Aerobactin is a bacterial iron chelating agent (siderophore) found in E. coli. It is a virulence factor enabling E. coli to sequester iron in iron-poor environments such as the urinary tract.

Aerobactin is biosynthesized by the oxidation of lysine, catalyzed by the enzyme aerobactin synthase, which is then coupled to citric acid. The gene for this enzyme is found in the aerobactin operon, which is roughly 8 kilobases long and contains 5 or more genes in total.

Yersinia pestis contains genes relating to aerobactin, but they have been inactivated by a frameshift mutation, thus Y. pestis is no longer able to synthesize aerobactin.

Other homologs
 Rhizobactin from Sinorhizobium
 Alcaligin from Bordetella

References

Escherichia coli
Siderophores
Hydroxamic acids
Tricarboxylic acids


The 2008 Puerto Rico Democratic presidential primary took place on June 1, 2008. It was an open primary.  Puerto Rico initially planned to hold caucuses, as was done in 2000 and 2004, on June 7, 2008.  In December 2007, an error in the plan was discovered; the caucus date should have read June 1, 2008.  Puerto Rico also decided to conduct a primary, rather than caucuses.  Puerto Rico sent 55 pledged delegates to the 2008 Democratic National Convention.  These delegates were allotted on a proportional basis.  The territory's delegation also included eight unpledged "superdelegates".  Puerto Rico also selected one unpledged add-on delegate.  Selection of the unpledged add-on delegate occurred at the Assembly of the Democratic Party of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico on June 21, 2008, in San Juan. Polls were open from 8:00 am to 3:00 pm, prevailing local time, Atlantic Standard Time (AST) (UTC-4, same as Eastern Daylight Time). Hillary Clinton won the primary.

The primary was the subject of a book published in 2010.

Polls

In a poll conducted from March 31–April 5, 2008, Clinton led Obama by 13%, holding 50% to his 37%, with 13% undecided and a margin of error of ± 4.4%.

In a poll conducted from May 8–May 20, 2008, Clinton led Obama by 13%, holding 51% to his 38%, with 11% undecided and a margin of error of ± 3.4%.

Superdelegate endorsements
Puerto Rico's superdelegates endorsed candidates before the election.  Four superdelegates, Democratic State Chair Roberto Prats, Vice Chair Luisette Cabañas, Puerto Rico Democratic National Committeeman Kenneth McClintock and Young Democrats of America (YDA) National Committeeman Francisco Domenech, a majority, had announced support for Sen. Hillary Clinton and the remaining 2, Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá and National Committeewoman Celita Roque, had announced support for Sen. Barack Obama.

Campaigning on the Island
Both Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama visited the island, campaigning to get as many votes as possible.

Both campaigns also sent surrogates.  In the Obama campaign, his spouse, Michelle, travelled once to Puerto Rico.  In the Clinton campaign, the candidate's daughter, Chelsea, and her spouse President Bill Clinton, both travelled twice to Puerto Rico and during one extensive campaign day, May 26, the three attended several events together in Ponce and San Juan, according to a book by Democratic State Chair Roberto Prats and Senate President Kenneth McClintock.

Results

See also

 Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008
 Puerto Rico Republican caucuses, 2008

References

External links
 Puerto Rico 2008 presidential primary results
 Puerto Rico 2008 presidential primary and superdelegates at SourceWatch

Democratic primary
2008 United States Democratic presidential primaries by state
2008


Maplehurst is a hamlet in the civil parish of Nuthurst, and the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. The hamlet is on the Copsale to Nuthurst road, 3.8 miles (6.2 km) south from the town of Horsham. There is one pub, The White Horse, on Park Lane just off Nuthurst Road.

External links

Horsham District
Hamlets in West Sussex


Glinki is a Bydgoszcz district in south city section, between Glinki and avenue. It is bordering by districts Wzgórze Wolności and Wyżyny. The district name derives from its main street Glinki.

Neighbourhoods in Bydgoszcz


Manjoi or Gugusan Manjoi is a satellite town in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, known as Boyan neighborhood in Ipoh, second to the renowned Kampung Baru at the heart of Kuala Lumpur, the nation's capital. It is known as Gugusan Manjoi in Malay due to its dense concentration in the state capital, Ipoh. Manjoi has a mosque and many feasible facilities for its residents. It is a combination of villages which was turned into a large neighborhood. This neighborhood is under the administration of Mukim Hulu Kinta of Kinta District.

Villages
These are the five Malay villages merged becoming what is known now as Gugusan Manjoi.

 Kampung Manjoi
 Kampung Tengku Husin
 Kampung Sungai Tapah
 Kampung Dato' Ahmad Said
 Kampung Tersusun Jelapang Baru

Related links
 Laman Komuniti Gugusan Manjoi
 Kampung Manjoi, Ipoh, Perak

Ipoh
Towns in Perak


The 2008 Pennsylvania Democratic presidential primary was held on April 22 by the Pennsylvania Department of State in which voters chose their preference for the Democratic Party's candidate for the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters also chose the Pennsylvania Democratic Party's candidates for various state and local offices. The selected candidates will be placed on the ballot of the 2008 General Election on November 4. The Democratic primary was part of a General Primary that also included the 2008 Pennsylvania Republican presidential primary.

The Democratic primary was open to registered Democrats only. Polls opened at 7am and closed at 8pm. Senators Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton were the only candidates on the ballot for President of the United States.  The primary was considered to be a "must win" for Clinton, who defeated Obama, but by a smaller margin than hoped for.

Delegate breakdown
The Pennsylvania Democratic Party sent a total of 187 delegates to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Of those delegates, 158 were pledged, and 29 were unpledged.  All of the 158 pledged delegates were allocated (pledged) to vote for a particular candidate at the National Convention according to the results of the Pennsylvania Presidential Primary.  The 29 unpledged delegates were popularly called "superdelegates" because their vote represented their personal decisions, whereas the regular delegates' votes represented the collective decision of many voters.  The superdelegates were free to vote for any candidate at the National Convention and were selected by the Pennsylvania Democratic Party's officials.

The 158 pledged delegates were further divided into 103 district delegates and 55 statewide delegates. The 103 district delegates were divided among Pennsylvania's 19 Congressional Districts and were allocated to the presidential candidates based on the primary results in each district. The 55 statewide delegates were divided into 35 at-large delegates and 20 Party Leaders and Elected Officials (abbreviated PLEOs). They were allocated to the presidential candidates based on the preference of the delegates at the State Committee meeting on June 7.

Of the 29 unpledged delegates, 26 were selected in advance and 3 were selected at the State Committee meeting. The delegates selected in advance were 13 Democratic National Committee members, the 11 Democratic U.S. Representatives from Pennsylvania, Democratic U.S. Senator Bob Casey Jr., and Democratic Governor Ed Rendell.

Importance of Pennsylvania
The primary was the first time since 1976 that Pennsylvania played a major role in a presidential nomination.

Importance of Pennsylvania for Clinton

As the race continued to Pennsylvania, Indiana, and North Carolina, many observers had concluded that Clinton had little chance to overcome Obama's lead in pledged delegates.

Former President Bill Clinton highlighted the importance of the state for the Clinton campaign saying on March 11 at an event in Western Pennsylvania that "If she wins a big, big victory in Pennsylvania, I think it'll give her a real big boost going into the next primaries... I think she's got to win a big victory in Pennsylvania. I think if she does, she can be nominated, but it's up to you." This was a repetition of his tactic before March 4, warning supporters that his wife might not be able to continue if she did not win Ohio and Texas. Hillary Clinton emphasized that Pennsylvania was something of a home state for her, as her father came from Scranton, Pennsylvania, she and her brothers were christened there and had vacationed near there each summer, and her brothers still maintained the family cottage near there.

Importance of Pennsylvania to Obama
On March 18, 2008 Barack Obama chose Philadelphia as the site to deliver his much-anticipated "A More Perfect Union" speech dealing with the race and the controversy surrounding his pastor, Rev. Jeremiah Wright.

Campaign

Obama's "Road to Change" bus tour

Obama started a 6-day "Road to Change" bus tour across Pennsylvania, with stops in Pittsburgh, Johnstown, Altoona, State College, Harrisburg

On March 28, Obama started the bus tour with a rally in Pittsburgh's Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall. Obama was introduced and endorsed by Senator Bob Casey Jr., who had indicated earlier that he would remain neutral in the democratic primary.

Casey traveled to Florida over the Easter holiday, where he said rain forced him to stay inside and think about the election. Obama's ability to "transcend" the racial divide and his ability to engage younger voters proved decisive to his decision. According to sources, Casey's four daughters lobbied their dad to endorse Obama.

On March 29, the Obama bus tour stopped at the Pleasant Valley Recreation Center in Altoona, where he famously bowled a 37. Both Obama and Senator Casey (who rolled a score of 71) lost to local homemaker Roxanne Hart, who rolled a score of 82. On April Fool's Day, Senator Clinton jokingly challenged Obama to a "bowl-off," with the winner taking all the delegates.

Controversy
On April 11, 2008, The Huffington Post blogger Mayhill Fowler, a self-admitted Barack Obama supporter, reported that during an April 6 "closed press" fundraising event in San Francisco, California, Obama recounted the obstacles facing his campaign in the Pennsylvania primary as it pertained to rural, white voters. Fowler wrote that during the speech, Obama said the following:

You go into these small towns in Pennsylvania and, like a lot of small towns in the Midwest, the jobs have been gone now for 25 years and nothing's replaced them... And they fell through the Clinton Administration, and the Bush Administration, and each successive administration has said that somehow these communities are gonna regenerate and they have not. And it's not surprising then they get bitter, they cling to guns or religion or antipathy to people who aren't like them or anti-immigrant sentiment or anti-trade sentiment as a way to explain their frustrations.

Fowler later posted a three-minute, 30-second audio snippet confirming the accuracy of the remark. Senators Clinton and John McCain both issued statements condemning the remarks. Obama later defended his comments, but conceded: "I didn't say it as well as I should have." However, he also added: "I said something that everybody knows is true." Obama had addressed similar themes of guns, religion, and economics in 2004 during an interview with Charlie Rose.

Final week
On the last Friday before the primary, Senator Obama spoke on Independence Mall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a crowd of more than 35,000, the largest audience yet drawn by either candidate during the campaign. The crowd was nearly twice what had been projected and spilled over into nearby streets. The next day, Obama conducted a whistle stop train tour from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, drawing a crowd of 6,000 at a stop in Wynnewood and 3,000 at a stop in Paoli. On Monday, Sen. Obama held the final events of his Pennsylvania campaign in Scranton, McKeesport and at the University of Pittsburgh's Petersen Events Center.

The Saturday before the primary, Senator Clinton spoke in five Pennsylvania cities, including West Chester and York, Pennsylvania. More than 300 people showed up at the West Chester firehouse to hear the New York Senator speak. At the Wilson high gymnasium in West Lawn, Pennsylvania, Clinton told several hundred more supporters: "The job of a leader is to bring people together to solve problems . . . to understand that sometimes we have to fight to get the political will and the votes to make that happen". On Monday, April 21, Senator Clinton along with husband Bill Clinton spoke to a crowd of 6,000 in Downtown Pittsburgh. Other events were held Monday in Scranton, Harrisburg, and Philadelphia. Both candidates refused to participate in the political custom of street money.

Polls

Public opinion polling from early January 2007 through mid-February 2008 consistently gave Hillary Clinton a double digit lead over Barack Obama. By the beginning of April, polls of Pennsylvanians showed Obama trailing Clinton by an average of 5 points. According to 2 polls taken one day before the primary, Hillary Clinton was leading Barack Obama by 49%-42% and 51%-41%. Other polls showed Clinton leading by an average of about 6%.

Some superdelegates also announced their preferred candidates before the primary.  As of April 30, 16 superdelegates had announced support for Senator Clinton and 5 had announced support for Senator Obama.

Results

Primary date: April 22, 2008

National pledged delegates determined: 158

In the end, Hillary Clinton won the primary by 9.28 percentage points, a wider margin than expected than recent polls suggested, but smaller than most January and February polls. Despite her victory, she gained only nine delegates on Obama. In particular superdelegates were not swinging in her direction after her win; the Clintons had been trying to secure the support of Congressman Jason Altmire but he remained uncommitted after she won his district by 31 percentage points during the primary.

See also

 2004 Pennsylvania Democratic presidential primary
 2008 Pennsylvania Republican presidential primary
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries

References

2008 United States Democratic presidential primaries by state
2008 Pennsylvania elections
2008


The 2008 Guam Democratic presidential caucus took place on May 3, 2008. Senator Barack Obama won by 7 votes, a margin of less than 0.2%. This resulted in each candidate getting 2 pledged delegates to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Guam Democrats also sent five unpledged superdelegates to the convention.

Results

Primary date: May 3, 2008

National pledged delegate votes determined: 4

See also
 2008 United States presidential straw poll in Guam
 2008 United States presidential election
 2008 Guam Republican presidential caucuses

References

Democratic territorial convention
Guam
2008


The 2008 Indiana Democratic presidential primary took place on May 6, 2008. It was an open primary with 72 delegates at stake. The winner in each of Indiana's nine congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 47. Another 25 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Hillary Clinton. The 72 delegates represented Indiana at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Twelve other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

Obama and Clinton were the only two candidates on the ballot in Indiana. Polls were opened in the state from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., prevailing local time. (Most of the state is on Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-4), but 12 counties in the Evansville and Gary Metropolitan Areas are on Central Daylight Time (UTC-5).)

Clinton narrowly defeated Obama to win the primary.

Polling

In the last polling conducted before the primary from May 4 to May 5, Obama led Clinton by a statistically insignificant 45-43 percent with 7 percent undecided in a 3.9-percent margin of error.

Superdelegates
There were 13 superdelegates up for grabs, who were not bound by the primary results.

Indiana Superdelegates

Results

Primary Date: May 6, 2008

The day on which the Indiana primary occurred was known as Super Tuesday III. Along with North Carolina which held its primary on the same day, this was largely considered the "Waterloo" of the Democratic primaries. Obama had been under fire for controversial remarks made by the Reverend Jeremiah Wright and was not initially expected to do well in Indiana, a state with similar demographics to Ohio and Pennsylvania, so pulling out a narrow loss was perceived as successful by the media. Further hurting Clinton's campaign was the time-zone differences, with her double-digit defeat in North Carolina reported in prime time, and the news of the slim victory in Indiana had come too late. MSNBC's Tim Russert said that Clinton "did not get the game-changer she wanted tonight" and "We now know who the Democratic nominee will be."

Analysis

Hillary Rodham Clinton's narrow win in the Indiana Democratic Primary can be traced to a number of factors. According to exit polls, 78 percent of voters in the Indiana Democratic Party were Caucasian and they opted for Clinton 60-40 percent compared to the 17 percent of voters who were African American who backed Obama by a margin of 89-11. Obama won young voters under the age of 40 by a margin of 59-41 while Clinton won older voters over the age of 40 by a margin of 58-42. The results varied according to socioeconomic class in Indiana. Obama won extremely poor voters with less than a $15,000 family income by a margin of 58-42. Clinton won middle class voters with family incomes of $15,000-$75,000 by a margin of 53-47. Obama won upper middle voters with a family income of $75,000-$100,000 by a margin of 51-49 while Clinton won more affluent voters with incomes of over $100,000 by a margin of 54-46 percent. Clinton won less educated voters (high school graduates backed her 54-46 while those with some college and/or an associate degree supported her 55-45) while Obama won more educated voters (college graduates and those with postgraduate studies both backed him 56-44). Clinton won self-identified Democrats, who made up 67 percent of the electorate, by a margin of 52-48 as well as self-identified Republicans, who made up 10 percent of the electorate, by a margin of 54-46; Obama won Independents, who made up 23 percent of the electorate, by a margin of 54-46. Obama won voters who identified themselves as liberal while Clinton won voters who said they were moderate and/or conservative. Regarding religion, Clinton won Protestants by a margin of 51-49 percent along with Roman Catholics by a margin of 61-39 percent; Obama won voters who identified with other religions by a margin of 60-40 as well as atheists/agnostics by a margin of 57-43.

Clinton performed well statewide through Indiana, winning most of the counties. Obama performed best in Marion County which contains the state capital and heavily African American largest city of Indianapolis as well as the Indianapolis Suburbs. He also won Northeast Indiana, which is anchored in Allen County by Fort Wayne. Clinton performed best in Southern Indiana along the Ohio River with neighboring Kentucky as well as East Central Indiana and Northern Indiana, although the latter to a lesser extent. Obama also won Lake County in Northwest Indiana which contains Gary and is a part of the Chicago Metropolitan Area in addition to St. Joseph County which contains South Bend and University of Notre Dame. He also won Monroe County containing the left wing city of Bloomington which is home to Indiana University. Clinton won Vanderburgh County which contains Evansville as well as Vigo County which contains Terre Haute.

Obama's active campaigning in Indiana during the primary is widely believed to be a cause of his narrow win in this heavily Republican state in the 2008 general election against John McCain.

Charges of election fraud
On April 3, 2012, four St. Joseph County Democratic officials had charges filed against them for allegedly forging Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton primary petitions during the 2008 election. Authorities charge that the scheme to submit the fake petitions for Obama was put together at the local county Democratic headquarters.

Under state law, presidential candidates need to qualify with 500 signatures from each of Indiana's nine congressional districts. Indiana elections officials say that in St. Joseph County, which is the 2nd Congressional District, the Obama campaign qualified with 534 signatures; Clinton's camp had 704. But the signatures, which were certified by the elections board, were never challenged. If the number of legitimate signatures for Obama or Clinton had been challenged and had fallen below the legal requirement of 500, they could have been removed from the state ballot. Reports have previously put the number of phony signatures for both candidates at about 150, but state investigators plucked names from the petitions at random and cited only 20 individual alleged forgeries as part of their case.

Two officials, former St. Joseph County Democratic party Chairman Butch Morgan Jr. and former county Board of Elections worker Dustin Blythe, were both found guilty of various felonies associated with their faking petitions that enabled Obama, to get on the presidential primary ballot in 2008.

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Indiana Republican presidential primary

References

External links
 IN Secretary of State - Primary Election Result

Indiana
Democratic
2008


Unao Balaji Sun Temple, a famous and rare sun temple with its own unique architecture, is situated in a small town of Unao in Datia district of Madhya Pradesh.  The Balaji temple was built in the pre-historic time by the king of Datia.

History and myth
It is said that a cow used to go to a particular place to graze in the outskirts of Unao. The cow every day pours her milk at that particular place. The cow belonged to a person of the "Kachhi", (the people of this caste generally used to grow vegetables). The owner of cow was not aware of this incident. Once a person of Lodhi caste saw that the cow is pouring her milk  on the earth. The people of this cast have the occupation of assassinating cows. He immediately grabbed the opportunity and assassinated the cow. On the following night, The sun deity came in the dreams of the king of Datia and told the king to dig him out from the location, where the cow used to pour her milk. Next morning, King called his boys and dug out the place and found a statue of the sun. He built a temple in Unao and established the statue on a brick platform, and as said by the sun, the owner of that cow has been assigned the priest. Since then only people belonging to "Kachhi" caste can only sit at the brick platform and offer garlands, prasadas to the deity. Elsewhere in India, only a person belonging to Brahmin caste can offer worship. The pilgrims and pandas(people belong to Brahmin caste)also take part in the worship of the deity but the main priest is said to be "Kachhi" caste people.

Geography
The Balaji temple is situated in the vicinity of Unao. Unao is a small town which falls under Datia district in Madhya Pradesh.  Unao is 17 km away from Datia and around 17 km from Jhansi (famous for Jhansi ki Raani, LakshmiBai) Jhansi. Unao, makes a segment of a circle with Datia and Jhansi being the crossing point of the chords in the segment.
Unao can be reached by any of the two places. Jhansi is also a rail junction in the central railway. All the trains from Bhopal to Delhi are passed through Jhansi.

Temple architecture
The Sun Temple at Unao in Madhya Pradesh is unique in its architecture. The Sun God is the main deity of this temple. The Sun God stands on a brick platform covered with black plates. Twenty-one triangles, representing the 21 phases of the Sun are engraved in the shrine. Here, special worship is offered on Sundays. Local belief is that worshippers find relief from skin ailments at this temple.

Significance
The deity Balaji is very much famous for curing skin ailments. People from far distant places come and worship the deity. Below the temple, a river Pahooj is also flowing. There are some wells in the river, at the time of summer, people used to have bathe with the water in the wells. Sulphur content is found in the water of Pahooj river, which is helpful in treating skin diseases. It is said that if you have bathe in river and offer water to deity Balaji, all your incurable skin ailments will be cured within few days. Sunday is considered as the day of deity Balaji (Sun). All the inhabitants of Unao and the surrounding region has enormous faith in the deity and also have felt the power of it. Each family in unao have at least one member in government jobs.

References

External links

Tourism in Madhya Pradesh
Hindu holy cities
Surya temples


The 2008 North Carolina Democratic presidential primary took place on May 6, 2008, one of the last primary elections in the long race for nomination between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. Obama won the primary.

North Carolina sent 134 delegates to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. 115 delegates were tied to the results of the primary, with the remainder being unelected superdelegates not pledged to any candidate. Registered Democrats and unaffiliated voters (but not registered Republicans) were allowed to participate. The polls were open from 6:30 AM to 7:30 PM, Eastern daylight time (UTC-4).  North Carolina had 5,811,778 registered voters in 2,817 precincts, with turnout at 36.42%.

Polls

Public opinion polling from early January 2008 through mid-February 2008 generally gave Senator Hillary Clinton a single digit lead over Senator Barack Obama. From then on, Obama had the lead in almost every poll, and on May 5, was up by 3%, holding 48% to her 45%. 7% were undecided, with a margin of error of 3%. The new polls gave "fresh hope" to Clinton.

Robocalls
The North Carolina state board of elections reported that misleading robocalls were made to African-American voters in the days leading up to the primary in late April 2008, which essentially told registered voters that they were not registered.
According to NPR and Facing South, these calls were made by the organization "Women's Voices Women Vote."

"Women's Voices Women Vote" included members such as former White House chief of staff John Podesta, Maggie Williams, and Page Gardner, all of whom have close ties to the Clintons. Voters and watchdog groups complained that it was a turnout-suppression effort, and the state Attorney General Roy Cooper ordered them to stop making the calls.

Results

Primary date: May 6, 2008

National pledged delegates determined: 115

The day that the North Carolina primary was held was known as Super Tuesday III. Along with Indiana which held its primary on the same day, this was largely considered the "Waterloo" of the Democratic primaries. Obama had been under fire for controversial remarks made by Jeremiah Wright, and his lead in North Carolina polls had been reduced to single digits, so Clinton's double-digit loss in that state was a major disappointment. Further hurting Clinton's campaign was the time-zone differences, as the defeat was reported in prime time, and the news of the narrow victory in Indiana had come too late. MSNBC's Tim Russert  was quoted as saying "She did not get the game-changer she wanted tonight."

See also
 Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008
 North Carolina Republican primary, 2008

References

External links
 NC Board of Elections

2008 North Carolina elections
North Carolina
2008


The 2008 West Virginia Democratic presidential primary took place on May 13, 2008 with polls closing at 7:30 p.m. EST. It was open to Democrats and Independents. The primary determined 28 delegates to the 2008 Democratic National Convention, who were awarded on a proportional basis. West Virginia's Democratic delegation also included 11 unpledged "superdelegates".  The primary came late in the nomination race. Hillary Clinton won by a very wide margin, but her opponent Barack Obama maintained a substantial lead in the overall number of pledged delegate votes.

Polls

As of May 4, 2008, opinion polling showed Sen. Hillary Clinton holding a 56% to 27% lead over Sen. Barack Obama, with 17% undecided.

Some of West Virginia's superdelegates also endorsed a candidate prior to the primary.  By February 20, more than a month before the election, three superdelegates had announced support for Sen. Hillary Clinton (DNC Members Marie Prezioso, Pat Maroney, and Belinda Biafore), while three had endorsed Sen. Barack Obama (Rep. Nick Rahall, Sen. Jay Rockefeller, and Sen. Robert C. Byrd).

Results

Primary date: May 13, 2008

National pledged delegates determined: 28

See also
 Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008
 West Virginia Republican caucuses, 2008

References

External links
 WV Secretary of State - Election Returns

West Virginia
2008 West Virginia elections
2008
May 2008 events in the United States


Sarpsborg Station () is located at the city of Sarpsborg in Norway on the Østfold Line. The station is served by regional trains between Oslo and Halden with hourly headway by Vy.

History

The station was opened in 1879 as part of the Østfold line. In 1882 the Eastern Østfold Line was built with terminus at Sarpsborg Station.

References

External links

Railway stations in Østfold
Railway stations on the Østfold Line
Railway stations opened in 1879
1879 establishments in Norway
Sarpsborg
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1870s


Club Deportivo Universidad Católica is a football club based in Santiago, Chile.

Club Deportivo Universidad Católica may also refer to:

Club Deportivo Universidad Católica (multi-sports club), parent organization of the Chilean football club
Club Deportivo Universidad Católica del Ecuador, a football club based in Quito, Ecuador

See also
Universidad Católica (disambiguation)


Marehill is a hamlet in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. It lies on the A283 road 0.6 miles (1 km) east of Pulborough.

External links

Horsham District
Villages in West Sussex


Rattlesnake Bite is the Finnish rock band Smack's second studio album. It was released in 1985. A remastered version released in 1998 included 5 bonus tracks.

Track list

Original album
 "Stepping Stone" (Boyce, Hart) 2:37
 "Roses Have Faded" 3:58
 "Nearby the Hangingtree" 3:20
 "Rattlesnake Bite" (Manchuria, Rane, Claude) 3:24
 "Somewhere Out of the Day" 3:53
 "Weird Is the Sea" 2:48
 "Pass That Bottle" 2:27
 "Shade of the Blade" 4:37
 "Oh Lord" 3:10
 "On the Run" 2:58
 "Ice Drops" 2:57

1998 bonus tracks
 "Paint It Black" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) 3:15
 "Black Bird" (Manchuria, Claude) 3:41
 "Buy This Town" (Manchuria, Claude) 3:09
 "Maggie McGill" (Live) (Jim Morrison) 4:33
 "Search and Destroy" (Live) (Iggy Pop, James Williamson)

Single
 " Stepping Stone " (Boyce/Hart) 2:37
 " Somewhere Out Of The Day " (Manchuria, Claude) 3:53

Line-up
 Claude – vocals
 Manchuria – guitar
 Rane – guitar
 Cheri – bass
 Kinde – drums

External links
 Smack

1985 albums
Smack (Finnish band) albums


The Lewiston–Clarkston metropolitan area—colloquially referred to as the Lewiston–Clarkston Valley or Lewis–Clark Valley (often abbreviated as LC Valley), and officially known as the Lewiston, ID–WA Metropolitan Statistical Area—is a metropolitan area comprising Nez Perce County, Idaho and Asotin County, Washington. The metro is anchored by the cities of Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington—named after  Meriwether Lewis and William Clark,  respectively. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 60,888 (though a July 1, 2011 estimate placed the population at 61,476), making it the 4th smallest metropolitan area in the United States.

Geography

Counties
Nez Perce County, Idaho
Asotin County, Washington

Communities
Anatone, Washington (unincorporated)
Asotin, Washington
Clarkston Heights-Vineland, Washington (unincorporated)
Clarkston, Washington
Culdesac, Idaho
Lapwai, Idaho
Lewiston, Idaho (Principal city)
Peck, Idaho
Spalding, Idaho (unincorporated)
West Clarkston-Highland, Washington (unincorporated)

Features
Lewiston Hill
Lower Granite Lake
Snake River
Clearwater River (Idaho)
 Bridges
Interstate Highway Bridge
Southway Bridge
 Highways
U.S. Route 12 in Washington
U.S. Route 12 in Idaho
U.S. Route 95 in Idaho

Photos

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 57,961 people, 23,650 households, and 15,803 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 93.01% White, 0.25% African American, 3.88% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.55% from other races, and 1.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.94% of the population.

The median income for a household in the MSA was $34,903, and the median income for a family was $42,402. Males had a median income of $35,249 versus $24,616 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $18,146.

See also
Idaho census statistical areas
Washington census statistical areas

Notes

References

Regions of Idaho
Regions of Washington (state)
Metropolitan areas of Idaho
Metropolitan areas of Washington (state)
Twin cities


Independence Estate (Osiedle Niepodległości) is in Bydgoszcz, Poland, and is the youngest district in Fordon. The first block of Wyzwolenia street was made available for use in June 1990.

References

Buildings and structures in Bydgoszcz
Neighbourhoods in Bydgoszcz


Horst Fügner (11 March 1923 – 22 November 2014) was a German former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He rode for the East German MZ works team from 1954 and rode in Grands Prix from 1957.

In 1955, 1956 and 1958 Fügner won the 250cc class of the East German motorcycling championship. His best year was 1958 when he won the Swedish Grand Prix and finished the season second to Tarquinio Provini in the 250cc World Championship.

References

1923 births
2014 deaths
German motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders
250cc World Championship riders
Isle of Man TT riders
Sportspeople from Chemnitz


"Criticize"  is a song by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal, written by O'Neal and Jellybean Johnson. It was the second single from O'Neal's second solo album, Hearsay (1987). The song's distinctive backing vocals were performed by Lisa Keith. Following the successful chart performances of the Hearsay single "Fake", "Criticize" was released as the album's second single.

Meaning
The song's lyrics are a personal commentary, critical of a nagging ex-lover, who criticizes his "friends", "ideals", "lifestyle", and "feeling[s]".

Release
"Criticize" peaked at number four on the R&B chart, and number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In the United Kingdom, "Criticize" peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart, becoming O'Neal's biggest hit in Britain, and in 2020 was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry.

In Ireland, "Criticize" peaked at number 14 on the Irish Singles Chart.

In popular culture
The song is featured in the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto IV on the in-game radio station "The Vibe 98.8".

Track listing
 12" Maxi (Tabu TBU 651158 6)
 "Criticize (Remix)" – 7:00
 "Criticize (Edit)" – 3:55
 "Criticize (A Cappella)" – 2:40
 "Criticize (Critical Mix)" – 5:30
 "Criticize (Critical Edit)" – 3:45
 "Criticize (Critical Dub)" – 4:30
 "Criticize (Nag Mix)" – 1:35

 12" Single
 "Criticize (Remix)" – 7:00
 "Criticize (Critical Mix)" – 5:30
 "Fake (Extended Version)" – 5:20

 7" Single (Tabu 651158 7)
 "Criticize" – 4:00
 "A Broken Heart Can Mend" – 3:40

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
 Alexander O'Neal - lead vocals and backing vocals
 Jellybean Johnson - synthesizers, electric guitar and drum machine
 Jimmy Jam - synthesizers
 Lisa Keith - backing vocals
 Brie Howard-Darling - drums, matraca and timbals

Sales chart performance

Peak positions

Certifications

Re-recording
Alexander O’Neal re-recorded “Criticize” in 1998 with producers Errol Jones and John Girvan.  The song was released as a commercial single, peaking at number 51 on the UK Singles Chart.

Track listing
 UK CD Single (OWECD3)
 "Criticize (‘98 Critical Yojo Working Radio Mix)" – 3:59
 "Criticize (‘98 Chill Out Positivity Krew Radio Mix)" – 4:38
 "Criticize (‘98 Critical Yojo Working Club Mix)" – 6:56
 "Criticize (‘98 House Positivity Mix)" – 4:20

 UK 12” Single (OWET3)
 "Criticize (‘98 Critical Yojo Working Club Mix)" – 6:56
 "Criticize (‘98 Critical Yojo Working Radio Mix)" – 3:59
 "Criticize (‘98 Dub Mix)" – 4:38

 Germany 12” Single (0066260CLU)
 "Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Club Vocal Mix)" – 7:22
 "Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Ocean Dub)" – 6:05
 "Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Subsonic Vocal Mix)" – 8:30
 "Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Subsonic Dub)" – 7:52

 Germany 12” Single (0066540CLU)
 "Criticize (Stonebridge Club Mix)" – 9:52
 "Criticize (Critical Yojo Working Club Mix)" – 6:56
 "Criticize (Jamie Lewis Phat Club Mix)" – 7:49

 Italy 12” Single (BLUE012)
 "Criticize '99 (Jamie Lewis Phat Club Mix)" – 7:49
 "Criticize '99 (Harley & Muscle Deep House Mix)" – 7:54

 Italy 12” Single (BLUE013)
 "Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Club Vocal Mix)" – 7:22
 "Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Ocean Dub)" – 6:05
 "Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Sub Sonic Vocal Dub)" – 8:30

References

1987 singles
Alexander O'Neal songs
1987 songs
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Songs written by Jellybean Johnson
Songs written by Alexander O'Neal


Piers Adams (born 21 December 1963) is a British recorder player and member of baroque group Red Priest.

After attending Reading Blue Coat School Adams trained as a physicist at the University of Bristol, but turned professionally to the recorder at age 21.   Known as the "modern day pied piper" his performing career has taken him all over the world to places such as the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Russia and most European countries.

Adams has received numerous awards for his recorder playing, including first prize in the inaugural Moeck International Recorder Competition (1985) which led to debuts in the premier London venues such as the Wigmore Hall and Royal Festival Hall.

As a concert soloist, Adams performs with orchestras including the BBC Symphony Orchestras, the Philharmonia, the Academy of Ancient Music, Guildhall Strings, the English Sinfonia, the City of London Sinfonia, London Musici and the Singapore Symphony Orchestra.

CD recordings range from his award-winning debut of Vivaldi Concertos (Cala) to David Bedford's heroic Recorder Concerto (NMC) – one of many major works written for him.   CDs available include Recorder Bravura (romantic showpieces), Shine and Shade (20th century sonatas) and seven Red Priest CDs: Priest on the Run, Nightmare in Venice, The Four Seasons, Pirates of the Baroque, Johann, I'm Only Dancing, Handel in the wind and Baroque Bohemians, which reached No.1 in the UK Specialist Classical Charts in October 2018.  In 2019 Adams recorded a baroque new-age crossover album, Bach Side of the Moon, which reached No. 5 in the international New Age Music charts.

Adams' current projects include an innovative recorder and synth duo, Baroque Alchemy, with his keyboardist partner Lyndy Mayle.

References

External links
 Piers Adams website
 Red Priest website
 Upbeat Classical Management

1963 births
Living people
British classical musicians
British recorder players
British performers of early music
Factory Records artists
People educated at Reading Blue Coat School
Albany Records artists


Disease Models & Mechanisms (DMM) is a monthly peer-reviewed Open Access biomedical journal published by The Company of Biologists that launched in 2008. DMM is partnered with Publons, is part of the Review Commons initiative and has two-way integration with bioRxiv.

Scope and content
DMM publishes original research, resources and reviews that focus on the use of model systems to better understand, diagnose and treat human disease.

Model systems of interest include:

 Vertebrates such as mice, zebrafish, frogs, rats and other mammals

 Invertebrates such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans
 Unique in vitro or ex vivo models, such as stem-cell-based models, organoids and systems based on patient material
 Microorganisms such as yeast and Dictyostelium
 Other biological systems with relevance to human disease research

Disease areas of interest include:

 Cancer
 Neurodegenerative and neurological diseases
 Psychiatric disorders
 Metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity
 Cardiovascular diseases, stroke and hypertension
 Gastrointestinal diseases
 Infectious diseases
 Autoimmunity and inflammation
 Developmental diseases
 Musculoskeletal disorders
 Renal or liver disease
 Eye disorders
 Drug and biomarker discovery/screening
 Stem cell therapies in regenerative medicine

The journal operates on a continuous publication model. The final version of record is immediately released online as soon as it is ready.

All papers are published as Open Access articles under the CC-BY licence.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and/or indexed by:

 BIOBASE
 CAB abstracts
 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
 Clarivate Analytics Web of Science
 EMBASE
 Medline
 Scopus

It is a member of OASPA (Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association) and is indexed in the DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals).

Disease Models & Mechanisms is a signatory of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA).

Management
The founding editor-in-chief was Vivian Siegel (2008-2013), followed by Ross Cagan (2013-2016) and Monica J. Justice (2016-2020).

Elizabeth Patton was appointed Editor-in-Chief in December 2020, with Elaine Mardis as Deputy Editor-in-Chief.

References

External links

 The Company of Biologists

Pathology journals
Academic journals established in 2008
The Company of Biologists academic journals
Monthly journals


Goodwin Sports Centre is a sporting facility and gym in the Crookesmoor area of the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.  Its facilities include a 33 m swimming pool, bouldering wall, tennis court, cricket nets, gymnasium (known as S10health), sports hall and several synthetic pitches.  It is owned by the University of Sheffield.

Facilities

The Goodwin Sports Centre consists of a range of indoor facilities in two buildings - one housing a swimming pool, gym and bouldering wall, the other housing an indoor sports hall and other facilities.  The complex also has one full size astroturf hockey pitch on the other side of Northumberland Road and a football synthetic pitch.

The facilities are used by members of the general public as well as the university community.  University teams compete both at an internal level and within the British Universities Sports Association's leagues.  Also, a number of non-university teams and clubs play or train at Goodwin, including Sheffield University Bankers Hockey Club.

History
The facilities were largely constructed in the 1960s, funded by the head of the Neepsend Tool and Steel Corporation, Sir Stuart Goodwin.  He approached the university with £30,000 of financial support towards building a sports hall after discovering that the existing gymnasium on the Western Bank part of the campus would be demolished.  They were opened in October 1960.  After funding the indoor sports hall, Goodwin then discovered that there was no swimming facility at the university (plans had been abandoned in 1939) and issued a further £60,000 from himself and his wife to fund the construction.  At the opening ceremony for the pool, he surprised people further by pledging to fund squash courts and indoor cricket wickets.  The swimming pool and second gymnasium opened in 1963.

The swimming pool was later named the Cofield Swimming Pool, after "Sarge Cofield", the manager of university athletics for several years, on his retirement in 1967.

During the 2001/2002 academic year, the facilities were improved at a cost of £6 million, and the gym facilities renamed S10 Health.  This is when additional synthetic pitches were added, along with the aerobics area and indoor climbing arena.  This was also when the 'USport' body was created, an organisation with input from the University of Sheffield and the University of Sheffield Union of Students.  The facilities were then opened up to members of the public, and membership fees were charged - including fees for students - for the first time.  USport was renamed to Sport Sheffield in 2012.

In August 2023 Sport Sheffield Announced the indefinite closure of the 33m pool due to structural problems.

Location
Goodwin is located roughly halfway up Northumberland Road off the A57 in the Crookesmoor part of Broomhill.  The hockey pitches are to the south of the road, opposite the Weston Park Hospital whereas the indoor facilities and remaining football pitch are to the north, closer to Crookes Valley Park.

The pitches sit on top of former water reservoirs:  The sports pitches on Whitham Road opposite Weston Park Hospital are the site of Godfrey Dam, built in 1790 and extended in 1853. On the opposite side of Northumberland Road was New Dam built in 1787 and enlarged in 1809. Nearer Crookesmoor Road alongside Narrow Walk were Ralphs and Misfortune Dams, with Butchers Dam on the opposite side of Northumberland Road.

References

External links
 Sport Sheffield

Sports venues in Sheffield
Sheffield University buildings and structures


The 2008 Kentucky Democratic presidential primary took place May 20, 2008, and had 51 delegates at stake. The winner in each of Kentucky's six congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 34. Another 17 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Hillary Clinton. The 51 delegates represented Kentucky at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Nine other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

Kentucky had a closed primary, meaning it was open only to registered Democrats. Those wishing to participate in the primary had to register as Democrats 28 days prior to the primary.

There were 3,545 precincts in 120 counties with 1,629,845 Democratic registered voters, and the turnout was 43.0% of the registered voters.

Polls

According to a poll from Rasmussen Reports taken before the primary, Hillary Clinton led Barack Obama 56-31 percent in Kentucky with 13 percent undecided.

As of April 30, two superdelegates had pledged support for Obama while three had endorsed Clinton.

Results

Primary Date: May 20, 2008

National Pledged Delegates Determined: 51

Analysis

Hillary Clinton won a decisive two-to-one victory in Kentucky, a state located in the Appalachian region which had many of the demographics in her favor. According to exit polls, 89 percent of voters in the Kentucky Democratic Primary were white and they opted for Clinton by a margin of 72-23 compared to the 9 percent of African American voters who backed Obama by a margin of 90-7. Clinton won all age groups, all socioeconomic/income classes and educational attainment ladders of voters. Registered Democrats, who comprised 84 percent of the turnout, backed Clinton by a margin of 68-30. She also won all ideological groups. Regarding religion, Clinton dominated all major denominations by two-to-one margins, including Protestants which backed her 66-28, Roman Catholics supported her 66-31, and other Christians favored Clinton by a margin of 66-30. It was a conclusive landslide victory for Clinton.

Clinton performed extraordinarily well throughout the state of Kentucky, carrying all but two counties: Jefferson County, which contains Louisville, and Fayette County which contains Lexington. Her best performance was in Southeast Kentucky, located in the heart of Appalachia, an area made up of less educated, lower-income, working-class whites. In fact, it was here where Clinton received her largest margin of victory in a county nationwide: Magoffin County gave Clinton 92.98 percent of the vote while Obama only received a meager 5.00 percent.

Kentucky was another state that highlighted Barack Obama's growing problem among working-class whites, a swing voting bloc also referred to as Reagan Democrats who Clinton claimed were crucial to Democrats winning back the White House. Exit polls in Kentucky supported Clinton's claim – of Kentucky voters who voted for Clinton, only one-third of voters said they would vote for Obama should he become the nominee while another one-third said they would vote for presumptive Republican presidential nominee John McCain and another one-third said they would not vote at all.

See also
 Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008
 Kentucky Republican primary, 2008

References

Kentucky
Democratic presidential primary
2008


The 2008 Oregon Democratic presidential primary was a mail-only primary in the U.S. state of Oregon. Ballots were mailed to registered Democratic voters between May 2 and May 6, 2008. To be counted, all ballots had to have been received by county elections offices by 8:00 p.m. PDT on May 20, 2008.  It was a closed primary and voters had to have registered as Democrats by April 29, 2008 to be eligible to vote in any of the partisan races. Barack Obama won the presidential primary with 58% of the vote.

At the time of the election there were 868,371 registered Democratic voters; 73.56% of them voted in this election.

Delegates

Oregon had a total of 65 delegates at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Of these, 52 pledged delegates were allocated proportionally to one of the Democratic Presidential candidates in the primary. (The delegates themselves, along with nine alternates, were elected at a later date.)

The 52 pledged delegates were allocated as follows:

Oregon's 1st congressional district: 7
Oregon's 2nd congressional district: 5
Oregon's 3rd congressional district: 9
Oregon's 4th congressional district: 7
Oregon's 5th congressional district: 6
At-large: 12
Pledged superdelegates: 6

Oregon also had 13 unpledged superdelegates, all of whom endorsed Obama (though Kulongoski and Hooley originally endorsed Clinton in the primaries):

Governor Ted Kulongoski
U.S. Senator Ron Wyden
Congressman David Wu
Congressman Earl Blumenauer
Congressman Peter DeFazio
Congresswoman Darlene Hooley
Secretary of State Bill Bradbury (by association with the Democratic Association of Secretaries of State)
 DNC member Frank Dixon
 DNC member Jenny Greenleaf
 DNC member Wayne Kinney
 DNC member Gail Rasmussen
 DNC member and DPO chair Meredith Wood Smith
 Former Governor Barbara Roberts (unpledged delegate, elected at the state Democratic convention on June 21)

Polling

May 18 Obama rally
On May 18, 2008, Barack Obama addressed a rally in Tom McCall Waterfront Park in Portland, with a crowd estimated at 72,000 (60,000 inside the gates and another 12,000 outside).  This crowd was the largest ever to greet Obama, surpassing his previous record of 35,000 people in Pennsylvania. It was also likely the largest-ever political rally in Oregon, surpassing the John Kerry rally in 2004, which drew 50,000.  Large, media-attracting rallies and meetings such as this were noted to make a substantial difference in electorate enthusiasm and volunteer sign-ups for both Democratic Party potential candidates.

Results

Primary date: May 20, 2008

National pledged delegates determined: 52

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Oregon Republican presidential primary

References

External links
Oregon Democratic Party website

Oregon
Democratic
2008


The 2008 Montana Democratic presidential primary took place on June 3, 2008, with 16 delegates at stake. Along with South Dakota, it was one of the last two elections in the 2008 Democratic Party Presidential Primary. The winner in Montana's at-large congressional district was awarded all of that district's delegates, which totaled 10 (the district was split into Western and Eastern halves). Another six delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Barack Obama. The 16 delegates represented Montana at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Eight other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention.

At the same time as he lost the South Dakota Democratic Primary, Barack Obama won the Montana Democratic Primary and simultaneously secured enough delegates to clinch the Democratic Party's nomination for President over Hillary Clinton.

Turnout
According to the Secretary of State of Montana, at the time of the primary, Montana had 630,658 registered voters from a 2007 population of 957,861 in 56 counties. Turnout was estimated to be at 28.80 percent.

Polling

Results
Early on the day of the primary, hours before polls closed, the Associated Press projected Barack Obama's nomination for the presidency. The projection was based on the declarations of a large number of Democratic superdelegates, as well as exit polls of voters in South Dakota and Montana. However, the AP calculated that Obama would be the presumptive Democratic nominee even if he lost the primaries in both South Dakota and Montana simply because he was so far ahead in the delegate count.

Analysis
Like many Western states, Montana was handily won by Barack Obama, although Hillary Clinton did considerably better here than in many other states in the area. According to exit polls, 91 percent of voters in the Montana Democratic Primary were Caucasians and they opted for Obama by a margin of 56-41 percent. Obama swept all age groups, socioeconomic classes and educational attainment ladders except senior citizens ages 65 and over who supported Clinton by a margin of 57-40. Obama won all ideological groups and voters from both major parties as well as Independents. Regarding religion, Clinton won Protestants by a margin of 52-45 while Obama won Roman Catholics by a margin of 52-46, other Christians by a margin of 56-41, and atheists/agnostics by a margin of 75-24.

Obama did well all throughout the state of Montana. His best performance was in Big Horn County which contains Native American reservations, where he received 78.09 percent, and Gallatin County, which contains Bozeman, the home of Montana State University. He was able to rack up the numbers by winning the more populous counties of Yellowstone County, which contains Billings, as well as Missoula County which contains left-leaning Missoula. Clinton performed best in some of the lesser populated and far more conservative rural counties in Eastern Montana, but also performed strongly in Silver Bow County, which contains Butte, as well as Deer Lodge County which contains Anaconda.

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Montana Republican presidential caucuses and primary

References

Primary, Democratic
2008 United States Democratic presidential primaries by state
2008


The Bachelor of Veterinary Science (BVSc or BVSC; Latin Baccalaureus Veterinariae Scientiae), "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine" (BVetMed), or "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery" ("BVM&S" or "BVMS") is a degree for studies in veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom, Australia, and several other countries outside the United States and Canada. These degrees qualify one to practice as a veterinarian in the US if the degree is conferred from an American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) accredited school and the candidate passes the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE), just as any other US and Canada graduate.  They are equivalent to DVM/VMD degrees;  the main equalizer being licensure in the US.
On 5 March 2015, the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) Council made the decision to allow UK veterinarians to use the courtesy title "doctor", to align with international practices. The RCVS president said of the change:
“Whether one regards the decision as correcting a historical anomaly or simply providing greater clarity at home and abroad, there is no doubt that the issue has generated huge interest".

It is generally a 5-year course, or sometimes 4 if a previous appropriate degree is held. (Cambridge Veterinary School's course lasts 6 years and awards a BA after 3 years, followed by the VetMB after 6 years). Some universities will award the students a BSc after the first 3 years, and the BVSc after the final 2 years.

The degree is generally required for becoming a veterinarian in the countries where it is awarded.

Veterinary medicine in the UK

In the United Kingdom, there are currently ten institutions where Veterinary medicine can be studied:

 University of Bristol
 University of Cambridge
 University of Central Lancashire
 University of Edinburgh
 University of Glasgow
 Harper & Keele Veterinary School
 University of Liverpool
 Royal Veterinary College (RVC), part of the University of London
 University of Nottingham
 University of Surrey

The University of Nottingham started to run the course in 2006 and the graduates of 2011 are the first to have received the MRCVS acknowledgement required for employment as a vet from that institution. The University of Surrey received MRCVS acknowledgement in 2020, six months after its first 2014 cohort graduated having sat RCVS recognised exams at that time. Degrees from Harper & Keele Veterinary School and the University of Central Lancashire are yet to receive RCVS accreditation.

Degree titles

Although institution choice in this specialised bachelor's degree makes no difference in becoming a practising Vet, most of the universities have unique titles:
 Bristol    - Bachelor of Veterinary Science                                  BVSc
 Cambridge  - Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine                                 BA VetMB
 Edinburgh  - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery                     BVM&S
 Glasgow    - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery                     BVMS
 Liverpool  - Bachelor of Veterinary Science                                  BVSc
 Nottingham - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine, Bachelor of Veterinary Surgery with integrated Bachelor of Veterinary Medical Sciences BVM BVS BVMedSci
 RVC        - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine                                 BVetMed
 Surrey     - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Science                     BVMSci
 UCLan    - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery                     BVMS

References

Veterinary education
Veterinary Science
Professional titles and certifications


BVSC may refer to:
 Bachelor of Veterinary Science
 Buena Vista Social Club (disambiguation)
 Budapesti VSC


Live Desire is the Finnish rock band Smack's first live album. It was released in 1986. It was recorded in September 1986 from two live performances in Finland at the legendary  Tavastia Club in Helsinki and in Hamina, Husulas Casino, Finland.

Track list

 "Some Fun"
 "(I Think I'm Gonna) Buy This Town"
 "Run Rabbit Run"
 "Pass That Bottle"
 "Walkin' On The Wire"
 "Cemetery Walls"
 "Somewhere Out Of The Day"
 "Maggie McGill"
 "Ten Foot Cell"
 "Good Mornin' Headache"
 "Rattlesnake Bite"
 "Black Bird"
 "Search And Destroy"

Line-up
 Claude - vocals
 Manchuria - guitar
 Rane - guitar
 Jimi Sero - bass
 Kinde - drums

References

External links
 Smack

Smack (Finnish band) albums
1986 live albums


The 2008 South Dakota Democratic presidential primary took place on June 3, 2008. Along with Montana, it was one of the final two elections in the 2008 primary season.  Senator Hillary Clinton won the primary, but on the same day, her opponent Barack Obama secured enough delegate votes for the 2008 Democratic National Convention to ensure his eventual nomination for President by the Democratic Party.

South Dakota has 66 counties with 762 election precincts.

Polling

A poll published April 3, 2008 indicated that Obama was supported by more respondents, 46%, than Clinton, who received the support of 34%. However, a May 31-June 1, 2008 poll by ARG projected a Clinton victory in South Dakota, with 60% of respondents supporting her versus 34% supporting Obama.

Results
Early on the day of the primary, hours before polls closed, the Associated Press projected Barack Obama's nomination for the presidency.  The projection was based on the declarations of a large number Democratic superdelegates, as well as exit polls of voters in South Dakota and Montana.  However, the AP calculated that Obama would be the Democratic nominee even if he lost the primaries in South Dakota and Montana.

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 South Dakota Republican presidential primary

References

South Dakota
2008 South Dakota elections
2008


"Hearsay" is a song written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and recorded by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal. It is the fourth track from the O'Neal's second studio album, Hearsay (1987). The original track from the album wasn't released as a single but in 1989, a remixed version was released in the UK and it became a minor hit there, peaking at #56.

Meaning
The song's lyrics are a personal commentary, critical of a spiteful gossip-monger who spreads hearsay.

Track listing
 12" Single (Tabu 654667 8)
 "Hearsay 89 (Extended Mix)" – 5:15
 "Hearsay 89 (Club Instrumental)" – 3:50
 "Hearsay 89 (Club 7")" – 3:50
 "You Were Meant to Be My Lady (Keith Cohen Extended Mix)" – 6:44

 7" Single (Tabu 654667 7 )
 "Hearsay '89" – 3:40
 "You Were Meant to Be My Lady (7" Vocal)" – 4:10

 CD Single (Tabu 654667 2)
 "Hearsay '89 (Extended Mix)" – 5:15
 "Hearsay '89" – 3:40
 "Hearsay '89 (Instrumental)" – 3:40
 "You Were Meant to Be My Lady (Keith Cohen Extended Remix)" – 6:44

References

External links

1987 songs
1989 singles
Alexander O'Neal songs
Songs written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Tabu Records singles


Policarpo Toro Hurtado (born in Melipilla, Chile on February 6, 1856 – died 1921 in Santiago, Chile) was a Chilean naval officer.

He enlisted in the Chilean Navy in 1871 and visited Easter Island in 1875. From 1877 to 1879, he joined the English Navy as a second lieutenant. In 1879, as the War of the Pacific started, he asked to return to Chile and participated in several actions. In 1883, he visited Easter Island a second time and elaborated in a document the economic advantages to Chile in acquiring the island.

With government approval, he visited the island in 1887. After a year of negotiations with the islanders under Atamu Tekena, on September 9, 1888, he took possession of the island on behalf of Chile. In 1891, he refused to participate in naval actions against José Manuel Balmaceda's government in the 1891 Chilean Civil War and was separated from the navy. In 1893, in the general amnesty enacted by the new government, he was pensioned. He died in Santiago in 1921.

Early life
Policarpo Toro was born on February 6, 1856, in the city of Melipilla, Chile. He was the son of farm owners. At a young age, he developed an interest in the sea and naval affairs. His passion for the navy led him to join the State Naval School, now known as the Arturo Prat Naval School, on February 17, 1871, where he began his naval career as a cadet.

Naval Career
In 1873, Toro participated in an expedition to the Strait of Magellan to raise the plan of the city of Punta Arenas. Two years later, he traveled aboard the O'Higgins corvette to Easter Island, where he participated in a scientific expedition to carry out reconnaissance and cartography of the island. Toro was deeply affected by the terrible living conditions of the islanders, who were suffering from the mistreatment of other expeditions searching for slaves and wealth.

Upon returning to the continent, Toro sought the support of prominent personalities to annex the insular territory to Chile. In 1876, he traveled to England aboard the armored frigate Cochrane, where he participated in various activities of the British Royal Navy. After returning to Chile, he was promoted to 1st Lieutenant and awarded the position of Second Commander of the Magallanes Gunship due to his important work during the War of the Pacific.

Toro was appointed professor at the Naval School in 1883, promoted to Lieutenant Commander, and held administrative positions in the Chilean Navy three years later. In 1886, he returned to Easter Island on board the corvette Abtao, where he observed that the living conditions of the islanders had worsened. This prompted him to address a memoir to  President José Manuel Balmaceda in order to convince him of the usefulness of taking possession of the island.

After receiving approval and authorization from President Balmaceda, Toro initiated negotiations with the French, Tahiti, and the inhabitants of Easter Island to ensure that no other nation claimed the island. In 1888, Toro took official possession of the island on behalf of the State of Chile, culminating in a negotiation with the King of Atamu Tekena Island by signing an act of cession in Spanish and another in Rapanui mixed with Tahitian.

Toro was appointed Director of the Escuela de Grumentes, where he applied all the knowledge he had acquired during his time in Great Britain. However, during the Chilean civil war in 1891, Toro remained loyal to President Balmaceda, leading to his arrest and subsequent release from the army. He was assigned a retirement worthy of his rank and past efforts by President Jorge Montt in 1893.

Policarpo Toro died in 1921, at the age of 65, in Santiago. He is remembered as the man who integrated Easter Island into the State of Chile, a significant achievement that helped to preserve the cultural and natural heritage of the island.

Sources

https://web.archive.org/web/20080211103355/http://www.armada.cl/site/tradicion_historia/historia/biografias/235ptoro.htm
http://www.icarito.cl//medio/articulo/0,0,38035857_172985981_182488343_1,00.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20080228212905/http://www.ligamar.cl/revis5/69.htm

1856 births
1921 deaths
Chilean Navy officers
Chilean Navy personnel of the War of the Pacific
19th-century Chilean Navy personnel


The Tatrzańskie development is part of the Fordon section of Bydgoszcz, Poland, lying on the Vistula river. It has been included in Bydgoszcz since 1 January 1973.  Housing development began in the 1980s.  There is bus service for the area, including the Tatra Marketplace.  Street names are based on subjects associated with the Tatra mountain range.

Schools
Elementary school nr 9
Elementary school nr 67
Junior High nr 2
School brothers Salesians

Neighbourhoods in Bydgoszcz


WZUM-FM (88.1 FM) is a jazz radio station licensed in Bethany, West Virginia, United States, and serving the Greater Pittsburgh area.  The station is owned by Pittsburgh Public Media. WZUM-FM is run by former staff members of former Pittsburgh radio station WDUQ (which was sold in 2011 by Duquesne University and is now WESA, broadcasting a mostly NPR news/talk format with a small portion of jazz remaining). The station previously operated under the callsign WVBC and was a service of Bethany College, a private liberal arts college in the town of Bethany.

WVBC relaunched as WYZR on September 1, 2013, as a result of a November 2012 announcement by Pittsburgh Public Media (a group who unsuccessfully bid on WDUQ with the intent to retain its news-jazz-NPR format as is) to purchase the license of WVBC as a pretext to returning jazz to Pittsburgh airwaves in partnership with the Pittsburgh Jazz Channel, an online jazz radio station founded by the former WDUQ staffers shortly after the WDUQ sale and format change. The WVBC sale finalized in May 2013.

The station changed its call sign to the current WZUM-FM on May 12, 2016.

The station has an approved construction permit to raise power to 10,000 watts directional which will put a strong signal over Wheeling, West Virginia; Weirton and Steubenville as well as Washington, Pennsylvania.  The signal should also reach Pittsburgh's North Hills area.

This station is associated with WZUM (AM) 1550 Braddock and FM translator W266CV on 101.1 MHz.

References

External links
WZUM-FM official website

ZUM-FM
NPR member stations
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A shieling is a hut or collection of huts on a seasonal pasture high in the hills, once common in wild or sparsely populated places in Scotland. Usually rectangular with a doorway on the south side and few or no windows, they were often constructed of dry stone or turf. More loosely, the term may denote a seasonal mountain pasture for the grazing of cattle in summer. Seasonal pasturage implies transhumance between the shieling and a valley settlement in winter. Many Scottish songs have been written about life in shielings, often concerning courtship and love. The ruins of shielings are abundant landscape features across Scotland, particularly the Highlands.

Etymology
A "shieling" is a summer dwelling on a seasonal pasture high in the hills. The first recorded use of the term is from 1568. The word "shieling" comes from "shiel", from the forms schele or shale in the Northern dialect of Middle English, likely related to Old Frisian skul meaning "hiding place" and to Old Norse Skjol meaning "shelter" and Skali meaning "hut".

Seasonal dwelling

Construction

A shieling, whether an isolated dwelling or in a group, is a hut or small dwelling, usually in an upland area. Shielings were often constructed of locally available dry stone, or turf. They are mostly rectangular buildings between  long and  wide, although they may have rounded corners or be roughly oval. The rectangular buildings usually had gabled roofs covered in local materials such as turf, heather, or rushes, supported on timbers. The doorway was usually in the middle of one of the long sides of the building, often on the south side; it was often just a gap in the wall, although some shielings had door jambs and lintels made of larger blocks of stone. The smaller shielings consisted of a single room; most were divided into two or three rooms. There were few or no windows. Some sources consider shielings to differ from farmsteads in lacking an enclosure, although they may be surrounded by a bank and ditch, or by a dry stone wall.

The Welsh traveller and naturalist Thomas Pennant wrote the first description of Scottish shielings:

Usage

The shieling system was widespread across Europe, including upland Britain and Iceland. It survives into the 21st century in Norway, Northern Sweden and the higher areas of central Europe. Farmers and their families lived in shielings during the summer to enable their livestock to graze common land. Shielings were therefore associated with the transhumance system of agriculture. They were often beside streams, which were used as pathways into the hills, or at the far end of the upland grazing land from the migrants' winter dwellings. The mountain huts generally fell out of use by the end of the 17th century, although in remote areas, such as the Isle of Lewis in the Hebrides, this system continued into the 18th century or even later. Derek Cooper, in his 1983 book on Skye, writes that the buildings on the moors were repaired each summer when the people arrived with their cattle; they made butter and cheese, and , salted buttered curds.

Ruins of shielings are abundant in high or marginal land in Scotland and Northern England, as are place-names containing "shield" or their Gaelic equivalents, such as Pollokshields in Glasgow, Arinagour on the island of Coll, Galashiels in the Scottish Borders, and "Shiels Brae" near Bewcastle. Turf-built shielings have typically gradually eroded and disappeared, but traces of stone-built structures persist in the landscape. Some shielings are medieval in origin and were occasionally occupied permanently after the abandonment of the transhumance system. The construction of associated structures such as stack-stands and enclosures indicate that in these cases they became farmsteads, some of which evolved into contemporary farms.

Scottish shieling songs
Many Scottish songs have been written about life in shielings, often concerning courtship and love. Several of these are in Alexander Macdonald's 1914 Story and Song from Loch Ness-side, including "Cha teid mi Choir Odhar", "Chunacas gruagach ‘s an aonach", and "A fhlesgaich is cummaire", all from Perthshire, and "Luinneag Airidh" (a shieling lovesong). The song "Chunacas gruagach ‘s an aonach" includes the lines
"Many times often you and I,
Have been at the shieling  on Brae Rannoch.
On the hillock of the waterfall,
Where we were resting.
In the bothy of the dalliance,
With a brushwood screen for door.
My mouth placed on your fragrant mouth,
And my hand would be round you, my love."

The song is similar to the famous "Bothan Àirigh am Bràigh Raithneach" (The Shieling bothy on Brae Rannoch). Shielings are mentioned in the folk song "Mairi's Wedding", in the weaver poet Robert Tannahill's song "Gilly Callum", and in the musicologist William Sharp's "Shieling Song" of 1896, and in the title of Marjory Kennedy-Fraser's tune "Island Sheiling Song". Edward Thomas wrote a poem called "The Shieling". The Scottish poet Robert Burns mentions a "shiel" in his song "Bessy and her Spinnin' Wheel" and his poem "The Country Lass".

See also
 Scottish vernacular architecture
 History of agriculture in Wales
 Croft
 Knocking stone
 Scottish Vernacular

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 The Shielings in Scotland: The origins of the Shielings and their function
 The Mountain Bothies Association

Stone houses
Buildings and structures in Scotland
Huts
House types in the United Kingdom
Agricultural buildings
Scottish traditions
Transhumance
Pastoral shelters


Hinrich Schuldt (14 January 1901 – 15 March 1944) was a German SS commander during World War II. He was a posthumous recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany.

SS Brigade Schuldt
SS Brigade Schuldt, under Schuldt's command, was composed of units drawn from the SS Division Leibstandarte, SS Division Das Reich, SS Polizei Division and a detachment from the Luftwaffe. The brigade was moved to the Eastern Front in December 1942, and by 16 December was sent to the Stalingrad front. On 1 January 1943, it was placed under command of the 6th Panzer Division. The brigade was disbanded on 1 March 1943, with what was left of its units returning to their parent formations. The 1st SS-Polizei Panzegrenadier Regiment 7 was left with 84 men from original 527 and the 7th Battalion LSSAH had 38 men left from original 800.

Awards
 Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (24 October 1939) & 1st Class (October 1941)
German Cross in Gold on 21 April 1943 as SS-Standartenführer in the SS-Brigade "Schuldt"
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
 Knight's Cross on 5 April 1942 as SS-Obersturmbannführer and commander of SS-Infanterie-Regiment 4 "Reichsführer-SS".
 Oak Leaves on 2 April 1943 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of SS Brigade Schuldt
 Swords on 25 March 1944 (posthumously) as SS-Oberführer and commander of the  2. lettische SS-Freiwilligen-Brigade

References

Citations

Bibliography

Nafziger George, Waffen SS and Other Units in World War II: The German Order of Battle,

1901 births
1944 deaths
SS-Brigadeführer
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Military personnel from Hamburg
People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein
Reichsmarine personnel
Waffen-SS personnel killed in action


The A.K.A.s, a.k.a. The A.K.A.s (Are Everywhere!) is a band that started in Pittsburgh then followed in New York City and later relocated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They call their music "dancehall fight music" They released their debut album "White Doves & Smoking Guns" on Fueled by Ramen's record label. The second album, "Everybody Make Some Noise!" was released March 18, 2008 on Metropolis Records.

Vocalist Mike Ski and keyboardist Josie Outlaw also make an appearance on Melissa Cross's instruction DVD, the Zen of Screaming.The A.K.A.s also appear on Asian Man Records' Plea For Peace, Vol. 2 compilation CD with Confessions of a Dangerous mouth.

Members

Current members

 Mike Ski - lead vocals
 Josie Outlaw - keyboard

Previous Members

 Chris Bazan - guitar
 Chachi Darin - drums
 Lukas Previn - guitar
 Chad Bowser - bass
 Bobby Williams - drums
 Michael Camino - bass guitar
 Justin Perry - bass guitar
 Vegas Davis - guitar
 Mark Toohey - drums
 Nina Aron - keyboards

Discography
{|class="wikitable"
!Date of release
!Title
!Record label
|-
| September 9, 2003
| White Doves & Smoking Guns
| Fueled by Ramen
|-
| March 18, 2008
| Everybody Make Some Noise!
| Metropolis Records
|-
| June 25, 2009
| Animal Summer
| Paper + Plastick
|-
|}

References

External links
Official website
Interview with COMA Music Magazine Part One
Interview with COMA Music Magazine Part Two
Interview @ SHOUT! Music Webzine
The A.K.A.s' Mike Ski Makes Some Noise Feature article. PlugInMusic.com
Warped Tour 2009 - Interview
Mike Ski on animal rights

Dance-rock musical groups
Indie rock musical groups from Pennsylvania
Fueled by Ramen artists
Musical groups established in 2003
Metropolis Records artists


Flisy is a district in Bydgoszcz, Poland, west of the city, above the Bydgoszcz Canal.

Neighbourhoods in Bydgoszcz


Yucca gigantea (syn. Yucca elephantipes)  is a species of flowering plant in the asparagus family, native to Mexico and Central America. Growing up to  in height, it is an evergreen shrub which is widely cultivated as an ornamental garden or house plant, often referred to simply as yucca cane. The edible flower is the national flower of El Salvador locally called izote, and it is used extensively in Salvadoran cuisine.

Names
Common names include spineless yucca, soft-tip yucca, blue-stem yucca, giant yucca, yucca cane, and itabo. Its flower, the izote, is the national flower of El Salvador.

Description
Yucca gigantea is typically less than  in height. It may have a thick, single trunk or be multitrunked, growing from a thickened, inflated, trunk-like lower base similar to an elephant's foot. The exceptionally narrow leaves fan out in clumps. They are strap-like, spineless and up to  in length. White flowers are produced in the summer. Mature plants produce erect spikes of pendent flowers up to  in length. Flowers are followed by brown, fleshy fruits which are oval and up to  long.

Taxonomy
The French botanist Charles Lemaire published the name Yucca gigantea in November 1859.  This is the name used by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , although other sources use Yucca guatemalensis, published by Baker in 1872.

The species is still most widely known in the horticultural literature as Yucca elephantipes. The first mention of that name was by the German horticulturalist Eduard von Regel in February 1859. He claimed that a different species, Y. aloifolia, was sometimes known as Y. elephantipes when grown in European gardens because of its thickened stem base. However, since he did not intend to offer Y. elephantipes as the actual correct name, this was not a valid publication. In a major article on yuccas and allies in 1902, the American botanist William Trelease also used the name Y. elephantipes, referring to Regel's 1859 publication. This came too late though, as Y. gigantea had by then already been established. Y. elephantipes must therefore be regarded as an illegitimate name, according to the strict rules of the ICN,

Distribution
Yucca gigantea is found natively in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and the eastern part of Mexico (Quintana Roo, Yucatán, Campeche, Tabasco, Chiapas, Veracruz, eastern Puebla and southern Tamaulipas).

It is also reportedly naturalized in Puerto Rico, the Leeward Islands and Ecuador.

Cultivation
The species can be grown in a variety of soils and is drought-tolerant. Young plants are occasionally used as houseplants. However the species grows best in a hot semi-arid climate, so plants are subject to root rot if overwatered. Older plants are generally the most susceptible. For this reason young, shorter trees are superior houseplants as they are more adaptable to environmental changes. The species has some cold tolerance, rated as hardiness zone 9b, but it is nowhere near as hardy as other yucca from more northern deserts. Yucca gigantea can be affected by a number of pests including scale, yucca moth borers, and yucca weevils. Leaf spot may affect the appearance of the leaves, but it does not affect the health of the plant. Propagation is by suckers, cuttings or seed.

Under the synonym Yucca elephantipes this species has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.

Uses
This section describes the gastronomic use of the flower in Latin America, but it is important to note that the specific examples are not unique to that region. There are hundreds of ways the flower is used in cooking due to the hundreds of indigenous tribes spanning from North to South America that ate Yucca flowers.

The flower petals are commonly eaten in Central America, but its reproductive organs (the anthers and ovaries) are first removed because of their bitterness. The petals are blanched for 5 minutes, and then cooked a la mexicana (with tomato, onion, chile) or in tortitas con salsa (egg-battered patties with green or red sauce). In Guatemala, they are boiled and eaten with lemon juice.

In El Salvador, the tender tips of stems are eaten, and known locally as cogollo de izote.

Gallery

References

gigantea
National symbols of El Salvador
Flora of Central America
Plants described in 1859
Flora of Mexico
Flora of the Yucatán Peninsula


Ulsoor Lake or Halasuru Lake, one of the biggest lakes in Bangalore, is located on the eastern side of the city. It derives its name from the name of the locality it is situated, namely, Halasuru, close to M G Road. It is spread over  and has several islands. Even though the lake is dated to Kempe Gowdas's time, the present lake was created by Lewin Bentham Bowring, the then Commissioner of Bangalore. A part of the lake is controlled by the Madras Engineer Group, and the rest by the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike

The lake was subject to several types of pollution threats.

Water quality

The health of the lake eco-system was, therefore, monitored at six monitoring points on the lake  for light, temperature, oxygen, nutrients and the type of aquatic plants that grow in the lake.  During the study, it was noted that the lake which has catchment area of  is fed by three drains at different locations;  the first drain is from the Madras Engineering Group (MEG) Centre (of the Army), the second drain is from Jeevanahalli and  the third drain is from Doddigunta and traverses through Kattariyamma garden, Godhandappa garden, Munivenkattappa garden, Muthamma garden, Muniamma garden, Kempurayana Garden and New Corporation colony and all these areas are within  from the lake and inhabited by slums dwellers.
The study showed that the daytime DO was very high; varying between 0.2 and 4.5 mg/L. The saprobic nature of the lake water was confirmed by the  P/R ratio which was less than one. Eutrophication of the lake was confirmed by further studies which  indicated phosphate, nitrogen and chlorophyll levels to be high; with  Blue green algae (which is  toxic and utilises DO in the night) called the microcystis was noted from surface to bottom of the lake. This affected the aquatic plants and fish (only a few fish species remained). Further studies established the presence of high concentrations of zinc and the metal content in water samples, concentration of Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb and Cu content was found to be very high in sludge samples with depth of sludge recorded as about .

These studies confirmed the need for urgent restoration and remedial actions in the form of:

 Desilting of the lake is to eliminate contaminants
 Stop all encroachments of the lake with suitable fencing
 Only storm water should be allowed into the lake
 Army units should discontinue effluents from cattle house wash, cowdung wash and army mess wash and consider installation of  a biogas plant.
 Plastic bags to be prevented from draining into the lake
 Sewage/manholes at identified locations to be closed.
 Drain water from slum around the lake to be treated before draining into  the lake. Preferably, connect the slum storm water and wastewater drain to the nearby Cox Town sewage drain as it is close to the slums
 Prohibit submergence of idols during the festival season
 Remove all slum dwellers from region
 Cultivate and harvest fishes and aquatic plants to deplete the nitrogen and phosphate content

Restoration works

Restoration works, listed below, have resulted in improvements in the lake environment.
 Aeration of wastewater that is led into the lake
 Park and swimming pool improved
 Desilting of the lake bed and thus increasing depth and the capacity of the lake
 Installation of silt traps at the mouth of the storm water inlets
 Diversion of underground sewages lines from the eastern part of the City through 900 mm pipes bypassing the lake
 Restoration of Aquatic life by introduction of fish species natural to the lake and induction of suitable water plants
 Chain–link fencing to prevent people dumping garbage into the lake
 Boat training facility of Madras Engineering Group (MEG) improved
 Access to public from 9 am to 6 pm with holiday on Wednesday

It is reported that cleanliness drive has breathed new life to the lake.

Chinese Bell
The Eastern watch tower on Ulsoor Lake had a Chinese bell about 4'3" in height and 3'1.5" in diameter. The Chinese inscription read that the Bell was cast during the reign of Emperor Chien Lung in 1741 and dedicated to the San Yuan Kung temple. Investigations by B L Rice, led to a pensioner and veteran of the Opium War, T Cribb narrating the story of its presence in Bangalore. The bell was taken from a hill temple in Nanking, by C Troop of the Madras Regiment, and brought to St. Thomas Mount, Madras, from where it was shipped to the Bangalore Civil and Military Station, to be suspended near the Quarter Guard of the Troop. The bell was struck on the hour, day and night and the sound was heard for a distance of up to 3 miles. It cracked on being stuck with a 12lb shot one rainy night, making it useless, after which it was dismounted and given to Mr. Smith the Waterworks engineer to be placed at the Tower (p. 26,27). The bell is seen in old photographs, it has since been removed to the Madras Sappers Museum.

Chinese Inscription
In Bangalore, on a large metal bell in the watch-tower to the east of Ulsoor Tank. (Chinese).
Fa lun ch'ang chuan. Hain shili Waag Chih Lung Wang Chih Hung chiug ha'ien
San Yflan Kung Kung feng. Fo jili tseng hui. Ch'ien Lung Wu nien pa Yueh chi tan kuo tai miu
an. Feng tiao ^ii Shun. Huang t'u Kung ku. Ti tao hsia ch'ang. Wan Ming le yeh. Wu ku
feng teng.

English Translation
May the Wheel of the Law revolve for ever. A votive offering(2) reverentially made to the Sau Yiian Kung temple by the devotees Wang Chih Lung and Wang Chih Hung. May the Sun of Enlightenment increase in brightness. An auspicious day in the 8th month of the 5th year of the reign of the Emperor Ch'ien Lung. May the empire and the people enjoy peace. May the seasons be regular. May the Emperor enjoy consolidated power. May the Emperor's authority penetrate into the remotest corners of the empire. May the people be contented. May there be abundant harvests (2)A large metal bell.[6]

References

Further reading

Lakes of Bangalore


Velika Braina is a village located in the municipality of Medveđa, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 28 inhabitants.

Demographics

References

Populated places in Jablanica District


Harleston is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk District of Suffolk, England, just south of the Haughley Bends on the A14. It is located between the villages of Shelland and Onehouse, about 3 miles west of Stowmarket.

Notable residents
Samantha Harvey (1993- ), musician born in the village

External links

Villages in Suffolk
Mid Suffolk District
Civil parishes in Suffolk


Etos B.V., trading as Etos, was founded in 1919 by Philips to create a grocery and drugstore where Philips employees could benefit from lower priced products than the average stores. "Etos" is an abbreviation for the Dutch words: Eendracht, Toewijding, Overleg and Samenwerking (Unity, Devotion, Consultation and Cooperation). As of July 1, 2021, Sebastiaan de Jong will be the company's president.

History

Etos had a bakery and even fuel pumps, in 1931 the stores went private as Etos.

In 1973 Etos was bought by Ahold which reformed the grocery stores to the Albert Heijn formula. The drug stores went on as Etos.

Etos has 546 stores in the Netherlands. 54% of the Etos stores operates as a franchise.

In 2008 Etos was named best drug store of the Netherlands for the first time (the first 11 years this had been drug store "DA"). In 2009, 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2017 it managed to extend this title.

References

External links
  Official website of Etos

Ahold Delhaize
Retail companies of the Netherlands
Retail companies established in 1918
Pharmacy brands
Dutch companies established in 1918


Salvation is the third studio album by Finnish rock band Smack. It was released in 1987.

Track listing
 "The Only Salvation"
 "Set My Love On You"
 "Hellhounds On My Tail"
 "Moonshine Chile"
 "Trust On You"
 "Look Around"
 "Built to Destroy"
 "Blinded by the Light"
 "Johnny the Pusher"
 "Wilderness"

Singles
 "Look Around"
 "The Only Salvation"

Personnel
 Claude – vocals
 Manchuria – guitar
 Rane – guitar
 Jimi Sero – bass
 Kinde – drums

External links
 Smack

1987 albums
Smack (Finnish band) albums


Simon John Thurley,  (born 29 August 1962) is an English academic and architectural historian. He served as Chief Executive of English Heritage from April 2002 to May 2015. In April 2021, he became Chair of the National Lottery Heritage Fund.

Early life and education
Thurley was born in Huntingdon and grew up in Godmanchester. He feels that it was inevitable he became a historian since "by age seven I was helping out at Roman digs near my home ... and childhood holidays invariably involved ticking off stately homes and cathedrals". He attended Kimbolton School in Cambridgeshire (1972–82), before leaving to study for a BA degree in History at Bedford College (1982–85).

He passed with a 2:1, and continued his studies at the Courtauld Institute of Art (1985–89). There he gained a distinction for a MA degree in Art History, and obtained a PhD degree with the thesis entitled "English Royal Palaces 1450–1550". In 2010 he was awarded an Honorary LLD degree by the University of Bath.

Career
Whilst working on his doctoral research, he took up a post as Inspector of Ancient Monuments for English Heritage (1988–90), later becoming Curator of Historic Royal Palaces (1989–97) and director of the Museum of London (1997 to March 2002).  He is also a prolific history broadcaster, presenting a history slot on BBC London for three years and – in television – presenting Flying Through Time, Channel Four's 2004 six-part series Lost Buildings of Britain (Channel 4), The Buildings that Shaped Britain (Channel 5) and a six-part history of London (Granada). He also appeared as an expert in a number of episodes of the long-running Channel 4 archaeological programme Time Team.

In 2002, at the age of 39, Thurley was appointed Chief Executive of English Heritage; his relative youth at taking this post led him to be dubbed a "boy wonder".  Thurley was the highest-paid member of English Heritage's staff: his emoluments in 2009 totalled £163,000, comprising a basic salary of £136,000 and a performance-related award of £27,000, twenty per cent of basic salary.

Personal life
Thurley married Katharine Goodison (born 1963), a lawyer-turned-hat-designer and daughter of Sir Nicholas Goodison (former Stock Exchange chairman). They divorced in 2007. His late father, a veterinarian, was born and raised in British India, and returned to England in the 1950s some years after India's independence in 1947.

Thurley married secondly Anna Keay (born 1974), a fellow historian, in February 2008. She was the Properties Presentation Director for English Heritage from 2002 to 2011, and is now Director of the Landmark Trust. They had known each other for about 15 years, but got to know each other better when they worked on a documentary called The Buildings That Shaped Britain for Channel 5 in 2006. They live in London and a medieval merchant's house in King's Lynn, Norfolk, and have two children.

Honours
He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to conservation.

Fellowships and other memberships
 Visiting Professor of the Built Environment at Gresham College
 Honorary Fellow and Visiting Professor of London Medieval History at Royal Holloway, University of London
 Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London
 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (F.R.Hist.S.)
 Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (FRIBA)
 Senior Fellow of the Institute of Historical Research
 President of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society (2005–2008)
 President of the Huntingdonshire History Society
 Chairman of the Society for Court Studies
 Serves on the Council of St Paul's Cathedral
Trustee for the Canal and River Trust
Founder of the European Heritage Heads Forum (EHHF)

Publications
The Royal Palaces of Tudor England: A Social and Architectural History, Yale University Press, 1993
Royal Lodgings at the Tower of London 1216-1327, 1995
Hampton Court Palace: The Official Guidebook, 1996
Whitehall Palace: An Architectural History of the Royal Apartments 1240–1698, 1999
Hampton Court: A Social and Architectural History, 2003
Lost Buildings of Britain, 2004 (accompanying the Channel Four TV series)
Whitehall Palace: The Official Illustrated History, 2008
Somerset House: The Palace of England's Queens 1551–1692, 2009
Excavations at Oatlands Palace 1968–73 and 1983–4, 2010 (with Rob Poulton and Alan Cook)

Houses of Power: The Places that Shaped the Tudor World, Bantam Press, 2017
 Palaces of Revolution: Life, Death and Art at the Stuart Court, William Collins, 2021
St James's Palace From Leper Hospital to Royal Court, Yale University Press, 2022

Notes

External links
 Simon Thurley – official website
 Anna Keay – official website
 English Heritage – Executive Board
 Interview – Channel 4

Directors of the Museum of London
English curators
English architectural historians
English architecture writers
Living people
1962 births
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
People from Godmanchester
Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London
Alumni of Bedford College, London
Alumni of the Courtauld Institute of Art
English chief executives
People educated at Kimbolton School
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Professors of Gresham College
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects