Chapel Hill – Chauncy Hall School (CH-CH) is an independent,  college-preparatory day and boarding school for grades 8 through PG located on a 42-acre campus in Waltham, Massachusetts and founded in 1828. CH-CH is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.

History
Chapel Hill – Chauncy Hall's history involves three schools: Chauncy Hall, Chapel Hill, and the Huntington School. Chapel Hill, a school for girls founded in 1860 in Waltham on the current campus, and Chauncy Hall, a Boston day school for boys founded in 1828, merged in 1971 to create Chapel Hill – Chauncy Hall.

To the merger, Chapel Hill brought its strength in humanities and the arts, and Chauncy Hall brought its strength in the fields of science and math. In 1974, Chapel Hill-Chauncy Hall incorporated the Huntington School, a Boston school for boys founded in 1909.

Chapel Hill – Chauncy Hall has many long-standing traditions. Wilkins Hall and its free-standing spiral staircase is still in use today. At Head of School installations, the book of the school is passed from one head to the next. Charles Henry Sampson scholarships are annually awarded to qualified students. Additionally, the school continues to keep in contact with alumni of Chauncy Hall, Chapel Hill, and the Huntington School.

Student population and diversity
CH-CH has 175 students, with a 45% boarding population and 55% day, and a 25% international student population. The school community celebrates its diversity with Diversity Day that consists of student led workshops that introduce faculty and fellow students to new countries. Additionally, there is an annual Flag Day ceremony in which students have an opportunity to share their heritage with the rest of the school.

Course requirements
Course requirements at CH-CH consist of 4 years of English, 3 years of math (through algebra 2), 3 years of history (including U.S. history), 3 years of laboratory science, 2 sequential years of a foreign language, and 2 years of visual or performing arts. CH-CH also offers honors, advanced, or AP courses in all of the major academic disciplines for students looking to advance their studies.

Students enrolled in a history class are required to write a research paper during the winter trimester and all students enrolled in a science class participate in the annual science fair each May.

Senior Capstone: All seniors complete a composition in English, a research project in either history or science, and give a presentation to the school in order to graduate. Each senior is also required to complete 19 hours of community service.

Multiple Intelligences Approach

Classes are influenced by Dr. Howard Gardner of Harvard University, who developed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Dr. Gardner proposes that there are nine "intelligences" that schools need to support: interpersonal, intrapersonal, existential, mathematical/logical, kinesthetic, linguistic, naturalist, musical, and spatial. Teachers incorporate these intelligences into their curriculum.

On October 17, 2013 Howard Gardner visited the CH-CH campus. According to Dr. Gardner, "when something is important, try to teach it lots of different ways... Textbooks are fine, but not everybody learns best from text books. iPads, hands-on, works of art, debate, humor, graphics, and video, the more different ways you can teach something, the more likely it is to get in there, stay in there, and be useful."

Progress notes
Each week, teachers write progress notes for each of their students as a way to inform students and their families on how they are doing in each of their classes and what they could be doing to improve. Teachers may also include the most recent grades that students have received on assignments or tests. Progress notes can be accessed online by both students and parents through the myCH-CH portal.

Schedule and school year calendar
Students follow a schedule in which full credit courses meet for 75 minutes three times per week. During a typical week, students have four classes per day on Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday and three classes on Wednesday and Friday. The academic year is divided into trimesters ending in November, March, and May/June. Students grade point averages (GPA) are recalculated at the end of each trimester. Graduation ceremonies are held during the last week of May or the first week of June.

Main campus facilities
Harrington Hall: Named in honor of Louisa C. Harrington 2011. Today it consists of the dining hall and Clemence room downstairs and the freshmen and sophomore girls’ dormitory upstairs.

Cottage: The 9th grade building where almost all freshmen classes are held.

The CH-CH Commons: After serving the Waltham community for 150 years, the Covenant Congregational Church closed in 2010. In late 2011, the space was purchased by Chapel Hill-Chauncy Hall and connected with the rest of the campus. Each section was renovated and repurposed before reopening in 2012 as The CH-CH Commons. Performing arts, foreign language classes, and all school assemblies continue to be held here today. The CH-CH Commons is also home to the school's library and ‘MakerSpace.’ The CH-CH MakerSpace is a place for students to experiment, create, and explore hands-on alternatives to traditional classroom learning, using new technology like 3D modeling and printing, as well as established methods like sewing and basic woodworking. Students in the co-curricular MakerSpace activity investigate varied, self-directed topics, like basic coding, robotics, and prototyping, while academic classes are supported and enhanced by MakerSpace activities that introduce ‘design thinking’—iterative, progressive exploration of course material that encourages experimentation, collaboration, and a focus on process instead of results.

Wilkins Hall: Built in 1864, Wilkins remains the main academic building for upperclassmen history, English, history, science, and math classes.

Worcester Hall: Originally built in 1963 as a girls' dormitory, Worcester Hall is now the boys' dormitory and includes a wrestling facility.

South Hall: A gift from Arthur Astor Carey of the Astor family in 1903, South Hall is now the upperclassmen girls' dormitory.

Peebles Hall: The admissions office

Beaver Gymnasium & Machen Center: Built in 1981 in honor of Claude F. Machen '27. Today it houses the gym, workout room, and nurse's office.

Barn & Theater: Houses arts spaces including the theater, digital arts lab, makerspace studio, photography dark room, pottery studio, and dance/yoga studio. On Wednesday, August 29, Chapel Hill – Chauncy Hall School broke ground on their $5.5 million for their historic building, the visual and performing arts, the Barn renovation. The School added , including a new theater, new music classroom space, expanded state-of-the-art studio spaces, and a glass atrium gallery, creating a  center for the arts. The Barn was renovated in the fall of 2019.

Co-curricular activities
Students are required to participate in the afternoon co-curricular program each trimester. Two activities each year must be interscholastic sports or team activities. A list of offerings are listed below:

Sports:
 Basketball (B/G)
 Cross country (G/B)
 Boys' Baseball
 Tennis (G/B)
 Lacrosse (B/G)
 Soccer (B/G)
 Girls’ Softball
 Ultimate Frisbee
 Girls’ Volleyball
 Wrestling

Other Activities:
 Drama
 Drama Tech
 Podcast
 Fitness
 Rock Climbing
 Makerspace Studio
 Sports media intern

CH-CH participates in the Massachusetts Bay Independent League (MBIL) for boys’ soccer, cross country, basketball, baseball, and lacrosse. The school is also a member of the Independent Girls’ Conference (IGC) for soccer, basketball, softball and lacrosse and the Eastern Independent League (EIL) for boys’ wrestling.

Recent athletics highlights:

2022: Boys Lacrosse – Massachusetts Bay Independent League Championship

2022: Volleyball – Independent Girls Conference Championship

2020: Boys Basketball – Massachusetts Bay Independent League Championship

2020: Girls Basketball – Independent Girls Conference DII Championship

2019: Softball – Independent Girls Conference Championship (undefeated season 12-0)

2019: Wrestling – Eastern Independent League Championship

2019: Girls Basketball – Independent Girls Conference DII Championship

2019: Wrestling – Eastern Independent League Tournament Champion

2018: Boys Basketball – Massachusetts Bay Independent League Championship

2018: Softball – Independent Girls Conference Championship

2018: Boys Cross Country – Massachusetts Bay Independent League Championship

2018: Volleyball – Independent Girls Conference Championship

2018: Wrestling – Eastern Independent League Tournament Champion

2018: Boys Lacrosse – Massachusetts Bay Independent League Co-Championship

2017: Volleyball – Independent Girls Conference Championship

November 2017: The CHCH girl's varsity volleyball team won the Independent Girl's Conference (IGC) Championship.

November 2017: The CH-CH Cross Country Team won its first Cross Country Massachusetts Bay Independent League (MBIL) Championship in the school's history.

February 2015: Two CH-CH wrestlers represented the school at the National Prep Wrestling Tournament. CH-CH was the strongest finisher from the Eastern Independent League and finished 6th out of all New England schools.

May 2015: The girls' softball team won the Independent Girls’ Conference (IGC) Co-Championship—the first IGC Championship in the school's history.

2012: Luke DiOrio '10 debuted his professional career as a member of the Rhode Island Rampage, a team in the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL).

Spring Session program
In the spring of 2013, CH-CH began an experimental learning program called Spring Session. The program takes place during the last week of May and consists of a variety of experiences that give students the opportunity to engage themselves in a topic they are passionate about. A few past Spring Session experiences have included:

 Walt Disney World educational programs
 Circus Arts at Esh Aerial Arts Studio
 Creative Writing Workshop
 A trip to Washington, D.C., and Gettysburg to study the Civil War.
 Studying Marine Biology in Key West

Earlier in the school year, students are given the option to choose from over a dozen potential experiences. Each experience is designed and chaperoned by CH-CH faculty and staff. All of the offerings have an educational component. Upon their return, each group gives a presentation to the school on their Spring Session experience.

Notable alumni
 Alice Stone Blackwell
 Ida Smoot Dusenberry
 Curtis Guild Jr., Guild was educated at Chauncy Hall and then attended Harvard University. At both schools he was involved in military organizations and he became a lieutenant in Harvard's rifle corps in 1879. In 1906, he became the 43rd Governor of Massachusetts serving until 1909.
 C. M. S. McLellan
 Benjamin F. Nutting
 James Sturgis Pray
 Edward Everett Rose
 Marion Talbot
 Abbott Handerson Thayer
 Lucy Wheelock, enrolled in the Chauncy Hall School to prepare for college in 1876, but her discovery of the school's kindergarten altered her plans. After graduating, she became a kindergarten teacher at Chauncy Hall. In 1888, Wheelock instituted a one-year training course for teachers of the school. By 1896, Wheelock left the school to form the independent Wheelock Kindergarten Training School. Several decades later, Wheelock College was named to honor her efforts in the field of education.

Camps
Chapel Hill – Chauncy Hall School is the host of Running Brook Day Camp for youth and teens between the ages of 3.5 to 18.

References

External links
Chapel Hill – Chauncy Hall website

Private high schools in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Waltham, Massachusetts
Educational institutions established in 1828
Schools in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Boarding schools in Massachusetts


Various obstacles are found in competitive sports involving horse jumping. These include show jumping, hunter, and the cross-country phase of the equestrian discipline of eventing. The size and type of obstacles vary depending on the course and the level of the horse and rider, but all horses must successfully negotiate these obstacles in order to complete a competition. Fences used in hunter and eventing are generally made to look relatively rustic and natural.

In jumping competition, they are often brightly colored and creatively designed.  In hunter and jumper competition, obstacles are constructed to fall down if struck by the horse.  In eventing, they are built to be solid, though for safety and to prevent rotational falls, certain elements may be designed to break away if hit.

Arrowhead
Also called chevrons, these fences are shaped like triangles, with the point facing towards the ground.  They are generally very narrow, usually only a few feet wide.  Arrowhead fences require the rider to keep their horse straight between their hands and legs, as it is easy for a run-out to occur due to the narrowness of the fence.  These fences are often used in combination with other obstacles to increase their difficulty, such as right after a bank or as the second obstacle in a bending line. This tests the rider's ability to regain control of his/her horse following an obstacle.

Bank

These jumps are steps up or down from one level to another, and can be single jumps or built as a "staircase" of multiple banks.  Banks up require large amounts of impulsion, although not speed, from the horse. The drop fence incorporates a down bank.  Both types of banks require the rider to be centered over the horse. Down banks require the rider to lean further back, with slipped reins and heels closer to the front of the horse, in order to absorb the shock of the landing.

Bounce

A bounce, also called a no-stride, is a fence combination sometimes found on the cross-country course of eventing. It is also very commonly used in grid-work or gymnastics. It consists of two fences placed close together so the horse cannot take a full stride between them, but not so close that the horse would jump both fences at once. The horse "bounces" between the two jumps, so that the next takeoff is in the same stride as the previous landing. The distance between the two usually is 7–8 feet for small ponies; 9 ft for large ponies or small horses; and 9.5–11 ft for horses. A bounce (or several can be used in a row for more advanced horses) teaches the horse good balance, to push off with his hind end, and to fold his front end well. It can also be used to slow down a speedy horse, as a horse cannot go flying over a bounce (he/she will knock a rail) as he could with a single jump.

Brush Fence

These jumps consist of a solid base with brush placed on top, generally low enough for the horse to see over.  The horse is supposed to jump through the brush in a flat jump, rather than over the top of it in a more rounded arc. Brush fences are also used for steeplechase racing. This type of fence is closely related to the bullfinch. Sometimes the fence is painted to camouflage in with the brush, so it is unseen by both horse and rider.

Bullfinch
This fence has a solid base with several feet of brush protruding out of the top of the jump up to six feet high. The horse is supposed to jump through the brush, rather than over it. Due to the height of the brush, the horse generally cannot see the landing. This tests the horse's trust in the rider, as the horse must depend on the rider to guide it carefully and steer it to a solid landing. The horse must be taught to jump calmly through the brush, as attempting to jump over the brush could lead to a refusal, a run-out at the next fence, or a misstep and possible injury. Bullfinches must be approached positively, with much impulsion, in order to prevent stops. When jumping a bullfinch, the rider must stay tight in the saddle so that brush cannot be caught between his or her leg and the horse.

Coffin

Also called the rails-ditch-rails, the coffin is a combination fence where the horse jumps a set of rails, moves one or several strides downhill to a ditch, then goes back uphill to another jump.  In the past, coffins were more pronounced, with up and down banks leading to the ditch in the middle. However, today only the former type with the rails is seen. The coffin is intended to be jumped in a slow, impulsive canter (known to eventers as a "coffin canter" for that reason). This canter gives the horse the power and agility to negotiate the obstacle, and also allows him the time needed to assess what question is being asked, so that he may better complete the combination without problem. Approaching in a fast, flat gallop will cause mis-striding and may entice a refusal from the horse. Going too fast may also result in a fall, if the horse cannot physically make a stride between the obstacles.

Combinations

These fences are combinations of banks, logs, water, ditches and other elements.  All of the jumps are placed within 1–3 strides of each other, and are meant to be jumped as a series in a specific order. Also see Normandy bank, Sunken road, and Coffin. They are seen in the equestrian jumping sports of show jumping and eventing (both the cross-country and stadium jumping phases), but are uncommon in hunt seat competition.

Combinations are often one of the challenges of a course, and the course designer knows how to manipulate the distances and types of obstacles to make them more difficult.

Combinations are named by their number of elements. Double and triple combinations are the most common. In general, the more elements involved, the more difficult the obstacle. However, other variables can greatly influence the difficulty:

 Distance between Obstacles: the course designer may shorten or lengthen the distance from the usual 12-foot stride. The most extreme case is when the designer puts enough room for a half-stride, in which case the rider must shorten or lengthen according to the horse's strengths. At the lower levels, the designer will not change the distances from what is considered "normal" for the combination. Additionally, the designer may make the distance between the first two elements of a combination ask for one type of stride—for example, very long—and the distance between the second and third elements ask for the exact opposite type of stride—in this case, very short. This tests the horse's adjustability, and can greatly enhance the difficulty of the combination.
 Types and Order of the Obstacles: Riders must adjust their horse's stride according to the type of obstacle that must be jumped, and the order they occur. For example, a vertical to oxer rides differently from an oxer to vertical. Horses take off and land at different distances from the obstacle depending on its type: usually closer for triple bars, slightly further for oxers, and even further for verticals. Other factors, such as a "spooky" fence or a liverpool, may change the distances for particular horses as they back them off.
 Height of the Obstacles: The higher the fences, the less room there is for error. At the lower levels, the designer may make certain elements in the combination slightly lower, to make it easier. Fence height also has some influence on the horse's take-off distance, usually decreasing both the take-off and landing, although this is only a great variant when the fences are 4 feet 6 inches or higher.
 Terrain: this is especially a factor for eventers as they ride combinations cross-country. A combination on the downhill tends to lengthen the stride, and on the uphill it tends to shorten it. Going through water tends to shorten the stride. Landing up a bank causes a shorter landing distance than from an upright obstacle.

To negotiate a combination successfully, a rider must maintain the qualities needed in all riding: rhythm, balance, and impulsion as they approach the fence. They must also have a great understanding of their horse's stride length, so that they may know how much they need to shorten or lengthen it for each particular combination.

Before riding the course, the rider should walk the distances of the combination and decide the stride from which they should jump it.

Corner

Also called an apex, corner fences are in a triangular shape with the horse jumping over one corner of the triangle.  They are similar to the "fan" jump seen in show-jumping. As the name suggests, the fence makes a "V" shape, that can have an angle up to 90 degrees.  At novice levels, the fence is formed by two angled fences, open in the center while more advanced designs have a solid triangular cover.  The corner is meant to be jumped on a line perpendicular to an imaginary bisecting line of the angle, and as close to the narrow apex as possible while still far enough in on the jump that the horse knows he is supposed to go over it. If the rider aims too far toward the wider section of the obstacle, it may be too wide for the horse to clear it. This usually results in a stop or run out, although some of the braver horses might "bank" a solid corner fence (touching down on it before quickly jumping off). This is not desirable, as the horse is more likely to slip, catch a leg, or fall. If the rider aims too far toward the apex, it is very easy for the horse to run right past, especially if it is unsure as to whether he is to jump the obstacle. Due to their relative difficulty, the corner is not seen at the lowest levels. The corner is a precision fence, requiring accurate riding and good training, with the horse straight and between the rider's aids. Due to the build of the fence, an uncommitted horse and rider pair may have a run-out at this type of obstacle. It is best that the rider use their aids to "block" the horse from running out to the side, with a strong contact to prevent the shoulders from popping, and a supporting leg.

Ditch

These fences are dropped areas in the course that may be up to 11 feet 10 inches wide in advanced competition, although they are seen at lesser widths at all levels of competition.  They can be used individually, or in combinations such as the coffin and trakehner fences.  Ditches should be ridden positively, with increased stride length and forward motion.  The rider should always focus ahead, rather than looking down into the ditch, to keep their balance aligned correctly and allow the horse to give their best effort.

Drop Fence

These fences ask the horse to jump over a log fence and land at a lower level than the one at which they took off.  They are closely related to the bank fences. Many riders have fallen badly on drop fences if the horse swerves unexpectedly. Jumping drop fences places a good deal of stress on the horse's legs, and therefore practice should be kept to a minimum. To help minimise the concussion on the horse's legs, the rider should encourage it to jump the fence as conservatively as possible, with little bascule or speed, using just enough power to safely clear the log before dropping down.

Drop fences require a great deal of trust of the horse in the rider, because often the animal can not see the landing until it is about to jump. It is important for the rider to keep their leg on to the base, and not "drop" the horse before the fence, as this may result in a refusal. In the air, the rider usually allows their shoulders to move slightly forward, and lifts their seatbones off the saddle until the peak of the jump. However, as the horse descends, the rider should allow their upper body to open, keeping their body relatively upright (especially if the drop is large). If the rider continues to lean forward on landing, it is much more likely that they will topple forward and become unseated when the horse touches the ground, due to the momentum. This is especially true with drops because the landing is almost always slightly downhill, as this helps reduce concussion on the horse's legs. The rider must also be sure to slip their reins as the horse descends, allowing the horse the freedom to stretch its neck forward and down. Many riders, especially those who have only jumped in the ring, believe cross-country riders to be falling backward (or getting "left behind") when they jump a drop fence. However, it is important to note that more security is needed when jumping this type of fence than is typically required when jumping in a level arena. Additionally, the fences are solid, so the rider need not worry about dropping a rail (as would typically happen if he began sitting up too soon when riding a fence in show jumping). The rider is not trying to encourage a great bascule from the horse. Although it may appear that the rider is getting left behind, a properly ridden drop fence will keep the rider centered over the horse, and still provide him enough freedom to comfortably negotiate the obstacle.

Log Fence

Log fences are obstacles that are jumped in equestrian competition, including in the cross-country phase of eventing and in hunter paces. Additionally, they may be met when fox hunting. They are the most common type of cross-country fence, includes oxers, log piles, vertical, and triple bar obstacles. The approach of these fences varies according to the height and width of the obstacle and the terrain.

Log fences differ from the usual equestrian jump, which involves removable poles set in jump cups that are attached to a standard, because they are solid and do not fall down. Therefore, the horse may touch the fence, and even scramble over it, without penalty.

However, the fact that they are solid increases the risk that horse and rider will be injured if they make a mistake: the horse may hit it so hard that the rider is launched from the saddle or the horse may stumble over it and fall on landing. In the worst-case scenario, a horse may hit the fence on his forearms, and somersault over it, which risks injury to the horse and especially the rider if the horse lands on him/her. Therefore, the rider must be especially proficient before attempting solid fences, to ensure he can approach them properly. Additionally, most riders get into a slightly more defensive seat when jumping log fences, and do not raise out of the saddle as high or fold as much, which will allow them to stay in the saddle if their horse accidentally hits the fences and stumbles on landing. This position is considered a fault when jumping show jumping fences, because the horse is always encouraged to bascule over the fence to help prevent him from touching and knocking the rails, and keeping the weight on his back encourages him to drop it instead. However, a slightly defensive position is not only acceptable when riding over solid obstacles, but in most cases ideal.

Horses will generally jump log fences quite well, as they look natural to the animal. It is best when designing and jumping such fences, however, to only ride over obstacles that have a larger log (rather than a thin, stick-like pole) as the horse will respect the jump and is more likely to jump it cleanly and boldly. Due to the risks, it is especially important to jump log fences in a forward manner with plenty of impulsion and good balance.

Normandy bank

A Normandy bank is a combination of obstacles. A ditch precedes the bank, so the horse must jump over the ditch and onto the bank in one leap. There is also a solid fence on the top of the bank, which may produce a drop fence to get off the obstacle, or may allow for a stride off.

Because this obstacle incorporates several different types of obstacles into one, it is considered quite difficult and is usually not seen until the upper levels. The rider not only has to worry about a bold jump over the ditch and onto the bank, but also the obstacle on the top of the bank and the quick jump off.

Oxer

An oxer is a type of horse jump with two rails that may be set even or uneven.  The width between the poles may vary. Some shows do not have oxers in the lower show jumping divisions.

There are several types of oxers:
Ascending:  the front rail is lower than the back rail. This is the easiest for the horse to jump, as it naturally fits into the animal's bascule and encourages a round and powerful jump.
Descending:  the back rail is lower than the front rail. This type is not often used, as it can cause an optical illusion for the horse. It is forbidden by the FEI because of the danger for the horse.
Parallel:  both the top front and back rail are even, but the jump is higher than it is wide.
Square:  a type of parallel oxer, where the jump's height is the same as its width. This is the hardest type of oxer seen in competition.  It is seen in jumper but not hunter competition
Swedish: a "cross-rail" type of oxer, the highest front and back rails of the oxer form an X when viewed head-on, so that one section of the jump is lower than the other sections.
Triple Bar: similar to an ascending oxer, but rather than having two rails there are three, in graduating height. This is more difficult than an ascending oxer, however, because of the added width of the third rail.
Hogsback: a type of oxer with three rails in which the tallest pole is in the center. Sometimes this kind of oxer is filled in to look like a barn or house, which is often used on cross country courses.

Rolltop
These jumps have a rounded half-barrel appearance on top. They can be quite wide at upper levels, and often govern respect from the horse, but are not usually considered a "scary" fence for horses on course and generally produce a good jump. A modified version of the rolltop is sometimes seen in hunter and showjumping classes.

Shark's Tooth
These fences have a top log rail, with an inverted triangle of logs pointing downwards, resembling a shark's top jaw.

Skinny

A "skinny" is any fence with a narrow face. These require accurate riding and the ability to keep the horse straight, as it is easy for a horse to "glance off" such narrow obstacles. Combinations involving skinnies become increasingly common as the rider moves up the levels because they reduce the degree of error that is available if the rider is to successfully negotiate the fence.

Stone Wall
These jumps are solid walls made out of stone or a similar material.  They sometimes have logs placed on top to make them larger or change the appearance.

Sunken road

These are combination jumps involving banks and rails.  At the lower levels, it may consist of a bank down, with a few strides to a bank up. At the upper levels, the sunken road often is quite complicated, usually beginning with a set of rails, with either one stride or a bounce distance before the bank down, a stride in the "bottom" of the road before jumping the bank up, and another stride or bounce distance before the final set of rails.  Sunken roads are very technical, especially at the upper levels, and require accurate riding. A bad approach or extravagant jump in can possibly ruin the rider's distances, which may result in a stop from the horse, or a fall. Additionally, the quick change in the type of obstacle, from upright fence, to down bank, to upbank, makes it physically difficult for rider and horse. It thus requires that both horse and rider are balanced, and that the rider stays centered and follows the motion of their mount.

Table

A table is a fence with height and width, with the top of the table being one piece of material (unlike an open oxer, which is not "filled in"). The horse is encouraged to jump over the entire obstacle at once, similar to an oxer, however there are times where the animal may accidentally touch down on, or "bank," the top. Because of this, tables should be built strongly enough to support the horse landing on it.

Tables are also usually built so that the back part is slightly higher than the front, or with a piece of wood at the back, so the horse can easily see that there is width to the obstacle and therefore judge it appropriately.

Tables can get extremely wide, and generally test the horse's scope. They are intended to be jumped at a forward pace and a slightly long stride.

Trakehner

These fences consist of a rail over a ditch. The ditch can be frightening for the horse, and so this type of jump is a test of bravery. Trakehners are first seen at training level (United States), and at the higher levels they can be quite large.

A Faux (False) Trakehner is a mobile cross-country jump designed to look like a trakehner by using heavy posts or poles on the ground to simulate the front and back edges of the ditch.

Trakehners were originally fencelines that were built in drainage ditches. The Trakehnen area of East Prussia, originally wetlands, was drained by the Prussian kings in the 17th and 18th centuries, before a horse breeding program was begun. The Main Stud Trakehnen, which produced the Trakehner breed of horse, was established on the land in 1732. The large drainage ditches, with fencelines in the bottom of them, were later used as a test for the 3-year-olds for suitability for breeding and war mounts. Due to the build of the fence, the take-off spot for the horse was on the downside of the ditch, and the landing was on the upside. However, the old-style trakehner jump is not seen today, mainly because the landing was on an uphill grade, was very punishing to the horses, even when the horse took off well. The ditch is now revetted and the fence does not have an uphill landing.

In 1973, Rachael Bayliss and her horse, Gurgle the Greek, "cleared" a trakehner at the Badminton Horse Trials by going under it. The rules were changed after this incident, requiring the horse not only to go between the flags but also to pass over the log.

Water

These fences range in difficulty from simple water crossings at lower levels to combinations of drop fences into water, obstacles or "islands" within the water, and bank or obstacles out of the water at upper levels. The water may be no more than 14 inches deep.

Water, due to the drag it places on the horse, makes water obstacle rides different from those without the water. Drop fences in can cause the rider to come flying off on landing if he or she is not in a defensive position. The stride of the horse is shortened, which must be taken into account when designing and riding obstacles within the water. Fences within the water need to be ridden with a good deal of impulsion.

Additionally, some horses are cautious of water, and require a strong ride. Experience and confidence-building training can help to lessen any timidity from the horse.

The footing of the water complex should be firm and it is important for the competitor to walk into the water during the course walk to test the footing, depth of the water, and any drop-off areas in the complex.

Water crossings often include a bank or, at higher levels, a drop fence into the water . There may be a fence or a bank complex in the water, and a bank out, possibly to another fence. Water is often a challenge on the cross-country course, and there are usually several riders at the largest events who get "dunked" when they reach the obstacle.

In show jumping, water is never meant to be run through but rather jumped over, and a foot in the water will count as a fault to the rider's score.

There are two types of water jumps used in show jumping:

 Open Water: a large, rectangular-shaped "ditch" of water, often with a small brush (18") or a rail on one side to act as a ground line. Water jumps are one of the widest obstacles a horse will be asked to jump, with a width up to 16 ft. They should be approached strongly, with a long stride, and the rider must judge the take-off to put the horse as deep (close) to the obstacle as possible, so that the jumping effort isn't increased. Should the rider cause the horse to take off too far back, it may be near impossible for him to clear the obstacle. However, the rider should also take care not to over-ride this fence, as it may unnerve the horse and make him very difficult to get back under control afterwards. Riders and horses need to keep eyes up and not look down. Water, although it can be spooky for a horse, is usually more daunting for the rider. Open water is not used in the stadium phase of eventing.
 Liverpool: a show jumping obstacle that takes the form of an oxer or vertical jump with a small pool of water underneath (although some liverpools may be "dry" and just consist of a blue or black tarp). These fences tend to make the horse look down, so the horse does not focus on the actual rails it must jump and may hit the fence. Riders and horses need to keep eyes up and focused on the actual fence they must jump. Liverpools may also be found in the stadium phase of eventing.

See also
Jumping (horse)
Cavaletti
Bascule

References

Eventing
Show jumping
Hunt seat
Hunt racing


Wat Sri Chomphu Ong Tue, Wat Ongtue  or Wat Nam Mong is a Buddhist temple in Thailand. The temple houses Luang Pho Phraehao Ongtue one of the largest Buddha representations in all of Laos which stands four meters tall and is believed to have been cast in 1562.

References

Buddhist temples in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Nong Khai province


is a railway station of the Chūō Main Line, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in the Kasugai-Betsuden neighborhood of the city of Fuefuki, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
Kasugaichō Station is served by the Chūō Main Line, and is 125.0 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Tokyo Station.

Station layout
The station consists of two opposed ground level  side platforms serving two tracks, connected by a level crossing. The station is unattended.

Platforms

History
Kasugaichō Station was opened on 1 December 1954 as , a passenger station on JNR (Japanese National Railways). The station has been unattended since 1 October 1970. With the dissolution and privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of the East Japan Railway Company. The station was given its present name on 1 April 1993. Automated turnstiles using the Suica IC Card system came into operation on 16 October 2004.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2010, the station was used by an average of 510 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
|}

Surrounding area
 former Kasugai town hall
 Kasugai Elementary School

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

 Miyoshi Kozo. Chuo-sen Machi to eki Hyaku-niju nen. JT Publishing (2009)

External links

JR East Kasugaichō Station

Railway stations in Yamanashi Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1954
Chūō Main Line
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Fuefuki, Yamanashi


Ferdinand Joseph L'Herminier (1802–1866) was a French botanist and zoologist born in Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe. He was the son of naturalist Félix Louis L'Herminier (1779–1833), and a student of Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777–1850), of whom he published a revision of works in 1827.

As a botanist, L'Herminier specialized in the study of pteridophytes and bryophytes found in Guadeloupe. Alone, and with his father, he conducted ornithological studies on the island, however notes and specimens associated with this research were destroyed during the earthquake of 1843. As a physician, he was director of the island's hospital.

In 1832, Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemin and George Samuel Perrottet named the botanical genus Herminiera after him. For his services in Guadeloupe, especially in the earthquake in 1843 and during the cholera epidemic of 1866, he was honored with a membership in the Legion of Honor.

Ferdinand L'Herminier died at Pointe-à-Pitre in 1866.

References

 This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia.

1802 births
1866 deaths
People from Basse-Terre
19th-century French botanists
French ornithologists


Vanino (), an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Vaninsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, operates as a port on the Strait of Tartary. Population:

Geography
Vanino is located  north (straight-line distance) from Sovetskaya Gavan, but the actual road distance is about twice as much, as the sea coast is highly indented.

History
Vanin Bay on the Strait of Tartary was named after a topographer who worked in a team that prepared maps of the coast in 1874. Vanino was established in 1907.

The Vanino Harbor, then considered part of Sovetskaya Gavan, received an overland  connection with the rest of the USSR with the construction of railway from Komsomolsk-on-Amur (the easternmost section of the future Baikal-Amur Mainline), which was started in 1943 and completed in 1945. Vanino railway station was opened in 1947. That caused quick growth of the port in Vanino Harbor.

During the 1940s, Vanino, along with Vladivostok, was a major port for shipping convicts from the "mainland" USSR to Magadan, the port for the Kolyma Gulag labor camps. In post-Stalin era, the importance of the port continued to increase, as it provided the shortest connection to the seaports of Russian north-east. The cargo volumes handled by the port peaked in 1989, at 11.5 million tons. In 2005, the volume was 6.2 million tons.

In 1958, Vanino was administratively separated from Sovetskaya Gavan, becoming an urban-type settlement. In 1973, it became the administrative center of the newly created Vaninsky District.

Economy
Vanino is an important port on the Strait of Tartary (northernmost part of Sea of Japan), served by the BAM railway line. The settlement's economic significance is based on its port, which is among the ten largest ports of Russia measured by its cargo-handling volume.

As of 2009, Vanino is a hub (and the main mainland railway connection) for the Sakhalin Shipping Company, which runs regular cargo boats from this port to Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and Pusan. Since 1973, this company has also operated an icebreaker vehicular, passenger, and Vanino-Kholmsk train ferry, providing an important connection between Sakhalin and the Russian mainland.

Vanino also has an oil terminal, as well as an oil refinery, run by Transbunker Group; it is the only oil refinery in Russia that is designed specifically for producing fuel oil for ship engines.

Vanino is Russia's second largest coal port on the Pacific after Vostochny Port (near Nakhodka), with between 15 million tons and 20 million tons of coal being handled per year. One of Russia's largest coal producers, Mechel constructed its own terminal in Vanino to supply coal-hungry Asian markets. The new terminal was completed in 2012 and was initially predicted to have the capacity to handle 25 million tons per year.
In 2018, the port of Vanino is expected to ship approximately 20 million tons of coal. Russia’s largest coal producer, SUEK, has plans to expand the port of Vanino and raise its exports more than 80%, to 40 million tons per year. This expansion is to meet the rising demand for coal in the Asian market. The Russian Energy Minister Alexander Novak has announced plans to double Russia’s coal exports to Asia by 2025, another catalyst for the SUEK expansion.

Sister cities
Vanino is twinned with the following sister cities:
 Ishikari, Japan
 Yeosu, South Korea

References

External links
Central & Eastern European Directory On-Line. Information about Vanino Commercial Sea Port
Official website of Vaninsky District

Urban-type settlements in Khabarovsk Krai
Populated places established in 1958
Port cities and towns in Russia


Jefferson School District may refer to:

Jefferson County School District in Birmingham, Alabama
Jefferson Patriots School District in Phoenix, Arizona
Jefferson County R-1 School District in Golden, Colorado
Jefferson County School District in Monticello, Florida
Jefferson City School District in Jefferson, Georgia
Jefferson County School District in Louisville, Georgia
Jefferson County School District 251 in Rigby, Idaho
West Jefferson School District in Terreton, Indiana
Jefferson–Scranton Community School District in Jefferson, Iowa
Jefferson County School District in Louisville, Kentucky
Jefferson County School District, in Fayette, Mississippi
Jefferson County School District, in Jefferson New York
Jefferson Area Local School District, in Jefferson, Ohio
Jefferson Local School District, in West Jefferson, Ohio
Jefferson Township Local School District, in Dayton, Ohio
Jefferson School District, Oregon in Jefferson, Oregon
Jefferson County School District (Oregon) in Madras, Oregon
Jefferson County School District, in Dandridge, Tennessee
Jefferson Independent School District in Jefferson, Texas
Jefferson County School District in Charles Town, West Virginia
Jefferson County School District in Jefferson, Wisconsin
Jefferson School District in Tracy, California.
Jefferson Schools in Monroe County, Michigan

See also
Franklin-Jefferson County Social Education District in Benton, Illinois
Jefferson Davis County School District in Prentiss, Missouri
Port Jefferson UF School District in Port Jefferson, New York
South Jefferson County School District in Adams Center, New York
Gahanna-Jefferson City School District in Gahanna, Ohio
Jefferson-Morgan School District in Jefferson, Pennsylvania
Jefferson Hills School District in Jefferson Hills, Pennsylvania
West Jefferson Hills School District in Jefferson Hills, Pennsylvania
Elk Point-Jefferson School District 61-7 in Elk Point, South Dakota
Hardin-Jefferson Independent School District in Sour Lake, Texas


Thaddeus C. Radzilowski or Thaddeus C. Radzialowski or Tadeusz Radziłowski (4 February 1938 in Detroit – 20 July 2018) was a Polish-American historian, scholar, author, professor and co-founder of the Piast Institute, a national institute for Polish and Polish-American affairs. Radzilowski's work focused on Poland and other Central and Eastern European nations, including Russia. He wrote extensively on the histories of these regions as well as the migration of peoples from Central and Eastern Europe, with special emphasis on social history and historiography. He lectured widely in Europe and North America and published more than 100 monographs, edited collections, journal articles, book chapters and scholarly papers.

In 1999, Radzilowski received the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland for contributions to the dissemination of Polish culture in the world. In 2013, Radzilowski was awarded the Lech Walesa Media Award by former president of Poland Lech Wałęsa.

Early life and education
Radzilowski was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Hieronim and Genowefa (Ochałek) Radzilowski, and received his B.A. from Wayne State University (1959). He received M.A. degrees in 1960 and 1971, and a Ph.D. in 1979, from the University of Michigan. His dissertation topic was "The Life and Works of N. P. Pavlov-Silvanskii (1869-1908)."

Scholarship
Radzilowski co-edited State and Autocracy in Imperial Russian and Soviet Historiography (a special issue of Laurentian University Review, 1977), and was the author of Feudalism, Revolution, and the Meaning of Russian History: An Intellectual Biography of Nikolai Pavlovich Pavlov-Silvanskii (East European Monographs, 1994). He contributed articles and book reviews to many journals and newspapers, including the Arab American News, Detroit News, Journal of American Ethnic History, Journal of the West, Oral History Review, Polish American Journal, Polish American Studies, Polish Review, Przeglad Polonijny, Shofar, Slavic Review, U.S. Catholic, U.S. Catholic Historian, and The World & I. He also contributed chapters to various essay collections, including Polish Americans and their History: Community, Culture, and Politics (1996); Something of My Very Own to Say: American Women Writers of Polish Descent (1997); and Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future (2007).

Piast Institute
Thaddeus C. Radzilowski co-founded the Piast Institute with Virginia Skrzyniarz in 2003. The institute is the largest think tank in North America devoted to Polish and Polish-American issues, and is based in Hamtramck, Michigan.

Radzilowski has focused Piast as a research center, one of 59 U.S. Census Information Centers, and as a representative of Poland and Polish-Americans in the United States. With its internal staff and its worldwide network of Fellows, Piast develops and disseminates information through the development of position papers, conferences, seminars, popular articles, publications, teaching materials, exhibits and academic studies. Piast Institute also aids in the management of the Dekaban Foundations, which sponsor university faculty exchanges in economics, engineering and agriculture between Polish universities and institutions in the United States, Canada and Western Europe. In addition to the oversight of these programs, Piast Institute also sponsors and organizes annual Dekaban Lectures that have featured, among other speakers, former U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Pulitzer Prize winning author Alex Storozynski.

Piast is also certified by the United States Department of Citizenship and Immigration as an official assistance site for immigration matters, and arranges social services for local immigrants of all ethnicities. In addition to helping immigrant families, Piast Institute works to mediate social and political conflicts among ethnic groups, including taking leadership in mediating a highly publicized national story covered by The New York Times, among others, regarding the Muslim community's airing of Calls to Prayer over loudspeakers in Detroit. In addition to working with America's Islamic community, Piast also works to reinforce cultural ties between the Polish-American community and those of African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans and Jewish-Americans.

Piast also takes a lead role in protecting Polish culture from defamation and ensuring healthy dialogue between groups of all cultures. In 2006, it promoted serious discussion of the book FEAR: Anti-Semitism in Poland After Auschwitz by sociologist Jan T. Gross, sponsoring an online international scholarly symposium (www.AnalysisofFEAR.org) on the highly debated charges made by the author. Piast was also a strong voice speaking against the common mischaracterization of Nazi concentration camps built on Polish soil as "Polish Death Camps," aiding in an effort that culminated with the United Nations renaming the "Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp" to the "Former Nazi German Concentration Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau."

Other involvements

 Ford Foundation Commission on Ethnicity in American Life
 Kosciuszko Foundation
 My Polish Story feature film (consultant, narrator)
 National Polish-American Jewish-American Council (Co-Chairman)
 Polish American Historical Association (Past President)
 Polish National Alliance

 Polish National Congress (Michigan Director)
 Polish Roman Catholic Union of America
 Saint Mary's College, Orchard Lake (President Emeritus)
 The Polish Review (Editorial Board)
 University of Michigan (Professor)
 Upper Midwest Ethnic Studies Association (Past President)
 National Polish Apostolate Committee

Early career

Prior to co-founding the Piast Institute, Radzilowski taught at University of Michigan - Dearborn, Madonna University, Heidelberg College, and Southwest Minnesota State University where he served as chair of the Department of History, director of the Regional History Center, director of Rural Studies and associate vice president for academic affairs. He also served as the acting director of the Immigration Research Center of the University of Minnesota, co-directed a special program on International Business at the Wirtschaft Universitet in Vienna and chaired the International Conference on Migration at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow.

Radzilowski has also served as an advisor and consultant to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and the U.S. Bureau of the Census. He was the National Endowment for the Humanities’ liaison to Ethnic and Community groups in the United States, a consultant for the New Jersey Department of Education and numerous other local and state government boards on ethnicity and pluralism. He has also written, produced, and consulted and advised on a number of radio and television productions, including award-winning films created in conjunction with organizations such as PBS and the Arts & Entertainment channel. Radzilowski received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Michigan.

References
 Piast Institute Website
 Detroit Free Press
 PR Newswire
 Polish Weekly Newspaper
 www.poland.us
 Macomb Daily Newspaper
 Piast Institute International Symposium on FEAR by Jan T. Gross

References

External links
 Piast Institute Website
 Piast Institute International Symposium on FEAR by Jan T. Gross

1938 births
2018 deaths
American historians
American people of Polish descent
Heidelberg University (Ohio)
Madonna University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
Jagiellonian University
Historians of Polish Americans
University of Michigan alumni
People from Detroit


Toulouse was besieged from 22 September 1217 to 25 July 1218 during the Albigensian Crusade. It was the third of a series of sieges of the city during the height of Crusader efforts to put down Catharism (and the local Languedocian nobility). It ended in the repulsion of the Crusaders and the death of their leader, Simon IV de Montfort.

Background
In 1211 Simon IV de Montfort conducted his first siege of Toulouse, one that featured no siege engines is widely considered a tactical blunder and was ultimately unsuccessful. Two years later at the Battle of Muret much of Toulouse's military forces were defeated along with its Count Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse. Though Simon was practically the Count of Toulouse by 1214, it was not Pope Innocent III's decision following the Fourth Council of the Lateran in November 1215 that it was made official. Simultaneously Raymond VI and his son, Raymond VII, began to plot a double pronged invasion into Languedoc to take their territories back.

While Raymond the Elder went to Spain to raise an army and attack Simon from the rear, his son went to the Rhône valley and laid siege to Beaucaire in May 1216. The citizens of Beaucaire had been forewarned of Raymond VII's return and throw the gates open to welcome him into the city and fight the unprepared crusader garrison. Ultimately the besieged crusaders held out in a castle outside the city walls for four months. By the time Simon arrived to help them, the garrison had been forced to eat their own horses. Raymond the Younger had taken Beaucaire and garrisoned its walls, while also keep the castle that the former garrison lay in under tight guard. Simon and his crusader forces made numerous attempts to besiege the city and make contact with their fellow men in the castle, all to no avail. Finally on August 24, 1216 Simon was forced to accept terms, and that he had suffered his first major loss of the Albigensian Crusade and to a young unseasoned commander nonetheless.

Immediately following this loss, Simon was informed that the citizens of Toulouse had begun plotting with Raymond the Elder, and he raced back to the city. By this time Simon owed his troops their wages and decided he would make Toulouse pay them. Upon his return he threw a delegation of the distinguished citizens into the Château Narbonnais and had them held under guard. At Simon's bidding "armed bands of crusaders passed through the streets breaking into aristocratic house, carrying off coins and jewelry".

Battle
In 1216 Simon captured Toulouse and proclaimed himself Count of Toulouse, but while he was elsewhere, on 12 September 1217, the rival claimant, Raymond VI, retook the city without a fight. Simon returned in haste to besiege the city once more. Despite that he had ordered the city's defenses dismantled while he was in control, he found its defenses intact and its walls well-manned. His forces were too small to surround it and the siege dragged on through the winter months with little activity.

In the spring of 1218, a certain maestre (master) Bertran of Toulouse suggested to the people that they construct a trebuchet. The city's carpenters immediately took up the task. Meanwhile, on 3 June, the Crusaders constructed (or had brought in) a "cat" (a leather-covered, steeply-gabled mobile shelter) in order to approach the walls. The defenders' trebuchet swiftly dispatched it and, on 25 June, they sortied to burn the cat, which they did. During the Crusaders' counter-assault, Simon stopped to aid his brother Guy, who had been wounded by a crossbow, and was hit on the head by a stone from one of the defenders' siege engines (either the trebuchet or a mangonel), apparently operated by  (ladies, girls, and women). It killed him. The leadership of the Crusade fell to his son Amaury, but the siege was lifted a month later.

The events of the siege prompted the resident troubadour (and possibly priest) Raimon Escrivan to compose a song, Senhors, l'autrier vi ses falhida, on it. The song, a tenso, presents a mock debate between two siege machines (the trebuchet and the cat) in which the trebuchet wins.

References

Sources

Guillaume de Puylaurens. The Siege of Toulouse in 1217–18. Cronica.
Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

Conflicts in 1217
Conflicts in 1218
1217 in Europe
1218 in Europe
1210s in France
Albigensian Crusade
Toulouse 1217
Toulouse (1217-1218)
Battles in Occitanie
History of Toulouse


There have been several sieges known as the siege of Toulouse, among them:

Siege of Toulouse (721)
Siege of Toulouse (767)
Siege of Toulouse (864)
Siege of Toulouse (1159)
During the Albigensian Crusade:
Siege of Toulouse (1211)
Siege of Toulouse (1216)
Siege of Toulouse (1217–18)


Erysimum ammophilum is a species of wallflower known by the common name coast wallflower.

It is endemic to California, where it is an uncommon beach-dwelling wildflower. It is known from dunes and bluffs near Monterey Bay, the coastline of San Diego County, and parts of the Channel Islands.

Description
Erysimum ammophilum is a biennial or perennial plant varying in size from a few centimeters to over half a meter in height. It starts from a patch of long, narrow dark green leaves and produces one to several erect stems lined with similar leaves.

Atop the stem is an array of bright yellow flowers, each with four rounded petals. As the stem grows the flowers drop away to leave developing fruits, which are narrow siliques 2 to 12 centimeters long sticking out from the stem. The fruits contain winged seeds.

See also
California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment for Erysimum ammophilum
USDA Plants Profile
Erysimum ammophilum — Photo gallery

ammophilum
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
Natural history of Monterey County, California
Natural history of San Diego County, California


The 2006 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as a member of Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Led by sixth-year head coach John Bunting, the Tar Heels played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. North Carolina finished the season 3–9 overall and 2–6 in ACC play to place fifth in the Coastal Division.

Schedule

Coaching staff
The 2006 season was the last for John Bunting as head coach. He was to be replaced by Butch Davis in the postseason.

Team statistics

References

North Carolina
North Carolina Tar Heels football seasons
North Carolina Tar Heels football


is a railway station of the Chūō Main Line, East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Kamikanogawa, in the city of Yamanashi, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
Yamanashishi Station is served by the Chūō Main Line, and is 122.2  kilometers from the terminus of the line at Tokyo Station.

Station layout
The station consists of one side platform and one island platform serving three tracks. The platforms are connected by a footbridge. The station is staffed.

Platforms

History
Yamanashishi Station opened on 11 June 1903 as  on the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) Chūō Main Line. The JGR became the JNR (Japanese National Railways) after the end of World War II. The station was renamed to its present name on January 15, 1962. Scheduled freight services were discontinued from November 15, 1982. With the dissolution and privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the control of the East Japan Railway Company. Automated turnstiles using the Suica IC Card system came into operation from October 16, 2004.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 1788 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Buses

Surrounding area
Yamanashi High School
Fuefuki River

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

 Miyoshi Kozo. Chuo-sen Machi to eki Hyaku-niju nen. JT Publishing (2009)

External links

JR East Yamanashishi Station

Railway stations in Yamanashi Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1903
Chūō Main Line
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Yamanashi, Yamanashi


NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449 (Buffalo Linen Supply Co.), 353 U.S. 87 (1957), is an 8-0 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that a temporary lockout by a multi-employer bargaining group threatened by a whipsaw strike was lawful under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), as amended by the Taft-Hartley Act.

Background
The International Brotherhood of Teamsters had organized truck drivers working for linen supply and laundry companies in and around Buffalo, New York, in the early 1930s. In 1934, eight of the employers formed the Linen and Credit Exchange, a multi-employer association to act as a collective bargaining agent for the employers.  A first contract with the Exchange was negotiated, and successor contracts also agreed to and implemented.

The most recent contract was due to expire on April 30, 1953, but no successor contract was negotiated. Negotiations continued slowly. Finally, the Teamsters engaged in a whipsaw strike against one of the employers, Frontier Linen Supply, on May 26, 1953. The following day, the other seven employers locked out their truck drivers. A week later, a new collective bargaining agreement was signed, the lockout ended, and the locked out workers rehired.

But the Teamsters filed an unfair labor practice (ULP) charge against the seven employers alleging that the lockout violated Section 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(3) of the National Labor Relations Act. The trial examiner, now called administrative law judge, concluded that a ULP had been committed; but, the five-member National Labor Relations Board (Board) overruled the examiner. The Board concluded the lockout was defensive, not retaliatory, and therefore lawful.

The union appealed the Board's ruling.  The Second Circuit Court of Appeals held (231 F.2d 110) that the strike was an economic strike, not an unfair labor practice strike, and hence not protected by the Section 8 of the NLRA. However, the appellate court concluded that a temporary lockout based on the perceived threat of a strike could be justified only if a strike would impose an unusual economic hardship on the employer. Since none of the seven employers had demonstrated such hardship, the Court of Appeals ruled that the employers had committed a ULP.

The NLRB appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari.

Decision
Associate Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. delivered the unanimous opinion of the Court.  Justice Charles Evans Whittaker took no part in the oral argument or decision.

Nearly half of the short decision is taken up by Brennan's review of the collective bargaining history between the Exchange and the Teamsters, the arguments before the NLRB board agent, and the ruling of the Court of Appeals.

Justice Brennan opened his argument by observing that although the NLRA does not mention lockouts, it also does not prohibit them. Citing no evidence, Brennan then asserted that the legislative history of the NLRA did not indicate any intention by Congress to ban lockouts. Inclusion of the term in the Taft-Hartley Act, the majority found, indicated congressional recognition of the lockout and implied that there were circumstances in which a lockout might be legally employed.

Brennan next addressed the issue before the Court. "The narrow question to be decided," he wrote, "is whether a temporary lockout may lawfully be used as a defense to a union strike tactic which threatens the destruction of the employers' interest in bargaining on a group basis."

The Exchange and the Board had argued that preservation of the cohesiveness of the multi-employer association justified use of the lockout. The Court of Appeals had rejected that argument. Reviewing the legislative history of the Taft-Hartley Act, the appellate court found that Congress had deferred judgment on the legality of multi-employer bargaining units to a commission. Brennan rejected the finding of the Court of Appeals. Reviewing the academic literature on the history of collective bargaining in the 20th century as well as the legislative history of the Taft-Hartley Act, Brennan found that multi-employer bargaining not only pre-dated the Taft-Hartley Act but that Congress had considered and rejected language limiting or banning such bargaining. The "compelling conclusion," Brennan wrote, is that Congress intended to let the NLRB make case-by-case decisions as to the wisdom of permitting multi-employer bargaining.

In the decision's final two paragraphs, the majority drew an important conclusion from the foregoing.  Citing NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., 304 U.S. 333 (1938), among others, Brennan held that the NLRA's protection of the right to strike is not absolute. Balancing the rights of union members to strike against the right of employers to preserve the multi-employer bargaining unit, Brennan asserted (without additional argument or evidence) that the appellate court had erred in establishing an "economic hardship" test for lockouts. Then the Supreme Court deferred to the Board's ruling, and concluded that "a temporary lockout to preserve the multi-employer bargaining basis from the disintegration threatened by the Union's strike action was lawful."

Additional rulings and assessment
NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449 (Buffalo Linen Supply Co.) is one of a number of Supreme Court cases stemming from the Court's 1938 decision in NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.

Building on its ruling in Buffalo Linen Supply Co., the Supreme Court held in American Ship Building v. NLRB that an employer may lock out its employees without violating the NLRA if a bargaining impasse has been reached and the lockout is for the purpose of applying economic pressure to support the employer's bargaining position. However, the employer cannot hire permanent replacements, only temporary ones. The high court further extended its reasoning in NLRB v. Brown Food Stores, holding that an employer could lock out its employees in advance of a whipsaw strike so long as the employer only utilized temporary replacements and locked out all workers (not just those who supported the union).

Buffalo Linen Supply Co. has not itself been the focus of much academic or legal analysis.  However, it is often referred to in general discussions of the Court's labor relations jurisprudence. Buffalo Linen Supply Co. is one of many post-Mackay Radio rulings criticized as a Court-approved infringement on the right to strike.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 353

Notes

References
Atleson, James B. Values and Assumptions in American Labor Law. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984.
Estlund, Cynthia L. "The Death of Labor Law?" Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 2:105 (December 2006).
Estreicher, Samuel. "Collective Bargaining or 'Collective Begging'?:  Reflections on Antistrikebreaker Legislation." Michigan Law Review. 93:577 (December 1994).
"Federal Judge in Missouri Named to Supreme Court." New York Times. March 3, 1957.
Getman, Julius; Pogrebin, Bertrand B.; and Gregory, David L. Labor Management Relations and the Law. 2d ed. Eagan, Minn.: Foundation Press, 1999.
Gillespie, Hal Keith. "The Mackay Doctrine and the Myth of Business Necessity." Texas Law Review. 50:782 (1972).
Gorman, Robert A. and Finkin, Matthew W. Basic Text on Labor Law: Unionization and Collective Bargaining. 2d ed. Eagan, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 2004.
"Hiring of Replacements by Nonstruck Employers in 'Whipsaw Strike' Context Held Not an Unfair Labor Practice." Columbia Law Review. 64:1 (January 1964).
Huston, Luther A. "Justice Reed, 72, to Retire From the Supreme Court." New York Times. February 1, 1957.
"Justice Reed Retires From Supreme Court." New York Times. February 26, 1957.
Lambert, Josiah Bartlett. "If the Workers Took A Notion": The Right to Strike and American Political Development. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005.
LeRoy, Michael H. "Lockouts Involving Replacement Workers: An Empirical Public Policy Analysis and Proposal to Balance Economic Weapons Under the NLRA." Washington University Law Quarterly. 74:981 (Winter 1996).
"Limits on Labor & Management." Time. April 9, 1965.
McWilliams, George L. "An Employer May Lock Out Employees Solely for the Purpose of Supporting His Bargaining Position After a Bargaining Impasse Has Been Reached. American Ship Bldg. Co. v. NLRB, 380 U.S. 300 (1965)." Texas Law Review. 44:206 (1965).
"Multi-Employer Lockout Found Lawful Response to Whipsaw Strike." Columbia Law Review. 57:8 (December 1957).
Pope, James Gray. "How American Workers Lost the Right to Strike, and Other Tales." Michigan Law Review. 103:518 (December 2004).
Rosenblum, Jonathan D. Copper Crucible: How the Arizona Miners' Strike of 1983 Recast Labor-Management Relations in America. 2nd ed.  Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Turner, William D. "Restoring Balance to Collective Bargaining: Prohibiting Discrimination Against Economic Strikers." West Virginia Law Review. 96:685 (Spring 1994).
"The Unanswered Questions of 'American Ship'." Michigan Law Review. 64:5 (March 1966).
Weiler, Paul C. "A Principled Re-Shaping of Labor Law for the Twenty-First Century." University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law. 3:177 (2001).

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
1957 in United States case law
National Labor Relations Board litigation
International Brotherhood of Teamsters
Trucking industry in the United States


House VI, or the Frank Residence, is a significant  building in Cornwall, Connecticut, designed by Peter Eisenman, completed in 1975. His second built work, this small getaway house, located on Great Hollow Road near Bird's Eye Brook in Cornwall, Connecticut (across from Mohawk Mountain Ski Area), has become famous for both its revolutionary definition of a house as much as for the physical problems of design and difficulty of use. At the time of construction, the architect was known almost exclusively as a theorist and "paper architect," promulgating a highly formalist approach to architecture he calls "postfunctionalism." Rather than form following function or an aesthetic design, the design emerged from a conceptual process, and remains pinned to that conceptual framework.

Eisenman's limited construction experience meant that the entire building was poorly detailed. The tiny building took three years to build, went completely over budget, and finally had to be reconstructed in 1987, leaving only the basic structure original. The Franks, in Peter Eisenman's House VI: The Client's Response, claim that they nonetheless love living in such a poetic structure, which they inhabit with their children. Also on the property is a barn for guests and supplies that do not fit in the kitchen.

Design
The building is meant to be a "record of design process," where the structure that results is the methodical manipulation of a grid. To start, Eisenman created a form from the intersection of four planes, subsequently manipulating the structures again and again, until coherent spaces began to emerge. In this way, the fragmented slabs and columns lack a traditional purpose, or even a conventional modernist one. The envelope and structure of the building are just a manifestation of the changed elements of the original four slabs, with some limited modifications. The purely conceptual design meant that the architecture is strictly plastic, bearing no relationship to construction techniques or purely ornamental form.

Consequently, the use of the building was intentionally ignored - not fought against. Eisenman grudgingly permitted a handful of compromises, such as a bathroom, but the staircase lacks a handrail, there is a column abutting the kitchen table, and a glass strip originally divided the bedroom, preventing the installation of a double bed.

References

External links
 Finding aid for the House VI project, Peter Eisenman fonds, Canadian Centre for Architecture (digitized items)
Finding aid for Peter Eisenman architectural drawings for House VI, 1972. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles. Accession No. 920049. Sixty-three architectural drawings in pencil, pen and marker on paper document the design development of House VI, one of Peter Eisenman's most important early polemical designs.

Deconstructivism
Cornwall, Connecticut
Houses completed in 1975
Peter Eisenman buildings and structures
1975 establishments in Connecticut
Houses in Connecticut


This is a list of airlines which have a current air operator's certificate issued by the Civil Aviation Authority of Mongolia ().

Scheduled airlines

Charter airlines

Cargo airlines

See also
List of defunct airlines of Mongolia
List of airlines of Asia
List of defunct airlines of Asia
List of airports in Mongolia
Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport

References

Mongolia
Airlines
Airlines
Mongolia


Oleg Litvinenko (; 23 November 1973 – 19 November 2007) was a Kazakh International footballer from Taraz, who played as a forward.

Career

Club
In 1998, Litvinenko was banned from football for one-year, after playing for FC Irtysh Pavlodar in the 1998–99 Asian Club Championship whilst not being eligible.

During Litvinenko's time in the Kazakhstan Premier League, he has scored 147 goals, putting him as the all-time top scorer in the tournament, until Nurbol Zhumaskaliyev beat his record.

International
Litvinenko represented Kazakhstan 28 times between 1996 and 2006, whilst also representing the Kazakhstan U-23 10 times, scoring 9 times, during the 1996 Olympic Games Qualifiers.

Death
Litvinenko died on 18 November 2007, four days short of his 34th birthday. Litvinenko was found hanging from a tree in an abandoned cemetery, the cause of death was ruled as a suicide.

Career statistics

Club

International

Statistics accurate as of 5 November 2015

International goals

Honours

Club
Yelimay
 Kazakhstan Top Division (2): 1995, 1998
 Kazakhstan Cup: 1995
Kairat
 Kazakhstan Cup: 1999–00, 2001

Individual
 2005 GOAL Journal "Best Player of the year"
 Kazakhstan Top scorer: 1994, 1998

References

External links
 Photos at National Team website
 Profile at National Team website

1973 births
2007 deaths
Men's association football forwards
Soviet men's footballers
Kazakhstani men's footballers
Kazakhstani expatriate men's footballers
Kazakhstan men's international footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
FC Kairat players
Ermis Aradippou FC players
FC Taraz players
FC Yelimay players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
Cypriot First Division players
Suicides by hanging in Kazakhstan
FC Zhenis players
Sportspeople from Taraz


Bang'n on Wax: The Best of the Damu's is a compilation album by rap group, Damu Ridas.  The album was released on February 11, 1997 for Dangerous Records and This Album Contains 11  New Bonus Track Songs And 23 Old Songs For The 3 Previous Albums: This Album Contains 11 Songs For  Damu Ridas, 6 For Bangin' on Wax & 4 For Bangin' on Wax 2... The Saga Continues.

Track listing

Damu Ridas albums
1997 compilation albums


Gertrúd Emilia Eberle ( Trudi Kollar; born 4 March 1964) is a retired Romanian gymnast of German-Hungarian descent.

Career
Eberle took up gymnastics aged 7 following her mother. At the time she was coached by Judita Varkony and Pavel Rosenfeld, and later was trained by Béla Károlyi and Márta Károlyi, before they defected from Romania to the United States in 1981. She was included to the national team in 1976 and later became the first female Romanian gymnastics star to succeed Nadia Comăneci. She was often in Comăneci's shadow because, for the greater part of Eberle's career, they competed together. Despite this, she made a name for herself, garnering 13 individual medals at the European, world and Olympic level. Most notable among her accomplishments was winning the floor exercise at the 1979 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, ahead of Nelli Kim and Maxi Gnauck, as well as earning a silver medal on uneven bars at the 1980 Olympics, where she was narrowly edged out by Gnauck.

Eberle was also on the gold-medal-winning team at the 1979 World Championships. Despite a fall on the balance beam in the team optional segment of the competition, her other scores were strong enough to keep the Romanian team in contention for the gold with the Soviet team. Ultimately, her compatriot Comăneci came back from an injury, taking only the compulsory segment of the team competition, and competed on the beam, where she earned a high score of 9.95, allowing the Romanians to drop Eberle's lower score and win the gold medal. It was a rare victory for the Romanians over the Soviet team, and one of the Soviets' only three World Championship or Olympic title losses between 1952, when a full women's gymnastics program was first held at the Olympic Games, and 1992, which was the last appearance of the unified Soviet team (under the guise of the Commonwealth of Independent States).

Although a strong gymnast all-around (she won all-around silver medals at the 1979 World Cup and European Championships), Eberle was especially noted for her work on the uneven bars, where her routines varied greatly from year to year and even from competition to competition. She often included very quick and unusual transitions from one bar to the other.

Later life
Like the Károlyis, Comăneci, and others, Eberle left Romania, moving to Hungary in 1989 and to the United States in 1991. She is married and has a son, Roland, born in 1999. She coaches in California with a fellow expatriate Hungarian from Romania, the gymnastics coach and choreographer Géza Poszár.

In November 2008, Eberle — who goes by the name Trudi Kollar, incorporating her first name and her married last name — gave an interview to KCRA-TV attesting that Béla and Márta Károlyi regularly beat her and her teammates for mistakes they made in practice or competition. "In one word, I can say it was brutal," she told KCRA.

References

External links

Whatever Happened To...
List of competitive results at Gymn Forum

1964 births
Living people
Danube-Swabian people
Gymnasts at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Olympic gymnasts for Romania
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Romanian female artistic gymnasts
Romanian gymnastics coaches
World champion gymnasts
Universiade medalists in gymnastics
Romanian people of German descent
Romanian sportspeople of Hungarian descent
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Romania
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade
Sportspeople from Arad, Romania


Umatilla (Tamalúut or Imatalamłaamí Sɨ́nwit) is a variety of Southern Sahaptin, part of the Sahaptian subfamily of the Plateau Penutian group. It was spoken during late aboriginal times along the Columbia River and is therefore also called Columbia River Sahaptin. It is currently spoken as a first language by a few dozen elders and some adults in the Umatilla Reservation in Oregon. Some sources say that Umatilla is derived from imatilám-hlama: hlama means 'those living at' or 'people of' and there is an ongoing debate about the meaning of imatilám, but it is said to be an island in the Columbia River. B. Rigsby and N. Rude mention the village of ímatalam that was situated at the mouth of the Umatilla River and where the language was spoken.

The Umatillas pronounce the word ímatalam.  A Umatilla person is called imatalamłá (with orthographic ł representing IPA /ɬ/) and the Umatilla people are called imatalamłáma.  The Nez Perce refer to the Umatilla people as hiyówatalampoo.  See Aoki (1994:171).

Use and revitalization efforts
As of 2013, there are about 50 first language speakers of Umatilla. The language is taught at the Nixyaawii Community School. "There are six full-time language instructors in CTUIR (Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation). Nixyaawii Community School has offered Umatilla, Walla Walla and Nez Perce language classes for the last decade and a Cay-Uma-Wa Head Start program is being developed to reach children while they’re young. There are also online video resources and the Tamaluut immersion school, a new language immersion program for three- to five-year-olds." The Wíyat'ish Naknúwit "For the Future" Language Project, has trained speakers using a Master-Apprentice program. A Flash Story Camp has been held by First Nations Development in collaboration with Tamastslikt's Language Enhancement Program and Education Department, and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
In 2015, Umatilla instruction will be given at the high school level. There is interest in adapting a curriculum for Umatilla that has been used successfully for Okanagan Salish at the Salish School of Spokane.

The Umatilla Dictionary was published in 2014 with the University of Washington Press. The Dictionary documents the language of the Umatilla people east of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington. Working for many years with the accumulated scholarship of linguists and anthropologists as well as with elders on the Umatilla Reservation, tribal linguist Noel Rude has painstakingly recorded words, pronunciations, phrases, and other elements of the Umatilla language. The dictionary includes a grammar and comparative information that places the Umatilla language in its linguistic and historical context and compiles all of its known words, phrases, and constructions. Umatilla Dictionary is an important work for people of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, the Yakama Nation, and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs and adds to the growing linguistic work being done by tribes and scholars on endangered languages.

Phonology
Rigsby and Rude use a technical alphabet based upon the Americanist phonetic notation to transcribe Umatilla, though other practical orthographies also exist.

Vowels

All long vowels are written as clusters of identical short vowels.

The pronunciation of /a/ ranges from [ɑ] to [ʌ] and it shifts to [a] or [ɛ] when preceded or followed by /y/.
The pronunciation of /aa/ ranges from [aː] to [ɑː].
The pronunciation of /i/ ranges from [ɪ] to [i] and it shifts to [e] near /q qʼ x̣/.
/ii/ has a schwa-like offglide before uvulars and it shifts to [e] after uvulars.
/ɨ/ is pronounced [ɨ], and may lower dialectally to [ə] or [a].
/u/ is pronounced [u] and it shifts to [o] near uvulars.
/uu/ is pronounced [uː] and it shifts to [o] near uvulars.

Vowels of different quality never appear in clusters. Allowed diphthongs are the following: /ay aay aw aaw iw iiw uy uuy/.

Consonants

Consonant clusters are common and show few restrictions. All words begin with a consonant, even though according to orthographic conventions, an initial glottal stop before a vowel is not written and initial unstressed /ʼɨ/ is not written before /m n l/ plus a consonant. Initial clusters of up to three consonants are allowed (pccák 'pepper'), medials of up to five consonants and finals of up to four consonants (látx̣tx̣ 'ashes'). Clusters of identical consonants also occur: qqápni 'silly', ččù 'quiet'.
The laryngeals /h ʼ/ usually occur in initial position and sometimes in intervocalic position.

Syllable structure
As yet, no detailed description of syllable structure in Umatilla Sahaptin has been written.

Stress
Primary stress is distinctive and is indicated by an acute accent. It occurs on one syllable of a word. Stress contrast can be seen in the following examples: ámapa 'husband' (objective case) and amápa 'island' (locative case); páqʼinušana 'he saw him' and paqʼínušana 'they saw (him)'. Nondistinctive secondary and lesser stresses occur phonetically and are conditioned by phonetic and syntactic environments.

Phonological processes
Alternation in the phonetic shapes of morphemes is frequent and most often vocalic.

Vocalic alternations result from processes (ablaut, epenthesis and truncation) that can be morphologically or phonologically conditioned.

Consonantal alternations arise from two processes: velar stops /k kʼ/ may palatalize to /c
č/ and affricates /c č/ become /t/ before /s š/. For instance, /c/ + /š/ becomes /t/ + /š/.

Morphology
The morphological structure of Umatilla and other Sahaptin dialects is synthetic to mildly polysynthetic. The processes used are clisis, reduplication, ablaut, compounding, suppletion, order and the most common one is affixation (suffixation in particular).
Nouns, adjectives and pronouns inflect for number and case. There are three number categories: singular, dual and plural. The singular is not marked. The dual is marked by the suffix -in (with allomorphs -win, -yn or -n depending on the final). There are two main ways to mark the plural: with the suffix -ma (tílaaki-ma 'women") and by full or partial reduplication (pšwá 'stone', pšwápšwa 'stones'). These two markers can sometimes co-exist in the same word. Several nouns feature irregular plural marks that might have been more widely used in the past, such as the prefix a- and the suffix -tu.
Verbs have the most complex morphology of all the parts of speech.
Their internal structure is characterized by three major positions:

1) the pronominal prefix
This position is not necessarily occupied, it depends on the aspects of sentence structure external to the verb.

2) the theme
It can be composed of one or several elements. Theme-derivational processes include notions such as the distribution of action and the iteration of action which is expressed by the reduplication of a part of or the totality of the theme (i-ƛúp-ƛúp-ša 'he keeps on jumping up and down', where ƛúp means 'to jump'). Affixations of adverbial notions also occur: qá- 'suddenly', máy- 'in the morning, twá- 'with the edge of a long object', tísɨm- 'while sitting'.

3) the auxiliary suffix complex
Its inflectional system marks the verbs for:
mood: indicative (unmarked), conditional and imperative
aspect: imperfective for an action in process (suffix -ša, -šan), customary for the usual character of an action (suffix -x̣a, -x̣an)
tense
directionality for motion verbs: cislocative suffix -ɨm (motion or activity towards or with respect to speaker), translocative suffix -kik (motion away from the speaker).

Syntax
Umatilla, like other varieties of Sahaptin, is characterized by a free word order and a complex case-marking system.

Noun case endings

See also

 Sahaptian languages
 Sahaptin people
 Umatilla (tribe)

References

Sources
 Aoki, Haruo. (1994). Nez Perce dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics (Vol. 112). Berkeley: University of California Press. .

 Rigsby, B. and Rude, N. 1996. Sketch of Sahaptin, a Sahaptian language. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 17, Languages: 666-692. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.;

External links

Verb Structure in Umatilla
Umatilla language YouTube videos

Inez Reves, Umatilla interpreter, 1925-2011
Interview with Umatilla language teacher Thomas Morning Owl

Umatilla-Tenino Language (Warm Springs, Celilo), native-languages.org
OLAC resources in and about the Umatilla language

Sahaptian languages


is a railway station of the Chūō Main Line, East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Sangasho, in the city of Yamanashi, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
Higashi-Yamanashi Station is served by the Chūō Main Line, and is 120.1  kilometers from the terminus of the line at Tokyo Station.

Station layout
The station consists of two unnumbered opposed side platforms connected by a level crossing. The station is unattended.

Platforms

History
Higashi-Yamanashi Station opened on February 5, 1957 as a passenger station on the JNR (Japanese National Railways). It has been unattended since October 1970. With the dissolution and privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the control of the East Japan Railway Company. Automated turnstiles using the Suica IC Card system came into operation from October 16, 2004.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2010, the station was used by an average of 669 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
|}

Surrounding area
Seihaku-ji

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

 Miyoshi Kozo. Chuo-sen Machi to eki Hyaku-niju nen. JT Publishing (2009)

External links
JR East Higashi-Yamanashi Station

Railway stations in Yamanashi Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1957
Chūō Main Line
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Yamanashi, Yamanashi


Julio Correa Myzkowsky (August 30, 1890 – July 14, 1953) was a Paraguayan poet in Guarani language.

He started to publish his poems in 1926.
Encouraged by the poet Manuel Ortiz Guerrero, he began writing a column entitled "Dialoguitos Callejeros" (Small Street Dialogues) in the newspaper Guarani, of Facundo Recalde.
His talent became apparent during the Chaco War (1932–1935). His work in the Guarani language was well received by the public and he became known as an author, actor and director.

From 1934 to 1936, he published his poems in the magazine Guarania, of Natalicio González. Those became part, later on, of the book Body and Soul (1943). In 1947, he was arrested because of his writings. The civil war that year had a negative effect on the author, and he became depressed. He remained isolated in his country house in Luque, where he died on July 14, 1953.

Childhood and youth
Correa's maternal grandfather, Myzkowsky, was of Polish origin, while his father was Portuguese. Correa left school at a young age.

He came from a well-to-do family that had fallen on hard times as a result of adversities in the aftermath of the war of 1870. A descendant of Brazilian people, his father fought in the war and once it ended, decided to stay in Paraguay, like many other soldiers at the time. As a child Correa grew among people that spoke Guaraní, country people and peons, and it was from that time he started to acknowledge their struggles to survive. As an adult, he discovered himself as able to read this people, as an interpreter to them, in the theater as in the social action.

He was very good friends with the sculptor Erminio Blotta (from Rosario, Argentina), an honorary citizen of Paraguay.

His family

He was married to the actress, Georgina Martínez. Together they founded a theatre company, with which he traveled to every part of Paraguay, carrying a message condemning the injustice of large entailed lands and the exploitation of the working country people.

Trajectory

Walter Wey, a Brazilian researcher, makes a colorful portrait of the multifaceted Correa: "Who does not know and admire Julio Correa? Poet, dramatist, businessman, storyteller and distiller of politic and literary poisons. Maybe the victims, men and women of his satirical stories, felt disrespected but all of them know those stories by memory. It was because of this that he was persecuted and sometimes jailed.

He was the creator of the Guarani theatre, a great author and actor in it. He felt the Paraguayan problem was the unjust distribution of land, because as Justo Pastor Benítez wrote: "the Paraguayan people are just a mere occupant of his own land". Correa took this saying for truth and became a fighter for the cause, standing against foreign and national large entailed land. In his house in Luque there are no books, only farm animals, nothing that proclaims it to be the house of a poet.

Julio Correa was a poet without culture, and without the desire or preoccupation to acquire it. The poems in Spanish language he gathered in his book Alma y Cuerpo (Body and Soul) closed a period in time and marked the beginning of a new path that would be widened by Hérib Campos Cervera, with the introduction of the "literature of vanguard". It is Campos Cervera who completes the description of Correa, saying: "He is the great creator of images of our society and problematic, the drama of misery, land, blood and jealousy".

Work

His production includes:
 "" (What cannot be ours)
 "" (During the war)
 "" (Mister Ulogio)
 "" (Go back to the front)
 "" (After the dispute)
 "" (Just like that)
 "" (Hidden watermelon)
 "" (Poor eating)
 "" (Because of Honorio)
 "" (Luck is not stopped)
 "" (Guarani expression that means "the lover of another one's love")

Julio Correa also wrote "", "", "", "" and .

Among his stories are "Nicolasia del Espiritu Santo" (1943), "El Padre Cantalicio", "El borracho de la casa" and "El hombre que robó una pava" (unfinished); all of these were published after his death.

Last years

He died on July 14, 1953, in Luque, Paraguay, a city close to the Paraguayan capital. His house is now the Museum Julio Correa.

References
 Centro Cultural de la República El Cabildo
 Diccionario Biográfico "Forjadores del Paraguay", Primera Edición Enero de 2000. Distribuidora Quevedo de Ediciones. Buenos Aires, Argentina.

External links
Biografía
Musica Paraguaya
Guarani Renda

1890 births
1953 deaths
Writers from Asunción
Paraguayan people of Polish descent
Paraguayan people of Portuguese descent
20th-century Paraguayan poets
Paraguayan male poets
Guarani-language writers
Revolutionary Febrerista Party politicians
20th-century male writers


Thomas Vincent Honan (20 October 1878 – 21 October 1954), known as T. V. Honan, was a Sinn Féin activist and later a Fianna Fáil politician in Ireland who served as a senator for 20 years.

He was a shopkeeper who owned a licensed premises in O'Connell Square in Ennis. He was a friend of Éamon de Valera and chaired the gathering at O'Connell Square Ennis in his election campaign (1917), introducing de Valera. His home and premises were shelled and burned by irregular British Army Troops in 1921.

He was elected in 1934 to Seanad Éireann (nominated by de Valera), for the standard nine-year term which applied under the Constitution of the Irish Free State, but his term was cut short when the Free State Seanad was abolished in May 1936. However, the Seanad was re-established under the new Constitution of Ireland which was adopted in 1937, he was nominated by the Taoiseach in 1938 to the 2nd Seanad, and remained in the Senate until he stood down at the 1954 election. For the 6th Seanad from 1948 to 1951, he was elected by the Industrial and Commercial Panel.

His son Dermot was a senator from 1965 to 1973, and Dermot's widow Tras was a senator from 1977 to 1992. She was twice elected as Cathaoirleach.

He died in 1954 and de Valera came to Ennis to lead the funeral procession.

See also
Families in the Oireachtas

References

1878 births
1954 deaths
Fianna Fáil senators
Members of the 1934 Seanad
Members of the 2nd Seanad
Members of the 3rd Seanad
Members of the 4th Seanad
Members of the 5th Seanad
Members of the 6th Seanad
Members of the 7th Seanad
Nominated members of Seanad Éireann
Industrial and Commercial Panel senators