Sterling Ruby (born January 21, 1972) is an American artist who works in a large variety of media including ceramics, painting, drawing, collage, sculpture, video, and textiles. Often, his work is presented in large and densely packed installations. The artist has cited a diverse range of sources and influences including aberrant psychologies (particularly schizophrenia and paranoia), urban gangs and graffiti, hip-hop culture, craft, punk, masculinity, violence, public art, prisons, globalization, American domination and decline, waste and consumption. In opposition to the minimalist artistic tradition and influenced by the ubiquity of urban graffiti, the artist's works often appear scratched, defaced, camouflaged, dirty, or splattered. Proclaimed as one of the most interesting artists to emerge this century by New York Times art critic Roberta Smith, Ruby's work examines the psychological space where individual expression confronts social constraint. Sterling Ruby currently lives and works in Los Angeles. His studio is located in Vernon, south of downtown Los Angeles.

Early life and education

Sterling Ruby was born on an American military base in Bitburg, Germany to a Dutch mother and an American father. His family relocated to the United States shortly after his birth, first to Baltimore, Maryland, and then to the rural town of New Freedom, Pennsylvania. There he attended the largely agrarian Kennard-Dale High School. After graduating from high school, Ruby worked in construction in Washington D.C.

Ruby attended The Pennsylvania School of Art and Design, (now the Pennsylvania College of Art and Design, PCA&D). In 2002, he received a BFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. While attending the Art Institute he worked for the Video Data Bank, then under the direction of Kate Horsfield. In 2003, he moved to Los Angeles to attend the MFA program at Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California. While at Art Center he studied with artists Diana Thater and Richard Hawkins, and theorists Sylvère Lotringer and Laurence Rickels. While attending graduate school at Art Center he was the teaching assistant for artist Mike Kelley.

Work

Collage

Collage plays a significant role in the artist's prolific and interdisciplinary practice. Formal and thematic concerns are reflected by an exhaustive range of subject matter which is developed over the course of a number of years. The titles of the collage series include Mapping, DRFTRS, TRANSCOMPOSITIONAL, SPCE, EXHM, and BC. The artist has described collage as an "illicit merger", suggesting a transgressive nature for the medium.

EXHM

In the series EXHM, titled with the artist's invented abbreviation for the word exhumation, The artist repurposes the large cardboard pieces used to protect the studio floor from the urethane that is poured during the creation of his urethane sculptures. Cutting into the cardboard and rearranging formal compositions he finalizes the works by inserting pictures of burial grounds, prescription packages and other found images as a way of creating an autobiographical archeology or dig site.

BC

His bleached denim and canvas collages are titled BC which refers simply to Bleach Collage, but also references the art historical dating reference BC (Before Christ) or BCE (Before the Common Era).
For this series of works, the artist repurposes rags, fabric scraps, clothing, and denim that have personal as well as studio history. These patchwork collages are playful, almost pop-like, resembling the craft of quilt making. These works reference the utilitarian beauty of Gee's Bend quilts as well as Japanese Boro textiles.

ECLPSE

The ECLPSE collages are made from cardboard salvaged from the floor coverings in the artist's studio. The shapes are reminiscent of suns, moons and overlapping landscapes, are painted in bright, primary colors. Ruby has said of these compositions: 'They continue with themes, theories and concepts that have been central to my previous work, but I have been trying to make them abstract and formal, my attempt to connect to the historical lineage of Suprematism.'

SCALES

SCALES are constructed mobiles. These works, which the artist views as three-dimensional manifestations of his collages, feature identical monochrome shapes to those evident in the ECLPSE series. These cardboard shapes are juxtaposed with identifiable scraps of materials and objects from his studio.

Bronzes

Ruby's large bronze sculptures are generally poured in smaller sections, which he then joins together in an almost quilt-like fashion. Traditionally, bronze casting foundries grind the joining welds out of the final sculpture to hide this step in the fabrication process. For his large bronze sculptures, Ruby forgoes grinding the welds, which retain a rainbow patina.

Stoves

In 2012, a series of fully functional stoves of the artist's own design were produced. These stoves, executed in bronze, cast iron or steel, were based on the kind of cast iron pot-belly stoves found in farm houses. There is an autobiographical element to these works, as the artist grew up on a farm in rural Pennsylvania, that for a time was heated only by a wood-burning stove. The Stoves highlight Ruby's interest in themes of functionality and utilitarianism.

In 2013, the artist installed the 17-foot tall STOVE in a public square in Basel, Switzerland as part of Parcours, Art Basel. The stove was lit at the beginning of the fair, and a fire was maintained in the stove during the run of the fair.

A second series of four large scale stoves were exhibited as part of the 2015 Gwangju Biennial in Gwangju Korea. The stoves which stood about 17 feet high were installed at the entrance to the exhibition. A fire was maintained in the Stove during the run of the biennial.

In the fall of 2015, a set of four large black stoves was installed in the courtyard of the Musée de la Chasse et de la Nature in Paris, France.

Soft Sculptures

The artist's soft sculptures, made from fabric stuffed with fiber fill, take many forms. The artist has presented large vampire mouths and double vampire mouths with fabric blood drops that hang from their fabric teeth. Other forms include "husbands" modeled on a particular pillow shape that is sold commercially, and laying figures which resemble oversized human forms.

Ceramics

A prominent component of his oeuvre, Sterling Ruby's ceramic work is informed by the California craft movement and German "hot lava" vessels from the 1970s as well as by the amateurish biomorphic shapes made in an art therapy class. His ceramic works feature thick, vivid glazes and charred and gouged surfaces on rudimentary forms resembling baskets, vessels, or body parts. In his Basin Theology series, basin-like vessels are filled with recycled fragments of earlier destroyed or damaged works. These works reference archaeological excavation sites. The fragmented pieces meld together with the application of glazes and repeated firing in the kiln.

Paintings

Of all the disparate forms in Ruby's practice, his paintings are the most formally abstract. They are all titled with the initials SP and then a number. His large color-field canvases, made entirely with spray paint, use a color palette ranging from deep blacks to acid greens and pinks, and appear hallucinogenic and gauzy. The paintings are influenced by the sociological implications of urban demarcation, vandalism and the power struggles associated with gang tagging. The artist has suggested that layers of gang tagging in Los Angeles, evidence of clashes over territory, eventually turn abstract, ceasing to have a clear order, and in the end losing their original meanings and authority.

Urethane sculptures

The artist has created a series of large, poured urethane sculptures, collectively titled Monument Stalagmites, in blood red, intense blacks, and other vibrant colors. These sculptures, which can be up to eighteen feet tall, resemble the stalactites and stalagmites that can be found in caves. The pieces are created by the accumulation and pouring of a quick drying poly-urethane over an underlying armature. The pieces are presented on bases and have a wooden buttress, often inscribed with text, that the artist refers to as a crutch. They have been described as monumental gestures and reflect the artist's declared intention to depict the moment when malleability becomes frozen.

Video

Walter Robinson described the artist's video Transient Trilogy this way:  "Transient Trilogy (2005)… comes the closest to being a real film, with an actor, a setting and something of a narrative scheme. Ruby himself plays a bum, who transits a marginal landscape, neither nature nor manmade, where he occupies himself crafting what can only be called artworks from string, cast-offs and other bits of trash. In one scene, he makes a minor splatter painting on a rock with red fingernail polish."

Ruby has long explored the architecture of prisons, and in 2019 he exhibited STATE, a single-channel video projection of aerial views of the 35 adult state prisons of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). In the video, we see prisons dotted across the landscape of California; rolling hills, deserts, forests, farmland and rural areas open up onto sites that resemble cities. The artists draws a connection to the ways in which war zones and conflict areas are shown in the media, via distanced surveillance footage or drone reconnaissance. A repetitive, structural rhythm is created as the video cuts back and forth between the landscapes and the sites of the prison grounds. Ruby composed and performed the accompanying sound track.

QUILTS

At his Los Angeles studio, Sterling Ruby bleaches large rolls of canvas and denim to use for his fabric collages and sculptures. Taking inspiration from the quilters of Gee's Bend in Alabama, as well as Boro textiles from Japan, he makes quilts from scraps of the bleached denim and other materials left over from the production of other artworks.

FLAGS

In the series FLAGS, the artist creates quilt-like work on a monumental scale. These large scale wall-hangings often resemble the American flag.

The artist designed a large-scale quilt that served as a backdrop for the traveling performances of the L.A. Dance Projects: Murder Ballades. The backdrop, sewn together from long bolts of bleached denim and canvas, measured .

The artist also created a large fabric backdrop for the set of Basilica Soundscape 2014, a two-day music festival held in Hudson, NY.

Public works

In 2011, the artist presented a set of large free standing sculptures in a public square in Lisbon, Portugal. One of the pieces presented was a large painted metal structure made up of individually stacked monoliths. This piece was later exhibited in a sculpture garden in the Netherlands. As part of this exhibition the artist encouraged visitors to deface the sculpture with their own graffiti.

In an interview with Steve Pulimood, the artist said, "Over the past few years I've done many sculptures that have had inscribed surfaces, gestures on a surface that are not only mediated by me the artist, but also by the public that has access to it. I have seen Serras with that kind of tagging, and for me it informs that irrational feeling you just mentioned … it makes the work itself more vulnerable. I've always liked that antagonism that public sculpture provides."

Pusha T

Ruby designed the cover for "Diet Coke" and "Neck & Wrist", Pusha T's lead singles for his album. He also designed the cover for Pusha's album, "It's Almost Dry".

Fashion and design

Collaborations with Raf Simons

In 2008, Sterling Ruby designed the interior for clothing designer Raf Simons' Tokyo store, using images of bleached fabric to create a splattered wallpaper that covered its walls and ceilings.

In 2009, Simons used denim bleached by the artist to create a collection of denim wear jeans and jackets.

In 2012, Simons created satin fabrics with images of four of Sterling Ruby's recent paintings. Raf Simons created three dresses and a coat from these fabrics. They were presented as part of Raf Simons' debut haute couture collection for Dior. In 2013, these dresses were exhibited as part of the Esprit Dior exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Shanghai.

On January 15, 2014, Ruby and Simons collaborated on Raf Simons/Sterling Ruby Fall/Winter 2014 menswear collection presented during Paris Fashion Week.

In 2017, after Simons moved over to Calvin Klein, Ruby was enlisted to redesign the interior of their New York showroom, as well as the brand's Paris headquarters. Ruby also designed two runways for Calvin Klein, Calvin Klein RTW Fall 2017 in February 2017, and RTW Spring 2018 runway in September 2017. Ruby was also reimagined the interior of Calvin Klein’s Madison Avenue flagship store, painting the walls safety yellow, constructing matching yellow floor-to-ceiling scaffolding and filling the space with geometric plinths and large-scale soft sculpture candles.

In 2020, Raf Simons announced a redux collection. It featured some clothing from the Fall Winter 2014 Sterling Ruby collection.

S.R. STUDIO. LA. CA.

In Spring 2019, Ruby announced the launch of a ready-to-wear collection S.R. STUDIO. LA. CA. [16]  The collection has evolved from ten years of experimentation and development in Ruby’s work in soft sculpture, quilts, backdrops and garments. Ruby described the collection, saying “I’ve always been interested in the behavioral power that comes with clothing. For years I have been privately exploring garments as a medium, as something that impacts the way one can think, feel, and move.”

Sterling Ruby’s designs were very unique as they incorporated much of his past contemporary art skills and works. In addition, he added artwork, specifically photographs, from his wife Melanie Schiff. These images were of candles and weeds, and he printed them on silk dresses. Onto his denim pieces, he added U.S flag decals which reflected particular sculptures he created in the past. He also added a print of another one of his past sculptures onto some garments; this pattern was of animal skulls in different types of wigs. When Ruby described the difference between the production of fashion and art, he said he doesn’t see any difference in the making. But he did say he finds the creation of fashion more rewarding as you see people walking around in the world wearing art you have created.

S.R. STUDIO. LA. CA. debuted in June 2019 at Pitti Immagine Uomo 96 in Florence, Italy. Ruby was the featured Special Guest designer on June 13.

Exhibitions

SUPERMAX 2008

For "SUPERMAX 2008," a solo exhibition curated by Philipp Kaiser at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, Pacific Design Center, Ruby correlated the architecture of the museum with the architecture of the California prison system.

"SUPERMAX" is a reference to the special units of American maximum security prisons where prisoners in solitary confinement can be on lockdown for up to 23 hours a day. The dense installation of "SUPERMAX 2008" included poured urethane sculptures, aerosol paintings, geometric sculptures made of formica or brass, and soft sculptures in the form of blood drops and collages. The expressive exhibition distanced the artist's work from the ideology of Minimal art and integrated the seemingly disparate artworks included in Ruby's art practice.

SOFTWORK

In 2012-2013 the artist presented the exhibition titled SOFT WORK at the Geneva Contemporary Art Center, FRAC Champagne-Ardenne, Bonniers Konsthall in Stockholm, and MACRO in Rome. This traveling exhibition consisted of soft sculptures in various forms.

A catalog to accompany this exhibition was published by Buchhandlung Walther König. The works from the SOFT WORK exhibition were acquired by the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles as a complete set in 2015.

Ruby had exhibited at institutions including the Ullens Center for Contemporary Art, Beijing; Museum of Modern Art, New York; Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Garage Centre for Contemporary Culture, Moscow; Saatchi Gallery, London; MACRO, Rome; Baibokov Projects, Moscow. His work was included in the 2014 Whitney Biennial, the 2014 Taipei Biennial, and the 2014 Gwangju Biennial, and Made in L.A. 2016: a, the, though, only at The Hammer Museum.

In addition to his solo exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles ("SUPERMAX 2008"), Ruby has been the subject of solo exhibitions at the Drawing Center, New York; La Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Bergamo, Italy, and the Winterpalais in Vienna. The traveling exhibition SOFT WORK was exhibited at FRAC Champagne-Ardenne, Riems, France and the Centre d'Art Contemporain, Geneva, Switzerland; and Bonniers Konsthall, Stockholm, Sweden and Museo d'Arte Contemporanea, Rome, Italy.

In 2019, Ruby's solo exhibition Sterling Ruby: Sculpture at the Nasher Sculpture Center was the first museum exhibition to survey the great variety of sculptural work of one the most significant contemporary artists working today. The exhibition featured nearly 30 large-scale sculptures spanning his career.

Notable works in public collections
Dihedral (2006), Seattle Art Museum
Pelvic Mirror/Peace Head Version (2007), Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Alpha Tier 2 (2008), Museum of Modern Art, New York
Inscribed Plinth/LA Shotgun LX13/C. Noland Conjugal Visit (2008), Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago
Basin Theology/Nicap (2010), Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas
SOFT WORK (2011-2013), Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
SP257 (2013), The Guggenheim, New York
SP267 (2013), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
Vampire 108 (2013), Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
Basin Theology/CRL-40.941 NOMAD (2014), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
Basin Theology/Excited Red Excedrin (2015), Tate, London
The Jungle (2016), Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
Double Candle (2018), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC

References

Further reading
 Sterling Ruby to Debut Fashion Brand at Pitti Uomo Sandra Salibian, WWD, March 21, 2019
 Sterling Ruby Pipes Down, a bit, Roberta Smith, The New York Times, November 14, 2018
 User Experience: Calvin Klein 205W39NYC Jack Self, ssense.com, 2018.
 Sterling Ruby: making it big. Sean O'Hagan, The Guardian, March 11, 2016
 Sterling Ruby, a vibrant artist at the Gagosian Gallery in Paris, Numéro, October 18, 2015
 Sterling Ruby: Sunrise Sunset. Roberta Smith, The New York Times, June 19, 2014
 Raf & Ruby. Sarah Nicole Prickett, T Magazine, New York Times blogs, June 10, 2014
 Sterling Ruby - Urethane Works - The Artist's Studio - MOCAtv March 10, 2014
 A Hard Look at "Soft Work," Sterling Ruby's Cushy and Satirical Solo Exhibition in France Juliette Soulez, ArtInfo, France, June 3, 2012
 Sterling Ruby's Vampire. David Spalding, art-agenda.com. November 8, 2011
 The Principles of Eternity. Rachel Corbett, Artnet.com
 Art in Review: Sterling Ruby and Lucio Fontana. Ken Johnson, The New York Times, September 22, 2011
 Sterling Ruby: Sincerely Hostile, João Ribas, Flash Art int. Ed., XLIII.271, Mar.- Apr. 2010: 80-84
 Best in Show/Sterling Ruby's Cage Heat, Linda Yablonsky, T Magazine, The New York Times Style Magazine, February 11, 2010
 Unearthed Classics and Reinvented Forms: The Best Art of 2009. Jerry Saltz, New York Magazine, December 20, 2009
 Sterling Ruby, Kevin West, W Magazine, November 2009
 New Photography 2009, Museum of Modern Art, New York. MoMA Multimedia Video Interview
 Weekend Update, Walter Robinson, artnet Magazine, June 2009
 Who is Sterling Ruby? Julian Myers, Frieze Magazine, April 2009
 Brief Reflection on Sterling Ruby. Ed Schad. I call it ORANGES blog, July 22, 2008
 Art in Review, Sterling Ruby, Chron, Kiln Works, Roberta Smith, The New York Times, March 21, 2008

1972 births
Living people
People from Bitburg
Academic staff of European Graduate School
Emigrants from West Germany to the United States
American artists
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni


Marnhagues-et-Latour (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography
The Sorgues flows west-northwest through the commune; the Latour hamlet lies on its right bank. The Marnhagues hamlet lies in the valley of the Matas brook, a tributary of the Sorgues. The third hamlet in the commune, Laroquaubel, lies in the valley of the Annou, another tributary of the Sorgues.

Population

Sights
The Nonenque Charterhouse ( or Chartreuse de Nonenque) lies north of Laroquaubel, in the same valley.

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

External links

Page about Marnhagues-et-Latour at the tourism office website
Website of the Nonenque Charterhouse

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Martiel (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Martrin (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mayran (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

In 2018, the town had 636 inhabitants, down 2.3% compared to 2013 (Aveyron: + 0.55%, France excluding Mayotte: + 1.78%).

Cultural Events and Festivities
14 and 15 August: Village festival organized by the Mayran Festival Committee.

Places and Monuments

 Church of Saint Fabien and Saint Sébastien de Mayran
 Chapel of Notre-Dame du Soulié

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mélagues (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Meljac () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography
The river Céor forms all of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Monastère (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Angelica Banaag Alarva (born January 20, 1983), better known by her stage name Angelica Jones, is a singer, actress and politician in the Philippines. Also known as a singer who sang the novelty song "Miss Flawless".

Personal life
She was born as Angelica B. Alarva in Brgy. Santisimo, Rosario, San Pablo, Laguna.

Political career
Alarva served as Board Member from the 3rd district of Laguna from 2010 to 2016 and from 2019 to 2022. She also unsuccessfully ran for vice governor of Laguna in 2016 and for representative of Laguna's 3rd district in 2022.

Filmography

TV series
That's Entertainment (1992–1996)
Masayang Tanghali Bayan (2003–2005)
Basta't Kasama Kita (2003–2004) - Shai
Chowtime Na! (2004–2006)
La Vendetta (2007)
FPJ's Ang Probinsyano (2015)
Eat Bulaga (2015)
Sabado Badoo (2015)
Maalaala Mo Kaya (2016)
Conan, My Beautician (2016) – Kiray
It's Showtime (2017)
Tadhana (2017)
Magpakailanman (2018)
One of the Baes (2019)
Mars Pa More (2019)
Kaibigan The Series (2020)
Dear Uge (2020)
John En Ellen (2021)
I Can See You (2021)

Film
Mr. Suave (2003) - Venus
Lagot Ka Sa Kuya Ko (2006)
Enteng Kabisote 3: Okay Ka, Fairy Ko: The Legend Goes On and On and On (2006)
Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin (TBA) – Alona Alegre

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Actresses from Laguna (province)
Filipino actor-politicians
Filipino film actresses
Filipino television actresses
Filipino television personalities
Filipino women comedians
Filipino women in politics
Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians
Members of the Laguna Provincial Board
Nacionalista Party politicians
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas politicians
People from San Pablo, Laguna
Probinsya Muna Development Initiative politicians
That's Entertainment (Philippine TV series)
United Nationalist Alliance politicians


Montagnol (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Montbazens (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Monteils (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

Notable people
 Mother Marie-Anastasie

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


SRTV may refer to:

 one of the following television stations:
 Star Ray TV in Toronto, Ontario
 Romanian Television, the Romanian public television
 the student run television station at the University of California, San Diego, which originated such programs as Live Hot Puppet Chat and various shows by The Koala
 the Department of the Army's Soldiers Media Center that produces radio and television programming (Soldiers Radio and Television)
 Storm Search and Rescue Tactical Vehicle, US. Air Force ATV


"Sunrise" is a song by English musical group Simply Red. It was released on 17 March 2003 as the first single from their eighth studio album, Home (2003), as well as the first single from frontman Mick Hucknall's new record label, simplyred.com. The song peaked at number seven on the UK Singles Chart, number three in Canada, and number one on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.

Content
The song contains samples of Hall & Oates's 1981 hit "I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)" and incorporates some of its lyrics.

Reception
David Jeffries of AllMusic panned the track, calling it the worst on its parent album. He added: "Hall & Oates get sampled and credited, but the vocal hook from Ace's "How Long" gets lifted without acknowledgment. It sounds as shoddy as one of the song-combining "mash-up" bootlegs that swept through the U.K., and could be a cover-up for Hucknall's lack of songwriting ideas."

Music video
The main success of "Sunrise" was due in part to the sensual video being shot on the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro. It was filmed in February 2003 at the Das Canoas house designed by the renowned Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer for himself, which has since been open to the public.

Track listings

UK CD1
 "Sunrise" – 3:18
 "Sunrise" (Love to Infinity classic mix) – 6:50
 "Sunrise" (Love to Infinity club mix) – 7:51
 Enhanced section: video/making of the video

UK CD2
 "Sunrise" (live at Ronnie Scott's)
 "Positively 4th Street" (live at Ronnie Scott's)
 "Home Loan Blues" (live at Ronnie Scott's)

European CD single
 "Sunrise" – 3:18
 "Sunrise" (Love to Infinity classic mix) – 6:50
 Enhanced section: video/making of the video

Australian CD single
 "Sunrise" – 3:18
 "Sunrise" (Motivo Hi-Lectro radio mix) – 3:25
 "Sunrise" (Love to Infinity radio mix) – 3:11
 "Sunrise" (live) – 3:18
 "Positively 4th Street" (live) – 4:32

Japanese CD single
 "Sunrise"
 "Sunrise" (Motivo Hi-Lectro radio mix)
 "Sunrise" (Love to Infinity club mix)

Canadian CD single
 "Sunrise" – 3:18
 "Sunrise" (Motivo Hi-Lectro radio mix) – 3:25
 "Sunrise" (Love to Infinity radio mix) – 3:11
 "Sunrise" (Motivo Hi-Lectro mix) – 6:14
 "Sunrise" (Motivo Hi-Lectro dub) – 6:42
 "Sunrise" (Love to Infinity club mix) – 7:51
 "Sunrise" (Love to Infinity classic mix) – 6:50
 "Sunrise" (video)
 Making of the video

Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the Home album booklet.

Studio
 Recorded at Metropolis Studios (London, England)

Personnel
 Mick Hucknall – words, music, original version production
 Daryl Hall – words, music ("I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)")
 John Oates – words, music ("I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)")
 Sara Allen – words, music ("I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)")
 Andy Wright – production, mixing
 Gota Yashiki – original version production

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

See also
 List of Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play number ones of 2003

References

External links
 Lyrics of this song

2003 singles
2003 songs
Simply Red songs
Songs written by Daryl Hall
Songs written by John Oates
Songs written by Mick Hucknall
Songs written by Sara Allen


Solnechnoye (; ) is a municipal settlement in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus, on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland. Population:

Before the Winter War and Continuation War, it was a part of Finland and was located near the border with the Soviet Union.

References

Municipal settlements under jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg
Kurortny District
Karelian Isthmus


Molodyozhnoye (; ) is a municipal settlement in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus, on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland. Population:

Until the end of the Winter War in 1940, it was a part of Finland.

Notable people
 Pearl Hobson (1879–1919), an American-born Russian actress, singer, dancer and cabaret artist

References

Municipal settlements under jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg
Karelian Isthmus
Kurortny District


The American Legion was a provincial cavalry and infantry corps (regiment) of the British Army in the American War of Independence commanded by Brigadier General Benedict Arnold.

History
The American Legion is notable
for the fact that Brigadier General Benedict Arnold, who had previously served the United States and had defected to the British in 1780, was the commanding officer. It was organised in October 1780 at New York. The Legion accompanied Arnold in his raid upon Virginia. It was with him in his expedition into Connecticut in September 1781, in which two forts were stormed and dismantled, and the town of New London plundered and burned. The Legion was disbanded on 24 October 1783 at New Brunswick.

Uniform
The Legion's uniform consisted of a red coat with green facings. The coat had short tails, as opposed to those worn by British Regulars who wore long tails.

References

Further reading

See also
 Military career of Benedict Arnold, 1781

External links

 Index to American Legion History at Royalprovincial.com

1780 establishments in New York (state)
1783 disestablishments in New Brunswick
Benedict Arnold
Corps of the British Army
Loyalist military units in the American Revolution
Military units and formations established in 1780
Military units and formations disestablished in 1783


Pesochny () is a municipal settlement in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus, on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland.  Population:

Until 1925, it was called Grafskaya koloniya (, lit. Colony of the earl), or Grafskoye () for short.  Its Finnish name "" is derived from that name.

References

Municipal settlements under jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg
Karelian Isthmus
Kurortny District


Montézic (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Near the commune is the Montézic Power Station.

Charles de Louvrié, inventor of the jet engine, was born in the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Michael Francis Land FRS (12 April 1942 – 14 December 2020) was a British neurobiologist. He was a professor of neurobiology in the vision laboratory at the Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, University of Sussex, England.

Land's research was on different aspects of animal and human vision. His interests were in the optics of the eyes of marine animals, including scallops, shrimps and deep-water crustaceans. He also studied visual behaviour in spiders and insects, particularly during pursuit. This led to an interest in eye movement in animals and later in man.

Land's group was mainly concerned with the role of eye movement in human activities such as driving, music reading and ball games. In 2000, Land and a colleague reported their finding that within 200 milliseconds after a ball leaves a cricket bowler's hand, the best batsmen will take their eyes off the ball and look ahead to the point where they have calculated it will bounce (see also Land & McLeod (2000) in bibliography).

Other work was on the processing of visual information by the retinas of mosquitoes.

He died on 14 December 2020 at the age of 78.

Education
The son of Frank William Land, from 1950 to 1960 he attended Birkenhead School, a direct grant school, on the Wirral in Cheshire. From there he went to the University of Cambridge where he studied zoology, graduating in 1963. A PhD in neurophysiology at University College London (UCL) followed, completed in 1968. It was at UCL that Land began his research into human and animal vision.

Academic career
After completing his PhD at UCL, where he had been an assistant lecturer in Physiology, in 1969 Land became assistant professor of Physiology at University of California, Berkeley. He returned to the UK in 1971, taking up a post as a lecturer in neurobiology at the University of Sussex. Here he was appointed a reader in 1977. After being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1982 he was appointed as a professor in 1984. He was also a senior visiting fellow at the Australian National University, Canberra from 1982 to 1984. In 1994 he received the Frink Medal of the Zoological Society of London, and in 1996 the Alcon Prize for vision research. Land retired from full-time academic work in 2005 and became an emeritus professor at Sussex.

Bibliography
Land M.F., Tatler B.W. (2009) Looking and Acting: Vision and eye movements in natural behaviour. Oxford University Press, .
Land M.F. (2007). Fixation strategies during active behaviour. A brief history. In: Eye movements: a window on mind and brain (eds. RPG van Gompel, M.H. Fischer, W.S. Murray, R.L. Hill) Chapter 4. Oxford: Elsevier, .
Lim M.L.M., Land M.F., Li D. (2007). Sex-specific UV and fluorescence signals in jumping spiders. Science 315: 481
Kuhn G., Land M.F. (2006). There's more to magic than meets the eye! Current Biology 16: R950-R951
Land M.F., Nilsson D-E. (2006). General purpose and special purpose visual systems. In: Invertebrate vision (eds. D-E. Nilsson, E.J. Warrant) pp 167–210. Cambridge University Press, .
Land M.F. (2006). Eye movements and the control of actions in everyday life. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 25: 296-324
Land M.F. (2006). Visual optics: the shapes of pupils. Current Biology 16: R167-168
Land M.F. (2005). Eye-hand coordination: learning a new trick. Current Biology 16: R995-956
Land M.F. (2005). Q & A. Current Biology 15: R280-R281.
Land M.F. (2005). The optical structures of animal eyes. Current Biology 15: R319-R323.
Land MF, Horwood J (2005). Different retina-lamina projections in mosquitoes with fused and open rhabdoms. J. Comp. Physiol A (on line 04.05).
Tatler B.W., Gilchrist I.D., Land M.F. (2005). Visual memory for objects in natural scenes: From fixations to object files. Quart. J. Exp. Psych. 58A (on line 10/04)
Land M.F. (2004). Eyes and vision: in: The Crustacea vol 1. (eds. Forest J., Vaupel Klein J.C. von). pp 257–299. Leiden: Brill Publishers, .
Land M.F. (2004). Nocturnal vision: bees in the dark. Current Biology 14: R615-616.
Land M.F. (2004). The coordination of rotations of the eyes, head and trunk in saccadic turns made in natural situations. Experimental Brain Research 159: 151–160.
Mathger L.M., Land M.F., Siebeck U.E., Marshall N.J. (2003). Rapid colour change in multilayer reflecting stripes in the paradise whiptail, Pentapodus paradiseus. J. Exp. Biol. 206: 3607-3613
Land M.F. (2003). Eye movements in daily life. In: The Visual Neurosciences (eds L.M. Chalupa, J.S. Werner) chapter 91. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, .
Kleinlogel S., Marshall N.J., Horwood J.M., Land M.F. (2003) Neuroarchitecture of the color and polarization vision system of the stomatopod Haptosquilla. J. Comp. Neurol. 467: 326-342
Land M.F. (2003) The spatial resolution of the pinhole eyes of giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Proc. R. Soc. B 270: 185-188
Land M.F., Nilsson D-E. (2001) Animal Eyes. Oxford University Press, .
Land M.F., Tatler B.W. (2001) Steering with the head: the visual strategy of a racing driver. Current Biology 11: 1215-1220
Land M.F., Hayhoe M. (2001) In what ways do eye movements contribute to everyday activities. Vision Research 41: 3559-3565
Land M.F., McLeod P. (2000) From eye movements to actions: how batsmen hit the ball. Nature Neuroscience 3: 1340-1345
Land M.F. (2000) On the functions of double eyes in mid-water animals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 355: 1147-1150
Land M.F., Mennie N., Rusted J. (1999) The roles of vision and eye movements in the control of activities of daily living. Perception 28: 1311-1328
Land M.F., Gibson, G., Horwood, J. and Zeil, J. (1999) Fundamental differences in the optical structure of the eyes of nocturnal and diurnal mosquitoes. J. Comp. Physiol. 185: 91-103.
Land M.F. (1999) Motion and vision: why animals move their eyes. J. Comp. Physiol. 185: 341-352
Dacke M., Nilsson D-E, Warrant E.J., Blest A.D., Land M.F., O'Carroll D.C. (1999) Built-in polarizers form part of a compass organ in spiders. Nature 401: 470–473.
Land M.F. (1998) The visual control of steering. In: Vision and Action (eds Harris L.R. & Jenkin K.) 163–180. Cambridge University Press, .

References

1942 births
2020 deaths
British neuroscientists
Fellows of the Royal Society
People educated at Birkenhead School
Academics of the University of Sussex
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge


Nanette Burstein (born May 23, 1970) is an American film and television director. Burstein has produced, directed, and co-directed several documentaries including the Academy Award nominated and Sundance Special Jury Prize winning film On the Ropes.

Life and career
Burstein studied film at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts.

In 1997 she collaborated on her first film with Brett Morgen, producing and directing On the Ropes, a low-budget documentary that follows the fates of three young boxers and their trainer. The film, shot mainly on BetaSP, was nominated for an Oscar for Best Documentary (feature length), won Special Jury Prize for Documentary at Sundance, won the Directors Guild of America's award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Documentary. The film also won the International Documentary Association's Feature Documentary award, a Silver Spire at the San Francisco International Film Festival, the Urbanworld Film Festival Best Documentary, and the Land Grant Award at the Taos Talking Picture Festival. The film was also nominated for an Independent Spirit Award (“Truer than Fiction” award).

In 1998 with Nancy Tong she co-wrote the script for Tong's matter-of-fact documentary In the Name of the Emperor of the massacre of over 300,000 Chinese civilians by the Japanese in the Rape of Nanjing in 1937.

In 2002 she and Morgen teamed up again for the Robert Evans biography The Kid Stays in the Picture. The film was very positively reviewed and won the International Press Academy and Boston Society of Film Critics award for Best Documentary. It was also nominated for Best Documentary by the Chicago, Online, Phoenix and Broadcast Film Critics.

In 2004, she produced a documentary television show Film School for IFC with Jordan Roberts, following four film students at their alma mater, Tisch. In 2007 Burstein was executive producer and writer on the VH1 Rock Doc NY77: The Coolest Year In Hell which showcases the rise of hip hop, punk, disco, and graffiti in New York City in 1977. She also executive produced the doc American Shopper.

Her documentary American Teen was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize for Documentary at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. For the project, she lived in the small town of Warsaw, Indiana for 10 months, filming daily. She ended up with 1000 hours of footage, which took a year to edit.

Nanette is the mother of one daughter.  She lives in New York and co-owned a Manhattan bar, The Half-King, with Scott Anderson, and Sebastian Junger.

Filmography

 On the Ropes (1999)
 Say It Loud: A Celebration of Black Music in America (2001, TV mini-series)
 The Kid Stays in the Picture (2002)
 Film School (2004,TV series)
 Autobiography (2005, TV series)
 American Shopper  (2007)
 NY77: The Coolest Year in Hell (2007, TV series) (producer only)
 American Teen (2008)
 Going the Distance (2010)
 New Girl (2012)
 Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 (2012)
 The Price of Gold (2014)
 Gringo: The Dangerous Life of John McAfee (2016)
 Hillary (2020)
 Killer Sally (2022)

References

External links

 Interview with Burstein about the Film School project
 Indiewire Interview with Burstein and Morgen about The Kid Stays in the Picture
 eFilmCritic.com interview with Nanette Burstein and Jordan Roberts about 'American Teen.'
 Nanette Burstein's Guest DJ Set on KCRW KCRW Guest DJ Set

1970 births
Film directors from New York (state)
20th-century American Jews
Living people
Artists from Buffalo, New York
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
American documentary filmmakers
Directors Guild of America Award winners
Sundance Film Festival award winners
American women documentary filmmakers
21st-century American Jews


Montfranc () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Montjaux (; in Occitan Mont Jòus from the Latin Mons Jovis (Mount Jupiter)) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Montlaur () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography
The Dourdou de Camarès forms part of the commune's southeastern border, flows northwestward through the middle of the commune, then forms part of its northwestern border.

The village lies in the northern part of the commune, on the left bank of the Dourdou de Camarès.

Climate

On average, Montlaur experiences 55.0 days per year with a minimum temperature below , 1.0 days per year with a minimum temperature below , 2.9 days per year with a maximum temperature below , and 33.4 days per year with a maximum temperature above . The record high temperature was  on August 12, 2003, while the record low temperature was  on March 1, 2005.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Montpeyroux (; )is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. Residents of the commune are referred to as Montpeirosiens.

In 1790–1794, the commune absorbed Seignour Delcros, Engalenc and Esparou; in 1832, it absorbed Le Bousquet, Brionnès and Crozillac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Montrozier (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Montsalès (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Morlhon-le-Haut (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mostuéjouls (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

Notable locals
 Raymond de Mimèges = de Mostuèjouls, chaplain of Pope John XXII, first bishop of Diocese of Saint-Flour (1317-1319), bishop of Diocese of Saint-Papoul, created Cardinal in 1327

See also
 Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ushkovo (; ) is a municipal settlement in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus, on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland. Population:

Before the Winter and the Continuation Wars, it was a part of Finland's municipality of Terijoki (modern Zelenogorsk).

References

Municipal settlements under jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg
Kurortny District
Karelian Isthmus


Mounes-Prohencoux (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mouret (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Moyrazès (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Murasson () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The proper plantar digital arteries are arteries of the foot.

See also
 Proper plantar digital nerves of medial plantar nerve
 Proper plantar digital nerves of lateral plantar nerve

External links
 http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_17/17-3.HTM

Arteries of the lower limb


The common plantar digital arteries are arteries of the foot.

See also
 Common plantar digital nerves of medial plantar nerve
 Common plantar digital nerves of lateral plantar nerve

External links
 http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_17/17-3.HTM

Arteries of the lower limb


Muret-le-Château (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Murols is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron


Naucelle (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. Naucelle station has rail connections to Toulouse, Albi and Rodez.

Population

Personalities
Ozil de Cadartz, medieval troubadour
Marcellin Cazals, Resistance fighter
Jean Cuq, the general was from Naucelle.

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron


Naussac () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Nauviale (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Nayrac (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Noailhac (, Languedocien: Noalhac) is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Conques-en-Rouergue.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Former communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Olemps (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ols-et-Rinhodes is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Onet-le-Château (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Palmas (Languedocien: Palmàs) is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Palmas-d'Aveyron.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Former communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


The sketch comedy television show Saturday Night Live aired several critically acclaimed sketches parodying then Alaskan Governor and vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin in the lead-up to the 2008 United States presidential election. The sketches featured former cast member Tina Fey, who returned as a guest star to portray Palin. Fey won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her impersonation of Palin.

Background
Soon after the 2008 John McCain presidential campaign's August 29, 2008 announcement that Alaska governor Sarah Palin would be McCain's vice presidential nominee, people noted a physical resemblance between comedian Tina Fey and Palin.

Viewers began to speculate who would play Palin on SNL during the run up to the November 4 presidential election. Days before the broadcast of the sketch, SNL executive producer Lorne Michaels said "there are [ongoing] discussions" about Fey playing Palin. On September 13, 2008, NBC announced that Fey would appear in the thirty-fourth-season premiere.

"A Nonpartisan Message from Governor Sarah Palin & Senator Hillary Clinton"
The first sketch, "A Nonpartisan Message from Governor Sarah Palin & Senator Hillary Clinton," aired during the thirty-fourth season premiere of SNL on September 13, 2008. The sketch starred Tina Fey and Amy Poehler as Palin and Clinton, respectively. Fey, the series' former head writer and repertory player, made her third appearance on the series since officially leaving SNL in 2006 to work on 30 Rock, a series which she created. The sketch was written by head writer and Weekend Update anchor Seth Meyers with added jokes by Poehler and Fey. A famous line from the sketch, "I can see Russia from my house." was written by SNL producer Mike Shoemaker.

Poehler and Fey are featured in a fictional speech playing New York Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton and Alaskan Governor Sarah Palin, respectively. The pair discuss the presence of sexism in the 2008 United States presidential election, and the differences between Palin and Clinton. Governor Palin was the Republican Party vice-presidential nominee and Senator Clinton was a contender for the Democratic Party presidential nomination. Through the course of the message, Palin tries to present herself as the candidate for the job, and Clinton gets progressively more and more disgusted at Palin's sudden rise to fame as John McCain's running mate, despite her background. It also features references to Clinton's campaign.

Reaction

Critical reception
The sketch was well received by critics. Erin Fox of TV Guide wrote that Tina Fey "nails [Sarah] Palin's mannerisms and accent. [Amy] Poehler is amazing as Hillary [Clinton]; her timing is better than ever. My favorite line was Tina saying 'I can see Russia from my house!'" Fox added that "this was a much anticipated and hoped-for pairing and we got it!" Annie Wu of TV Squad thought that Fey's "impression wasn't perfect but it was more accurate than Amy Poehler's Hillary Clinton, which [she] still find[s] incredibly off." Wu added that "the mugging for the camera was absolutely hilarious." James Poniewozik of Time Magazine wrote that "Fey's Palin was perfectly good enough" and that "the skit itself did a good job of what SNL—which has lately cultivated a strong set of female comics—tried hard to do through Hillary's campaign, which is try to address sexism without either simply going for the easy stereotypes or letting female candidates off the hook." The Huffington Posts reviewer wrote that "Fey bears a striking resemblance to Palin and nailed the candidate's distinctive accent."

Palin's response
When asked how she felt about Fey's portrayal, Palin herself replied, "I watched with the volume all the way down and I thought it was hilarious... I didn't hear a word she said, but the visual was spot on." Palin "and the press corps watched the sketch in the back of her plane, laughing at Tina and Amy's satirical take on the two politicians," and Palin later claimed that she had once dressed up as Fey for Halloween. However, Carly Fiorina, a spokeswoman for the John McCain campaign argued that the sketch portrayed Hillary Clinton as "very substantive," but Fiorina thought, in the case of Sarah Palin, that she was portrayed as "totally superficial." Fiorina thought the sketch was "disrespectful in the extreme" and "sexist."

In a series of interviews, Palin made some "flubs" leading her to joke that "[she] was just trying to give Tina Fey more material." She also joked that it was to provide "job security for SNL characters." Palin later remarked that she should appear on SNL to spoof a series of American Express commercials which featured Tina Fey.

Further Palin sketches
Due to the popularity of the sketch and Fey's impression of Palin, Fey reprised her role during the September 27, 2008 episode. That sketch featured Palin being interviewed by Katie Couric (also portrayed by Amy Poehler), and parodied an interview which took place between Palin and Couric which aired days before the sketch's broadcast. In the sketch, Fey quoted near verbatim one of Palin's answers from the actual interview and mimed Palin's gestures.  The following episode featured a skit parodying the debate between Palin and Joe Biden (played by Jason Sudeikis). Queen Latifah also appeared in the skit as moderator Gwen Ifill.

Palin herself appeared on the October 18, 2008 episode, along with Fey in the cold opening, and in the Weekend Update segment. Alec Baldwin and Mark Wahlberg also appeared in that sketch as themselves. On the October 23 episode of Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday, Fey as Palin appeared alongside Darrell Hammond as John McCain and Will Ferrell as President George W. Bush.

On November 1, 2008, Fey once again portrayed Palin, this time in a sketch featuring the real John McCain, the last of numerous sketches featuring the Arizona Senator. In the sketch, McCain poked fun at himself and his campaign, as well as Barack Obama's purchase of airtime on several major networks earlier in the week. In the sketch, McCain and Palin can only afford to buy airtime on QVC, a home-shopping channel. McCain's wife, Cindy, also made an appearance in the sketch as herself.

After Palin's memoir, Going Rogue: An American Life, achieved best-seller status through pre-orders, Fey announced she would resume impersonating the former Governor despite having "retired" the act months previously. On April 10, 2010, Fey hosted SNL, and once again played Palin, who unveiled her own television network featuring shows such as Hey Journalist, I Gotcha, Todd! starring her husband Todd Palin (Jason Sudeikis) and Are You Smarter than a Half-Term Governor? Fey hosted SNL in May 2011 while pregnant. A new sketch was made in which parodies of Mitt Romney (Jason Sudeikis), Newt Gingrich (Bobby Moynihan), Michele Bachmann (Kristen Wiig), Palin (Fey), Donald Trump (Darrell Hammond), and Jimmy McMillan (Kenan Thompson) fought in a Republican Party debate between undeclared candidates, with Shepard Smith (Bill Hader) coordinating.

On March 11, 2012, on the episode hosted by Jonah Hill, Palin was impersonated by Andy Samberg in the Weekend Update segment. The dialogue leads the audience to think that it was supposed to be another appearance by Fey and that Seth Meyers wasn't aware of the change, but Samberg convinces Meyers to finish his part.

Palin appeared on the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special, where Jerry Seinfeld jokingly mistook her for Tina Fey.

Fey and Poehler co-hosted SNL in December 2015, and performed as Palin and Clinton in yet another sketch. For their performance, the duo won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series.  This is the first time an acting category has been won by more than one person.  Additionally, this is the second win for Fey in the category for her performance as Palin and Poehler's first Emmy win after 18 nominations.

In January 2016, following Palin's real-life endorsement of Donald Trump, Fey returned to the role to parody the speech given by Palin in Iowa that endorsed Trump. This skit served as the show's cold open.

See also
 Saturday Night Live parodies of George H. W. Bush
Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton
Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton
Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump
Saturday Night Live parodies of Joe Biden

References

External links
Tina Fey Guest Stars On Saturday Night Live Season Premiere As Republican Vice Presidential Candidate Gov. Sarah Palin (September 13, 2008 sketch transcript)
Presidential Parody Dominates Saturday Night Live (September 27, 2008 sketch transcript)

 Politicians Who've Appeared on SNL - AP

2008 in American television
Cultural depictions of Sarah Palin
Saturday Night Live in the 2000s
2008 United States presidential election in popular culture


Paulhe () is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Peux-et-Couffouleux (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Last Voyage of Columbus: Being the Epic Tale of the Great Captain's Fourth Expedition, Including Accounts of Sword fight, Mutiny, Shipwreck, Gold, War, Hurricane and Discovery (also referred to as The Last Voyage of Columbus,) is a non-fiction book, authored by Martin Dugard and published  in 2005 by Little, Brown and Company. The plot is a lifelong account of explorer Christopher Columbus and his founding of what is now often referred to as the New World. The book received positive reviews by critics.

Plot

The books topic focuses on Christopher Columbus's one last voyage to the ends of the earth. The voyage is his final chance to prove himself and thus become the first man ever to circumnavigate the world. The goal was to find a westward passage through Central America and reach the Maluku Islands, also known as the Spice Islands.

His project turns into one of history's most epic-and forgotten-adventures. Columbus would later claim that this fourth voyage was his greatest. It was without question his riskiest and most challenging.

"Of the four ships he led into the unknown, none returned. Columbus would face the worst storms a European explorer had ever encountered. He would battle to survive amid mutiny, war, and a shipwreck that left him stranded on the desert isle of Jamaica for almost a year. On his tail were his enemies, sent from Europe to track him down. In front of him: the unknown.

The account of this final voyage brings Columbus to life as never before adventurer, businessman, father, tyrant, and hero"

Reception
Ben Cosgrove of The San Francisco Chronicle comments "Dugard's book breathes life into that futile, unquenchable, 500-year-old dream. There's adventure for you." Ben Sisario of The New York Times noted about that book that "In a rich, fluent account, Dugard offers both a gripping naval adventure and a revealing history of the competitive mercantile politics of the turn of the 16th century, and portrays Columbus as a star-crossed striver eager to legitimize his quest." James Neal Webb of Book Page comments "The Last Voyage of Columbus, a new book by Martin Dugard, is of the latter variety, and in it we find a figure who, while familiar, is more human and thus more interesting than the Christopher Columbus we know from history textbook."

TV Film
In 2007, the History Channel released the TV film Columbus: The Lost Voyage based partly on Dugard's book.

References

External links
 A Lion TV Film for The History Channel (2007)
Trailer

2005 non-fiction books
21st-century history books
Little, Brown and Company books
Books by Martin Dugard (author)
Non-fiction books adapted into films


Peyreleau (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. It lies on the river Jonte, close to its confluence with the Tarn.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Peyrusse-le-Roc (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

The Château Inférieur is a ruined castle which was taken by the English in 1163 and occupied by Simon de Montfort.

The architectural heritage of the commune includes seven buildings protected under the historical monument act (France): the hospital of the English, registered in 1992, the covered market, registered in 1992, the Synagogue of Peyrusse-le-Roc, registered in 1992, the porte de la Barbacane (Barbican gate), listed in 1993, the Notre-Dame-de-Laval church, listed in 1995, the Château Inférieur, listed in 1995, and the château de La Caze (Peyrusse), registered in 2018.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pierrefiche (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Plaisance (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pomayrols (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Geography
The commune lies on the southern slope of the high valley of the Lot river, between the cities of Saint-Laurent-d'Olt and Saint-Geniez-d'Olt.

Its land area  is 2,340 hectares (in the shape of a triangle); its altitude varies from 433 metres in La Tourre with 1,180 metres at the "Puech of the Blackbird".

Its northeastern limit touches the department of Lozère with the commune of Trélans. It follows the old track "drailhe" which was used by the pilgrims of the Way of St. James and is now GR footpath n° 6 which connects Le Puy-en-Velay to Conques.

In southeast, from the ravine of the Drop to Puech Grond is used as limit with the commune of Saint-Laurent-d'Olt.

In the south, runs the Lot river which goes down from Saint-Laurent-d'Olt; it separates the commune with that from La Capelle-Bonance.

The river is used as border between two extremely different natural areas: mounts of Aubrac in north, large plateaus in the south.

In the southwest, the road on right bank of the brook of Bonance (known as "Canto Serp") borders the commune of Saint-Geniez-d'Olt.

In the northwest the commune is separated from that of Aurelle-Verlac by a line which passes under Ginestes, Molière and Fraïssinède.

Localities and hamlets
Names of villages, farms and hamlets located on the territory of the commune in French and Occitan, with translation and origin.

Pomayrols, (Pomairòls): place with the many apple trees, comes from Latin poma, pomum: apple.

Chipole, (Gipola), "at Gipou" place which belongs to Joseph (Latin origin);
La Tourre, Torre: the tower, in Latin turris: the tower.
Vialaneuve, (the viala nova): the new way or new villa, from Latin via: the way.
La  Bessière, ( becièra ): planted place of birches, from Latin betullus: birch.

Le Monna
Les Gandalgues
La Fage, ( the Fagia, in the past, the Clara Fagia): clearing of beeches, in Latin fagus/fagea: beech.
Bonance
Rouveret, (Roveret): plantation of oaks; place planted of reopen (oaks): from Latin robur: reopen.
Les Vergounhoux, (los Vergonhôs): the vergogneux ones (humble and modest shy persons) in Latin vergonha: timidity.
Lespinasse (the espinassa): where there are thorn-bushes, in Latin spina: spine.
Le Flourigués (florigués): flowered place, in Latin flor: flower.
La Boulesq, (the bolesc): place or house belonging to "Ball" (Latin origin).
Falguières, (will falguièras): ferns, in Latin filicaria: fern.
Les Crouzets, (los crosets): the small hollows, come from Celtic the kris, then in popular Latin crosus: hollow.
Le Martinesq (lo Martinesc): place or house which belongs to Martin (Latin origin).
La Plagne, (the planha): flat place, in Latin planea: plain.
Les Pougettes
La Bourgade, (the borgada): the village, comes from Germanic, burg: city.

Les Gandalgues
The farms and hamlets located on left bank of the Lot river forming are added part of the parish of Pomayrols:

In the commune of Capelle-Bonance:
La Prade
Pomiès
Navechs
Le Gibertès
Le Laus

In the commune of Saint-Geniez-in Olt:
Cayzac (Caïsac): place pertaining to "Caïus" (Latin origin).

(Sources: Al Canton of Feels-Ginièis, departmental mission of the culture, )

Nature

Landscapes

The formerly cultivated slopes made place with the wood of oaks or chestnuts intersected with natural meadows.

On the heights, the moors of heathers were gradually replaced by vast meadows and fields of cereals.

On the commune, since the 1970s, the farmers forsook little by little the slopes with the profit heights easier to exploit.

If this change is not without incidences on the quality of surrounding spring waters, at the bottom of the valley on the other hand, this evolution allowed to see developing vast areas with the passing of years where nature took again its rights for the greatest benefit of the flora and fauna.

On along the river, this new situation does not make forget the maintenance of the banks in order to reduce the devastators effects of the risings.

Natura 2000 setting

To preserve biodiversity in the high valley of the Lot, the area between the cities of Espalion and Saint-Laurent-d'Olt was included in the Natura 2000 network.

In Pomayrols, on right bank of the river, the grounds located under the  road n° 509 starting from the place known as:"Le Gravas" to the limit of  Saint Laurent  are indexed by the Général council of Aveyron as  a sensitive natural area .

This part of the valley which extends on  from banks makes from now on the object of specific contracts and procedures  as regards agriculture in order to guarantee the protection of these mediums and to take care of the quietude of the animal species present.

History

Before the French Revolution, the castle and its land had successively belonged to several families of former Nobility.

Rights and duties of the lord of the manor of Pomayrols:
The Lord of the Manor  had on his field (Manorialism) the duty to ensure peace and safety for the people.
In order  to maintain the  peace, he had the legal authority, the right to make "the high, middle and low justice".

To show this capacity, he was allowed to draw up one or several Gibbet. (In French this right was called: right of fork).
In Pomayrols, the gibbet was located at the cross of the stake (formerly a much attended crossing point).
To ensure the safety of the goods and the people, he had to maintain men trained with the use of the weapons.

These expenses were financed by the perception of taxes and various royalties such as (Censive, Champart, Lods_&_sales and commun run of peace).
Because of the scarcity of currency, these taxes were paid either in food products or in day's works ( Corvée).
These local taxes resulting from Feudalism  would be applied until August 4, 1789.

Cayrodes 1261–1408
In 1261, the seigniory belonged to the family of Cayrodes, Pons de Cayrodes (Étienne de Cayrodes'son) was the first of this line.

(the pact of marriage of Guillemette the Pons de Cayrodes' sister going back to 1261 is the oldest document which mentions the existence of the castle of Pomayrols.)

In 1360, by the Treaty of Brétigny, a great part of the South-west of France including Rouergue was annexed to Guyenne which was already an English possession since 1259.

Pomayrols from now on was located at the border with close Gévaudan remained with the crown of France. The Black Prince troops  set up  a regular monitoring of this new border.

Between 1361 and 1369, an English garrison occupied the châtellenie of La Roque Valzergues  close to Saint Saturnin de Lenne.

(Witness of this disturbed time, the rock of the English, " Lo ròc dels Anglés" in occitan language.

This large rock drawn up on the Southern slope of the small valley of the Cazette holds its name for the time when these soldiers who moved in hostile environment, used it as place of sheltered and made safe bivouac).

In 1408, Hugues de Cayrodes tested the field in favour of the marquis de Laromiguière a close relation of his family.

Laromiguiere 1408–1452
In 1425, always during the Hundred Years' War, at the beginning of the reign of the king Charles VII of France, Loîse (Louise) of Laromiguière married Aymeric de Montamail which taken the name and armorial bearings of Laromiguière.

In 1452, Gabrielle their daughter, married Bérard Murat de Lestang which engaged for him and its, to keep the armorial bearings of Laromiguière.

Murat de Lestang 1452–1687
Among the lords of Rouergue, the family Murat de Lestang was during the 15th and 16th century, one of the most powerful of the county.

The Pomayrols line:

Gabrielle de Laromiguière: heiress of Pomayrols, Cambon, La roque Sainte Marguerite, and Bozouls in Rouergue as well as Montamat close to Raulhac  in Auvergne.

Bérard Murat de Lestang:  Rider and chamberlain of the king Louis XI of France.

He was named by the king with the command of the military forterress of Usson in Auvergne.

Gabrielle and Bérard (Bernard) had three children, Antoine, Pierre and Gabriel.

Gabriel Murat de Lestang: Knight Hospitaller of saint John of Jerusalem, that the History indicates under the name of Commander of Pomayrols.

He illustrated itself, with his friends in arms by its bravery at the time of the defense of the fortress of Rhodes besieged by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1522, under the reign of Francis I of France. Of return in France it managed the commandery of Saint Jean of Toulouse.

Antoine Murat de Lestang: Rider of the king Charles VIII of France.  Married in 1504, with Marquise, the daughter of Guillaume, Baron of Estaing, without children, he bequeathed Pomayrols to Pierre his brother.

Pierre Murat de Lestang: Married during the alive one of Antoine with Marie , heiress of the castle of Labastide - Teulat, they bequeathed Pomayrols to François their son.

François Murat de Lestang: Married in 1541, with Anne, the daughter of Antoine,  Lord of  Valzergues and  Naussac,
they bequeathed Pomayrols to Antoine their son.

It was at that time, on February 15, 1568, during the French Wars of Religion, under the reign of  the king Charles IX of France, that the castle and the church of the village were plundered and ransacked.

Huguenot revolts, come from Millau, sowed terror through Rouergue.

They were caught of it more particularly to the members clergy and with the goods of the catholic Church. Learning that in the castle of Pomayrols, had been stored harvests but especially of the pieces of furniture and the objects of great values of the churches of Saint-Geniez, they went there to take it by storm, in spite of the walls, the attackers in excess did not have any difficulties of taking the " local Fort Knox".

The castle was plundered and set fire to. The six priests who had the guard of the parochial goods were carried out by the sword.

In same time, learning that moniales were with the monastery of Fage, the plunderers went up there at once.

Alerted this threat, the moniales fled towards Saint-Geniez by the valley, they were refugièrent in the hermitage of Saint-Pierre (near to the current vault of the boxwood).

They will remain there until May 17, 1586, this day there, Saint Geniez d' Olt was again attacked by the troops of the Protestant Reformation, the churches were plundered and set fire to, the hermitage of Saint Pierre  located near to the borough undergoes the same fate, unhappy young women whom the History will retain under the name of Ladies of Pomayrols, all were massacred.

Antoine Murat de Lestang 2nd of the name: Married on June 18, 1581, Jeanne, the only daughter of Antoine de Bérail the Lord of Paulhac, Caylus, Belpech and other places. Antoine dies "of violent death" on September 26, 1613. (He will be the last Lord to have resided permanently at the castle). He bequeathed Pomayrols to Claude his son.

Claude Murat de Lestang: Gentleman with the room of the king Louis XIII of France. It married on November 14, 1615, Gabrielle, the daughter of Jean, Sénéchal and Governor of Toulouse, Lord of Valette and other places. They gave birth to three children: Jean, Marie and François. They Bequeathed Pomayrols to Jean.

Jean Murat de Lestang: Married on March 20, 1664, Anne-Marthe, the daughter of Louis, Lord of Brunet, Vicomte of Ambialet, Panat and other places. They had three children: François, Anne and Marie. They bequeathed Pomayrols to François their elder son.

François Murat de Lestang: Without children, it bequeathed Pomayrols to Anne her sister.

On October 5, 1687, Anne Murat de Lestang married Jean Baptist Deroux de la Loubière, thus was completed the line of Murat de Lestang with Pomayrols.

Deroux de la Loubiere 1687 - 1754
In 1754, Jean Baptist DeRoux (2nd of the name) tested the field of Pomayrols in favour of his nephew  Jean Baptist Dupont de Ligonnes

Dupont of Ligonnes 1754 - 1789
After the year 1800, Charles Gabriel Dupont de Ligonnès, his son, sold the castle (which for lack of maintenance was in state of advanced decay) to Mr. Aymar de Jabrun.

Sources: The gold Book of Pomayrols, Maury printer S.A, 4E quarter 1982.

History of Rouergue, Editions Privat 1987,

Administration

 Successive mayors since 1900

Population

Demography under the Ancien Régime:

Since the 14th century, the bishops of Rodez are held to make at least once during their mandate, the round of inspection of each parish.

About 1515, the parish of Pomayrols (which included La Boulesq and Falguières) counted 1200 inhabitants including 400 in the borough.

During the 18th century, under the reign of  the king Louis XV of France, the result of the inspections of 1746 and 1771 teach us that the population which lived in Pomayrols turned around a thousand of inhabitants (900 in 1746, 1090 in 1771, including 341 in the borough).

Demography during 19th and 20th centuries:

In 1874 the commune counted 1107 inhabitants. 479 on the parish of Pomayrols, 378 around Boulesq and Falguières, 250 around Fage.

From the 16th until at the end of the 19th century, the population of the valley thus remained relatively stable.

Marriage certificates on the commune and parish of Pomayrols to the 19th century.

According to the data base of the F.N.A.A

Since the end of the 19th century, the migrations (towards Paris or others towns and South America too) noted on the whole of Massif central area  did not save the commune.

In 1914, it counted only 600 inhabitants. Between 1914 and 1918, the First World War left 61 victims among the men in age to found a family, accentuating the depopulation.

Nowadays, the commune is characterized by the doubling of its population in the summer.

According to INSEE, in 2017, the commune counted 145 dwellings, of which 41% were main residences, 57% were second homes and 1% were vacant.

Religious heritage

John the Baptist church

The church is located at the bottom of the village, with the arrival of the path which used to be called "the coast of the Lords".

The building existed from the very start of the 11th century.

In 1050, under the reign of Henry I of France, Hugues de Calmont, bequeathed it to the abbey of Conques which will manage it during more than three centuries. The village was used as stage for the pélerins of  the Way of St. James, which went from Puy in Velay to Conques.

On February 28, 1390, the abbey of Conques yields the administration of the church and its Priory to the diocese of Rodez.
In 1452, Bérard Murat de Lestang, undertook its rebuilding.

(the side chapel of the rosary where it puts back beside Gabrielle his wife is the only part of the church who remains us of this time).

Partly burned in 1568 during the wars of religion, the church was raised returned peace. Three centuries later, between 1840 and 1900,  the church was gradually restored: the vault in 1840, interior parts in 1852, the bell-tower in 1855.

The Saint Peter cross

(Located near to the borough of Pomayrols at the turning of the lane which leads to Bonance).

It is a very beautiful cross cut out of limestone where figure in low relief Peter  the apostle and on which one you can read the following inscription: " FEV Marie Veisset de Bonance founder of this cross. A lord' s Prayer and a Maria ave. Requiescant in pace. Amen." Pierre Flovrou that it did it the year 1740.

Opposite the current cross, there was a small vault also dedicated to Saint Peter who had been built in 1544 per Pierre Murat de Lestang.

The chapel of the calvary

Its frontage cuts out on the peak of the hill to a few hundred meters of the borough of Pomayrols.

It was built in 1788 by the  Marie and Christine Massabuau. In ruin one century afterwards, it was raised in 1880 by the inhabitants of the village (owners of the building) In 1988, at the time of its bicentenary, it was restored on the initiative of the Parisians friendly society.

Mary Magdalene Church

Located near to the hamlet of  La Fage, sheltered with the hollow of a small valley, the church existed since the 10th century.

In 1082, it was given by Pons of Etienne (bishop of Rodez between 1079 and 1095) to the abbey Saint Victor of Marseilles .

In 1144, the pope Lucius II confirmed this donation.

About 1550, the two daughters of Pierre Murat de Lestang lord of Pomayrols founded a monastery there. In 1568, during the wars of religion, the buildings were partly destroyed.

In 1700 the church was set up in parish. The priests resident will follow one another it to the 20th century (1931).

During the 19th century, work of restoration was undertaken by the fabric committee and the parishioners to preserve the building of the bad weather.

In 1879, a part of the church was repaired as well as the presbytery.

In 1892, the rough-casting of the walls.

The side Romance vault constitutes the only vestiges which remain us of preceding building.

Saint Roch Church in La-Boulesq

Located on the Southern slope of the valley, in the medium of the charming village of Boulesq, the church whose bell-tower is built out of pink sandstone of Saint Laurent d'olt date of 1893.

It was built since 1890 by the inhabitants of the village.

Previously, at the place of the current presbytery, there was a small vault also dedicated to Saint Roch who went back to 1777.

This vault was set up in parish on April 26, 1787 by the bishop of Rodez of the time: Jerome-Marie Champion of Cicé.

The cross with the wheel in Falguières

Located in top of the village, this beautiful pink sandstone cross overhanging a fountain is finely worked.

It carries the date of 1856 and the inscriptions: E J.B., the initials of Enfru Jean Baptist, who was a stonemason.

Civil heritage

The castle

The presence of the castle would go up to the 10th century, period during which many fortifications were built.

Its existence is attested since 1261 in the marriage certificate of Guillemette the Pons de Cayrodes' sister.

The current castle, at least what us remains about it, was completed in 1446.

It results from rehandlings and enlargings carried out on the castle of origin.

In this end of the Middle Ages, the memory of made plunderings a few decades before by the Great Company was always present in the spirits and justified this construction for the protection of the goods and the people.

Here is an old description:

This building forms a quadrilateral oblong and flanked on the southernmost frontage of two grosses  towers (not included crenels).

They have with their external base, ten nine meters of circumference. In the towers are "apartments": four in the East and six in the West.

The thickness of the walls is 1 meter. The frontage of the South east bored of 15 windows. The walls as well as the towers are crenelated.
Ditches made the turn of the castle. In front of the gate are the superimposed stables whose Western frontage has five arcades with semicircular arch and loopholes, resting on large cylindrical columns half.

The castle is built out of schist drowned in the mortar watered with the large sand of Lot river.

This mortar is very hard, because it is easier to cross than to tear off the stone.

The corners of the doors and the windows are in likings variegated, taken with the careers of Capelle Bonance.

In 1329, to facilitate transport of it, the lord of Pomayrols had made build a bridge upon the Lot river which was carried by a rising in 1705.

The building of 1446 will preserve its aspect of origin until 1568. After the passage of Huguenots, the ransacked parts all were not rebuilt.

Murat de Lestang which had functions at the court of Versailles will not remain any more with the castle.

It is a building without maintenance, delivered to the bad weather and the plunderers which is bought during the French revolution by Mr. Aymar de Jabrun.

During the 19th century, Aymar de Jabrun sells the masonry to Mr. Xavier Fournier (craftsman on wood) who will rebuild the parts in ruin.

In the Southern building, it will arrange there workshops at the ground floor and apartments in the stages.

In 1905 it sells with the commune the part located at the East and the contiguous tower. It will arrange there a public school at the ground floor, the residences of the teachers to the 1er stages. In the tower: the town hall.

In 1986, this part was entirely renovated and reconverted in rooms of reception and residences of hiring. A part of angle shelters a museum where a remarkable collection of old agricultural tools is exposed.

Today, in spite of the scars of the history and the successive rehandlings, the whole with always good pace, although not yet protected  with the title from the historic buildings the castle with its two high towers remains a witness always upright of the History of High Rouergue.

The Chipole bridge

It is the third bridge built at this place of the valley;

In 1329, the Lord of Pomayrols of the time made build the first, it was located at the hamlet of Chipole, it was destroyed by one of violent raw which the valleyundergoes during the winter 1705 .

In 1859 a second and transitory bridge were  built again. Builds in precipitation, inaugurated on October 16, 1859, it did not support the first raw arrival and collapsed on January 5, 1860.

The current bridge goes back to 1871, its construction was financed by the State. In the year 2000, it was consolidated and entirely renovated.

Archives

Old pictures:

Parochial registers and of marital status since:

Genealogical examinations:

Municipal deliberations since:

Personalities related to the commune

The canon Jean Pierre Bourgade, (1809-1880) general chaplain of the Navy.

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

External links

 Mairie de Pomayrols (Official website)
 Pomayrols on the website of Institut géographique national

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


In statistics and econometrics, a distributed lag model is a model for time series data in which a regression equation is used to predict current values of a dependent variable based on both the current values of an explanatory variable and the lagged (past period) values of this explanatory variable.

The starting point for a distributed lag model is an assumed structure of the form

or the form

where yt is the value at time period t of the dependent variable y, a is the intercept term to be estimated, and wi is called the lag weight (also to be estimated) placed on the value i periods previously of the explanatory variable x.  In the first equation, the dependent variable is assumed to be affected by values of the independent variable arbitrarily far in the past, so the number of lag weights is infinite and the model is called an infinite distributed lag model. In the alternative, second, equation, there are only a finite number of lag weights, indicating an assumption that there is a maximum lag beyond which values of the independent variable do not affect the dependent variable; a model based on this assumption is called a finite distributed lag model.

In an infinite distributed lag model, an infinite number of lag weights need to be estimated; clearly this can be done only if some structure is assumed for the relation between the various lag weights, with the entire infinitude of them expressible in terms of a finite number of assumed underlying parameters. In a finite distributed lag model, the parameters could be directly estimated by ordinary least squares (assuming the number of data points sufficiently exceeds the number of lag weights); nevertheless, such estimation may give very imprecise results due to extreme multicollinearity among the various lagged values of the independent variable, so again it may be necessary to assume some structure for the relation between the various lag weights.

The concept of distributed lag models easily generalizes to the context of more than one right-side explanatory variable.

Unstructured estimation

The simplest way to estimate parameters associated with distributed lags is by ordinary least squares, assuming a fixed maximum lag , assuming independently and identically distributed errors, and imposing no structure on the relationship of the coefficients of the lagged explanators with each other.  However, multicollinearity among the lagged explanators often arises, leading to high variance of the coefficient estimates.

Structured estimation
Structured distributed lag models come in two types: finite and infinite.  Infinite distributed lags allow the value of the independent variable at a particular time to influence the dependent variable infinitely far into the future, or to put it another way, they allow the current value of the dependent variable to be influenced by values of the independent variable that occurred infinitely long ago; but beyond some lag length the effects taper off toward zero.  Finite distributed lags allow for the independent variable at a particular time to influence the dependent variable for only a finite number of periods.

Finite distributed lags

The most important structured finite distributed lag model is the Almon lag model.  This model allows the data to determine the shape of the lag structure, but the researcher must specify the maximum lag length; an incorrectly specified maximum lag length can distort the shape of the estimated lag structure as well as the cumulative effect of the independent variable. The Almon lag assumes that  lag weights are related to  linearly estimable underlying parameters  according to

for

Infinite distributed lags

The most common type of structured infinite distributed lag model is the geometric lag, also known as the Koyck lag.  In this lag structure, the weights (magnitudes of influence) of the lagged independent variable values decline exponentially with the length of the lag; while the shape of the lag structure is thus fully imposed by the choice of this technique, the rate of decline as well as the overall magnitude of effect are determined by the data.  Specification of the regression equation is very straightforward: one includes as explanators (right-hand side variables in the regression) the one-period-lagged value of the dependent variable and the current value of the independent variable:

where . In this model, the short-run (same-period) effect of a unit change in the independent variable is the value of b, while the long-run (cumulative) effect of a sustained unit change in the independent variable can be shown to be

Other infinite distributed lag models have been proposed to allow the data to determine the shape of the lag structure. The polynomial inverse lag assumes that the lag weights are related to underlying, linearly estimable parameters aj according to

for

The geometric combination lag assumes that the lags weights are related to underlying, linearly estimable parameters aj according to either

for  or

for

The gamma lag and the rational lag are other infinite distributed lag structures.

Distributed lag model in health studies

Distributed lag models were introduced into health-related studies in 2002 by Zanobetti and Schwartz.  The Bayesian version of the model was suggested by Welty in 2007. Gasparrini introduced more flexible statistical models in 2010 that are capable of describing additional time dimensions of the exposure-response relationship, and developed a family of distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM), a modeling framework that can simultaneously represent non-linear exposure-response dependencies and delayed effects.

The distributed lag model concept was first to applied to longitudinal cohort research by Hsu in 2015, studying the relationship between PM2.5 and child asthma, and more complicated distributed lag method aimed to accommodate longitudinal cohort research analysis such as Bayesian Distributed Lag Interaction Model by Wilson have been subsequently developed to answer similar research questions.

See also
ARMAX
Mixed data sampling

References

Time series models


Pont-de-Salars  (; Languedocien: ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pousthomy (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Prades-d'Aubrac (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pradinas is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Prévinquières (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Privezac (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pruines (; ) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

The Château de Pruines is a castle dating to the 15th century, much modified over the centuries.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aveyron department

References

Communes of Aveyron
Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


American Legion may refer to:

Military
 American Legion, a U.S. war veterans' organization
 American Legion (Great Britain), a British provincial regiment that served in the American Revolutionary War under the command of Benedict Arnold
 American Legion (CEF), the name given to units composed of Americans who served in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) during World War I
 97th Battalion (American Legion), CEF
 212th Battalion (American Legion), CEF
 237th Battalion (American Legion), CEF

Other uses
 SS American Legion (1919), a passenger ship
 American Legion Memorial Bridge (Michigan) in Traverse City, Michigan, United States
 American Legion Memorial Bridge (Potomac River), linking the western half of the Capital Beltway (I-495) between Maryland and Virginia, United States

See also
 American Legion Auxiliary
 American Legion Baseball
 Legion of the United States
 Sons of the American Legion
 List of military legions
 American Lesion, an album by Greg Gaffin