Guillermo de Jesús Buitrago Henríquez, known as Guillermo Buitrago (1 April 1920, Ciénaga – 19 April 1949) was a Colombian composer and songwriter of vallenato music. He is one of the most successful composers in his country. His songs became part of the typical music played during Christmas time in Colombia. Some of his hits are "La Víspera de Año Nuevo" (New Year's Eve), "Grito Vagabundo" (Vagabond Scream), "Ron de Vinola" (Vinola Rum) and "Dame tu mujer, José" (Give me your woman, José).

Buitrago was blonde, fair skinned, tall, neatly coiffed, tie with a perfect knot, and a triumphant smile that accentuated his prominent chin and his pronounced ears. His father, Guillermo Buitrago Muñoz, was from the region of Antioquia and arrived to Ciénaga from Marinilla, most likely attracted by the "banana boom" that had been dominating Magdalena's economy for several years already by that point. There, Buitrago Muñoz married Teresa Henríquez, a native of Ciénaga, and they had 7 children, 5 of which would die before turning 30. Amongst them was Guillermo, who died at 29 when he was about to sign a big contract that was going to launch his career internationally.

Biography
At 18, Buitrago was already working as an in-house guitarist on a program called La hora infantil on the radio station Ecos del Córdoba, on which children from all the local towns would sing, competing for a prize. Buitrago started visiting radio stations to play his music, and finally had a stroke of luck at Radio Magdalena in the city of Santa Marta, where he would gain sufficient experience for his next career step in the coastal city of Barranquilla.

Buitrago since his adolescence had sought out business to record commercial jingles. On numerous occasions Buitrago explored various opportunities to make songs to promote products or brands. Amongst numerous brand names, he recorded jingles for Ginger Ale and Cerveza Águila. Perhaps the most famous was "El ron motilón", which promoted a rum from the province of Santander, and the long-running Colombian Christmas classic "El ron de vinola", which promoted a type of sugar cane juice that was said to have similarities to wine.

Seven or eight radio shows later, along with a successful jingle ''El Negro Mendo'' that he recorded for a furniture and mattress factory, convinced the station directors to give him more air time during prime time, ultimately giving him 3 shows weekly. By 1947 Buitrago was basically living in Barranquilla. During the week he would complete his radio show commitments that were starting to flood in by this point, and on weekends he would travel to Ciénaga to visit his family and friends. Emisoras Unidas, realizing the growing success of Buitrago's music, contracted Julio Bovea, who had just split from Buitrago and had formed his own band to take on an air slot that would compete directly with Buitrago's programming. Pressed to find replacements, Buitrago contacted two musicians he had played with in years prior. With this new group, he would go on to record the majority of his hits, all of which are still known today. Guillermo Buitrago y sus muchachos, his band, had Ángel Fontanilla on lead guitar, Buitrago on rhythm guitar and lead singer, and Carlos "stumpy" Rubio on guacharaca (Rubio was missing part of his left forearm).

What came next was fame and success. Aside from radio, private parties, local fairs, serenades, by 1947 Toño Fuentes, founder of Discos Fuentes in Medellín and pioneer of the LP industry in Colombia, arrived in Barranquilla looking for Buitrago's band to take them to make a recording at his studio in Cartagena. Elsewhere, Odeón Records of Argentina had also contacted Buitrago, producing some recording that had won a strong following nationally, so much that plans were put in motion to have Buitrago and his band tour the south of the South America.

Two successful years later, Guillermo Buitrago woke up on a day in January 1949, sick and short on sleep. At first he suspected too many performances had him fatigued, but as the weeks passed by, he started realizing he had an illness that was threatening to become critical. Locals claimed he had a weakened voice and that his ''young handsome face looked like a specter with burning dark circles around his eyes''. Guillermo Buitrago died on 19 April 1949 at the age of 29 years. The exact reason of his death remains a mystery. and there is no shortage of rumors and suspicions surrounding the young singer's demise.

Discography
His music was originally distributed in 78 rpm records. Nobody knows exactly how many songs he recorded, but they were said to be more than 150 songs. His record producers were "Discos Fuentes", who have compiled most of his songs in LPs and CDs. Odeón Argentina and Chile released a few of his songs and some of that Odeón material was also released by Discos Fuentes. Some of his most important records are summarized below.

 Víspera de año nuevo
 "Las mujeres a mí no me quieren"
 "Compae Heliodoro"
 "La hija de mi comadre"
 "Ron de vinola"
 "Qué criterio"
 "El hijo de la luna"
 "Grito vagabundo"
 "El huerfanito"
 "La víspera de año nuevo"
 "La araña picua"
 "Dame tu mujer José"
 "La vida es un relajo"

 Guillermo Buitrago inédito
 Se marchitaron las flores
 La loca Rebeca
 Muchacha patillalera
 Gallo basto y pelao
 El toque de queda
 El desdichado
 La cita
 Careperro
 Cinco noches de velorio
 Las contradicciones
 El gallo atravesao
 El tigre guapo
 El maromero
 Buitrago me tiene un pique

 La piña madura
 La capuchona
 Adiós mi maye (la despedida)
 Cienaguera
 La carta
 El testamento
 El tiburón de marbella
 El amor de claudia
 Pacha rosado
 La piña madura
 La varita de caña
 Espera que me muera
 El compa'e Miguel (el ermitaño).

 Regalito de navidad
A Little Christmas gift, this long play was edited by Discos Fuentes. Among the 12 songs in the album, four were recorded after Buitrago's death by another singer called, Julio C. San Juan. The songs were San Juan performs in Guillermo Buitrago's place are marked with an asterisk.
 Regalito de navidad (*)
 Palomita mensajera (*)
 Yo no monto en avión (*)
 El amor es un collar
 Las sábanas del diluvio
 Luis Eduardo
 Rosa Valencia (*)
 La peste
 Pacho y Abraham
 Los enanos
 El brujo de Arjona (El enviado)
 Moralito

 El testamento y otros cantos ineditos
 El cazador
 La mujer que quiere a uno
 La fiera de pabayo
 Pacho y Abraham
 La costumbre de los pueblos
 El testamento
 La matica de yuca
 Espera que muera
 El dolor de Micaela
 La vida es un relajo

Vispera de Año Nuevo EP
 Discos Fuentes – 600083 Format: Vinyl, 7", 33 ⅓ RPM, EP
 A1		Compae Heliodoro
 A2		El Hijo de la Luna
 B1		Víspera de Año Nuevo
 B3		Dame tu Mujer Jose

Compilation album
A CD was produced to restore and compile some of his greatest hits, called 16 Éxitos de Navidad y Año Nuevo. Two of the songs were cut at the very beginning and are missing a small part of the original intro.  Also, percussion and a bass were added to almost all the songs, differing from the original tracks:
 Víspera De Año Nuevo
 Ron De Vinola
 Dame Tu Mujer José
 Grito Vagabundo
 El Huerfanito
 Compa'e Heliodoro
 El Amor De Claudia
 La Carta
 La Araña Picua
 La Piña Madura
 La Hija De Mi Comadre
 Qué Criterio
 Las Mujeres A Mi No Me Quieren
 Cienaguera
 El Testamento
 El Brujo De Arjona

Other songs released in 78s
Some other songs that have only ever been released in 78s and never reissued as LPs or CDs (and thus they have disappeared almost completely, or only collectors possess them) include:
 Buitrago me tiene un pique (1st version)
 Como se pierde se gana (bolero)
 Compay Chaney (El zorro)
 El bachiller
 El bobo de la yuca (Buitrago just did backing vocals)
 El coco rayado
 El día de San Sebastián (El caimán)
 El doctor Rafael Lavalle
 El compa´e Miguel (1st version)
 El jerre jerre - El negro maldito
 El negro Mendo
 La estricnina
 La vaca lechera
 Linda nena
 Los panderos de Río Frío
 Mi guayabo
 Mil veces (Lombo)
 Mi morenita
 Petra la pelua
 Santo Tomás
 Zorro chucho, marimonda y baco

In addition to those, the following are completely unavailable:
 El alazanito
 Mala noche (El negrito figurín)
 Toño Miranda en el Valle
 Falsas caricias
 Anhelos
 Los choferes
 La rosca
 Teresa Mercedes
 Las muchachas de Buitrago
 Ritmo colombiano (Mi Colombia) (Buitrago just did backing vocals)
 La cañandonga

Radio advertising
Buitrago also recorded a number of songs for radio advertising that were never commercially released:
 Ron Añejo (*)
 Ron Motilón (*)
 Radio document (advertising Butrago's radio programme) (*)
 Canada Dry
 Nutrimalta
 La Costeña (a tailor shop)
 El Colegio (a food supply and liquor store)
 La piladora de Tomás
 Farmacia San José
 Farmacia Royal
 Almendra Tropical (a café)
 Muebles la Fama (a furniture shop)
 Gentleman (Colombian cigarettes)
 La Mayorquina (a candy store)
 Flor del campo (a bakery)

The songs marked with an asterisk are the only ones for which a recording by Buitrago has been found.

References

 Guillermo Buitrago cantor del pueblo para todos los tiempos (biography), Édgar Caballero Elías, Discos Fuentes.
 Gabriel Velez's collection.
 Guillermo Buitrago, la primera leyenda del vallenato

1920 births
1949 deaths
Colombian classical guitarists
Colombian composers
20th-century Colombian male singers
Colombian singer-songwriters
Colombian male singer-songwriters
People from Magdalena Department
Vallenato musicians


South Mundham is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies in isolated countryside to the north of Pagham Harbour 1.2 miles (2 km) south of North Mundham, its larger neighbour.

References

External links

Villages in West Sussex


Michael or Mike Payne may refer to:
Michael Payne (cartoonist), English cartoonist and illustrator
Michael Payne (executive), former director of the International Olympic Committee
Michael Payne (interior designer)
Michael "Clip" Payne (born 1958), Parliament-Funkadelic keyboardist
Mike Payne (physicist), professor at the University of Cambridge
Michael Gustavius Payne (born 1969), Welsh painter
Michael H. Payne (born 1965), science fiction writer
Mike Payne (baseball) (1961–2002), Major League Baseball pitcher.
Michael Payne (swimmer), English swimmer

See also
Michael Paine (1928–2018), American engineer


WWAV (102.1 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station playing a variety hits radio format. Licensed to Santa Rosa Beach, Florida, the station serves the Emerald Coast and Fort Walton Beach area.  It is owned by JVC Broadcasting and uses the slogan "We Play EVERYTHING."

On December 22, 2020, Community Broadcasters, LLC, sold the entire Fort Walton Beach cluster to JVC Broadcasting for almost $2.3 million, which later closed on February 1, 2021.

References

External links

WAV
1984 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 1984


Gregorio Milian Perfecto (November 28, 1891 – August 17, 1949) was a Filipino journalist, politician and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1945 to 1949. A controversial figure who was described as an "apostle of liberal causes", Perfecto was notable for his libertarian views, his colorful writing style, and the frequency of his dissenting opinions while on the Supreme Court.

Early life
Perfecto was born in Mandurriao, Iloilo. When he was a youth, his family moved to Ligao, Albay, where he received his primary education. He finished his secondary education at San Beda College in Manila. Perfecto entered Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree. He then enrolled in the law program of the University of Santo Tomas, where he received his law degree. Perfecto passed the bar examinations and was admitted to the Philippine Bar in 1916.

Journalist
Perfecto practiced law for some time, then began a career for journalism as a reporter for the La Vanguardia and the Consolidacion Nacional newspapers. By 1919, Perfecto was the editor of the La Nacion daily newspaper. His tenure at La Nacion proved controversial, as he embarked on crusades against corruption and errant public officials. He was sued for criminal libel at least four times, the complaints being lodged by various local and national officials, including by the Philippine Senate. He was nonetheless acquitted of all charges by the Philippine Supreme Court, in a series of decisions promulgated between 1921 and 1922.

Politician
In 1922, Perfecto was elected to the Philippine Legislature, as a representative from the North District of Manila. He served until 1928. In 1931, Perfecto was stricken with polio and was left disabled by the disease. Though he was unable to walk without the assistance of crutches, Perfecto recovered well enough to be able to resume playing golf.

Perfecto was a member of the Partido Democrata founded by Claro M. Recto, eventually becoming its general secretary and general provisional president. Among the leaders of the Partido Democrata was then Senator Sergio Osmeña, who would later appoint him to the Supreme Court.

In 1934, Perfecto was elected a delegate to the Constitutional Convention that drafted the 1935 Constitution. After the constitution had been drafted, Perfecto had a doctor open a vein in his arm so he could sign the document using his own blood as ink. Following the approval of the Constitution in a plebiscite, Perfecto was elected to represent the North District of Manila again in the National Assembly. He served in such capacity for two terms, from 1935 to 1941. He advocated for laws for the improvement of conditions for the employment of laborers, and for the grant of women's suffrage.

Justice of the Supreme Court
In June 1945, Perfecto was appointed by President Sergio Osmeña to the Supreme Court, which had been reorganized following the end of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. He served on the court until his death in 1949.

In his four years on the court, Perfecto authored 172 majority opinions and over 200 separate opinions, including 195 dissenting opinions. He is the only Justice in Philippine Supreme Court history to have penned more dissenting opinions than majority opinions. In all, Perfecto dissented 20.6% of the time during his tenure on the court, there having been 945 decisions handed down during that period.

Impeachment proceedings were initiated against Perfecto in Congress for converting his office into living quarters, though he had done so with the authorization of Chief Justice Manuel Moran on account of his physical disability. Perfecto charged that the attempts at impeachment, which were ultimately unsuccessful, were politically motivated.
thumb|Statue and historical marker in Gregorio Perfecto High School
thumb|Standing statue of Perfecto

Jurisprudence
Perfecto's dissenting and concurring opinions are better remembered than his majority opinions. Of the ponencias he authored, the most consequential was Co Chiong v. Cuaderno, 83 Phil. 242 (1949) wherein the court affirmed a law granting preference to Filipino citizens in the lease of public market stalls.

Perfecto's separate opinions give a clearer indication of his jurisprudential philosophy. His firm libertarian views were fully expressed in several dissents. In Raquiza v. Bradford, 75 Phil. 50 (1945), he voted to grant habeas corpus to three Filipinos detained by the United States military as Japanese spies, despite a proclamation from General Douglas MacArthur ordering the indefinite detention of Filipinos who collaborated with the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II. In Moncado v. People's Court, 80 Phil. 1 (1948), the majority refused to adopt the exclusionary rule as a consequence of an illegal search or seizure. Perfecto wrote in dissent: "May the government profit from an illegality, an unconstitutional act, or even a crime to serve its aims, including the loftiest? May justice be administered by making use of the fruits of a lawless action?"

In In re Subido, 81 Phil 517 (1948), the majority had found a newspaper editor guilty of contempt for prematurely but correctly reporting that the court had voted to bar foreigners from acquiring agricultural lands in the Philippines in Krivenko v. Director of Lands, 79 Phil. 461. In his dissent, Perfecto admitted that he was the editor's source for the report, but defended his action by observing that in the several months after the vote, before the decision was finally released, the issue had been widely debated in the media, and a rush had begun to complete the transfer of lands to foreigners. Perfecto also defended the editor, who he said had performed a public service but was being punished for publishing the truth, and asserted that press freedom was a constitutional right.

Dissenting in Dizon v. Commanding General, 81 Phil. 286 (1948), Perfecto argued that the grant of extraterritorial jurisdiction to the United States government over criminal offenses committed within American military bases established through the 1947 RP-US Military Bases Agreement was unconstitutional, since the Constitution granted such jurisdiction only to Philippine courts. Perfecto criticized what he perceived as the servility of the Philippine government to the United States. "This Supreme Court has the power to stop the rampage of constitutional breaches in which other agencies of our government are indulging in a servile attitude of complaisance to former masters who are bent on keeping in their hands the strings, the chains, and the whip of unquestioned command. Our oath of office compels us to exercise that power. We do not entertain much respect for the Soviet satellites in Eastern and Central Europe. Shall we allow ourselves to go down in history as a mere American satellite?"

Perfecto was not hesitant in insisting upon judicial review over acts of the executive or legislative branches of government, even against the defense that the issues raised were political questions. In Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 (1947), Perfecto dissented after the majority declined to examine whether the requisite votes in the House and Senate were obtained in the passage of an amendment to the Constitution allowing American citizens the right to use and develop natural resources in the Philippines. In Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 (1949) Perfecto again dissented when the majority refused to rule on the validity of the election of Mariano Jesús Cuenco as acting Senate President. Perfecto opined that while the questions raised were political in nature, they were "justiciable because they involve the enforcement of legal precepts, such as the provisions of the Constitution and of the rules of the Senate."

Writing style
In writing his opinions, Perfecto employed "picturesque language" which according to Justice Isagani Cruz had "earned him a special place in jurisprudence" and would "enliven generations of law students to come". After his death, it was suggested by his friend, Senator Tomas Cabili, that "he must have deliberately used intemperate and exaggerated language, to the consternation of the bar and the bench, because it was the only effective means with which he could pierce through the fog of hazy understanding of the masses of what a real democracy means; perhaps he had to shout hard so many could hear him."

Among some of Perfecto's more memorable passages are:

Death
Perfecto died on August 17, 1949, after a brief illness. A Freemason, he was reconciled with the Catholic Church shortly before his death.

Shortly before his death, Perfecto took the highly unusual step of filing in his behalf a petition with the Supreme Court arguing that the salaries of judges and justices were exempted from income taxes by the Constitution. The case was decided in his favor after his death, though Justice Roman Ozaeta, in dissent, expressed that "[i]t is indeed embarrassing that this case was initiated by a member of this Court upon which devolves the duty to decide it finally."

Several years after his death, many of the decisions Perfecto dissented from were overturned by the Supreme Court, most notably Moncado v. People's Court and Mabanag v. Lopez Vito.

In 1958, the City of Manila named a secondary school in Tondo, Manila the Gregorio Perfecto High School after the late Justice.

Notes

References

External links
Memorabilia Page, Supreme Court of the Philippines E-Library

|-

1891 births
1949 deaths
Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni
Filipino journalists
20th-century Filipino judges
Filipino Roman Catholics
People from Iloilo City
People from Tondo, Manila
Politicians with paraplegia
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
University of Santo Tomas alumni
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Manila
Members of the Philippine Legislature
Members of the National Assembly of the Philippines
Visayan people
20th-century journalists
Lawyers with disabilities


The Androscoggin (Arosaguntacook, etc., see names) were an Abenaki people from what are now the U.S. states of Maine and New Hampshire. By the 18th century, they were absorbed by neighboring tribes.

Name
Arosaguntacook or Arossagunticook, the tribe's endonym, in the eastern Abenaki language means "Rocky Flats flow" or "a river of rocks refuge."  Other recorded variations of the name are Amariscoggin, Ameriscoggin, Arsigantegok, Asschincantecook, and Alessikantek-eyak by the Penobscot and the Cowasuck.  The name Arosaguntacook was probably changed by Massachusetts Governor Edmund Andros to Androscoggin. Today's Penobscot name for the Saint Francis Abenaki is Alessikantek-eyak because Arosaguntacook belonged to the ancestors of the people of Saint Francis.

Distribution
The Arosaguntacook once lived in the Androscoggin River watershed, located in present-day southern Maine and northern New Hampshire. Their main village was located in the vicinity of present-day Lewiston, Maine. Together with the Pigwacket, they formed the southernmost of the Abenaki tribes and were therefore one of the first in contact with the English colonists of New England.

History

17th century
In 1675, the Androscoggin took part in King Philip's War. The renowned hunter, trapper, fisherman and guide, Metallak (1727-1847), was a member of the Androscoggin tribe.

18th century
In 1725, the Androscoggin joined the Pequawket and migrated to the Connecticut River in  New Hampshire. The Arosaguntacook migrated north to Canada, where they settled in Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec.

Maps
Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the Wabanaki Confederacy (from north to south):

See also
 List of Native American peoples in the United States

Notes

References
 Bruce G. Trigger (ed.): Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 15. Northeast. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1978

Further reading
 Starbird, Charles M. The Indians of the Androscoggin Valley: Tribal History, and their Relations with the Early English Settlers of Maine (1928). University of Southern Maine Digital Commons.

External links
 Abenaki History
 Abenaki Council of Odanak

Abenaki in the United States
Extinct Native American tribes
Native American history of Maine
Native American history of New Hampshire
Native American tribes in Maine
Native American tribes in New Hampshire


UNESCO Chair of Telemedicine (UNES_CT) is an agency within UNESCO that was founded in 1999.

UNES_CT is tasked with developing and spreading Telemedicine and Information Society in Health Care in developing areas, particularly in South-America and Africa.

Activities
The expertise of UNES_CT as a University Institution is based in the previous CATAI's expertise founded in 1994 in the field of Information Society / Telemedicine with which is collaborating closely and from which received part of the sponsorship.

Activities include: training and teaching aspects, to gain a minimal structured knowledge in Medical Informatics, have established the "Telemedicine Body of Knowledge" covering sociology, economics, technology transfer, technology and organizational issues, standardization, security and liability aspects in co-operation with the Universities of Queens (United Kingdom), Aveiro-PT, Belfast-IRL, Genova-IT, Innsbruck-AU, Udine-IT, Berlin-D, Athens-GR. CATAI published the first text-book of Telemedicine in English, complemented with CD multimedia material particularly designed for developing countries, worldwide known by Winter and Summer Courses of Telemedicine training following the "Telemedicine Body of Knowledge". At the present moment the book is translated into 6 languages (SP, E, IT, GR, FR, D) and is published in Spanish (PanAmerican Editorial) with title: "Telemedicine" 2001, and is participating in all editions of the European Telemedicine Glossary edited by the EC-DG Information Society. In the 4th Ed-2002 is the author of the Electronic Clinical Record.

History
CATAI developed the Videophone network in the Canary Islands in 1991 for distant support. At the present it includes the best practice implementation pilots in phone medicine (oncology, particularly home care, and psychiatry, particularly childhood psychiatry), Tele-ECG and Tele-ultrasounds, particularly obstetrics and gynaecology.

The first in the world to carry out distant DNA quantitation (in 1991), it was applied to image analysis for prognostic factors in breast cancer. Objective image analysis and prognostic factors have been incorporated into the regional breast cancer registry of over 3000 patients (see above).

CATAI was the promoter of the Centre of Excellence in Telemedicine, sponsored by Science Park DG-XIII, with enrolment of 3 continents: Europe, Africa and America to concentrate best practice examples as well as top experts to implement real world applications and development of hardware-software systems ready to be used. These activities link mainly technological firms of the UK and Germany.

UNES_CT was leader of two EU projects (Leonardo-DG XXII ; Science Park-DGXIII) and participating in other two (DGXIII- Teleultrasound for developing countries; Leonardo-DGXXII Teaching Medical informatics), and leader in Canary Islands and in the main land, Barcelona, of a project on Telephonic Medicine. Partner in 5 EU projects (Smart-USB; KOD or knowledge on demand, ASKLEPIOS, CHS or Citizen Home Services, CATAI-CTC).

UNES_CT was involved in developing countries' health support through the Midjan group-ITU-D working group of Telemedicine, TeleInViVo ultrasound devices with pilots in Katastan, Mali and Uganda. Additionally, the UNESCO chair was promoted the network of Telemedicine together with Argentina, Venezuela, Peru, and participated in ITU-Developing World Congress in Malta 1997, and Georgia Telemedicine meeting in 1999. The group is currently actively working with South America (Venezuela, Argentina, Cuba, Chile, Peru) and Africa (Uganda, Kenya).

Awards
 Economical initiatives, Canary islands 1995
 Ordesa award in paediatrics 1989
 Award Portugal-Spanish cooperation 1994
 Award Royal Academy Medicine 1993 and 1999
 Included in "Who is Who in the World" since 1996 scheduled up to 2000. Included in the 3rd Ed. of "Who is Who in Science and Engineering"
 the Lattice Price 99 of ESF (European Science Foundation) in Innovation & Research in teaching, nominated by the STOA European Parliament Office

References
 UNESCO Chair in Telemedicine - CATAI - University of La Laguna (Spain)
 UNESCO Education Portal

Organizations established in 1999
UNESCO
Telemedicine


The 1890 Louisville Colonels baseball team finished with an 88–44 record and won the American Association championship. The previous season, the Colonels had lost 111 games, the most any team in the Major Leagues had lost up to that point (the record was broken during the 1890 season by the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, who lost 113 games). This "worst to first" transformation was accomplished partly because of new ownership led by Barney Dreyfuss. Competition was also diminished due to the advent of the Players' League and a couple of the best AA teams jumping to the National League.

After the season, Louisville played the NL champions, the Brooklyn Bridegrooms, in the 1890 World Series. The Bridegrooms were one of the teams that had jumped to the NL, and had been the champions of the AA in 1889. The World Series wound up in a 3–3–1 tie.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

1890 World Series

Louisville, champions of the American Association, played the National League champions, the Brooklyn Bridegrooms in the 1890 World Series. The series pitted the two most recent American Association champions against each other.

The series winner was to be the first to win four games. Brooklyn started strong, winning the first two games in Louisville, with game 3 called after eight innings with the score tied. Louisville salvaged the fourth game, which was the last one played in Louisville. After Brooklyn won the first game at home to take a 3–1 lead, Louisville came back to win two straight. However, bad weather forced any remaining games to be canceled, with the plan that a deciding game would be played before the 1891 season began. However, due to inter-league disputes, that never occurred, and the series officially ended in a 3–3–1 tie.

References
 1890 Louisville Colonels team page at Baseball Reference

Louisville Colonels seasons
Louisville Colonels season
Louisville Colonels


WZLB (103.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a hot talk format. Licensed to Valparaiso, Florida, United States, the station serves the Ft. Walton Beach area.

History
The station went on the air as WQUH in November 1974. On April 1, 1992, WQUH shifted from Smooth Jazz to Adult Contemporary WLGH, then to Top 40 as WMXZ on March 31, 1994. On March 2, 2012, WMXZ changed their format to rock, branded as "103.1 The Blaze". On March 14, 2012, WMXZ changed their call letters to WZLB. As of 21 December 2011, Quantum sold its stations to Apex Broadcasting in Ft Walton Beach.

Apex Broadcasting sold WZLB — along with sister stations WECQ, WHWY, and WWAV — to Community Broadcasters effective December 1, 2016, at a purchase price of $5.9 million.

On September 1, 2019, the station went off the air for around 24 hours and the following day on the 2nd, WZLB rebranded with a new name called 103.1 The Shark and a new format to newer classic rock.

On December 22, 2020, Community Broadcasters sold the entire Fort Walton Beach cluster to JVC Broadcasting for almost $2.3 million, which later closed on February 1, 2021. JVC Media announced that WZLB has flipped to its Florida Man Radio talk format on March 1, 2021.

Previous logo

References

External links

ZLB
Radio stations established in 1992
1992 establishments in Florida
Talk radio stations in the United States


Wilhelm “Willi” Stöhr (6 November 1903 – after 1994) was a Nazi Party official and politician who served as Gauleiter of Gau Westmark in the closing months of the war.

Early life
Born in Wuppertal-Elberfeld the son of a writer, Stöhr attended volksschule and realschule locally through 1922. He joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and was active in the Ortsgruppe (Local Group) in Wuppertal.  He remained active in the Nazi movement even after the party was banned in the aftermath of the Beer Hall Putsch. He worked as a commercial clerk during these years and formally rejoined the party in 1929, also becoming a member of the Sturmabteilung (SA). Around this time he studied economics and political science at the universities in Cologne and Frankfurt. He was a member of the National Socialist German Students' League and became a speaker for this group. In 1932 he left university without completing a degree due to his participation in student riots.

Nazi career
Turning to full-time Party work, Stöhr became the Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) in Frankfurt and an Oberbannführer  (Senior Banner Leader) in the Hitler Youth. After the Nazi seizure of power, Stöhr was made a member of the City Council in Frankfurt in March 1933. Also that year he was appointed Gau Inspector and adjutant to Jakob Sprenger, the Gauleiter of Hesse-Nassau, a position he would hold until 1937. In November 1933, Stöhr failed in his electoral bid for a seat in the Reichstag but in February 1935, he was appointed to a vacant Reichstag seat from electoral constituency 19, Hesse-Nassau. That year he also became a member of the Prussian Provincial Council for the Province of Hesse-Nassau. On 1 July 1937, he became Propaganda Leader of the Gau, head of the provincial propaganda office in Hesse-Nassau and the State Cultural Officer. He would hold these posts until 1 January 1944 when he was transferred to the Nazi Party Chancellery in the Brown House in Munich to be trained for higher party leadership assignments. In 1940 he served in the German Army, as a propaganda officer with Propaganda Company 612 in France. He was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd class.

Gauleiter
On 8 September 1944, Stöhr was assigned as the Plenipotentiary for Defensive Construction in Gau Westmark. Upon the death of Josef Bürckel, the longtime Gauleiter of Gau Westmark, on 29 September 1944 Stöhr was promoted to Deputy Gauleiter and simultaneously installed as Acting Gauleiter. As such, he also commanded the Volkssturm forces in the Gau. Then on 4 October, he was appointed Chief of Civil Administration (Chef der Zivilverwaltung) for German-occupied Lorraine, although the area was already being overrun by the Allied armies. At the same time, he was named both Acting Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) and Acting Reich Defense Commissioner for Gau Westmark. On 19 December 1944, he succeeded Bürckel as the Reichstag deputy from electoral constituency 27, Rheinpfalz-Saar. On 30 January 1945, his appointments were made permanent.

By 18 March 1945, the elements of the US 7th Army was threatening to overrun Stöhr's Gau and Hitler ordered that the entire population be immediately evacuated eastward. As no logistical contingency planning had been done and the transportation system was in a state of total collapse, evacuating hundreds of thousands of civilians was considered to be next to impossible to execute. According to the memoirs of Albert Speer, the Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production, he met with Stöhr who categorically stated that he would not implement such an order. Though Speer offered to take the blame by citing miscommunication, Stöhr insisted on taking the responsibility.

Postwar years
Stöhr's capital city, Saarbrücken, fell to the 70th Infantry Division on 20 March 1945. He fled the city with his Gau leadership staff but separated from them in Donauwörth in Bavaria.  At the war's end, Stöhr disappeared, living under assumed names until a general amnesty was issued. Thus, he became one of the rare Gauleiters to survive the war and escape justice, never facing criminal prosecution or denazification courts. He emigrated to Canada, where he was still living in 1994; his date of death is unknown.

References

Sources

External website

Willi Stöhr in the Bavarian State Library

1903 births
Gauleiters
German emigrants to Canada
German Army personnel of World War II
Hitler Youth members
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Nazi propagandists
People from Wuppertal
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
Sturmabteilung officers
Volkssturm personnel
Year of death missing


Philip O. Alderson, M.D. served as Dean of Saint Louis University School of Medicine from 2008 through 2016 and as Vice-President for Medical Affairs from 2009 through 2016.  He was succeeded in both of these roles by Kevin Behrns, M.D. on January 1, 2017. He was formerly James Picker Professor and Chairman of the Department of Radiology at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Radiologist-in-Chief at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center and President of the Medical Board at New York-Presbyterian. Alderson currently ( 2020 ) is Chair of the Board of Directors of Casa de Salud St Louis, a nonprofit organization providing medical and mental health care to immigrants and the underserved in the St Louis region.

Alderson is a graduate of Washington University in St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine.

Alderson's past work focused on applications of radioactive tracers to cardiac and pulmonary disorders. Current interests include health care reform, big data analytics, genomic medicine and structural biology.  He is former President of the  Society of Chairmen of Academic Radiology Departments, the Association of University Radiologists, the Association of Residency Program Directors in Radiology, the Academy of Radiology Research, the Fleischner Society, the American Roentgen Ray Society and the American Board of Radiology. He is a former Vice-President of the American College of Radiology and the Society of Nuclear Medicine, and served on the Advisory Council of the NIH—National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. He also served on the NIH Council of Councils and is Chair of the Advisory Committee on Medical Uses of Isotopes of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( 2015 - 2018 ). He was on sabbatical at the NIH (January - June 2017 ) and subsequently returned to Saint Louis University as Dean Emeritus.

References

American radiologists
Saint Louis University faculty
Washington University School of Medicine alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Columbia University faculty


Pirates and Pathfinders is a Canadian elementary school textbook, originally published in 1947 (revised in 1963) by Clarke, Irwin, & Company.  Marjorie Hamilton wrote the text; Lloyd Scott illustrated it.  A revised French language edition was printed by Clarke, Irwin in 1955; the French title was La découverte du monde ("The Discovery of the World"); the text was translated by Louis Charbonneau.

Content
The book was a history textbook, intended for "the intermediate grades of the elementary schools".  The book focused on the history of European discovery and colonization of the rest of the world, with a particular focus on the achievements of the British Empire.  The book was divided into seven chapters:
"The Road to Cathay", chiefly about Marco Polo;
"To the New World", chiefly about Christopher Columbus
"Around the World", chiefly about Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, and Sir Francis Drake;
"Discoveries in the South Seas", chiefly about Captain James Cook;
"Light on the Dark Continent", chiefly about David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley;
"The Search for the North-West Passage", chiefly about Sir John Franklin; and
"To the Ends of the Earth," which focused on Arctic and Antarctic exploration, and the mountain climbing exploits of Sir Edmund Hillary.
The book was also well furnished with maps, including a series in which areas of the world were progressively revealed from being obscured with brown ink, showing the different areas of the world that Europeans had explored.  The areas that Europeans had explored were called the "known world".

Reception
The book was quite popular in elementary education in Canada.  Over 50,000 copies of the text were purchased for Ontario schools in 1960. It remained in print until 1972.

The heroic narratives presented by it, coupled with its copious and dramatic illustrations, have made the book a vivid memory for some Canadians who attended English speaking elementary schools during the period in which it was in use.  However, the text has been sharply criticized in more recent years. The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism chose this textbook by name as a bad example, observing its Anglocentric bias; the commission's reviewers found that the book "devotes 60 per cent of its text to the achievements of British explorers alone and completely ignores the French."

References

1947 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
Children's history books
History textbooks
History books about exploration
History books about colonialism
Clarke, Irwin & Company books


WWEO-LP (103.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a religious radio format. Licensed to DeFuniak Springs, Florida, United States, the station serves the Ft. Walton Beach, Florida, area.  The station is currently owned by Emanuel Communications.

References

External links

WEO-LP
WEO-LP
Walton County, Florida


Dieter Matthaei (born 1 February 1949 in Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany) is a German radiotherapist and internist.

Matthaei studied physics and medicine at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen. In 1977, he received his doctorate from the University of Göttingen. He was from 1983 to 1987 a research associate at the Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie in Göttingen and is now medical specialist for internal medicine in Göttingen.

Matthaei worked at the University of Göttingen and at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear magnetic resonance in biological systems.  He was looking for a scientific development of NMR techniques based on magnetic resonance imagery. With Axel Haase and Jens Frahm he succeeded in 1985 with the invention of rapid image proceedings FLASH MRI (fast low angle shot) a revolutionary breakthrough that allows the use of MRI imaging for clinical diagnosis. It enabled the first real coherent representation of body functions.

He is the founder and editor of  Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine (MAGMA).

Sources

  (first scientific publication of FLASH)
Frahm J, Haase A, Hänicke W, Merboldt KD, Matthaei D. Hochfrequenz-Impuls und Gradienten-Impuls-Verfahren zur Aufnahme von schnellen NMR-Tomogrammen unter Benutzung von Gradientenechos. Deutsche Patentanmeldung P 35 04 734.8 vom 12. Februar 1985

External links

Living people
1949 births
20th-century German physicists
German medical researchers
German radiologists
Physicians from Lower Saxony
21st-century German physicists


Santa Gertrudis is a town, and the seat of municipality of the same name, located in the region of the Valleys in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.  It is approximately 41 km from the capital city of Oaxaca.

Geography

Climate
Its climate is temperate, with prevailing winds from the north.

Cuisine
Regional cuisine consists of mole accompanied with white rice, beef stew, pork liver with scrambled egg (for breakfast)and typical drinks as chocolate, chocolate atole, tejate, and mescal.

The municipality
As municipal seat, Santa Gertrudis has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: Barrio del Panteón, La Barda Paso de Piedras, La Esmeralda, and Tercera Sección (Santa Gertrudis).

References
 Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ESTADO DE OAXACA
 www.mapasmexico.net for Santa Gertrudis Oaxaca

Populated places in Oaxaca


OptOutPrescreen.com is a joint venture among Equifax, Experian, Innovis, and TransUnion, allowing customers to opt out of receiving credit card solicitations by mail.

Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), consumer reporting agencies are permitted to include customers' names on lists used by creditors or insurers to make offers of credit or insurance that are not initiated by the customer. The FCRA also provides customers the right to opt out, which prevents consumer reporting agencies from providing credit file information to others.

Beginning on August 1, 2005, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 took effect, which amended the FCRA to require consumer reporting agencies to include in their credit offers a statement allowing customers to stop unsolicited offers either by phone (1-888-5OPTOUT or 1-888-567-8688) or via https://www.optoutprescreen.com/

The opt out process allows users to choose from three options:

 Opt-In: Your name will be eligible for inclusion on lists used for Firm Offers of credit or insurance.
 Electronic Opt-Out for 5 years: Your name will not be eligible for inclusion on lists used for Firm Offers of credit or insurance for five years.
 Permanent Opt-Out by Mail: Your name will no longer be eligible for inclusion on lists for Firm Offers of credit or insurance

In order to permanently Opt-Out of unsolicited offers, you must buy a stamp and print and mail a physical paper Permanent Opt-Out Election form. There is no option to permanently opt out electronically.

The OptOutPrescreen.com website is not accessible by users of ISPs located outside the United States and the U.S. Territories.

References

External links
http://www.optoutprescreen.com
https://www.experian.com/blogs/ask-experian/credit-education/faqs/preapproved-credit-offers/opt-out/

Direct marketing
Information privacy


Multinational Division Central-South (MND-CS), created in September 2003, and supported by NATO, was a part of the Multinational Force Iraq. Headquartered in Camp Echo, it was under Polish command until October 2008, when the last of Poland's troops were withdrawn.  The Polish contingent was its largest. Other participants included Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Denmark, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Norway, Romania, El Salvador, Slovakia, Spain, Ukraine and the United States of America. As of December 2008, Armenian, Bosnian, Danish, Latvian, Kazakh, Lithuanian, Mongolian, Spanish and Slovakian forces had been fully withdrawn.

The South Central zone (formerly the Upper South zone, also known as the Polish zone covered the area south of Baghdad: Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Karbala Governorate, Babil Governorate and the Wasit Governorate, all of which have been transferred to the Iraqi government. The region has a population of about 5 million spread over 65 632 km². Major cities in the area include Diwaniyah, Kut, Hillah, and Karbala and Najaf.

The Najaf Governorate was passed back to American control in 2004, due to reduction in strength of the forces under Polish command; this reduced the zone to about 3 million of population spread over 28 655 km². On January 5, 2006, Polish troops handed over control of the central Babil province to U.S. troops.

General information

The strength of the Polish forces has decreased from 2224 (2003) to 900 (2007). The Ukrainian forces numbered 1640 in 2003, by mid-2005 the number decreased to 900, and about 29 officers and 8 Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) deployed, serving in headquarters and in a unit of military assistance, before the final withdrawal in 2008. Other contingents in 2003 numbered:

 Spain, 1340;
 Thailand, 886;
 Bulgaria, 480;
 Honduras, 364;
 Philippines, 350;
 El Salvador, 346;
 Dominican Republic, 300;
 Hungary, 300;
 Romania, 220;
 Mongolia, 190;
 Latvia, 145;
 Nicaragua, 111,
 Slovak Republic, 111;
 Lithuania, 45;
 Kazakhstan, 25;
 Denmark, 10;
 Netherlands, 6;
 Norway, 5;
 some support and liaison personnel from United Kingdom and the United States Army.

The Division has been switching from stabilization tasks (patrols, etc.) towards training the Iraqi Army (8th Infantry Division and security forces – Iraqi Police and Iraqi Border Police).

The divisional headquarters was moved in 2004 from Camp Babilon to Camp Echo.

According to mission statement the primary task of the MND CS was to oversee the transfer of the military and security in the areas under its control to the provisional Iraqi authorities.

Description in State of Denial

In Bob Woodward's book State of Denial he recounts the experience of Frank Miller, who as of March 2004 was the senior director for defense on the National Security Council. During the course of a fact finding trip to Iraq in that month he visited the leadership of the Multinational Division. Woodward's description is as follows:

Miller moved on to meet with the Polish commander of the Multinational Division, made up of troops from 23 nations. This was the shakiest part of the coalition—but an important fig leaf to suggest that the war was a broad international effort

The Polish division commander told Miller, "I've got 23 separate national units. They have 23 separate rules of engagement. I pick up the phone, I tell the colonel in charge of the Spanish Brigade what to do. He picks up his phone, calls Madrid, and says, 'I've been told to do this. Is it okay?'"

Miller understood that this meant the Multinational Division had little or no fighting capability.

Commanders

Forces

Polish

Spanish and Latin America

Ukrainian

See also
Polish involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Multi-National Force – Iraq
United States Forces – Iraq

References

Multinational Division Central-South Official Page

External links
Multi-National Division – (Central South) at globalsecurity.org
Lieutenant Colonel Robert Strzelecki, Polish Army, Lessons Learned: Multinational Division Central-South
Multinational Division Central-South Commemorative Medal

Military units and formations established in 2003
Multinational force involved in the Iraq War


Benjamin Wisner Bacon (January 15, 1860 – February 1, 1932) was an American theologian. He was born in Litchfield, Connecticut and graduated from Yale College in 1881 and Yale Divinity School in 1884. After serving in pastorates at Old Lyme, Connecticut (1884–1889), and at Oswego, New York (1889–1896), he was made an instructor in New Testament Greek at Yale Divinity School and became in 1897 professor of New Testament criticism and exegesis.  The degrees D.D., Litt.D., and LL.D. were conferred upon him.  Besides contributions to the Hibbert Journal and to the American Journal of Theology (of both of which he was chosen as an editor), his writings include:
 The Genesis of Genesis (1891)
 Triple Tradition of the Exodus (1894)
 The Sermon on the Mount (1902)
 The Story of St. Paul (1904)
 An Introduction to the New Testament (1907)
 The Founding of the Church (1909)
 The Fourth Gospel in Research and Debate (1909)
 Jesus the Son of God (1911)
 The Making of the New Testament (1912)
 Theodore Thornton Munger (1914)
 Is Mark a Roman Gospel? (1919)
 The Gospel of Mark: Its composition and date (1925)

References

External links

1860 births
1932 deaths
19th-century players of American football
American biblical scholars
American religious writers
Yale Bulldogs football players
Yale College alumni
Yale Divinity School alumni
People from Litchfield, Connecticut
Players of American football from Connecticut


In logic and universal algebra, Post's lattice denotes the lattice of all clones on a two-element set {0, 1}, ordered by inclusion. It is named for Emil Post, who published a complete description of the lattice in 1941. The relative simplicity of Post's lattice is in stark contrast to the lattice of clones on a three-element (or larger) set, which has the cardinality of the continuum, and a complicated inner structure. A modern exposition of Post's result can be found in Lau (2006).

Basic concepts

A Boolean function, or logical connective, is an n-ary operation  for some , where 2 denotes the two-element set {0, 1}. Particular Boolean functions are the projections

and given an m-ary function f, and n-ary functions g1, ..., gm, we can construct another n-ary function

called their composition. A set of functions closed under composition, and containing all projections, is called a clone.

Let B be a set of connectives. The functions which can be defined by a formula using propositional variables and connectives from B form a clone [B], indeed it is the smallest clone which includes B. We call [B] the clone generated by B, and say that B is the basis of [B]. For example, [¬, ∧] are all Boolean functions, and [0, 1, ∧, ∨] are the monotone functions.

We use the operations ¬, Np, (negation), ∧, Kpq, (conjunction or meet), ∨, Apq, (disjunction or join), →, Cpq, (implication), ↔, Epq, (biconditional), +, Jpq (exclusive disjunction or Boolean ring addition), ↛, Lpq, (nonimplication), ?: (the ternary conditional operator) and the constant unary functions 0 and 1. Moreover, we need the threshold functions

For example, th1n is the large disjunction of all the variables xi, and thnn is the large conjunction. Of particular importance is the majority function

We denote elements of 2n (i.e., truth-assignments) as vectors: . The set 2n carries a natural product Boolean algebra structure. That is, ordering, meets, joins, and other operations on n-ary truth assignments are defined pointwise:

Naming of clones

Intersection of an arbitrary number of clones is again a clone. It is convenient to denote intersection of clones  by simple juxtaposition, i.e., the clone  is denoted by C1C2...Ck. Some special clones are introduced below:
M is the set of monotone functions:  for every .
 D is the set of self-dual functions: .
 A is the set of affine functions: the functions satisfying

 for every i ≤ n, a, b ∈ 2n, and c, d ∈ 2. Equivalently, the functions expressible as  for some a0,  a.
 U is the set of essentially unary functions, i.e., functions which depend on at most one input variable: there exists an i = 1, ..., n such that  whenever .
Λ is the set of conjunctive functions: . The clone Λ consists of the conjunctions  for all subsets I of {1, ..., n} (including the empty conjunction, i.e., the constant 1), and the constant 0.
 V is the set of disjunctive functions: . Equivalently, V consists of the disjunctions  for all subsets I of {1, ..., n} (including the empty disjunction 0), and the constant 1.
For any k ≥ 1, T0k is the set of functions f such that

Moreover,  is the set of functions bounded above by a variable: there exists i = 1, ..., n such that  for all a.
As a special case,  is the set of 0-preserving functions: .  Furthermore, ⊤ can be considered T00 when one takes the empty meet into account.
For any k ≥ 1, T1k is the set of functions f such that

and  is the set of functions bounded below by a variable: there exists i = 1, ..., n such that  for all a.
The special case  consists of the 1-preserving functions: .  Furthermore,  ⊤ can be considered T10 when one takes the empty join into account.
The largest clone of all functions is denoted ⊤, the smallest clone (which contains only projections) is denoted ⊥, and  is the clone of constant-preserving functions.

Description of the lattice

The set of all clones is a closure system, hence it forms a complete lattice. The lattice is countably infinite, and all its members are finitely generated. All the clones are listed in the table below.

The eight infinite families have actually also members with k = 1, but these appear separately in the table: , , , , , .

The lattice has a natural symmetry mapping each clone C to its dual clone }, where  is the de Morgan dual of a Boolean function f. For example, , , and .

Applications

The complete classification of Boolean clones given by Post helps to resolve various questions about classes of Boolean functions. For example:
An inspection of the lattice shows that the maximal clones different from ⊤ (often called Post's classes) are M, D, A, P0, P1, and every proper subclone of ⊤ is contained in one of them. As a set B of connectives is functionally complete if and only if it generates ⊤, we obtain the following characterization: B is functionally complete iff it is not included in one of the five Post's classes.
The satisfiability problem for Boolean formulas is NP-complete by Cook's theorem. Consider a restricted version of the problem: for a fixed finite set B of connectives, let B-SAT be the algorithmic problem of checking whether a given B-formula is satisfiable. Lewis used the description of Post's lattice to show that B-SAT is NP-complete if the function ↛ can be generated from B (i.e., ), and in all the other cases B-SAT is polynomial-time decidable.

Variants

Clones requiring the constant functions
If one only considers clones that are required to contain the constant functions, the classification is much simpler: there are only 7 such clones: UM, Λ, V, U, A, M, and ⊤. While this can be derived from the full classification, there is a simpler proof, taking less than a page.

Clones allowing nullary functions
Composition alone does not allow to generate a nullary function from the corresponding unary constant function, this is the technical reason why nullary functions are excluded from clones in Post's classification. If we lift the restriction, we get more clones. Namely, each clone C in Post's lattice which contains at least one constant function corresponds to two clones under the less restrictive definition: C, and C together with all nullary functions whose unary versions are in C.

Iterative systems
Post originally did not work with the modern definition of clones, but with the so-called iterative systems, which are sets of operations closed under substitution

as well as permutation and identification of variables. The main difference is that iterative systems do not necessarily contain all projections. Every clone is an iterative system, and there are 20 non-empty iterative systems which are not clones. (Post also excluded the empty iterative system from the classification, hence his diagram has no least element and fails to be a lattice.) As another alternative, some authors work with the notion of a closed class, which is an iterative system closed under introduction of dummy variables. There are four closed classes which are not clones: the empty set, the set of constant 0 functions, the set of constant 1 functions, and the set of all constant functions.

References

Universal algebra
Logic


"Me" is a song by Canadian recording artist Tamia. It was written and produced by Shep Crawford for the singer's second album A Nu Day (2000), but it did not make into the final track list. However it was later included on her fourth studio album  Between Friends (2006) and released as its second single in 2007, reaching number 29 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

Background
"Me" was written and produced by frequent collaborator Shep Crawford. The song was initially conceived during the production of her second studio album A Nu Day (2000). On her decision to omit the song from the final track lisiting, Tamia elaborated in 2019: "I recorded "Stranger in My House" and "Me" at the same time. Both songs I really loved. But "Stranger" was this big record, so I decided to only put it on the A Nu Day album and I saved "Me" because I felt like it was too much of a good thing. I kept it and used it later."

Music video
The music video for the song was directed by Canadian director Margaret Malandruccolo, who later shot the video for "Almost." The video begins with Tamia laying down on a bed until the questions about a lover arise. We then see hands and someone on the edge of the bed. Tamia later roams around the house. At the end she is shown standing up from a vanity revealing her pregnant belly.

Track listing

Notes
 denotes additional producer

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Between Friends.

Shep Crawford – instruments, production, writer
Brian Gardner – mastering
Tamia Hill – vocals
Mike Sroka – engineering
Dexter Simmons – mixing
Rob Torres – guitar

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2007 singles
Tamia songs
2006 songs
Songs written by Shep Crawford
Music videos directed by Margaret Malandruccolo


WAAZ-FM (104.7 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Crestview, Florida, United States, the station serves the Ft Walton Beach metropolitan area.  The 100,000 watt signal can be heard in parts of the Florida Panhandle and Southern Alabama.   The station is owned by Crestview Broadcasting Company, Inc. with its studios and transmitter off West First Avenue.

The station is off the air from 12am to 5am Monday through Saturday and 12am to 7am on Sunday because the station is 100 percent live with no automation.

In early 2013, the station got a facelift in its equipment, along with a website and audio stream.

WAAZ-FM carries Atlanta Braves baseball and Troy University sports as well as news from CBS News Radio.

References

External links

AAZ-FM
Country radio stations in the United States
1965 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 1965


The 1891 Louisville Colonels baseball team finished with a 54–83 record, collapsing back into mediocrity after their pennant winning season of 1890. They finished the season in eighth place in the American Association. After the season, the Association folded and four teams, including Louisville, were admitted into the National League.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
 1891 Louisville Colonels team page at Baseball Reference

Louisville Colonels seasons
Louisville Colonels season
Louisville Colonels


Jamie Tape (15 April 1974 – 3 January 2003) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club and Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He also played for the Woodville-West Torrens Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

Jamie grew up in the small South Australian town of Coobowie on the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. He attended Yorketown Area school in the neighbouring town of Yorketown and played his junior football for the Edithburgh Football Club.

Football career

Jamie was a talented junior and was rewarded for his efforts by winning the Mail Medal for league best and fairest on the Yorke Peninsula. He was invited to play for the WWTFC in the SANFL and after making his league debut in 1992, he played a total of 75 games. He was a part of the 1993 SANFL premiership team and was named in the best players for the day.

Tape moved to AFL club Richmond in 1994 after initially being selected with pick #28 in the 1992 AFL Draft. Tape enjoyed a highly-promising first three seasons with the Tigers, wearing number five and playing in 67 out of a possible 69 games and rewarded with an AFL Rising Star nomination in 1994. He shared Richmond's best first year player award with fellow South Australian rookie Matthew Rogers, as well as State of Origin representation. However, Tape began struggling with injury in following years, so much so that he managed just eight more games for Richmond before being traded to Collingwood with teammate Brad Smith in exchange for the Magpies' Aaron James and pick #71 in the 1997 AFL Draft.

Tape's AFL career ended in 1999 after he could only manage to play a total of 16 games with Collingwood in his two years spent there. He played his last AFL game at just 25 years old. Following his delisting, he moved back to South Australia and played two more seasons with his original SANFL club Woodville-West Torrens and added another 19 games to his league tally.

Death and legacy

After having only just overcome a 10-month battle with Hodgkin's lymphoma, Tape died soon after a suspected brain aneurysm while at the wheel of his car having gone shopping for supplies for a barbecue, not far from his home on the evening of 3 January 2003. On the 9th of January 2003, his family and friends gathered in Yorketown, South Australia to pay their tributes.

His legacy is honoured at the Woodville-West Torrens Football Club, with the club awarding the 'Jamie Tape Medal' for "sacrificial acts" at each year's club awards night.

Playing statistics

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994
|style="text-align:center;"|Richmond
| 5 || 21 || 1 || 0 || 179 || 111 || 290 || 68 || 24 || 0.05 || 0 || 8.5 || 5.3 || 13.8 || 3.2 || 1.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995
|style="text-align:center;"|Richmond
| 5 || 25 || 2 || 1 || 225 || 93 || 318 || 88 || 34 || 0.08 || 0.04 || 9 || 3.72 || 12.72 || 3.5 || 1.4
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
|style="text-align:center;"|Richmond
| 5 || 21 || 1 || 3 || 166 || 95 || 261 || 72 || 48 || 0.05 || 0.14 || 7.9 || 4.5 || 12.43 || 3.4 || 2.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|style="text-align:center;"|Richmond
| 5 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 58 || 49 || 107 || 31 || 16 || 0 || 0 || 7.25 || 6.1 || 13.38 || 3.9 || 2
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998
|style="text-align:center;"|Collingwood
| 13 || 7 || 1 || 2 || 53 || 39 || 92 || 29 || 7 || 0.14 || 0.29 || 7.6 || 5.57 || 13.14 || 4.14 || 1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|Collingwood
| 13 || 9 || 0 || 1 || 61 || 28 || 89 || 31 || 7 || 0 || 0.1 || 6.8 || 3.1 || 9.9 || 3.4 || 0.8
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 91
! 5
! 7
! 742
! 415
! 1157
! 319
! 136
! 0.05
! 0.08
! 8.15
! 4.56
! 12.71
! 3.51
! 1.49
|}

References
Notes

External links

Woodville-West Torrens Football Club players
Richmond Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club players
South Australian State of Origin players
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
1974 births
2003 deaths
Road incident deaths in South Australia


Walderton is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the B2146 road 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Emsworth. It is in the civil parish of Stoughton.

The village lies just below the source of the River Ems. It is crossed by the Monarch's Way long-distance footpath.

External links

Villages in West Sussex


WSBZ (106.3 FM) is a commercial radio station broadcasting a smooth jazz format. Licensed to Miramar Beach, Florida, United States, the station serves the Ft Walton Beach metropolitan area.  The station is owned by Carter Broadcasting, Inc.

The studios and offices are on Bay Drive in Santa Rosa Beach, Florida and the transmitter is near Mack Bayou Road.

References

External links
WSBZ Official website

SBZ
Smooth jazz radio stations in the United States


The 1892 Louisville Colonels season saw the Colonels professional baseball team of Louisville, Kentucky, compete as members of the National League. In a split season schedule, the Colonels finished 11th in the first half of the season and ninth in the second half. Overall, the team had a record of 63–89, ninth-best in the 12-team National League.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References

External links
 1892 Louisville Colonels team page at Baseball Reference

Louisville Colonels seasons
Louisville Colonels
Louisville Colonels


The siege of Louisbourg took place in 1745 when a New England colonial force aided by a British fleet captured Louisbourg, the capital of the French province of Île-Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island) during the War of the Austrian Succession, known as King George's War in the British colonies.

The northern British colonies regarded Louisbourg as a menacers, calling it the "American Dunkirk" due to its use as a base for privateers. There was regular, intermittent warfare between the French and the Wabanaki Confederacy on one side and the northern New England colonies on the other (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns of 1688, 1703, 1723, 1724). For the French, the Fortress of Louisbourg also protected the chief entrance to Canada, as well as the nearby French fisheries. The French government had spent 25 years in fortifying it, and the cost of its defenses was reckoned at thirty million livres.
Although the fortress's construction and layout was acknowledged as having superior seaward defences, a series of low rises behind them made it vulnerable to a land attack. The low rises provided attackers places to erect siege batteries. The fort's garrison was poorly paid and supplied, and its inexperienced leaders mistrusted them. The colonial attackers were also lacking in experience, but ultimately succeeded in gaining control of the surrounding defences. The defenders surrendered in the face of an imminent assault.

Louisbourg was an important bargaining chip in the peace negotiations to end the war, since it represented a major British success. Factions within the British government were opposed to returning it to the French as part of any peace agreement, but these were eventually overruled, and Louisbourg was returned, over the objections of the victorious British North Americans, to French control after the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in return for French concessions elsewhere.

Context

From 1688 onward there had been a number of military campaigns fought between the French and their allies and the English in the region. Under the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, the French colony of Acadia had been ceded to Great Britain. The tribes of Wabanaki Confederacy had a long history of raiding British settlements along Northern New England in present-day Maine. During the 17th and early-18th century, the Wabanaki fought in several campaigns, including in 1688, 1703, 1723, 1724.  Many of the British military leaders of the siege of Louisbourg came from Northern New England, whose family members were killed in the raids.

In the summer of 1744, New Englanders' concerns of further attacks on the Northern New England increased after a French and Wabanaki force sailed from Louisbourg to the nearby British fishing port of Canso, attacking a small fort on Grassy Island and burned it to the ground, taking prisoner 50 British families. This port was used by the New England fishing fleet; however, the Canso Islands (including Grassy Island) were contested by both Britain and France.

The prisoners taken during the Canso raid were first brought to Louisbourg, where they were given freedom to move around. Some of the military men took careful note of the fortress design, layout, and condition, as well as the size and condition of its garrison and armaments. These men were eventually released to Boston, where their intelligence, along with that provided by merchants who did business at Louisbourg, proved useful in planning the attack.

The French, army and civilian alike, were not in the best of condition at Louisbourg. Supplies were short in 1744, and the fishermen were reluctant to sail without adequate provisions. The military rank and file claimed that they were promised a share of the spoils from the Canso raid, which had instead gone to officers, who sold those same provisions and profited in the endeavour. In December 1744, the troops mutinied over the poor conditions and pay that was months overdue. Even after acting Governor Louis Du Pont Du Chambon managed to quiet the discontent by releasing back pay and supplies, the following winter was extremely tense, as the military leadership maintained a tenuous hold on the situation. Duchambon was even reluctant to send for help, fearing the message would be intercepted and spark further unrest. Word of the unrest did, however, make its way to Boston.

In 1745, the governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, William Shirley, secured by a narrow margin the support of the Massachusetts legislature for an attack on the fortress. He and the governor of the Province of New Hampshire, Benning Wentworth, sought the support of other colonies. Connecticut provided 500 troops, New Hampshire 450, Rhode Island a ship, New York ten cannons, and Pennsylvania and New Jersey funds. The force was under the command of William Pepperrell of Kittery (in the portion of the Massachusetts colony that is now the state of Maine), and a fleet of colonial ships was assembled and placed under the command of Captain Edward Tyng. Governor Shirley sent to Commodore Peter Warren, the chief officer of the Royal Navy's West Indies station, a request for naval support in the event of an encounter with French warships, which would significantly outclass any of the colonial ships. Warren at first declined this offer, lacking authorization from London to assist. Only a few days later, he received orders from the Admiralty to proceed to protect the New England fisheries. The expedition set sail from Boston in stages beginning in early March 1745 with 4,200 soldiers and sailors aboard a total of 90 ships.

Battle

Canso and Port Toulouse

The force stopped at Canso to reprovision. There they were met by Commodore Warren, enlarging the expedition by 16 ships. In late March, the naval forces began to blockade Louisbourg, however ice fields were being swept from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the seas off Louisbourg that spring, presenting a considerable hazard to wooden-hulled sailing ships. The poor weather and general state of disorganization of the New England naval forces resulted in numerous delays to the expedition, however, they kept busy harassing French fishing and shipping in the waters surrounding Île-Royale.

With the ice fields gone by late April, the siege began in earnest. Pepperell's land forces sailed in transports from Canso. On May 2, he besieged Port Toulouse (present-day St. Peter's, Nova Scotia) as well as destroying several coastal villages in the area between Canso and Louisbourg.

Landing

On May 11, John Gorham and his rangers led the charge to land troops on the shores close to the fortress. They tried to land their whale boats at Flat Point Cover while covered by the fire power of the Lord Montague, Boston Packet and Massachusetts. Gorham was repelled by 20 French troops that occupied the cove. Gorham quickly regrouped with several other vessels and the operation was re-directed to Kennington Cove. The French troops were unable to re-position themselves in time to stop the landing of British troops. After 1500 British were already on shore, 200 French troops arrived to repel the British, led by Pierre Morpain and De la Boularderie. Morpain retreated while De La Boularderie gave himself up as a prisoner. The British would land 2000 troops by the end of the day.

Destroying the fisheries
While most of the troops were employed at attacking the Royal Battery, the Island Battery and Fortress Louisbourg, others were scouting around the perimeter of the fortress, destroying small fishing villages. On May 8, the Mi'kmaq defended against an attack on near-by Margaret's Bay and killed seven of Warren's troops. On May 11, the English killed or took prisoner seventeen French and the French wounded three English.

On May 19, Edward Tyng in the vessel  along with the ship Massachusetts destroyed St. Ann's Bay, burning the town and shipping. They killed 20 people and took 25 prisoners. The French killed one British soldier. On May 21, the Prince of Orange was joined by the Defence, and together they destroyed Ingonish, burning a town of 80 houses. They continued on to destroy the towns of Bradore and Bayonne.

On May 23, 20 British troops from Jeremiah Moulton's Regiment attacked a small village. While they were in the village, they were surrounded by 100 fighters made up of French and Mi'kmaq. They killed 18 of the 20 British troops.

On May 30, the Mi'kmaq at Chapeau Rouge (L'Ardoise) attacked thirteen English soldiers from Captain Fletcher's crew on the Boston Packet, who were seeking wood and water. They killed seven English soldiers, three of whom were scalped. They also took three prisoners, two of whom were later found butchered and one later died of wounds.

On June 24, the Defence and the Boston Packet sent a plundering expedition on shore near "Laten".

Royal (Grand) Battery

Upon landing, the British forces immediately launched an attack on the North East Harbour (present-day Louisbourg, Nova Scotia).  The act terrorized the French and they abandoned the Royal Battery with much of its armaments still operational.  The British immediately occupied the battery and began firing at the fortress.  They repulsed a French and Indian attempt to re-take the battery the following day.

Island Battery

The Island Battery was the most formidable and took the New Englanders six weeks to silence. The Island Battery, which had 160 troops, needed to be defeated before the Royal Navy could enter the harbour.

On May 26, the 100 British troops under the command of Samuel Waldo turned the canons of the Royal Battery on the Island Battery and bombarded the battery for days.

On June 6, Captain Brooks led 400 British troops against the Island Battery and were repulsed by the French troops. The French killed 60 British troops and took 116 prisoner.

5th failed attack
Later on June 7, Gorham commanded 650 troops to attack but was forced to retreat. The French killed 189 New Englanders in the failed assault.

On June 9, the 100 British troops fight 100 French and 80 Indigenous. The British killed 40 and took seventeen prisoners. The French and Indigenous killed 6 British and wounded many more.

Careening Wharf Battle
Gorham and 40 rangers discovered 30 French canon at the Careening Wharf on June 9. The next day, the French Governor Du Chambon sent 100 inexperienced French troops under the command of Sieur de Beaubassin. Gorham and his rangers were able to launch a surprise attack on the French troops, killing five of them. One of Gorham's (Indian) rangers was killed. (By June 11 (new style), Beaubassin's force was decimated with many Mi’kmaw fighters killed.)

Gorham’s Battery

By June 21, Gorham had built a battery at Lighthouse Point. He had hauled ten cannon from the Royal Battery. He shelled the Island Battery for five days and on June 27 the French Battery was silenced.

Surrender
On June 27, French and native reinforcements led by Paul Marin were prevented from reaching Louisbourg in the Naval battle off Tatamagouche. The New Englanders' landward siege was supported by Commodore Warren's fleet and, following 47 days (six weeks and five days) of siege and bombardment, the French capitulated on June 28, 1745.

Aftermath

News of the victory reached Governor Shirley in Boston on July 3 which, coincidentally, was commencement day at Harvard (usually a day of celebration in itself). All of New England celebrated the taking of France's mighty fortress on the Atlantic.

Losses to the New England forces in battle had been modest, although the garrison that occupied the fortress during the following winter suffered many deaths from cold and disease. After the fall of Louisbourg, the New Englanders also assumed control of Port-La-Joye on present-day Prince Edward Island (which the French regained in battle the following year).

Despite the British conquest of Louisbourg, the French and Wabanaki attacks continued on Northern New England in the campaigns of 1745, 1746, and 1747.

Duchambon's actions in the mutiny and siege were the subject of inquiries upon his return to France in August 1745. Duchambon was protected from reprisals by the actions of François Bigot, Louisbourg's civilian administrator, who deflected much of the blame onto others. Duchambon retired from the service with a pension in March 1746.

William Pepperrell and Peter Warren were both richly rewarded for their efforts. Warren, in addition to profiting from prize money, was promoted to rear admiral. Pepperrell was made a baronet by King George II and given a commission as colonel of a new regiment, numbered 66th at the time (but not to be confused with the later 66th Regiment of Foot). Governor Shirley was also given a colonel's commission to raise his own regiment.

Both France and Britain planned expeditions to North America in the wake of the capture. The great Duc d'Anville Expedition led by Admiral Jean-Batiste, De Roye de la Rochefoucauld, Duc d'Anville was dispatched from France to retake Louisbourg and recover Acadia in 1746.  However it was destroyed by storms, disease, and British naval attacks and never reached the fortress.  The British government made plans, based on suggestions by Shirley and Warren, for a follow-up expedition to seize Quebec. For a variety of reasons, including a late start and contrary winds, the 1746 expedition did not leave European waters, and was instead diverted to raid the French port of Lorient.  Although the idea was also considered for the 1747 campaign season, it again failed to bear fruit.

When the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, Louisbourg was returned to France in exchange for the return of Madras to Britain, and the withdrawal of French troops from the Low Countries. The decision to withdraw from Louisbourg came under fierce attacks in London from opponents of the Pelham Ministry, but it went ahead nonetheless. In 1758 the fortress was captured again by the British during the Seven Years' War, this time permanently, as Île-Royale and much of New France was ceded to Britain under the terms of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.

French naval officers
 Chevalier Guy-François de Coëtnempren (Comte de Kersaint), (Renommee)

New England Provincial Troops: Officers

Maine
1. York County, Maine - William Pepperell's Regiment (1st Massachusetts Regiment)

 Colonel Bradstreet, Lieut Colonel Storer, Major Cutts, Captain Peter Staples, Captain Ephraim Baker, Captain John Fairfield, Captain Bray Dearing, Captain Kinslagh, Captain John Harmon, Captain Moses Butler, Captain Thomas Perkins, Captain William Warner, Captain Moses Pearson

2. York County, Maine - Colonel Jeremiah Moulton's Regiment (3rd Massachusetts Regiment)

 Lieut. Colonel Connell; Major Ellis; Captain John Card, Captain John Lane, Christopher Marshall, Captain James Grant, Captain Charles King, Captain Peter Prescott (killed), Captain Ami R. Cutter, Captain Samuel Rhodes, Captain Bartholomew Trow, Captain Estes Hatch

3. Cumberland County, Maine - Colonel Samuel Waldo's Regiment (2nd Massachusetts Regiment)

 Lieut. Colonel Noble, Major William Hunt, Captains Samuel Moody, John Watts, Philip Damarisque, Daniel Hale (wounded), Jacob Stevens, James Noble, Richard Jacques, Captain Daniel Fogg, Joseph Richardson (kept journal)
4. Bristol, Maine - Colonel Sylvester Richmond's Regiment (6th Massachusetts Regiment)
 Lieut. Colonel Pitts, Major Hodges, Captains Nathaniel Bosworth, Thomas Gilbert, Josiah Pratt, Robert Swan, Ebenezer Eastman, Cornelius Sole, John Lawrence, Nathaniel Williams, Ebenezer Nichols, Jeremiah Weston

New Hampshire
5. New Hampshire – Colonel Samuel Moore (military officer)'s Regiment (of Portsmouth)

 Lieut. Colonel Nathaniel Meserve, Major Ezekiah Gilman; Captains Samuel Whitten, William Waldron, True Dudley, Tufton Mason, William Seaward, Daniel Ladd, Joseph Sherbrune (wrote journal), John Turnel, Samuel Hale, Jacob Tilton, Edward Williams
 Roll of New Hampshire Men at Louisburg, Cape Breton, 1745 By New Hampshire. Commissioner at Louisburg Celebration, 1895

Connecticut
6. Connecticut – Major General Roger Wolcott's Regiment

 Wolcott of Windsor, Connecticut; Col Andrew Burr; Lieut Col. Simon Lothrop; Major Goodridge; Major Israel Newton (killed); Captain David Wooster, Captain Stephen Lee, Captain Daniel Chapman, Captain William Whiting, Captain Robert Dennison, Captain Andrew Ward; Captain James Church, Captain Henry King

Massachusetts
7. Worcester, Massachusetts - Colonel Samuel Willard (military officer)'s Regiment (4th Massachusetts Regiment)
 Lieut. Col. Chandler, Major Seth Pomroy, Captains Joshua Pierce (killed), John /Terry, John Alexander, David Melvin, John Warner, Jabez (Omsteads) Homestead, Joseph Miller (wounded), James Goulding, James Stephens

8. Essex County, Massachusetts - Colonel Robert Hale (military officer)'s Regiment (5th Massachusetts Regiment)

 Lieut. Colonel Edward Eveleigh, Major Moses Titcomb, Captains Benjamin Ives, Daniel Eveleigh, Titcomb, John Dodge, Jonathan Bagley, Jeremiah Foster, Samuel Davis, Thomas Stanford, Charles Byles

9. Brigadier Joseph Dwight's Regiment - Colonel of Artillery, (9th Massachusetts Regiment)
 Lieut. Col Thomas, Major Samuel Gardner

10. Colonel Shubael Gorham's Regiment (7th Massachusetts Regiment)

 Major Joseph Thatcher, Captains Jonathan Carey, Elisha Doane, Sylvester Cobb, Israel Bailey, Edward Demmick/ Dimmock (killed), Gerhom Bradford, Samuel Lombard

British and New England naval officers

Royal Navy

 Commodore Peter Warren
 Captain Richard Tiddleman (T. Somers) (Superbe, 415 men, 60 guns)
 Captain Philip Durell (Eltham, 250 men, 40 guns)
 Captain W. J? Calmady (Launceston, 250 men, 40 guns)
 Captain James Douglas (then Capt. W. Montague) (Mermaid, 250 men, 40 guns)

Joined from England 22–23 May
 Captain Frederick Cornwall (Hector, 40 guns)
 Captain Richard Edwards (Princess Mary, 60 guns)

Joined from England 10–11 June
 Captain John Hore/ Hoar (D. Hare) (Canterbury, 60 guns);
 Captain J. Brett (Sunderland, 60 guns);
 Captain J. Crickshanke (Lark, 40 guns);
 Capt. F. Geary  (Capt. Kemp) (Chester, 50 guns)
 Capt. James Douglas (Vigilant, 64 guns) – Former prize taken 18 May
 Captain Clark Gayton (Bien Aime, 30 guns) – former prize
 Captain Britt (Sunderland, 60 guns)

Massachusetts naval forces
 Captain Edward Tyng (Ship Massachusetts frigate, 150 men, 20 guns)
 Captain Jonathan Snelling (Molineux frigate, 150 men, 20 guns)
 Captain George Griffith (Caesar, 70 men, 14 guns)
 Captain John Rouse (Shirley Galley, 150 men, 20 guns)
 Captain Joseph Smithers/ Smythurst (Snow Prince of Orange (ship), 80 men, 14 guns – sank in storm)
 Captain William Fletcher (Brig Boston Packet, 16 guns; Wattering)
 Captain David Donahew  (Sloop, 12 guns)
 Captain Thomas Saunders (sloop, 8 guns)
 Captain Bosch (sloop, 8 guns)

Other naval forces
 Captain Griffin (Rhode Island sloop, 20 guns)
 Captain Thompson (Connecticut vessel, 16 guns)
 Captain John Prentice (Defence, Connecticut vessel, 12 guns, 100 men)
 Captain John Furnell (Fernald), (Abigail, 14 or 10 guns) – New Hampshire sloop
 Captain Daniel Fones (Tartar (ship), 14 guns) – Rhode Island sloop

Other British and New England military and naval personnel

 Richard Jacques , 2nd Massachusetts Regiment (Maine)
 James Gibson
 Samuel Whittemore, 3rd Massachusetts Regiment
 John Gorham
 John Henry Bastide
 Hector Theophilus de Cramahé
 Robert Denison, Connecticut Regiment
 Sir Charles Douglas, 1st Baronet
 Bartholomew Green
 Richard Gridley (engineer of the batteries)
 Robert Hale, 1st Massachusetts Regiment (Maine)
 Abijah Willard, 4th Massachusetts Regiment
 Robert Prescott
 Samuel Moody
 James Monk, 1st Massachusetts Regiment (Maine)
 Beamsley Perkins Glasier, 5th Massachusetts Regiment
 John Caleff
 William Vaughan
 Christopher Aldridge
 Nathan Whiting
 James Frye

Legacy
 Louisburg Square in Boston is named after the siege.
 Vernon Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia was formerly known as Louisbourg Street.
 Shirley Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia is named for Massachusetts Governor William Shirley.
 Pepperell St. Halifax, Nova Scotia was named after Pepperrell
 Pepperell, Massachusetts was named after William Pepperrell.
 Warren, Rhode Island and Warren, New Hampshire are named after British naval hero Admiral Sir Peter Warren.

See also
 Swiss regiment de Karrer
 Military history of Nova Scotia
 Louisbourg Garrison
 Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars

Notes

References

Bibliography

Primary sources
  Also:

  Also:
  Also:
  Also:

  Also:

  Also:
  Also:  Only account from the French viewpoint except the official reports

Secondary sources
 Drake. The Taking of Louisbourg, 1745. 1891.

 Balcom, B.A. "Defending Unama'ki: Mi'kmaw Resistance in Cape Breton, 1745"
 Balcom. A.A. "The Mi'kmaq and the First Siege of Louisbourg, 1745," Paper presented at the 2003 Spring Heritage Conference, Amherst, Nova Scotia
  Also

  Also:

  Also:

  Also:

  Also:

External links

 Freemasons at the Two Sieges of Louisbourg
 List of Soldiers, 1745, Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society 13: 76–80
 Louisburg Soldiers (1745)
 Siege of Louisbourg (1745) – Parks Canada
 The Daily Journals, Diaries, Letters, and Accounts of Louisbourg and Isle Royale (1713–1768)
 Louisbourg Under Siege, a National Film Board of Canada documentary
 , details of the French surrender at Louisbourg

1740s in Canada
1745 in New France
Louisbourg 1745
Louisbourg
Military history of Acadia
Military history of New England
Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of the Thirteen Colonies
New France
Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts
Louisbourg 1745
Louisbourg 1745
Louisbourg
Louisbourg


The Independent Newspaper Group (ING) is a newspaper publishing company based in Revere, Massachusetts. It publishes a number of local newspapers, serving Revere, Chelsea, Winthrop, Everett, Lynn, and many neighborhoods of Boston. It has a circulation of 76,100. , Stephen Quigley is President and majority shareholder. Joshua Resnek was an original co-founder and served as vice-president for 12 years. The other Co-founders and current shareholders are Deb DiGregorio, Cary Shuman, Maureen DiBella, Seth Daniel and John Lynds.

Holdings
ING papers include:

References

External links
 http://www.ishcc.org/MA/Revere/independent-newspaper-group-llc-the
 http://www.linkedin.com/pub/joshua-resnek/19/4a5/797
 http://www.bbb.org/boston/business-reviews/newspapers/independent-newspaper-group-llc-in-revere-ma-91987/

Newspaper companies of the United States
Newspapers published in Massachusetts
Mass media in Boston
Mass media in Essex County, Massachusetts
Mass media in Suffolk County, Massachusetts
Mass media in Middlesex County, Massachusetts


WTHA-LP (107.1 FM) was a radio station broadcasting a Classic rock music format. Licensed to Seaside, Florida, United States, the station served the Ft. Walton Beach area. The station was owned by Seaside School, Inc.

History
The station was assigned the call letters WSWC-LP on June 13, 2003. On December 8, 2003, the station changed its call sign to WTHA-LP.

Seaside School surrendered WTHA-LP's license to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on January 22, 2015. The FCC cancelled the license on February 12, 2015.

References

External links

THA-LP
Radio stations established in 2004
THA-LP
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations disestablished in 2015
2004 establishments in Florida
2015 disestablishments in Florida
THA-LP


Hotel Polski (lit. Polish Hotel), opened in 1808, was a hotel in Śródmieście, Warsaw, Poland, at 29 Długa street.

In 1943, in the mop up operation following the liquidation of Warsaw Ghetto, the hotel was used by Germans as bait for Jews hiding in Warsaw. There the German agents and their Jewish collaborators pretended Jews could buy foreign passports and other documents, and then as foreign citizens, leave territories occupied by Nazi Germany. Approximately 2,500 Jews fell for this trap, with most subsequently arrested, moved to Nazi concentration camps, and perishing in The Holocaust. This case is known as "Hotel Polski Affair".

In 1944 during the Warsaw Uprising the building housed a Polish insurgent stronghold called the "Holy Mother Redout", named after a painting located there. The building was heavily damaged during the fighting and re-purposed following the war.

In 1965 the building was declared an object of cultural heritage and inscribed in the Polish heritage object registry. A commemoration plaque was unveiled at the building in 2013.

Hotel Polski affair

Around late 1941, two Jewish organizations from Switzerland and Polish diplomats, working with honorary consuls from certain South American countries, started sending documents to the Warsaw Ghetto, hoping to allow Jews in the ghettos to emigrate (as Germans were more lenient towards individuals who could prove they were nationals of neutral countries). However, in many cases the holders of these affidavits and passports were already dead by the time those documents arrived in occupied Poland. Many if not all of those documents were intercepted by the Gestapo, or otherwise ended up in the hands of Jewish Gestapo collaborators from Gestapo-operated Żagiew network (most prominently, Leon Skosowski and Adam Żurawin).

The Warsaw Ghetto was liquidated by May 1943 but thousands of Jews survived in Warsaw, hiding outside the ghetto. The Germans and their Jewish collaborators came up with a plan to lure them out. (Skosowski's involvement in the plan was very significant, and he has been referred to as a co-organizer of the Hotel Polski plan). Another Jewish Gestapo collaborator involved in the Hotel Polski affair was the singer Wiera Gran. Collaborators spread the rumor that Jews holding foreign passports of neutral countries were allowed to leave the General Government, and that documents from countries such as Paraguay, Honduras, El Salvador, Peru and Chile, in the names of Jews who were no longer alive, were sold (at high prices, estimated in extreme cases to equal over a million US dollars) in Hotel Royal at 31 Chmielna street, and later at Hotel Polski. Unknown to the buyers, many such documents were improperly prepared or forged.

Hotel Polski became a gathering place for Jews who hoped they would soon be allowed to leave Nazi-occupied Europe, as rumors also suggested it would be  safe ground. Around 2,500 Jews (estimates range as high as 3,500) came out of their hiding places and moved to Hotel Polski.  The Polish Underground warned Jews that this was probably a trap, but many ignored the warnings. Starting May 21 1943, Jews from Hotel Polski were transferred in small groups by Nazi German authorities to Vittel, a spa resort town in German-occupied France, which was supposed to be their transit point; later transports only made it to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. On 15 July 1943, the 420 Jews remaining in the Hotel without foreign passports were executed by the Germans at Pawiak prison. By September 1943, the Germans revealed that most of the documents of the individuals in the transit camps were forged, and the South American governments refused to recognize most of the passports. Therefore, instead of being transferred to South America, the Jews were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp in May 1943 and October 1943. A few hundred Jews who held Palestinian documents survived, having been exchanged for Germans imprisoned in Palestine. (Jewish Historical Institute cited the number of survivors at 260; Haska estimates the number of survivors at about 300, noting that due to incomplete documentation it is not possible to precisely estimate the number of victims or survivors.) The Palestinian survivors were helped by Daniel Guzik, formerly associated with the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee.

The Hotel Polski victims included poet Itzhak Katzenelson, Yiddish novelist Yehoshua Perle, and Jewish resistance leader Menachem Kirszenbaum as well as, probably, Polish dancer Franceska Mann.

References

Further reading

 Agnieszka Haska, Jestem Żydem, chcę wejść. Hotel Polski w Warszawie, 1943, Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii PAN, 2006, .
 Światło na aferę "Hotel Polski". In: Tadeusz Kur: Sprawiedliwość pobłażliwa. Proces kata Warszawy Ludwiga Hahna w Hamburgu. Warszawa: wydawnictwo MON, 1975, p. 399-430. OCLC 6648513.

Polski
Poland in World War II
Polski
The Holocaust in Poland
Polski
Defunct hotels
Objects of cultural heritage in Poland
Jewish collaboration with Nazi Germany