana)
2000
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
 1st, Giro di Toscana
2001
 1st, Overall, Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
 Winner Stages 2 & 3
 1st, Stage 2, Giro del Trentino
 2nd, Overall, Regio-Tour
 Winner Stage 2b
National Road Championships
2nd Time trial
3rd Road race
 10th, Tirreno–Adriatico
2002
 1st, GP Lugano
 1st, Stage 5, Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
 1st, Stage 4, Settimana Lombarda
 5th, Tirreno–Adriatico
2003
 1st, Stage 5, Vuelta a Andalucía
 1st, Stage 5, Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
 1st, Stage 2, Giro d'Abruzzo
 1st, Stage 3, Brixia Tour
2008
 1st, Tour de Langkawi

External links

Moldovan male cyclists
1973 births
Living people
Olympic cyclists for Moldova
Cyclists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
20th-century Moldovan people
21st-century Moldovan people


Rue Saint-Denis is one of the oldest streets in Paris. Its route was first laid out in the 1st century by the Romans, and then extended to the north in the Middle Ages. From the Middle Ages to the present day, the street has been notorious as a place of prostitution. Its name derives from it being the historic route to Saint-Denis.

The street extends as far as the 1st arrondissement and Rue de Rivoli to the south and as far as the 2nd arrondissement and the boulevard Saint-Denis to the north. It runs parallel to the boulevard de Sébastopol.

History
The ancient Roman route (Flanders road) leading to Saint-Denis, Pontoise and Rouen competed with the "route de Senlis" (see rue Saint-Martin) but gained an advantage over it with the demolition of the Grand Pont (see Pont au Change) and the development of the royal abbey of Saint-Denis, becoming the triumphal way for royal entries into the capital.

Flanked by houses from 1134 onwards, the street has borne the alternative names of Sellerie de Paris and Sellerie de la Grande Rue (13th century), grand'rue de Paris, grande rue or rue des Saints Innocents, and grant chaussée de Monsieur / Monseigneur Saint-Denis (14th century). During the French Revolution, it was known as the rue de Franciade.

The street was one of the centres of the June Rebellion of 1832, immortalised in Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables, and which is referred to in the book as the "Epic of the Rue Saint-Denis".

Activities
The neighborhood around the rue Saint-Denis is now above all made up of sex shops, with the part situated between rue Réaumur and boulevard Saint-Denis notorious as a place of prostitution. The street also contains some clothes shops, bars and restaurants, as well as the church of Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles, a bank, and the Chambre des notaires building.

Famous buildings
 n° 60 (corner of rue de la Cossonnerie) : Remains of the Cour Batave, a collection of buildings constructed for Dutch speculators by Jean-Nicolas Sobre and Célestin-Joseph Happe in 1790, one of Paris's first examples of private housing development.
 n° 92 : Église Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles
 n° 142 (corner of rue Grénéta) : House built in 1732 by Jacques-Richard Cochois for Claude Aubry.  Attached to it is the "fontaine Greneta", rebuilt at the same time as the house, but whose original dates back to at least 1502.
 n°s 224–226 : Maison des Dames de Saint-Chaumont (Couvent des Filles de l'Union chrétienne), established in 1685 in a hôtel de Saint-Chaumond, of which nothing survives except its name in the name of the community.  The nuns had constructed 1734–1735 by Jacques Hardouin-Mansart de Sagonne a lodge which has been conserved (but raised up), a building of exceptional quality decorated by Nicolas Pineau.  It is the only survivor of the many pious or charitable establishments built along rue Saint-Denis.  Its simple entrance is next to boulevard de Sébastopol and a garden extends between the building and the street. In the corner of rue de Tracy could be found the covent's chapel, built in 1782 by Pierre Convers in the ancient style but now lost.
 At the end of rue Saint-Denis, at the intersection of the grands Boulevards, can be found the porte Saint-Denis. Rue Saint-Denis then extends out into what was medieval Paris's faubourg by the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis

References

External links

  Raid November 18th, 2015

Saint-Denis
Saint-Denis
Roman Paris
Red-light districts in France


Bosquel (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bosquel is situated on the D920 road, less than a mile from the A16 autoroute, some  south of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department
Raymond Couvègnes

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The Pechora–Kama Canal (), or sometimes the Kama–Pechora Canal, was a proposed canal intended to link the basin of the Pechora River in the north of European Russia with the basin of the Kama, a tributary of the Volga. Completion of this project would integrate the Pechora into the system of waterways of European Russia, centered on the Volga – something that was of importance before the advent of railways, or before the first railway reached the Pechora in the 1940s. Later the project was proposed mostly to transfer Pechora's water to the Volga and further on to the Caspian Sea.

19th century proposals
In the 19th century, communication between the Kama and the Pechora was conducted mostly over a 40-km portage road between Cherdyn and Yaksha. There was also an option to use very small boats that could go up the uppermost reaches of Kama and Pechora tributaries, and cart the goods over the 4 km portage remaining. Poor river and road conditions made transportation into and out of the Pechora basin very expensive, and various improvement projects, including a narrow-gauge portage railroad were proposed. Nothing much was ever done, however.

20th century
A canal between the Pechora and the Kama was part of a plan for a "reconstruction of Volga and its basin", approved in November 1933 by a special conference of the USSR Academy of Sciences.  Research in that direction was conducted by Hydroproject, the dam and canal institute led by Sergey Yakovlevich Zhuk (). Some design plans were developed by Zhuk's institute without much publicity or actual construction work.

The canal plan was given new life in 1961 during Khrushchev's premiership. Now it was part of a grander scheme for "Northern river reversal", which also included similar river water diversion projects in Siberia.

Nuclear test

Unlike most other parts of the grand river rerouting scheme, the Pechora to Kama route did not just stay on the drawing board. It saw actual on-the-ground work done of the most unusual kind: on March 23, 1971, three 15-kiloton underground nuclear charges were exploded near the village of Vasyukovo in Cherdynsky District of Perm Oblast, some  north of the town of Krasnovishersk. This nuclear test, known as Taiga, part of the Soviet peaceful nuclear explosions program, was intended to demonstrate the feasibility of using nuclear explosions for canal construction. The triple blast created a crater over  long. Later it was decided that building an entire canal in this fashion, using potentially several hundreds of nuclear charges, would not be feasible, and the use of nuclear charges for canal excavation was abandoned.

The Northern river reversal plan was completely abandoned by the government in 1986.

Environmental aftermath

The Taiga explosions may be among the devices that produced the highest proportion of their yield via fusion-only reactions, with 98% of their 15 kiloton explosive yield being derived from fusion reactions, a total fission fraction of 0.3 kilotons in a 15 kt device. Such bombs are known as clean bombs, as it is fission that is responsible for generating radioactive fallout.

Around 2000, local environmentalists carried out several expeditions to the Taiga crater, and met the only person still residing in the Vasyukovo village. The fences surrounding the crater had rusted away and fallen down, and the "Atomic Lake" is now a popular fishing place for the residents of the other nearby villages, while its shores are known for the abundance of edible mushrooms. The area is also visited by the people who pick metal cables and other bits left over from the original test, to sell to scrap metal recycling businesses. The environmentalists recommended that the crater lake be fenced again, due to the continuing residual radioactivity.

The triple "taiga" nuclear salvo test, part of the preliminary March 1971 Pechora–Kama Canal project, produced substantial amounts of relatively short-lived cobalt-60 from steel tubes and soil ("Origin of Co-60. Activation of stable Co, Fe, Ni (from the explosive device and the steel pipe, and from soil) by neutrons").  As of 2011, this fusion generated neutron activation product is responsible for about half of the gamma ray dose at the test site. Photosynthesizing vegetation exists all around the lake. A 2009 radiation survey of the lake and surrounding areas was conducted to determine the relative danger of the area, finding "the current external γ-ray dose rate to a human from the contaminations associated with the 'Taiga' experiment was between 9 and 70 μSv [micro-Sieverts] per week". The report also recommended periodic monitoring of the site. In comparison, typical exposure from naturally occurring background radiation is about 3mSv per year, or 57μSv per week.

See also
 Lake Chagan; a lake created as part of the Russian Peaceful Nuclear Explosions program
 Lake Karachay; a natural lake highly contaminated by the dumping of high-level nuclear waste

References

Canals in Russia
Proposed canals
Transport in Perm Krai
Buildings and structures in the Komi Republic
Proposed interbasin transfer
Proposals in the Soviet Union
Transport in the Komi Republic


Cypronia (formerly Cypron Studios, originally Ablaze Entertainment) is a Slovak indie video game developer based in Michalovce. Cypronia is largely a Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, Nintendo DSi, Nintendo 3DS, Wii U, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One and PlayStation 4 developer.

History
Cypronia began in 1997 under the name Ablaze Entertainment, releasing two games for Amiga. In 2001, they changed their name to Cypron Studios, along with changing their focus to Microsoft Windows development. After releasing several games, mostly in the real-time strategy genre, they once again switched platforms to the Nintendo DS, bringing with them the new name of Cypronia.

Cypronia gained popularity when they released Cube Life: Island Survival, a sandbox video game for the Wii U. The game reached #1 in the Europe, #2 in the American and #3 in the Japanese Nintendo eShop charts.

Released games
Release year and platform each refer to the original (first released) version. Later releases on other platforms are therefore not taken into account in this list.
The Strangers (1997, Amiga, real-time strategy game)
Napalm: Crimson Crisis (1999, Amiga, real-time strategy game)
State of War (2001, Microsoft Windows, real-time strategy game)
State of War: Warmonger (2003, Microsoft Windows, real-time strategy game, a sequel to State of War)
Gods: Lands of Infinity (2006, Microsoft Windows, turn-based RPG)
Logitech's Golf (2006, Microsoft Windows)
Gods: Lands of Infinity: Special Edition (2007, Microsoft Windows, rehaul of Gods: Lands of Infinity)
State of War 2: Arcon (2007, Microsoft Windows, multiplayer-focused real-time strategy game)
Command and Destroy (2008, Nintendo DS, real-time strategy game)
1 vs. 100 (2008, Nintendo DS, quiz game based on popular TV show 1 vs. 100 by Endemol)
Jagged Alliance (2008, Nintendo DS, DS adaptation of Jagged Alliance PC franchise)
Cube Life: Island Survival (2015, Wii U, sandbox survival game)
Cube Life: Pixel Action Heroes (2017, Wii U, sandbox first person shooter game)
Pixel Action Heroes (2018, Nintendo Switch, remake of Cube Life: Pixel Action Heroes)
Cube Life: Island Survival HD (2018, Microsoft Windows, remake of Cube Life: Island Survival)
State of War: Warmonger (2018, Microsoft Windows, port for newer computer systems, contains State of War and State of War: Warmonger)
Angry Bunnies: Colossal Carrot Crusade (2019)
Medieval (2022, Microsoft Windows)

References

External links
Official website

Official Gods: Lands of Infinity website

Video game companies established in 1997
Video game companies of Slovakia
1997 establishments in Slovakia
Video game development companies


Schmidt & Bender (often abbreviated as S&B) is a German company specialized in producing high end telescopic sights for hunting, sports, law enforcement and military arms.

The company was founded in 1957 by instrument maker Helmut Schmidt and master instrument maker Helmut Bender. The company started with producing telescopic sights for large German (mail order) hunting equipment sales chains under various brand names and gradually started to produce telescopic sights under their own brand name.
Currently (2008) the company is still a family enterprise.

Much of the assembly process is done by hand, which is why the company can only turn out a limited number of scopes annually.

Schmidt & Bender is an ISO 9001 certified company.

Schmidt & Bender Hungaria Optik
In 1992 Schmidt & Bender Hungaria Optik GmbH in Budapest, Hungary was founded as an independent company by Schmidt & Bender GmbH & Co. KG, Biebertal, Germany. The process of privatisation in Hungary made it possible for Schmidt & Bender to buy the production of precision optics and fibre optics from the government-owned enterprise of the Hungarian Opticai Works (MOM). Schmidt & Bender bought Hungarian Opticai Works since this company produced and still produces the optical components Schmidt & Bender uses in their rifle scopes. In 2008 Schmidt & Bender Hungaria Optik employed 80 people.

The fixed magnification models of the Schmidt & Bender Classic product line can be either "Made in Germany" or "Made in Hungary". The Hungarian made scopes are normally not offered to US and Western European customers and tend to be somewhat less expensive.

The outsourcing of component production or external purchasing of specialized components to or from countries like Japan, Hungary, etc. is quite normal for high end telescopic sights producers. Stating a country of origin often does not guarantee that a product was completely made and assembled in that country. Some competitors of Schmidt & Bender however refuse to provide information to consumers regarding relevant (optical) components sources.

Products
Schmidt & Bender offers telescopic sights in three major groups and that are those meant for hunters, for sport and others meant for professional use (Military, Police, Security). As of 2019 the following series are available:

Hunting rifle telescopic sights
 Classic product line designed for hunting.
 Precision Hunter line. These scopes are produced on special order and based on Classic line scopes, each equipped with a top-mounted bullet drop compensator and reticles designed for accurate shooting at longer ranges.
 Zenith product line designed for hunting.
 Summit scope with 1 inch tube
 Stratos product line
 Polar T96 product line (brightest scopes on the market)
 Exos product line

Sport rifle telescopic sights
 Sport line designed for field target sports shooters.

Professional rifle telescopic sights
 Police Marksman (PM) product line designed for the military and law enforcement.
 Police Marksman II (PM II) product line designed for the military and law enforcement.
 PM II ShortDot, product line with wide angle telescopic sights
 PM II High Power, product line with high zoom factors
 PM II Ultra Short, product line with short overall length
 PM II Ultra Bright, product line with high light transmission rate (similar in design to Polar T96 scopes)
 PM II High Power Digital BT with integrated display
 MILITARY MK II product line designed for the military. These telescopic sights are essentially PM II models with an additional laser filtration lens coating to protect operators against being wounded/blinded by laser light sources. The MILITARY MK II telescopic sights are marketed by sniper rifle manufacturer Accuracy International and have the Accuracy International company logo depicted on a turret.

For some models the option exists to have mounting rails underneath the riflescope to provide for mounting solutions that do not use scope rings. These rails are an integral part of the scope body and can not be removed. The most recent rail mounting system of Schmidt & Bender is their proprietary "Convex rail". The Convex rail uses matching slide-in mount fasteners to connect the riflescope to the gun and offers the possibility to tilt the scope up to 1° to the left or right. Since 2017 Schmidt & Bender also offer the Zeiss rail system on some of their hunting telescopic sights in the following series: Exos, Polar T96 and Stratos. The telescopic sights equipped with the Zeiss mounting rail are marked LMZ (Light Metal with Z-rail) in the Schmidt & Bender catalogs.

Sniper rifle manufacturers promoting the PM II / MILITARY MK II product line
The British high end factory sniper rifle manufacturer Accuracy International actively promotes fitting the Schmidt & Bender PM II / MILITARY MK II product line as sighting components on their Arctic Warfare family of sniper rifles and sells these products as accessories, which is rare for a rifle manufacturer.

The Swiss fire arms manufacturer Brügger & Thomet (B&T) uses specially made Schmidt & Bender 3-12x50 PM II LP product line scopes with a B&T designed TRS reticle pattern for their APR bolt-action sniper rifles.

The German fire arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch (H&K) uses Schmidt & Bender 3-12x50 PM II telescopic sights as standard aiming optics for their PSG1A1 semi-automatic sniper rifles.

Gallery

References

External links
 Schmidt & Bender company website English
 Schmidt & Bender company website German
 Schmidt & Bender Hungaria Optik company website English

Manufacturing companies of Germany
Optics manufacturing companies
Companies based in Hesse


Matthieu Bochu (born March 31, 1979 in Arras) is a French professional football player. He is a forward. Currently, he plays in the Championnat National for FC Martigues.

He also played for several years in a number of Italian minor league teams, including Fiorentina (then called Florentia Viola) in their Serie C2 campaign after the original club disbanded in 2002. He claims that the peak of his career was playing for Fiorentina against Juventus in the 2003 Italian Cup quarterfinal.

On 8 January 2010 he arrived in Sofia, Bulgaria, where he was trialed for local champions Levski Sofia. He finally decided to join the FC Martigues team who plays in Championnat de France amateur. The team is at the top of the league and fight to be promoted to Championnat National so they can become a Professional team again.

References

1979 births
Living people
ACF Fiorentina players
Ravenna FC players
Vastese Calcio 1902 players
French men's footballers
French expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Men's association football forwards
Stade Brestois 29 players
FC Istres players
Racing de Ferrol footballers
Louhans-Cuiseaux FC players
FC Martigues players
AS Gubbio 1910 players
Serie C players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Sportspeople from Arras
Footballers from Pas-de-Calais
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
French expatriate sportspeople in Italy


was a Japanese animation artist and character designer.

Career
He developed an interest for drawing at age five. He graduated in Aichi Prefecture. In 1955, at age sixteen, he debuted as a cartoonist in the "Machi" magazine. He then joined Mushi Production as animator in 1965 and later founded Studio Jaguar in 1966. In 1970, he debuted as animation director in the Mushi TV Series "Joe of Tomorrow", and later worked on the anime adaptations of several of Go Nagai's manga, including Devilman (1972), Cutie Honey (1973), and UFO Robo Grendizer (1975), serving as a character designer on the latter two.  With his work on Cutie Honey as well as Mahō no Mako-chan, Mahou Tsukai Chappy, Majokko Megu-chan, and Hana no Ko Lunlun, Araki was an important figure in Toei Animation's early magical girl anime series of the 1970s.

He usually collaborated with animation director Michi Himeno, whom he met in 1973. They formed Araki Production in 1975. He worked as animation director in 1978's "Goodbye Battleship Yamato: Warriors of Love". He, with Himeno, have been celebrated for their success. The Araki-Himeno duo collaborated on TV series and animated films such as "Saint Seiya" (1986–89), "Saint Seiya Overture" from 2004.

Some of his successes are Majokko Megu-chan (1974), Lupin III (1977), Mugen Kido SSX (Captain Harlock, 1978), Versailles no Bara (Lady Oscar, 1979), Hana no Ko Lunlun (Angel, 1979, which featured character designs by Michi Himeno and animation by Araki), and Fūma no Kojirō (1991). International accreditation came with Saint Seiya (Knights of the Zodiac, 1986), for his dynamic drawing style along with the elegant drawings styles of Michi. This Dynamic Duel, as they are known, have been instrumental in the success of the series.

Working for Toei Animation and Tokyo Movie Shinsha, Araki was also an animator on several American and French productions which outsourced animation work to Japan, including Ulysses 31 (1981), Inspector Gadget (Season 1, 1983–84, animation), Mighty Orbots (1984, key animation), The Adventures of the American Rabbit (1986) and G.I. Joe: The Movie (1987).

Works

Anime television series
 Attack No. 1 (TV)1969 : Animation.
 Tomorrow's Joe (TV)1970 : Animation director. (EP 4,6,9,13,16,18,21,23,26,30,34,40,47,50,56,62,66,71,76)
 Mahō no Mako-chan (TV)1970 : Animation director. (EP 30,34,42)
 Moonlight Mask (TV)1972 : Animation.
 Mahou Tsukai Chappy (TV)1972 : Animation director.
 Devilman (TV)1972 : Animation director. (EP 4)
 Cutie Honey (TV)1973 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Babel II (TV)1973 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Majokko Megu-chan (TV)1974 : Character Design, Animation director.
 UFO Robot Grendizer (TV)1975 : Character Design, Animation director.
 New Star of Giants (TV)1977 : Animation director.
 Wakusei Robo Danguard Ace (TV)1977 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Galaxy Express 999 (TV)1978 : Character Design.
 Hana no Ko Lunlun (TV)1979 : Animation (OP and first episode); Character Design for the series was done by Michi Himeno.
 New Star of Giants II (TV)1979 : Character Design.
 The Rose of Versailles (TV)1979 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Ulysses 31 (TV)1981 : Chief Animation Director.
 Baxinger (TV)1982 : OP Animator.
 Arcadia of My Youth: Endless Orbit SSX (TV)1982 : Animation director.
 Ai Shite Knight (TV)1983 : Animation director.
 Lupin III Part III (TV)1984 : Design Supervisor, Animation director. (Araki Production)
 Glass Mask (TV)1984 : OP Animator (often mistakenly credited as Character Designer).
 Mighty Orbots (TV)1984 : Animation.
 Tongari Boushi no Memoru (TV)1984 : Animation director.
 Maple Town (TV)1986 : Animation director.
 Saint Seiya (TV)1986 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Yokoyama Mitsuteru Sangokushi (TV)1991 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Aoki Densetsu Shoot! (TV)1993 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Gegege no Kitaro (TV 4/1996) : Character Design.
 Kindaichi Case Files (TV)1997 : Character Design.
 Yu-Gi-Oh! (TV)1998 : Character Design.
 Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters (TV)2000 : Character Design.
 Ring ni Kakero 1: Carnival Champion Hen (TV)2004 : Character Design, Chief Animation Director.
 Ring ni Kakero 1: Nichibei Kessen Hen (TV)2006 : Character Design.

Movies
 Panda! Go, Panda! (movie)1972 : Animation.
 Cutie Honey (movie)1974 : Animation director.
 Majokko Megu-chan (movie)1974 : Animation director.
 Ikkyū-san Chiekurabe (movie)1977 : Animation director.
 Farewell to Space Battleship Yamato (movie)1978 : Animation director.
 Tomorrow's Joe (movie)1980 : Animation director.
 Cobra: Space Adventure (Movie)1982 : Animation.
 The Adventures of the American Rabbit (Movie)1986 : Animation.
 Saint Seiya: Evil Goddess Eris (movie)1987 : Character Design, Key Animation, Animation director.
 Saint Seiya: The Heated Battle of the Gods (movie)1988 : Character Design, Main Animation Design, Animation director.
 Saint Seiya: Legend of Crimson Youth (movie)1988 : Character Design, Main Animation Design, Animation director.
 The Rose of Versailles (movie)1990 : Animation director.
 Aoki Densetsu Shoot! (movie)1990 : Animation director.
 Gegege no Kitaro : Daikaijū (movie)1996 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Kindaichi Case Files Operaza Kan Saigo no Satsujin (special) (movie)1996 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Gegege no Kitaro: Yōkai Tokkyū! Maboroshi no Kisha (movie)1997 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Kindaichi Case Files 2 - Satsuriku no Deep Blue (movie)1999 : Character Concept Design.
 Yu-Gi-Oh! (movie)1999 : Animation director.
 The Siamese - First Mission (movie)2001 : Character Design (main).
 Saint Seiya Heaven Chapter: Overture (movie)2004 : Character Design, Animation director.

Original Video Animations
 Okubyo na Venus (OAV/VHS)1986 : Animation director.
 Amon Saga (OAV)1986 : Character Design, Animation Supervisor, Key Animator.
 Fuma no Kojirou : Yasha-hen (OAV)1989 : Character Design.
 Fuma no Kojirou : Seiken Sensou-hen (OAV)1990 : Character Design.
 Fuma no Kojirou : Fuma Hanran-hen (OAV)1992 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Dragon Fist (OAV)1991 : Character Design, Animation director.
 Babel II (OAV)1992 : Character Design.
 Saint Seiya: The Hades Chapter - Sanctuary : (OAV)2002 : Character Design, Chief Animation Director.
 Saint Seiya: The Hades Chapter - Inferno : (OAV)2005, 2006 : Character Design, Chief Animation Director.
 Saint Seiya: The Hades Chapter - Elysion : (OAV)2008 : Character Design, Chief Animation Director.

Video games
 BURAI: Jōken (Video game) : Character Design.
 BURAI: Gekan - Kanketsu-hen (Video game) : Character Design.
 BURAI: Hachigyoku no Yūshi Densetsu (Video game) : Character Design.
 BURAI II: Yami Kōtei no Gyakushū (Video game) : Character Design.

References

External links

 Toei animation's Saint Seiya website
  Guía Saint Seiya, Shigo Araki.

1939 births
2011 deaths
Japanese animators
Japanese animated film directors
Japanese television directors
Japanese television producers
Japanese animated film producers
People from Nagoya
Anime character designers
Video game artists


Lieutenant General William Amherst (5 February 1732 – 13 May 1781) was a British military commander. In 1762 during the Seven Years' War he led British forces that defeated a French expedition which had occurred earlier that year in St. John's, Newfoundland at the Battle of Signal Hill.

Early life
William Amherst was born, in Sevenoaks, Kent, into a family of lawyers. He married Elizabeth Amherst (Patterson). Their children included:

 William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst of Arracan, GCH, PC, a future Governor-General of India
 Elizabeth Frances Amherst

Seven Years' War

Amherst was commissioned as an ensign in the First Regiment of Foot Guards in 1755. He eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant general in 1779. As a lieutenant colonel, Amherst was instrumental in the re-capture of St. John's from the French in 1762 at the Battle of Signal Hill. An area near Signal Hill at the entrance of St. John's harbour is named "Fort Amherst" in commemoration of his victory in 1762.

In 1766 he became Member of Parliament for Hythe, and in 1768 he became MP for Launceston until 1774.

In 1769 he built a house in Ryde, on the Isle of Wight. He named the house and estate St John's, after his victory in Newfoundland. The neighborhood of Ryde that surrounds the house is still known by that name.

He was appointed Adjutant-General to the Forces in 1778: he died while serving in that role in 1781.

Notes

References

External links
 Biography at Newfoundland Grand Banks
 The Rooms article on Conflict in Newfoundland

1732 births
1781 deaths
Military personnel from Kent
British military personnel of the French and Indian War
British MPs 1761–1768
British MPs 1768–1774
Grenadier Guards officers
People from Sevenoaks
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Launceston
British Army lieutenant generals
32nd Regiment of Foot officers


Bouchavesnes-Bergen (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the junction of the D149 and the N17 roads, some  northwest of Saint-Quentin.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


First introduced by M. Pollak, the Coulomb gap is a soft gap in the single-particle density of states  (DOS) of a system of interacting localized electrons.
Due to the long-range Coulomb interactions, the single-particle DOS vanishes at the chemical potential, at low enough temperatures, such that thermal excitations do not wash out the gap.

Theory
At zero temperature, a classical treatment of a system gives an upper bound for the DOS near the Fermi energy, first suggested by Efros and Shklovskii. The argument is as follows:
Let us look at the ground state configuration of the system. Defining  as the energy of an electron at site , due to the disorder and the Coulomb interaction with all other electrons (we define this both for occupied and unoccupied sites), it is easy to see that the energy needed to move an electron from an occupied site  to an unoccupied site  is given by the expression:

.
The subtraction of the last term accounts for the fact that  contains a term due to the interaction with the electron present at site , but after moving the electron this term should not be considered. It is easy to see from this that there exists an energy  such that all sites with energies above it are empty, and below it are full (this is the Fermi energy, but since we are dealing with a system with interactions it is not obvious a-priori that it is still well-defined).
Assume we have a finite single-particle DOS at the Fermi energy, . For every possible transfer of an electron from an occupied site  to an unoccupied site , the energy invested should be positive, since we are assuming we are in the ground state of the system, i.e., .
Assuming we have a large system, consider all the sites with energies in the interval  The number of these, by assumption, is   As explained,  of these would be occupied, and the others unoccupied. Of all pairs of occupied and unoccupied sites, let us choose the one where the two are closest to each other. If we assume the sites are randomly distributed in space, we find that the distance between these two sites is of order:
, where  is the dimension of space.
Plugging the expression for  into the previous equation, we obtain the inequality:
 where  is a coefficient of order unity. Since  , this inequality will necessarily be violated for small enough . Hence, assuming a finite DOS at  led to a contradiction. Repeating the above calculation under the assumption that the DOS near  is proportional to  shows that .  This is an upper bound for the Coulomb gap. Efros considered single electron excitations, and obtained an integro-differential equation for the DOS, showing the Coulomb gap in fact  follows the above equation (i.e., the upper bound is a tight bound).

Other treatments of the problem include a mean-field numerical approach,  as well as more recent treatments such as, also verifying the upper bound suggested above is a tight bound. Many Monte Carlo simulations were also performed,  some of them in disagreement with the result quoted above. Few works deal with the quantum aspect of the problem.  Classical Coulomb gap in clean system without disorder is well captured within Extended Dynamical Mean Field Theory (EDMFT) supported by Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations.

Experimental observations

Direct experimental confirmation of the gap has been done via tunneling experiments, which probed the single-particle DOS in two and three dimensions. The experiments clearly showed a linear gap in two dimensions, and a parabolic gap in three dimensions.
Another experimental consequence of the Coulomb gap is found in the conductivity of samples in the localized regime.
The existence of a gap in the spectrum of excitations would result in a lowered conductivity than that predicted by Mott variable-range hopping. If one uses the analytical expression of the single-particle DOS in the Mott derivation, a universal  dependence is obtained, for any dimension. The observation of this is expected to occur below a certain temperature, such that the optimal energy of hopping would be smaller than the width of the Coulomb gap. The transition from Mott to so-called Efros–Shklovskii variable-range hopping has been observed experimentally for various systems. Nevertheless, no rigorous derivation of the Efros–Shklovskii conductivity formula has been put forth, and in some experiments  behavior is observed, with a value of  that fits neither the Mott nor the Efros–Shklovskii theories.

See also
 Coulomb's law

References

Electronic band structures
Statistical mechanics
Physical quantities


Nordine Assami (born 24 July 1987 in Marseille) is a retired French-Algerian professional football player and current manager of SC Air Bel's U16 team.

Club career
On 29 June 2011 Assami signed a two-year contract with Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 club JS Kabylie. He returned to France in the summer 2012, joining GS Consolat.

Coaching career
In the summer 2019, Assami became the manager of SC Air Bel's U16 team.

Honours
 Won the Coupe Gambardella once with RC Strasbourg in 2006

References

External links

1987 births
Algerian men's footballers
French men's footballers
French sportspeople of Algerian descent
Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players
Czech First League players
Championnat National players
Championnat National 2 players
Championnat National 3 players
AS Cannes players
FC Istres players
Gap HAFC players
JS Kabylie players
FK Příbram players
Marignane Gignac Côte Bleue FC players
Athlético Marseille players
FC Martigues players
Living people
Footballers from Marseille
Men's association football defenders
Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic
Aubagne FC players


In the French Republican calendar, the franciade was the period of four years at the end of which it was necessary to add a day to the calendar year to keep it aligned with the solar year (c. 365 days).

The franciade was defined in 1793 in article 10 of the Décret de la Convention nationale portant sur la création du calendrier républicain, as follows:

The period of 4 years, at the end of which this addition of one day is usually necessary, is named the franciade, in memory of the revolution which, after 4 years of toils, led France to its Republican government.
La période de quatre ans, au bout de laquelle cette addition d'un jour est ordinairement nécessaire, est appelée la franciade, en mémoire de la révolution qui, après quatre ans d'efforts, a conduit la France au gouvernement républicain.

The day that was thus added at the end of the jours complémentaires was called the jour de la révolution (Revolution Day).

Franciade was also the name given to Saint-Denis from 1793 to 1800.

French Republican calendar


Bouchoir () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bouchoir is situated on the D329 junction with the D934 road, some  southwest of Amiens.

History
The village of Bouchoir passed into German hands on 27 March 1918 but was recovered by the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade on 9 August 1918. The New British Cemetery was created just after Armistice to bury the dead from villages south of Bouchoir and the battlefields around it. It contains 763 burials from the First World War and was designed by Sir Herbert Baker.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Søren Brunak (born 1958) is a Danish biological and physical scientist working in bioinformatics, systems biology, and medical informatics.  He is a professor of Disease Systems Biology at the University of Copenhagen and professor of bioinformatics at the Technical University of Denmark. As Research Director at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research at the University of Copenhagen Medical School, he leads a research effort where molecular-level systems biology data are combined with phenotypic data from the healthcare sector, such as electronic patient records, registry information, and biobank questionnaires. A major aim is to understand the network biology basis for time-ordered comorbidities and discriminate between treatment-related disease correlations and other comorbidities in disease trajectories. Søren Brunak also holds a position as a Medical Informatics Officer at Rigshospitalet, the Capital Region of Denmark.

Education
Søren Brunak obtained his Master of Science degree in Physics, in 1987 from the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen and his Ph.D. in Computational Biology in 1991 at the Department of Structural Properties of Materials, Technical University of Denmark, and in 2002 a Dr.Phil. (Honoris causa) from the Natural Science Faculty of the Stockholm University.

Career
Søren Brunak was in 1993 the founding director of the Center for Biological Sequence Analysis at the Technical University of Denmark. A major, early center in bioinformatics that has existed for more than 20 years. In 2007, Søren Brunak was, with Matthias Mann, a founding research director of the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research at the Faculty for Health and Medical Sciences of the University of Copenhagen, a leading center for the study of human proteins of therapeutic value.

He has been participating in scientific advisory committees of several scientific organizations, such as the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL, Heidelberg), Ensembl at the European Bioinformatics Institute and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (chairman), the Bioinformatics Advisory Committee at the European Bioinformatics Institute (chairman), Institut Pasteur, the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (Berlin), the Science for Life Laboratory (Stockholm) and the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics.

Research
Brunak's main research is in bioinformatics, systems biology, and medical informatics. In particular, machine learning-based prediction and the general area of integrative systems biology where heterogeneous data from the molecular level are combined with phenotypic data from the healthcare sector. A general aim is to understand disease mechanisms at the level of protein network biology.  An additional focus area is human proteome variation and precision medicine, where patient-specific adverse drug reaction profiles and the discrimination between treatment-related disease correlations and other comorbidities are investigated. The group engages in non-hypothesis-driven research, where massive amounts of data from widely different experimental technologies are combined and analysed with the objective of making discoveries that emerge from the data rather than being the result of specific experiments designed to confirm or disprove given hypotheses. The Brunak group has also over the years been highly within machine learning and has produced numerous, highly used prediction methods, including SignalP, TargetP, NetGene, NetPhos, NetOglyc, NetNES, distanceP, and many others. , according to Google Scholar, his most highly cited peer-reviewed publications have been published in the Journal of Molecular Biology, Protein Engineering, and Nature and Nature Methods.

Selected book publications
Neural Networks - Computers with Intuition
Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach
Immunological Bioinformatics

Awards and honors
Brunak has been a member of the Danish Academy for the Natural Sciences since 1997, a member of the Board of directors of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) 2001–2004, of the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences since 2002, the Danish Royal Society of Sciences and Letters since 2004, and of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 2016. He is a fellow of the International Society for Computational Biology (2009), and a Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization in 2009. Brunak received the ISCB Senior Scientist Award from the International Society for Computational Biology in 2016 and elected an ISCB Fellow in 2011. He was awarded the Julius Thomsen's gold medal in 2013 and Dir. Ib Henriksens Prize for Outstanding Science Achievement in 2002. He was awarded the Villum Kann Rasmussen Prize for Research within the Natural and Technical Sciences (2006).

References

Living people
Fellows of the International Society for Computational Biology
Danish bioinformaticians
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Systems biologists
1958 births
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences


Shelagh Fogarty (born 13 January 1966) is a radio and television presenter and journalist. She presents the afternoon programme on LBC, having previously co-hosted the BBC Radio 5 Live breakfast show with Nicky Campbell.

Early life
Fogarty was born as the youngest of seven children in Anfield, Liverpool to Irish parents. She attended the Mary Help of Christians R.C. High School, a girls' Catholic grammar school run by the Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco, on Stonebridge Lane in Croxteth. She credited the school with providing her with inspiration on her life. She studied French and Spanish at Durham University, graduating in 1988.

Career
Fogarty initially worked as a BBC trainee at Radio Humberside, Radio Guernsey, Radio Bristol, Radio Sheffield and Radio Merseyside. She co-hosted the Radio Merseyside breakfast show in the early 1990s with Roger Summerskill for around three years, entitled Morning Merseyside. In 1998, she moved to Merseyside Tonight on Radio Merseyside.

Fogarty joined Radio 4 in 1994, and went freelance in 1999.

Five Live
She then moved on to Radio 5 Live where she co-presented Weekend Breakfast before moving to co-host the Breakfast programme with Nicky Campbell. In April 2011, Fogarty took over from Gabby Logan on the lunchtime show. The show covered news, sport and interviews. Each day there was a special feature. On Mondays the feature was the sports team. Health was covered on Tuesdays. The programme was broadcast from Westminster on Wednesdays when Fogarty was joined by political correspondent John Pienaar, a guest journalist and three members of Parliament to cover Prime Minister's Questions. Thursday's consumer desk included Martin Lewis. Five Life on Fridays looked at work and lifestyle.

In January 2008, she had a gun pointed at her and her film crew while filming a report for ITV's Tonight with Trevor McDonald, in Croxteth where she was brought up. She had been asked to return to the area to see how safe she felt walking around after dark.

In January 2010, Fogarty joined the presenting team of The Daily Politics, co-hosting the show on Thursdays with Andrew Neil.

In March 2010, she swam a mile in The Serpentine in Hyde Park for Sport Relief 2010.

In July 2014, Fogarty announced that she would be leaving 5 Live to explore other opportunities. Her final programme was broadcast on 3 September.

LBC
Following a period as a guest presenter with LBC, in December 2014 it was announced that Fogarty would join the station to present its 1:00 pm-4:00 pm weekday slot. In May 2022, Fogarty challenged Conservative MP Jonathan Gullis over the political career of Boris Johnson. The exchange was later listed by LBC as one of the "best of 2022".

Awards
Fogarty won the Sony Silver Award in 2007 for the 5 Live Breakfast programme as Best News and Current Affairs Programme with Nicky Campbell.

Controversy
Fogarty crossed picket lines during the 2005 BBC strike. At 7:00 am on the day of the strike, Fogarty went on air live, without co-presenter Nicky Campbell and without giving herself a name-check. Sports reporter Alistair Bruce-Ball responded: "Thanks, Shelagh", as she handed over to him.

During a December 2009 breakfast show, she chastised rock band Rage Against the Machine for their use of profanity.

References

External links
 Shelagh Fogarty, Yellow Poppy Media
 Shelagh Fogarty on LBC

1966 births
Alumni of Durham University
BBC Radio 5 Live presenters
BBC newsreaders and journalists
English journalists
English people of Irish descent
English radio personalities
English television presenters
Living people
Radio presenters from Liverpool
Television presenters from Liverpool
LBC radio presenters


Santos González Capilla (born 17 December 1973) is a Spanish professional road bicycle racer. Being a time trial specialist, he won the Spanish National Time Trial Championship in 1999 and 2001. In 2000 he won a stage in Vuelta a España, where he finished fourth. He also rode at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Major results

1999
  Time Trial Champion
2000
 1st, Stage 1, Vuelta a Castilla y León
 4th, Overall, Vuelta a España
 Winner Stage 21 (ITT)
 8th, Olympic Games, Time Trial
2001
  Time Trial Champion
 7th, World Time Trial Championship
2003
 11th, Vuelta a España
2005
 2nd, National Time Trial Championship

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
People from Crevillent
Sportspeople from the Province of Alicante
Cyclists from the Valencian Community
Cyclists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Spain
Spanish Vuelta a España stage winners
Spanish male cyclists
20th-century Spanish people
21st-century Spanish people


Lama Abu-Odeh (, born 1962) is a Palestinian-American professor and author who teaches at the Georgetown University Law Center. She has written extensively on Islamic law, feminism, and family law.

Early life and education
Abu-Odeh was born in Amman, Jordan in 1962. She is the daughter of Adnan Abu-Odeh, a former senator in the Jordanian House of Parliament and ambassador.  She earned her LL.B. from the University of Jordan, her LL.M. from the University of Bristol, England, her MA from the University of York, England, and her S.J.D. from Harvard University.

She has taught at Stanford Law School and worked for the World Bank's Middle East/North Africa division.

Abu-Odeh has also written on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and has voiced support for binationalism and a one-state solution.

References

 Profile of Lama Abu-Odeh at the Institute for Middle East Understanding
 Georgetown Law Full-Time Faculty Biography
 The Case for Bi-Nationalism: Why one state — liberal and constitutionalist — may be the key to peace in the Middle East, The Boston Review, December 2001-January 2002

1962 births
Living people
Academics from Amman
Writers from Amman
American people of Palestinian descent
Jordanian feminists
Palestinian women writers
Palestinian feminists
Harvard Law School alumni
Stanford Law School faculty
Alumni of the University of York
University of Jordan alumni
20th-century Palestinian writers
20th-century Palestinian women
21st-century Palestinian writers
20th-century Palestinian women writers
21st-century Palestinian women writers
American legal scholars
American women legal scholars
Jordanian emigrants to the United States
Georgetown University Law Center faculty


Langar is an English village in the Vale of Belvoir, about four miles (6.4 km) south of Bingham, in the Rushcliffe borough of Nottinghamshire. The civil parish of Langar cum Barnstone had a population of 980 at the 2011 Census. This was estimated at 1010 in 2019.

Geography
In the south, on Langar Airfield, the parish of Langar-cum-Barnstone borders Clawson, Hose and Harby, the district of Melton and Leicestershire. At Hose Lane it meets Colston Bassett. It passes north, crossing Harby Lane, and follows a tributary of the River Smite. At Langar Lane Bridge it briefly adjoins Cropwell Bishop, then the parish of Wiverton Hall, following the upper reach of the River Smite and a short length of Bingham Road at Wiverton Smite Bridge. It passes the western edge of Northfield Farm, then the east of Smite Hill Farm, which is outside the parish. Near the point where the old Bingham–Melton railway crossed the River Smite, it adjoins Whatton-in-the-Vale, then Granby at Granby Lane, before following the River Whipling, east of Barnstone, which is part of the parish. Further south, the border is to the east of the old railway and south of Granby Gap woods, which are outside the parish, in Leicestershire.

Langar comes under Rushcliffe Borough Council. Since December 2019, the member of Parliament (MP) for the Rushcliffe constituency, to which Langar belongs, is the Conservative Ruth Edwards.

Both Langar and Barnstone lie on heavy yellow clay which can be screened to yield a decent red earthenware.

At the 2001 census, the civil parish had 378 households.

History
One of the first recorded landowners was Gerard de Rodes in the 12th century. The De Rodes family served as soldiers for King John who visited Langar in 1215. The estate then passed to the Tibetots in the 13th century. Following the marriage of Margaret Tibetot to Roger Scrope, 2nd Baron Scrope of Bolton in 1373, the estate passed to the Scrope family.

The last Lord Scrope who was associated with Langar was Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland. Emanuel's estate was inherited by Annabella, his illegitimate daughter. In 1677, Annabella married the Gloucestershire politician, John Howe. According to Thoroton, Langar Hall and nearly the whole parish had lately become the estate of Mr Howe.

A famous descendant of the Howe's was Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe, famous for his victory in the sea battle known as the "Glorious First of June", celebrated every year at Langar Hall. Admiral Howe died in 1799 and was buried in Langar Church.

Another famous son of Langar was the author Samuel Butler whose father, Thomas, was rector of Langar-cum-Barnstone.

St Andrew's Church

The church of St Andrew's is sometimes dubbed the Cathedral of the Vale for its relative size. This may be in part due to its importance as a place of pilgrimage in Saxon times.

The former vicarage is a Grade II* listed Queen Anne house, on the junction of Church Lane and Barnstone Road.

Airfield

The village has lent its name to the Second World War airfield, RAF Langar, which is on the Nottinghamshire/Leicestershire boundary. The airfield was used for bombing operations over Germany by RAF Bomber Command. There is a war memorial there. 207 Sqn were based there. After the war it was by the Royal Canadian Air Force for many years. The airfield has served as the base for British Parachute Schools since 1977.

Economy
Lafarge Barnstone cement works lies south of Barnstone, formerly owned by Blue Circle Industries, which was bought by Lafarge in 2001. It produces quick-setting cement by the addition of calcium sulphate, as the Microcem brand of special cement. Naturescape Wildflower Farm is north of the airfield. The majority of Langar's working population find employment in nearby Nottingham. A bus service is provided by Barton.

Langar C. of E. Primary School
This is the local school of Langar and educates about 100 pupils. The head teacher is Emily Brown.

Langar Hall

Adjacent to the church is Langar Hall, once the home of Earl Howe. The present building was constructed in 1837 and was later bought by Annie Bayley, wife of Thomas Bayley, the former MP for Chesterfield. It is now a restaurant and hotel.

Treasure of Robert Earnstock
It is known from evidence recovered from various places around the Vale of Belvoir that in the 17th century Robert Earnstock committed a series of robberies in the area. It was later discovered from letters that he was raising money to travel to his wife-to-be, who lived somewhere to the north of England. Earnstock kept the treasure hidden away until he had raised a small fortune, but as he neared his goal he was caught and hanged for his offences. His treasure was never found.

Unicorn's Head

The Unicorn's Head public house was built in 1717 and had its own brewhouse, which can still be identified by its unusual three-tier chimney to the south of the building. Its original name was The Feathers, taken from the plume in the Howe family crest. The current name was adopted after Admiral Howe's death, when the estate was bought in 1799 by John Wright, a Nottingham banker and a founder of the Butterley Company. He had a unicorn's head as his family crest. It remained a coaching inn in the 19th century and the original stables can still be seen at the back of the building.

Notable people
In birth order:
John Grobham Howe (1625–1679) became a Member of Parliament in 1659 and died in Langar.
John Grubham Howe (1657–1722), born in Langar, son of John Grobham Howe, was elected a Member of Parliament several times.
Charles Howe (1661–1742), born in Langar, son of John Grobham Howe, became a devotional writer and courtier.
Emanuel Scrope Howe (c. 1663–1709), born in Langar, son of John Grobham Howe, became a diplomat and Member of Parliament.
Samuel Butler (novelist) (1835–1902), novelist, was born and bred in Langar, the son of the rector, and grandson of Samuel Butler, school headmaster and bishop.
Thomas Bayley (1846–1906) was Liberal MP for Chesterfield from 1892 to 1906.
Geoffrey Huskinson (1935–2018), cartoonist and first-class cricketer, was the brother of Imogen Skirving.
Imogen Skirving (1937–2016), was a hotelier who turned Langar Hall into a country hotel. She was the sister of Geoffrey Huskinson.

See also
Listed buildings in Langar cum Barnstone

References

External links

Parish Council
A page about the church
History of Langar Hall
Langar Hall
Naturescape Wild Flowers

Villages in Nottinghamshire
Rushcliffe


No Place Like Soul is an album by Soulive that was released on July 31, 2007. It is produced by Jeff Krasno, with additional tracking and mixing done by Joel Hamilton.

Unlike previous Soulive albums, No Place Like Soul moved away from the band's jazz/funk feel and dabbled in the genres of soul, reggae, and pop.  Contrary to the 2005 album Break Out, which featured many guest vocalists, No Place Like Soul showcased the talents of one sole vocalist, Toussaint. Also, unlike previous Soulive releases, the record only had two instrumental songs ("Bubble" and "Outrage").

Track listing
 "Waterfall"  – 3:59
 "Don't Tell Me"  – 3:53
 "Mary"  – 4:22
 "Comfort"  – 4:01
 "Callin'"  – 4:08
 "Outrage"  – 3:48
 "Morning Light"  – 3:42
 "Never Know"  – 4:20
 "Yeah Yeah"  – 4:24
 "If This World Was a Song"  – 4:19
 "One of Those Days"  – 4:05
 "Bubble"  – 4:12
 "Kim"  – 4:47

References

2007 albums
Stax Records albums
Soulive albums


Bouchon () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bouchon is situated on the D216 road, by the banks of the river Somme, about  southeast of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Alan Leslie Skene (2 October 1932 – 13 August 2001) was a South African dual-code international rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for South Africa, and at provincial level for Western Province, as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, and representative level rugby league (RL) for South Africa and Rugby League XIII, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 651), and South Sydney Rabbitohs, as a , or , i.e. number 3 or 4, or 6.

Background
Alan Skene was born in Cape Town, South Africa, he was a pupil at Muizenberg High School in Muizenberg, and he died aged 68 in George, Western Cape, South Africa.

Playing career

International honours
Alan Skene won a cap for South Africa (RU) while at Western Province playing inside centre against France at Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg on 16 August 1958, represented Rugby League XIII (RL) while at Wakefield Trinity, and won caps for South Africa (RL) while at Wakefield Trinity in 1963 against Australia (2 matches).

Championship final appearances
Alan Skene played right-, i.e. number 3, in Wakefield Trinity's 3-27 defeat by Wigan in the Championship Final during the 1959–60 season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Saturday 21 May 1960.

Challenge Cup Final appearances
Alan Skene played right-, i.e. number 3, and scored two tries in Wakefield Trinity's 38-5 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1959–60 Challenge Cup Final during the 1959–60 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 14 May 1960, and played right- in the 12-6 victory over Huddersfield in the 1961–62 Challenge Cup Final during the 1961–62 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 12 May 1962.

County Cup Final appearances
Alan Skene played right-, i.e. number 3, in Wakefield Trinity's 16-10 victory over Huddersfield in the 1960–61 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1960–61 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 29 October 1960, and played right-, and scored a try in the 19-9 victory over Leeds in the 1961–62 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1961–62 season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Saturday 11 November 1961.

Club career
Alan Skene made his début for Wakefield Trinity, alongside fellow South African Jan Lotriet, in the 19-7 victory over Castleford at Wheldon Road, Castleford on Thursday 25 December 1958.

References

External links
Hall of Fame at sarugbyleague.co.za
Biography at sarugbyleague.co.za
Wakefield Win Cup 1962

1932 births
2001 deaths
Expatriate rugby league players in Australia
Expatriate rugby league players in England
Rugby league centres
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby League XIII players
Rugby union centres
South Africa international rugby union players
South Africa national rugby league team players
South African expatriate rugby league players
South African expatriate sportspeople in Australia
South African expatriate sportspeople in England
South African rugby league players
South African rugby union players
South Sydney Rabbitohs players
Rugby union players from Cape Town
Wakefield Trinity players
South Sydney Rabbitohs captains


Boufflers is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Boufflers is situated on the D224 road, on the banks of the river Authie, the border with the Pas-de-Calais, some  northeast of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Bernard Lugan (born 10 May 1946) is a French historian who specialises in African history. He is a professor at the Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (IHEDN) and the editor of the journal L'Afrique réelle ("Real Africa"). Lugan previously taught at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 and at the special military school of Saint-Cyr until 2015. He served as an expert witness for Hutu defendants involved in the Rwandan genocide at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Close to the far-right, Lugan is a self-declared monarchist and right-wing anarchist.

Early life and education
Bernard Lugan was born in Meknes on 10 May 1946. During the May 1968 events, he was the head of Action Française's security personnel. Lugan attended Paris X University Nanterre and earned a PhD in history in 1976 after a thesis on Rwandan economy in the 19th century.

Academic career
Lugan moved to Africa in the early 1970s where he conducted archaeological research in Rwanda. The results were published in Études Rwandaises and Tervuren between 1978 and 1983. From 1972, he taught African history at the National University of Rwanda. In June 1982, Lugan left Rwanda and became an associate professor of African history at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3.

In 1983, Lugan authored another thesis for a state doctorate, Between the servitudes of the hoe and the spells of the cow: the rural world in ancient Rwanda. In 1988, he received the M. et Mme Louis Marin prize from the Académie Française for his book The French People Who Made South Africa. In September 1993, he founded the review L'Afrique Réelle, which has been described as a supporter of "Boers-Afrikaners" in South Africa. Lugan has also been involved with far-right news outlets like Minute,  or Présent, which regard him as a specialist of African history. Until 2006, he hosted a talk show on Radio Courtoisie named the Libre Journal.

Lugan served as a Professor at the military school of Saint-Cyr until 2015, when his class was suspended at the request of the French Defence Ministry. He is now teaching at the Institut des Hautes Études de Défense Nationale (IHEDN).

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Following the Rwandan genocide of 1994, Lugan served an expert witness at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. He was cited by several Hutu defendants ultimately convicted for their involvement in the genocide, including Théoneste Bagosora, Tharcisse Renzaho and Emmanuel Ndindabahizi.

Although he does not deny the existence or downplay the figures of the genocide, Lugan controversially claims that the events were not "programmed" by the Hutu leadership, and that president Juvénal Habyarimana was not assassinated by Hutu extremists. In the 1990–2000s, several media and personalities have been condemned for libel for calling Lugan a "genocide denier" or a "supporter of apartheid". At the 2001 World Conference against Racism, Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade publicly labelled Lugan's work a form of "intellectual racism" and accused him of minimizing the contributions of Black people to the history of Africa in his research.

Political involvement
Lugan is a self-declared monarchist. When testifying at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Lugan admitted that he is a right-wing anarchist, adding: "of musketeer leaning". He is in favour of the re-establishment of dueling for libel and public insult, and founded in 1990 with Vladimir Volkoff an association to promote this agenda.

In 2012–2013, Lugan was among the sponsors of TV Libertés, a far-right web TV. In June 2014, he co-founded the  with Jean-Yves Le Gallou and , a think tank which describes itself "in the continuity of Dominique Venner's thought and action". The organization held a colloquium with Renaud Camus, Charlotte d'Ornellas and Jean Raspail in April 2016. Lugan is also a member of the National Council of European Resistance, launched in November 2017 and presided by Renaud Camus.

Work
Lugan's notable work includes several books on Southern Africa, Morocco and Rwanda including "History of South Africa", When Africa was German  and African Legacy, Solutions for a Community in Crisis where he describes how individualism hasn't replaced preexisting loyalties to clans, groups, and tribes.

In this book, he rejects what he calls "the victimization paradigm," which says colonial exploitation and the slave trade brought Africa to its knees, rejects solutions based on Western guilt and claim that a correct interpretation of history is necessary for Africans to "build a future on a more solid foundation" and save an African continent ravaged by famine, economic disaster and civil war. He notably proposes a redrawing of national African frontiers in accordance with ethnic groupings and promotes a new type of democracy, more rooted in those native groupings rather than on Western "one man one vote" system.

Bibliography

Le Safari du Kaiser, La Table Ronde, Paris, 1987, 231 p.
Huguenots et Français : ils ont fait l'Afrique du Sud, La Table ronde, Paris, 1988, 296 p.
 History of South Africa, Garzanti Publishing, 1989, 1st éd. : Perrin, coll. « Vérités et légendes », Paris, 1986, 272 p.
 Afrique : l'histoire à l'endroit, Perrin, coll. « Vérités et légendes », 1989, 285 p.  Rééd. : 1996
 The Last Boer Commando: A French Volunteer in the Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902, éd. du Rocher, 1989
 Villebois-Mareuil, le La Fayette de l'Afrique du Sud, éd. du Rocher, 1990
 When Africa was German, Jean Picollec, coll. « Documents dossiers », Paris, 1990, 267+16 p.
 Afrique, bilan de la décolonisation, 1st éd. : Perrin, coll. « Vérités et légendes », Paris, 1991, 304 p. Rééd. : 1996
La Louisiane française : 1682-1804, Perrin, coll. « Vérités et légendes », Paris, 1994, 273 p. Titre alternatif : Histoire de la Louisiane française : 1682-1804
 Afrique : de la colonisation philanthropique à la recolonisation humanitaire, C. de Bartillat, coll. « Gestes », Étrépilly, 1995, 390 p.
 The French People Who Made South Africa, Bartillat, coll. « Gestes », Étrépilly, 1996, 430 p.
Histoire du Rwanda : de la préhistoire à nos jours, Bartillat, Paris, 1997, 606 p.
La guerre des Boers : 1899-1902, éd. Perrin, Paris, 1998, 364+8 p.
History of Morocco, éd. Perrin et éd. Critérion, coll. « Pour l'histoire », Paris, 2000, 363 p.
Atlas historique de l'Afrique des origines à nos jours, Éd. du Rocher, Paris, Monaco, 2001 (2nd ed. 2018), 268 p.
Histoire de l'Égypte, des origines à nos jours, éd. du Rocher, Paris, Monaco, 2002, 290 p.
Douze années de combats judiciaires (1990-2002), Lyon, Édition de l’Afrique réelle, s.d.
African Legacy; Solutions for a Community in Crisis, Carnot, 224p, 2003, .
Rwanda : le génocide, l'Église et la démocratie, éd. du Rocher, Paris et Monaco, 2004, 234 p.
François Mitterrand, l'armée française et le Rwanda, éd. du Rocher, Paris, Monaco, 2005, 288 p.
Rwanda. Contre-enquête sur le génocide, éd. Privat, 2007,
Rwanda : un génocide en questions, Editions du Rocher, 2014,
Osons dire la vérité à l'Afrique, Monaco-Paris, France, Éditions du Rocher, 2015, 224 p.
Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord (Egypte, Libye, Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc) : Des Origines à nos jours, Éditions du Rocher, 736 p., 2016,
 Rwanda. Contre-enquête sur le génocide, éd. Privat, 2007.
 Les Guerres du Sahel : des origines à nos jours, L'Afrique réelle, 2019
 Dix ans d'expertises devant le Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda (TPIR), L'Afrique réelle, 2020
 Esclavage : l'histoire à l'endroit, L'Afrique réelle, 2020
 Pour répondre aux « décoloniaux », aux islamo-gauchistes et aux terroristes de la repentance, Éditions Bernard Lugan, 264 p., 2021
 Colonisation, l'histoire à l'endroit : Comment la France est devenue la colonie de ses colonies, L'Afrique réelle, 240 p., 2022, (ISBN 978-2-492-47709-6)
 Histoire du Sahel, Éditions du Rocher, 2023, 224 pages, (ISBN 978-2268108582)

References

External links

1946 births
20th-century French historians
People from Meknes
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Lyon
Historians of Africa
French male writers
Far-right politics in France
People affiliated with Action Française
21st-century French historians
Academic staff of the National University of Rwanda
Historians of Rwanda


Gabriele Colombo (born 11 May 1972 in Varese) is an Italian road bicycle racer. He won the Milan–San Remo in 1996.

Major results

1994
3rd GP Lugano
1995
1st Stage 3 Tour de France (TTT)
3rd Overall Vuelta a Burgos
1st Stage 2
6th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
1996
1st Milan–San Remo
1st  Overall Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
1st  Overall Giro di Sardegna
2nd GP Chiasso
4th Trofeo Laigueglia
5th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
5th La Flèche Wallonne
5th Rund um den Henninger Turm
8th Firenze–Pistoia
10th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1997
2nd Trofeo Pantalica
3rd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
7th Giro di Romagna
1998
1st Stage 4 Tirreno–Adriatico
1st Stage 6 4 Jours de Dunkerque
7th Trofeo Laigueglia
2000
1st Stage 5a Tour of the Basque Country
1st Stage 2 Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
5th Overall Vuelta a Aragón
9th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
2001
2nd Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
4th Overall Vuelta a Murcia
6th Milan–San Remo
2003
2nd GP Industria & Artigianato Larciano

External links

1972 births
Italian male cyclists
Living people
Cyclists from Varese


Gustavus Myers (1872–1942) was an American journalist and historian who published a series of highly critical and influential studies on the social costs of wealth accumulation. His name has been associated with the muckraking era of US literature, somewhat erroneously, since his work was not journalistic, did not aim at popular magazine publication, and took a scholarly, investigative and documentary approach to its subjects.

The Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award was named after him, which honoured books which were judged to be "outstanding in helping shed light on bigotry in America".

Childhood and family
Gustavus Myers was born March 20, 1872, in Trenton, New Jersey, the son of Julia Hillman and Abram Myers. He attended school for a time while the impoverished family lived in Philadelphia. His father was largely absent. At the age of 14 Myers began working in a factory. He continued his own education by reading avidly and attending public lectures. His older brother Jerome Myers became a painter associated with the Ashcan School. Gustavus married Genevieve Whitne, Massachusetts, on September 23, 1904, and they had two children together.

Career
In 1891 Myers went to work as a reporter for the Philadelphia Record, leaving the next year for New York City, where he remained for the rest of his life. In the 1890s, Myers became a member of the People's Party (commonly known as the "Populists"), later joining the Socialist Party of America (SPA).

He published 'The History of Tammany Hall' in 1901, and to explore his interest in parapsychology, Beyond the Borderline of Life in (1910). In the 1910s he emerged as a leading scholar on American socialism by authoring a series of volumes for the Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, the country's largest publisher of pamphlets and books on Marxism.

Between 1909 and 1914 Myers published three volumes on the history of family wealth in the United States, one volume on the same topic for Canada, and a history of the Supreme Court of the United States. These publications were frequently cited and used in an academic setting for several decades, with Myers' History of the Great American Fortunes revived in a single volume format in 1936.

History of the Great American Fortunes was Myers' most important and influential work, documenting at great length the corruption and criminality underlying the formation and accumulation of the great American fortunes of the 19th century. From Astor and Vanderbilt, Jay Gould and Marshall Field, Stanford and Harriman, to Elkins, Morgan and Hill, Whitney, Rockefeller, Dodge, Havemeyer and numerous others, Myers detailed the permanently devastating effects of wealth accumulation on the structure of the American economy, society, and the quality of life of the vast majority of Americans.

Myers' approach was by no means Marxist and he split with the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in 1917 over the SPA's position against US involvement in World War I. His perspective was to expose the legal and administrative enablement of financial crimes by legislation and the corruption of government bodies nominally delegated to enforce it. His work and approach could be compared to the modern political writings of Noam Chomsky, such as Manufacturing Consent, which patiently explain the functionality of modern propaganda models through scholarly documentation.

In 1918 Myers contributed to the US war effort by publishing a book attacking what he called "Germany's Sinister Propaganda," The German Myth: The Falsity of Germany's "Social Progress" Claims. Myers received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1941, which he used to write a book entitled History of Bigotry in the United States.

Death
Gustavus Myers died on December 7, 1942 in Bronx, New York at the age of 70. He is buried in the historic Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

Legacy

Myers' papers are housed at the American Heritage Center of the University of Wyoming at Laramie. Included in the  of archival material are photographs of Myers and the manuscripts of two unpublished non-fiction books. A finding aid is available on site.

The Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights existed from 1984 to 2009. Founded by an English professor, it took its name in inspiration from Myer's final work.  The center was most known for the Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award, ten of which were given out each year for books which were judged to be "outstanding in helping shed light on bigotry in America."

Works

 History of Public Franchises in New York City.  New York: Reform Club Committee on City Affairs, 1900.
 The History of Tammany Hall  New York: self-published, 1901.
 Making of America: The History of Tammany Hall, Boni and Liveright, 1917.
 “Bolshevist Propaganda Ninety Years Ago,” The Weekly Review, Vol. I, May/December, 1919.
 History of the Great American Fortunes. Volume 1; Volume 2; Volume 3. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1909–1910.
 History of the Great American Fortunes. Single volume expanded edition, New York, Modern Library, 1936.
 Beyond the Borderline of Life: A Summing Up of the Results of the Scientific Investigation of Psychic Phenomena. Boston: Ball Publishing Co., 1910.
 History of The Supreme Court of the United States. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1912.
 A History of Canadian Wealth. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1914.
 "A Study of the Causes of Industrial Accidents," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 14 (Sept. 1915), pp. 672–694.
 The German Myth: The Falsity of Germany's "Social Progress" Claims.  New York: Boni and Liveright, 1918.
 Ye Olden Blue Laws. New York: Century Co., 1921.
 The History of American Idealism.  New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925.
 America Strikes Back: A Record of Contrasts.  New York: Ives Washburn, 1935.
 The Ending of Hereditary American Fortunes.  New York: J. Messner, 1939.
 History of Bigotry in the United States.  New York: Random House, 1943.

References

1872 births
1942 deaths
American socialists
Members of the Socialist Party of America
19th-century American historians
20th-century American historians
American parapsychologists
19th-century American journalists
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
American male non-fiction writers
19th-century American male writers
20th-century American male writers
Writers from Trenton, New Jersey
Journalists from New Jersey
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Historians from New Jersey


Accutone Technologies Limited is a manufacturer and marketer of telephone headsets for call centers, and premium-grade consumer audio headphones for smartphones and music-playing devices. A UK brand with headquarters in Spain, Mexico, Hong Kong, and manufacturing facilities in China, Accutone also builds ODM headsets for UK telecom companies, as well as telco in S.America and US.

Its mother company started out manufacturing loudspeakers in 1969, Accutone has been in the field of electro-acoustics for more than 45 years. Aside from being one of the big four business headset brand globally, Accutone has begun building a wide range of pro-grade audio headphones for consumers since 2011.

Headsets for Call Centers
The business unit of Accutone builds headsets for office and call centres, ranging from telephone connection to VoIP connection. They are one of the few brands to supply Unified Communication (UC) Headsets in the market, supporting Microsoft Lync platform. With the expected continual growth of demand for headset in the global contact center and office market, a research showed that Accutone is a key contributor amongst only a handful of brands.

Consumer Audio Headphones
At the retail level, the Accutone brand is associated with a wide series of audio headphones, ranging from in-ear to over-the-head size and bluetooth headphones. Features like bass-tuning ability, usage of beryllium speakers, magnetic detachable cable, audio nozzle kits and dual-wear methods set them apart from other brands. Accutone has partnership with American company Comply to supply all their pro-line products with premium memory foam tips to improve bass performance.

Ergonomics

Along with other developers like Plantronics, work safety is one of the primary concerns promoted by Accutone. They have in the past been highly involved in educating office workers, in headset ergonomics.

References

Other references
 Accutone's Official Site
 Accutone Audio's News Blog
 Accutone Biz's News Blog
 Taurus Reviews in Japan's AV Watch
 TMCnet's review on Accutone's USB500 Headset
 British Telecom Business Direct for Accutone
 Advertisement for USB500

Electronics companies of the United Kingdom