Iddhipāda (Pali; Skt. ddhipāda) is a compound term composed of "power" or "potency" (iddhi; ddhi) and "base," "basis" or "constituent" (pāda).  In Buddhism, the "power" referred to by this compound term is a group of spiritual powers.  Thus, this compound term is usually translated along the lines of "base of power" or "base of spiritual power."  In the Buddhist pursuit of bodhi (awakening, understanding) and liberation, the associated spiritual powers are secondary to the four "base" mental qualities that achieve such powers.  These four base mental qualities are:  concentration on intention; concentration on effort; concentration on consciousness; and, concentration on investigation.  These four base mental qualities are used to develop wholesome mental states and rid oneself of unwholesome mental states.

In traditional Buddhist literature, this set of four mental qualities is one of the seven sets of qualities lauded by the Buddha as conducive to Enlightenment (bodhipakkhiyādhammā).

Canonical analysis

In the Pali Canon, a major source of information on the iddhipāda is in the Samyutta Nikaya, ch. 51, entitled, "Connected Discourses on the Bases for Spiritual Power" (Iddhipāda-sayutta).

Four components

In the "Neglected" discourse (Viraddha Sutta, SN 51.2), it states:
"Bhikkhus, those who have neglected the four bases for spiritual power have neglected the noble path leading to the complete destruction of suffering.  Those who have undertaken the four bases for spiritual power have undertaken the noble path leading to the destruction of suffering."

The four bases of such power are concentration (samādhi) due to:
 Intention or purpose or desire or zeal (chanda)
 Effort or energy or will (viriya)
 Consciousness or mind or thoughts (citta)
 Investigation or discrimination (vīmasā; Skt: mīmāṃsā)

Corequisites: concentration and striving

In most canonical discourses these four bases of power are developed in tandem with "volitional formations of striving" (padhāna-sakhāra). For instance, in the "Concentration due to Desire" discourse (Chandasamādhi Sutta, SN 51.13), it states:
"Bhikkhus, if a bhikhu gains concentration, gains one-pointedness of mind based upon desire, this is called concentration due to desire.  He generates desire for the nonarising of unarisen evil unwholesome states; he makes an effort, arouses energy, applies his mind, and strives. He generates desire for the abandoning of arisen evil unwholesome states ... for the arising of unarisen wholesome states ... for the maintenance of arisen wholesome states ...; he makes an effort, arouses energy, applies his mind and strives. These are called volitional formations of striving.  Thus this desire and this concentration due to desire and these volitional formations of striving: this is called the basis for spiritual power that possesses concentration due to desire and volitional formations of striving."

This discourse similarly analyzes the latter three bases of powers as well.

Associated spiritual powers

In terms of the spiritual powers associated with the development of these bases, the "Before" Discourse (Pubba Sutta, SN 51.11) states:
"When the four bases of spiritual power have been developed and cultivated in this way, a bhikkhu wields the various kinds of spiritual power: having been one, he becomes many; having been many, he becomes one; he appears and vanishes; he goes unhindered through a wall, through a rampart, through a mountain as though through space; he dives in and out of the earth as though it were water; he walks on water without sinking as though it were earth; seated cross-legged, he travels in space like a bird; with his hands he touches and strokes the moon and sun so powerful and mighty; he exercises mastery with the body as far as the brahmā world."

See also
 Abhijna – six types of higher spiritual knowledge found in the Pali Canon.
 Bodhipakkhiyādhammā – seven sets of 37 mental qualities conducive to Enlightenment
 Four Right Exertions – four aspects of "volitional formations of striving"
 Iddhi – spiritual powers discussed in canonical Buddhism
 Kevatta Sutta

Notes

References
 Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya.  Boston: Wisdom Publications. .
 Brahm, Ajahn (2007). Simply this Moment!.  Perth: Bodhinyana Monastery.
 Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). Iddhipada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of the Bases of Power (SN 51.20).  Retrieved 2008-02-07 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn51/sn51.020.than.html.

Buddhist philosophical concepts


The Crocker Land Expedition took place in 1913. Its purpose was to investigate the existence of Crocker Land, a huge island supposedly sighted by the explorer Robert Peary from the top of Cape Colgate in 1906. It is now believed that Peary fraudulently invented the island.

Background

Following his 1906 expedition that failed to reach the North Pole, Robert E. Peary reported in his book that he had sighted distant land from the heights of the northwestern shore of Ellesmere Island. He named it Crocker Land, after San Francisco banker George Crocker, one of his financial backers. It is now known that Peary's claim was fraudulent, as he wrote in his diary at the time that no land was visible. The invention of Crocker Land was apparently an attempt to secure further support from Crocker for Peary's 1909 expedition. If so, the attempt failed, as Crocker had diverted all of his available resources to the rebuilding of San Francisco following the 1906 earthquake.

The existence or non-existence of Crocker Land became important following the controversial events of the autumn of 1909, when both Peary and Frederick Cook returned to civilization, claiming to have reached the North Pole. Since Cook claimed to have traversed the alleged region of Crocker Land and found no such land, the existence of Crocker Land would be proof of the falsity of Cook's claim. Backers of Peary's claim therefore set out to find it.

The expedition was organized by Donald Baxter MacMillan and sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History, the American Geographical Society and the University of Illinois' Museum of Natural History.

MacMillan's geologist, ornithologist and botanist was Walter Elmer Ekblaw of the University of Illinois. Navy Ensign Fitzhugh Green served as engineer and physicist. Maurice Cole Tanquary, of the University of Illinois, was the zoologist, and Harrison J. Hunt the surgeon.

Minik Wallace, the Inuk famously brought to the United States as a child by Robert Peary in 1897, was the guide and translator for the expedition.

As well as confirming and mapping the position of Crocker Land, the declared purpose of the expedition was to investigate "geology, geography, glaciology, meteorology, terrestrial magnetism, electrical phenomena, seismology, zoology (both vertebrate and invertebrate), botany, oceanography, ethnology, and archaeology".

In newspapers of the time, MacMillan described Crocker Land as "the world’s last geographical problem".

The expedition
The expedition left Brooklyn Navy Yard aboard the steamer Diana on 2 July 1913. Two weeks later, at midnight on 16 July, the Diana struck rocks while trying to avoid an iceberg. MacMillan blamed the collision on the captain, who was drunk at the time. The expedition transferred to another ship, the Erik, and eventually arrived at Etah, in north-west Greenland, on the second week of August.

The next three weeks were spent constructing a large eight-room shed, with electricity generation capabilities, that was to serve as the local headquarters of the expedition. An attempt was also made to set up a radio room, but it was not successful, and the expedition was never able to establish reliable radio communications with the outside world.

After making a number of preliminary trips to place supply caches along the route, MacMillan, Green, Ekblaw and seven Inuit set off on the  journey to Crocker Land on 11 March 1914. The temperature was many degrees below zero and weather conditions were very poor.

Eventually, the party reached the  Beitstadt Glacier, which took them three days to climb. The temperature dropped dramatically and Ekblaw suffered severe frostbite. He was evacuated back to Etah by some of the Inuit.

One by one, the other members of the party gave up and turned back. By the time the expedition reached the edge of the Arctic Ocean on 11 April, only MacMillan, Green and two Inuit, Piugaattoq and Ittukusuk, remained. The four dog sleds set off across the treacherous sea ice, avoiding thin patches and expanses of open water, and eventually, on 21 April, the party saw what appeared to be a huge island on the north-western horizon. As MacMillan later said, "Hills, valleys, snow-capped peaks extending through at least one hundred and twenty degrees of the horizon.”

Piugaattoq, an Inuit hunter with 20 years of experience of the area, explained that it was just an illusion. He called it poo-jok, which means 'mist'. However, MacMillan insisted they press on, even though it was late in the season and the sea ice was breaking up. For five days they went on, following the mirage. Finally, on 27 April, after they had covered some  of dangerous sea ice, MacMillan was forced to admit that Piugaattoq was right—the land that they had sighted was in fact a mirage. (It was probably a rare form of mirage called a Fata Morgana.)

Later MacMillan wrote:

The party turned around and was able to reach solid land—with no time to spare, for the sea ice broke up the next day.

The killing of Piugaattoq
After returning to land, MacMillan sent Piugaattoq and Green to explore a route to the west. The weather turned against them and they were forced to take shelter in a snow cave. One of the dog teams died in the snow, and during a squabble over which direction to travel next, Green took a rifle from the sled and shot Piugaattoq in the back, killing him.

On 4 May Green rejoined MacMillan and told him what had happened. Upon their return to Etah, MacMillan informed the other American members of the expedition, but asked them to keep quiet. He told the Inuit that Piugaattoq had died in an avalanche. Ekblaw said later that this was "one of the darkest and most deplorable tragedies in the annals of Arctic exploration."

Green was never prosecuted for the murder, although the Inuit suspected there was more to the story than had been told and that Green had had a relationship with Piugaattoq's wife Aleqasina, a striking beauty. She had previously been Peary's mistress, and had borne him two children.

The return home
The expedition attempted to head for home, but the weather turned against them and they were stranded in the region for the next four months.

In December 1914, MacMillan and Tanquary set off for Etah with the intention of sending a message to the outside world that a rescue was needed the following summer. They quickly ran into trouble with the weather, and MacMillan turned back. Tanquary pressed on and eventually reached Etah in mid-March 1915.

Word reached the American Museum of Natural History. That summer, the George B. Cluett, a three-masted schooner completely unsuitable for Arctic waters, was sent, captained by George Comer. The vessel never reached the expedition. It ended up trapped in ice and did not return for two years.

In 1916, a second relief ship was sent, and ran into similar problems. By this time, Tanquary, Green and Allen had made their own way back to the United States by dog sled.

The rest of the expedition was eventually rescued in 1917 by the ship Neptune, commanded by Captain Robert Bartlett.

Aftermath

Although the expedition failed to map the non-existent Crocker Land, much important research was done. A considerable number of photographs and artifacts were brought back, documenting the indigenous peoples and natural habitat of the region.

Hundreds of photos of the expedition and over 200 artifacts are displayed in the University of Illinois' Spurlock Museum. There is also a permanent exhibit at the Peary–MacMillan Arctic Museum on the grounds of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. Journals from Tanquary, Ekblaw and Donald MacMillan and his wife Miriam are available online at the George J. Mitchell Department of Special Collections & Archives website. Digitization of materials at Bowdoin College related to the Crocker Land Expedition was funded by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation in November 2015.

See also
 Sannikov Land
 Bradley Land

References

External links

A Crocker Land Expedition Who’s Who
Crocker Land Expedition from the Library of Congress at Flickr
 Rare film clip of the expedition
George J. Mitchell Department of Special Collections & Archives—journals from expedition members

Arctic expeditions
Expeditions from the United States
20th century in the Arctic


KDTR (103.3 FM, "Trail 103.3") is a commercial radio station licensed to Florence, Montana, and serving the Missoula, Montana area, owned by Missoula Broadcasting Company, LLC. KDTR airs an Adult Album Alternative music format. Its weekly show, The Trail Less Traveled, is hosted by Mandela van Eeden.

External links
Trail 103.3's Official Website

DTR
Adult album alternative radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Montana


This is a list of airlines which have a current Air Operator's Certificate issued by the Hong Kong Director-General of Civil Aviation (Traditional ), and for which oversight as recognised by the ICAO lies with the Civil Aviation Department. For airlines of Mainland China and Macau, click List of airlines of China, List of airlines of Macau.

Scheduled airlines

Charter airlines

Cross-border Helicopter Service

Cargo airlines

See also
List of defunct airlines of Hong Kong
List of airports in Hong Kong
List of defunct airlines of Asia
List of airlines of China
List of airlines of Macau

References

Airlines
Airlines
Hong Kong
Hong Kong


Corporate film refers to any type of non-advertisement based film/video content created for and commissioned by a business, company, corporation, or organization. Today, the vast majority of corporate film content is hosted online and is published on the company’s website page and distributed through social media or email marketing.

Corporate video content is targeted towards that company’s core selling demographics or internal employees. Corporate video production is frequently the responsibility of a marketing director or corporate communications manager. Examples of corporate video include corporate overview videos, staff training and safety videos, promotional/brand films, investor relations and shareholder videos, market updates, product videos, event videos, onboarding videos, employer branding videos, CEO statements, executive proposal videos, and customer testimonial videos.

As video becomes a more integral part of a company’s communication strategy, often companies will release corporate videos with press release announcements, newsletters and other forms of communication to bolster the message reach and effectiveness.

Corporate Film Production companies leverage a company’s marketing material, guidance from their communication director, and content specific copy to produce a corporate video. The time and scale of a corporate video production can vary greatly based on complexity and messaging. Some corporate videos may use only minimal crew and basic equipment, while others elect for higher quality content and contract with corporate video production specialists whose core focus is on creating B2B corporate video content.

Video content has become a significant ranking factor for search engine optimization from search engines such as Google, Yahoo and Bing and as a result more companies are electing to create corporate video content for their websites.

Stages of Production
The corporate video production process will frequently involve the following stages:
Project initiation, budgeting and creation of statement of work.
 Pre-production - planning may include script writing, storyboarding, casting, location scouting, and scheduling.
 Video production, including location filming with a camera crew and director. This may also include other elements, such as actors and presenters.
 Post-production and video editing - the filmed (live action) footage is edited together. This may also include recording an audio voice-over, adding graphics, composing a music score or soundtrack, and including 2D/3D animation sequences with the finished video.
Final delivery and website integration.

Types and usage
 Staff training / instruction and safety videos
 Employer Branding Videos
 Onboarding Videos
 CEO statements
 Event Videos
 Investor relations / financial results
 Company promotional/brand videos
 New product or service online presentations
Product features and benefits explainer video
 Video role play (often with actors)
 Client and customer testimonial videos
 Event Videos
Trade show coverage
 Corporate event filming (for example, a new product launch or conference)
 Live and on-demand webcasting
 Technology and product demonstration videos
 Business television

See also
 List of video topics
 Filmmaking
 Video Production
 Television
 Video production companies
 Corporate communications
 Marketing

References

External links
 Association of Professional Videomakers - A not-for-profit UK trade association for professionals in the video industry
 Institute of Videography - UK trade association offering advice on wedding and corporate video production
 The IVCA is a European professional body which promotes best practice for the corporate and public sector communications industry.

Video

Корпоративное телевидение


The sumxu, Chinese lop-eared cat, drop-eared cat, droop-eared cat, or hanging-ear cat, all names referring to its characteristic feature of pendulous ears, was a possibly mythical, long-haired, lop-eared type of cat or cat-like creature, now considered extinct, if it ever actually existed. The descriptions are based on reports from travellers, on a live specimen reportedly taken to Hamburg by a sailor, and on a taxidermy specimen exhibited in Germany. The cats were supposedly valued as pets, but was also described as a food animal. The last reported Chinese lop-eared cat was in 1938.  It is believed by some to have been a mutation similar to that found in the Scottish Fold. The name sumxu originally described the yellow-throated marten, but a series of mistranslations caused the name to be applied to the alleged cat or cat-like animal.

Description

Michael Boym ( 1612–1659), a Polish Jesuit missionary to south China, was the first Westerner to describe the sumxu in his illustrated book Flora Sinensis (1656). Sum xu was the Portuguese rendering of songshu, meaning "pine rat" and the description indicated the yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) indigenous to that region.  The white lop-eared cat, however, was said to be found in a northern region of the country.  Later authors, copying and translating from early natural histories, conflated the two unfamiliar animals.

Italian Jesuit Martino Martini had visited China in the 1650s and published Novus Atlas Sinensis in 1655. In the section on Peking Province, Martini described a variety of cossetted white, long-haired and long-eared cats found in the region.  The breed was once found in region around Peking and probably resembled a long-haired Scottish Fold.  His description of white, droop-eared companion cats was copied in 1673 by John Ogilby and by later authors.

An engraving from Athanasius Kircher's book China Monumentis, Qua Sacris qua Profanis (1666) describes the sumxu as cat-like, but the illustration resembled a small bear with a bushy tail. The engraving is clearly based on a picture in Boym's Flora Sinensis, where the picture is captioned as 松鼠 in Chinese (this is Chinese for "squirrel"; the word is transcribed songshu in modern Hanyu Pinyin, but sumxu was the standard way of transcribing these syllables in the 17th century Jesuit literature) and sum xu in Latin. Kircher's description, if not sheer fantasy, may have been based on reports of other writers (as detailed below) who refer to the creature as a droop-eared cat.

In 1736–37, Martini's work was superseded by that of French Jesuit du Halde's works on the Chinese Empire. This included the description of the white droop-eared cat of Peking Province from Martini's book and remained the standard reference book for many years, being copied by other authors.  German naturalist Alfred Brehm gave a very detailed description of the Chinese lop-eared cat in 1796, based on a specimen said to have been brought back from China by a traveller.

In volume 4 of his Histoire Naturelle ( 1767), Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, mentioned the pendulous-eared cats of Pe-chi-ly in China and he was unsure whether the black or yellow sumxu was a cat or some other domesticated animal used to control rats.  His description was included in The Natural History of The Cat (Volume 4 of Histoire Naturelle, as translated into English by William Smellie in 1781):

Our domestic cats, though they differ in colour, form no distinct races. The climates of Spain and Syria have alone produced permanent varieties: To these may be added the climate of Pe-chi-ly in China, where the cats have long hair and pendulous ears, and are the favourites of the ladies. These domestic cats with pendulous ears, of which we have full descriptions, are still farther removed from the wild and primitive race, than those whose ears are erect....

I formerly remarked, that, in China, there were cats with pendulous ears. This variety is not found anywhere else, and perhaps it is an animal of a different species; for travellers, when mentioning an animal called Sumxu, which is entirely domestic, say, that they can compare it to nothing but the cat, with which it has a great resemblance. Its colour is black or yellow, and its hair very bright and glittering. The Chinese put silver collars about the necks of these animals, and render them extremely familiar. As they are not common, they give a high price, both on account of their beauty, and because they destroy rats.

Buffon's source was abbé Prevôt (written in French), whose source was John Green (written in English), whose source was French Jesuit de Halde (written in French), whose source was Martini's 1655 work.  By 1777, Buffon had concluded the lop-eared cat was a different species than the domestic cat and that it might therefore be the cat-like marten called the sumxu.  Hence the name sumxu (the yellow-throated marten found in south China) incorrectly became attached to an alleged breed of domestic cat or cat-like animal found in a northern region.  He reached this conclusion because de Halde had omitted mention in his translation that the lop-eared cats were milk-white.  Boym's illustration of the sumxu did not draw attention to its ears, whereas Martini described pendulous ears as the defining feature of the white cats of Pe-chi-ly.  This was perpetuated through the 19th and early 20th centuries, especially by cat fanciers looking for new and exotic cats to import.

In Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, Charles Darwin refers briefly to a drooping eared race of cats in China. In The Cat by Lady Cust (1870) there is this brief description:

Bosman relates that in the province of Pe-chily, in China, there are cats with long hair and drooping ears, which are in great favour with the Chinese ladies; others say this is not a cat but an animal called 'Samxces'.

In 1885, the writer Gaston Percheron suggested the lop-eared cat might be a hybrid between the cat and a marten. In 1926, cat fancier Lilian J. Veley wrote in the magazine Cat Gossip that the Siamese cat (described in early breed standards as sable and dun in colour) was linked to the marten (described as sable and yellow in colour).  Percheron's description changed the lop-eared cat from a cossetted pet fed on delicacies to an animal consumed as a delicacy and this, along with the erroneous use of the sumxu name, was also perpetuated by later authors.

Jean Bungartz also described the Chinese lop-eared cat or hanging-ear cat, as a food animal and with much Lamarckian supposition, in his work Die Hauskatze, ihre Rassen und Varietäten (Housecats, Their Races and Varieties) from Illustriertes Katzenbuch (An Illustrated Book of Cats) in Berlin in 1896:

The Chinese or Lop-Eared cat is most interesting, because it provides proof that by continual disuse of an organ, the organ withers. With the Chinese cat the hearing and ears have deteriorated. Michel says the Chinese, not only admire the cat in porcelain, but also value it for culinary reasons. The cats are regarded as special morsels and enjoyed particularly with noodles or with rice. This cat is bred particularly for the purpose of meat production, and is a preferred Chinese morsel; this is not unusual if one considers that the Chinese consume much the sight of which revolts the stomachs of Europeans. The poor creature is confined in small bamboo cages and fattened like a goose on plentiful portions. There is extensive trade with other parts of Asia and the canny Chinese allow no tomcats to be exported so there is no interference in this lucrative source of income.

Due to the restrictive conditions that have deprived the cat of its actual use, its hearing has decreased because it is no longer needed for hunting its own food. With no need for watchfulness, it had no need of sharp hearing to listen for hidden things so its hearing became blunted and as a natural consequence its ears lost their upright nature, gradually becoming lower and becoming the hanging ear that is now the characteristic feature of the Chinese cat. At first impression this is a surprising and amusing look, but this impression is lost with closer examination. If one ignores the characteristic of the ears, one sees a beauty similar to the Angora cat: a long, close coat of hair, albeit less rich, covers the body. The hair is silky-soft and shining and the colour is usually isabelline or a dirty white yellow, although some have the usual colouring of the common house-cat. In size it is considerably larger and stronger than a housecat. The ears hang completely, as with our hunting dogs and are large in relation to the cat.

Although the Chinese cat is found in considerable numbers in its homeland, it is rarely found at European animal markets. Only one such cat has reached us in the flesh; we acquired this years ago when a sailor returning from China brought it into Hamburg. The accompanying illustration is based on this cat. In character it is like the Angora cat and somewhat languid. It prefer to live by a warm fire, is rather sensitive to flattery, hears badly and is at its most animated when given milk or food. Apart from its unusual ears, it has no really attractive characteristics and is a curious specimen of housecat.

In Frances Simpson's The Book of the Cat (1903), contributing author H. C. Brooke wrote:

There is said to be a variety of Chinese cat which is remarkable for its pendent ears. We have never been able to ascertain anything definite with regard to this variety. Some years back a class was provided for them at a certain Continental cat show, and we went across in the hope of seeing, and if possible acquiring, some specimens; but alas the class was empty! We have seen a stuffed specimen in a Continental museum, which was a half long-haired cat, the ears being pendent down the sides of the head instead of erect; but do not attach much value to this.

Elsewhere he said that the stuffed specimen, which he saw in 1882, was "half-coated with yellowish fur", and that it might have been a fake or a cat with its ears deformed by canker.

In 1926, Brooke wrote in Cat Gossip that for many years Continental cat shows had offered prizes for the drop-eared Chinese cat. On each occasion, the cat failed to materialise and Brooke considered it to be mythical. Other writers suggested the folded or crumpled ears were the result of damage or hematomas. Brooke wrote that although no one ever saw the cat itself, one always met "someone who knows someone whose friend has often seen them". Brooke himself had been assured by a Chinese gentleman he had met only once that "he knew them well".

Brooke and several other cat fanciers contacted the Chinese Embassy in the UK, and Carl Hagenbeck's animal exchange in Hamburg and also a "certain well-known author, who has lived for years in China and knows that country well", but their enquiries bore no fruit.  The search for this cat became so intense in the 1920s that the American Express Company instructed their representatives at Shanghai and Peking to make enquiries with the wild animal dealers who supplied zoos.  They also had no success finding a Chinese lop-eared cat for cat fanciers in the West.  With all avenues of enquiry finally exhausted, Brooke declared the Chinese lop-eared cat extinct.

The last reported sighting of the Chinese lop-eared cat was in 1938 when a droop-eared cat was imported from China. On that last occasion the mutation was believed to occur only in white long-haired cats.

Notes

 Brooke, H.C., 1926 – Cat Gossip (magazine)
 Bungartz, Jean, 1896 – Die Hauskatze, ihre Rassen und Varietäten (Housecats, Their Races and Varieties) from Illustriertes Katzenbuch (An Illustrated Book of Cats)
 Lady Cust, 1870 - The Cat
 Darwin, Charles - Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
 Kircheri, Athanasii, 1666 - China Monumentis, Qua Sacris qua Profanis
 Martini, Martino, 1655 - Novus Atlas Sinensis
 Percheron, Gaston, 1885 - The Cat: Natural History, Husbandry ("Hygiene") and Illnesses
 Leclerc, Georges Louis (Comte de Buffon), 1767 -  Histoire Naturelle Vol IV: The Natural History of The Cat
 Simpson, Frances (editor), 1903 -  The Book of the Cat
 Some material used from Messybeast.com with permission.

Cat landraces
Cat breeds originating in China
Extinct cat breeds


Shine Honesty is the first studio album by the band Quiet Company released on March 20, 2006, by Northern Records of Los Angeles California.  The album is a piano rock driven effort recorded in majority by frontman Taylor Muse.

The Dallas Observer wrote of Shine Honesty: "Quiet Company's somber and seductive piano-driven rock rekindles Harvest-era Neil Young, similar to Band of Horses. The Austin trio's debut record, Shine Honesty, does just that as front man Taylor Muse's spiritual convictions heighten the emotional intensity of his deeply personal lyricism."

Track listing

 "How Many Times Do You Want To Fall in Love?"
 "Fashionabel"
 "Well Behaved Women Rarely Make History"
 "Tie Your Monster Down"
 "...Then Came A Sudden Validation"
 "I Was Humming A New Song To Myself"
 "The Emasculated Man and the City That Swallowed Him"
 "Love Is A Shotgun"
 "So Gracefully"
 "Circumstance"
 "We Change Lives"
 "When You Pass Through The Waters"
 "Untitled"

Musicians
 Taylor Muse – Music & Singing
 Alex Bhore – all drums and percussion, and bass on "So Gracefully"
 Nathan Petttijohn – Additional vocals on "Humming" & "Monster"
 Johnny Musselman – Additional Piano on "Circumstance"
 Andrew D. Prickett – Additional guitar on "Monster"

Writers and arrangers
 Taylor Muse – All Songs
 Leah King – Lyrics by Leah King
 Taylor Muse, Kevin Shultz, Chris Hoyt, Shane Renfro, & Nick Davis arranged tracks 3,4,6,10, & 12

Cover art
 Jamie Bozeman for low cost/high yield

Music videos from album
 "Fashionabel" – Directed by Cameron McCasland

References

2006 debut albums
Quiet Company albums


Rear-Admiral Robert Carthew Reynolds (bap. 30 July 1745 – 24 December 1811) was a long serving and widely respected officer of the British Royal Navy who served in four separate major wars in a 52-year career. During this time he saw only one major battle, although was engaged in one of the most noted frigate actions of the French Revolutionary Wars, the destruction of the Droits de l'Homme, in which his own frigate was driven ashore and wrecked. Reynolds died in 1811 during a great storm in late December, which scattered his convoy and wrecked three ships of the line including his own flagship HMS St George. Over 2,000 British sailors, including Reynolds, were drowned.

Early career and family
Reynolds was born in the village of Lamorran in Cornwall in 1745. His exact date of birth is unknown, but he was baptised on 30 July to parents John and Elizabeth Reynolds. Robert Reynolds joined the Royal Navy at 14, under Captain George Edgcumbe in HMS Hero during the Seven Years' War. A few months after joining the ship, Hero was engaged in the Battle of Quiberon Bay at which a French fleet was destroyed. Although there is no direct proof of his presence at the action, it is likely that Reynolds was on board and witnessed the engagement first hand. Reynolds remained with the ship for several years and during the 1760s served on HMS Brilliant, HMS Pearl and HMS Venus, becoming a midshipman and passing the lieutenant's exam in 1770.

Due to the restrictions in the size of the peacetime navy, Reynolds was not actually promoted to lieutenant until 1777, following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Reynolds saw action in the war, remaining aboard HMS Royal George, HMS Barfleur and HMS Britannia in the Channel Fleet until 1783 when he sailed for the West Indies as commander of the storeship HMS Dolphin. In 1786 he took over the sloop HMS Echo on the Newfoundland Station and in 1788 returned to Europe, being promoted and made temporary captain of HMS Barfleur at the Spanish emergency in 1790.

He married, at Cardinham, Cornwall 7 December 1779, Jane, daughter of John Vivian. They had at least three children.

Wars with France
In 1795, Reynolds was called out of half-pay in Penair near Truro and given command of the frigate HMS Druid. A year later he moved to HMS Amazon, in which he served under Sir Edward Pellew in HMS Indefatigable. In Pellew's squadron, Reynolds participated in the capture of the French frigate Unité. He was still under Pellew in the action of 13 January 1797 when Amazon, in company with HMS Indefatigable, engaged and drove ashore the much larger French ship of the line Droits de l'Homme. In the heavy storm in which the battle was fought, Amazon became unmanageable and was also wrecked, although the frigate was beached and all but six of her men survived, unlike her larger opponent which was run on a sandbar and destroyed with hundreds of lives lost.

Reynolds and his crew were made prisoners on reaching the shore, but less than a year later he was exchanged and returned to Britain, being honourably acquitted at a court-martial into the loss of his ship. Reynolds was given command of the large prize frigate HMS Pomone and in her operated in the Bay of Biscay during which time he captured several enemy privateers, including the Cheri in 1798. In 1800, he was given command of the ship of the line HMS Cumberland. In 1801, Reynolds transferred to HMS Orion, but was placed in reserve during the Peace of Amiens, being given command of the Cornish sea fencibles until 1804. In the same year his eldest son, also named Robert, was killed in action with the French off Martinique. His younger son Barrington Reynolds also served in the Royal Navy and later became a highly respected admiral in his own right.

Christmas storm of 1811
In 1804 Reynolds returned to the sea in HMS Dreadnought, moving soon afterwards into HMS Princess Royal in which he remained until 1807. In 1808 Reynolds was made a rear-admiral, and in 1810 was ordered to the Baltic Sea as second-in-command to James Saumarez. Reynolds raised his flag in HMS St George.  He remained in the Baltic until 1811, when on 1 November he took command of a large convoy from Hanö to England. The weather was extremely bad, and the convoy failed to pass through the Skagerrak three times before finally managing in mid-November. As they sheltered close to Jutland, storms drove dozens of the convoy ashore, and one loose merchant ship collided with St George, tearing away anchors and beaching the flagship, which was badly damaged.

St George was refloated and underwent a month of repairs, escorted by ships of the line HMS Defence and HMS Cressy. On 17 December the battered flagship returned to sea, Reynolds hoping to reach Britain before the weather worsened further. Seven days later however, on Christmas Eve, the remains of the convoy was struck by the biggest storm in the North Sea in many years. St George, Defence and numerous other ships were flung onto the reefs on Jutland's western coast, where they were broken up by the heavy seas. Of St George's 850 crew only 12 survived, Reynolds not among them. All but six of Defence's crew were drowned and only Cressy escaped the disaster. Hours later another large British convoy was driven onto the Haak Sands off the Texel, bringing the death toll in the Royal Navy alone to over 2,000. Reynolds's last moments were recorded by survivor John Anderson, who recounted that the admiral had remained below decks after the ship had struck and was only brought on deck, having been seriously injured, when the sea flooded his cabin. Just a few hours later he was dead, succumbing to exposure with over 500 of his crew. An attempt was made some days later to recover his remains, but they were not found, the deck having been washed away by the high seas. His remains are probably interred with the other bodies which washed ashore over the next weeks in an area now known as "Dead Men's Dunes".

Home
Penair House in the parish of St Clement, Cornwall was built by Rear-Admiral Robert Carthew Reynolds (d. 1811) and was the residence of his son Barrington Reynolds. This house replaced an older one at least going back as far as the 17th century.

A fine monument in St Clement parish church commemorates the Rear-Admiral: it is from the studio of Micali, Leghorn, and shows a young soldier and two women, the soldier points to a monument with a naval battle, above is the portrait medallion. Arthur Mee suggests that the figures represent his children but if he had two sons this is unlikely. His eldest son predeceased him on active service during the Napoleonic Wars; his second son Barrington suffered in his youth from severe bouts of ill-health.

Notes

References

1745 births
1811 deaths
Royal Navy rear admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Deaths due to shipwreck at sea
British naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Lamorran and Merther
Sailors from Cornwall


Batsor, also Batshar and Batchar is a village in Nalbari district of the Indian state of Western Assam. It is surrounded by Belsor, Churchuri and Goalpara.

Culture

Language
The primary language is Kamrupi.

Festivals
Domahi, Amati, Durga Puja, Kali Puja (Shyama Puja, Diwali), Holi, Janmastami, Shivratri etc. are major festivals. Vedic culture is widespread in day-to-day life.

Temples
Many old temples are present, including Kali Mandir, Ma Kamakhya Mandir (south Batsor) and Durga Mandir. Muslim citizens celebrate Eid, Maharam, Fateha etc. Villagers celebrate all religious occasions together.

Transport
The village is connected to Nalbari and Gauhati by bus and other privately owned vehicles. National Highway 31 is to the north and is accessible through south by Hajo-Doulashal road.

See also
 Villages of Nalbari District

References

External links

Villages in Nalbari district


Mazhuvannur Maha Siva Kshethram is an ancient Hindu Temple at Tharuvana in Wayanad district of the Indian state of Kerala. The presiding deity is Lord Shiva; other deities are Arayil Bhagavathy, Shree Durga, Nandhi, Lord Ayyappa and Lord Ganapathi. This temple is situated on the highest peak in the areas of Karingari, Paliyana, and Tharuvana. Daily poojas (prayers) were performed there from ancient times. Mazhuvannur Thekke Illam family members have been involved in leading pooja for many centuries.

Legends
It is believed that the name Mazhuvannur is derived from the Malayalam words "Mazhu" (Axe), "Vanna" (Come), "Oor" (Place), which means "the place where axe had fallen".

Legend speaks of Lord Shiva appearing to Banasura after his arduous tapas (meditation) and offering him a wish. Banasura used this to ask Lord Shiva to guard his Kingdom. Lord Sbiva and Parvathi guarded his castle (Banasura Kotta). Meanwhile, Banasura's daughter Usha was affectionate towards Anirudhan, son of Lord Krishna. One day Anirudhan came to Banasura Kotta to meet Usha. This led to a fight between Anirudhan and Banasur that ended with Anirudhan;s capture and sentencing. Lord Krishna, in order to free his son, started a war with Banasur. Because Lord Shiva was a guardian to Banasur, he was forced to fight Lord Krishna. Lord Shiva used his weapon (Sivajwaram) and Lord Krishna resisted with his weapon (Vishnujwaram). Neither was able to claim victory. This led to Lord Shiva throwing his axe against Lord Krishna from the Banasura hills. The axe was believed to have fallen in Mazhuvannur at the location of the temple and Parasurama is believed to have built the temple at this spot.

Functions and activities
Daily pooja has been carried out in this temple from ancient times. During festival times like Onam, Vishu, Aaayudha Pooja, etc., special poojas are carried out. During Sabarimala season daily evening pooja is carried out. These functions are widely attended by many people from around the country. During Sabarimala season Bhajana (singing prayer) and special prayers are carried out. Recently the temple committee has started giving "Annadanam" on the first Sunday of each month as a form of offering food to monks and other people.

Renovation

The temple, which was built with bricks and wood in ancient times, was renovated recently. The temple had "Naalu Kettu" in very ancient times, but only its remains are still visible there. Presently the temple is under Malabar Dewaswom Board. They planted trees in temple land and made a signpost among other upgrades.

Design
The main temple complex is a Lord Ayyappan tree-based structure. A pond and surrounding land are known as Banglow Kunnu, Naaga Kaav, temple land and idol at Puthusseri.

Landscape
Banasura Hills are near this temple. Banasura Sagar Dam, one of the biggest earth dams in Asia is nearby.

Gallery

References

See also
 Temples of Kerala
 Wayanad
 Mananthavady

Hindu temples in Wayanad district
Shiva temples in Kerala
Padinharethara area


This is a list of airlines which have a current Air Operator Certificate issued by the Civil Aviation Authority of Macau (, ). For airlines of Mainland China and Hong Kong, click List of airlines of China, List of airlines of Hong Kong.

Scheduled airlines

Charter airlines

Cross-border Helicopter Service

See also
List of defunct airlines of Asia – includes defunct airlines of Macau
List of airports in Macau

References

Airlines
Macau

Airlines
Macau


Filer and Stowell is a company based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the United States of America.
Founded by Delos Filer and John Stowell in 1856, the company has produced equipment primarily for the lumber industry, largely for lumber mills but also in the past stationary steam engines, marine steam engines and even steam locomotives for logging lines.

Locomotives
Filer and Stowell produced a line of steam locomotives from the 1880s for the logging industry. They were simply constructed, tough and easy to maintain, and employed oscillating cylinders, an extreme rarity in locomotive practice. "A large number" were produced, mostly for customers in the southern and south-eastern United States.

Stationary steam engines
Filer and Stowell produced large Corliss engines, both simple and compound, originally for lumber mill power but also for other applications.

Shipping
Filer and Stowell produced marine steam engines for a number of years, and were one of fourteen engine manufacturers to produce the triple expansion steam engines for the World War II Liberty ships.

References

Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin
Companies based in Milwaukee


KKVU (104.5 FM, "104.5 the U") is a commercial radio station licensed to Stevensville, Montana, serving the Missoula, Montana area, owned by Simmons Media Ventures, LLC, through licensee Missoula Broadcasting Company, LLC. KKVU airs an Adult Top 40 music format. KKVU carried Brooke and Jubal in the Morning from 2017-2019 until it was transferred to 107.5 Zoo FM

Previous logos

External links
U 104.5's Official Website

KVU
Adult top 40 radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2005


The 1989–90 NBA season was the 20th season for the Portland Trail Blazers in the National Basketball Association. During the off-season, the Blazers acquired All-Star forward Buck Williams from the New Jersey Nets. The Blazers held a 33–13 record at the All-Star break, then posted a ten-game winning streak in March, and finished second in the Pacific Division with a franchise-high 59–23 record, and returned to the NBA Finals for the first time since their championship season of 1976–77.

Clyde Drexler averaged 23.3 points, 6.9 rebounds, 5.9 assists and 2.0 steals per game, and was named to the All-NBA Third Team, and selected for the 1990 NBA All-Star Game. In addition, Terry Porter averaged 17.6 points, 9.1 assists and 1.9 steals per game, while Kevin Duckworth provided the team with 16.2 points and 6.2 rebounds, and Jerome Kersey contributed 16.0 points, 8.4 rebounds and 1.5 steals per game. Williams provided with 13.6 points and 9.8 rebounds per game, and was named to the NBA All-Defensive First Team, and second round draft pick Clifford Robinson contributed 9.1 points per game off the bench.

In the Western Conference First Round of the playoffs, the acquisition of Williams continued to help make the Blazers stronger as they won their first playoff series in five years, by sweeping the Dallas Mavericks in three straight games. In the Western Conference Semi-finals, the Blazers needed seven games to get past the San Antonio Spurs as the home team won all seven games. In the Western Conference finals, the Trail Blazers continued to defend their home court well, jumping out to a 2–0 lead over the Phoenix Suns. The Suns rebounded to take the next two in Phoenix as the Blazers won Game 5 at home, 120–114. However, there would be no need for a seventh game, as the Blazers knocked off the Suns with a 112–109 win in Game 6 to reach the NBA Finals for the second time in franchise history.

In the Finals, the Trail Blazers faced off against the defending NBA Champion Detroit Pistons. After losing Game 1 in Detroit, 105–99, the Blazers would even the series at one game a piece, winning Game 2 in overtime, 106–105. However, the Blazers dropped all three games at home as the Pistons won the NBA title in five games, winning their second consecutive championship.

Draft picks

Roster

Regular season

Season standings

z – clinched division title
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot

Record vs. opponents

Game log

Playoffs

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| April 26
| Dallas
| W 109–102
| Terry Porter (28)
| Buck Williams (16)
| Porter, Drexler (5)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| April 28
| Dallas
| W 114–107
| Kevin Duckworth (18)
| Buck Williams (13)
| Clyde Drexler (7)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| May 1
| @ Dallas
| W 106–92
| Jerome Kersey (29)
| Buck Williams (10)
| Clyde Drexler (10)
| Reunion Arena17,007
| 3–0
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| May 5
| San Antonio
| W 107–94
| Jerome Kersey (25)
| Jerome Kersey (16)
| Clyde Drexler (11)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| May 8
| San Antonio
| W 122–112
| Terry Porter (27)
| Buck Williams (8)
| Clyde Drexler (8)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| May 10
| @ San Antonio
| L 98–121
| Porter, Williams (18)
| Clifford Robinson (8)
| Clyde Drexler (9)
| HemisFair Arena15,910
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| May 12
| @ San Antonio
| L 105–115
| Clyde Drexler (27)
| Buck Williams (10)
| Clyde Drexler (7)
| HemisFair Arena15,910
| 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5
| May 15
| San Antonio
| W 138–132 (2OT)
| Terry Porter (38)
| Kersey, Williams (10)
| Clyde Drexler (9)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 3–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 6
| May 17
| @ San Antonio
| L 97–112
| Jerome Kersey (22)
| Buck Williams (10)
| Clyde Drexler (7)
| HemisFair Arena15,910
| 3–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 7
| May 19
| San Antonio
| W 108–105 (OT)
| Terry Porter (36)
| Williams, Kersey (15)
| Terry Porter (9)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 4–3
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| May 21
| Phoenix
| W 100–98
| Clyde Drexler (20)
| Jerome Kersey (11)
| Terry Porter (9)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| May 23
| Phoenix
| W 108–107
| Jerome Kersey (29)
| Jerome Kersey (11)
| Clyde Drexler (6)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| May 25
| @ Phoenix
| L 89–123
| Jerome Kersey (16)
| Mark Bryant (7)
| Clyde Drexler (6)
| Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum14,487
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| May 27
| @ Phoenix
| L 107–119
| Jerome Kersey (29)
| Buck Williams (8)
| Terry Porter (12)
| Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum14,487
| 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5
| May 29
| Phoenix
| W 120–114
| Clyde Drexler (32)
| Jerome Kersey (11)
| Terry Porter (12)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 3–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 6
| May 31
| @ Phoenix
| W 112–109
| Drexler, Porter (23)
| Buck Williams (11)
| Drexler, Porter (7)
| Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum14,487
| 4–2
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| June 5
| @ Detroit
| L 99–105
| Clyde Drexler (21)
| Buck Williams (12)
| Terry Porter (8)
| The Palace at Auburn Hills21,454
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| June 7
| @ Detroit
| W 106–105 (OT)
| Clyde Drexler (33)
| Buck Williams (12)
| Terry Porter (10)
| The Palace at Auburn Hills21,454
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| June 10
| Detroit
| L 106–121
| Jerome Kersey (27)
| Clyde Drexler (13)
| Terry Porter (9)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 1–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| June 12
| Detroit
| L 109–112
| Clyde Drexler (34)
| Drexler, Kersey (8)
| Clyde Drexler (10)
| Memorial Coliseum12,642
| 1–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| June 14
| Detroit
| L 90–92
| Duckworth, Porter (21)
| Jerome Kersey (9)
| Terry Porter (9)
| Memorial Coliseum12,642
| 1–4
|-

Player statistics

NOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.

Season

Playoffs

Awards and records
During the season, Dražen Petrović won the Euroscar, presented by the Italian basketball magazine Superbasket to the top player in Europe. Unlike major NBA awards, the Euroscar is awarded for a player's performance during a calendar year, and also takes into account a player's performances for his national team. In Petrović's case, the award considered his performances in 1989 for Real Madrid and the Yugoslavia national team, as well as the Blazers. This was the second of what would eventually be four Euroscars for Petrović.

Milestones

Transactions

References

External links
 Blazers on Database Basketball

Portland Trail Blazers seasons
Western Conference (NBA) championship seasons
Portland Trail Blazers 1989
Portland Trail Blazers 1989
Port
Port
Portland


Horrie Riley (10 September 1902 – 8 February 1970) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Sturt in the SAFL.

Football
Despite being one of the smaller players in the league, Victorian born Horrie Riley was particularly strong in the air.

He won the 1923 Magarey Medal, was a member of Sturt's premiership side in 1926 and represented South Australia 20 times at interstate football.

When he retired he 1930 he had played a total of 122 games.

Riley has a place in the back pocket in Sturt's official 'Team of the Century'.

See also
 1927 Melbourne Carnival

Footnotes

External links

1902 births
1970 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
Magarey Medal winners
Sturt Football Club players
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees


Waynesborough, also known as the Gen. Anthony Wayne House, is a historic house museum at 2049 Waynesborough Road in Easttown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Built in 1724 and repeatedly enlarged, it was for many years the home of American Revolutionary War general Anthony Wayne (1745–1796). A National Historic Landmark, it is now a museum operated by the Philadelphia Society for the Preservation of Landmarks, offering tours and event rentals.

Description and history
Waynesborough is located about  south of the center of Paoli, on the north side of Waynesborough Road. It is a roughly U-shaped stone structure, the main block  stories in height and covered by a gabled roof. It is five bays wide, with a center entrance sheltered by a gabled hood. The roof has two gabled dormers to the front and three to the rear, with two interior stone chimneys. Lower two-story wings extend toward the rear on the right side and to the left on the left side. The left (west) wing is the oldest portion of the house.

The oldest portion of the house was built by Wayne's grandfather, Captain W. M. Wayne, in 1724. Captain Wayne's son enlarged the house in 1765 and a wing was added in 1812. It was at Waynesborough that Anthony Wayne was born in 1745, and it was his home for all but the last five years of his life. Wayne continued his father's farm and tannery, and became involved in the Patriot cause early in the American Revolution. He distinguished himself as a military leader in the American Revolutionary War for his brash and sometimes risky maneuvers, winning him the moniker "Mad" Anthony. He died in what is now Erie, Pennsylvania, while leading troops in the aftermath of the Northwest Indian War.

The Waynesborough property remained in the hands of Wayne's direct descendants until 1965, and was in 1980 transferred to a local preservation group. The Philadelphia Society for the Preservation of Landmarks now manages the property, and offers tours from mid-March through December on Thursday through Sunday.

Gallery

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places listings in eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania

References

External links

Philadelphia Society for the Preservation of Landmarks: Waynesborough

National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Museums in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Historic American Buildings Survey in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1724
Historic house museums in Pennsylvania
Biographical museums in Pennsylvania
Houses in Chester County, Pennsylvania
American Revolutionary War museums in Pennsylvania
Georgian architecture in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Chester County, Pennsylvania
1724 establishments in Pennsylvania
Homes of United States Founding Fathers


The Diocese of Reggio Emilia–Guastalla () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. It has existed in its current form since 1986. In that year the historical Diocese of Reggio Emilia was united with the Diocese of Guastalla. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Modena–Nonantola.

Originally the diocese was part of the ecclesiastical province of Milan, then it was suffragan to the Archbishop of Ravenna. Because of the schism of the Antipope Clement III, Pope Paschal II released the dioceses of Emilia, including Reggio, from obedience to the church of Ravenna, and made them directly subject to the Holy See (Rome), but twelve years later Pope Gelasius II restored the previous status.  In 1582 the diocese of Bologna was raised to the status of a metropolitan archbishopric. Reggio was made a suffragan of the archdiocese of Bologna, by Pope Gregory XIII in the bull Universi orbis of 10 December 1582. Modena was raised to the status of an archdiocese and its bishop to the status of a Metropolitan Archbishop by Pope Pius IX in his bull of 22 August 1855, entitled Vel ab antiquis. Reggio became one of its suffragans.

History
A local legend makes the first bishop of Reggio Saint Protasius, a disciple of Saint Apollinaris, a first-century disciple of Saint Peter himself. Admitting his existence, also five or six historical bishops, predecessors of Faventius in 451, it would seem that the episcopal see dates from the first half of the 4th century. Bishop Prosper was a successor of Faventius; he died between 461 and 467.

Bishop Teuzo (978–1030) was named a Missus of the Holy Roman Empire by the Empire by the Emperor Conrad II (1027–1039). This brought with it the title of Prince, and the bishops of Reggio continued to enjoy the privilege and title until the end of the 14th century.

In the Capitulary of Quierzy, Reggio was included among the towns which Pepin had in mind for the Donation of Pepin, but it came into possession of the Papal States only later, and for a short time. After the death of Countess Matilda (1115) the popes claimed the town as a part of her inheritance, while the emperors claimed the same as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire.

On 21 April 1141, the metropolitan Archbishop of Ravenna, Gualterius, was obliged to hold a synod at Reggio, for the purpose of composing the differences which existed between the people and their leaders, as well as disputes among the leading clergy of the diocese. The synod was attended by Bishop Alberio of Reggio, as well as by four other bishops. The Archdeacon of Reggio had issues with the canons of the cathedral and with the brothers of S. Prospero as well, over various chapels and pieces of property.

Bishop Nicolò Maltraversi
According to the Cronica of Fra Salimbene of Parma, Nicolò was named bishop in 1211, with the approval of both the Emperor Otto IV and Pope Innocent III. But on 8 April 1213, he is still called bishop-elect. Only on 25 September 1213 does he have the full title of Bishop of Reggio. In Piacenza he attempted to broker a peace between the Ghibelline Sessi and the Guelph Roberti-Fogliani. In 1221 he helped Cardinal Ugolino (later Pope Gregory IX) preach the crusade in northern Italy. In 1224, he was papal mediator in peace talks between Bologna and Mantua. In May and June 1230, Bishop Nicolò dei Maltraversi (1211–1243) accompanied an embassy of the Emperor Frederick II to Pope Gregory IX, in the hope of bringing peace between Empire and Church. On 1 July 1230 he was present in the major church of San Germano to witness the papal reconciliation with the Emperor. In 1233, he was granted the right to issue coinage by Frederick II. In April 1242, the Emperor Frederick wrote a letter to Bishop Maltraversi, expressing his joy at the bishop's success in bringing his nephews and other relatives (consanguineos et nepotes tuos) back to the imperial side (the Ghibellines) and loyalty to the Emperor; he urged Nicolò to return to him as soon as possible, to assist in some difficult and useful matters.

When Bishop Nicolò died in 1243, probably in August, the new pope, Innocent IV (Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa), immediately issued a decree on 24 August, reserving for himself the right to appoint (provisio) a new bishop of Reggio. Nonetheless, on 2 September 1243, he wrote to the Bishop of Modena and to his own nephew, the Archdeacon of Parma, that they should lift the sentences of excommunication which had been pronounced against the Canons of Reggio, and order the Canons to elect a bishop within twenty days; otherwise, the Bishop of Modena should choose a suitable candidate as bishop. When the Canons proceeded to an election, two candidates were produced: the Ghibellines supported the Provost of S. Prospero, Guicciolo Albriconi; the Guelphs supported Guglielmo Fogliano, a canon of the cathedral and a nephew of Pope Innocent. According to Fra Salimbene, there were extensive disturbances (magna discordia) in the city in September. After an investigation of the canonical validity of the election, the Pope pronounced his nephew to be the new bishop. Since the agents of the Emperor Frederick's son Enzo had possession of the episcopal palace, Bishop-elect Fogliano was forced into exile. He did not gain possession of the diocese until 1252, and was still not consecrated bishop by 23 May 1255, when he received an extension on the time-limit.

The election of 1301–1302
Bishop Guglielmo of Bobbio died at Bobbio on 3 September 1301. The Chapter of the cathedral of Reggio met, and at the request of Azzo d'Este, Lord of Reggio, they unanimously elected Fra Giovannino dei Melonelli, O.Min. The Minister General of the Franciscans, however, refused to sanction the election, and Pope Boniface VIII therefore quashed the election. The Pope then nominated Matteo Visconti, a Canon of the cathedral of Milan, who refused the election. Finally, on 3 April, in a public consistory, the Pope proposed the name of Enrico de Casalorci, who was a Canon of the cathedral of Cremona. His appointment was published at the Lateran on 30 April, and he was consecrated at Anagni by Cardinal Matteo di Aquasparta, Bishop of Porto, on 22 July 1302. His formal entry into his diocese took place on 17 August.

Bishop Serafino Tavacci, O.Min. (1379–1387) was the first bishop of Reggio to enjoy the title Prince.

Imperial Reggio

Reggio accepted the vicars of Emperor Henry VII and Louis the Bavarian, and was subject to the pope under Cardinal Bertrand du Poyet (1322). Later (1331), John of Bohemia, who recognized the suzerainty of the pope over Reggio as well as over Parma and Modena, was made lord of the city, but sold it to the Fogliani, from whom it passed to the Gonzaga of Mantua (1335), who sold it to Galeazzo II Visconti of Milan. In 1409 it returned again to the House of Este of the line of Modena, until 1859. The popes, however, always claimed to be its suzerains. After the Ferrara War, Reggio spontaneously submitted to Pope Julius II (1512–15). By the Peace of Barcelona (1529), Emperor Charles V bound himself to give back Reggio to the popes, but he did not do so.

Plague
Reggio Emilia was stricken particularly hard by the bubonic plague from 1630 to 1632, the result of German troop movements in the war between the French and the Empire. The Church began its campaign against the plague on 18 April 1630, with a procession ordered by the bishop and magistrates, which featured the carrying of the right foot of Mary Magdalene, the head of Saint Maurizio, arms of S. Reparata and S. Catherine, and the remains of S. Apollonia, S. Abondonio, and S. Prospero. An inscription at Guastalla states that 2,104 persons had died in one parish alone. At Gualtieri, by 20 March 1631, 463 out of a population of 1380 had died. Inside the city of Reggio, 3617 persons died of the plague, and outside the city an additional 2,130.

Bishop Augusto Bellincini (1675–1700) was responsible for the introduction of the Priests of the Mission (C.M.) to the diocese of Reggio (1681). He also found quarters for the Discalced Carmelites (O.C.D.) in 1685, and introduced the Discalced Carmelite nuns to the diocese (1689). He also welcomed the Minims of S. Francesco di Paola in 1696.

Cathedral and Chapter
On 13 June 1200, Pope Innocent III, in the bull Cum a nobis, at the request of the chapter of the cathedral, fixed the maximum number of Canons which the Chapter could have at sixteen. This was necessary, the bull states, because numbers of relatives and hangers-on who obtained canonries were appropriating the property belonging to the Chapter.

Bishop Nicolò dei Maltraversi (1211–1243) suppressed the office of Provost of the Cathedral in 1212.

In 1674, the Cathedral Chapter consisted of three dignities and fifteen Canons. The dignities were: the Archpriest, the Archdeacon, and the Majuscola (Magister Scholae). In addition, in accordance with the decrees of the Council of Trent, one Canon was designated the Theologus, and another the Penitentiary. In 1857, there were those five, plus eight other Canons.

Synods
Bishop Benedetto Manzoli held a diocesan synod in Reggio in 1581. Synods were held by Bishop Claudio Rangoni (1592–1621) on 20 June 1595, and on 17 July 1597.

Bishop Paolo Coccapani (1625–1650) held a diocesan synod on 26 April 1627. Bishop Giovanni Agostino Marliani held a diocesan synod in Reggio on 15–17 June 1665. He held a second synod on 17–19 April 1674. Bishop Augusto Bellincini (1674–1700) presided over a diocesan synod on 20–22 May 1697. This was the last synod held in the diocese of Reggio until the synod of 2–4 October 1894, held by Bishop Vincenzo Manicardi.

Seminary
Bishop Giambattista Grossi (1549–1569) brought home the idea of a seminary for the diocese from the Council of Trent, which had decreed in its twenty-third Session that every diocese should have a seminary for the education of the clergy. He consulted with the Cathedral Chapter and with the clergy of the city as to the means to comply, and then, on 3 January 1567, he issued a decree calling for a tax on every benefice in the diocese to raise funds. He died two years later, however, without having advanced the plan any farther. His successor, Bishop Eustachio Locatelli, held another conference, in which it was decided to appoint a deputy to engage in planning and fund raising, but he too died before advancing the plan significantly. In the Synod of 1581, Bishop Benedetto Manzoli (1578–1585) expressed his resolution to create the seminary immediately, but he too died before accomplishing anything. Bishop Claudio Rangone, too, had good intentions, which he expressed in his Synod of 1595, but his work as a diplomat for Pope Clement VIII took him away from the diocese. It was not until 21 December 1614 that he instituted the college of seminarians in the cathedral.  Rooms were provided for the five students through the generosity of the Canons, who made some rooms belonging to them available, for a period of three years. Thereafter, the seminary was without a home, and dependent upon the creation of a benefice by the bishop to fund them. When Bishop Rangone died, the seminary closed.

The next bishop, Cardinal Alessandro d'Este (1621–1624), however, took immediate steps to resurrect the seminary. In November 1622 he ordered the collection of the back taxes due on each of Reggio's benefices for the support of the seminary, and on 6 March 1623, he ordered the Chapter and clergy of the city to elect delegates to supervise the seminary; the bishop himself appointed his own delegates to each committee. In 1625, there were six seminarians, living in the rooms rented from the Chapter. It was not intended that the number should exceed twelve. In the synod of 1627, the Bishop conceded that the seminary was in difficulties, and in 1648 it was again closed, due to extreme financial difficulties.

The next three bishops, Rinaldo d'Este (1650–1660), Girolamo Codebò (1661), Giovanni Agostino Marliani (1662–1674) worked with determination, though intermittently, to bring together sufficient property (some of it by the suppression of churches and transfer of assets) to provide operating capital for a new seminary, and even during the Sede vacante following the death of Bishop Marliani the Chapter demonstrated a will to reopen the seminary. In 1674, the seminary was opened on the top floor of the Episcopal Palace. When Augusto Bellincini was appointed bishop, he immediately began his own efforts to raise additional funds. At the end of the seventeenth century, there were thirty seminarians.

The increase in students, and the fact that the Episcopal Palace had no courtyard that could be used by the seminarians for recreation, meant that a new building was required, which was opened in 1723. In 1726 there were fifty-six seminarians. The seminary was closed by the French occupying authorities in July 1798. On 8 July 1805, however, the new King of Italy, the Emperor Bonaparte, issued an edict, allowing bishops to reopen their seminaries. That action was delayed in Reggio, however, due to a dispute between Bishop d'Este and the municipal authorities, who had taken ownership of the seminary building, the Palazzo Busetti, which had been turned into a public grammar school. The seminary finally reopened in December 1808, though in the Episcopal Palace again, and on 8 March 1809 had twenty-nine seminarians. In October 1831, after negotiations involving the Pope and the Duke of Modena, the seminary moved to the Palazzo Busetti.

A new seminary building was constructed in the 1950s, with space for c. 250 seminarians. The current number (2018), however, is only 15. On 15 April 2015, the Diocese of Reggio announced that it was putting the Episcopal Seminary up for sale, due to a serious financial emergency. On 28 April 2018, it was announced that the Episcopal Seminary would become one of the new seats for the University of Modena-Reggio (UNIMORE). It would become the home of the Facoltà di Educazione e scienze umane.

Bishops of Reggio Emilia

to 600

Protasius ? (328 ?)
Cromatius ? (345 ?)
Antoninus ? (362 ?)
Elias ? (379 ?)
Santinus ? (396 ?)
Carosio ? (413 ?)
 Faventius (attested 451)
Elpidius (5th century ?)
 Prosper (? – 25 June 466 ?)
[Tommaso (483)]
 Stefano (511 ?)
 Diodato or Deusdedit (488 or 533 ?)
 Lorenzo (500 ?)
 Teodosio or Teodoro (554 or 555 ?)
 Donodidio (577 ?)
 Adriano (599 ?)

600 to 1000

 Benenatus (622 ?)
 Paulus  (644 ?)
 Lupiano or Ulpianus (666 ?)
 Mauritius (attested 679–680)
 Giovanni (681–684 or 714)
 Costantinus (690 ? or 715)
 Tommaso (701–714 ?)
 Sixtus or Callixtus (726 ?)
 Geminianus  (751 or 752 ?)
 Apollinaris  (attested 756–781)
 Adelmus (781 – after 800)
 Norpertus (814–835)
 Vitale (c. 836–842)
 Robertus (842–844)
 Sigifredus (844–857)
 Amon (860)
 Rotfridus (864–874 ?)
 Azzo (877)
 Paulus (II) (878–881)
 Aronne (881–885)
 Adelardus (890)
 Azzo (II) (890–899)
 Petrus (900–915)
 Girardus or Gottardus (915–920 or 930 ?)
 Fredolfo ? (920 ?)
 Gibertus (940)
 Heribaldus or Aribardus (942–944)
 Adelardus (945–952)
 Ermenaldo or Ermanno (962–978/979)
 Teuzo (979–1030)

1000 to 1400

 Sigifredus (II) (1031–1046?)
[Condelardo (1041)]
[Sifredo (1046)]
[Adalberto (1047–1049)]
 Conone (1050)
 Adalbero (1053–1060)
 Wolmar (Volmaro) (1062–1065)
 Gandolfo (1065–1085 deposed)
Anselm of Lucca (1082–1085) (Apostolic Administrator)
 Heribertus (1085–1092)
 Lodovico (1092 – after 1093)
 Bonus senior (Bonseniore) (attested 1098–1118)
 Adelmus or Adelelmo (attested 1123–1139)
 Alberio (1139–1163)
 Albericone or Alberico (1163–1187)
 Pietro (degli Albriconi) (1187–1210)
 Nicolò dei Maltraversi (1211–1243)
 Guglielmo da Fogliano (1244–1283)
 Sede vacante (1283–1290)
 Guglielmo of Bobbio (22 June 1290 – 3 September 1301)
 Enrico de Casalorci (1302–1312)
 Guido de Baisio (1312–1329)
 Guido Roberti (1329–1332)
 Tommasino Fogliani (1334–1336) (Apostolic administrator)
 Rolando Scarampi (1336–1337)
 Bartolomeo d'Asti (1339–1362)
 Lorenzo Pinotti (1363–1379)
 Serafino Tavacci, O.Min. (1379–1387)
 Ugolino da Sesso (1387–1394)

1400 to 1600

 Tebaldo da Sesso, O.S.B. (1394–1439)
 Giacomo Antonio della Torre (1439–1444)
 Battista Pallavicino (1444–1466)
 Antonio Beltrando (1466–1476)
 Bonfrancesco Arlotti (1477–1508)
 Gianluca Castellini (1508–1510)
 Ugo Rangone (1510–1540)
 Cardinal Marcello Cervini (1540–1544)
 Giorgio Andreasi (1544–1549)
 Giambattista Grossi (1549– 28 March 1569)
 Eustachio Locatelli, O.P. (1569–1575)
 Francesco Martelli (1575–1578)
 Benedetto Manzoli (9 April 1578 – 26 August 1585)
 Giulio Masetti (7 October 1585 – 2 September 1592)
 Claudio Rangoni (1592–1621)

1600 to 1900

 Alessandro d'Este (1621–1624)
 Paolo Coccapani (1625–1650)
 Rinaldo d'Este (1650–1660)
 Girolamo Codebò (1661)
 Giovanni Agostino Marliani (1662–1674)
 Augusto Bellincini (1675–1700)
 Ottavio Piccinardi (14 March 1701 – December 1722)
 Luigi Forni (Lodovico Forni) (12 May 1723 – 21 November 1750)
 Giovanni Maria Castelvetri (1750–1785)
 Francesco Maria D'Este (1785–1821)
 Angelo Maria Ficarelli (1822–1825)
 Filippo Cattani (1826–1849)
 Pietro Raffaelli (1849–1866)
 Carlo Macchi (27 March 1867 – 22 May 1873)
 Guido Rocca (25 July 1873 – 26 January 1886)
 Vincenzo Manicardi (7 June 1886 – 20 October 1901)

since 1900
 Arturo Marchi (16 December 1901 – 29 April 1910 named Archbishop of Lucca)
 Eduardo Brettoni (12 October 1910 – 13 November 1945)
 Beniamino Socche (13 February 1946 – 16 January 1965)
 Gilberto Baroni (27 March 1965 – 30 September 1986 named Bishop of Reggio Emilie-Guastalla and served as such to 11 July 1989)
 Giovanni Paolo Gibertini, O.S.B. (1989–1998)
 Adriano Caprioli (1998–2012 Retired)
 Massimo Camisasca, F.S.C.B. (2012 – 10 January 2022)
 Giacomo Morandi (10 January 2022 – present)

Other affiliated bishops

Coadjutor Bishops
 Gianluca Castellini (del Pozzo, Pontremoli) † (1503–1508)
 Giambattista Grossi (1545–1549)

Auxiliary Bishops
 Lorenzo Ghizzoni (2006–2012), appointed Archbishop of Ravenna-Cervia
 Camillo Ruini (1983–1991), appointed Vicar General (of Rome) and pro-archpriest (Cardinal later in 1991)

Other priests of this diocese who became bishops

 Emilio Maria Cottafavi, appointed Bishop of Tarquinia e Civitavecchia in 1926
 Francesco Pietro Tesauri, appointed Bishop of Isernia e Venafro in 1933
 Giovanni Mercati (priest here, 1889–1967), elevated to Cardinal in 1936 but did not become a bishop
 Sergio Pignedoli, appointed nuncio and titular archbishop in 1950; future Cardinal
 Giuseppe Bonacini, appointed Bishop of Bertinoro in  1959
 Luciano Monari, appointed Bishop of Piacenza-Bobbio in 1995
 Paolo Rabitti, appointed Archbishop of Ferrara-Comacchio in 2004
 Mauro Parmeggiani (priest here, 1985–1996), appointed Bishop of Tivoli in 2008
 Daniele Gianotti, appointed Bishop of Crema in 2017

See also
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Guastalla
 Timeline of Reggio Emilia

References

Books

Reference works for bishops
  pp. 745–747.
    (in Latin)

Studies

 Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1906). Italia Pontificia Vol. V: Aemilia, sive Provincia Ravennas. Berlin: Weidmann, pp. 364–383. (in Latin).
 Lanzoni, Francesco (1927). Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega, pp. 793–802.
 Saccani, Giovanni (1902). I vescovi di Reggio-Emilia, Cronotassi, Reggio Emilia: Tip. Artigianelli 1902.
 Schwartz, Gerhard (1907). Die Besetzung der Bistümer Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern: mit den Listen der Bischöfe, 951-1122. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. (in German) pp. 195–199.

Acknowledgment

Roman Catholic dioceses in Emilia-Romagna
Dioceses established in the 1st century

de:Liste der Bischöfe von Reggio Emilia


Route 147 is a state highway in central Connecticut running from Durham to Middlefield.

Route description

Route 147 begins as Middlefield Road at an intersection with Route 17 just north of the town center of Durham. It heads northwest, crossing into the town of Middlefield after , where the road changes name to Durham Road. Within Middlefield, it continues northwest, crossing the Coginchaug River, to an overlap with Route 157 (Main Street) about  north of the town line, during which it heads north.  After overlapping Route 157 for , the two routes split with Route 157 continuing northeast to Middlefield center and the village of Rockfall, and Route 147 heading northwest as Baileyville Road  to the village of Baileyville towards the city of Meriden. Route 147 continues northwest and north for another  until it ends at an intersection with Route 66 in northwestern Middlefield.

History
In the 1920s, the Durham-Middlefield route continuing towards Meriden was designated as a secondary state highway known as Highway 330. It ran more or less along the alignment of modern Route 147. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, old Highway 330 was renumbered to Route 147. At the same time, the Middlefield-Middletown route was created as Route 157. By 1938, Route 157 took over the Durham Road portion of Route 147. In 1966, however, this change was reversed and Route 157 was extended to the southwest towards along its modern alignment south of Route 147.

Junction list

References

External links

147
Transportation in Middlesex County, Connecticut


William Keith Dunn (10 July 1906 – 29 May 1962) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Sturt in the SANFL and Carlton in the VFL.

A ruckman, Dunn made his debut for Sturt in 1927 and went on to play 74 games for the club. In 1933, his last SANFL season, he won both the Magarey Medal and his club's best and fairest award. The following season he moved to Victoria and spent four years with Carlton. Over the course of his career he represented the South Australian interstate side on three occasions.

References

External links

1906 births
Carlton Football Club players
Sturt Football Club players
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
1962 deaths
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Army soldiers


KYJK (105.9 FM, "105.9 Jack FM") is a commercial radio station licensed to Missoula, Montana, owned by Simmons Media Ventures, LLC, through licensee Missoula Broadcasting Company, LLC. KYJK airs an Adult Hits music format, using the trademarked "Jack FM" handle.

KYJK has filed an application for a U.S. Federal Communications Commission construction permit to increase its ERP to 2,000 watts.

External links
105.9 Jack FM Official Website

FCC application

Adult hits radio stations in the United States
Jack FM stations
YJK
Radio stations established in 2005
Missoula County, Montana


The Rolex Oyster Perpetual Milgauss is a wristwatch model introduced by Rolex in 1956 with model number 6541. The Milgauss was advertised as “designed to meet the demands of the scientific community working around electromagnetic fields”. The first of its kind, it is capable of withstanding magnetic fields of up to 1,000 gauss and became known for being worn by scientists at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva. Its resistance to magnetic interference stems from a shield inside the case made of ferromagnetic alloys, which protects the movement. This shield consists of two components, one screwed to the movement and the other to the case. In addition, its Caliber 3131 movement includes paramagnetic materials.

The name Milgauss is derived from the French mille, which means one-thousand, and gauss, the unit of a magnetic field.

The Rolex Milgauss was discontinued in 2023.

History
The original Milgauss was very similar to the appearance of the Rolex Submariner, with an oversized case and bezel, with the Twinlock crown, and a riveted Oyster bracelet. Although the Milgauss went through only two different models (6541, 1019) the Milgauss went through numerous configuration changes before being discontinued in 1986. In the 1960s, Rolex launched the Milgauss ref. 1019. However, this particular model looks so different from its predecessors that at first glance the Milgauss link (aside from the red MILGAUSS text) is not immediately clear.

The Milgauss remains a sought-after model amongst Rolex collectors due to its relatively low sales and popularity during the 1960s and 70s, it has become rare in today's vintage watch market. A vintage Milgauss signed by Tiffany & Co.  sold in 2008 for over $32,000.
A Rolex Milgauss was sold by Phillips Auctioneers in May 2023 for 2.24 million Swiss francs (US$2.5 million), setting  a new record for the model.

Versions

In 2007, Rolex brought back the Milgauss after nearly 20 years, as model number 116400. The model initially came in three versions: A black dial with white batons and orange squares on the minute track at the batons; a white dial with orange batons and orange minute track; a black dial with orange and white batons and a green sapphire crystal. The Milgauss was the only Rolex produced with a tinted crystal.

Because of its internal magnetic shield the Milgauss is thicker than the Submariner, but the same width. It weighs 157 grams. The Milgauss is available only in 904L polished stainless steel, which is extremely resistant to scratches and corrosion.  Apart from its resistance to magnetic fields, the Milgauss' most unusual feature is its orange lightning-bolt second hand, a unique feature originally introduced with the 6541 Milgauss model.

In 2008, the recommended retail price was $6,200 and it was selling at or below this price.  A short time before its release, resellers and retailers were asking as much as double retail in anticipation of the new model. As of 2022, the MSRP for a GV Milgauss is $9,150.

See also

 Rolex Daytona
 Rolex Day-Date
 Rolex Datejust
 Rolex GMT Master II
 Rolex Sea Dweller
 Rolex Submariner
 Rolex Yacht-Master

References

External links
Rolex, the official site.
TimeKeeperForum In-Depth Review
Parachrom Blue Hairspring Video

Rolex watches
Products introduced in 1956


The 2002 AFC Youth Championship was the 32nd edition of the AFC U-19 Championship, the biennial international youth football championship organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) for the men's under-19 national teams of Asia. The tournament took place in Qatar, between 15 and 31 October 2002. A total of 12 teams played in the tournament which included Uzbekistan who was competing in their first AFC tournament.

The 12 teams were separated into three groups of four teams with the top two teams and the best two of the third place teams qualifying through to the knockout-stage with the winners of the quarter-finals qualifying through to the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship in United Arab Emirates. After they finished top of Group A with seven points, South Korea would go on to claim their tenth continental youth title with a 1–0 win over Japan. Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan also qualified for the 2003 World Youth Championship after they made it to the semi-finals defeating Syria and China in the quarter-finals.

Venues
The tournament was held in two stadiums located in the city of Doha.

Qualification competition

40 teams entered qualifying for the 2002 edition of the youth championship with the qualifying phase being played from the 13 March to 23 July 2002 with the teams being separated into the east and west zone. Before the draw was announced, Afghanistan withdrew with Lebanon and North Korea withdrawing after the draw was announced which meant that their groups only had three teams competing.

The first qualifying match was played on the 13 March in Group 11 when Singapore took on Myanmar in Singapore with Myanmar winning the match 1–0. Four teams who competed in the previous edition didn't qualify for the 2002 edition with them being replaced by Syria, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh and India. With the tournament expanding to 12 teams for the 2002 edition, Vietnam made their first appearance in the Asian competition since 1974 while Uzbekistan was making their debut in the tournament after finishing top of their group ahead of Turkmenistan and Nepal.

Group stage

Group A

October 15 – Grand Hamad Stadium, Doha

October 18 – Hamad bin Khalifa Stadium, Doha

October 21 – Grand Hamad Stadium, Doha

Group B

October 16 – Hamad bin Khalifa Stadium, Doha

October 19 – Grand Hamad Stadium, Doha

October 22 – Hamad bin Khalifa Stadium, Doha

Group C

October 17 – Grand Hamad Stadium, Doha

October 20 – Hamad bin Khalifa Stadium, Doha

October 23 – Grand Hamad Stadium, Doha

Third-placed qualifiers
At the end of the first stage, a comparison was made between the third placed teams of each group. The two best third-placed teams advanced to the quarter-finals.

UAE (best third-place) and India (second best third-place) qualified for the quarter-finals.

Knockout stages

Bracket

Quarter-finals

Semi finals

Third-place match

Final

Winners

Qualified teams for the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship

The following four teams from AFC qualified for the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship.

1 Bold indicates champions for that year. Italic indicates hosts for that year.

References

2002
2002
Youth
2002–03 in Qatari football
2002 in youth association football


The Robert Fulton Birthplace is a historic house museum at 1932 Robert Fulton Highway (U.S. Route 222) south of Quarryville, Pennsylvania. Built in the mid-18th century and reconstructed after a fire demolished it in 1822, it was the birthplace of inventor Robert Fulton (1765–1815). Fulton is best known for the development of commercially viable steamboats as a means of transportation. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. The property is owned by the Southern Lancaster Historical Society which gives weekend tours of the house from Memorial Day through Labor Day.

Description and history
The Robert Fulton Birthplace is located about  south of Quarryville in rural Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, on the west side of US 222 near its junction with Swift Road. The house is a -story stone structure, built out of mortared rubblestone that was once covered in stucco. Its front facade is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the right bay, in a recess with a four-light transom window. There are two windows to its left, and two windows on the second floor above. The interior has a parlor, kitchen, and bedroom on the ground floor, with three more bedrooms in the second floor and attic.

The house in which Robert Fulton was born was probably built in the mid-18th century. He was born here in 1765, but the family moved soon thereafter to Lancaster. The house was reduced to rubble by a fire in 1822, and was completely rebuilt. It remained a private residence until it was acquired by the state in 1969. It was then given a complete restoration to return it to its original appearance at the time of Fulton's birth, and has been open as a museum property since.

Fulton's development of a viable steamship, the North River Steamboat or "Clermont", in 1807, is widely regarded as introducing a transportation revolution into early 19th-century America. It was not the only invention of Fulton's that was significant: he also developed dredging equipment for use in rivers and canals, invented a system of inclined planes for transporting canal barges over hills, and developed early versions of torpedoes and diving boats.

Gallery

See also
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

References

External links

 Southern Lancaster Historical Society
 Visit Lancaster - Robert Fulton Birthplace

National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Museums in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1750
Historic house museums in Pennsylvania
Biographical museums in Pennsylvania
Houses in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Birthplaces of individual people
National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania


A holographic display is a type of 3D display that utilizes light diffraction to display a three-dimensional image to the viewer. Holographic displays are distinguished from other forms of 3D displays in that they do not require the viewer to wear any special glasses or use external equipment to be able to see the image, and do not cause the vergence-accommodation conflict.

Some commercially available 3D displays are advertised as being holographic, but are actually multiscopic.

Timeline

1947 - Hungarian scientist Dennis Gabor first came up with the concept of a hologram while trying to improve the resolution of electron microscopes.  He derived the name for holography, with "holos" being the Greek word for "whole," and "gramma" which is the term for "message."

1960 - The world's first laser was developed by Russian scientists Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov, and American scientist Charles H. Townes.  This was a major milestone for holography because laser technology serves as the basis of some modern day holographic displays.

1962 - Yuri Denisyuk invented the white-light reflection hologram which was the first hologram that could be viewed under the light given off by an ordinary incandescent light bulb.

1968 - White-light transmission holography was invented by Stephen Benton.  This type of holography was unique because it was able to reproduce the entire spectrum of colors by separating the seven colors that create white light.

1972 - Lloyd Cross produced the first traditional hologram by using white-light transmission holography to recreate a moving 3-dimensional image.

1989 - MIT spatial imaging group pioneered electroholography, which uses magnetic waves and acoustic-optical sensors to portray moving pictures onto a display.

2005 - The University of Texas developed the laser plasma display, which is considered the first real 3D holographic display.

2011 - DARPA announces the Urban Photonic Sand Table (UPST) project, a dynamic digital holographic tabletop display.

2012 - The first holographic display is implemented in a car's interactive navigation display system.  The technology was showcased through the exclusive luxury car, the Lykan HyperSport.

2013 - MIT researcher Michael Bove predicts that holographic displays will enter the mass market within the next ten years, adding that we already have all the technology necessary for holographic displays.

Types of holographic displays

Laser plasma

Laser plasma displays, developed in 2005 by the University of Texas, utilize a series of powerful lasers that focus light in desired positions in order to create plasma excitations with the oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the air.  This type of holographic display is capable of producing images in thin air, without the need for any sort of screen or external refraction media.  The laser plasma display is able to depict very bright and visible objects, but it lacks in terms of resolution and picture quality.

Micromagnetic piston display

The piston display, invented by Belgian company IMEC in 2011, utilizes a MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) based structure.  In this type of display, thousands of microscopic pistons are able to be manipulated up and down to act as pixels, which in turn reflect light with a desired wavelength to represent an image.  This developing technology is currently in the prototype phase, as IMEC is still developing the mechanism that will mobilize their "pixels" more effectively.  Some of the limitations of this type of this display include the high cost, difficulty of creating large screens, and its susceptibility to mechanical failures due to the relatively large amount of moving parts (microscopic pistons).

Holographic television display

The holographic television display was created by MIT researcher Michael Bove in 2013.  Dr. Bove used a Microsoft Kinect camera as a relatively effective way to capture subjects in a three-dimensional space.  The image is then processed by a PC graphics card and replicated with a series of laser diodes.  The produced image is fully 3-dimensional and can be viewed from all 360 degrees to gain spatial perspective.  Bove claims that this technology will be widespread by 2023, and that the technology will cost as much as today's ordinary consumer TV's.

Touchable holograms

Touchable holograms were originally a Japanese invention that became further developed by American microprocessor company Intel.  Touchable hologram technology is the closest modern representation of the holographic displays that one might see in sci-fi movies such as Star Wars and particularly in the Star Trek television franchise.  This display is unique in that it can detect a user's touch by sensing movements in the air.  The device then provides haptic feedback to the user by sending an ultrasonic air blast in return.  In Intel's demonstration of this technology, the display was showcased representing a touchless, responsive piano.  A possible implementation for this technology would be interactive displays in public kiosks; because this type of display does not require a user to physically touch a screen, it ensures that bacteria and viruses do not get transmitted.

Technologies used

Laser

Most modern day holograms use a laser as its light source.  In this type of hologram, a laser is shone onto a scene that is then reflected onto a recording apparatus.  In addition, part of the laser must shine directly onto a specific area of the display to act as a reference beam.  The purpose of the reference beam is to provide the recording device with information such as background light, picture angle, and beam profile.  The image is then processed to compensate for any variation in picture fidelity, and then sent to the display.

Electroholography

Electroholographic displays are digital displays that transmit stored image data using an electromagnetic resonator.  These signals are then read by an acoustic-optic modulator and converted into a legible image and displayed on an RGB laser monitor.  Electroholographic displays hold an advantage over traditional displays in terms of picture accuracy and range of color.

Full parallax/HPO/VPO

Full parallax holography is the process of delivering optical information in both the x and y directions.  The resulting image will therefore provide the same perspective of a scene to all viewers regardless of viewing angle.

Horizontal Parallax Only (HPO) and Vertical Parallax Only (VPO) displays only deliver optical information in two dimensions.  This method of display partially compromises the image in certain viewing angles, but it requires much less computational power and data transfer.  Because humans' eyes are positioned side by side, HPO displays are generally preferred over VPO displays, and sometimes preferred over full parallax displays due to their lesser demand on processing power.

MEMS

MEMS technology allows holographic displays to incorporate very small moving parts into its design.  The prime example of a MEMS-enabled display is the piston display, listed in the above section.  Micropistons used in the display can behave like pixels on a computer monitor, allowing for sharp image quality.

Hologram-like display

Mitsubishi is developing a hologram-like 'aerial display'.

See also
 Holographic screen

References

Display technology
Holography
3D imaging
Emerging technologies


Dux () was a bicycle/automobile/aircraft factory in Moscow, Russia before and during World War I.

The factory was founded in 1893. The name comes from the Latin word  (leader). Julius Möller (also written Juli Meller) was owner of the factory, which was primarily focused on the building of French aircraft designs.

History

Plant #1

The factory was established in Moscow in 1893 as a bicycle production plant. Production shifted to aircraft manufacturing in 1910. During World War I Dux produced Voisin LAS, Nieuport 17, Nieuport 24, Farman family of aircraft including models IV, VII, XVI, XXX, as well as a large number of military bicycles.

After the October Revolution the plant was named "Aircraft plant #1 named after OSOAVIAKHIM" or "GAZ No. 1". Farmans and Nieuports were left in production.

In 1923 a design bureau was established at the plant, headed by Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov; this would later become known as the Polikarpov Design Bureau. Production models included I-5, I-15, I-15bis, I-153, I-16, R-5, and R-Zet aircraft. Polikarpov also built Airco DH.9A (which later became Polikarpov R-1/Polikarpov R-2) and Airco DH.4 during the 1920s and 1930s.

Plant #1 produced the MiG-3 before evacuation in October 1941. Plant #1 was evacuated to Samara in 1941, becoming the Kuibyshev Aviation Plant. In 1958 it shifted its production to rockets, and became known as the Samara Progress plant.

Plant #30

Plant #30 was established in 1939 in Dubna. In December 1941 it was relocated to the former site of Plant #1, where it manufactured the Ilyushin Il-2. In 1950 it merged with Plant #381, to produce the Il-28 in larger volumes. In 1953 Lukhovitsy Machine Building Plant was established as a subsidiary of the plant.

Plant #30 became known as the Znamya Truda Machine-Building Plant in 1965, and as the Moscow Aircraft Production Organisation in 1973.

The MiG-29 was put in production. Civil programs include MiG-AT, T-101, T-411, and Aviatika MAI-890 aircraft. After this the following aircraft were produced: Su-9, Yak-25, Il-14, Il-18 with modifications, MiG-21, and MiG-23.

Plant #32

Plant #32 was established in 1932, when it was separated from Plant #1. In 1941 it was evacuated to Kirov, becoming the Kirov Machine-Building Plant in 1960 and the Vyatka Machine Building Enterprise AVITEK in the 1990s.

Plant #39

Plant #39 produced the DB-3F before evacuation in October 1941. Plant #39 was moved to Irkutsk in 1941, where it was merged with the Irkutsk Machine-Building Plant, ultimately establishing the Irkutsk Aviation Plant.

Plant #43

Plant #43 was established in 1941 on the former site of the evacuated Plant #32. Between 1963 and 1992 it was known as the Moscow Kommunar Machine-Building Plant. It focuses on air-to-air missile production and some aircraft sub-components. In 1992 it became the Open Joint Stock Company Dux.

Plant #381
Plant #381 produced the Lavochkin La-5 and later the La-7. Plant #381 also produced the Il-12, a small series of I-250, and the first 75 MiG-15s. In 1950 it was merged into Plant #30.

Aircraft
The majority of types built by Dux were French and other Western aircraft designs. The first aircraft made was a licensed Farman IV with ENV engine, which made its first flight on 18 August 1910. From there, in addition to copies, some improvements were designed for existing models. The first of these was a Farman VII in 1912 with some improvements that were put into production. A more ambitious project was the Dux Meller I which combined a Bleriot main fuselage with a Farman XV nacelle added, all driven by a 100 hp Gnome-Rhone in pusher configuration. A modified Farman XVI was later produced under the name Dux Meller II and flown in 1913. The following Dux Meller III was a failed attempt to produce a single-engine twin-propeller chain-driven monoplane. Further work went into the Dux No 2 but this was also a failure.

See also
 List of aircraft (C-D)

References

Bibliography

External links
 Official website of Duks Group

Aircraft manufacturers of Russia
Defence companies of Russia
Defence companies of the Soviet Union
Guided missile manufacturers
Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Manufacturing companies based in Moscow
Golden Idea national award winners