"The Fires of Pompeii" is the second episode of the fourth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was broadcast on BBC One on 12 April 2008. Set shortly before and during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, this episode depicts alien time traveller the Doctor (David Tennant) and his new companion Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) on a trip to Pompeii, where they uncover an alien invasion. Their clashing worldviews present an ethical dilemma for the Doctor.

The episode was filmed in Rome's Cinecittà studios, and was the first time the Doctor Who production team took its cast abroad for filming since its revival. The production of the episode was impeded by a fire near the sets several weeks before filming and by problems for the production team crossing into Europe.

Critics' opinions regarding the episode were generally mixed. The premise of the episode—the moral dilemma the Doctor faces, and Donna's insistence that he save a family from Pompeii—was widely praised, while the writing, particularly of the supporting characters, was criticised.

"The Fires of Pompeii" marks the first appearance on Doctor Who by both Karen Gillan and Peter Capaldi. Both would later take starring roles on the show: Gillan was cast as the Doctor's new companion Amy Pond starting with the next series, and Capaldi appeared as the Twelfth Doctor beginning in 2013.

Plot

Synopsis
The Tenth Doctor and Donna arrive in Pompeii the day before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79. They later discover a local merchant has sold the TARDIS to sculptor Lobus Caecilius. The Doctor and Donna go to Caecilius' house to retrieve it. Unknown to them, they have been followed by a soothsayer who reports to the Sibylline Sisterhood that the prophesied man in the blue box has arrived, and the Sisters fear the prediction that his arrival brings fire and death.

At the house, the Doctor and Donna meet the local augur, Lucius Petrus Dextrus, who has arrived to collect a sculpture he commissioned. The Doctor is intrigued by the sculpture, which resembles a segment of an oversized circuit board. The Doctor wishes to learn more about the sculptures and enlists Caecilius' son Quintus to help him break into Lucius Petrus' house. Inside, the Doctor deduces that the circuits will make an energy converter, but he is caught by Lucius Petrus, who beckons a large stone creature to attack and kill them. The stone creature appears in Caecilius' house and attacks them, but Quintus douses the creature in water and kills it. In the confusion, the Sisterhood kidnap Donna, and the Doctor sets off to rescue her. The Doctor discovers that the Sisterhood are being controlled by the Pyroviles, stony creatures whose home planet of Pyrovilia was lost. The Doctor escapes with Donna into a tunnel that leads into the heart of Mount Vesuvius.

The Doctor discovers that the volcano is being used by the Pyroviles to convert the human race and conquer Earth. The Doctor realises the volcano will not erupt if the energy converter is running, and tells Donna that the volcanic eruption is a fixed point in time and must always happen. The Doctor and Donna get into an escape pod and together press a lever which overloads the converter and triggers the eruption, killing the Pyroviles and launching the pod clear of the blast. The Doctor and Donna run for the TARDIS, leaving Caecilius and his family behind in their home. However, Donna tearfully begs the Doctor to go back and at least save one person from the volcano. The Doctor relents and goes back for Caecilius and his family, leaving them on a hill to watch the destruction. He comments to Donna that she was right – he does need someone to stop him.

Continuity
The Doctor also uses the phrase "Volcano Day", which he and Captain Jack Harkness both previously used in the Ninth Doctor episode "The Doctor Dances" (2005).

Outside references

The Doctor identifies himself as "Spartacus", to which Donna replies "So am I." This is a reference to a scene in the film Spartacus, where all the slaves shield Spartacus by each shouting "I'm Spartacus!"

The characters of Caecilius, his wife Metella and their son Quintus refer to a family featured in the Cambridge Latin Course textbooks, who in turn were based on a real citizen of Pompeii and his family.

Production

Writing

Executive producer Russell T Davies originally planned to include a serial set in Pompeii in the first new series of Doctor Who, after seeing the documentary Pompeii: The Last Day.  That episode's position was given to "Boom Town" and the idea was shelved for three years.

The episode was written by James Moran, who previously wrote the film Severance and the Torchwood episode "Sleeper"; Moran was requested to write the episode as a consequence of the latter. Moran had difficulty writing the episode, and had to rewrite the Doctor's opening line over twenty times. The Pyrovile were also edited during writing: they were previously called Pyrovillaxians and Pyrovellians.

Moran worked closely with Davies because of the constraints imposed by filming. Davies encouraged Moran to insert linguistic jokes similar to those in the comic book series Asterix, such as Lucius Petrus Dextrus ("Lucius Stone Right Arm"), TK Maxximus, and Spartacus; the use of the phrase "I'm Spartacus!" refers to the 1960 film. Moran drew the name Caecilius from that of the main character in Book I of the Cambridge Latin Course, who is in turn based on the banker Lucius Caecilius Iucundus, and he based the ancillary characters of Metella (Tracey Childs) and Quintus on Caecilius's family in the same course; the character of Evelina was the only member of the family created by Moran. At the end of Book I of the Cambridge Latin Course, Caecilius and Metella perish in Pompeii on the day of the eruption, but Quintus survives. This episode creates an alternate ending to their story, where they are all rescued by the Doctor and move to Rome. The line "You must excuse my friend, she's from Barcelona" was a reference to an apologetic catchphrase from Fawlty Towers, attributed by the production team to Sybil Fawlty.

The episode was heavily based on a moral question posed to the Doctor by Donna: whether to warn the population of Pompeii, or to recuse themselves from the situation. Moran also had to deal with the intensity and sensitivity required when writing about the eruption. Davies and Moran both appreciated Catherine Tate's performance, and cited Donna's ability to humanise the Doctor and help him deal with "lose-lose situations" as the reason the Doctor travels with companions.

The series' story arc was hinted at by the Doctor's invocation of the Shadow Proclamation, an intergalactic code previously invoked in "Rose", "The Christmas Invasion", "Fear Her" and "Partners in Crime", and referencing the "Medusa Cascade", which executive producer Russell T Davies stated in Doctor Who Magazine would "come back to haunt us" later in the series. Moran also added continuity links independent of the story arc: as a "fun continuity thing", the script includes a scene in which the Doctor admits partial responsibility for the Great Fire of Rome, as depicted at the end of the 1965 serial The Romans; and the sale of the TARDIS as modern art refers to the 1979 serial City of Death, which includes a scene in which the TARDIS is appraised in a similar fashion.  Additionally, Lucius Petrus, while under prophetic influence, informs Donna that "there is something on your back"—a foreshadowing of the story development in the season's later episode "Turn Left".

Filming
The episode was filmed at the Cinecittà studios in Rome in September 2007. The filming reused some of the sets from the show Rome. Other locations suggested were in Malta and Wales, but the size of the project, the biggest since the show's revival, resulted in production taking place in Italy. This was the first time the larger part of an episode was filmed abroad and the first time the cast had filmed abroad since 1996; the television movie was filmed in Vancouver and pick-up shots had previously been made in New York City for "Daleks in Manhattan". Cinecittà had accepted the BBC's request in order to promote the studios, despite the show's small budget.

Filming an episode abroad had been suggested in 2004, but the episode was the first such occasion. Planning began in April 2007, before Moran had written the script, and continued until the production team travelled to Italy. Several weeks before filming started, a fire disrupted the production. Moving to Rome caused problems for the production team: the equipment truck was delayed for several hours at the Swiss border; the special effects team were delayed for twenty-four hours at Customs in Calais. The production team only had 48 hours to film on location. The aftermath of the eruption was filmed on the same night as the location shots. To create the falling ash, the special effects team used a large mass of cork, with a "constant supply of debris raining down". Scenes set at the Temple of Sibyl were filmed at the Temple of Peace, Cardiff on 18 and 19 September 2007.

Cast notes
Two of the cast members of "The Fires of Pompeii" were later cast in starring roles for Doctor Who. Karen Gillan returned in the fifth series to play Amy Pond, full-time companion of Matt Smith's Eleventh Doctor. Casting director Andy Pryor suggested her to new executive producer Steven Moffat based on her performance in this episode as one of the soothsayers.

Peter Capaldi was cast as the Twelfth Doctor in 2013, and made his first appearance in the 2013 Christmas special "The Time of the Doctor" (with an uncredited cameo appearance in the anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor"). Capaldi's Doctor addresses this in the episode "The Girl Who Died," when the Doctor finally remembers that he shares a face with a man he was persuaded to save in Pompeii, despite his initial reluctance to alter that timeline. He surmises that he subconsciously chose this face for his current regeneration as a reminder that his job is to save lives.   Capaldi also played John Frobisher throughout Children of Earth, the third series in the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood, although no similar connection has been made on-screen to this character.

Tracey Childs and Phil Davis have also performed on Doctor Who audio productions for Big Finish.

Broadcast

Overnight figures estimated the episode was watched by 8.1 million viewers, with a peak of 8.5 million viewers. The consolidated figure was 9.04 million. The episode was the second most watched programme on 12 April; Britain's Got Talent was viewed by 9.44 million people. The episode was the tenth most-watched programme of the week and received an Appreciation Index score of 87 (considered Excellent).

Critical reception

The episode received generally mixed reviews. Ian Hyland, writing for News of the World, said that Tate "was almost bearable this week". He also complimented the "TK Maxximus" joke. He was ambivalent to Donna's reaction to the Doctor leaving Caecilius's family to die: he criticised her acting, comparing her to The Catherine Tate Show character Joanie "Nan" Taylor, but said "top again if that was intentional". He closed saying "this week was a hundred times better than that lame opening episode. Scarier aliens, stronger guest stars and a proper adult-friendly storyline involving sisterhoods and soothsayers."

Scott Matthewman of The Stage said that Donna's insistence to change the past "formed the emotional backbone of this episode, producing some truly heartbreaking performances". He liked the joke about the TARDIS's translating the Doctor's and Donna's Latin phrases to Celtic, saying it was "subtly played throughout the episode [...] in a way that builds the joke without trampling it into the ground". His favourite part was Donna's attempts to divert the population of Pompeii away from the beach; the scene was "the emotional highpoint of a series of heart rending scenes". However, he criticised Moran's writing, specifically, Quintus's and Metella's dialogue, saying the former "remained pretty much one-dimensional throughout". Alan Stanley Blair of SyFy Portal also gave a positive review. He was highly appreciative of Tate, saying "[she] moved even further away from her "Runaway" character that initially joined the show." The phrase "TK Maxximus" and the Doctor's use of a water pistol to subdue the Pyrovile were complimented, as were the special effects used to animate the Pyrovile. However, he disapproved of the use of Cockney colloquialisms in the episode, most notably the Stallholder (Phil Cornwell) saying "lovely jubbly".

Ben Rawson-Jones of Digital Spy gave the episode three stars out of five. His opening said "Fantastic effects and a well developed moral dilemma bolster 'The Fires of Pompeii', although the episode fails to erupt." Rawson-Jones felt that Moran's script took "too long to actively engage the viewer and tap into the compelling premise of the time travellers arriving in the doomed city shortly before 'volcano day'." and that "the subplots are unsatisfyingly muddled for the majority of the narrative." He also complained about the characterisation of the supporting cast, saying that "Peter Capaldi and Phil Davis [deserved] better". However, he said the moral dilemma the Doctor faced was "compelling" and the Doctor's use of the water pistol "adds a pleasing sense of fun to counterbalance the impending stench of death and harks nicely back to the Tom Baker era of the show." Overall, he appreciated the premise of the episode, but thought the episode "deserved better writing".

In print

A novelisation of this story written by James Moran was released in paperback on 14 July, 2022 as part of the Target Collection.

References

External links

Tenth Doctor episodes
2008 British television episodes
Pompeii in popular culture
Television episodes set in ancient Rome
Doctor Who pseudohistorical serials
Fiction set in 1st-century Roman Empire


Darzhavna aeroplanna rabotilnitsa ( - State Aircraft Workshops), abbreviated DAR (), was the first Bulgarian aircraft manufacturer, established in 1924 at Bojourishte.

History
Initially involved in repairing German aircraft then in use in Bulgaria, DAR soon began producing copies of some of these (DAR Uzunov-1, DAR 2), before moving on to licensed production of the Focke-Wulf Fw 44. The workshops produced a number of original designs, some of these were produced (DAR 1, DAR 3, DAR 4, DAR 6, , DAR 9, DAR 11), while others never proceeded past prototype stage (DAR 5, DAR 7, DAR 10).

Although aircraft manufacture was moved to the Darzhavna Samoletna Fabrika (Държавна самолетна фабрика - State Airplane Factory, abbr. ДСФ - DSF) in Lovech in 1940, designers remained in DAR.  was DAR's head designer towards the end of the organisation's lifespan. Amongst others, he was responsible for its final design, the DAR 11 fighter of 1941 that never left the drawing board. DAR was closed after 1945 and the personnel and facilities were moved to the DSF in Lovech.

Although not direct legal successor, in 1995 a newly established private company called Aeroplani DAR based its name and heritage on DAR.

Products

See also
 State Aircraft Factory (Bulgaria)

References

Footnotes

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Romanian Military History Forum: Bulgarian Aircraft Production (1910-1945) – includes pictures of a magazine article with production lists

Aircraft manufacturers of Bulgaria
Government-owned companies of Bulgaria
Defunct manufacturing companies of Bulgaria
Manufacturing companies established in 1924
1924 establishments in Bulgaria


Freq is a 1985 album by English singer and musician Robert Calvert. It was recorded during the time of the UK miners' strike (1984-1985) and in between the songs it features snippets of field recordings by Calvert with miners on a picket line, with Calvert displaying his sympathy for their cause.

The lyrics cover various themes, only "All the Machines are Quiet" and "Picket Line" being explicitly concerned with the miners' strike. "Ned Ludd" is a reworking of a track which was originally part of his stage play The Kid from Silicon Gulch; taking its name from Ned Ludd who inspired the luddite movement in 1811, it deals with Calvert's ambivalent attitude to the impact of new technologies on people's lives.

The music saw a movement away from his previous work as a frontman of a rock group towards a minimalist electronic sound.

The tracks "Lord of the Hornets" and "The Greenfly and the Rose" were recorded as demos in preparation for Calvert's Hype album, but they were issued as a single by Flicknife Records (FLS204) in 1980. The band used for this session is a unique combination of former Hawkwind members, except for Gary Cooper who was Calvert's literary agent at the time.

Track listing
All titles written by Robert Calvert.

Side 1
"Ned Ludd" – 4:57
(talk) – 1:31
"Acid Rain" – 5:06
(talk) – 2:37
"All The Machines Are Quiet" – 5:33

Side 2
(talk) – 1:12
"Picket Line" – 3:27
(talk) – 1:06
"The Cool Courage of the Bomb Squad Officers" – 5:21
(talk) – 1:06
"Work Song" – 3:54

Bonus tracks
"Lord of the Hornets" – 3:52
"The Greenfly and the Rose" – 3:39

Personnel

Original album
Robert Calvert – 5-string guitar, treated harmonica, percussion, keyboards, drums, electronic Simmons drums, vocals
Jill Riches – keyboards, vocals
Philip G. Martin – guitars
Ray Davis – programming

Bonus tracks
Robert Calvert – vocals
Huw Lloyd-Langton – guitar
Steve Swindells – keyboards
Gary Cooper – bass on "The Greenfly and the Rose"
Lemmy – bass on "Lord of the Hornets"
Simon King – drums

Credits
Recorded: August 1984, Computer Music Studio, London
Matt Green: Remix on Cleopatra version.

Release history
January 1985: UK, Flicknife Records (SHARP 021), vinyl
June 1992: UK, Anagram Records (CDMGRAM55), CD with bonus tracks
June 1994: US, Cleopatra Records (CLEO 9467-2), CD with bonus tracks

References

External links
 aural-innovations.com – lyrics

1985 albums
Robert Calvert albums
UK miners' strike (1984–1985)


St. Jude is the debut studio album by English rock band the Courteeners, released on 7 April 2008 by Polydor Records. There is also a special edition album which includes a second disc of acoustic versions of songs which feature on the actual album. Although the album was released to mixed reviews from critics, it has become a somewhat cult success though many fans  are more favorable to the versions of songs seen on Here Come the Young Men EP and various other demos. In support of the album the band embarked on a European tour.

Background and recording
Singer-songwriter Liam Fray had been played acoustic shows around his hometown of Middleton, Greater Manchester for sometime prior to forming the Courteeners in 2006 with his childhood friends Daniel Moores on bass, Mark Cupello on bass and Michael Campbell on drums. They self-released an EP, titled Ltd E.P., which consisted of early versions of "Kings of the New Road", "How Come", "Slow Down" and "Fallowfield Hillbilly". The band signed a recording contract with Loog Records, which was owned by Polydor Records, to release their debut single "Cavorting" and its B-side "No You Didn't, No You Don't" in August 2007.

When rehearsing material that would end up on the album, Fray and Campbell performed the songs in his garage. As the pair lacked an microphone equipment, Fray would end up shouting the words. While recording, Street told Fray you don’t have to shout this, you can sing if you want’. So it was nice to live with the songs for a bit, tackle the peaks and troughs and give some of them a bit more of a delicate feel". The album was recorded at Olympic Studios in London over six weeks in late 2007.

Composition and lyrics
St. Jude is an indie rock album that takes aspect of bands from Manchester: the attitude of Oasis; the production work of the Smiths, who Street previously worked with; and the jangle pop and psychedelic elements of the Stone Roses. It is named after Christian saint Jude the Apostle, while celebrity culture serves as a reoccurring topic throughout it. Discussing his lyrical approach, Fray said: "I don't really think about it, to be honest. [...] I used to love English in school and I was always writing. I'm quite observational as well, which comes from just being nosey". He added that he wrote several of the tracks while working at a Fred Perry store on Police Street in Manchester.  The album's sound has been compared to a British iteration of Kings of Leon, as exemplified by "Kings of the New Road", as well as Arctic Monkeys and the Libertines.

St. Jude opens with "Aftershow", where its opening guitar strum giving way to the pounding drums sets the tone for the rest of the material, evoking the work of Kaiser Chiefs. Fray said he had uploaded an earlier, live version of the track to Myspace in 2005, making it the band's first song. The staff at NME said "Cavorting" has Fray "tumble into a cliquey scenester club night, decree it’s 'full of over-rated, dehydrated goggle-eyed girls' and stumble out again convinced he’s far too big a rock’n’roll star to bother with any of them". "Bide Your Time" is critical of modern mores, and is reminiscent of the sound of the Kinks and the Libertines. Fray wrote it while he was holidaying in Turkey, and said it was about acquiring cheap alcohol. "What Took You So Long?" is a homage to Stagecoach buses and queueing at the post office. The title arose from Fray taking time at a post office during work hours, only for his manager to remark "what took you so long?". He thought the intro section evoked the sound of Interpol. The Motown-lite "Please Don't" sees Fray sing in a high register, akin to Ian Brown of the Stone Roses, while discussing the theme of separation. Fray explained that they were into girl groups from the 1960s, such as the Ronettes and the Shirelles. The Arctic Monkeys-esque "If It Wasn't for Me" is about looking out for one's friends.

"No You Didn't, No You Don't" sees Fray reminisce about doing cocaine during his teenage years, backed by a guitar riff in the style of Johnny Marr. Fray said it discusses other "people who don't really know you" and features Madonna, who happened to be in the studio, doing handclaps. "How Come" cribs the sound of Oasis; it talks about having manners. "Kings of the New Road" features a darker sound with its gothic guitarwork. It evolved out of a jam session that Street encouraged them to work on further. "Not Nineteen Forever" comes across as a mix of New Order and the Strokes with its disco rhythm section as it details disintegrating relationships. It has an optimistic atmosphere as Fray describes teenagers' insecurities and romantic moments, referencing the 42s nightclub in Manchester, which the band used to attend. He came up with the song in his bedroom after playing the chords to "Someday" (2002) by the Strokes in the wrong order. "Fallowfield Hillbilly" is about a person that Fray met on a bus who claimed they were an expert on Joy Division. It references "Hand in Glove" (1983) by the Smiths, and features guitar riffs evoking the work of Oasis. The album concludes with the acoustic song "Yesterday, Today & Probably Tomorrow"; in the background, noise can be heard from the Piccadilly station in Manchester. On some editions of the albums, it is followed by seven silent tracks, eventually leading to hidden track "Acrylic", which sees Fray call out bands that try to ape the sound of the Libertines.

Release

The Courteeners went on a tour of the United Kingdom in September 2007. The following month, they released the non-album single "Acrylic", which was promoted with a supporting slot for the Coral. A promotional seven-inch vinyl record was released to coincide with this, featuring an acoustic version of "Bide Your Time". The Courteeners closed out the year with UK tour in December 2007. A music video for "What Took You So Long?" premiered through Digital Spy website on 4 January 2008. The song was then released as the lead single from the band's forthcoming album on 14 January 2008; the CD edition included "Slow Down". Two versions were released on seven-inch vinyl: the first with "Not One Could I Give", while the other featured a live version of "What Took You So Long?". The band embarked on a UK tour that continued into February 2008.

On 6 February 2008, St. Jude was announced for release in two months' time. Fray played a one-off acoustic show in London in March 2008. "Not Nineteen Forever" was released as the second single from the album on 31 March 2008; the CD edition included "Smiths Disco". Two versions were released on seven-inch vinyl: the first with "Trying Too Hard to Score", while the other featured a demo version of "If It Wasn't for Me". St. Jude was released on 7 April 2008. The artwork is a painting that Fray made of actress Audrey Hepburn. It was promoted with a tour of the UK throughout the month. Over the next few months, the band performed at various festivals, including T in the Park, Ibiza Rocks, Wireless and V Festivals.

"No You Didn’t, No You Don’t" was released as the album's third single on 23 June 2008; the CD edition included covers of "I'm Sticking with You" by the Velvet Underground, "About You Now" (2007) by Sugababes and the standard "Dream a Little Dream of Me" (1931). Two versions were released on seven-inch vinyl: the first with a cover of "New Romantic" (2007) by Laura Marling, while the other featured a cover of "Out to Get You" (1993) by James. The following month, the Here Come the Young Men mini-album was released in Japan, collecting all of the songs from the "Cavorting" and "Acrylic" singles. In September and October 2008, they toured the UK again. Coinciding with this, "That Kiss" was released as a non-album single. The live EP, Live at Manchester Apollo, recorded at their most recent tour, was released on 10 October 2008. Fray then played a solo, one-off show in London that same month as part of The Best British Sound: Best of the Festivals concert series. The Courteeners closed out 2008 and opened 2009 with New Years shows in Leeds and Sheffield. They played a two UK shows and a headlining US show in New York City, prior to a stint supporting Morrissey on his tour of the US, which ran into April 2009.

St. Jude was re-pressed on vinyl in 2018 as part of that year's Record Store Day. Preceded by a version of "Not Nineteen Forever", the Courteeners released a reimagined version of the album, under the name St. Jude Re:Wired, through Ignition Records that same year. This version was birthed from Fray revisiting the Courteeners' back catalogue while on a solo acoustic tour in late 2017. On the day following the final show of the tour, Fray and the other members of the band went into a studio to re-work St. Jude. It promoted this with two headlining performances in London and Manchester, as well as performing at the Neighbourhood Weekender, TRNSMT and Truck Festivals. A version of "Please Don't" with Blossoms was released in July 2020; a music video was filmed at each members' house due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, the album was reissued as a two-CD set with B-sides, outtakes and acoustic versions.

Critical reception

St. Jude was met with generally favourable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, the album received an average score of 60, based on seven reviews.

AllMusic reviewer Stewart Mason thought Fray was not a "distinctive frontman or as an instantly memorable songwriter, but the best parts of St. Jude are at least superior to, say, Menswear or Cast". He added that the "more measured material throws enough changeups to keep the album from getting tiring". Huw Jones of Gigwise said Street's production work aided the album's "extremely commercially viable" sound, as it "resonates with the warm recycled familiarity of so many bands that have gone before". He said it was "short lived enjoyment as opposed to repeated longevity". The staff at NME thought musical references to previous acts only accounted for half of the album's content, while the second half is "where ‘St Jude’ really begins to confound expectations and reveal a seldom-seen sensitivity". God Is in the TV writer Bill Cummings considered the band to a share a similar vein to Status Quo, in the way they are "musically tired, derivative and boring". The Guardian Maddy Costa gave a similar sentiment, stating that the band were "troglodytes on the rampage; if the garage fuzz of Kings of the New Road is effective, it's only because it's so derivative". Yahoo! Music reviewer Jamie Gill was slightly more sympathetic, acknowledging that while it "may be occasionally derivative, but it's also solid, confident and, musically at least, rewarding".

musicOMH contributor Taras Binns felt Fray had "something quite constructive to say" unlike the band's contemporaries, as he is "capable of scribbling down some damn good, meaningful words". Mason praised Fray's "endearingly yobbish vocals and unabashed sentimental lyrical streak"; Jones highlighted Fray's "undoubtedly appealing" vocals, though noted that it was "by no means an exclusive sound", linking it to the band's Manchester contemporaries. Cummings felt that Fray lacked the "wit, sensitivity and duality" of singers such as John Cooper Clarke, Jarvis Cocker or Morrissey, as his "vocal tone is so flat and repetitive that you wonder how people could bear it live". He added that the lyrics "lack the wry eye of a [Alex] Turner or even his way with a melody". Costa noted that Fray was "aiming at a kind of sardonic wit," only to come across as "sneering, arrogant and aggressive" instead, backed by him "howling on the loud songs, whining on the quiet ones".

Commercial performance and accolades
St. Jude peaked at number 4 on the UK Albums Chart, where it sold 105,000 copies by the time its follow-up Falcon was released in 2010. It was certified gold in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in 2008 and platinum in 2023. As of November 2016, it has sold 166,150 copies in the UK. It also reached number three in Scotland. "What Took You So Long?" charted at number seven in Scotland and number 20 in the UK. "Not Nineteen Forever" charted at number ten in Scotland and number 19 in the UK, becoming their highest-charting song in that country. It was certified silver, gold and platinum in the UK by the BPI in 2017, 2018 and 2020, respectively. "No You Didn't, No You Don't" charted at number six in Scotland and number 35 in the UK. In 2021, "Bide Your Time" and St. Jude Re:Wired were both certified silver by the BPI, followed by "Cavorting" in 2023.

In December 2008 St. Jude won the inaugural Guardian's First British Album Award, beating out albums by Glasvegas, Duffy, Adele, and Noah and the Whale. The award was voted for by members of the public and The Guardian journalists. St. Jude clinched a mammoth 53% of the public vote.

In January 2023, the album peaked atop the albums chart.

Track listing

Special edition disc
"Cavorting" (Original Recording)
"No You Didn't, No You Don't" (Original Recording)
"Acrylic"
"Kimberley"
"An Ex Is an Ex for a Reason"
"Bide Your Time" (Acoustic)
"Acrylic" (Acoustic)
"What Took You So Long?" (Acoustic)
"Not Nineteen Forever" (Acoustic)

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Certifications

References
Citations

Sources

External links

St. Jude at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)

2008 debut albums
The Courteeners albums
Polydor Records albums
Albums produced by Ben Hillier
Albums produced by Stephen Street


This is a list of notable events in music that took place in 1554.

Events
Johann Walter is appointed court composer for Moritz, Duke of Saxony, in Dresden.
Vigevano Cathedral's first organ is built by Gian Giacomo Antegnati.

Publications
Pierre Certon – First book of psalms in lute tablature (Paris: Michel Fezendat), arranged by Guillaume Morlaye
Ippolito Ciera –  (Madrigals of the Labyrinth), first book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto)
Pierre Clereau
4 Masses for four voices (Paris: Nicolas Du Chemin)
 (Requiem mass with two motets) (Paris: Nicolas Du Chemin)
Costanzo Festa –  for four voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto), published posthumously
Giulio Fiesco – First book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano)
Miguel de Fuenllana –  (Sevilla: Martin de Montesdoca), arrangements for vihuela of works by various composers
Hoste da Reggio
First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto)
Second book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto)
Third book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto)
First book of madrigals for three voices (Milan: Francesco & Simone Moscheni)
Jacquet of Mantua – First book of masses for five voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto)
Jean de Latre – Lamentations for three, four, five, and six voices (Maastricht: Jacob Baethen)
Philippe de Monte – First book of madrigals for five voices (Rome: Valerio & Luigi Dorico)
Guillaume Morlaye – First book of psalms by Pierre Certon in lute tablature (Paris: Michel Fezendat)
Jan Nasco – First book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano)
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina – First book of masses (Rome: Valerio & Luigi Dorico)
Pierre Phalèse (ed.) – Ninth book of motets, for five and six voices (Leuven: Pierre Phalèse), contains only compositions by Pierre de Manchicourt
Dominique Phinot – Second book of motets for five voices (Pesaro: Bartolomeo Cesano)
Francesco Portinaro – Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano)

Sacred music
Thomas Tallis – Puer natus est nobis

Births
May 20 – Paolo Bellasio, composer (died 1594)
date unknown – Cosimo Bottegari, Italian lutenist and composer (died 1620)
probable – Emmanuel Adriaenssen, Dutch lutenist and composer (died 1604)

Deaths
February 6 – Arnold von Bruck, composer (born c.1500)
February 24 – Philip van Wilder, lutenist and composer (born c.1500)
September 25 – Richard Sampson, composer

References

Music
16th century in music
Music by year


Test-Tube Conceived is a 1986 album by English singer and musician Robert Calvert.

Track listing
All titles written by Robert Calvert.

Side one
"Invitro Breed" - 4:24
"The Rah Rah Man" - 3:27
"Telekinesis" - 3:17
"I Hear Voices" - 5:39
"Fanfare for the Perfect Race" - 3:53

Side two
"On Line" - 4:20
"Save Them From the Scientists" - 3:36
"Fly on the Wall" - 3:58
"Thanks to the Scientists" - 5:23
"Test-Tube Conceived" - 4:22

Bonus track
"Test-Tube Conceived" (live, November 3, 1986)

Personnel
Bob Calvert – vocals, synthesizer, drum programming, percussion, guitar
Dave Anderson – bass
Martin Holdcroft – guitars, drum programming, keyboards, tape loops
Julie Wareing - backing vocals
Brian Snelling – additional keyboards, engineer

Release history
April 1986: UK, Demi Monde (DMLP1010), vinyl
August 1987: UK, The CD label (CDTL007), CD
1996: UK, Thunderbolt (CDTB113), CD
August 2003: UK, Voiceprint Records (VP273CD), CD with bonus track

References

External links
 aural-innovations.com – lyrics

1985 albums
Robert Calvert albums


Coulonvillers is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Situated on the N925 road, some  east of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


is a Japanese rock singer who has fronted bands such as The Blue Hearts, The High-Lows and The Cro-Magnons.

Early life
Kōmoto was born in 1963 in Okayama, Okayama Prefecture and graduated from the junior high school attached to the School of Education at Okayama University before graduating from the prefectural Sōzan High School. He attended Hosei University after high school, but dropped out before completing his degree.

Career
In 1985, Kōmoto joined with Masatoshi Mashima to form The Blue Hearts and released their first single (Hito ni Yasashiku) and their major debut (Linda Linda) in 1987. After The Blue Hearts took a break from studio work and touring in 1994, Kōmoto started working on a solo album which was never released.

In 1995, Kōmoto and Mashima joined together to form Happy Song Co., Ltd. When the band officially broke up on June 1 of that year, they also formed a new band, The High-Lows. The new band released its first single (Missile Man) and a self-titled album on October 25. A couple of years later, Kōmoto and Mashima finished building their own studio, Atomic Boogie Studio. The High-Lows eventually broke up in 2005.

Kōmoto continued solo studio work in 2006 and released two singles on July 5, Manatsu no Sutoreeto and Tengoku Umare. He played all of the instruments for the song, including guitar, bass, and drums. He again joined with Mashima later in the year and performed at a rock festival on July 23, marking the official beginning of The Cro-Magnons. They released their debut single, Tallyho, on September 20.

Personal life
The official kanji for his name are 甲本 浩人, but katakana is used when writing his name in official publications.

He has a younger brother, Masahiro Kōmoto, an actor.

References

The Blue Hearts members
Japanese male rock singers
Punk rock singers
Japanese punk rock musicians
People from Okayama
1963 births
Living people
Singers from Okayama Prefecture


Friedrich Erich Walther (5 August 1903 – 26 December 1948) was a German paratroop general during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany. Walther commanded the Hermann Göring 2nd Parachute Panzer-Grenadier Division in East Prussia. He was promoted to Generalmajor on 30 January 1945. Walther surrendered to the Red Army on 8 May 1945. He died at Soviet Special Camp 2 on 26 December 1948.

World War II
During World War II Walther fought over much of Europe as a paratroop officer.

In April 1940 he participated in the Norwegian Campaign as a captain.  In May 1940 Walther participated in the airborne attack in the Netherlands and was promoted to the rank of major. In May 1941 he participated in an airborne attack on the island of Crete. Since September 1941 Walther fought on the eastern front, fighting near Leningrad. In January 1942 he was promoted to a lieutenant colonel. In July 1943 Walther fought on the island of Sicily, later in mainland Italy.  In September 1944 Walther became battlefield commander, fighting in the Arnhem area. In the end of September 1944 he became Commander in the East Front, fighting in East Prussia. In January 1945 until he became a Soviet Prisoner of war on May 8 the same year, Walther was ranked Generalmajor.

Awards
 Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (18 April 1940) & 1st Class (26 April 1940)
 German Cross in Gold on 31 March 1942 as Major in the I./Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 1
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
 Knight's Cross on 24 May 1940 as Major and commander of the I./Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 1
 411th Oak Leaves on 2 March 1944 as Oberst and commander of Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 4
 131st Swords on 1 February 1945 as Oberst and leader of Fallschirm-Panzergrenadier-Division 2 "Hermann Göring"

References

Citations

Bibliography

1903 births
1947 deaths
Luftwaffe World War II generals
Fallschirmjäger of World War II
Military personnel from Brandenburg
Military personnel from the Province of Saxony
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
German people who died in Soviet detention
Major generals of the Luftwaffe


Eribulin, sold under the brand name Halaven, is an anticancer medication used to treat breast cancer and liposarcoma.

The most common side effects include fatigue, nausea, hair loss (alopecia), constipation, certain nerve damage causing weakness or numbness in the hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy), abdominal pain and fever (pyrexia). Eribulin may also cause low levels of infection-fighting white blood cells (neutropenia) or decreased levels of potassium or calcium.

Approvals and indications
Eribulin was approved for medical use in the European Union in March 2011, and it is indicated for the treatment of:
 people with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who have progressed after at least one chemotherapeutic regimens for advanced disease. Prior therapy should have included an anthracycline and a taxane unless the people were not suitable for these treatments.
 adults with unresectable liposarcoma who have received prior anthracycline containing therapy (unless unsuitable) for advanced or metastatic disease.

Breast cancer
The mesylate salt was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on November 15, 2010, with an indication to treat people with metastatic breast cancer who have received at least two prior chemotherapy regimens for late-stage disease, including both anthracycline- and taxane-based chemotherapies. It was approved by Health Canada on December 14, 2011, with an indication for the treatment of people with metastatic breast cancer who have previously received at least two chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of metastatic disease. Metastatic breast cancer impacts about 150,000 people in the U.S. and due to the small patient population, Eisai was able to file a New Drug Application (NDA) under the orphan and rare disease designation.

Liposarcoma
On January 28, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved eribulin for the treatment of inoperable liposarcoma in people who received prior chemotherapy that contained an anthracycline drug. A Phase III trial reported: With eribulin the median overall survival for participants with liposarcoma was 15.6 months, compared to 8.4 months for participants treated with dacarbazine.

Adverse effects
Serious side effects may include anaemia; decrease in white blood cell count, which can increase the risk of serious infections that could lead to death; , hair loss; cancer-related fatigue; numbness, tingling or burning in the hands and feet (neuropathy); harm to a developing fetus; as well as changes in heartbeat (QTc prolongation), that may also lead to death.

Structure and mechanism
Eribulin is a fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of the marine natural product halichondrin B, the parent molecule being a naturally occurring, potent mitotic inhibitor with a unique mechanism of action.  The parent molecule was originally found in the sponge Halichondria okadai.

Eribulin is a mechanistically unique inhibitor of microtubule dynamics, binding predominantly to a small number of high affinity sites at the plus ends of existing microtubules.
Eribulin has both cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic mechanisms of action.  Its cytotoxic effects are related to its antimitotic activities, wherein apoptosis of cancer cells is induced following prolonged and irreversible mitotic blockade. In addition to its cytotoxic, antimitotic-based mechanisms, preclinical studies in human breast cancer models have shown that eribulin also exerts complex effects on the biology of surviving cancer cells and residual tumors that appear unrelated to its antimitotic effects. These non-mitotic mechanisms include vascular remodeling that leads to increased tumor perfusion and mitigation of tumor hypoxia, phenotypic changes consistent with reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and decreased capacity for migration and invasion leading to reduced metastatic capacity as measured in a preclinical experimental metastasis model. In other studies, eribulin treatment of leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma cells leads to increased expression of smooth muscle and adipocyte differentiation antigens, respectively. Taxane-resistant cancers are often unresponsive to eribulin. A recent study found that this resistance is due to expression of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1). Fluorescently labeled eribulin has been used to study the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics at single cell level in vivo.

The synthesis of eribulin was first published in 2001; a new synthetic route to the drug was published in 2009.

Clinical trials

Eribulin is being investigated for use in a variety of other solid tumors, including breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer, cervical cancer, urothelial cancer, melanoma, solitary fibrous tumors, and various sarcomas.

Research and development
Two new eribulin based products are in the research and development phase; a liposomal formulation and antibody drug combination therapy, both are for the treatment of solid tumors. The liposomal formulation of eribulin, E7389 liposomal, is currently in Phase I clinical trials. Preliminary in vivo experiments show a decrease in C(max) and a longer half-life with the liposomal formulation. The drug antibody eribulin combination therapy is a joint venture between Eisai and Merck. The clinical trials combine eribulin and pembrolizumab, a PD-1 inhibitor, for the treatment of breast cancer and other advanced cancers.

Intellectual Property

Currently there are five active patents in the United States that are associated with the Halaven drug application, N201532. The first one expired on June 16, 2019, the last one (USRE46965) expires on January 8, 2027.

References

External links

Antineoplastic drugs
Macrocycles
Orphan drugs
Tetrahydropyrans
Tetrahydrofurans
Methoxy compounds
Amines


Pierre Bonnet (1 September 1897 Villefranche-de-Rouergue – 16 August 1990) was a French arachnologist who wrote Bibliographia Araneorum, an immense work (6,481 pages) listing publications on spiders. It was the result of forty years of work.

Pierre Bonnet was the son of Eugène Bonnet, a college teacher, and Clotilde, daughter of the comte (count)  Jean-Baptiste de Villeneuve. He studied in Vic-Bigorrein the Hautes-Pyrénées before being called up for  military service in January 1916. He was demobilized in April 1919 with the Croix de Guerre. He resumed his studies in Montpellier and Toulouse where he graduated in zoology in 1922. He then became a preparator at the University of Toulouse where he will pass all his career, retiring in 1962 as a senior lecturer.

His thesis, written in 1930, was devoted to the development, the phenomenon of ecdysis, autotomy and regeneration in the spiders, mainly in the European species of the genus Dolomedes. Bonnet  published around fifty scientific papers before 1945. They were the result of very many observations on hundreds of specimens which he preserves in bred, sometimes for many years. He thus studied the life cycle of Philaeus chrysops (Salticidae), Latrodectus geometricus and Theridion tepidariorum (two Theridiidae), of Physocyclus simoni (Pholcidae), Filistata insidiatrix (Filistatidae), etc. In 1945, he published the first volume of  Bibliographia Araneorum. The last appeared in 1961. In this he analyses all the literature on spiders prior to 1930. He indexed all the scientific names, lists the errors and misinterpretation made by their original authors and establishes strict synonymies. In addition to  biographies of the principal arachnologists in the first part, he gives an analysis of the themes of this literature. This work, which would be simple today with data processing, was carried out entirely manually. He testifies that he sometimes recopied whole works, lent by various institutions.  Bonnet sent in 1947 a petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature asking it to accept, by derogation, the scientific names created by Carl Alexander Clerck (v. 1710–1765) in 1757. These names were made admissible even though they were published before the tenth edition of Systema Naturae of Carl von Linné (1707–1778).
He was with his wife, Camille, a professor of Spanish, an authority on Spanish culture and published  several articles on the nationality of Christopher Columbus.

The International Society of Arachnology offers a Bonnet Award recognising services to the arachnological community.

Bibliography
 Jean-Jacques Amigo, « Bonnet (Pierre, Numa, Louis) », in Nouveau Dictionnaire de biographies roussillonnaises, vol. 3 Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Perpignan, Publications de l'olivier, 2017, 915 p. ()
[Anon] (1992). "Pierre Bonnet", Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 9 (1) : 31–32. (ISSN 0524-4994)

References

20th-century French zoologists
French arachnologists
People from Villefranche-de-Rouergue
1897 births
1990 deaths


Courcelette () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Courcelette is situated on the D929 and D107 crossroads, some  northeast of Amiens.

History
Courcelette was a major tactical objective in the Battle of Flers-Courcelette during the Somme Offensive of the First World War during which the village was razed. The village was assigned as the major objective of the Canadian Corps during that battle and they succeeded in capturing it.  Accordingly, the actions and sacrifices of the Canadians are commemorated at the Courcelette Memorial which is just south of the village beside the D929 roadway.

Population

See also
 Battle of Flers-Courcelette
 Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The 2008 Louisiana Democratic presidential primary took place on February 9, 2008, and had 56 delegates at stake. The winner in each of Louisiana's seven congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 37. Another 29 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Barack Obama. The 56 delegates represented Louisiana at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Ten other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

Polls

Results

Analysis

With its heavily African American population, Barack Obama solidly defeated Hillary Clinton in Louisiana. According to exit polls, 48 percent of voters in the Louisiana Democratic Primary were African Americans and they opted for Obama by a margin of 86-13 compared to the 47 percent of white voters who backed Clinton by a margin of 58-30. Obama won all age groups and educational attainment levels in Louisiana except senior citizens aged 65 and over and those who did not complete high school. Obama won voters who identified as Democrats and those who identified as Republicans as well as Independents and all ideological groups. Regarding religion, Obama won all major denominations, including Roman Catholics, a group that often strongly backed Clinton nationwide.

Obama did best in the more rural counties in Louisiana which are majority-African American. He also performed extremely well in the urban areas of New Orleans, Shreverport-Bossier City, and Lake Charles. Obama also performed extremely well in Cajun Country. Clinton did best in the areas north of New Orleans and east of Baton Rouge in the 1st Congressional District, which is among the most conservative in Louisiana and the South at large. She also performed well in rural counties in Central Louisiana and those along the Louisiana-Texas border that are majority white. John Edwards finished in third, securing only about 3.4% of the vote and no delegates.

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Louisiana Republican presidential caucuses and primary

References

Louisiana
Democratic primary
2008


The 2008 Washington Democratic presidential caucuses were a series of events held by the Washington State Democratic Party to determine the delegates that the Party sent to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Delegates were selected in a four-tier process that began with precinct caucuses, was further refined in legislative district caucuses and/or county conventions, concluded for some delegates in the congressional district caucuses, and finally concluded for the remaining delegates at the state convention.

Washington also held a Democratic primary on February 19, 2008, but the Washington State Democratic Party did not use the results of the primary to determine its delegates.

Delegate breakdown

The Washington State Democratic Party sent a total of 97 delegates to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Of those delegates, 78 were pledged and 19 were unpledged. The 78 pledged delegates were allocated (pledged) to vote for a particular candidate at the National Convention according to the results of Washington's four-step caucus process. The 19 unpledged delegates were popularly called "superdelegates" because their vote represented their personal decisions, whereas the regular delegates' votes represented the collective decision of many voters. The superdelegates were free to vote for any candidate at the National Convention and were selected by the Washington State Democratic Party's officials and the pledged delegates.

The 78 pledged delegates were further divided into 51 district delegates and 27 statewide delegates. The 51 district delegates were divided among Washington's 9 Congressional Districts and were allocated to the presidential candidates based on the caucus results in each District. The 27 statewide delegates were divided into 17 at-large delegates and 10 Party Leaders and Elected Officials (abbreviated PLEOs). They were allocated to the presidential candidates at the State Convention based on the preference of the 51 district delegates on June 13–15.

Of the 19 unpledged delegates, 17 were selected in advance and 2 were selected at the State Convention.  The delegates selected in advance were 7 Democratic National Committee members, the 2 Democratic U.S. Senators from Washington, Maria Cantwell and Patty Murray, the 6 Democratic U.S. Representatives from Washington, and the Democratic Governor of Washington, Christine Gregoire.

Delegate selection process

Precinct caucuses

The precinct caucuses took place on February 9, 2008. Washington's two U.S. Senators, Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell, endorsed Senator Hillary Clinton earlier in the nomination season. The week before the caucuses, Senator Barack Obama was endorsed by Washington Governor Christine Gregoire.

The caucuses were open to all voters who would be 18 years old by November 4, 2008. To vote, participants completed a form with their contact information and candidate preference. The form also asked voters to sign an oath stating: "I declare that I consider myself to be a DEMOCRAT and I will not participate in the nomination process of any other political party for the 2008 Presidential election." In some caucus groups, members split into smaller groups according to the candidate they supported. Voters supporting non-viable candidates had the option of moving into viable groups, and voters in viable groups could change their preference. Unlike other state Democratic Party caucuses, Washington does not require a 15% threshold for allocation of delegates at the precinct level. Rules state that any fractional delegates remaining are awarded to the candidate with the most votes that do not have delegates.

Legislative District caucuses and County conventions

The second tier of the delegate selection process involved choosing 2,000 Legislative District delegates (and 1,000 alternates) to send to the Congressional District conventions on May 17 and the State Convention on June 13–15. There are 49 Legislative Districts in Washington State. Each district was allocated a certain number of delegates. Delegates were elected at either Legislative District caucuses or County conventions. Each of Washington's 39 counties has a local Democratic Party organization that determined the event at which delegate selection would take place. Most counties chose to select delegates at Legislative District caucuses on April 5. The remaining counties selected delegates at sub-caucuses during their County Conventions, most of which were held on either April 12 or April 19. The breakdown of events by date is listed below.

April 5

Legislative District caucuses:
1st through 6th
8th
11th
12th
16th (Benton County portion only, held at the 8th LD caucus)
21st
25th through 34th
36th through 39th
40th (San Juan County portion only)
41st through 48th

County Convention:
Whatcom (40th LD)

April 12

County Conventions:
Clallam (24th LD)
Franklin (9th & 16th LDs)
Grays Harbor (19th, 24th & 35th LDs)
Kitsap (23rd & 35th LDs)
Kittitas (13th LD)
Pend Oreille (7th LD)
Skagit (10th & 40th LDs)

April 13

County Convention:
Snohomish (10th LD)

April 19

County Conventions:
Asotin (9th LD)
Chelan (13th LD)
Clark (15th, 17th, 18th & 49th LDs)
Cowlitz (18th & 19th LDs)
Ferry (7th LD)
Grant (13th LD)
Island (10th LD)
Klickitat (15th LD)
Lewis (20th LD)
Lincoln (7th LD)
Mason (35th LD)
Okanogan (7th LD)
Pacific (19th LD)
Skamania (15th LD)
Spokane (7th & 9th LDs)
Stevens (7th LD)
Thurston (20th, 22nd & 35th LDs)
Wahkiakum (19th LD)
Whitman (9th LD)
Yakima (13th, 14th & 15th LDs)

April 20

County Convention:
Walla Walla (16th LD)

April 26

County Convention:
Jefferson (24th LD)

Unknown date

County Conventions:
Adams (9th LD)
Garfield (9th LD)
Columbia (16th LD)

Congressional district caucuses

Fifty-one delegates were chosen at the nine congressional district caucuses. Each district was allotted a different number of delegates:

 CD 1: 6
 CD 2: 6
 CD 3: 5
 CD 4: 3
 CD 5: 5
 CD 6: 6
 CD 7: 9
 CD 8: 6
 CD 9: 5

State convention

Twenty-nine delegates were chosen at the state convention, twenty-seven of which were pledged to vote for a particular candidate. Seventeen of these pledged delegates were "at-large" delegates that did not represent a specific Washington congressional district, and ten were party leaders and elected officials (PLEOs).

Polls

Results

Precinct caucuses

Caucus date: February 9, 2008

National pledged delegates determined: 0 (of 78)

Primary

The Washington State Democratic Party did not use the results of the primary to determine its delegates.

Primary date: February 19, 2008

National pledged delegates determined: 0 (of 78)

Legislative district caucuses and county conventions

Dashes indicate districts for which results are unavailable.

Caucus/Convention dates: April 5–26, 2008

National pledged delegates determined: 0 (of 78)

Congressional district caucuses

Caucus date: May 17, 2008

National pledged delegates determined: 51 (of 78)

State convention

Convention date: June 13–15, 2008

National pledged delegates determined: 27 (of 78)

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Washington Republican presidential caucuses and primary

References

Washington
2008
2008 Washington (state) elections
February 2008 events in the United States


Patricio Arabolaza Aranburu (17 March 1893 – 10 March 1935) was a Spanish football player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He is best known for scoring the first goal in the history of the Spain national team.

Club career
Born in Irun, Gipuzkoa, Patricio began playing football with hometown club Racing de Irún in 1909, helping the club win the 1913 Copa del Rey Final by scoring a goal in a 2-2 draw against Athletic Bilbao, eventually winning the replay 1-0 in the following day.

In 1915, Racing de Irún merged with Sporting de Irún to form Real Unión Club de Irún and along with other Racing players, Patricio joined this newly-created club that would become one of the dominant teams in Basque and Spain during the following decade, with Patricio being the star of the team during the first half of that decade. As well as winning four regional championships with Real Unión, Patricio reached the 1918 and 1922 Copa del Rey finals with his club. In the 1918 final, Real Unión won the Cup after beating Madrid FC 2-0, but in the 1922 final, they lost to Barcelona 1–5; in a game in which Patricio scored Unión's consolation goal and was involved in a monumental brawl with the Barcelona player Surroca. The incidents of that game led to the suspension of Patricio for one year and a fine of 500 pesetas for Real Unión, which at the time was a heavy fine. The one-year suspension effectively led to the retirement of Patricio, who was almost 30 years old and had been playing football since he was 17. He retired in 1923 in a friendly match that was played at the Atotxa Stadium in San Sebastián.

International career
Being a Real Unión player, he was eligible to play for the Gipuzkoa national team, being in the line-up of the team's first-ever international match on 13 December 1914 against Biscay, held at San Mamés, and although they lost 2-1, Patricio scored the consolation goal, thus being the author of the first goal in the history of the team. In May of 1915, he was a member of the team that won the first edition of the Prince of Asturias Cup, an inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF. In the decisive game against a Castile/Madrid XI, he scored the opening goal in an eventual 1-1 draw that was enough for the Basques to win the cup for the first (and only) time in their history.

He also represented Spain in the nation's international debut at the 1920 Summer Olympics, and he scored Spain's first-ever goal in international football in a 1–0 victory over Denmark on 28 August 1920. He was a member of Spain's team that won the silver medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics, playing in four of the five matches.

Arabolaza died in March 1935 in his hometown of a rapid illness that unexpectedly ended his life a few days before his 42nd birthday. He was to participate in a tribute match to his former teammate in Real Unión Joaquín Vázquez at the end of that same month.

Honours

Club
Real Unión
North Regional Championship:
Winners (1) 1917–18

Gipuzkoa Championship:
Winners (3) 1919–20, 1920–21, 1921–22

Copa del Rey:
Winners (2) 1913 and 1918
Runners-up (1): 1922

International
Spain
Summer Olympics:
Silver medal (1): 1920

Basque Country
Prince of Asturias Cup:
Champions (1) 1915

References

External links

 International profile

1893 births
1935 deaths
Spanish men's footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Footballers from Irun
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Men's association football forwards
Basque Country men's international footballers


Ettore Margadonna (30 November 1893 – 28 October 1975) was an Italian screenwriter. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Story for the film Bread, Love and Dreams (1953).

Selected filmography
 The Ferocious Saladin (1937)
 All of Life in One Night (1938)
 Star of the Sea (1938)
 Pietro Micca (1938)
 Mad Animals (1939)
 The Sons of the Marquis Lucera (1939)
 Backstage (1939)
 Diamonds (1939)
 The Happy Ghost (1941)
 Malombra (1942)
 Last Love (1947)
 The Opium Den (1947)
 The Black Captain (1951)
 Bread, Love and Dreams (1953)
 Il viale della speranza (1953)
 Tuppe tuppe, Marescià! (1958)

External links

References

20th-century Italian screenwriters
Italian male screenwriters
1893 births
1975 deaths
20th-century Italian male writers


Stephen J. Markman (born June 4, 1949) is a former justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. He was appointed by Republican governor John Engler on October 1, 1999, to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Justice James H. Brickley.

Education
Markman received his Bachelor of Arts from Duke University in 1971, and he graduated from University of Cincinnati Law School in 1974.

Career
Markman served as Chief Counsel of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution and as deputy chief counsel of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary from 1978 to 1985. He was then nominated to be a United States Assistant Attorney General, heading the Justice Department's Office of Legal Policy, by President Ronald Reagan and confirmed by the Senate. While serving as assistant attorney general, his office wrote a recommendation regarding the issue of possible reconsideration of the Miranda v. Arizona decision by the U.S. Supreme Court. When the Chicago Tribune criticized the recommendation, Markman responded with an opinion piece which the paper published entitled In Defense of Reconsidering Miranda; in this op-ed column, Markman argued for a more flexible interpretation of Miranda to bolster fair treatment of suspects in custody. He wrote:

After being nominated by George H. W. Bush and approved by the United States Senate, Markman served as a United States Attorney in Michigan from 1989 to 1993. He joined the private sector firm of Miller, Canfield, Paddock & Stone in Detroit, where he practiced until he was appointed to the 4th District Michigan Court of Appeals by Governor John Engler in 1995. He held that position until 1999, when Governor Engler appointed him to the Michigan Supreme Court. Michigan voters elected him to the position in 2000.

Since 1993, Markman has taught constitutional law at Hillsdale College, where he holds the title of distinguished visiting professor of Politics.

Markman has contributed to numerous legal publications and was a contributing editor at National Review. He is a Fellow of the Michigan Bar Foundation, a Master of the Bench of the Inns of Court. Markman was sent to Ukraine by the State Department to assist in developing the country's post-Soviet constitution.

Markman was re-elected as Supreme Court judge in 2004 and 2012.

Markman served as chief justice in 2017 and 2018. He did not seek another two years in 2019, and was replaced by Bridget Mary McCormack. Markman's term on the Supreme Court was up for re-election in 2020. However, Markman was ineligible to run due to Michigan's Constitution prohibiting judges that are 70 or older running for office. Markman was 71 in November 2020.

Judicial philosophy
Markman has argued against an increased role by the judiciary in matters of public policy and suggested that unless citizens engage in a constitutional debate, public matters will be increasingly decided by judges. In 2008, Markman wrote a piece for the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy saying, "[T]he Michigan Supreme Court has set as its priority the proper exercise of the 'judicial power,' to read the law evenhandedly and give it meaning by assessing its words, its grammar and syntax, its context, and its legislative purpose. The court's dominant premise has been on 'getting the law right'—moving toward the best and most faithful interpretation of the law—rather than reflexively acquiescing in prior case law that essentially reflected little more than the personal preferences of predecessor justices."

In April 2010, Markman published an essay in Hillsdale College's monthly publication, Imprimis, in which he argued against a living constitution with expanded input from judicial governance. Markman prefers an interpretation closer to the 1787 Constitution, and predicts that unless citizens act, justices making under-the-radar decisions on "forgettable and mundane disputes" (as opposed to high–profile decisions such as Roe v. Wade) will steer public policy in directions of their choosing in such areas as "racial quotas, social services funding, and immigration policy." Markman prefers that public policy decisions be made by legislators instead of judges.

Notable Supreme Court decisions

Domestic partner benefits
In Pride at Work v. Governor of Michigan, the Michigan Supreme Court, in a 5–2 ruling, ruled that Michigan's 2004 gay marriage ban also bars same-sex domestic partners of public employees from receiving health insurance benefits. Markman wrote the majority opinion for the court where he said that while "marriages and domestic partnerships aren't identical, they are similar."

Ballot petition signatures
In Michigan Civil Rights Initiative v. Board of State Canvassers, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled that the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative should be placed on the November 2008 ballot, even if some petition signers signed the petition under the belief that it was in support of affirmative action. In his opinion, Markman wrote, "The signers of these petitions did not sign the oral representations made to them by circulators; rather they signed written petitions that contained the actual language of the MCRI. ... In carrying out the responsibilities of self-government, 'we the people' of Michigan are responsible for our own actions. In particular, when the citizen acts in what is essentially a legislative capacity by facilitating the enactment of a constitutional amendment, he cannot blame others when he signs a petition without knowing what it says. It is not to excuse misrepresentations, when they occur, to recognize nonetheless that it is the citizen's duty to inform himself about the substance of a petition before signing it, precisely in order to combat potential misrepresentations."

Emergency powers of the Michigan executive
In re Certified Questions (Midwest Institute Of Health, PLLC v Governor), contrary to his prior advocacy of judicial restraint, Markman ruled for a fragmented court that Michigan's Emergency Management Act of 1976 (EMA) and the Emergency Powers of the Governor Act of 1945 (EPGA) were an "unlawful delegation of legislative power to the executive branch in violation of the Michigan Constitution." The decision was "handed down by a narrow majority of Republican justices."
Michigan became an outlier. At this time, every state and the Federal government had declared an emergency due to the CoViD-19 pandemic.

Michigan's lower courts had previously ruled against the Republican-controlled legislature.
This decision was an advisory opinion via a Federal lawsuit by outpatient medical providers over an order by Democratic Governor Gretchen Whitmer that barred nonessential medical procedures during the pandemic.

Personal life
Markman lives in Mason, Michigan with his wife, Mary Kathleen, and their sons Charles and James.

See also
List of justices of the Michigan Supreme Court

References

External links
 Markman for Justice official campaign site
 Profile at the Michigan Supreme Court

|-

1949 births
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges
Chief Justices of the Michigan Supreme Court
Duke University alumni
Hillsdale College faculty
Jewish American attorneys
Living people
Michigan Court of Appeals judges
Michigan Republicans
Justices of the Michigan Supreme Court
Lawyers from Detroit
People from Mason, Michigan
Reagan administration personnel
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Michigan
University of Cincinnati alumni


José Mariano Arrate Esnaola (12 August 1892 – 24 December 1963) was a Spanish football (soccer) player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the Spanish team which won the silver medal in the football tournament.

He was born and died in San Sebastián, and worked as a crane driver in the city's docks. He played for Luchana from 1908 to 1909, San Sebastián (later Real Sociedad B) from 1909 to 1911, and Real Sociedad from 1911 to 1924. He featured on the losing side in the 1913 UECF Copa del Rey Final (lost to FC Barcelona after two replays) and played alongside two younger brothers, Amador and José Miguel, in both legs of a 1919 Copa del Rey quarter-final loss to the same opposition.

In addition to six official caps for Spain between 1920 and 1923, Arrate also took part in the national team's first unofficial game in 1913, a 1–1 draw with France.

Notes

References

External links

1892 births
1963 deaths
Spanish men's footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Real Sociedad footballers
Footballers from San Sebastián
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Men's association football defenders
Basque Country men's international footballers


Lissotesta is a genus of minute sea snails or micromolluscs, marine gastropod molluscs, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Species
Species within the genus Lissotesta include:

 Lissotesta ambigua Dell, 1956
 Lissotesta arenosa Laseron, 1954
 Lissotesta aupouria Powell, 1937
 Lissotesta benthicola Powell, 1927
 †Lissotesta beta Laws, 1939
 Lissotesta bicarinata Powell, 1940
 Lissotesta conoidea Powell, 1937
 Lissotesta decipiens Powell, 1940
 Lissotesta errata Finlay, 1927
 †Lissotesta exigua (Suter, 1917)
 Lissotesta gittenbergeri (van Aartsen & Bogi, 1988)
 Lissotesta granum (Murdoch and Suter, 1906
 Lissotesta impervia (Strebel, 1908)
 Lissotesta inscripta (Tate, 1899)
 Lissotesta japonica (A. Adams, 1861)
 Lissotesta liratula (Pelseneer, 1903)
 Lissotesta macknighti (Dell, 1990)
 Lissotesta major Warén, 1992
 Lissotesta mammillata (Thiele, 1912)
 Lissotesta micra (Tenison-Woods, 1876)
 Lissotesta minima (Seguenza, 1876)
 Lissotesta minutissima (E. A. Smith, 1907)
 Lissotesta notalis (Strebel, 1908)
 Lissotesta oblata Powell, 1940
 Lissotesta otagoensis Dell, 1956
 †Lissotesta pygmaea Lozouet, 1999
 Lissotesta radiata (Hedley, 1907)
 Lissotesta scalaroides Rubio & Rolán, 2013
 Lissotesta similis (Thiele, 1912)
 Lissotesta strebeli (Thiele, 1912)
 Lissotesta studeri (Thiele, 1912)
 Lissotesta turrita (Gaglini, 1987)
 Lissotesta unifilosa (Thiele, 1912)
 †Lissotesta virodunensis Lozouet, 1999

Nomen dubium
 Lissotesta humilis (Pelseneer, 1903)

References

 Kano Y., Chikyu, E. & Warén, A. (2009) Morphological, ecological and molecular characterization of the enigmatic planispiral snail genus Adeuomphalus (Vetigastropoda: Seguenzioidea). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 75:397-418.

Further reading
 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 ZipCodeZoo
  Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
 Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia. In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584

Extant Miocene first appearances


Courcelles-au-Bois (; ) is a commune in the northern French department of Somme.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D114 road, some  northeast of Amiens.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Juan Artola Letamendía (29 November 1895 – 1937) was a Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder. He was a member of the Spanish team which won the silver medal in the football tournament.

Club career
Born in San Sebastián, he began his career at the youth football club Deportiva Esperanza, before reaching the first team of Real Sociedad team in 1913, where he remained until 1915. In his first season with the club, he helped them reach the 1913 Copa del Rey Final (UECF), where they found themselves trailing 1-2 with seconds to go, but Artola scored a last-minute equalizer that forced a replay that also ended in a draw before finally being beaten 1-2 by Barcelona FC.

International career
He represented the Spain national team at the 1920 Summer Olympics, featuring in two games against Belgium and Italy as Spain won the silver medal.

Being a Real Sociedad player, he was eligible to play for the Basque Country national team, and he was a member of the team that won the first edition of the Prince of Asturias Cup in 1915, an inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF. Artola was a starter in both games against Catalonia and Centro (a Castile/Madrid XI), helping his side to assure the competition's first-ever title.

Honours

Club
Real Sociedad
Copa del Rey:
Runner-up (1) 1913

International
Spain
Olympic Games Silver medal: 1920

Norte
Prince of Asturias Cup:
Champions (1): 1915

Notes

References

External links

1895 births
1937 deaths
Spanish men's footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Real Sociedad footballers
Real Madrid CF players
Real Betis players
Sevilla FC players
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Footballers from San Sebastián
Men's association football midfielders
Basque Country men's international footballers
Spanish casualties of the Spanish Civil War


The 2008 season was the San Francisco 49ers' 59th in the National Football League (NFL), their 63rd overall, and their fourth and final under the head coach Mike Nolan.  The team improved on their 5–11 record from the 2007 season, and ended the season with a 7–9 record. They failed to reach the playoffs for the sixth consecutive season. It was the final season that the 49ers wore their 1996 dark red uniforms. With the 49ers offense struggling the previous season, offensive coordinator Jim Hostler was fired and replaced by Mike Martz. In addition, Scot McCloughan was promoted from vice president of player personnel to general manager. Mike Nolan was terminated after a 29–17 loss to the New York Giants in Week 8.

Signings

Departures

UFA: Unrestricted free agent; RFA: Restricted free agent; ERFA: Exclusive rights free agent

Draft picks

Staff

Roster

Schedule

Preseason

Regular season

Standings

Regular season results

Week 1: vs. Arizona Cardinals

The 49ers began their 2008 campaign at home against their NFC West foe, the Arizona Cardinals.  In the first quarter, the Niners trailed early as Cardinals kicker Neil Rackers got a 25-yard field goal. San Francisco responded with RB Frank Gore getting a 41-yard TD run. In the second quarter, Arizona regained the lead with QB Kurt Warner completing a 1-yard TD pass to WR Larry Fitzgerald. San Francisco tied the game with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 39-yard field goal. In the third quarter, the Cardinals began to fly away as Rackers nailed a 31-yard field goal, along with RB Tim Hightower getting a 2-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the Niners tried to respond as Nedney got a 30-yard field goal. However, Arizona pulled away with Rackers' 30-yard field goal.

With the loss, the 49ers began their season at 0–1.

Week 2: at Seattle Seahawks

Hoping to bounce back from their divisional home loss to the Cardinals, the 49ers flew to Qwest Field for an NFC West duel with the Seattle Seahawks.  In the first quarter, the Niners trailed early as Seahawks RB Julius Jones got a 27-yard TD run, along with DT Craig Terrill returning a fumble 10 yards for a touchdown.  San Francisco responded with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 26-yard field goal.  In the second quarter, the 49ers continued to close in on Seattle as Nedney kicked a 28-yard field goal.  The Seahawks responded with kicker Olindo Mare getting a 51-yard field goal.  Afterwards, the Niners chopped at Seattle's lead with QB J.T. O'Sullivan completing a 3-yard TD pass to WR Bryant Johnson.  The Seahawks closed out the half with Mare's 38-yard field goal.

In the third quarter, San Francisco took the lead with LB Patrick Willis returning an interception 86 yards for a touchdown and RB Frank Gore getting a 2-yard TD run.  However, in the fourth quarter, Seattle regained its lead with RB T.J. Duckett getting a 1-yard TD run and Mare getting a 32-yard field goal.  The Niners tied the game with Nedney's 28-yard field goal.  Afterwards, in overtime, San Francisco completed its upset as Nedney nailed the game-winning 40-yard field goal.

With the win, the 49ers improved to 1–1.

WR Isaac Bruce (4 receptions for 153 yards) became the first 49ers wideout to have a 100-yard receiving game since Antonio Bryant during Week 2 in 2006.

Week 3: vs. Detroit Lions

Coming off their thrilling overtime divisional road win over the Seahawks, the 49ers went home for a Week 3 duel with the Detroit Lions.  In the first quarter, the Niners struck first as QB J.T. O'Sullivan completed a 6-yard TD pass to WR Isaac Bruce.  In the second quarter, San Francisco increased its lead with RB Frank Gore getting a 4-yard TD run.  Striking again, Delanie Walker caught a touchdown pass shortly before half-time.  The Lions responded with a 44-yard field goal by kicker Jason Hanson, yet the 49ers replied in the fourth quarter with CB Allen Rossum getting a 1-yard TD run.  Detroit tried to rally as QB Jon Kitna completed a 34-yard TD pass to RB Rudi Johnson, but San Francisco sealed their victory with kicker Joe Nedney nailing a 25-yard field goal.

With the win, the 49ers improved to 2–1.

Week 4: at New Orleans Saints

Coming off their home win over the Lions, the 49ers flew to the Louisiana Superdome for a Week 4 duel with the New Orleans Saints.  In the first quarter, the Niners struck first as kicker Joe Nedney got a 47-yard field goal.  In the second quarter, the Saints took the lead with QB Drew Brees completing a 5-yard and a 33-yard TD pass to WR Lance Moore.  San Francisco answered with Nedney's 49-yard field goal, yet New Orleans replied with Brees' 47-yard TD pass to WR Robert Meachem.

In the third quarter, the 49ers tried to rally as Nedney kicked a 38-yard field goal.  However, in the fourth quarter, the Saints continued to pull away as RB Deuce McAllister got a 1-yard TD run.  The Niners tried to rally as QB J.T. O'Sullivan completed a 5-yard TD pass to WR Isaac Bruce, yet New Orleans sealed the win with kicker Martín Gramática nailing a 31-yard field goal.

With the loss, the 49ers fell to 2–2.

Week 5: vs. New England Patriots

Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Saints, the 49ers went home for a Week 5 interconference duel with the New England Patriots.  In the first quarter, the Niners struck first as QB J.T. O'Sullivan completed a 16-yard TD pass to RB Frank Gore.  The Patriots responded with QB Matt Cassel completing a 66-yard TD pass to WR Randy Moss, yet San Francisco answered with O'Sullivan completing a 35-yard TD pass to WR Isaac Bruce.  In the second quarter, New England took the lead as kicker Stephen Gostkowski got a 35-yard field goal, along with RB Kevin Faulk getting a 2-yard TD run.

In the third quarter, the Patriots increased their lead with Faulk getting another 2-yard TD run.  In the fourth quarter, New England added on to its lead with Gostkowski kicking a 40-yard field goal.  The Niners tried to come back as O'Sullivan completed a 5-yard TD pass to Bruce, but the Patriots pulled away with Gostkowski nailing a 49-yard field goal.

With the loss, San Francisco fell to 2–3.

During the halftime ceremony, the 49ers retired former QB Steve Young's #8 uniform.

Week 6: vs. Philadelphia Eagles

Hoping to snap a two-game losing skid, the 49ers stayed at home for a Week 6 duel with the Philadelphia Eagles.  In the first quarter, the Niners struck first as kicker Joe Nedney got a 32-yard field goal.  The Eagles took the lead as RB Correll Buckhalter got a 1-yard TD run.  San Francisco responded with a 37-yard field goal by Nedney.  In the second quarter, Philadelphia increased their lead as QB Donovan McNabb completed a 2-yard TD pass to WR Hank Baskett, along with kicker David Akers getting a 19-yard field goal.  The 49ers closed out the half with Nedney making a 53-yard field goal, along with DB Donald Strickland returning a blocked field goal attempt 41 yards for a touchdown.

In the third quarter, the Niners took the lead as RB Frank Gore got a 6-yard TD run, along with Nedney getting a 29-yard field goal.  However, in the fourth quarter, the Eagles rallied as McNabb completed a 2-yard TD pass to TE L.J. Smith, Akers nailing a 38-yard, a 25-yard, & a 28-yard field goal, and DE Juqua Parker returning an interception 55 yards for a touchdown.

With their third-straight loss, the 49ers fell to 2–4.

Week 7: at New York Giants

Trying to snap a three-game losing skid, the 49ers flew to Giants Stadium for a Week 7 duel with the New York Giants.  In the first quarter, the Niners trailed early as Giants RB Brandon Jacobs got a 26-yard TD run.  San Francisco responded with a 40-yard field goal by kicker Joe Nedney.  In the second quarter, New York answered with Jacobs getting a 2-yard TD run.  The 49ers responded with QB J.T. O'Sullivan completing a 30-yard TD pass to rookie WR Josh Morgan.  The Giants ended the half with kicker John Carney nailing a 21-yard field goal.

In the third quarter, New York increased its lead with QB Eli Manning completing a 6-yard TD pass to WR Plaxico Burress.  The Niners struck back as CB Nate Clements returned a block field goal 74 yards for a touchdown.  However, in the fourth quarter, the Giants pulled away as Carney got a 48-yard field goal, while DE Justin Tuck forced O'Sullivan into a fumble, causing the ball to roll into San Francisco's endzone, and Morgan kicking it out of the back of the endzone, giving New York a safety.

With the fourth-straight loss, the 49ers fell to 2–5.

On Monday, October 20, the day after the game, the 49ers fired coach Mike Nolan and replaced him with Mike Singletary.

Week 8: vs. Seattle Seahawks

Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Giants, the 49ers went home for a Week 8 NFC West rematch with the Seattle Seahawks.  In the first quarter, the Niners trailed early as Seahawks kicker Olindo Mare got a 43-yard and a 42-yard field goal.  In the second quarter, Seattle increased its lead with RB T.J. Duckett getting a 1-yard TD run.  San Francisco got on the board with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 42-yard field goal, but the Seahawks continued its beatdown as CB Josh Wilson returned an interception 75 yards for a touchdown.

In the third quarter, the 49ers replied with Nedney making a 40-yard field goal, yet Seattle continued to pull away as QB Seneca Wallace completed a 43-yard TD pass to FB Leonard Weaver.  In the fourth quarter, San Francisco tried to rally as QB Shaun Hill completed a 2-yard TD pass to rookie WR Jason Hill. However, the Seahawks pulled away as Wallace hooked up with Weaver again on a 62-yard TD pass.

During the game, Vernon Davis committed a 15-yard penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct which prompted Singletary's now infamous "I want winners" tirade during the post-game press conference: "I'd rather play with 10 people and just get penalized all the way until we have to do something else rather than play with 11 when I know that right now that person is not sold out to be a part of this team. It is more about them than it is about the team. Cannot play with them, cannot win with them, cannot coach with them. Can't do it. I want winners. I want people that want to win."

With the loss, the 49ers enter into their bye week at 2–6.

Week 10: at Arizona Cardinals

Coming off their bye week, the 49ers flew to the University of Phoenix Stadium for a Week 10 NFC West rematch with the Arizona Cardinals.  Due to J.T. O'Sullivan's inconsistency, QB Shaun Hill was named the starter for the game.

In the first quarter, the Niners immediately struck first as CB Allen Rossum returned the game's opening kickoff 104 yards for a touchdown.  The Cardinals answered with a 28-yard field goal by kicker Neil Rackers.  In the second quarter, San Francisco increased their lead as Hill completed a 31-yard TD pass to rookie WR Josh Morgan.  Arizona responded with QB Kurt Warner completing a 13-yard TD pass to WR Anquan Boldin, along with Rackers making a 33-yard field goal.  The Niners closed out the first half scoring with Hill completing an 18-yard TD pass to TE Vernon Davis.

In the third quarter, the Cardinals tried to catch up as Warner completed a 5-yard TD pass to WR Larry Fitzgerald, yet the 49ers answered with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 41-yard field goal.  In the fourth quarter, Arizona took the lead as Racker nailed a 23-yard field goal, along with Warner hooking with Boldin again on a 4-yard TD pass (with a failed 2-point conversion).  San Francisco did manage to get a late-game drive.  However, the Cardinals' defense made a goal-line stand to end the game.

With their sixth straight loss, the 49ers fell to 2–7.

Week 11: vs. St. Louis Rams

Trying to snap a six-game losing streak, the 49ers went home for a Week 11 NFC West duel with their hated rival, the St. Louis Rams.  In the first quarter, the Niners struck first as RB Frank Gore got a 5-yard TD run.  In the second quarter, the Rams responded with kicker Josh Brown getting a 24-yard field goal.  Afterwards, San Francisco unleashed its frustrations as QB Shaun Hill completed a 2-yard TD pass to TE Vernon Davis, Gore got a 1-yard TD run, Hill got a 1-yard TD run, and Hill completed a 2-yard TD pass to WR Bryant Johnson.

In the third quarter, St. Louis got a 48-yard and a 44-yard field goal.  In the fourth quarter QB Marc Bulger completed a 2-yard TD pass to WR Dane Looker.  The 49ers had deployed most of the second string roster for the 4th quarter.

Shaun Hill had a perfect passer rating in the first half and a career-high 47-yard completion.  Hill also won NFC Offensive Player of the Week.

With their six-game losing streak snapped, the 49ers improved to 3–7.

Week 12: at Dallas Cowboys

Coming off their divisional home win over the Rams, the 49ers flew to Texas Stadium for a Week 12 game with the throwback-clad Dallas Cowboys.  In the first quarter, the Niners struck first as kicker Joe Nedney got a 23-yard and a 22-yard field goal.  In the second quarter, the Cowboys took the lead as QB Tony Romo completed a 75-yard TD pass to former 49ers WR Terrell Owens.  Dallas continued its domination as LB Carlos Polk blocked punter Andy Lee's punt into the back of the endzone for a safety.  The Cowboys closed out its period of power as kicker Nick Folk got a 48-yard and a 41-yard field goal, along with Romo completing a 1-yard TD pass to TE Martellus Bennett.

In the third quarter, Dallas increased its lead with Romo completing a 10-yard TD pass to WR Patrick Crayton.  San Francisco tried to rally as Nedney got a 35-yard field goal.  In the fourth quarter, the Cowboys answered with Folk getting a 47-yard field goal.  The 49ers tried to come back as QB Shaun Hill completed an 18-yard TD pass to WR Isaac Bruce, but Dallas replied with Folk nailing a 42-yard field goal.  The Niners tried to rally as Hill completed a 9-yard TD pass to RB DeShaun Foster, but that was as close as San Francisco's comeback got.

With the loss, the 49ers fell to 3–8.

Week 13: at Buffalo Bills

Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Cowboys, the 49ers flew to Ralph Wilson Stadium for a Week 13 interconference duel with the Buffalo Bills.  In the first quarter, the Niners struck first as QB Shaun Hill completed a 12-yard TD pass to WR Isaac Bruce.  In the second quarter, San Francisco increased their lead as kicker Joe Nedney got a 50-yard field goal.  In the third quarter, the Bills tried to rally as kicker Rian Lindell nailed a 22-yard field goal.  The Niners' defense held Buffalo's offense scoreless for the remainder of the game.

With the win, not only did the 49ers improve to 4–8, but they finally gave the West Coast its first East Coast win.

Week 14: vs. New York Jets

Returning to Candlestick Park, the 49ers geared up for a rematch against Brett Favre and his new team.  The game started when the 49ers attempted an onside kick, recovered by the Jets.  Later, the 49ers went up first as Shaun Hill completed a pass to Jason Hill that was fumbled at the goal line and recovered by offensive tackle Joe Staley for the touchdown.  Then, Brett Favre ran for a 2-yard touchdown.  The 49ers retook the lead as Shaun Hill completed a touchdown screen pass to Frank Gore.  After half-time, Thomas Jones plowed through the 49ers secondary to get a 17-yard score.

On the ensuing 49ers possession, a Shaun Hill touchdown pass to Delanie Walker was called back, and the 49ers settled for a Joe Nedney 32-yard field goal.  In the fourth quarter, the 49ers cemented their lead when Shaun Hill completed a 3-yard touchdown pass to a diving Bryant Johnson.  The Jets had enough time to make a late comeback, but a Brett Favre deep pass was intercepted by Walt Harris.  The 49ers ran down the clock and punted, and the Jets did not have sufficient time to attempt the comeback. The 49ers fumbled the ball a total of 5 times, although they lost only one.

With the win, the 49ers improved to 5–8. However, they were officially eliminated from playoff contention with the Arizona Cardinals win against the St. Louis Rams, clinching the NFC West for Arizona.

Week 15: at Miami Dolphins

Week 16: at St. Louis Rams

Hoping to rebound from their loss to the Dolphins, the 49ers flew to the Edward Jones Dome for a Week 16 NFC West rematch with the awful Rams.  In the first quarter, the Niners struck first with a 48-yard field goal from kicker Joe Nedney.  The Rams took the lead in the second quarter with kicker Josh Brown's 43-yard field goal, quarterback Marc Bulger's 30-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keenan Burton, and Brown's 38-yard field goal.  After a scoreless third quarter, St. Louis increased its lead in the fourth quarter with Brown nailing a 22-yard field goal.  Afterwards, San Francisco took the lead with quarterback Shaun Hill completing a 3-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Isaac Bruce and a 48-yard touchdown pass to rookie wide receiver Josh Morgan.

With the season-sweep, the 49ers improved to 6–9. This was also the 1st time the 49ers swept the Rams since 2005.

Week 17: vs. Washington Redskins

Looking to keep the momentum from their last-minute victory against the Rams, the 49ers closed out their season at home in a Week 17 duel with the Washington Redskins.  San Francisco struck first in the first quarter as quarterback Shaun Hill got a 2-yard touchdown run.  Washington took the lead in the second quarter as running back Clinton Portis got a 4-yard touchdown run, kicker Shaun Suisham got a 41-yard field goal, and quarterback Jason Campbell completing a 6-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Antwaan Randle El.

The 49ers began to rally in the third quarter as running back DeShaun Foster got a 1-yard touchdown run.  In the fourth quarter, San Francisco took the lead as Hill completed a 9-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jason Hill, along with kicker Joe Nedney's 33-yard field goal.  The Redskins tied the game as Campbell getting a 2-yard touchdown run, yet the Niners prevailed as Nedney nailed the game-winning 39-yard field goal.

They were 2–5 under Coach Mike Nolan at the beginning of the season, and finished their season 5–4 under interim coach Mike Singletary.  With the strong finish to their season, the 49ers ended their season at 7–9, 2 games behind the division leading Arizona who finished 9–7.

San Francisco running back Frank Gore (11 carries for 58 yards) became the first player in franchise history to rush for over 1,000 yards in three consecutive seasons.

Shortly after the game ended, the 49ers announced that the 'interim' label had been removed from head coach Mike Singletary and that he would return next season. New 49ers team president Jed York reportedly signed Singletary to a 4-year deal worth approximately $10 million.

References

External links

San Francisco
San Francisco 49ers seasons
2008 in San Francisco
San


Ingenting att Förlora (Nothing to lose) is the debut studio album by Swedish pop singer Linda Bengtzing and was released on March 13, 2006. The album peaked at number 34 on the Swedish albums chart.

Track listing
Ingenting att förlora
Jag ljuger så bra
Kan du se
Himlen är du
Medan du sov
Alla flickor
Han är min
Ett ögonblick
Vad hände sen
Diamanter
Vem
Nu kommer jag tillbaks
Ingenting är större (duet with Pontus Assarsson)

Singles

 Alla flickor (2005)
 Diamanter (2005)
 Jag ljuger så bra (2006)
 Kan du se (2006)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

Linda Bengtzing albums
2006 debut albums
Swedish-language albums


Sabino Bilbao Líbano (11 December 1897 – 20 January 1983) was a Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder.

Football career
Born in Leioa, Biscay, Sabino played six seasons with Athletic Bilbao (1918–24), prior to the creation of La Liga. With the Basque giants he won two Copa del Rey trophies, in 1921 and 1923.

Sabino earned two caps with Spain, representing the nation in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and helping it win silver. His debut came during the tournament in a 2–1 win against Sweden, being immortalized in the annals of Spanish football due to that match: in the play that led to the 1–1 equalizer, José María Belauste, his teammate also at Athletic, reportedly shouted as he requested the pass: "¡A mí el pelotón, Sabino, que los arrollo!" ("Send me that ball, Sabino, i'll crush them!" in Spanish).

Sabino died in Getxo also in his native region on 20 January 1983, at the age of 85.

References

External links

 Olympic stats

1897 births
1983 deaths
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Athletic Bilbao footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
People from Leioa
Footballers from Biscay


"Kokoro no Ato" (ココロの跡 Heart's Mark or Heart's Scar) is Riyu Kosaka's fifth single with Avex and her sixth single overall. It was released on December 12, 2007. Unlike her previous singles with Avex, this single did not ship with a CD+DVD edition. The title track is featured as the intro theme to the anime Mokke.

CD Side
 ココロの跡 (Kokoro no Ato Heart's Mark or Heart's Scar)
 Yes or No
 ココロの跡 (instrumental)
 Yes or No (instrumental)

Single details

Performed by
 Riyu Kosaka

Lyrics by
 Riyu Kosaka

Sources

2007 singles
Riyu Kosaka songs
2007 songs


Ramón Eguiazábal Berroa (14 April 1896 – 1939) was a Spanish association football player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Irun. He was a member of the Spanish team, which won the silver medal in the football tournament.

References

External links

1896 births
1939 deaths
Spanish men's footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Spain
Olympic silver medalists for Spain
RCD Espanyol footballers
Footballers from Irun
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Men's association football midfielders
Basque Country men's international footballers