George Skivington (born 3 December 1982) is a rugby union coach and former player. He is the current head coach of Premiership Rugby side Gloucester.

Early life and education
Skivington was born in Warrington, Cheshire.

Skivington played junior rugby at London Irish. He attended Wimbledon College and then moved to John Fisher School in Purley (also attended by fellow Ex-Wasp and England winger Paul Sackey and Scotland prop Kyle Traynor.) before joining the Saracens Academy.

Playing career

Skivington played for Saracens, London Wasps (a successful period for the club, including being coached by Warren Gatland), Leicester Tigers, London Irish and England Saxons. His position was lock. He captained both London Irish and England Saxons.

Club career
Skivington joined London Wasps in 2001, In 2008 he signed a contract keeping him at the club until 2010.

On 14 April 2010, it was announced that Skivington would be moving away from Wycombe to join Premiership rivals Leicester Tigers at the end of the season. His final game for Leicester was the Premiership final at Twickenham against Harlequins.

On 23 January 2012, it was announced that Skivington would be joining London Irish from the start of the 2012/2013 season. He played 62 times for London Irish, and captained them, before retiring in June 2016 (age 33) due to an ongoing shoulder injury.

International career
Skivington was called into the England Saxons side that defeated Ireland A on 1 February 2008. He later represented England Saxons at the 2008 Churchill Cup.
On 28 January 2010 he was named captain of the England Saxons side to play Ireland A at Bath's Recreation Ground on Sunday 31 January. He led his team to a 17–13 victory, and again against Italy A.
Skivington also lead the Saxons throughout their victorious Churchill Cup campaign in summer 2010.

Skivington was called up to England's 2011 Six Nations Championship squad on 24 January 2011 as injury cover for Courtney Lawes.

Coaching career

Ealing Trailfinders
Whilst still playing, Skivington acted as assistant coach at Ealing Trailfinders from 2014 – 2016. Helping Ealing gain promotion from National 1 League in 2014/15 and a successful campaign in the championship in 2015/16.

London Irish
After his playing retirement from London Irish, Skivington was immediately appointed as Forwards Coach.

Samoa
Skivington was also an assistant coach for Samoa in 2015 for their historic game against the All Blacks in Apia, Samoa on 8 July 2015 where they narrowly lost 25–16.
Skivington was then part of the Samoan coaching team for the 2015 Pacific Nations Cup and the 2015 World Cup in England.

Gloucester
In June 2020, Skivington was announced as the new head coach of Gloucester Rugby after the departure of both head coach Johan Ackermann and director of rugby David Humphreys. London Irish have announced publicly they believe the appointment breached protocol. The claim has been denied by Gloucester.

Coaching characteristics
Skivington has highlighted the importance of player character and overall group contribution, communication and the value of squad competition for places.

References

External links
Its Rugby Profile
Wasps profile
England profile

1982 births
Living people
English rugby union coaches
English rugby union players
Wasps RFC players
Leicester Tigers players
London Irish players
Rugby union locks
Rugby union players from Warrington
People educated at The John Fisher School


Félix Danilo Gómez Bosquez (born August 29, 1980), known by his stage names Flex and Nigga, is a Panamanian reggaeton singer and songwriter. He adopted the name  Nigga after being told by another Panamanian artist that he "sings like a black guy from Jamaica." Before releasing an album in the United States in 2008, Flex removed references to his nickname in songs, and his CD packages were reprinted with the name "Flex."

Musical career

Early years
He began his musical career in 1997 with a song entitled "Como puedo cantar" in a duet with Toby King, which belonged to Pucho Bustamente's Da Crew album. But it was not until the year 2000 when he became known, appearing together with other artists on the album: Las Propias 2000 of the radio station Fabulosa Stereo and the producer Celia Torres. Being at that time where he recorded the song "Déjala" with Duende which managed to be placed in the rankings of countries such as: United States, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Venezuela and Peru. Then, without having finished the recording of that album, the producer asked him to record a song on the occasion of Mother's Day in Panama called "La balada de Nigga", although after the recording it was learned that his mother had died due to an expired medication in dialysis treatment. On that album a ballad version was recorded and then a reggae version on the album Deat Match where he would also record "Si tu me amaras". Later he recorded the song with the singer Catherine "Hasta cuando tendré que sufrir". Later he released an album with the title of Triple X that managed to break sales records in Ecuador. From this album comes the single "Si no te Tengo" also known as "En este mundo" that was playing on Ecuadorian radio for approximately 8 months.

In 2003 he performed more than 40 concerts in Mexico and shared the stage with Tranzas, Ecualizate, Los Subversivos, among others. In that same year he was in a musical group called Rocky Yes that was made up of Panamanian singers: El Friend, Duende and El Aspirante, with which he managed to record 25 songs including "Amigo", "Tienes que olvidarla", "Déjala" and "Vivir sin ti."

Consecration
In 2007 he released his first solo album called Te Quiero: Romantic Style in da World which received a review of two and a half stars out of a total of five by the Allmusic web portal. The album was certified double platinum by AMPROFON in Mexico. The first single from this record material called "Te Quiero" reached #1 on Hot Latin Songs and #86 on Billboard Hot 100, both Billboard charts. With all this achieved, the Panamanian performed duets with Juan Luis Guerra, Daddy Yankee, Wisin & Yandel, Sean Kingston and Rihanna.

On November 13, 2008, he won his first Latin Grammy with the song "Te Quiero" in the category of Best Urban Song. In addition to this, he managed to win the prize in the National America category of the 40 Principal Awards of Spain as Best Artist of Panama. He also participated in the television program El Show de los Sueños of Televisa in its second season, where he won second place, however he was eliminated in the next stage which was called Los Reyes del Show. In that same year he had a brief foray into acting by having a special participation in the television series Central de abastos and the song "Te Quiero" served as the soundtrack.

In 2009 he released his second album entitled La Evolución Romantic Style with the promotion of the singles "Dime si te vas con él", "Te Dejaré" and "Te amo tanto" that had a special edition. The album charted at #1 on Latin Rhythm Albums and #3 on Top Latin Albums. During that year he won 8 of 13 nominations at the Billboard Music Awards, surpassing great artists such as Enrique Iglesias, Maná and Luis Fonsi.

Decadence and discographic blockade
In 2010 he released the third album of the Romantic Style series called Romantic Style Parte 3: Desde La Esencia which debuted at #25 on the Top Latin Albums, becoming his lowest debut on the US charts. Unidos compared to their previous albums.

In 2012 he released his fourth studio album called "Vives en mi" through Emi Latin. This album was not as successful as his previous albums, as it was blocked by Sony Music, which had been the subsidiary of EMI Televisa Music and was the previous Flex discography. In addition, this was his last album distributed in Mexico, due to its record block. Shortly after being blocked by said discography, he returned to Panama with the aim of enhancing his musical career. In that year he collaborated with the Puerto Rican duo Alexis & Fido on the single "Contéstame el teléfono" which was nominated for the Lo Nuestro Awards in the category of Best Urban Song, although it would not ultimately win.

Later Years
In 2013, he was the winner of the talent show Tu cara me suena in his first season in Panama. Since then, she continued to collaborate with other singers, among her, the most relevant was "No te pedí de más" with Makano.

In 2015 he released his sixth studio album called Seduction under the distribution of Sony Music. The album was moderately successful as it peaked at #2 on Billboard's Latin Rhythm Albums chart for two consecutive weeks. From that album came the single "Nadie como tú", which was ranked #20 on the Latin Pop Airplay. In that year he made a relevant collaboration on the single "Disfruta la vida" with the Spanish singer Antonio Barullo and the Puerto Rican rapper J Álvarez, which earned him another nomination for the 2017 Lo Nuestro Award in the category of Collaboration of the Year - Urban, but again without winning.

In 2018, he made his musical return to Mexico after being blocked by his old discography, premiering the single "Cerquita de mi" with Mexican singer Ricky Rick.

In 2019 he resumed his musical career as an independent artist with the single "Me enamore de ti". In the years to come, he released several singles, which did not achieve the same success as when he was at the height of his musical career. However, on May 14, 2021, he released his sixth studio album on all digital platforms called Delirio with a total of 12 songs and without any collaboration.

Disputes
The artistic name that Félix adopted sparked controversy and was harshly criticized in the United States, as "Nigga" is an adjective that can be used pejoratively and derogatorily in another form. At the end of 2007, at the advice of his manager and to end the controversy, he changes his name from "Nigga" to "Flex" in order to be accepted in the Anglo-Saxon community. The parts where they mentioned their old name were edited and reprinted on their CD packaging in the North American country.

On March 10, 2021, there was an altercation with the Puerto Rican rapper Darell, who released a video on his social networks asking the Panamanian producer El Chombo to revive Flex, who was well dead in the music scene. That testimony caused inconvenience in the fans of Flex and in the entire public of Panama, who responded to Darell and even wrote to him on his personal Instagram account that he could not speak ill of a singer who had won eight Billboard awards of the Latin music and a Latin Grammy, nor should he speak ill of the Romantic Stye or the music of Panama and that he was only known in Panama for his participation in the single "Otro trago" by Sech, precisely who is also Panamanian.

Awards and accomplishments
Flex has received nominations for a variety of awards shows including Premios Billboard, Premios lo Nuestro, Latin Grammys, Premios Juventud, Premios Oye, and Premios Monitor Latino. Flex has won an Oye award, a Latin Grammy, and eight Billboard Latin Music awards.

His accomplishments include a number one position in Mexican and American radio for over 20 weeks, as well as Gold and Platinum album sales worldwide.

Personal life
After five years of dating, Flex married his long-time girlfriend Osiris Vega on August 26, 2008, and got divorced in 2011.  Flex continues to live in Panama.

Discography

Studio albums
2007: Te Quiero: Romantic Style in da World
2009: La Evolución Romantic Style
2010: Romantic Style Parte 3: Desde La Esencia
2012: Vives En Mí
2015: Seduction

EPs
2009: AOL Dejando Huellas

Compilation albums
2011: A Todo Romantic Style

Accolades

Billboard Latin Music Awards

|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13"| 2009
|rowspan="7"|"Te Quiero"
|Hot Latin Song of the Year
|
|-
|Hot Latin Song of the Year, Male
|
|-
|Hot Latin Song of the Year, New
|
|-
|Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year
|
|-
|Tropical Airplay Song of the Year, Male
|
|-
|Latin Rhythm Airplay Song of the Year, Solo
|
|-
|Latin Ringmaster of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Himself
|Hot Latin Song Artist of the Year, Male
|
|-
|Top Latin Albums Artist of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|Te Quiero: Romantic Style In Da World
|Latin Album of the Year
|
|-
|Top Latin Album of the Year, Male
|
|-
|Top Latin Album of the Year, New
|
|-
|Latin Rhythm Album of the Year, Solo
|
|}

Latin Grammy Awards

|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"| 2008
|Te Quiero: Romantic Style In Da World
|Best Urban Music Album
|
|-
|"Te Quiero"
|Best Urban Song
|
|}

Lo Nuestro Awards

|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2009
|Te Quiero: Romantic Style In Da World
|Urban Album of the Year
|
|-
|Himself
|Urban Artist of the Year
|
|-
|"Te Quiero"
|Urban Song of the Year
|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2010
|La Evolución Romantic Style
|Urban Album of the Year
|
|-
|Himself
|Urban Artist of the Year
|
|-
|"Dime Si Te Vas Con Él"
|Urban Song of the Year
|
|-
!scope="row"| 2017
|"Disfruta La Vida"Joint nomination with Antonio Barullo and J Álvarez
|Urban Collaboration of the Year
|
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
21st-century Panamanian male singers
21st-century Panamanian singers
Musicians from Panama City
People from Chitré
Panamanian reggaeton musicians
Panamanian songwriters
Latin Grammy Award winners
EMI Televisa Music artists
Latin music songwriters


From August 22 to August 24, 1992  violent xenophobic riots took place in the Lichtenhagen district of Rostock, Germany; these were the worst mob attacks against migrants in postwar Germany. Stones and petrol bombs were thrown at an apartment block where asylum seekers lived. At the height of the riots, several hundred militant right-wing extremists were involved, and about 3,000 neighbourhood onlookers stood by, applauding them.

The initial response of authorities and politicians was heavily criticised. For some days prior to the riots, veiled warnings of impending trouble had been posted in some newspapers. Police and politicians seemed reluctant to respond, and, when they did, their responses were considered inadequate. Outside the building where the refugees were housed, several hundred asylum seekers had been camping for days with little or no access to basic facilities. This was contributing to escalating tensions in the neighbourhood.

Between 22 and 26 August 1992, there were 370 provisional arrests and 408 preliminary investigations related to the riots. Among the arrested were 110 people from the former West Germany; 217 from the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, including 147 from Rostock; and another 37 from the former East Germany. During the riot, 204 police officers were injured. No one was killed.

Background

The Zentrale Aufnahmestelle für Asylbewerber für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (ZAst M-V), or "Central Refugee Shelter" for the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, was in an 11-storey plattenbau apartment complex known as the "Sunflower House" or "Sunflower Tower", because of the large sunflowers decorating one side. The building was notorious for the inhumane conditions under which the asylum seekers there were living and the lack of support (if any) provided for them. The authorities had ignored  numerous complaints from citizens and residents over the filthy and deplorable conditions in the apartment building.

Rioting
The shelter was originally intended to house 300 refugees a month, but by summer 1992 it was averaging 11,500 refugees per month. Primarily Roma from Romania, they were left by overstretched shelter staff to camp out in front of the building for days at a time. The municipal government refused to provide portable toilets and there was no water or garbage collection. Clashes between the homeless migrants and the Lichtenhagen residents increased. Neither the city nor the state government took action.

For days before the riots, the newspapers Norddeutsche Neueste Nachrichten and Ostsee-Zeitung had been calling for a "Lichtenhagen interest group". There were anonymous warnings that if by the weekend, the refugee shelter was not "cleaned up," order would be made. This gave young gang members from every corner of Rostock, normally enemies, a date, place and purpose to congregate. One 19-year-old skinhead said, "The police know the Rostock Skins and 'Hools' [hooligans]. When something like this is announced, we're there!"

The first day's riot started with young people from the neighbourhood throwing stones. This was contained by the police, but media coverage encouraged neo-Nazis to roam the area. This led to a situation where a xenophobic mob outnumbered the police by day three. The original target, the asylum accommodation, was evacuated on the second day, whereupon the mob stormed a neighbouring building in which 115 Vietnamese immigrants, a social worker and a ZDF television crew had mistakenly been left behind. While the building burned, they barricaded their doors against rioters, who were climbing over the balconies armed with baseball bats and Molotov cocktails. Below, a mob of over 3,000 spectators eagerly watched and applauded.

Charges of police and political incompetence were levelled from the beginning. One explanation cited for the lack of effective action by the police was that they were reluctant to take any action which might have been reminiscent of the recently cast-off communist police state. There were also charges that police and politicians were privately sympathetic to the anti-migrant sentiment.

The first major conviction relating to the riots was on 4 March 1993, though 24 convictions on lesser charges had already been handed down. A 22-year-old man was convicted of throwing a firebomb at police, of seriously disturbing the peace, violating weapons laws and attempted bodily harm. An attempted murder charge was dropped for lack of evidence. Critics complained that no one was convicted of assaulting a foreigner, only of assaulting the police or of disorderliness. It took almost ten years to prosecute 408 people.

The following timeline was reconstructed by the "Legislative Committee to Investigate the Refugee Shelter Incident" ("Parlamentarischer Untersuchungsausschuss zu den Ereignissen um die ZAst").

Timeline

August 22, Day 1

From about 6:00 p.m. a large crowd assembled in front of the refugee shelter. At 8:02 p.m., thugs started attacking the shelter and violence escalated quickly. By 10:46 p.m., police were forced to retreat from the area. At 11:02 p.m. riot police arrived on the scene and were attacked with Molotov cocktails. At 11:24 p.m. another police unit arrived from Schwerin. At 1:34 a.m. water cannons were set up and put to continuous use. Between 1:34 and 2:34 a.m., the rioters were pushed towards the autobahn. At 2:25 a.m. a water cannon vehicle was set on fire by a Molotov cocktail. At 2:30 a.m. Rostock police command declared a police emergency and the armoury was opened. Officers were issued tear gas and fired at the crowd. The situation calmed down by 5:30 a.m.

Day 1 Statistics: 160 police officers, 300 rioters, 13 police officers injured, nine arrests.

August 23, Day 2, Part 1

100 people gathered in front of the shelter. At 11:15 a.m. Rostock police department requested back-up from other police departments. Squads responded from Schwerin, Anklam, Stralsund and Güstrow. The Landespolizei force of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern sent two additional water cannons. Two reserve units (Einsatzhundertschaften) from the Federal Border Patrol (Bundesgrenzschutz) were activated. At 2:15 p.m. plainclothes officers reported the arrival of 30 known neo-Nazis in the area.

August 23, Day 2, Part 2

At 6:45 p.m. about 400 rioters started attacking the shelter. At 7:18 p.m. the rioters started throwing Molotov cocktails. 8:00 p.m. The police used water cannons to clear the area. At 8:30 p.m. police resorted to firing live ammunition. At 10:00 p.m. the police officer in charge reported that without reinforcements, within 30 minutes, the situation would be impossible to control. At 10:30 p.m. a police car was set on fire. At 10:41 p.m. state police declared a state of emergency (Landespolizeialarm).

The state level of emergency allowed for additional federal brigades to be called in.  Hamburg sent out its SWAT (SEK and MBK) units. These riot police units of about 100 officers each were reinforced by two police dog squads from Kiel, a reserve unit from Lübeck, and helicopters from the federal police.

At 2:55 a.m. the second Hamburg unit arrived on the scene. At 3:45 a.m. the first Hamburg unit arrived. At 4:10 a.m. the situation quieted down. The Hamburg units took over the night watch.

Day 2 Statistics: 850 police officers, 500 rioters, 70 police officers injured, 130 arrests.

August 24, Day 3, Part 1

2:00 p.m. Under the protection of the Hamburg units (now 16 hours in action), the shelter was evacuated. The large crowd of onlookers gave notice of a melee at 4:00 p.m. The police learned of a telephone network that hooligans were using to organize the melee, which was to attack the police exclusively if the shelter was cleared out.

August 24, Day 3, Part 2

7:45 p.m. Reinforcements from the 4th Brigade, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern arrived to replace the Hamburg riot units, now in action for 21 hours. 7:55 p.m. Ten minutes after the replacements arrived, an order was given to withdraw all protection for the shelter.

At 8:00 p.m. during the retreat from the building, Federal Border Patrol units reinforcing the second Hamburg unit came under attack. At this point, the crowd of cheering onlookers had grown to about 3,000. At 8:05 p.m. squads from the second Hamburg unit, which had already left the scene, were ordered back to reinforce the Border Patrol unit under attack. In order to push through the crowd, they resorted to using batons. The commanding officer of the first Hamburg unit reported that the threat of violence was higher than what he had seen in his five years of experience in Hamburg's rioting hotspots, Hafenstraße and Flora.

At 8:15 p.m. The first Hamburg unit and the 4th Brigade MV reached the other units. Water cannons were used and police cordons were formed. Rail transport police were radioed for back-up. The alarm was "Officers in distress." The first Hamburg unit also provided support.

At 8:40 p.m. a technical problem knocked out one water cannon. At 9:20 p.m. the retreating first Hamburg unit sought cover from the water cannon of the 4th Brigade MV. At 9:34 p.m. The water supply of the second cannon ran out. The 4th Brigade MV of about 100 men was up against 800 rioters. At 10:37 p.m. the 4th Brigade MV formed a police cordon and aimed the water cannon at the crowd to allow the fire department to get through. At 10:55 p.m. the first Hamburg unit was sent back to Hamburg after 25 hours of duty. At midnight the 4th Brigade MV began clearing out the remaining roughly 300 hooligans, while the second Hamburg unit was sent back to Hamburg after 26 hours of duty. At 12:30 a.m. the area settled down.

At 2:00 a.m. 400 hooligans again began to storm the refugee shelter, using every means possible. The police had a strong presence and up to 7 water cannons were used to clear the streets surrounding the apartment complex. About 1,000-1,200 rioters took part in the melee with the police. By 3:00 a.m., the situation was under control.

Day 3 Statistics: 2050 police officers, 2000 rioters, 117 police officers injured, 58 arrests.

Copycat acts

In the week after the riots in Rostock, neo-Nazis attacked 40 residences with firebombs and stones, and fought street battles with the police.  In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the following few days, the asylum centers in Wismar, Rostock-Hinrichshagen, Lübz, and Neubrandenburg were attacked, and there were three such incidents in Greifswald. In Wismar there was a six-day riot between 15 and 20 September in front of the asylum center, where, as in Lichtenhagen, there was applause from local residents. Even after that, there were attacks almost daily. On one weekend between Friday 18 September and Sunday 20 September, asylum centers in Güstrow, Ueckermünde, Kröpelin, Schwarzendorf (in the district of Malchin), Schwerin, Wismar, and Retschow were repeatedly attacked with Molotov cocktails.

Legal proceedings

The attacks led to 370 arrests and 408 preliminary investigations. Prosecutions proved very difficult, as there was little reliable evidence. Overall, the legal process was judged to have been remarkably slow and consequences mild.

Cases were brought before the Regional Court of Rostock against 257 persons, most of which were dropped. Only 40 young people in 1993/94 were charged with rioting and arson. Most were given fines and suspended sentences. Eleven of those convicted were sent into youth custody ranging from seven months to three years, but only four of them were actually incarcerated between two and three years; the other seven sentences were suspended. It took ten years after the riots for the last three cases to be concluded. The sentences were for 12 to 18 months in juvenile detention, or probation, although the then 17-, 18- and 19-year-olds convicted of assault were sentenced not only for arson, but for attempted murder. The vast majority of those involved in the rioting remained anonymous and unpunished, despite the whole three days of rioting having been filmed by national German television, by the BBC, and other foreign news broadcasters.

An investigation against Rostock police chief Siegfried Kordus was discontinued in 1994. A case was made against the leader of the police operation, Chief Superintendent Jürgen Deckert for criminally negligent arson by omission, but the case was dropped in 2000.

Media
 Mark Saunders. "The Truth Lies in Rostock  (AVI, 698,7 MB)]" (BRD, Great Britain, 78 min.) /  1993 von Mark Saunders & Siobhan Cleary - 121 min
 Wir Sind Jung. Wir Sind Stark (We Are Young. We Are Strong), a 2014 film based on the riots

See also
 Riot of Hoyerswerda, 1991 xenophobic riots of neo-Nazis attacking Vietnamese
 Solingen arson attack of 1993
 1993 Hădăreni riots of Romanians and Hungarians against Roma
 2006 Ferentari riot

References

Further reading

External links
 "Pogrome in Rostock-Lichtenhagen" Upheaval Picture Archive. Accessed Feb. 20, 2010
 "Recommended Resolution and Interim Report"  (PDF) Legislative Board of Inquiry of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, June 16, 1993 ( Untersuchungsausschuss des Landtags Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: Beschlussempfehlung und Zwischenbericht)
 Liane von Billerbeck. "I was part of the pack" Die Zeit, No. 25 (2002) "Ten Years after the Lichtenhagen Pogrom: Offenders who are turned into martyrs, a murder charge and an uncertain verdict". Accessed Feb. 20, 2010
 Christoph Koch. "The Sunflower House: Rostock-Lichtenhagen 15 years after the riots, searching for traces" (originally published as a Stern/NEON report) October 26, 2007. Accessed Feb. 20, 2010
 Dieter Wulf. "Applause for incendiary acts" (Rich Text Format) Transcript of radio broadcast, Deutschlandfunk, April 9, 2002. ("Beifall für Brandsätze," Deutschlandfunk)

Protests in Germany
1992 in Germany
Riots and civil disorder in Germany
1992 riots
Ethnic riots
Racism in Germany
Romani-related controversies
Antiziganism in Europe
Neo-Nazi attacks in Germany
August 1992 events in Europe
1990s in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania


Old Kent Road was a railway station on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway line in south London. It took its name from the Old Kent Road on which it was located.

History
The station opened on 13 August 1866.

It was located on a viaduct to the south of Old Kent Road in the Peckham division of the parish of Camberwell. The boundary with the hamlet of Hatcham in the parish of St Paul Deptford was located just to the east of the station. The railway crossed the road on a bridge. To the north of Old Kent Road was a series of junctions connecting to Rotherhithe station on South London Line and Deptford Road station on the East London Railway. To the south the next station was Queen's Road.

The station was renamed in 1870 to Old Kent Road and Hatcham. The passenger train service to East London was withdrawn on 1 June 1911 and the track was removed in 1912. The station closed temporarily on 1 January 1917 during the First World War as an economy measure, but was never reopened after the end of the war.

Future
The reopening of the spur from Old Kent Road Junction to the East London Line in December 2012 allowed through services, as part of London Overground, a century after they were withdrawn. A new station named  is proposed to be situated about 700 metres north of the site of the former Old Kent Road station. A possible Bakerloo line extension has also been proposed to stop at either Old Kent Road or .

References

Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1866
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway stations
Disused railway stations in the London Borough of Southwark
1866 establishments in England


The 1900 New York state election was held on November 6, 1900, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the Secretary of State, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer and the state engineer, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.

History
The Socialist Labor state convention met on June 8, 1900, at 6, Reade Street in Manhattan. Hugo Voght, of New York City, was chairman. They nominated Charles H. Corregan for governor; Leander A. Armstrong, of Buffalo, for lieutenant governor; Joseph H. Sweeney, of Westchester County, for Secretary of State; J. E. Alexander, of Albany, for treasurer; Eustis Ebert, of New York City, for attorney general; A. S. Brown, of New York City, for comptroller; and John E. Wallace, of Troy, for state engineer.

Delegates of the Socialist Democratic Party f New York and the seceding faction of the Socialist Labor Party met in state convention on June 16 at the Labor Lyceum in Brooklyn, and merged to form the Social Democratic Party of New York. V. S. Wirth, of Patchogue, was Temporary Chairman until the election of Morris Hillquit as Permanent Chairman. They nominated Benjamin Hanford for governor; William Butscher for lieutenant governor; Philip Jackson for Secretary of State; Eugene V. Brewster, of New York City, for attorney general; Frank Sieverman, of Rochester, for comptroller; Leonard D. Abbott, of New York City, for treasurer; and Henry Stahl, of New York City, for state engineer.

The Prohibition state convention met on July 24 at the Summit Park near Utica, New York. Henry W. Wilbur, the 1898 nominee for Secretary of State, was Temporary Chairman. They nominated William T. Wardwell, of New York City for governor; Albert J. Rumsey, of Batavia, for lieutenant governor; Joseph V. Baker, of Gouverneur, for Secretary of State; Mason N. Weed, of Montour Falls, for comptroller; Fred W. Hewitt, of Granville, for treasurer; Dexter D. Dorn, of Jamestown, for attorney general; and Emmett F. Smith, of Patchogue, for state engineer.

The Republican state convention met on September 4 and 5 at Saratoga Springs, New York. Nevada Stranahan was permanent chairman. Benjamin B. Odell, Jr., the Chairman of the Republican State Committee and chief lieutenant of boss Thomas C. Platt, was nominated for governor after his name was proposed by Ex-Governor Frank S. Black and a roll call in which all 971 votes were cast for the only candidate. Odell was chosen to succeed the incumbent Theodore Roosevelt who had been nominated earlier that year for U.S. Vice President. All other incumbent state officers were re-nominated by acclamation. Comptroller Morgan died on the day the nominations were made. On September 13, the Republican State Committee met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, and substituted Erastus C. Knight on the ticket.

The Democratic state convention met on September 11 and 12 at Saratoga Springs. Patrick H. McCarren was Temporary Chairman until the choice of George Raines as Permanent Chairman. John B. Stanchfield, Richard Croker's candidate, was nominated for governor on the first ballot defeating Bird Sim Coler who had been proposed by David B. Hill. (vote: Stanchfield 294, Coler 154, Mackey 1). The other candidates were nominated by acclamation.

Result
The whole Republican ticket was elected.

The incumbents Woodruff, McDonough, Davies, Jaeckel and Bond were re-elected.

All five parties maintained automatic ballot status (necessary 10,000 votes).

Notes

Sources
The tickets: THE TICKETS IN THE STATES in NYT on October 21, 1900
The Democratic candidates: SKETCHES OF THE NOMINEES in NYT on September 13, 1900
Result: THE STATE OFFICIAL VOTE in NYT on December 13, 1900
Result in New York County: NEW YORK COUNTY'S VOTE in NYT on November 28, 1900
Result: The Tribune Almanac
The New York Red Book 1901

See also
New York gubernatorial elections

1900

New York
New York (state) gubernatorial elections


The 1882 New York state election was held on November 7, 1882, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the chief judge and a U.S. Representative-at-large, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly. Besides, two constitutional amendments were proposed - the abolition of tolls on the State canals, and to increase the number of justices on the New York Supreme Court - and were accepted by the electorate.

History
The Greenback state convention met on July 19 at Albany, New York. Epenetus Howe was nominated for governor, James Allen for lieutenant governor, Lawrence J. McParlin for chief judge, and L. G. McDonald for U.S. Representative-at-large.

The Prohibition state convention met on September 20 at Rochester, New York. Rev. T. J. Bossell was president. Alphonso A. Hopkins was nominated for governor, William H. Boole, of Kings County, for lieutenant governor; C. A. Hammond, of Onondaga County, for chief judge; and L. S. Freeman, of Niagara County, for U.S. Representative-at-large.

The Republican state convention met on September 20 at Saratoga Springs, New York. There were two opposing factions in the party: the Half-Breeds led by Governor Alonzo B. Cornell, and the Stalwarts led by Ex-U.S. Senators Roscoe Conkling and Thomas C. Platt in league with railroad magnate Jay Gould. The State Committee met at 9 o'clock at Congress Hall and elected Edward M. Madden to be temporary chairman of the convention (vote Madden (St.) 18, Edmund L. Pitts (H.-B.) 14). The convention opened at half past 10 at Town Hall. The roll was called by John W. Vrooman, the Clerk of the New York State Senate. When Madden was proposed for temporary chairman, the Half-Breeds objected and proposed Pitts, and a vote was taken. Madden received 251, Pitts 243, showing an almost evenly divided convention with a slight Stalwart majority. U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Charles J. Folger (St.) was nominated for governor on the second ballot (first ballot: Folger 223, Cornell [incumbent] 180, James W. Wadsworth 69, John H. Starin 19, John C. Robinson 6; second ballot: Folger 257, Cornell 222, Wadsworth 18). B. Platt Carpenter (St.), the Chairman of the State Committee, was nominated for lieutenant governor; and A. Barton Hepburn for U.S. Representative-at-large. The incumbent Chief Judge Charles Andrews was nominated to succeed himself. Hepburn declined to run, and the State Committee substituted Howard Carroll, of New York City, on the ticket at a meeting on October 10 at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City (first ballot: Carroll 14, Ferris Jacobs, Jr. 7, Corp. James Tanner 6, John A. King 1; second ballot: Carroll 28).

The Democratic state convention met on September 22 at Shakespeare Hall in Syracuse, New York. The Tammany delegates were admitted again, and the rift in the Party was bridged over. David B. Hill was nominated for lieutenant governor by acclamation. William C. Ruger was nominated for chief judge on the first ballot (vote: Ruger 210, Rufus W. Peckham, Jr. 163, Augustus Schoonmaker, Jr. 1).

Result
The whole Democratic ticket was elected.

The incumbent Andrews was defeated.

84 Democrats, 42 Republicans and 2 Independents were elected for the session of 1883 to the New York State Assembly.

Notes

Sources
Result (lacking a few counties' returns): COMPLETE VOTE FOR STATE OFFICERS AS CANVASSED BY THE COUNTY SUPERVISORS in NYT on November 25, 1882
Result for Governor and Judge: THE NOVEMBER ELECTIONS in NYT on November 5, 1883 (recalling the previous result)
Result The Tribune Almanac 1883

See also
New York gubernatorial elections

1882
1882 New York (state) elections
New York (state) gubernatorial elections


The 1885 New York state election was held on November 3, 1885, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the secretary state, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer and the state engineer, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.

History
The Prohibition state convention met on September 9 at Syracuse, New York. William J. Groo presided. Henry Clay Bascom, of Troy, was nominated for governor by acclamation. W Jennings Demorest, of New York City, for lieutenant governor, Edward Evans, of Tonawanda, for Secretary of State, Hiram Vandenburgh, of Fulton County, for treasurer, Frederick Sheldon, of Hornellsville, for attorney general, and George A. Dudley for state engineer, were nominated unanimously.

The Greenback State Committee met on September 9 at Clarendon Hall in New York City. Ralph Beaumont was chosen to preside over the convention. The Anti-Monopoly delegates met in an adjoining room, Dr. Seeger presided. The remnants of Benjamin F. Butler's "People's Party" merged with the Anti-Monopolists. When the Greenback/Anti-Monopoly convention opened there was much debate among the several factions, and the Anti-Monopolists walked out. The remaining Greenbackers were split in two opposing factions: the friends and the adversaries of Edward O. Jones, the latter faction led by Louis F. Post, a New York City banker. Post's faction then walked out too, and the remaining delegates nominated George O. Jones, of Albany, for governor; Lyman W. Gage, of Rochester, for lieutenant governor; George W. Pimm, of Coldenham, for Secretary of State; Nelson S. Shaler, of Catskill, for comptroller; Allen Wood for treasurer; William B. Guernsey, of Norwich, for attorney general; and Edwin A. Stillman for state engineer.

The Republican state convention met on September 23 at the Skating Rink in Saratoga Springs, New York. James W. Husted was president. Ex-Comptroller Ira Davenport (in office 1880-1881) was nominated for governor after the second ballot. Many candidates were proposed and on the first ballot the votes were scattered among many names, the second ballot stood as follows: Davenport 214, Joseph B. Carr 194, James D. Warren 113, C. N. Bliss 66, Frederick W. Seward 54, Swinburne 29, Drexel 12, Levi P. Morton 8, Alonzo B. Cornell 2, William M. Evarts 1. Then many delegates changed their votes and Davenport was nominated. Secretary of State Joseph B. Carr (in office since 1880) was nominated for lieutenant governor; Deputy Secretary of State Anson S. Wood was nominated to succeed Carr; and Ex-Comptroller James W. Wadsworth (in office 1880-1881) was nominated again, all three by acclamation. For Treasurer, a first ballot was taken and the votes were scattered among many different names (vote: D. Ogden Bradley 173, William T. O'Neil 157, Waldo Wallace Rockwell 149, Nathan D. Wendell 88, Robert N. Marvin 76, Stephen C. Medbury 49). Then it was proposed to give the nomination to a German-American, and Charles F. Ulrich was nominated unanimously. Edward B. Thomas was nominated for attorney general on the second ballot (first ballot: Thomas 318, E. H. Hobbs 257, Edward Mitchell 93, Sheldon 8; second ballot: Thomas 353, Hobbs 321, Mitchell 5). William V. Van Rensselaer was nominated for state engineer by acclamation.

The Democratic state convention met on September 24. George Raines was president. The incumbent Governor David B. Hill was re-nominated on the first ballot (vote: Hill 338, Abram S. Hewitt 33, Henry W. Slocum 8, Roswell P. Flower 1). Contrary to tradition, the nomination was not "made unanimous."

Results
The whole Democratic ticket was elected.

The incumbents Hill, Chapin, O'Brien and Sweet were re-elected.

21 Republicans and 11 Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1886–1887) in the State Senate; and 77 Republicans and 51 Democrats were elected to the State Assembly.

Notes

Sources
Result for Suffolk, Ulster and Herkimer Counties: CANVASSING THE RETURNS in NYT on November 14, 1885
Result in New York City: THE CITY'S VOTE DECLARED in NYT on November 21, 1885
Results: The Tribune Almanac 1886

See also
New York gubernatorial elections

1885
1885 New York (state) elections
New York (state) gubernatorial elections


The 1888 New York state election was held on November 6, 1888, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor and a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.

History
The Prohibition state convention met on June 26 at the Alhambra Rink in Syracuse, New York. Frank E. Baldwin, of Chemung County, was temporary chairman until the choice of W. Martin Jones as president. The convention re-assembled on June 27. W. Martin Jones was nominated after the second ballot (first ballot: W. Jennings Demorest 398, Benson J. Lossing 389, Jones 249, Guy C. Humphreys 26; second ballot: Lossing 466, Jones 417, Demorest 178). George Powell for lieutenant governor; and Charles W. Stevens, of Steuben County, for the Court of Appeals, were nominated by acclamation.

The Republican state convention met on August 28 at the Skating Rink in Saratoga Springs, New York. Benjamin F. Tracy was temporary chairman until the choice of Gen. George S. Batcheller as president. Warner Miller was nominated for governor by acclamation. Stephen V. R. Cruger was nominated for lieutenant governor on the first ballot (vote: Cruger 409, John B. Weber 180, Cornelius R. Parsons 72, Norman M. Allen 32). William Rumsey was nominated for the Court of Appeals by acclamation.

The Democratic state convention met on September 12 at Buffalo, New York. George Raines was temporary chairman until the choice of D. Cady Herrick as president. The incumbents, Governor David B. Hill, Lieutenant Governor Edward F. Jones and Judge John Clinton Gray, were re-nominated by acclamation.

The United Labor state convention met on September 20. The convention endorsed, with a vote of 124 to 103, the Republican candidate for governor, Warner Miller, because his party was "committed to ballot reform." Then the convention voted 131 to 67 to nominate a separate ticket, and John H. Blakeney was nominated for Lieutenant Governor and Lawrence J. McParlin for the Court of Appeals.

The Socialist Labor state convention met on October 21 at the Labor Lyceum in New York City. J. Edward Hall was nominated for governor, Christian Pattberg, of Brooklyn for lieutenant governor, and Dr. Frank Gereau, of New York City for Judge of the Court of Appeals.

Result
The whole Democratic ticket was elected.

The incumbents Hill, Jones and Gray were re-elected.

Notes

Sources
The tickets: THE NATIONAL, STATE, CITY, AND COUNTY NOMINATIONS in NYT on November 4, 1888 [contains a few erroneous spellings]
THE NOVEMBER ELECTIONS, recalling previous result in 1888; in NYT on October 27, 1891
Result in New York City: THE VOTE OF THE CITY in NYT on November 21, 1888
Results OFFICIAL VOTE OF NEW-YORK STATE FOR CANDIDATES VOTED FOR ON TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 1888 in NYT on November 24, 1888
Result: The Tribune Almanac 1889

See also
New York gubernatorial elections

1888
1888 New York (state) elections
New York (state) gubernatorial elections


The 1891 New York state election was held on November 3, 1891, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the secretary of state, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer and the state engineer, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate. The election was a sweep for the Democratic Party ticket.

Party Conventions

Democratic Party
The Democratic state convention met on September 15 and 16 at Saratoga Springs, New York. George Raines was temporary and permanent chairman. Roswell P. Flower was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Flower 334, Alfred C. Chapin 43). William F. Sheehan for lieutenant governor, Secretary of State Frank Rice, Frank Campbell for comptroller, Treasurer Elliott Danforth, Simon W. Rosendale for attorney general and Martin Schenck for state engineer, were nominated by acclamation.

Republican Party
The Republican state convention met on September 9 at Rochester, New York. W. W. Goodrich was temporary chairman until the choice of James M. Varnum as permanent chairman. Jacob S. Fassett was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Fassett 514, James W. Wadsworth 85, Stewart L. Woodford 83, Philip Becker 52, Joseph B. Carr 33, Andrew D. White 1). John W. Vrooman for lieutenant governor; Eugene F. O'Connor, of Brooklyn, for secretary of state; Arthur C. Wade, of Jamestown, for comptroller; Ira M. Hedges for treasurer; William A. Sutherland, of Rochester for attorney general; and Verplanck Colvin for state engineer, were nominated by acclamation.

Socialist Labor Party
The Socialist Labor state convention met on May 18 in Albany, New York, and nominated Daniel De Leon for governor; Frank Gesser, of Utica, for lieutenant governor; Frederick Bennets for secretary of state; James Withers, of Brooklyn, for treasurer; Henry Vitalius, of Troy, for comptroller; H. G. Wilshire, of New York City, for attorney general; and Charles Wilson, of New York City, for state engineer.

Prohibition Party
The Prohibition state convention met on September 2 and 3 at Albany, New York. Henry Clay Bascom was temporary chairman. They nominated Joseph W. Bruce for governor; George W. Hallock for lieutenant governor; William E. Booth, of Geneseo, for secretary of state; Francis Crawford, of Mount Vernon, for treasurer; William W. Smith for comptroller; Henry P. Forbes, of St. Lawrence County, for state engineer; and Calvin S. Grosser, of Buffalo, for attorney general.

Results
The whole Democratic ticket was elected.

The incumbents Rice and Danforth were re-elected.

Attorney General Simon W. Rosendale was the first Jew elected to a state office in New York.

Notes

Sources
 Results in New York Red Book (1892; see pg. 480 for Governor; pg. 481 for Lieutenant Governor; pg. 482 for Secretary of State; and pg. 483 for Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney General and Engineer)
 Result: The Tribune Almanac 1892
 Result in New York City: As Declared by the Aldermen.; The Official Statement of the Vote of the County of New-York in The New York Times on November 21, 1891
 The Republican candidates: The Candidates in The New York Times on September 10, 1891

See also
New York gubernatorial elections

1891
1891 New York (state) elections
November 1891 events
New York (state) gubernatorial elections


The 1894 New York state election was held on November 6, 1894, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor and a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly. Besides, a new State Constitution and four other constitutional amendments were proposed to the electorate, and were all accepted. Furthermore, the inhabitants of New York County and adjacent communities were asked if they wanted to join the proposed enlarged New York City, a project known as The Consolidation.

Nominations
The Socialist Labor state convention met in June in Syracuse, and nominated Charles H. Matchett for Governor; William F. Steer for Lieutenant Governor; and Francis Gerau for the Court of Appeals.

The Prohibition state convention met on June 26 at Alhambra Hall in Syracuse, New York. Rev. Stanley B. Roberts, of Utica, was Temporary and Permanent Chairman. The convention met again on June 27, and nominated Francis E. Baldwin, a lawyer from Elmira, for Governor; Justus Miller, a collar-and-cuff manufacturer from Troy, for Lieutenant Governor; and Zachariah P. Taylor, of Rochester, for the Court of Appeals.

The People's Party state convention met on September 11 at the Town Hall in Saratoga Springs, New York. De Myre S. Fero was Temporary Chairman until the choice of C. R. White, of Miller's Corners, as Permanent Chairman. Charles B. Matthews, manager of the Buffalo Refining Company and arch-enemy of the Standard Oil Company", was nominated for Governor; Robert C. Hewson, of Penn Yan for Lieutenant Governor, and Thaddeus B. Wakeman for the Court of Appeals.

The Republican state convention met on September 18 at Saratoga Springs. Lemuel E. Quigg was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Warner Miller as Permanent Chairman. Ex-U.S. Vice President Levi P. Morton (in office 1889-1893) was nominated for Governor on the first ballot (vote: Morton 532½, J. Sloat Fassett 69, Cornelius N. Bliss 40½, Stewart L. Woodford 40, Daniel Butterfield 29, Leslie W. Russell 20, James Arkell 1). Charles T. Saxton was nominated after receiving 340 votes on the first ballot (393 votes were cast for James W. Wadsworth, George W. Aldridge, George E. Green, Arthur C. Wade, Francis Hendricks, Henry J. Coggeshall, Albert D. Shaw and Azariah C. Brundage) and a few subsequent changes. Albert Haight was nominated for the Court of Appeals on the second ballot.

The Democratic state convention met on September 26 at the Skating Rink in Saratoga Springs. U.S. Senator, and Ex-Governor, David B. Hill was Temporary and Permanent Chairman. After the McLaughlin delegates were seated from Kings County, the Anti-McLaughlin delegation, led by Edward M. Shepard, walked out of this convention. Hill for Governor, Daniel N. Lockwood for Lieutenant Governor, and William J. Gaynor for the Court of Appeals, were nominated by acclamation. Gaynor declined to run, and the Democratic State Committee met on October 6 at the Park Avenue Hotel in New York City, and substituted Charles F. Brown on the ticket.

The "Democratic Party Reform Organization" of Brooklyn, led by Edward M. Shepard, met on October 9 at Shepard's office at 111, Broadway, and nominated Everett P. Wheeler for Governor and endorsed the other two Democratic candidates. Charles S. Fairchild was chosen Chairman of the Campaign Committee.

The "State Democracy", one of the Anti-Tammany Democratic organizations in New York City, led by Ex-Mayor William R. Grace, met on October 27, at Cooper Union, and endorsed the Democratic ticket.

Result
The whole Republican ticket was elected.

None of the incumbents ran for re-election.

Obs.: For candidates nominated on more than one ticket, the numbers are the total votes on all tickets.

Amendments
The Constitution of 1894: 410,697 For and 327,402 Against
Amendment on Legislative Apportionment: 404,335 For and 350,625 Against
Amendment on Canal Improvement: 442,988 For and 327,645 Against
Amendment relating to County Judges and Court of Sessions in Kings County: 391,350 For and 332,505 Against
Amendment relating to the Election of Additional Justices of the Supreme Court: 395,233 For and 341,713 Against

The Consolidation
Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, East Chester and Pelham voted for Consolidation, Mount Vernon and Westchester rejected it, the latter by a single vote.
New York County (Manhattan): 96,938 For and 59,959 Against
Kings County (Brooklyn): 64,744 For and 64,467 Against
Queens County (Queens): 7,712 For and 4,741 Against
Richmond County (Staten Island): 5,531 For and 1,505 Against
City of Mount Vernon: 873 For and 1,603 Against
Town of East Chester: 374 For and 260 Against
Town of Westchester: 620 For and 621 Against
Town of Pelham: 251 For and 153 Against

Notes

Sources
The tickets: A GREAT STACK OF BALLOTS in NYT on October 22, 1894
Result: THE STATE VOTE CANVASSED in NYT on December 15, 1894
Result: The Tribune Almanac 1895
Result in New York City: THE CITY'S OFFICIAL VOTE in NYT on November 24, 1894
The Republican candidates: THE NEW STATE OFFICERS; SKETCHES OF THE REPUBLICANS ELECTED IN NEW-YORK in NYT on November 7, 1894
The Democratic candidates: CAREERS OF CANDIDATES; THE MEN SELECTED BY THE NEW-YORK DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION in NYT on September 27, 1894
The New York Red Book 1895

See also
New York gubernatorial elections

1894

New York
New York (state) gubernatorial elections


Nicolás Ignacio Vigneri Cetrulo (born 6 July 1983) is a Uruguayan football manager and former player who played as either a winger or a striker.

Playing career
Vigneri began in 2003 at age 18 in Fénix of Uruguay, where he participated in the 6–1 vs Cruz Azul of Mexico for Copa Libertadores.

In 2006 he went to Peñarol, one of the biggest teams in the country. In 2008, he joined Cruz Azul on loan. He made his Interliga debut against San Luis in a 1–0 victory. Vigneri scored his first goal in the third match of his team in the 2008 Interliga against Pumas. He scored his second goal in the final of the Torneo Clausura 2008 against Santos Laguna.

In 2009, he joined Argentine club Racing Club. Later the same year, he was transferred to Puebla of Mexico, where he scored 4 goals and reached the final stages of the tournament. in 2010 he joined Spanish club Xerez in Primera División de España on loan.

Later the same year he returned to former club Fénix, before moving in January 2011 to Nacional, winning the championship.

On July 21, 2011 he was announced by Ecuadorian side Emelec's official website as its new striker on a loan with an option to buy, scoring 8 goals and good performances to reach the final.

In 2013 returned to Fénix for a third spell, scoring 4 goals in the tournament.

Later that year he returned to Ecuador to join Deportivo Quevedo of Ecuadorian Serie A. In January 2014 he was hired by Los Caimanes of Peruvian Primera División.

In July 2020, Vigneri moved to Uruguayan amateur club Uruguay Montevideo. He retired in the following year, aged 38.

Managerial career
Immediately after retiring, Vigneri became the manager of his last club Uruguay Montevideo. He left the club in November 2022, and took over Plaza Colonia the following 5 January, after Alejandro Apud's resignation.

Vigneri left Plaza Colonia on a mutual agreement on 17 May 2023, after finishing 12th in the Apertura tournament.

Honours
Cruz Azul
Clausura runner-up: 2008

Emelec
Ecuadorian Serie A runner-up: 2011

Nacional
Uruguayan League: 2010–11

References

External links

  Profile at Argentine Primera Statistics

 Profile at Guardian statistics
  Profile at Emelec Player

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Montevideo
Men's association football wingers
Men's association football forwards
Uruguayan men's footballers
Uruguay men's international footballers
Uruguayan expatriate men's footballers
Uruguayan Primera División players
Argentine Primera División players
Liga MX players
Ecuadorian Serie A players
Peruvian Primera División players
Uruguayan Segunda División players
Ascenso MX players
Liga FPD players
Centro Atlético Fénix players
Peñarol players
Cruz Azul footballers
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
Club Puebla players
Xerez CD footballers
Club Nacional de Football players
C.S. Emelec footballers
C.D. Quevedo footballers
Los Caimanes footballers
Rampla Juniors players
Huracán F.C. players
C.S. Cartaginés players
Murciélagos F.C. footballers
Villa Teresa players
Uruguay Montevideo players
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Ecuador
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Peru
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Costa Rica
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador
Expatriate men's footballers in Peru
Expatriate men's footballers in Costa Rica
Uruguayan football managers
Club Plaza Colonia de Deportes managers


Farrington Field is an 18,500-capacity multi-use stadium located in Fort Worth, Texas. Designed by Preston M. Geren, the stadium was financed with federal funds from the WPA and a local contribution from the school district. Designed in the PWA/Clssical style of moderne architecture, the stadium was completed in 1939 and was named in memory of E.S. Farrington, a long time superintendent of the Fort Worth Independent School District. In 1986 local preservationists succeeded in preserving the stadium. The stadium is the 2nd largest in Fort Worth proper and is used mainly for football and track & field.

In February 2021, the parking lots of the stadium were used to stage a drive-through COVID-19 vaccination site.

The field recently underwent a returfing along with the other FWISD owned football stadiums in 2022.

References

External links
 Information at Texas Bob - Football stadiums
 Background at Fort Worth Architecture
 Farrington Field lives on as a visionary's legacy from Fort Worth Star-Telegram

Sports venues completed in 1939
Art Deco architecture in Texas
American football venues in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
High school football venues in Texas
Sports venues in Fort Worth, Texas
1939 establishments in Texas
Fort Worth Independent School District


The 1898 New York state election was held on November 8, 1898, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the Secretary of State, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer and the state engineer, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.
This election is the most recent election to feature a candidate for governor of New York who eventually became both Vice President of the United States and President of the United States after serving as Governor of New York.

History
The Prohibition state convention met on June 30 at Syracuse, New York, and nominated Prof John Kline, of Penn Yan, for governor, Rev. John A. Sayles, of East Aurora, for lieutenant governor; Henry Wilbur, editor of True Reform, of New York City, for secretary of state; Charles Mills, of Sodus, for comptroller; De Witt Hooker, of Syracuse, for treasurer; Francis Stephen M. Wing, of Canastota, for attorney general; and Albert W. Pierson, of Niagara Falls, for state engineer.

The Socialist Labor state convention met on August 27 at Rochester, New York, and nominated Benjamin Hanford for governor; Leander A. Armstrong, of Buffalo, for lieutenant governor; Philip Jackson, of Rochester, for secretary of state; Charles H. Corregan, for attorney general; Max Forker, of New York City, for comptroller; Joseph Smith, of Yonkers, for treasurer; and John H. Morris of Yonkers, for state engineer.

The Republican bosses Thomas C. Platt and Benjamin B. Odell Jr., were still busy to compose a ticket on September 25, but had already agreed upon Theodore Roosevelt to head it, against the wish of Governor Frank S. Black to be re-nominated. The state convention met on September 27 at Saratoga Springs, New York. Sereno E. Payne was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Horace White as Permanent Chairman. Theodore Roosevelt was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Roosevelt 753, Black 218). The other candidates were nominated by acclamation with exception of John C. Davies for Attorney General who was nominated on the first ballot (vote: Davies 741, John M. Kellogg 229).

The Democratic state convention met on September 28 and 29 at Syracuse, New York. Frederick C. Schraub, the 1896 Lt. Gov. nominee, was Permanent Chairman. Augustus Van Wyck, the brother of the incumbent first Mayor of the consolidated City of New York, was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Van Wyck 351, John B. Stanchfield 41, Robert C. Titus 39, James K. McGuire 19). The other candidates were nominated by acclamation. The ticket was a compromise between the three biggest Democratic bosses: David B. Hill from upstate, Richard Croker of Tammany, and Hugh McLaughlin of Brooklyn.

The National Democratic State Committee met on September 30 at 52, William Street, in New York City. Chairman Robert A. Weidenmann - the only man to speak out loud against Judge Isaac H. Maynard's nomination in 1893 - presided. They decided not to call a convention, and not to endorse any candidates.

Returning from Cuba as a war hero, Theodore Roosevelt used the Citizens Union in an astute scheme to get the Republican nomination, in spite of not being a machine Republican and having in mind to uproot the Republican "spoilsmen". He approached the Citizens Union and suggested the nomination of a state ticket what was endorsed by the Citizens' Union Executive Committee with only three dissenting votes. An "Independent Citizens Committee" was formed, and 6,000 signatures for a petition to file a ticket were gathered, the signers believing that Roosevelt headed the ticket and that the Citizens Union backed it.

To avoid being ousted from power in an uncertain three-cornered election, the Republican bosses offered Roosevelt the nomination, and suddenly on September 24, he declined to allow his name to be used on the independent ticket. On September 30, a majority of the Citizens Union Executive Committee, led by Chairman R. Fulton Cutting, rejected the idea of a state ticket as "not only inconsistent with, but actually opposed to the fundamental principles and objects of the Citizens' Union," The Independent Citizens Committee answered next day and declared that nominations will be made.

The petition to file the independent ticket was taken to the Secretary of State's office on October 12 purporting to represent nominations by the Citizens Union. The Secretary of State reserved his decision if the ticket would be filed or not. On this ticket were Theodore Roosevelt - already nominated by the Republicans state convention in September - for governor; Thomas M. Osborne for lieutenant governor; Oren E. Wilson, Mayor of Albany 1894-1895, for secretary of state; Thomas E. Kinney, Mayor of Utica, for comptroller; Edmund H. Titchener, of Binghamton, for treasurer; Frederick W. Hinrichs, the Gold Democrats nominee for lieutenant governor in 1896, for attorney general; and George E. Waring Jr., of New York City, for state engineer. Roosevelt immediately sent a letter of declination to the Secretary of State. Besides, Republican party officials protested against the petition. The Independent Citizens' Committee on Vacancies substituted Theodore Bacon, a lawyer of Rochester, on the ticket, and Citizens Union Chairman R. Fulton Cutting, despite his earlier rejection of the state ticket idea per se, campaigned for the ticket.

Result
The whole Republican ticket was elected in a tight race.

The incumbent Woodruff was re-elected.

The Republican, Democratic, Prohibition and Socialist Labor parties maintained automatic ballot status (necessary 10,000).

Notes

Sources
How to vote split tickets: HOW TO MARK THE BALLOT in NYT on October 31, 1898
The Democratic nominees: THE DEMOCRATIC TICKET.; Sketches of the Men Nominated for Office by the Syracuse Convention in NYT on September 30, 1898
Result: NEW YORK'S OFFICIAL VOTE in NYT on December 30, 1898
Result: The Tribune Almanac 1899
Result in New York County: OFFICIAL ELECTION FIGURES.; Vote Cast in New York County... in NYT on December 24, 1898
Result in Kings County: ...The Official Vote in Kings in NYt on December 4, 1898

See also
New York gubernatorial elections

1898
1898 New York (state) elections
New York (state) gubernatorial elections


The 1896 New York state election was held on November 3, 1896, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor and a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly. Besides, a constitutional amendment on forestry was proposed, and rejected with 321,486 votes for and 710,505 against it.

History
The Democratic state convention met on September 17 at Buffalo, New York, and endorsed the Free Silver platform of the Democratic national convention. Mayor of Albany John Boyd Thacher, a Gold Democrat, was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Thacher 332, William Sulzer (Free Silver) 88, Wilbur F. Porter 20). Wilbur F. Porter (Free Silver) for lieutenant governor, and Robert C. Titus for the Court of Appeals, were nominated by acclamation. Thacher declined to run, and the Democratic State Committee met on September 28 at the Hotel Bartholdi in New York City, Elliott Danforth presided. They moved Porter one step up, and substituted Frederick C. Schraub (Free Silver) on the ticket for lieutenant governor.

Result
The whole Republican ticket was elected.

The incumbent Vann was re-elected.

At this time, automatic "ballot status" required 10,000 votes, which was reached by all parties.

A total of 9,497 blank, void, and scattering ballots are excluded from the infobox below:

Obs.: For candidates nominated on more than one ticket, the numbers are the total votes on all tickets.

Notes

Sources
A ballot from Orange County at Hudson River Valley Heritage
The tickets: ALL STATES WILL VOTE in NYT on November 2, 1896
The candidates: CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION in NYT on November 1, 1896
Result in New York City: CITY'S OFFICIAL COUNT in NYT on November 22, 1896
Result: THE VOTE OF NEW YORK; DECLARED BY THE STATE BOARD OF CANVASSERS in NYT on December 16, 1896
Result: The Tribune Almanac 1897

See also
New York gubernatorial elections

1896
1896 New York (state) elections
New York (state) gubernatorial elections


The sternwheeler Multnomah was built at East Portland, Oregon in 1885 and operated on the Willamette and Columbia Rivers until 1889 in the United States.  She was later transferred to Puget Sound and became one of the better known steamboats operating there.

Construction and Early Operations
She was built for the run from Portland to Oregon City and was considered one of the top boats on the Willamette River at the time.  One of her early captains was James D. Miller (1830–1914).

Transfer to Puget Sound

In 1889, Multnomah was transferred to Puget Sound, where under the ownership of the S. Willey Navigation Company she made regular runs from Olympia to points on Puget Sound.  In 1900, Captain H.H. McDonald (1857–1924), who had already been operating the sternwheelers Elwood and Skagit Queen on the lower Sound, bought Multnomah and Capital City (ex-Dalton) from S. Willey Navigation, and put them in competition with the Greyhound, which had been taken off the Seattle-Tacoma run.  There was a rate war between the two concerns, and eventually Greyhound’s owners, acting as the Olympia-Tacoma Navigation Company, bought Multnomah and Capital City from Captain McDonald.  Captain George W. Barlow, a son of an Oregon pioneer family, commanded all three vessels at various times; he retired in 1910.

In 1900, Multnomah and City of Aberdeen hauled beer from the Olympia Brewery to various points on Puget Sound.  Once acquired by the Olympia-Tacoma Navigation Company, Greyhound ran with Multnomah on the Seattle-Tacoma-Olympia route, making at various smaller landings in the South Sound, including Three Tree Point and Johnson’s Landing on Anderson Island.

Other captains for the Olympia-Tacoma Navigation Company included George L. Hill, who was in command on  November 10, 1904 when Multnomah collided with the French full-rigged ship Amiral Cecile in Commencement Bay.  In foggy conditions, the steamboat passed under the bowsprit of the ship, and the ship’s anchor flukes caught in the steamer’s upper works, tearing them up.  Litigation went on for eight years over this, amid apparently credible charges that witnesses had been paid off.

In 1907, Multnomah was converted from wood to oil-fired boilers.  Almost all the boats built after 1905 were oil-fired, and they had improved locomotive-style boilers which lessened the chances of explosion.  The Olympia-Tacoma Navigation Company kept both Multnomah and Greyhound on the Tacoma-Olympia run until 1911, when they were replaced with the new express propeller steamer Nisqually.  Even then, bus lines (called then the “auto stage”) were starting to compete with the steamboats.  At some point she was assigned work as a towboat.

Collision and sinking

Multnomah met her end on October 28, 1911, when in a dense fog in Elliott Bay, she was rammed by the steamer Iroquois, sinking in 240 feet of water.

Notes

External links

Historic photographs from on-line collections of University of Washington
Multnomah at Chautauqua Dock, Vashon Island
Multnomah, apparently on Puget Sound

Website
history of sternwheeler Multnomah, with photos and reports of early dives to her wreck

History of Washington (state)
Paddle steamers of Oregon
Steamboats of the Columbia River
Maritime incidents in 1911
Steamboats of Washington (state)
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
1885 ships


Thomas Townsend Aremberg de Moleyns, 3rd Baron Ventry (born Mullins) (January 1786 – 18 January 1868), was an Anglo-Irish soldier and nobleman.

He was the son of Townsend Mullins, the second son of The 1st Baron Ventry, and his second wife Christabella, daughter of Solomon Dayrolles. Mullins was commissioned a lieutenant in the 7th Regiment of Foot on 5 February 1807, and served with the regiment in the Peninsular War. He fought at Busaco and Albuera and was badly wounded at the latter. He purchased a captaincy on 13 August 1811. Mullins was slightly wounded while serving with the 7th at the Battle of New Orleans, where his uncle, Thomas Mullins, commanded a regiment. He exchanged out of the 7th to take half-pay on 11 December 1817 and did not return to the Army.

On 18 August 1821, he married Eliza Theodora Blake, daughter of Sir John Blake, 11th Baronet, and his wife Rose, Mullins' first cousin. He succeeded his uncle as Baron Ventry in 1827.

On 16 February 1841, he assumed the surname of de Moleyns for himself and the other descendants of the 1st Baron Ventry. This was in token of Ventry's claim to be descended from the medieval de Moleyns family of Burnham, Norfolk, which, however, has never been firmly established.

Lord Ventry died in 1868 at Burnham House, the family seat near Dingle. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Dayrolles.

References

1786 births
1868 deaths
Barons in the Peerage of Ireland
Royal Fusiliers officers
British Army personnel of the Peninsular War
19th-century Anglo-Irish people
British Army personnel of the War of 1812


Polotitlán de la Ilustración is the name of the municipal seat of the municipality of Polotitlán, which is located in the State of Mexico, in Mexico. It is located in the northwestern part of the state, bordering the state of Hidalgo.  It is 125 km north of Toluca, the state capital, and 121 km north-northwest of Mexico City. "Polotitlán" is made up of the Spanish surname Polo and the Nahuatl suffix titlán. The name means "Place of the Polos", in memory of the family that fought in the Mexican War of Independence.

The town
Because of the lack of water supplies and the cold, this area was not permanently settled prior to the arrival of the Spanish.  For similar reasons, this area was distributed among the Spaniards late, in the latter half of the 16th century. Only around the beginning of the 18th century is there evidence of permanent communities here, as the ranches managed little by little to transform the topography with irrigation techniques. What is now the town began as a ranch called "El Ventorrillo", "la Soledad", "San Antonio del Río" as well as the later "San Antonio Polotitlán" and belonged to the municipality of San Jerónimo Aculco in the 17th century. The first Polo, Juan Luis Polo, came here in 1774. However, the family members who made themselves notable in the War of Independence were Col. José Rafael Polo, with his brothers José Trinidad y Manuel for their actions in the districts of Jilotepec de Abasolo, Huichapan and Tula. A chapel was built here in 1847 and Polotitlán was recognized as a town in 1852. In 1878, the current name of Polotitlán de la Ilustración was adopted after General Porfirio Díaz called it this when he visited in 1876.

The total population of the town in 2005 was 2,819.

The most notable construction in the town is a "Porfirian-style" bandstand crowned with a clocktower that faces the 4 directions. It also serves as a monument to José Rafael Polo.

The municipality

The limits of Polotitlán are the following ones, to the north with the states of Hidalgo and Querétaro, to the south with Aculco, the east with the states of Hidalgo and Jilotepec and the west with Aculco and the state of Querétaro.
The municipality was established in 1875.

The municipality of Polotitlán occupies a territorial extension of 132,8 kilometers square, which represents 0,6% of the total surface of the organization

The total population of the municipality as of 2005 was 12,319.

Agriculture most land that can be used for agriculture is, usually for seasonal crops like corn or vegetables and most of this needs to be irrigated.  Because of the harsh conditions of the area, 409.137 hectares are classified as "without vegetation". While there is some pastureland, there is not enough to support commercial livestock-raising. There are also some small industries and family workshops making clothing, candles, cushions, and concrete.

References

Municipalities of the State of Mexico
Otomi settlements
Populated places established in 1852
1852 establishments in Mexico


The Kaimai Tunnel is a railway tunnel through the Kaimai Range in the North Island of New Zealand. Since it was opened in 1978, it has held the title of longest tunnel, at , in New Zealand, assuming this distinction from the previous title holder, the Rimutaka Tunnel. It is part of the Kaimai Deviation, which was constructed to bypass the old route of the East Coast Main Trunk Railway through the Karangahake Gorge (part of which has been preserved as the Goldfields Railway).

History
In the first half of the 20th century, the disadvantages of the East Coast Main Trunk route through the Karangahake and Athenree gorges became starkly apparent. The capacity of the line was constrained by several factors; its length, severe grades of up to 1:50, sharp curves of up to 6 chains radius, and light 55 lb per yard rail which prohibited the use of the more powerful diesel locomotives. It was also an unreliable route, with frequent disruptions caused by slips. Easing of the ruling gradient to 1:300 allowed train weights to be increased from 530 to 900 tons for a single engine.

Proposals
Proposals to shorten the distance between Auckland and Tauranga were made as far back as the early 20th century. A line over the Kaimai Range was suggested in 1911 but was quickly dismissed as being impractical. In 1913, a 3.2 km tunnel was suggested, and in 1920 a survey was requested for a Kaimai rail route, though it would be many years before this happened.

In 1955, an investigation was made of the possibility of road and rail access to Mt. Maunganui from the Waikato including a 4 km tunnel, an idea that was enthusiastically supported by Federated Farmers, and later local news media. This led to the formation of the Kaimai Tunnel Committee.

Hopes for a timely start on such a line were dashed, when on 14 August 1958 it was announced that the project was to be deferred. A report that had been prepared on the subject stated that there was an insufficient volume of guaranteed traffic then or in the near future to justify the project at that time. Alternatives were mentioned, including a preferred 24 km route between Waharoa and Apata with a 9 km tunnel (essentially what ended up being the Kaimai Deviation). The budget for such an option was expected to be at least NZ$10.5 million. It was felt that there was still sufficient capacity on the existing line, and that the idea should be reviewed when demand required it.

Commission of Inquiry
Local interests were not satisfied with the 1958 report, and continued to prevail upon the government for action. In 1960, a deputation met with the Minister of Railways in order to impress upon him the importance of a replacement for the existing route, and as a result, a Commission of Inquiry was established in August 1962 to investigate "Improved Access by Land to the Port of Tauranga and Bay of Plenty". During the commission's hearings in October, submissions from 38 individuals and groups were heard and 261 pages of evidence submitted.

In conclusion, the commission postulated that freight traffic to the Bay of Plenty would double by 1982, a feat that was actually attained in 1966. It also made the following recommendations:
 The construction of a deviation from Waharoa to Apata through the Kaimai Range, and the closure of the Paeroa to Apata section of the East Coast Main Trunk.
 The construction of a Rotorua to Paengaroa deviation to eliminate the Mamaku Bank on the Rotorua Branch.
 An extension of the Rotorua Branch to the Waipa State Mill.

Following the publication of this report in 1963, the government authorised a survey of the whole deviation route. However, it was not until September 1964 that the project was actually approved at an estimated cost of $11,434,000. In November, construction was further delayed by six months until funding of $710,000 was finally approved in the following years budget for the 1965-1966 financial year. It was expected at the time that the project could be completed by October 1970.

In August 1962 a deviation from Wahora to Apata passing under the Kaimais was approved. Construction of the 24 km deviation, including an 8.85 km tunnel, began with the turning of the first sod on 2 October 1965. The new section was officially opened on 12 September 1978, the old route being closed next day.

Construction
At the turning-of-the-first-sod ceremony on 2 October 1965, the Minister of Works the Hon. Percy Allen (who was also the MP for the Bay of Plenty) officiated. The Chief Civil Engineer remarked at the time that the deviation would be an advantage to the whole North Island railway system, shortening the rail distance between Tauranga and Hamilton by , and the rail distance between Rotorua and Tauranga by . He expected that the construction costs could be recovered through savings on operational costs once the deviation was completed.

The work was carried out primarily by the Ministry of Works, who were responsible for the drilling of the tunnel. Various other related jobs were handled by private contractors, including the tunnel approaches and the laying of the track bed in the tunnel.

In planning for the construction of the tunnel, the possibility of using a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) was considered in 1966. Discussions were held in Australia with those that had experience with them, or had previously investigated using them, and as a result, it was felt that further investigations into the idea were justified. Rock samples were submitted to the manufacturers (Jarva Company) for an assessment of the suitability of the machines for the tunnel project. It was felt that such a machine would be able to handle the eastern end of the tunnel, but that the western end could pose problems if the rock was found to be too fractured.

The Jarva tunnelling machine was purchased and imported from the United States in 1970 at a cost of $1.4 million, a decision considered adventurous at the time as a TBM had not been used on this type of geology before. The boring head of up to 78 cutters, was driven at 6 rpm by eight  440 volt motors, plus a  motor for the hydraulics and smaller motors for conveyors and other services. The TBM cut a bore of  to  diameter, which provided for future electrification. The TBM had over  of thrust.  of rotation torque and a muck handling capacity  a minute.

Despite concerns about starting at the western portal with the TBM, it was considered to be the better option to alleviate problems with drainage that would ensue otherwise because of the 1:300 ascending grade from west to east. Also, the tunnel was to terminate at the eastern end on a viaduct over the Whatakao Stream which had yet to be built.

Construction of the tunnel started at the western end on 15 January 1969 with the excavation of the approach cutting which reached 25 m deep at the portal. A layer of alluvial material at the tunnel face meant that this section had to be excavated by hand, first as a small pilot tunnel, later being enlarged to the final size.

It was at this time that the only lives were lost on the project. A cave-in, caused by a high ground water level, resulted in the loss of four lives. The rescue operation was able to save eight other workers who were trapped with those that perished.

Tunnelling resumed after a delay of several months, and by 1971 the TBM was ready to commence work. A three-month trial period had been allocated to assess the suitability of the TBM for work at the western portal. It soon became apparent that the nature of the rock at this end of the tunnel was too fractured for efficient operation of the TBM, resulting in the cutters and fill extraction systems of the machine being continually blocked by rock. By the end of the trial period, the TBM had only advanced  and was wearing out far more quickly than was hoped, so it was decided to dismantle it and move it to the eastern portal.

Work at the western end of the tunnel continued with traditional drill and blast methods. The profile of the western end, which had been round to accommodate the TBM, was changed to a horseshoe shape to better suit conventional tunnelling procedure. By the time the tunnel was finished, around 48% of the length of the tunnel had been bored using conventional methods.

Reasonable progress was made from the eastern end of the tunnel once the TBM had been reassembled there in April 1972. Though the wear on the machine caused by its use at the western end caused some mechanical problems, progress of up to  per 8-hour shift was achieved, though this was considerably reduced in wet areas. With up to 600 m³ of water flowing through the tunnel walls, continuous pumping was required to avoid flooding.

Ducted ventilation was initially sufficient for the machine and the workers in the tunnel, but the closer the excavation got to the midway point, the more the temperature increased. To combat this, the shifts were shortened, though eventually three refrigeration plants had to be installed for the western end and one at the eastern end.

Completion
The two headings of the tunnel workings met on 4 June 1976 when two pilot tunnels were drilled through to the other side to check the alignment. Though the official hole-through ceremony had been planned for 17 June, the dignitaries had to be content with shovelling some of the rubble as the TBM had again jammed with loose rock. Mr. L. Dillon, a project supervisor, became the first person to walk the tunnel end-to-end on 21 June.

The project plan had called for lining to be done once all excavations had been completed, but deteriorating rock, especially at the western end, meant that the plan had to change. The problem was solved by pumping concrete under high pressure behind steel liners. Once this was finished, the concrete track bed was laid by the private contractor Robert McGregor and Sons of the United Kingdom. Together with British Rail, they had developed a technique for laying paved concrete track (PACT). This method was chosen rather than the traditional ballast and sleepers to reduce maintenance costs for the track inside the tunnel. The slab track extends about  beyond each end of the tunnel.

Opening

The first official train through the tunnel was the Silver Fern railcar RM 3, which departed Hamilton railway station for Tauranga on 12 September 1978. On board were various railway officials and a party of 50 disabled Waikato school children.

After a lunch stop at Matamata, Prime Minister Robert Muldoon greeted the assembled crowd and boarded the train. The next stop was Hemopo, where a crowd had assembled. They were addressed by Piako County Council Chairman Mr. Thomas, the MP for Piako Mr. Jack Luxton and the Minister of Railways the Hon. Colin McLachlan. Then the Prime Minister gave a speech and unveiled a plaque paying tribute to the four workers who had lost their lives. Finally, he cut a ribbon and declared the tunnel to be open. The train proceeded to Tauranga with the official party and minus the school children where several civic functions were held.

The project ended up running eight years over time, and over budget. The final cost was $43 million for the tunnel and $13 million for the deviation, a total of $56 million.

Approaches to the tunnel
The Kaimai Deviation is a  line between Waharoa and Apata, including several major cuttings, embankments and viaducts, while the tunnel makes up  of this distance  from the Apata end of the line. It had  of new track, including yards at Waharoa, 15 bridges and over  of earthworks and was expected to dig  of rock.

The western approach begins at Waharoa, where new marshalling yards were built, then crosses a flat area, goes under SH 27, over two  240 ft bridges (No.37, Hardings Drain and No.38, Turanga-O-Moana Stream), under Tower Road and then a  long reinforced concrete bridge (No.41) over the Waihou River. A bank of around  crosses the flood plain at the start of a 1:300 grade to and through the tunnel (though 1:324 at the western portal of the tunnel and 323 through the tunnel) crossing the Gordon-Okauia road, on Bridge 41, to a passing loop at Hemopo.

The eastern approach has two bridges over the Whatakao Stream. Bridge 42,  from the portal, is  and bridge 43,  long. The latter cost about $24,000 and rests on 4 piers. A  cutting follows, then about a mile from the tunnel portal, Works Road crosses the line, followed by a  long Wainui River bridge 45,  above the river. Then Wainui South Road goes over the track, before it rejoins the old line at Apata.

Today
Today, there are up to 22-weekday freight train movements per day through the Kaimai Tunnel, and up to 19 movements per day during the weekends. Freight transported over this route includes inter-port container traffic, timber and timber products, coal, manufactured goods, and petroleum.

Traffic on the Kaimai Deviation has been dominated by freight trains for its entire working life. Regular passenger trains to the Bay of Plenty had ceased in 1967 with the final running of a post-Taneatua Express 88 seater railcar service; the lengthy and time-consuming route that the tunnel replaced was part of the reason this railcar service had ceased to be viable. It was not until 9 December 1991 that regular service to the Bay of Plenty was re-introduced. Named the Kaimai Express after the tunnel, it ran between Auckland and Tauranga until its cancellation on 7 October 2001. For its entire existence, it was operated with Silver Fern railcars. Since the Railways Corporation relaxed its policy on private use of the national rail network in the 1980s, there have been occasional passenger excursions run on the deviation by organisations such as Mainline Steam and the Railway Enthusiasts Society.

A  peak of the Kaimai Range directly above the tunnel, previously unnamed, was named Stokes Peak in 2010 in honour of geographer Evelyn Stokes. In 2012 the name of the mountain peak reverted to being unnamed.

Geology
The tunnel runs through pumice, breccia, andesite and ignimbrite, interbedded with soft tuff. The rocks are about 3 to 5 million years old.

Soft geology and groundwater have resulted in voids under the tunnel floor. Repairs with resin were made in 2013 and 2018. Water contamination with sulphur and arsenic, leached out of the rocks, have caused maintenance problems.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Rail transport in the Bay of Plenty Region
Railway tunnels in New Zealand
Tunnels completed in 1978
1970s architecture in New Zealand
Transport buildings and structures in the Bay of Plenty Region


U.S. Route 40 (US 40) enters Pennsylvania at West Alexander. It closely parallels Interstate 70 (I-70) from West Virginia until it reaches Washington, where it follows Jefferson Avenue and Maiden Street.In Washington, US 40 passes to the south of Washington & Jefferson College. Following Maiden Street out of town, the road turns southeast toward the town of California. A short limited access highway in California and West Brownsville provides an approach to the Lane Bane Bridge across the Monongahela River. From here, the road continues southeast to Uniontown.

US 40 bypasses Uniontown along a limited access highway that also carries US 119. An old alignment through Uniontown is signed as US 40 Business. Southeast of Uniontown, travellers pass the Fort Necessity National Battlefield. It follows Braddock Road southeast of Uniontown, crossing the Youghiogheny River Lake on a bridge completed in 2006. US 40 leaves Pennsylvania at Addison.

Route description

U.S. Route 40 enters Pennsylvania in rural western Washington County near West Alexander.  It travels to the east-northeast paralleling I-70 through Claysville on to Washington.  While in Washington, the largest city on U.S. 40 in Pennsylvania, it is named Chestnut St.  Exit 15 on I-70/I-79 is signed for Chestnut St.  Route 40 leaves Chestnut St. and joins PA 18 becoming Jefferson Ave.  After two blocks of concurrency with PA 18, it leaves PA 18 and joins US 19.  US 40/US 19 then leaves Washington as Maiden St.  US 19 leaves Route 40 in Laboratory before it intersects I-79 again at exit 33.  Now heading east-southeast, US 40 makes its way toward Brownsville.  Route 40 passes through Scenery Hill and Beallsville before reaching PA 43/PA 88 at a full cloverleaf interchange in Centerville.  US 40 then crosses the Monongahela River via the Lane Bane Bridge leaving Washington County after spending nearly  in the county.

US 40 enters Fayette County as Market St. in Brownsville.  After leaving Brownsville, Route 40 heads to the southeast toward Uniontown.  The highway enters Uniontown as Main St. in front of the Uniontown Mall.  When it reaches US 119 it merges with it becoming a bypass of Uniontown.  However, US 40 Business passes through downtown Uniontown as the one-way pair of Main St. and Fayette St.  US 40 travels around the south of Uniontown and meets again with US 40 Business in Hopwood after leaving US 119.  Route 40 then begins a steep ascent up Chestnut Ridge, the westernmost ridge of the Allegheny Mountains.  US 40 becomes a treacherous mountain highway for the next 5 miles (8 KM) featuring steep descents and sharp curves.  After passing through Chalk Hill, the National Road passes Fort Necessity National Battlefield and continues to Farmington.  On the east side of Farmington, the highway passes Nemacolin Woodlands Resort.  Heritage Reservation, a summer residence camp for the Boy Scouts of America is also accessible from this part of US 40, via Dinner Bell Five Forks Road.  The National Pike then continues southeast toward the Maryland border after crossing the Youghiogheny River and entering Somerset County.  Before leaving Pennsylvania, Route 40 passes through Addison. U.S. Route 40 spends  in Fayette County and  in Somerset County, passing through its southwestern corner.  It enters Maryland in Garrett County.

History

1789 to 1860
Envisioned by George Washington, US 40, or the National Road was built to connect the East and West.  Needed by farmers and emigrants alike, the National Road would provide a stable route for trade through the Allegheny Mountains.  The National Road was preceded by buffalo trails, Native American footpaths, and the Nemacolin Trail.  After the Revolutionary War, and an increase in migration westward, the newly formed national government realized that communication with the west would be difficult with the Appalachian Mountains separating the east coast from the western frontier.  Therefore, the highway was put into Ohio's statehood bill by Albert Gallatin in 1802.

In 1806, Thomas Jefferson authorized the construction of the Cumberland Road—the first federally funded highway in American history.  Construction began in 1811 in Cumberland, Maryland and was completed to Wheeling, Virginia (present-day West Virginia) in 1820.  In the 1830s, possession of the highway was turned over to the states through which it passes, which allowed states to collect tolls.  The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania constructed six tollhouses along its 90–mile–segment of the highway.  Two of these still stand: the Petersburg Tollhouse in Addison and the Searights Tollhouse in Fayette County.  The Petersburg Tollhouse is the last remaining tollhouse constructed of native-cut stone in the United States.  Mile markers were also placed along the route.  Made of cast-iron, these obelisk markers were placed every one mile and noted the distance to Cumberland and Wheeling and nearby towns.  All of these markers are present today, though not all are the originals.  Also in the 1830s, the Pony Express utilized the National Road. The 1840s marked the peak of the National Road.  Used by many important figures including presidents, future presidents, and other notables, local businesses saw booming success along the road.  This time period gave the National Road its nickname of the nation's "Main Street".  The navigation of the Monongahela River after the construction of several locks and dams gave the National Road access to Pittsburgh via Brownsville.  The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad also arrived in Cumberland in the 1840s.  This allowed travel from the east coast to Cumberland via train, from Cumberland to Brownsville via stage coach, and then from Brownsville to Pittsburgh via steamboat.  In the 1850s, railroads made it to the west causing the demise of the National Road.

1860 to present
In the 1860s, the National Road became insignificant due to the use of the railroads.  Many businesses along the route became private homes and the stage coach line went out of business.  States relinquished responsibility of the highway to the counties so little or no maintenance was performed on the road.  The 1880s brought a small revival to the National Road with the formation of the Good Roads Movement.  The invention of the automobile would truly revitalize the highway.  Touring along the National Road was popular and many of the businesses returned to offer services to this new type of consumer.  The Post Office Appropriation Act of 1912 and the Rural Road Act of 1916 provided funds to rebuild the National Road, and World War I and the overburdened railroads made national highways a priority in the early twentieth century. In 1921, the National Road became U.S. Route 40 after the National Highway Act. The Pennsylvania Route 11 designation was also given to the National Road through Pennsylvania, eventually becoming Pennsylvania Route 81 before the road became solely US 40. The road became very popular again in the 1940s, but this only lasted until the 1950s when the Interstate Highway System was put into place.  Today, US 40 has been replaced significantly by Interstate 70 and Interstate 68.  US 40 is still used as a local road and scenic route in Pennsylvania, however. US 40 in Pennsylvania has been designated an All American Road (June 13, 2002), a Pennsylvania State Scenic Byway (July 11, 1996), and the Pennsylvania Heritage Corridor (May, 1994).

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

Pennsylvania Highways: US 40
Pennsylvania Roads - US 40

40
 Pennsylvania
Transportation in Washington County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Somerset County, Pennsylvania


McKenty is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Jacob Kerlin McKenty (1827–1866), American national politician
 Neil McKenty (born 1924), English-Canadian radio and television broadcaster and author
 Finn McKenty (born 1978), American marketing strategist and music commentator


Wilkerson-Sanders Memorial Stadium is an 8,330-capacity multi-use stadium located in Rockwall, Texas. The stadium was built by the Rockwall Independent School District in 1975. Used for football, soccer, and track & field it has been home to Rockwall High School since the stadium's opening and Rockwall-Heath High School since 2005. The stadium was remodeled after the 2008 football season and reopened in time for football season to begin in 2009.

Wilkerson-Sanders Memorial Stadium was named in honor of J.A. Wilkerson who was a Math Teacher, Superintendent and football coach and Harvey Sanders who was a local businessman and strong supporter of the Rockwall Yellowjackets.  Wilkerson came to the Rockwall Schools in the late 1920s. He assumed duties as superintendent, math teacher, and football coach in 1934. With his leadership and a strong football tradition additional momentum from the fans became stronger. This led to a new design and construction of a football stadium on the property east of Rockwall High School (presently Hobart Wisdom Stadium) in the 1940s.  When the present-day stadium was built, the community and Rockwall Independent School District named the stadium in honor of both Wilkerson and Sanders.

References

External links
 Information at Texas Bob - Football stadiums

1975 establishments in Texas
High school football venues in Texas
Buildings and structures in Rockwall County, Texas
Sports venues in Texas
American football venues in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Athletics (track and field) venues in Texas
Soccer venues in Texas
Sports venues completed in 1975