Giuseppe Fioravanzo (14 August 1891 – 18 March 1975) was an Italian admiral. He was considered one of the main "intellectuals" of the Regia Marina; together with admirals Bernotti and Di Giamberardino he was one of the main authors of the development of Italian naval doctrine between the two World Wars. After serving with distinction in the Italo-Turkish War and the First World War, from the 1920s he started his activity as a naval theorist and writer besides continuing his military career. During the Second World War, having been promoted to Divisional Admiral, he held important commitments, both operational and related to General Staff. After the war he directed the Historical Office of the Italian Navy for many years.

Early career

He was born in Monselice, a town about 20 km southeast of Padua in north-east Italy, although the family, of noble heritage, hailed from Florence.

He entered the Italian Naval Academy in 1909 and graduated as a guardiamarina (Sub-lieutenant) in 1912.

He was still a cadet when he participated in the Italo-Turkish War aboard the battleship .

First World War

He took part to the First World War in the northern Adriatic Sea in the Raggruppamento Marina (Navy Group). The first nucleus of the Group was formed by crewmen of the Amalfi cruiser after its sinking in July 1915. The crew manned gun batteries of mixed calibers that engaged the enemy on the sea frontline.

Fioravanzo commanded one of the 152-mm batteries and distinguished himself, along with a fellow soldier equal in rank named Parona, on 15 and 16 May 1916 in engaging Austrian-Hungarian forces near Duino and hindering their advance towards Monfalcone. In July Fioravanzo's battery (numbered 97 bis) was transferred near Monfalcone to be deployed against Monte San Michele for use in the planned battle for the conquest of Gorizia. Later on it was moved back to Punta Sdobba.

Inter-war years

After the First World War, in 1921, Fioravanzo was assigned for some time to the Navy military command of the city of Pola (now Pula, Croatia).

In 1923, after advancing to senior officer status he took command of the torpedo boat , an old vessel of the , with which he was sent to the Dodecanese to protect Italian interests threatened by tensions between ethnic Greeks and Turks.

At the same time Fioravanzo began to publish his articles in the Rivista Marittima (Maritime Magazine) as well as his first books of naval theory, in so doing becoming one of the most promising officers of the Navy. He was among those Navy officers who supported the idea that the Italian Navy should build and deploy aircraft carriers of its own.

He then served as a subaltern on the newly commissioned cruiser Trieste, and subsequently he assumed command of the destroyer Freccia and of the related 7 torpedo boat squadron.

During the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, which resulted in a serious political crisis between Italy and Great Britain, Fioravanzo was Chief of Staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the Reunited Naval Forces, a body set up in September 1935 to give a framework of homogeneity for the employment and command criteria of the two squadrons into which the Italian Navy was then divided – this at a time when a clash with Great Britain seemed inevitable.

From 14 January to 12 October 1936 he was in charge of the light cruiser Armando Diaz and in that same year he took over the Naval Command School and the destroyer Aquila, head of a set of three torpedo boat squadrons which were affiliated with the school.

The School command, in addition to its institutional role of preparing promising ship captains for promotion to higher ranks, also had the secondary task of participating in the control of the Strait of Sicily. In this function Commander Fioravanzo also played a role in blockading the Strait to prevent USSR-shipped supplies from reaching Republican-held ports in Spain.

World War II

When Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940, Fioravanzo was promoted to Contrammiraglio (Counter-Admiral). During the course of the war he was a Staff member until March 1942, when his assignments became of a mostly operational nature. In the meantime he had advanced to the rank of Ammiraglio di Divisione (Divisional Admiral).

During his early period at Rome, in the Staff, Fioravanzo had the function of assistant Admiral in the Supermarina war room. He was able to follow the course of operations directly, along with other assistant admirals who rotated around the clock. Thus he oversaw all the operations in which the Italian Navy was involved during the first twenty months of war, including, together with Admirals Ferreri and De Courten, Operation Gaudo, that led to the Battle of Cape Matapan.

Above all Fioravanzo was responsible for the Navy Department of Special Studies: the actual "study office" of the then Regia Marina. As such Fioravanzo studied most projects of Navy "special operations" and the related deployment of forces. He was the one who, well before the war, devised the first draft of the plan for the forthcoming invasion of Malta, dubbed Operation C3. The Department of Special Studies was concerned not only in projects, but also in the rewriting of tactical regulations, of operational statistics, of the writing of articles for magazines and newsletters, and of propaganda (via radio also).

Among Fioravanzo's most important tasks and initiatives it is worth mentioning that in May 1941, he collaborated with Regia Aeronautica Generals Cappa and Mattei to write a series of norms aimed at easing the cooperation between the Navy and the Air Force, until that time very poor, and to create and publish the so-called "blue bulletin" that, every two weeks, updated operational commands on the activity of Italian and British Navy Forces during the previous fortnight; moreover, the Admiral added his own critical remarks to the description of the most significant actions.

The joint Navy-Air Force study had been encouraged by Chief of Staff Ugo Cavallero who in fact used admiral Fioravanzo, Army General Antonio Gandin (who would later be executed at Cephallonia) and Air Force General Mattei like a full-blown inter-forces commission. In Cavallero's aims, the study was meant to elaborate the so-called mass action against the British Mediterranean Fleet, necessary to acquire the supremacy at least in the central Mediterranean Sea in view of a decisive offensive towards Egypt. The plan was never carried out if not partially, but there is little doubt that this study inspired positively the later strategy of the Italian Navy.

On 25 March 1942 he moved aboard ship to take command of the 9th Naval Division, which consisted of the s. The first combat action in which he participated was the contrast to British Operation Vigorous, which goal was to take a supply convoy from Alexandria, Egypt to Malta. This action took place in the wider naval clashed known as the Battle of Mid-June or Operation Harpoon and Fioravanzo participated on orders from Admiral Angelo Iachino, the higher commander at sea. The action of the 9th Division, together with that of the 3rd and 8th Division, forced the British to abandon the mission with no ballistic contact between the two sides.

In January 1943 the Italian fleet was reorganized and Fioravanzo, on 6 January, left the command of the 9th Division and the following day he took the lead of the 5th Division formed by the old refurbished battleships of the  and es. It was a purely "platonic" command: the refurbished battleships were in a reserve position, had no fuel and their operational deployment was not planned, and at any rate it had to be ruled out even for the 9th Division battleships, since the trend of the war was by then unfavorable for Italy.

On 14 March 1943 he became the leader of the 8th Naval Division, replacing Admiral Raffaele de Courten. In this capacity he was ordered to shell Palermo, which had fallen into the hands of the Allies some days before. This brought a negative turn in Fioravanzo's career: due to the anticipated return of the Division without accomplishing the mission, Supermarina (the Regia Marina High Command) decided to leave him ashore and replace him with Admiral Luigi Biancheri. The disembarkement and the loss of the leading position made it impossible for Fioravanzo to be promoted to Vice Admiral though remaining in active service. In practice, his career was over. Paradoxically, he was decorated with the Croce di Guerra for that action.

The mission began on the evening of 6 August 1943 when the Admiral, set sail from Genoa towards La Maddalena (Sardinia) with the Division formed by light cruisers  and . In the evening of the next day, the Division left La Maddalena bound for Palermo, where the Allied ships were riding at anchor. Garibaldi, however, had engine troubles and therefore could not develop more than 28 knots of speed. Furthermore, neither cruiser was equipped with radar.

The sighting by the aerial reconnaissance of unknown ships en route towards 8th Division led Fioravanzo to consider that he was going to clash with an Allied naval force under conditions of sharp inferiority. Considering the risk of losing two cruisers, but above all the lives of 1,500 crew members without being able to cause significant damage to their opponent, Fioravanzo decided not to complete the mission and sail back to La Spezia although well-aware that this meant the end of his own career.

After the war, it was ascertained through perusal of US archives that  and  were heading towards 8th Division with an escort of destroyers. Thus, retrospectively, Fioravanzo's decision turned out to be the most sensible.

When the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces was signed, Fioravanzo was the military commander of the city of Taranto and offered to replace Admiral Alberto Da Zara, in charge of taking the Italian warships to Malta, in case he could not bring himself to do so.  Later, during the co-belligerence with the Allies, Fioravanzo was part of the commission tasked with epurating (substituting) Regia Marina personnel who had compromised themselves with Fascism.

After World War II
From 1950 onwards he directed the Navy Historical office. In that period being the head of such office, he was involved in a controversy with journalist Antonino Trizzino, author of the pamphlet Navi e poltrone (Ships and armchairs). In his book Trizzino made accusations against the wartime Navy Staff, going as far as conjecturing that the admirals had betrayed the Italian Navy by favoring the Allied victory. Trizzino's book started the "legend" of a supposedly pro-British Regia Marina. Trizzino was fully acquitted in 1954 by the Milan Court of Appeal. Today, the wartime setbacks encountered by the Italian Navy and Merchant Marine are credited to Ultra, whose role in the Battle of the Mediterranean was made public in the early 1970s. In addition to being the director of the Historical Office, Fioravanzo directed the Rivista Marittima (Maritime Magazine) to which he had been contributing since the 1920s with nearly fifty articles on a wide variety of naval-related subjects.

Fioravanzo left the direction of the Historical Office in 1959, succeeded by Admiral Aldo Cocchia, one of the protagonists of the "battle of convoys". However his work as a naval writer did not come to an end. During the 1960s and early 1970s the Historical Office, which he had directed for nearly ten years, published his works dedicated to naval actions in the Mediterranean and to the organization of the Navy in a series of books on the history of Regia Marina (some of them posthumous). They are mandatory reading for all those who want to deepen their knowledge of history of the Italian Navy in the tragic period of World War II.

Admiral Fioravanzo died in Rome on 18 March 1975. As he requested in his last will, his entire personal archive was donated to the historical archive of the Comune of Monselice.

Conclusions

Through his Admiral status in World War II he contributed to the improvement of the collaboration between Regia Marina and Regia Aeronautica which allowed to operate in a manner more adherent to the reality of the conflict. The air and naval successes of Summer 1942 are also partly due to the effort made by Regia Aeronautica Generals and by himself.
He was operatively involved in the Battle of Mid-June as battleships commander; as leader of the 8th Division he was involved in the negative episode of the aborted Palermo shelling which cost him both leadership and career. However correct was his interpretation of the tactical situation, this was acknowledged only later, in retrospect.
From the doctrinal point of view Fioravanzo was an advocate of naval aviation from very early on. His main work was La guerra sul mare e la guerra integrale (War at sea and combined warfare) in which he arrived as far as predicting a real inter-forces strategy. However, when the book was published in 1931, the time was not ripe yet for the Italian military to adopt such a doctrine. His strategical vision consisted of a defensive-active tactic. A smaller Navy like the Regia Marina should have avoided a resolutive clash, instead trying to keep its own communication lines open. Differently from his colleague Di Giamberardino, Fioravanzo never thought that the major naval battle was the key of the strategy; vice versa, one or more naval battles would be sparked only by contrasts on the respective aims - nothing else than traffic operations.

Promotions
 Guardiamarina (1912)
 Sottotenente di Vascello (1914)
 Primo Tenente di Vascello (1916)
 Tenente di Vascello (1918)
 Capitano di corvetta (1923)
 Capitano di fregata (1928)
 Capitano di Vascello (1934)
 Contrammiraglio (1 January 1939)
 Ammiraglio di Divisione (1940)
 Ammiraglio di squadra (1953)

See also
 Military history of Italy during World War II
 Battle of the Mediterranean
 Italian Co-Belligerent Navy

Notes

References
 Franco Bargoni. "Lintervento navale italiano nella guerra civile spagnola. Parte III". Rivista Italiana Difesa N° 3, marzo 1987, pp. 84–92;
 Franco Bargoni, Franco Gay. Corazzate classe Vittorio Veneto. Parte II. Edizioni Bizzarri, Roma 1973;
 Franco Bargoni, Franco Gay. Corazzate classe Caio Duilio. Edizioni Bizzarri, Roma 1973;
 Enrico Cernuschi. "Obiettivo Palermo". Storia Militare N° 119, August 2003, pp. 14–21;
 Giuseppe Fioravanzo. Lorganizzazione della Marina durante il conflitto. Tomo II. Evoluzione organica dal 10-6-1940 al 8-9-1943. Roma, U.S.M.M., 1975;
 Aldo Fraccaroli. "Lammiraglio Giuseppe Fioravanzo". Aviazione e Marina N° 125, September 1975, p. 17;
 Giorgio Giorgerini. La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina tra vittoria e sconfitta, 1940–1943. Milano, Mondadori, 2001,  ;
 Walter Polastro. Giuseppe Fioravanzo in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, XLVIII, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Roma, 1997, pp. 114–116;
 Gianni Rocca. Fucilate gli ammiragli. La tragedia della marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale. Milano, Mondadori, 1987, .

1891 births
1975 deaths
People from the Province of Padua
Italian admirals
Italian military personnel of World War I
Regia Marina personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
Recipients of the War Cross for Military Valor
Italian military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War


Charles M. Payne, Jr. (born March 14, 1948) is an American academic whose areas of study include civil rights activism, urban education reform, social inequality, and modern African-American history. He was the Chief Education Officer for Chicago Public Schools and used to be the Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago's School of Social Service Administration.

Education and career
Charles Payne received a Bachelor's Degree in Afro-American studies from Syracuse University in 1970 and a Ph.D in sociology from Northwestern University in 1976. He has held professorial positions and endowed chairs at several American institutions, among them Southern University, Williams College, Haverford College, Northwestern, Duke University, where he held the Sally Dalton Robinson Chair for Teaching Excellence, and the University of Chicago (Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor in the School of Social Service Administration).

Payne has also been active in the creation and direction of several organizations intended to address issues of social justice.  He is the founding director of the Urban Education Project in Orange, N.J., a community-based effort to provide advanced career training for local youth. While at Duke, he co-founded the John Hope Franklin Scholars, a program that helps Durham-area high schoolers prepare for and apply to college. His other projects have included the Duke Curriculum Project, the Education for Liberators Network, and work with the Chicago Algebra Project and with the Steering Committee for the Consortium on Chicago School Research.

His most recent books are So Much Reform, So Little Change (Harvard Education Publication Group, 2008 ) and an anthology about the African-American tradition of education for liberation entitled Teach Freedom (Teacher's College Press, 2008).

Publications
Getting What We Ask For: The Ambiguity of Success and Failure In Urban Education (1984)
I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (1995)]
Co-author (with Steven F. Lawson), Debating the Civil Rights Movement (1999)
Co-editor (with Adam Green), Time Longer Than Rope: A Century of African American Activism, 1850-1950 (2003)
So Much Reform, So Little Change: The Persistence of Failure in Urban Schools (2008)
Co-editor (with Carol Sills Strickland), Teach Freedom: Education for Liberation in the African-American Tradition (2008)
Various articles on urban education and civil rights.

References

External links
 Biography at National Symposium for World Class Education in Illinois.

Syracuse University alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Williams College faculty
Haverford College faculty
Duke University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
1948 births
Living people
Historians of the civil rights movement


Mayo Clinic Proceedings is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier and sponsored by the Mayo Clinic. It covers the field of general internal medicine. The journal was established in 1926 as the Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic and obtained its current name in 1964. As of July 2023, the journal has an impact factor of 12.213, ranking it 18th out of 172 journals in the category "Medicine, General & Internal". The journal started online publishing in 1999. Initially, its website consisted of simple lists of tables of content. In 2012, the current website was established. In addition to the journal content, it contains extra features such as Medical Images, Residents Clinics, Art at Mayo, and Stamp Vignettes on Medical Science, as well as author interviews and monthly issue summaries. Readers can also obtain CME credit.

Types of articles published
Mayo Clinic Proceedings publishes the following types of articles:

 Original Article
 Review Article
 Solicited Review
 Concise Review for Clinicians (continuing medical education – CME – credit is offered with the Concise Review for Clinicians section)
 My Treatment Approach
 Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines
 Special Article
 Commentary
 Brief Report
 Editorial
 Letter to the Editor
 Medical Images
 Stamp / Historical Vignettes
 Art at Mayo
 Meeting Reports
 Symposium  (continuing medical education – CME – credit is offered with the Symposium collections)
 Case Report
 Residents' Clinic
 Path-to-Patient image quiz

Editors
The following persons have been editors-in-chief of the journal:
 E. D. Bayrd (1964–1970)
 A. B. Hayles (1971–1976)
 J. L. Juergens (1977–1981)
 R. G. Siekert (1982–1986)
 P. J. Palumbo (1987–1993)
 Udaya B. S. Prakash (1994–1998)
 William L. Lanier (1999–present)

References

External links

Smartclinics

Academic journals established in 1926
General medical journals
Mayo Clinic
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Elsevier academic journals
1926 establishments in Minnesota


The Cat Who Tailed a Thief is the nineteenth book in The Cat Who series of mystery novels by Lilian Jackson Braun, published in 1997.

Plot summary
The residents of Pickax take pride in a town which has considerably less crime than the places "Down Below."  However, this holiday season has seen a streak of small crimes.  New in town is the bank manager, Willard Carmichael and wife Danielle.  Her cousin wants to restore historic Pleasant Avenue to its original splendor, but something seems amiss to Qwill.  Two deaths soon follow.

1997 novels
Tailed a Thief
G. P. Putnam's Sons books


Henry Lyall Hall (22 July 1861 – 23 May 1935) was an Australian politician, serving as the member for Perth in the Legislative Assembly from 1897 until 1901.

Biography
Hall was born at Homebush near Avoca, Victoria, Australia, to Henry Hall, a miner and newspaper editor, and Elizabeth Bethell. He became a public servant in Victoria and was a telegraph clerk at Emerald Hill in 1884. On 11 December 1884 in Ballarat, he married Mary Page, with whom he had one son and four daughters. They moved to Western Australia in 1894, where he worked as an auctioneer and general land agent. In 1896 he was elected to the North Ward of Perth City Council for a two-year term, and after joining the governing Forrest party, he won the seat of Perth in the Legislative Assembly at the 1897 elections against Stephen Henry Parker. During this time, he was also active in advocating for the establishment of Hyde Park, then known as Third Swamp and used as a camping ground for travellers, to be converted into public gardens to allow citizens to better enjoy Perth's prosperity. The reserve was declared on 30 September 1897 and, after design work by Hall and Thomas Mews, development work proceeded through 1898 and 1899.

He did not contest the 1901 election. After 1907, he became an investor and speculator in real estate and was a member of the Wembley Park progress association. He died on 23 October 1935 at St John of God Hospital in Subiaco, and was buried in the Anglican section of Karrakatta Cemetery.

References

1861 births
1935 deaths
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Australian auctioneers
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
Colony of Victoria people


The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin (also known as The Beast of Berlin and The Kaiser) was a 1918 American silent war propaganda melodrama film produced and directed by, and starring, Rupert Julian. The screenplay was co-written by Rupert Julian and Elliott J. Clawson. The film's supporting cast included Elmo Lincoln, Nigel De Brulier, Harry Von Meter and Lon Chaney.

No known prints of the film survive. The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin is one of the films included on the American Film Institute's list of the "Ten Most Wanted" lost films. A still exists showing Lon Chaney as "Herr Bethmann-Hollweg" standing directly behind the Kaiser (Rupert Julian). The film's program cover also exists.

The germanophobic film contains a propagandist view of the First World War, showing the political greed of the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, the resistance of some of his own soldiers, and fanciful prediction of the nature of the war's end.  The film is now considered lost.

Synopsis

Kaiser Wilhelm II of Hohenzollern (Rupert Julian) is a vain and arrogant tyrant eager for conquest. The Kaiser is slapped by one of his captains in anger, who then commits suicide to atone for his disgrace. Despite having signed a peace treaty with his neighbors, the Kaiser decides to declare war on Belgium. When Belgium is invaded by the German army during World War I, Marcas, a mighty-muscled blacksmith (Elmo Lincoln), although wounded, is able to save his daughter from the clutches of a German soldier, whom he kills and disposes of in a burning building. Soon after this, the RMS Lusitania is sunk by Captain von Neigle (Nigel De Brulier), and the Kaiser gives him a medal for his action, but the captain is later driven mad with remorse at the thought of the innocent women and children he killed. After the United States declares war, the Allied generals turn the Kaiser over to Albert I of Belgium. Incarcerated, the Kaiser faces his jailer, Marcas the blacksmith.

Cast
 Rupert Julian as The Kaiser
 Elmo Lincoln as Marcas, the Blacksmith
 Nigel De Brulier as Captain von Neigle
 Lon Chaney as Bethmann-Hollweg
 Mark Fenton as Admiral von Tirpitz
 Harry von Meter as Captain von Hancke
 Harry Carter as General von Kluck
 Joseph W. Girard as Ambassador Gerard
 Harry Holden as General Joffre
 Alfred Allen as General John Pershing
 C.E. Anderson as Captain Kovich
 W.H. Bainbridge as Colonel Schmiedcke
 Henry A. Barrows as General Douglas Haig
 F. Beauregard as General von Weddingen
 Walter Belasco as Admiral von Pliscott
 Betty Carpenter as Bride
 Edward Clark as General Erich von Falkenhagen
 Ruth Clifford as Gabrielle
 Wallace Coburn as General Rüdiger von der Goltz
 F. Corcoran as General von Hoetzendorf
 Orlo Eastman as President Woodrow Wilson
 Robert Gordon as Louis Lomenie
 Winter Hall as Dr. Von Gressler
 Wadsworth Harris as General von Ruesselheim
 Georgie Hupp as Little Jean
 Ruby Lafayette as Grandmother Marcas
 Gretchen Lederer as Bertha von Neigle
 Frankie Lee as Hansel
 Jack MacDonald as King Albert
 K. Painter as General Hans von Beseler
 Zoe Rae as Gretel
Allan Sears as Captain von Wohlbold
 Jay Smith as Marshal von Hindenburg
 Pedro Sose as General Porfirio Díaz

Production notes
Although frequently listed as a Universal Studios production, the film was actually an independent production produced by Rupert Julian for Renowned Pictures. Julian licensed the distribution rights to Renowned, who in turn sold the rights to Universal Jewel for worldwide distribution right after the film's New York premiere.

Rupert Julian would later direct Lon Chaney in the 1925 blockbuster The Phantom of the Opera. Writer Elliott J. Clawson later went on to write the screenplays for several other Chaney films, including The Phantom of the Opera, The Road to Mandalay and West of Zanzibar. Some reviews at the time oddly mentioned Erich von Stroheim's involvement in the film as both a co-writer as well as an uncredited extra, but this is unproven.

Reception
The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin was an enormous hit for Universal when it was released, and they spared no expense in advertising the film. Universal studio head Carl Laemmle pushed the film to the theater owners as hard as he sold it to the viewing public. "A whirlwind of Applause - A Landslide of Money," "Unparalleled Receipts," and "The Picture That Blocked Traffic on Broadway" were some of the headlines for ads that ran in trade publications in an attempt to get theater owners to book the picture. At one point, the film was playing simultaneously  in two Broadway theaters owned by Marcus Loew and William Fox.

According to a report in Exhibitor's Trade Review on the film's success in Omaha, 14,000 saw the film there in a single week, a record for that city. "Wild cheering marked every show when the young captain socked the Kaiser on the jaw. Patriotic societies boosted the picture because of its aid in stirring up the country to war. Street car signs were used; huge street banners swung over the crowds in the downtown district, and a truck paraded the streets with the Kaiser hanging in effigy and a big sign 'All pro-Germans will be admitted free.' None availed himself of the invitation."

Rupert Julian received rave reviews for his portrayal of the Kaiser and later reprised the role in many subsequent films.

Reviews
"(The film) dramatizes patriotism more intensely than any other picture this writer has seen. It combines a wonderful characterization of the Kaiser rendered by Rupert Julian and an intimate drama of one family who suffered when the German hordes swept through Belgium." --- Motion Picture News

"The main intent of the producers, and they have adhered to it admirably, was to give the observer a look at the private and public life of this human monster...Mr. Julian's personal dilineation of the Kaiser is a splendid bit of acting all told...There are any number of bold and vigorous characterizations in the piece (including) Lon Chaney as Admiral von Tirpitz." --- Moving Picture World  (Note this review strangely refers to Lon Chaney playing Admiral Von Terpitz, while all other sources list Chaney in the role of "Bethmann-Holweg").

"THE KAISER is less a photoplay than a dramatic presentation of the crimes of Germany dominated by the Satanic sneer of her leader. It shows the invasion of Belgium, the wreck of the Lusitania and the attempted drive toward Paris all guided by a fiend in a royal helmet and spiked moustache who does everything but snort fire. Rupert Julian impersonates this master villain so successfully that his entrance is greeted with spontaneous hisses." --- Photoplay

In popular culture
In August 1918, a short (two-reel) parody of the film was released titled The Geezer of Berlin.

See also
List of lost films

References

External links

 The Kaiser, The Beast of Berlin at silentera.com
 Period advertisements for the film:

1918 films
1910s war drama films
American silent feature films
American war drama films
American World War I propaganda films
American black-and-white films
Cultural depictions of Wilhelm II
Cultural depictions of Woodrow Wilson
Cultural depictions of Porfirio Díaz
Cultural depictions of Paul von Hindenburg
Cultural depictions of Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
Films directed by Rupert Julian
Films set in Belgium
Films set in Germany
Lost American films
Western Front (World War I) films
World War I submarine films
Universal Pictures films
Melodrama films
1918 lost films
Lost drama films
1918 drama films
1910s American films
Silent American drama films
Silent adventure films
Silent war drama films
1910s English-language films
English-language war drama films


Joe Jewell (born 25 December 1958, Dublin) is an Irish singer and lead guitarist of the rock band Aslan. His career of over twenty-five years has been characterized by numerous successes on the Irish charts. He co-wrote many of the band's songs including "Crazy World", "This Is", "Where's The Sun?", and "Hurt Sometimes". He also wrote the memorable riffs behind the songs and is the falsetto backing vocalist behind Christy Dignam in the band.

External links
 Official site
 Review of The Platinum Collection for which Joe wrote many of the songs

Living people
Irish male guitarists
Irish male songwriters
Musicians from County Dublin
1958 births
20th-century Irish guitarists
21st-century Irish guitarists
20th-century Irish songwriters
21st-century Irish songwriters


Ralph Frederick Sommer (1898 – 1971) is known as one of the two leading pioneers in the development of endodontics.  He is also noted as a pioneer in the treatment of root canal infections and the development of the root canal operation.

At the University of Michigan, Sommer was a faculty member (1924–1968) as well as Chair of the Department of Endodontics at the University of Michigan. He also held status as the charter member and second president of the American Association of Endodontists.

References

1898 births
1971 deaths
American dentists
Endodontics
American dentistry academics
University of Michigan faculty
20th-century dentists


These are the official results of the Women's 4x100 metres event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece. The final was held at Olympic Stadium "Spiros Louis" on 11 September 1982.

Medalists

Results

Final
11 September

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 28 athletes from 7 countries participated in the event.

 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)

See also
 1978 Women's European Championships 4 × 100 m Relay (Prague)
 1980 Women's Olympic 4 × 100 m Relay (Moscow)
 1983 Women's World Championships 4 × 100 m Relay (Helsinki)
 1984 Women's Olympic 4 × 100 m Relay (Los Angeles)
 1986 Women's European Championships 4 × 100 m Relay (Stuttgart)
 1987 Women's World Championships 4 × 100 m Relay (Rome)
 1988 Women's Olympic 4 × 100 m Relay (Seoul)
 1990 Women's European Championships 4 × 100 m Relay (Split)

References

 Results

4 x 100 metres relay
Relays at the European Athletics Championships
1982 in women's athletics


Calista Technologies was a company that provided virtual device solutions for Windows.  The general premise behind the technology was to provide an abstract virtual view of a hosting machine's devices from within a virtual machine through drivers for Windows Vista and Windows XP, and present the user interaction to thin clients through the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP).  The technology was included as part of the RemoteFX Technologies starting in Windows 7 Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack1.

The company was co-founded by Neal Margulis, B. Anil Kumar, and Asael Dror in 2006, and raised $7 million in series A funding by Greylock Partners and Lightspeed Ventures.  The company produced a beta version of the product and had several customer trials underway at the time of the acquisition.  The product utilized both x86- and GPU-based code as well as allowing for hardware based acceleration.

Calista Technologies was acquired by Microsoft in January 2008 for approximately $115 million.

References

Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies established in 2006
2006 establishments in the United States


Le Minihic-sur-Rance (, literally Le Minihic on Rance; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Le Minihic-sur-Rance are called Minihicois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Miniac-sous-Bécherel (, literally Miniac under Bécherel; ; Gallo: Meinyac) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Miniac-sous-Bécherel are called Miniaçois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Discovery Wings may refer to:
Wings (Discovery Channel TV series), a long-running educational series on the Discovery Channel
American Heroes Channel, a U.S. cable television network; formerly "Military Channel", and before that "Discovery Wings".
Discovery Wings (UK), a UK television channel, which was replaced by Discovery Turbo in 2007


Miniac-Morvan (; ; Gallo: Meinyac-Morvan) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Miniac-Morvan are called Miniacois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


The Federal Salary Council (FSC) is an advisory body of the executive branch of the United States government. Established under the provisions of Title 5, section 5304(e) of the United States Code, the FSC provides recommendations on the locality pay program, created by the Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 (FEPCA). The locality pay program provides for localized pay differentials, also known as "comparability payments," for federal employees paid under the pay scale of the United States federal civil service who work in the United States and its territories and possessions. Section 1911 of Public Law 111-84, the Non-Foreign Area Retirement Equity Assurance Act of 2009, phased in locality pay for employees in the non-foreign areas as identified in Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations (5 C.F.R. 591.205). Alaska and Hawaii are separate locality-pay areas with separate pay tables. Other non-foreign areas are included as part of the "Rest of U.S." locality pay area.

By law, the President of the United States appoints the members of FSC, including three experts in labor relations and pay policy and six representatives of trade unions and other employee organizations representing large numbers of federal civil service employees paid according to the General Schedule (GS) pay scale. The FSC submits recommendations on the locality pay program to the President's Pay Agent, a body consisting of the Secretary of Labor and the Directors of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). The FSC's recommendations cover the establishment or modification of pay localities, the coverage of salary surveys (conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics) used to set locality pay, the process for making pay comparisons, and the level of comparability payments that should be made. The FSC's recommendations are advisory only; the President's Pay Agent makes the final determination as to the establishment or disestablishment of locality pay areas and also makes recommendations to the President regarding locality pay percentages that would go into effect under FEPCA. Under Executive Order 12764 of June 5, 1991, the OPM provides administrative support for the FSC.

History
President Donald Trump appointed three expert members to the council: Dr. Ronald Sanders, chair, a human resources professional; Jill L. Nelson, vice-chair, chair of the Federal Prevailing Rate Advisory Committee; and Katja Bullock, a special assistant to the president and associate director of the Presidential Personnel Office. Current union members on the council are Louis P. Cannon, trustee, Fraternal Order of Police; J. David Cox, president, American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE); Randy L. Erwin, president, National Federation of Federal Employees; Anthony M. Reardon,  president, National Treasury Employees Union; and Jacqueline Simon, public policy director, AFGE. Jill Nelson was appointed vice chair in September 2018.

On October 26, 2020, Ronald Sanders, the most recent chair of FSC, resigned in protest of Executive Order 13957 of October 21, two weeks before the 2020 elections, creating the Schedule F classification. Writing that he was a "lifelong Republican" who prided himself on having "served three Democratic and three Republican presidents," Sanders sent a letter to John D. McEntee, Presidential Personnel Office director, characterizing the Order, which had purported to hold federal employees more accountable, as a transparent attempt to remove long-standing employment protections from federal workers.

References

External links
FACADatabase.gov - authority for and information about the FSC.
Federal Salary Council, May 2, 2019 memorandum on Level of Comparability Payments, 8-page PDF.
Official website - recommendations and minutes of meetings, including the Federal Salary Council's Recommendations for Locality Pay, 2003-2013.

Civil service in the United States
Employee compensation in the United States


The Curtiss Twin JN (retrospectively called the Model 1B and also known as the JN-5) was an experimental aircraft built by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company for the United States Army Air Service.  It was a biplane, designed for observation missions.

Based on the successful Curtiss JN-4, the Twin JN used the same wing structure, but the wingspan was extended by enlarging the center section.  Lateral control was achieved with the tail of a Curtiss R-4. The Twin JN was powered by a pair of 90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OXX-2 engines located between the wings.

One aircraft was evaluated by the United States Navy as a twin-float seaplane.

Operators

United States Army Air Service
United States Navy

Specifications

See also

References

 Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947. London:Putnam, 1979. .
Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, ON: Prospero Books, 1997.
 John Andrade, U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909, Midland Counties Publications, 1979,

Twin JN, Curtiss
Twin JN
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft


Love and Liberté is the sixth studio album by Gipsy Kings released in 1993. The album was released in different US and European versions. Apart from the song order, the difference is the exclusive track "La Quiero" on the European release and versions of songs "Escucha Me" and "Campaña".

Track listing

Certifications

References

External links
Love and Liberté at gipsykings.net

1993 albums
Columbia Records albums
Elektra/Musician albums
Gipsy Kings albums


Sandnes Sentrum Station () is a railway station in the city of Sandnes which lies in the western part of Sandnes Municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  The station is located in the downtown, harbour area of the city of Sandnes (in the borough of Trones og Sentrum). The station is served by regional trains to Kristiansand and Stavanger along the Sørlandet Line and by local trains on the Jæren Commuter Rail network from Stavanger Station to Egersund Station. This station is located  south of Stavanger Station.  The station has a waiting room, ticket machines, and food kiosks, but few other services.

History

The original station for Sandnes, Sandnes Station, was opened with the Jæren Line in 1878.  The new Sandnes Sentrum station in the center of Sandnes was completed in 1992, and the old station converted to a stop for only regional trains.

References

Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Railway stations in Sandnes
Railway stations opened in 1878
1878 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1870s


Haseko Corporation is developing the Hoakalei Resort on  in West Oahu, Hawaii. The fully entitled project being built on former sugar cane lands in 'Ewa Beach is expected to be completed by 2016. Its first component – the Ernie Els-designed golf course at Hoakalei Country Club – opened to members in January 2009.

Meaning of Hoakalei
Hoakalei means "reflection of a lei" and comes from a Hawaiian legend about the volcano goddess Pele and her sister Hi'iaka's journey across the island chain to retrieve Pele's lover Lohiau. In the story, Hi'iaka crossed the 'Ewa Plain and came to see a reflection of herself in a spring while adorned with garlands of lehua blossoms (thus the "reflection of a lei" translation). The entire story has also recently been translated into English by Puakea Nogelmeier in a 500-page hardcover volume titled Ka Mo‘olelo O Hi‘iakaikapoliopele (The Epic Tale Of Hi‘iakaikapoliopele).

Resort amenities
The vision for Hoakalei includes a hotel, resort spa, wellness center, resort residences, a waterfront commercial district, and Ernie Els’ first signature golf course in Hawaii.

See also
 Golf glossary

Buildings and structures in Honolulu County, Hawaii
Resorts in Hawaii


Béni Abbès (), also known as the Pearl of the Saoura, and also as the White Oasis, is a town and commune located in western Algeria in Béchar Province,  far from the provincial capital Béchar, and  from Algiers.

It has been the capital of the Béni Abbès District since 1957. The commune's area is approximately , with a population of 10,885 inhabitants as of the 2008 census, up from 8,850 in 1998, and a population growth rate of 2.1%.

Béni Abbès lies in the Saoura valley, on the left bank of the intermittent wadi called Oued Saoura. There are seven ksars (castles) in Béni Abbès, including a particularly large one found in a palm grove in the river valley.

The people of Béni Abbès are often referred to as Abbabsa.

Etymology
Béni Abbès is written in Arabic بني عباس, Bani Abbas ("The children of Abbas"). C.Rames explains in his book Beni-Abbes (Oran Sahara): Historical, geographical and medical study (1941) that the origin of the name comes from the name of the tribe of the city's first occupant : "Forty years after the death of Sidi Othman, in the distant Saguia el-Hamra (Western Sahara), El Mahdi Ben Youssef from the tribe of Beni Abbes".

The name actually derives from the similar Arabic بني العباس, Bani Al Abbas ("The children of El-abbas"). El Ayachi wrote in his manuscript Arrihla al ayachia (1662) : "Then we entered the villages of Bani Al Abbas ...".

Geography

Location
Béni Abbès is built on a rocky hill on the left bank of Oued Saoura. The city is bordered to the north, east and west by the Grand Erg Occidental and south and southwest by the valley of the Saoura. The most interesting mountains near Béni Abbès are in the Ougarta Range (around the oasis of Ougarta) found around  to the south and southwest.

Climate
Béni Abbès has a hot and arid desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWk). There is usually very little rain, but occasional heavy rains can occur, causing flooding in the Oued Saoura. The sky is almost always blue both in winter and summer.

December, January and February are the coldest months, when it is between  and . During the summer months, temperatures can reach  with a humidity of about 10% during the day.

Flora and fauna
The Saharan ecosystem dominates all the territory of Béni Abbès. Flora and fauna are not as extensive as in other parts of Algeria, however, a variety of plants and creatures have been found here. There is perhaps a surprising range of flora and fauna that can survive in this hot and arid climate.

The vegetation of Béni Abbès consists mainly of xeric species. Infrequent rainfall affects the development of plants in the three different types of terrain types found near Béni Abbès: hamada, erg and wadi.

Acacia trees and wild herbs are scattered on the mountain and Hamada, especially near Zeghamra. Some wild herbs in the region are medicinal and used by people traditionally to treat many diseases. Among others, these include Ouezouaza (Santolina rosmarinifolea), Gartofa (Santolina chamaycyparissus), Shih (Artemisia herba-alba), and Terfesse (Terfeziaceae), a mushroom used by the Abbassian cuisine to replace meat.

An excellent dune-fixing plant Rtéme (Retama raetam) grows on ergs. The predominant plant of the Wadi is the Fnine (Tamarix), a plant resistant to saline soils.

Many species of the Saharan regions' animals are found around Béni Abbès.

The most important mammals are the dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) and rhim gazelle (Gazella leptoceros), both highly threatened by uncontrolled hunting. The sand cat (Felis margarita), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) and the fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) are observed in the area only rarely. Rodents found in the area include sand rat (Psammomys obesus), greater Egyptian gerbil (Gerbillus pyramidum) and the Libyan jird (Meriones libycus).

Reptiles in the region include the Sandfish (Scincus scincus) and the dob (Uromastyx).

Birds seen around Béni Abbès include bou-ali (house sparrow), bou-tkelem (Spanish sparrow) and raptors such as el-béz (northern goshawk), skàr (lanner falcon) and el-bouma (little owl).

In the recent decades or hundreds of years, the local extinction of many animal species has been reported due to drought and lack of prey, for example, al-naàme (ostrich) and the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).

Administrative geography
Just after the French occupation of the region and within the territories of South, Béni Abbès became an indigenous municipality in the Territory of Aïn Séfra which existed between 1902 and 1957. In that time, Tindouf was occupied and attached to the indigenous municipality of Béni Abbès until 1935.

In 1957, after replacing the territories of South by the French Departments of Sahara it became a district in the Saoura Department, of which the prefecture was at Colomb-Bechar.

At Algerian independence, Béni Abbès was a district of Saoura Department with Béchar, Adrar, El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh, Timimoun and Tindouf. This arrangement remained until 1974, when the administrative division divided the department into two Provinces: Adrar containing Timimoun District, and Béchar containing El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh, Béni Abbès and Tindouf.

After the new administrative division of 1984 which gave the title of Province to Tindouf and El-Bayadh, Béni Abbès remained a district of Béchar Province. In 2009 it was put on the list of new delegated provinces.

History

Prehistory

The territory of Béni Abbès was inhabited during prehistoric times, as evidenced by the rock carvings of Marhouma.

The petroglyphs of the region date back to Neolithic times. While less famous than the Tassili rock paintings, they have been studied since 1863.

The ideological panel of Marhouma is a remarkably complex scene : "An orant (praying person) on his head a  crossed disk and connected to a mammal, surrounded by a wounded animal topped by a young man and a snake man (homme serpentiforme)." In this scene the participants form a closed chain; the prayer of the orant forms links between the hunter and the sacred animal, represented by the snake man and game respectively.

Pre-Islamic period
Except for some speculation by historians, there is little information about this period of history of Béni Abbès. Some clues may come from evidence dating from this period, including:
 Paleography at the entrance of Ghar Diba, which means "wolf cave" in Arabic (غار الذيبة).
 Berber names of places, palms, mountains and surrounding ksars date from this period, because it is known that the medieval period in Béni Abbès begins with the arrival of the Arabs.
 the remains of some ksars inhabited by Christianized Berbers.

Middle Ages

The first Arab settlers in the area were from the Beni Hassan tribe, who built two ksars: Ghar el-Diba and Haresse Lil (translated "night watchman"). They migrated to Saguia el-Hamra and Mauritania in the 12th century.

The history of the founding of the current Béni Abbès begins with the legend of Sidi Othman called "El Gherib" and his companion Sid Enoun. According to the legend, by the blessing of Sidi Othmane, water gushed and flowed from a spring near Béni Abbès; as a result, the country became no longer a desert, the vegetation developed and the valley became full of reeds, trees and pastures.

Forty years after these first migrations, Seguia el-Hamra Mehdi Ben Youssef (descendant of Beniabbes of the Beni Hassan tribe) came to Béni Abbès. He lived with Ali Ben Moumen from the Arib tribe, with whom he brought the palm trees of Draa River. They founded the ksar Oulad Mehdi in which Mehdi Ben Youssef's sons (Said and Youssef) and Ali Ben Moumen's son (Mohamed) lived. The region was peaceful and prosperous through agriculture and trade, bringing a large number of immigrants.

From At-Lamiz in Figuig, two brothers left the ksar towards the east; Ali Ben Yahia and Khalfi bin Abdel-wassàa who settled in Béni Abbès and his brother founded a brotherhood in the Charouine region (Gourara). Ali Ben Yahia was a man with broad experience in agriculture. he founded the ksar Ouled Rahu occupied by Moulay and Ali Ben Yahia's sons.

After a period, Moussa Ben Ali came, probably from Tamentit(although others say from Gourara) to settle at Béni Abbès in the fourteenth century.

In 1593, the Moroccan rebel Abu Mahali settled in Béni Abbès. El Ayachi in his handwritten Arrihla al ayachia 1662 say :"... personage who was placed in a state of open rebellion, sedition which began in this town. Today his house is still known and we watch for travelers".

The continuous development and prosperity of the region brought him many enemies, including Ghenanma. A long period of raids caused the Abbabsa to complain against the Ghenanma to the King of Fes. Soldiers of the Makhzen (Mkhaznia), Fes's ruling elite, left Fes towards Béni Abbès, along the road by Zaouiet Men-Laikhaf in Tafilalt, from where a marabout called Mohamed Ben-Abdeslam joined the troupe.

On arrival at Béni Abbés the Mkhaznia defeated the Ghenanma. The Abbabsa were in a separate ksar and asked Mohamed Ben-Abdeslam to settle with them for Koranic education. He accepted, on the condition that they build a new well fortified ksar in the palm grove. They accepted, and left the choice of location to Ben-Abdeslam.

Mohamed Ben-Abdeslam built the new ksar in the palm grove in 1605 and named it Béni Abbés.

A little later Taleb Belkacem Ben Abdelah arrived in the area from Tmentite.

The descendants of these people, along with the Haratines, make up the population of Béni Abbès. The Ghenanma (Ouled Hamou) lived in an independent ksar.

Modern history

 French occupation
Béni Abbès was occupied by the French on March 1, 1901. General Officer Risbourg visited on March 2 of that year.

The Act of March 30, 1902 stipulated the establishment of five Saharan companies commanded by Affairs Indigenous officers. The Saoura's company in Béni Abbès was strengthened by six officers and 202 Non-commissioned officers and Méharistes, including a command platoon and three Méharistes platoons.

In 1904 two Saharan Companies were created; one at Béni Abbès, the other at Colomb-Bechar. These arrangements were for the defense of the Algeria-Morocco border.

 Residence of Charles de Foucauld
In October 1901, Charles de Foucauld ("Foucauld Father") settled in Béni Abbès. With the help of the soldiers present in the town he built a "Khaoua" (fraternity), composed of a room, a chapel and three acres of garden, purchased by the help of Marie de Bondy. The chapel was completed on December 1, 1901. His life was intended to revolve around a strict rule: five hours of sleep, six hours of manual work interspersed with a long time of prayer. However, it was quickly overwhelmed by the long time taken to listen to the poor and the soldiers who come to see him. He described to Gabriel Tourdes: living work of my hands, and unknown to all the poor and enjoy the deep darkness, silence, poverty, in imitation of Jesus. Imitation is inseparable from love. Whoever wants to imitate love is the secret of my life. Priest since last June, I immediately felt called to go to the lost sheep, to the most abandoned souls, to perform towards them the duty of love. I am happy, very happy, although I do not in any way seek happiness.

On January 9, 1902, he bought the freedom of a slave, whom he called Joseph du Sacré-Cœur (Joseph of the Sacred Heart). A portion of the year 1902 was devoted to an exchange of correspondence with Bishop Guerin, the Apostolic prefect of Sahara, about his fight against slavery in the Hoggar. The following year, he planned for trips to Morocco to establish a fraternity. He would be joined by companions of whom he would ask three things : "be prepared to have his head cut off—be prepared to starve—to obey him despite his unworthiness".

On May 27, 1903, Charles de Foucauld was visited by Bishop Guerin. Charles was looking for a companion for evangelism and asked to go south to prepare for it. The commander François-Henry Laperrine was interested in the presence of Charles de Foucauld and tried to get him on his tour of supply to the south. Charles showed himself even more favorable than François-Henry Laperrine, who seemed to use methods much less violent than its predecessors. On June 18, 1903, Charles asked Bishop Guerin for permission to accompany Laperrine, but the rebellion of the tribes against the colonial presence made this approach impossible. Learning of this conflict, however, Charles left to the south on September 2, 1903, in order to rescue the wounded from the Battle of Taghit and El-Moungar. He came back and wrote a short introduction to the catechism which he entitled The Gospel presented to the poor negroes of the Sahara. Sometime later, François-Henry Laperrine asked Charles to come with him during the upcoming tour of supply in the South. Abbe Henri Huvelin wrote him to "go where you shoot the Spirit".

Charles toured with supply January 13, 1904, on the air south toward the Hoggar. On February 1, 1904, he and his companions arrived at Adrar oasis where they joined the commander Laperrine. From there, the tour continued towards Akabli. Charles then noted all the possible places of installation. He collected information on Tuareg languages from the people of the central south Sahara and there began the translation of the Gospels in order to transmit it to the Tuaregs.

He was disappointed by the attitude of some military Colonials. Arriving near the Algerian border, the tour of supply had to turn around and travel to Tit. Charles wanted to settle in there but the commander Laperrine refused. The tour ended at In Salah in September. Charles joined Bishop Guerin on September 22, 1904, and returned to Béni Abbès on 24 January 1905.

Intrigued by Charles de Foucauld, General Hubert Lyautey, appointed in Algeria, decided to visit him at Béni Abbès on January 28, 1905. From this meeting came a reciprocal friendship and a certain admiration of Lyautey for Charles. During this period Charles wrote the Meditations on the Holy Gospels. In April 1905, Commander Laperrine requested Charles de Foucauld to leave with him on a tour in the Hoggar. Having sought advice from the abbot Huvelin and Bishop Guerin, he participated in a new tour of supply. He started on June 8, 1905, continuing his prayer life while learning Tamahaq. On 25 Juin, 1905, they met amenokal (chef of the tribe) Moussa Ag Amastan, who decided to make an alliance with the French authority. Charles de Foucauld and Moussa Ag Amastan met and seemed to appreciate each other. Their meeting developed into a deep friendship. The Touareg authorized Charles de Foucauld to settle in the Hoggar, near Tamanrasset.

 National liberation movement
In the Saoura region, Béni Abbès has always been an important focus of the nationalist movement. In 1921, Saadoune (born in Béni Abbès) emigrated to France where he militates to Étoile Nord-Africaine (ENA) and was then designated as a member committee central of the part in 02/07/1926.

Since the 1930s, Béni Abbès has been the exile place of several political and historical Algerian figures such as Ferhat Abbas, Mohammed Memchaoui, Sheikh Abdelkader El Yadjouri and Sheikh Sliman Boudjnah.

In late 1947, Sheikh Touhami, an MTLD activist came from Béchar to Béni Abbès to found an office for his political party. The Abbabsa, who have already attended the exiled persons to their homes, did not hesitate to join the movement. The Bureau consisted of four people, Touhami Tayeb, Trabelsi Boufeldja, Abdellah Ben-cheikh and Benali Abderrahman, and remained in service until 1954, when the majority of activists transferred to the FLN. The Abbabsa participated in the war of National Liberation between 1954 and 1962.

On November 11, 1955, the French discovered the names of those involved in the struggle, and transferred the members imprisoned at Béni Abbès to Béchar, or Serkadji prison if they had been tried. After the members' release, they continued the fight with Trabelsi Boufeldja who escaped detention and Mohammed Yacoub's writer Taleb-Zian.

After France applied the policy of concentration camps at Béni Abbès and terror politics applied to some ksars, a mujahid (Chikimi Mebrok) exploded a bomb in the middle of a group of French soldiers as retaliation for France's actions in the region. He was arrested and executed a few minutes after.

Consequently, the regional recruits in the French army fled to join the ALN into two groups; the first group, led by Alla Ben-Lhachemi, managed to escape with possession of a quantity of arms and ammunition, the second group, led by Sellam Ali, was arrested in Béchar.

The National Liberation Army's military base of Hassi Ali was re-organized under the leadership of Alhadj chebir who fled in turn of the French army.

In October 1957, the inhabitants of ksar of the palm in Béni Abbès were expelled by the French troops because of the activities of the Mujahideen, and needed to build a new ksar.

After 1960, Béni Abbès witnessed several visits of Mohamed Chérif Messaadia, wherein he and other officers under the command of Abdelaziz Bouteflika, a group referred to as Si Abdelkader El Mali, discussed opening the front in Mali, organizing military operations against French interests, and fighting against the French strategy of secession of the Sahara from the rest of Algeria.

Members of the ALN in the region participated in various battles against the French troops, sacrificing their lives for freedom. Among the Shahids (martyrs) were Mazozi Cheick, Touhami Tayeb, Belghit Hmida, and Hamdi Ahmed.

 Scientific movement
The Franco-Russian geologist Nicolas Menchikoff (About 1900 - 1992) began his research in the region during the 1920s. In 1942 the SRC (Saharan Research Center) was created in Béni Abbèshe, and Menchikoff was appointed director for several years.

In 1946, together with the general government of Algeria, the BRP (Bureau de recherche de pétrole) created the Société Nationale de Recherche et d'Exploitation de Pétrole en Algérie (SN REPAL) headquartered in Hydra in Algiers. Geological research began in 1948, in association with CFP (French Petroleum Company) in the region of Béni Abbès, Timimoun and In Salah, but without any positive results.

In 1972, the management of Saharan research center founded by the CNRS (Current National Center for Research on Arid Zones) was transferred to the Algerian authorities and has since depended on the University of Science and Technology, Houari Boumediene (Bab Ezzouar, Algiers).

 After independence
On, July 5, 1962, the day of the declaration of Algerian Independence, the Algerian flag was raised at Béni Abbès while preserving the French forces in the city, respecting the Ceasefire according to the Évian Accords. A delegation of Mujahideen was founded in Béni Abbès with Alla Ben Lhachemi as political leader and military officials.

Between 1961 and 1965, the Organization Saharan scored his action in line with that of the Common Organisation of Saharan Regions (OCRS) and built  of additional roads, including the following segments: Béni Abbès – Adrar, Touggourt – El-Oued, and In-Amenas – El-Adeb.

In October 1962, the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment was installed at Colomb-Béchar and took command of the military sites in the Sahara: the (nuclear test sites and the Hammaguir space facilities.

The political management of the city was Algerian and the first mayor appointed was Ben Said Mokhtar, who remained in place until 1967, the date of the first elections of the Communal People's Assemblies.

In 1963 Béni Abbès's Patrol Leader (CP) and Tabelbala's CP were created from the Colomb-Bechar Regiment. In 1967 France evacuated four military French facilities that had remained active in the Sahara after independence, but not B2-Namous, a site in the Sahara where France tested chemical weapons, including the extremely toxic nerve agent Tabun. Following this action the company of Béni Abbès was removed too.

Until 1971 the city was governed by Mohamed Maamar locally called Ba Maamar because of his humility and closeness to the people.

From 1976 to 1981 the town was under the governance of Guesmia Boudjemmâa known as El-Montassir (Died June 8, 2009). The city saw the construction of a bridge at the entrance of the city, and the commissioning of antennas for receiving television programs.

Architecture and urban planning

Housing and infrastructure

Béni Abbès has a total of 2,392 houses, of which 1,716 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 6.3 inhabitants per occupied building. 90% of Béni Abbès's population are connected to drinking water, and 90% are also connected to the sewerage system.

Cityscape
Historic neighborhoods (Safat, Tlayat, Souiguiat) combine Islamic and local architecture. The hill with its buildings and its front Oued is representative of French and modern architecture.

The district seat and Citroen home overlooking the cliff are the representative type of French architecture of the colonial era.  The seat of the Saharan Research Center, the old infirmary, and the colonists' neighborhood (called Karté) also feature this architectural type.

Historic neighborhoods retain the old underlying architecture, even if the surface of dwellings has changed, construction method and building materials either remain almost the same as previously, or incorporate new materials such as Cement and cement brick. The oldest mosque in the new town is in Safat neighbourhood which dates from 1957 (the Mosque of Ksar, 1605).

A nearby neighborhood of Souiguiat, was built by and inhabited by Jews from the beginning of the twentieth century to the dawn of the independence of Algeria. These Jews brought back by the French authorities' decree of October 24, 1870 which gave French citizenship to 37,000 Algerian Jews.

Religious buildings

The harmony of religions has long been the norm in Béni Abbès, and various places of worship are found in the town. There are religious buildings of both Islam and Christianity.

The oldest religious building is the Old Ksar's mosque, which dates back to the beginning of the seventeenth century (1605), followed the chapel of Father Charles de Foucauld (1901). All other religious buildings are mosques or Koranic schools Founded after the abandonment of Old Ksar in 1957. There are 5 operational mosques, with another 3 under construction.

Patron saints and mausoleums

In Béni Abbès there are dozens of tombs of saints, but only two have a mausoleum.

There are two patron saints for all Abbabsa:
 Sidi Othman called El Ghrib: came from Egypt, founder of Béni Abbès and creator of its source according to oral tradition. His grave is in the cemetery that bears his name.
 Sidi Mohammed Ben-Abdeslam : unified the tribes and founded the ksar of the palm grove. His tomb is in the mosque of Old Ksar.

The two mausoleums existing at Béni Abbès are dedicated to:
 Sidi El Hadj Mhamed Ben Ahmed : patron saint of Ouled Ali Ben Moussa; the mausoleum is at the entrance to the city on the right bank of Oued Saoura, in an old cemetery.
 Sidi Mohamed Ben Abbou : patron saint of Oulad Mehdi; the mausoleum is in the cemetery and on the Shelf that bear his name.

The rest are tribal saints:
 Sidi Othman dite El Ghrib (all Abbabsa)
 Sidi Mohamed Ben Abbou or Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (Oulad Mehdi)
 Sidi Ali Ben Yahia (Oulad Rahou)
 Sidi Mohammed ben abdeslam (Mrabtine)
 Sidi El Hadj Mhamed Ben Ahmed (Oulad Ali Ben Moussa)
 Sidi Radouan (Beni hassan)
 Sidi Djebor (Ghenanma)
 Sidi Said
 Sidi Abdelkader al-Jilani (all Abbabsa)

Cemeteries
The Sidi Othman Cemetery is a common name for two cemeteries at the same time, it refers to both the burial place of the current city, and the burial place of the saint Sidi Othman el-Gharib, which is considered the oldest burial site in the city (there is no information available about the burial places of the Beni Hassan).

There are several old cemeteries dating from the time prior to the founding of the Old Ksar: Sidi Mohamed Ben Abbou Cemetery, Sidi Ali Ben Yahia Cemetery, and Sidi El Hadj Mhamed Ben Ahmed Cemetery.

Béni Abbès has cemeteries for the burial of people of different abrahamic religions, a Christian cemetery on the plateau (near the current clinic) and on the other side of the Charles de Foucauld chapel in addition to a cemetery for the burial of Jews.

There is also a brand new cemetery dedicated to martyrs of the war of National Liberation, at the entrance to the city on the left side of the road.

Culture

Museums

Béni Abbès Museum is located in the Saharan Research Center. It was created because of the richness of this region, containing important treasures in a radius of  with different geological structures, flora and fauna. It contains seven sections focusing on Béni Abbès and its region: prehistory, old Béni Abbès, natural history, archaeology, entomology, flora and fauna.

Music
Traditional songs of Béni Abbès such as El Maya and El Hadra accompanied by percussion instruments called Tara and Kallal, singing local Arabic poetry and folklore in different rhythms.
 El Maya: a symbol of the folklore of the Abbabsa, played by a group of singers and drummers, similar to the Ghazal and Madih nabawi genres of folk songs.
 El Hadra: a strict traditional Madih nabawi for Muhammad and Ahl al-Bayt (people of the clan).

Festivals and Events

For a long time, Béni Abbès has been the venue for several cultural events:
 In the year 1920, Citroën organised a car rally hosted by Béni Abbès.
 During the 1930s, art exhibitions were featured, including the galleries of the artist André Hébuterne in 1933 and 1934.
 In 1990, a part of the film The Sheltering Sky by Italian filmmaker Bernardo Bertolucci was filmed in Béni Abbès.
 In 2005, Béni Abbès host of the circus band Cambodian International Lighthouse Ponleu Selpak.
 In 2007, Béni Abbès hosted the 8th edition of the Marathon of the dunes.
 From 19 to 21 April 2009, the jubilee of the geologist Professor Jean Fabre was commemorated in Béni Abbès.
 In 2010, Béni Abbès was the site of filming a part of the television series Djouha of the artist Hakim Dekkar.

The Festival Les Nuits de la Saoura is an international annual festival of music in Béni Abbès, the result of a cooperation between both Algerian association Hillal Saoura and French Nuits Métis. The first event took place in December 2003/January 2004.

Annual feast
Each year at Béni Abbès the Mouloud feast (for the birth of Muhammad) is held. This is an opportunity for the presentation of those born in the past year, and a grand parade with music and old rifles, commemorating peace between the tribes and the creation of the ksar of the palm grove.

The Abbabsa, like all Muslims, use the Lunar calendar to determine the dates of special local and religious events  but also give each month a special appellation as shown below.

Cinemas

There is one cinema in Béni Abbès.

Health

Béni Abbès has a hospital named Mohammed Yaakoub (one of only four in the province), one polyclinic, one room care facility, a maternity ward, 4 private pharmacies, and a medical operating theater.

Education and research centers
The educational system in Béni Abbès has 8 elementary schools, two middle schools, one secondary school , a vocational training center, and paramedic training classes. However, there are no higher educational institutions in the town.

7.3% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 24.0% has competed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 86.0%, and is 91.6% among males (the second highest in the province) and 80.4% among females.

The National Center for Research on Arid Zones (Béni Abbès station) is the only research station in Béni Abbès; it houses a museum (collections of local ethnography, geology, prehistory, and zoology), a zoo (very few animals are still present but among them is a great tortoise), a botanical garden and a biological research laboratory.

Abbassian Cuisine
The Abbassian cuisine in Béni Abbès is a rich mix of different cultures; it is strongly influenced by Moroccan culinary traditions, and is also rich in local specificities, marked by very varied traditional dishes including:
 Khobz Lebsal () "Onion bread": is an unleavened bread based with onion, after preparation of the paw of a mixture of water and flour, filled the dough with the sauce prepared with onion, tomato, chili pepper (optional) and oil (preferably olive oil).
 ṭaʿām () "Couscous": a popular dish in many countries, but it has a special method of preparation in Béni Abbès. This is what is made as the first dish of hospitality for a guest.
 Erkkik (): dough sheets are prepared in using a special tray called a tadjine ()), and left to dry for a while. Leaves cut into pieces are put in a plate with wells that wet it with a specially prepared sauce.

Associations
The creation of associations in Béni Abbès began with the Act of December 4, 1990. They have successfully engaged in the fields of exchange, youth camps and Volunteer projects such as ADESF and Ouarourout Association, environmental protection, maintenance and renewal of cultural heritage, including music (El-Maya Association, Hillal Saoura), promotion of handicrafts, sand skiing, camel racing organization (El-Khayma Association).

Economy

Sectors of activity

Tourism
Tourism is the most prospective economic sector for development. There are two hotels in Béni Abbès for tourists, including one rated three stars. Béni Abbès has the potential for several types of development:

 Saharan: There are camel rides, visits to the Grand Erg Occidental and many opportunities for excursions and walks.
 Religious: Mouloud Day, celebrating the birth of Muhammad.
 Cultural: music festivals and other cultural events.
 Scientific: researchers and others who visite the NCRAZ.
 Voluntary: Volunteer projects and rehabilitation of sites.

Significant attractions include:
The ksars: Béni Abbès includes seven ksars, some of which are still inhabited. These include the ksar placed at the heart of the palm grove; it has been uninhabited since 1957 and is currently being restored, and is classified as a building of national architectural heritage.
The palm grove is shaped in the form of a scorpion, whose tail is dominated by a large red sand dune (the highest of the Grand Erg Occidental).
A swimming pool fed by a spring of pure water coming out at 24 degrees (warm in winter, cool in summer).
Carboniferous Great Wall of China:  from Beni Abbes, on the left side of the road to El Ouata is a deposit of Orthoceras fossils.

Industry

Currently, apart from the power station which has a capacity of 4 × 5 MW TG (2008), there is no industry in Béni Abbès, which explains the high rate of unemployment (60%) for the population of working age.

The Power station of Béni Abbès supplied all villages between Igli and Beni Ikhlef until 2010 when the villages between Kerzaz and Beni Ikhlef switched to the Charouine station. The electrification rate is assessed at 86% but the region has not yet supplied with Town gas.

A project costing 17 billion dinar for a pipeline over 300 kilometers to supply town gas to the Districts of Béni Abbés, Béchar, Kénadsa, Abadla, Taghit and Béni Ounif commenced in 2010.

Béni Abbès has the potential to be an important investment location due to the basic infrastructure it already has. A carbonated water factory, although inactive for the moment, was in operation during the eighties under the socialist system and between 1998 and 2001 under the private sector. The bottling company of Ain Sidi Othmane water blocked for a long time.

In addition the city has real potential to produce glass, tiles and porcelain.

Agriculture

The Béni Abbès palm grove is 40 hectares in area. It is not large enough to ensure food self-sufficiency for the population of around 11,000 inhabitants, considering that most fields have been abandoned due to inheritance issues, lack of water, and movement of labor to other sectors that have higher profitability.

The useful agricultural area is 415 hectares spread over several locations of the Municipality. The largest estimated area is of Jouiffa (120 hectares), but just 5% of the plots are electrified. Other agricultural areas include Ain Seguia, Ouarourout, and Zghamra. There are 250 fellah (farmers), many of whom have abandoned their fields because of the scarcity of water.

In 1908, The Béni Abbès palm grove was affected for first time by the fungal pathogen Fusarium, after the disease appeared in 1870 in south Morocco. A different strain of Fusarium oxysporum was isolated in 1998 from the land of the Beni Abbes palm grove.

As of 2009 there were 1,134 sheep, 1,904 goats, 1,339 camels, and 5 cattle. There were also 2200 chickens in 6 buildings.

Mineral Resources
The territory of Béni Abbès contains many important mineral resources. Among them is sand, useful for the production of brick and limestone clicks and hollow glass. The other minerals are concentrated mainly in the mountainous Ougarta Range to the southwest. A satellite photo of these mountains shows important mining areas containing mineral deposits of gold, silver, copper, iron, manganese, barium, arsenic, tungsten, strontium and lead, which is mixed with zinc.

Transport
Béni Abbès has limited means of transportation. The bus station covers all the movement needs of citizens with local lines to Béchar, Igli, El Ouata, Kerzaz and Ouled Khoudir, and an extraprovincial line to Adrar.

The opening of the new road between Béni Abbès and El Ouata was going out the ksars between these two cities of anonymity, this project has cost 30,033,900 dinars.

In addition to transport by bus, Béni Abbès has an airport dating back to the colonial era. The possibility of a railway between Béni Abbès and Bechar is being considered.

There is a total length of  of roads in the commune. The town has two fuel service stations.

Sports
The most important sports practiced in Béni Abbès are football, handball, and athletics. Other less common sports include sand skiing, volleyball and swimming.

Béni Abbès had a football club since the late 1950s, one of the oldest clubs in the region but it has not performed well for the lack of financial means.

The best-known athletes who trace their origins to Béni Abbès:
 Nahida Touhami: specialist 800 and 1500 m athlete.
 Bergoug El Hadj: handball goalkeeper of JS Kabylie.

Politics

List of mayors of Béni Abbès
The first mayor is Ben Said Mokhtar, named immediately after independence in July 1962. The second was Trabelsi Muhammad, the first PAPC (president of the Communal People's Assembly).
 Ben Said Mokhtar
 Trabelsi Mouhammed
 Abdelatif Abdelatif
 Alla Mouhammed
 Kebir Bachir
 Belabbes Mouhammed
 Moumen (Boukhobza) Ahmed
 Bouhadda Abdellah
 Benmoussa Abdelkader
 Abdeldjebar Mhamed
 Kebir Nadjib
 Bouhadda Abdellah

List of heads of Béni Abbès District
The heads of Béni Abbès District are presented in the following table:

Localities
The commune is composed of three localities:

Béni Abbès
Zerhamra
Ougarta

Both Zerhamra and Ougarta are located beneath the Ougarta Range to the south. Zerhamra is  southwest of Béni Abbès, while Ougarta is  south of the town.

Named after the city
 Beni-Abbes Community: This organization is named after the city, because it was the place stability of Blessed Charles Eugène de Foucauld

Twinned cities
Béni Abbès is twinned with the following cities:
  Sidi Ghiles (Tipaza) Algeria.
  Septèmes-les-Vallons France.

References

Notes

Sources

Encyclopædia Britannica - Beni Abbès

Béni Abbès on looklex
Béni Abbès on google maps

Communes of Béchar Province


These are the official results of the Women's 4x400 metres event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece. The final was held at Olympic Stadium "Spiros Louis" on 11 September 1982.

Medalists

Results

Final
11 September

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 32 athletes from 8 countries participated in the event.

 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)

See also
 1978 Women's European Championships 4 × 400 m Relay (Prague)
 1980 Women's Olympic 4 × 400 m Relay (Moscow)
 1983 Women's World Championships 4 × 400 m Relay (Helsinki)
 1984 Women's Olympic 4 × 400 m Relay (Los Angeles)
 1986 Women's European Championships 4 × 400 m Relay (Stuttgart)
 1987 Women's World Championships 4 × 400 m Relay (Rome)
 1988 Women's Olympic 4 × 400 m Relay (Seoul)
 1990 Women's European Championships 4 × 400 m Relay (Split)

References

External links
 Results

4 x 400 metres relay
4 x 400 metres relay at the European Athletics Championships
1982 in women's athletics


Alex Willian Costa e Silva (born 18 March 1988 in Piquete, São Paulo), known as Alex Willian,  rei das flexcas,Forrest Gump,is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder.

Career
Alex Willian made his professional debut for Santos in the Campeonato Paulista against Bragantino on 27 January 2008.

Mumbai FC
He signed for Mumbai FC in February 2017. He made his debut against  Mohun Bagan in the league  at the Cooperage

Honours
 São Paulo State Championship (U 20): 2007

References

External links
 CBF
  santos.globo.com

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from São Paulo (state)
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players
Santos FC players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP) players
Guarani FC players
Oeste Futebol Clube players
Paysandu Sport Club players
Red Bull Bragantino II players
Clube Atlético Sorocaba players
Associação Desportiva Recreativa e Cultural Icasa players
Clube de Regatas Brasil players
Cuiabá Esporte Clube players
KF Tirana players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania


The Lachlan Fold Belt (LFB) or Lachlan Orogen is a geological subdivision of the east part of Australia.  It is a zone of folded and faulted rocks of similar age. It dominates New South Wales and Victoria, also extending into Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and Queensland.  It was formed in the Middle Paleozoic from 450 to 340 Mya.  It was earlier known as Lachlan Geosyncline.  It covers an area of 200,000 km2.

Characteristics

Location
On the west is the Delamerian Orogen from the early Palaeozoic (550 to 470 Mya). On the east side is found the Narooma Accretionary Complex (or Narooma Terrane) from 445 Mya, and the New England Orogen from late Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic (310 - 210 Mya).  These boundary orogens along with the Lachlan Orogen make up the Tasman Orogenic System In Australia, which along with the extension into the neighbouring parts of Gondwana make up the Tasmanides.  North of the Lachlan Fold belt is the Thomson Orogen in the north east and centre of Queensland.  Sometimes the Lachlan Orogen is included with the Thomson Orogen and known as the 'Lachlan-Thomson Orogen'.  The Great Artesian Basin has been laid down over the top of the LFB in northwestern New South Wales and western Queensland and the Murray-Darling Basin covers the southwest of New South Wales.  The Sydney Basin is on the top of the LFB around Sydney and Wollongong on the east coast of New South Wales.

In Victoria the western limit of the LFB is defined by the Stawell-Ararat Fault.  Westwards of this fault is the Moornambool Metamorphic Complex.

Classification
The orogen is of the accretionary or 'Turkic' type.  It has also been classified as a 'Carpathian' type orogen, i.e. one where subduction rate is greater than that of plate convergence. In such a case the 'hinge', at which subduction starts, tend to move further seawards over time (rollback).

Shape
The Tasman Line outlines the Precambrian margin of eastern Australia.  The Delamerian Orogen follows this line, and the western side of the Lachlan Orogen also follows this curve.  The central and east parts of the Orogen are aligned in a north–south direction.

Size
At the present time the fold belt is about 1000 km wide.  However the original width was 2000 to 3000 km wide, with the excess size absorbed by folding and thrusting.

Structure
Rock beds are folded in chevron folds.  They are cut by thin skinned thrusts.  Other faults separate the different terranes making up the orogen.

Before the concept of plate tectonics was accepted, the LFB was described as the Lachlan Geosyncline.

The concept of terranes has been applied to the LFB with the term Lachlan Superterrane being used for the Lachlan Mudpile.  Geomagnetic poles cannot be reliably determined for Devonian or older rocks thanks to the folding.  In Victoria van den Berg used the terms Whitelaw Terrane for the Western Lachlan, and Benambra Terrane for the Central and Eastern Lachlan.

Other terrane subdivision have included Melbourne, Stawell, Howqua, Girilambone Terranes, as well as Cowra, Tumut and Hill End Troughs; and Parkes and Molong Zones; and the Wagga Omeo Belt.

Orogenies
Most of the LFB was greatly affected by the Late
Ordovician to Early Silurian Benambran Orogeny
(also led to the formation of the Wagga-Omeo Zone).
The Middle Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny
affected the entire LFB and terminated the precratonic
stage of its development.
The Carboniferous Kanimblan Orogeny was the
terminal event and converted the LFB into a
neocraton.

Metamorphism
There are two high temperature low pressure regions of metamorphism.  The Wagga Omeo Metamorphic Belt is a large region in the Central Lachlan between the Kancoona-Kiera Shear Zone and the Gilmore Shear Zone.  Other metamorphic complexes are Kuark, Camblong, Cooma, and Jerangle in the eastern side.  These zones made up the Eastern Metamorphic Belt, named by Vallance in 1969.  In these high temperature belts, the temperature peaked at 700°C and the pressure was 350 MPa, with a thermal gradient of 65 °/km.  This same high temperature regime produced migmatite and S-type granite from the Ordovician sediments.

Blueschist formed by intermediate to high pressure metamorphism is found in melange at Port Sorell and the Arthur Lineament in Tasmania, and Howqua Melange and Heathcote Melange in Victoria.

Slate has been formed in other parts of the fold belt indicating intermediate pressure and low temperature.

Plutonism
Granite plutons have formed in many parts of the LFB where there has been significant heating.  They were formed at the time of extension, when hot asthenosphere rose towards the surface.  Granites cover 61000 km2.  There are 875 lithological units of granite.
There are 100 volcanic units derived from the same magma as the granites.

History
The basement of the belt is Cambrian oceanic crust which was formed in a back arc basin or a fore arc basin. An ancient shoreline of Australia, called the cratonic margin existed off the east coast of the Delamerian Orogen in western New South Wales, Western Victoria and Western Tasmania. In the early Ordovician there was a shallow marine shelf called the Gnalta Shelf, over the top of the Koonenberry Belt near Broken Hill. At the same time there were marine conditions in Amadeus Basin where Horn Valley Siltstone was formed, and Georgina Basin where the Coolibah Formation deposited. The Larapintine Sea formed a shallow marine connection through central Australia to the Canning Basin in Western Australia. Sediments formed on the continental shelf of the continent from this time appear in western Tasmania and north west New South Wales. A subduction zone consumed the Pacific crust below the Delamerian coast, but this subduction moved 1000 km oceanwards. An island arc was formed on the northern end of the 900 km long trench. This was the Macquarie Volcanic Arc.

Between the continent and the island arc or trench, deep water sediments in the form of turbidites appeared in the Central Lachlan Orogen. These were derived from the western Delamerian Orogen and from the south west Ross Orogen, which is now left behind in Antarctica.

The Ordovician volcanoes of the arc are now found around Parkes, Wellington, Molong and east of Condobolin, Cowra and Boorowa. The east Lachlan Orogen containing Adaminaby Group Turbidites is now to the east and south of the Macquarie Arc. All its boundaries with the Macquarie Arc are faults, indicating that this is a separate terrane, also known as the Adaminaby Superterrane. In the Late Ordovician the turbidites were overlaid by a black shale. The back arc region was extended at this time.

Between  in the Ordovician to Silurian, the arc collided with the back arc, ending the Benambran Cycle. The turbidites were deformed, biotite formed, and the arc was thrust over or under the turbidites.

In the Middle Silurian, the Pacific plate boundary moved a few hundred km to the east. A new subduction zone dipping westwards lasted from the end of the Silurian into the Late Devonian. The whole of the Lachlan Fold Belt became a back arc area with a new volcanic arc formed to the east in what is now the New England Orogen. Extension stretched the LFB forming rifts, and shelves, along with intrusion of granites and volcanism. This was the Tabberabberan Orogeny.

Deformation happened in the west 450 to 395 Mya and in the east 400 to 380 Mya. Extensional basins occur in the central and east parts of the fold belt. Oceanic subduction (or underthrusting) is evidenced for the western and central parts by slivers of ophiolite and blueschist metamorphism. These are known as Coolac serpentinite, and Honeysuckle Beds east of Tumut; The Kiandra Beds north of Batlow and the Tumut Pond Serpentinite Belt on the west side of Talbingo Dam.

The Narooma Terrane migrated 2500 km westwards on the moving Pacific plate and became attached to the Adaminaby Superterrane in Silurian times. Conodont fossils in the Narooma Chert prove the age of the terrane to be from late Cambrian to middle Ordovician. The Narooma Terrane exposure is between Narooma and Eurobodalla and also between Burewarra Point and Durras around Batemans Bay on the south coast of New South Wales.

The western parts under New South Wales and Queensland are mostly heavily weathered and or covered in younger sediments of the Great Artesian Basin or Great Australian Basin and Murray-Darling Basin. The underlying structure can still be explored through magnetic, gravity and seismic geophysical measurements.

About  The Tasman Sea started to form by seafloor spreading. This split off a segment of the coast to form the Lord Howe Rise, part of Zealandia. Around then, Bass Strait was extended moving Tasmania away from the rest of Australian Mainland.

Lithology
Turbidites from submarine fans, trench complexes, volcanic arcs, oceanic crust and micro continents dominate lithological components. The individual rock types are mostly sandstone and shale interbedded, with chert, and metavolcanics.

Subdivisions
Three broad subdivisions of Lachlan Fold Belt are Western, Central and Eastern. The Western Lachlan, which lies in Victoria includes the Stawell and Melbourne Zones.  The eastern boundary of the Western Lachlan is the Mount Wellington—Mount Useful Fault Zone (east of Melbourne).  The Central Lachlan includes the Tabberabbera Zone and the Wagga-Omeo Metamorphic Belt.  The Eastern Lachlan extends to the east of the Gilmore Fault Zone, a shear zone on the edge of the WOMB.

The Macquarie Volcanic Arc formed about 1000 km off the coast.  The Yarrimbah Formation is exposed west of Parkes.  It consists of siliceous siltstones, formed in deep water.  It is the most western part of the Arc.  The Rockley–Gulgong Volcanic Belt.  Budhang Chert Member is found  near Oberon.  The Molong Volcanic Belt lies between Cowra and Boorowa.  The Adaminaby Group, from another terrane, was thrust northwards over the top of the Molong Volcanic Belt. The Kenyu Formation is from Late Ordovician and contains conglomerate. The Wagga Belt rocks are thrust eastwards over the top of the Junee-Narromine Volcanic Belt of the Macquarie arc.

Western Lachlan Orogen
The upper crust contains chevron folded turbidites.

The lower crust contains duplexed oceanic lithosphere, and magmatic underplating.

Central Lachlan Orogen

Eastern Lachlan Orogen
Structures in the Eastern thrust belt are oriented north–south.  It has thick-skinned deformation in the west and thin-skinned in the east.

References

Geology of Australia


La Mézière (; ; Gallo: La Maézierr) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Breton language
In 2008, 0.84% of primary-school children attended bilingual schools.

Population
Inhabitants of La Mézière are called Macériens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website
Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, published in 1998 by Oxford University Press, is an encyclopedia that covers philosophical, historical, sociological, and biographical aspects of Art and Aesthetics worldwide. The second edition (2014) is now available online as part of Oxford Art Online.

Information
Many prominent aesthetics scholars contributed. The encyclopedia aimed to provide "a genealogy of aesthetics sufficient to integrate its philosophical and cultural roles, and that it contributes to a discursive public sphere in which multiple perspectives are articulated, dialogue fostered, and common ground constructed."

The Encyclopedia of Aesthetics is considered to be the first reference work to survey artistic theory and art history from classical philosophy to contemporary critical theory, featuring over 600 articles that focus on many topics of art history including painting, sculpture, and the artistic and cultural aesthetics of world nations.

The only comparable work is 25 years older: The Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas (New York, NY: Scribner, 1973–74), which had articles on aesthetics and other key topics, written from an interdisciplinary approach. There are other contemporary works that deal with the aesthetics universe, but "from within their respective disciplinary frameworks"; they are: The Dictionary of Art (New York, NY: Grove's Dictionaries, 1996) and Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (London, England: Routledge, 1998).

The Encyclopedia was written from a comparative perspective, with the traditions of non western societies in view, and re-thought the critical assumptions of western aesthetics. Examples of such perspective are the entries: grotesque; Black Aesthetic, African Aesthetics, Caribbean Aesthetics, Chinese Aesthetics, Indian Aesthetics, Japanese Aesthetics, Islamic Aesthetics, Latin American Aesthetics; Tribal art; Jokes, Camp,  Play; Anti-art, Situationist Aesthetics; Gay Aesthetics, Lesbian Aesthetics; Law and Art, Moral Rights of Arts, Cultural Property, Obscenity, Politics and Aesthetics, Morality and Aesthetics. The longest entry, 35 pages, is for Immanuel Kant.

Notes

References
 Kelly, Michael (Editor-in-chief). Encyclopedia of Aesthetics. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998. 4 vol., pp. XVII-521, pp. 555, pp. 536, pp. 572; .
 Riedel, Tom. "Review: Encyclopedia of Aesthetics." Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America, vol. 18, no. 2, 1999, pp. 48–48.
 Silvers, Anita. "Achievement of Stated Goals; Cultural and Philosophical Missions". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 58, no. 3, 2000, pp. 291–293.

External links

Reviews
from The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Summer, 2000):
Donougho, Martin II. Scope and Balance pp. 293–295
Davis, Whitney III. Historical and Art-Historical Coverage , pp. 295–298
Moore, Ronald IV. The Encyclopedia as a Learning Tool pp. 298–302
Budd, Malcolm The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 97, No. 2 (Feb., 2000), pp. 94–99
Rowe, M.W. British Journal of Aesthetics, Volume 42, Number 1, 1 January 2002, pp. 83–86(4) 10.1093/bjaesthetics/42.1.83
Woodfield, Richard  The Art Bulletin, Vol. 83, No. 3 (Sep., 2001), pp. 559–563

English-language encyclopedias
Encyclopedias of philosophy
Aesthetics literature