Sir Thomas Francis Molony, 1st Baronet, PC(Ire), KC (1865–1949) was the last Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. He was also the only Judge to hold the position of Lord Chief Justice of Southern Ireland although he did not hold that position under that title.

Early career and politics

Molony qualified as a barrister in 1887 and became a Queen's Counsel in 1899. He served as Solicitor-General for Ireland (24 June 1912 to 10 April 1913) when he was appointed Attorney General for Ireland (10 April 1913 to 20 June 1913). Later in 1913, Molony was made a judge of the High Court for Ireland and from 1915 sat as a judge of the Court of Appeal for Ireland. He was also appointed to several governmental inquiries, notably one on certain shootings including that of Francis Sheehy-Skeffington in the wake of the 1916 Irish Easter Rising.

In terms of his own politics, Molony has been described as “a Home Ruler of the old stamp". He was opposed to the partition of Ireland. When the Government of Ireland Act 1920 was being drafted he declined an invitation to travel to London to advise on proposals relating to the creation of a separate judiciary for what was to be Northern Ireland. In correspondence with government officials, he expressed his particular disappointment that unlike previous Home Rule Bills, it was now proposed that the Irish judiciary would be divided. He opined that this would impose unnecessary expense, lead to duplication of administrative expenses and that the proposals were “detrimental to the dignity and authority of the Bench...and would tend to...prolong the separation of the two parts of Ireland, which it is hoped ultimately to re-unite".

Defending his title

Molony was appointed the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland in 1918 under Letters Patent from the King under the Great Seal of Ireland. At the time of his appointment, this was the second highest judicial posting in Ireland, second only to that of the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. However, Molony's position was shortly to be under attack. In 1920 the British Government began drafting Home Rule legislation which ultimately led later that year to the Government of Ireland Act. The draft legislation proposed that the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland would become the Lord Chief Justice of Southern Ireland. Molony “expressed disquiet at the apparent proposal to lessen the dignity and prerogatives of his own office". He sought the retention of the title of Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, at the very least for as long as he still held that post personally. In a letter to the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Molony sought an amendment to the legislation to insert a clause to provide that "nothing in the legislation shall affect the rank, title or precedence of the existing Lord Chief Justice of Ireland" (i.e. Molony). The Chief Secretary responded to the effect that it would be anomalous for there to be a Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and a Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland. Molony countered this by pointing to one such anomaly that was universally accepted:

Molony corresponded with a number of other prominent members of the British administration including Edward Shortt, the Home Secretary. He argued that the withdrawal of his title was "unconstitutional and unjust" and that his option to retire was no answer at a time when his "retirement would certainly be regarded as a triumph for the forces of disorder". Later, in October, Molony travelled to London to address a Cabinet Committee on the matter but this was not a success and Molony bemoaned how little interest in Irish affairs was taken by the government. As the Government of Ireland Bill left the House of Commons in November 1920, Molony sought the support of a number of Law Lords. Finally, the government compromised on the matter: An amendment to the effect that the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland would if he consented become the first Lord Chief Justice of Southern Ireland but would keep his title and rank (as well as certain non-judicial offices) was accepted.

The exact provision in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 under which Molony personally retained his title was under Part III(1) of the Seventh Schedule which provided that:

Highest judge in the land

On 6 December 1922 (i.e. the day the Irish Free State came into being), the position of Lord Chancellor of Ireland was abolished. The leadership of the judiciary in the emerging Irish Free State now fell to Molony. That same year, the Irish Civil War began. The Four Courts were burnt down. It was not an easy time to be a judge with violence raging and a new Irish government coming into power whose members had themselves shortly before been rebels. Molony made an effective and dignified attempt to proceed with business as usual and uphold the laws of the land.

Molony adopted a tough stance. The penalty of capital punishment was regularly handed down by his judiciary during the Irish Civil War. Indeed, even after that War, Molony handed down more death sentences than would have been usual in peacetime – four such sentences were handed down in the four weeks towards the end of 1923, two on the same day, 12 December.

One of the more notable events of his judicial leadership was that he administered the Oath of Office to the first Governor-General of the Irish Free State, Tim Healy.

He was president of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland between 1920 and 1924.

Retirement

In May 1924, together with most other members of the Irish judiciary associated with the ancien régime, Molony retired as the Irish government established its own court system under the Courts of Justice Act 1924. The office of Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and indeed of Lord Chief Justice of Southern Ireland were abolished. His successor as leader of the judiciary was the first Chief Justice of the Irish Free State, Hugh Kennedy. Molony had an audience with the King on 14 July 1924 upon relinquishing his appointment as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. He was created a Baronet, of the City of Dublin, in the 1925 New Year Honours.

Molony retired to England but was made Vice-Chancellor of Trinity College Dublin in 1931. Molony died on 3 September 1949 and is buried in Gap Road Cemetery Wimbledon.

His family consisted of his wife Pauline, only daughter of Mr. Bernard Rispin, of Dublin, and three sons and three daughters. His eldest son, Hugh Francis Molony, born in 1900, was a graduate in engineering of Trinity College Dublin and succeeded his father to the baronetcy. His second son, Sir Joseph Molony, was a noted barrister.

Coat-of-Arms

See also

 Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland
 Chief Justice of Ireland

References

1865 births
1949 deaths
Lawyers from Dublin (city)
Irish Queen's Counsel
Solicitors-General for Ireland
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland
Lords chief justice of Ireland
Lords Justice of Appeal for Ireland
Judges of the High Court of Justice in Ireland
Serjeants-at-law (Ireland)
19th-century Irish lawyers
20th-century Irish judges


Eleven ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Cruizer or HMS Cruiser:

  was a 24-gun sixth rate, previously the French ship De Meric.  She was captured in 1705 by HMS Tryton and was wrecked in 1708.
  was a 14-gun sloop.  She was previously named Unity, before being purchased in 1709.  She was sold in 1712.
  was an 8-gun sloop captured in 1721 and foundered in 1724.
  was an 8-gun sloop launched in 1721 and broken up in 1731.
  was a 14-gun sloop launched in 1732 and broken up in 1744.
  was an 8-gun  sloop launched in 1752 and burnt in 1776.
  was a 14-gun cutter purchased in 1780 and lost in 1792.
  was the prototype of the 18-gun  brig sloops, to which design 110 vessels were ordered; the prototype was launched in 1797 and sold in 1819.
  was a  launched in 1828, converted to a brig in 1831, back to a ship in 1840 and sold at Bombay in 1849.
  was a  wooden screw sloop launched in 1852. She was renamed HMS Cruiser in 1857, and then converted into a training ship and renamed HMS Lark in 1893. She was sold in 1912.
 HMS Cruizer was a  sloop, previously named .  She had been launched in 1879, renamed HMS Lark in 1892 and HMS Cruizer in 1893.  She was sold in 1919.

References

Royal Navy ship names


Cazadero and San Pablo Railroad was a ,  narrow gauge line built in 1896 as the Ferrocarril Cazadero La Torre y Tepetongo from an interchange with the Mexican Central Railroad (Ferrocarril Central Mexicano -- Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México after 1909) at Cazadero La Torre southwest through Nado to the sawmill community of San Pablo in Estado de México.

Passenger service began to Nado in 1897.  The line was reorganized as the Ferrocarril Cazadero y Solis in 1906.

Lumbering and railroad operations were suspended during the Mexican Revolution; but the line resumed operations in 1922 as the Ferrocarril Cazadero y San Pablo.  of logging branches were constructed around San Pablo.  The forests were completely harvested, and operations ceased after World War II.

Three locomotives surviving the revolution were sold to sugar plantations, but rails remained in place for another decade.

Locomotives

References

Defunct railway companies of Mexico
2 ft gauge railways in Mexico
Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México
Railway lines opened in 1900
Railway companies established in 1896


Dippishausen-Oftershausen is a former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

The municipality contained the villages Dippishausen, Oftershausen and Bätershausen. It was named just Oftershausen until 1900, when it changed its name to just Dippishausen. In 1953 the name Dippishausen-Oftershausen was created.

The municipality had 140 inhabitants in 1850. It decreased to 118 in 1900 before returning to 140 in 1950, but in 1980 it was down again, to 121.

In 1984 the municipality was incorporated into the neighboring municipality Siegershausen. In 1996, Siegershausen was in turn merged with other neighboring municipalities; Dippishausen and Oftershausen is now a part of the larger municipality Kemmental.

References

Former municipalities of Thurgau


The Biniș is a left tributary of the Glavița in Romania. It discharges into the Glavița near Belinț. Its lower course is part of the Coșteiu-Chizătău Canal between the Timiș and the Bega. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Timiș County


Dippishausen is a village in the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1192 as Tibinshusen.

Dippishausen is located in the former municipality Dippishausen-Oftershausen. In 1984 Dippishausen-Oftershausen municipality was incorporated into its neighboring municipality Siegershausen, which in turn merged with its neighbors in 1996 to form a new and larger municipality Kemmental.

Dippishausen was also the name of the municipality Dippishausen-Oftershausen from 1900 through 1952.

References

Villages in Thurgau


The Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (National Museum of Natural History) was a museum on the Rapenburg in Leiden, the Netherlands. It was founded in 1820 by Royal Decree from a merger of several existing collections. This happened on the initiative of Coenraad Jacob Temminck, who saw the museum primarily as a research institute for the University of Leiden. The total collection was already quite large at the time, and continued to grow from foreign expeditions and by obtaining private collections from inheritances. The location is currently used by the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.

History

The location was originally a hofje called Hof van Zessen. In 1815 plans were made to build a museum there (the first building called a "museum" in Leiden). It opened in 1820, and until 1913, the museum normally opened to the public on Sundays. In 1913, the museum moved to a new building, with very little room available for exhibits, and in 1950, this room was also closed. After that, there were a few opportunities for guided tours, attending lectures, and temporary exhibitions.

In 1976, a paper, "Towards a New Museum", was produced. This led to the museum taking on more of a central curating role, lending pieces from its collection to other museums. The Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie and the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie merged in 1984. A permanent public exhibition was still not present. That came in 1986, when the so-called "National Presentation" in the field of natural history was commissioned by the Dutch government. Planning began for a new building, which was completed in 1990 and launched in 1998 as "Naturalis".

Buildings and interior

Former Directors
 Coenraad Jacob Temminck 1820 - 1858
 Hermann Schlegel 1858 - 1884
 Fredericus Anna Jentink 1884 - 1913
 Eduard Daniel van Oort 1913 - 1933
 Hilbrand Boschma 1933 - 1958
 Leo Brongersma 1958 - 1972
 Willem Vervoort 1972 - 1982
 Jacobus Theodorus Wiebes 1982 - 1989
 T. de Caluwé (?) 1989 - 1991
 W. van der Weiden 1991 - 2003

Contributing scientists
 Marinus Boeseman
 Heinrich Boie
 Johann Büttikofer
 Rudolf van Eecke
 Berend George Escher
 Matthijs Freudenthal
 Otto Finsch
 Agatha Gijzen
 Wilhem de Haan
 James Edmund Harting
 Koos den Hartog
 Jan Adrianus Herklots
 Lipke Holthuis
 Johan Coenraad van Hasselt
 George Junge
 Heinrich Kuhl
 Jacob van der Land
 Heinrich Christian Macklot
 Johannes Govertus de Man
 Karl Martin
 Gerlof Fokko Mees
 Salomon Müller
 Dirk Noordam
 Coenraad Ritsema
 Willem Roelofs
 Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen
 Jacobus van der Vecht
 Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven
 G. van der Zanden

Contributing artists
 John Gerrard Keulemans
 Marinus Adrianus Koekkoek the Younger
 Joseph Smit
 Joseph Wolf

Contributing to collections
 Pieter Bleeker
 Eugène Dubois
 Curt Eisner
 Oliver Erichson Janson
Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn
 Thure Kumlien
 Pierre Millière
 Hendrik Pel
 Walter Karl Johann Roepke
 Hermann von Rosenberg
 Gerard van Rossem
 Philipp Franz von Siebold
 Hermanus Gerardus Maria Teunissen
 François Le Vaillant

Varia
Stephen Jay Gould depicts his visit to the Raamsteeg building in Dinosaur in a Haystack in his essay "Four Antelopes of the Apocalypse".

See also
Scripta Geologica
Zoologische Mededelingen
Zoologische Verhandelingen

References

Museums disestablished in 1984
Defunct museums in the Netherlands
Museums established in 1820
National museums of the Netherlands
Natural history museums in the Netherlands
Museums in Leiden
1820 establishments in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Leiden
Science and technology in the Netherlands
19th-century architecture in the Netherlands


Oftershausen is a village in the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1275 as Oftershusen.

Oftershausen is located in the former municipality Dippishausen-Oftershausen. In 1984 Dippishausen-Oftershausen municipality was incorporated into its neighboring municipality Siegershausen, which in turn merged with its neighbors in 1996 to form a new and larger municipality Kemmental.

Oftershausen was also the name of the municipality Dippishausen-Oftershausen before 1900.

References

Villages in Switzerland
States and territories established in 1275


Several Canadian naval units have been named HMCS Ungava.
 , a  commissioned on 5 September 1941 and decommissioned on 3 April 1946.
 , a  commissioned on 4 June 1954 and decommissioned on 23 August 1957 upon her transfer to Turkey.

Battle honours
 Atlantic 1941–45
 Gulf of St. Lawrence 1944

Royal Canadian Navy ship names


Leyat, Automobiles Leyat was a French automobile manufacturer, established in 1919 in Paris by Marcel Leyat.

The Hélica was known as 'The plane without wings'. The passengers sat behind each other as in an aircraft, and it was driven by a giant propeller powered by an  Scorpion engine. The body of the vehicle was made of plywood.

The factory was on the Quai de Grenelle in the 15th arrondissement.

Marcel Leyat

Marcel Leyat (March 26, 1885 (Die, Drôme) - December 3, 1986) was an engineer, inventor, aviation pioneer, aeronautical and automobile manufacturer. He graduated from the École Centrale Paris in 1907. From 1908, he worked for the Société Astra and built a biplane glider called the Quand Quelle (When, which). In 1909 he targeted "the first powered crossing of the English Channel", but Louis Blériot succeeded on July 21, three weeks before his De Dion-Bouton 5 hp powered plane completed a flight of  at  elevation on August 15. In 1910, he built a propeller-driven biplane  long and  wide. He obtained the FAI pilot's license in 1911. During the First World War, he built several aircraft, including a "living wing" bomber. In all, he designed and built around thirty different aircraft up to World War II.

Description

The first model was called Hélica, also known as 'The plane without wings'. The passengers sat behind each other as in an aircraft. The vehicle was steered using the rear wheels and the car was not powered by an engine turning the wheels, but by a giant propeller powered by an  Scorpion engine. The entire body of the vehicle was made of plywood, and weighed just 250 kg (550 lb), which made it dangerously fast.

Performance
In 1927, a Hélica reached the speed of  at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry circuit. Leyat continued to experiment with his Helica. He tried using propellers with two and four blades.

Production
Between 1919 and 1925, Leyat sold 30 vehicles.

Vehicle models
 1913: Helicocycle, 3 wheels, JAP engine, only one example
 1915: Hélicocycle, 3 wheels, version 2, only one copy
 1919: Hélica, 4 wheels, MAG engine, 6 examples
 1921: Leyat propeller car, 4 wheels, ABC engine, 10 sedan cars, 3 sport cabriolet cars
 1925: Rail/road draisine, intended for the director of mines in the Congo, 1 copy
 1927: Record model, 3 wheels, ABC engine, 1 copy. On September 7, 1927, it reached a speed of 170 km/h on the Montlhéry race track.

Gallery

References

Literature

 G. N. Georgano: The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Volume 2: G–O. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1.
 G. N. Georgano: Complete Automobile Encyclopedia. 1885 to Our Times. Courtille, Paris 1975.

External links

Leyat Helicycle at 3wheelers.com
Helica image at goodwood-festival.com
The Marcel LEYAT's Helica at helica.info

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France


Vicente Casanova y Marzol (16 April 1854 – 23 October 1930) was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Granada from 1921 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1925.

Biography
Vicente Casanova y Marzol was born in Borja, and studied at the seminaries in Zaragoza and in Madrid. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1881, and obtained his licentiate in theology in Valencia in 1882. He then served as a pastor in Maluenda, Alfaro, and for many years in the parish of Nuestra Señora del Buen Consejo in Madrid.

On 19 December 1907 Casanova was appointed Bishop of Almería by Pope Pius X. He received his episcopal consecration on 25 March 1908 from Archbishop Antonio Vico, with Bishops José Salvador y Barrera and Julián de Diego y García Alcolea serving as co-consecrators. Casanova was later named Archbishop of Granada on 7 March 1921.

Pope Pius XI created him Cardinal Priest of Ss. Vitale, Valeria, Gervasio e Protasio in the consistory of 30 March 1925. He was among the clerics who blessed King Alfonso XIII during a ceremony celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his investiture as King of Spain.

The Cardinal died in Zaragoza, at age 76, while he was attending the third National Catechetical Congress. He is buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Granada.

References

External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

1854 births
1930 deaths
20th-century Spanish cardinals
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Spain
Burials at Granada Cathedral
Archbishops of Granada


Siegershausen is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

In 1984 the municipality Dippishausen-Oftershausen was incorporated into Siegershausen.

In 1996 Siegershausen municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Alterswilen, Altishausen, Dotnacht, Ellighausen, Hugelshofen, Lippoldswilen and Neuwilen to form a new and larger municipality Kemmental.

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Switzerland


Cosme Torres Espinoza was the ambassador of Cuba to Zimbabwe until 2009.  He previously served as deputy chief of the Cuban Interests Section in Washington, DC.

References

 http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2008/11/21/cubamundo/artic09.html

Cuban diplomats
Ambassadors of Cuba to Zimbabwe
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Utricularia punctata is a medium-sized suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. punctata is native to Borneo, Burma, China, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, and Vietnam.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Carnivorous plants of Asia
punctata
Flora of Borneo
Flora of Myanmar
Flora of China
Flora of Sumatra
Flora of Peninsular Malaysia
Flora of Thailand
Flora of Vietnam


The schooner Clotilda (often misspelled Clotilde) was the last known U.S. slave ship to bring captives from Africa to the United States, arriving at Mobile Bay, in autumn 1859 or on July 9, 1860, with 110 African men, women, and children. The ship was a two-masted schooner,  long with a beam of .

U.S. involvement in the Atlantic slave trade had been banned by Congress through the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves enacted on March 2, 1807 (effective January 1, 1808), but the practice continued illegally, especially through slave traders based in New York  in the 1850s and early 1860. In the case of the Clotilda, the voyage's sponsors were based in the South and planned to buy Africans in Whydah, Dahomey. After the voyage, the ship was burned and scuttled in Mobile Bay in an attempt to destroy the evidence.

After the Civil War, Oluale Kossola and thirty-one other formerly enslaved people founded Africatown on the north side of Mobile, Alabama. They were joined by other continental Africans and formed a community that continued to practice many of their West African traditions and Yoruba language for decades.

A spokesman for the community, Cudjo Lewis, lived until 1935 and was one of the last survivors from the Clotilda. Redoshi, another captive on the Clotilda, was sold to a planter in Dallas County, Alabama, where she became known also as Sally Smith. She married, had a daughter, and lived until 1937 in Bogue Chitto. She was long thought to have been the last survivor of the Clotilda. Research published in 2020 indicated that another survivor, Matilda McCrear, lived until 1940.

Some 100 descendants of the enslaved people carried by the Clotilda still live in Africatown, and others are around the country. After World War II, the neighborhood was absorbed by the city of Mobile. A memorial bust of Lewis was placed in front of the historic Union Missionary Baptist Church. The Africatown historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. In May 2019, the Alabama Historical Commission announced that remnants of a ship found along the Mobile River, near 12 Mile Island and just north of the Mobile Bay delta, were confirmed as the Clotilda. The wreck site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.

History
The schooner Clotilda, under the command of Captain William Foster and carrying a cargo of 124 Africans, arrived in Mobile Bay, Alabama, in July 1860. Captain Foster was working for Timothy Meaher, a wealthy Mobile shipyard owner and steamboat captain, who in 1855 or 1856 had built Clotilda, a two-masted schooner  long with a beam of  and a copper-sheathed hull, designed for the lumber trade.

The schooner had to be refitted as a slave ship with a false deck. Foster obtained papers with the false claim he was delivering lumber. Disrupting the compass was 9,000 dollars in gold which caused the vessel off course. A hurricane off the Bermuda coast damaged the ship. While repairing, the crew of 11 who did not know the real mission purpose, discovered the hidden deck. To persuade them not to alert authorities, Foster agreed to pay them double, which ultimately he did not.

Meaher had learned that West African tribes were at war and that the King of Dahomey (now Benin) was willing to sell enemy prisoners as slaves. Dahomey's forces had been raiding communities in the interior, bringing captives to the large slave market at the port of Ouidah. Meaher was said to have wagered another wealthy gentleman from New Orleans, that he could successfully smuggle Africans into the US despite the 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves.

Departing on March 4, 1860, Foster sailed from Mobile with a crew of 12, including himself, arriving in Whydah on May 15, 1860, where he had the ship outfitted to carry Africans, using materials he had transported. He offered to buy 125 Africans in Whydah for $100 each. said to be mostly of the "Tarkbar" tribe, taken in a raid near Tamale in present-day Ghana. Research in the 21st century suggests that they were actually Takpa or Tapa people, the northern Yoruba name for the neighboring Nupe people from the interior of present-day Nigeria.

He described meeting an African prince and being taken to the king's court, where he observed some religious practices. Foster wrote in his journal in 1860, "Having agreeably transacted affairs with the Prince we went to the warehouse where they had in confinement four thousand captives in a state of nudity from which they gave me liberty to select one hundred and twenty-five as mine offering to brand them for me, from which I preemptorily [sic] forbid; commenced taking on cargo of negroes, successfully securing on board one hundred and ten."

As the captives were being loaded, Foster saw two steamers off the port and, fearing capture, ordered the crew to leave immediately, although only 110 Africans had been secured on board, leaving behind the last 15. They saw a man o' war during the ocean passage, but escaped notice when a squall came up and they outran the ship, reaching Abaco lighthouse at the Bahama banks by June 30. As they neared the United States, they disguised the schooner by taking down the "squaresail yards and the fore topmast", hoping to pass as a "coaster" carrying African captives within the US in the domestic coastal trade.

Foster's journal recorded that he anchored Clotilda on July 9 off Point of Pines in Grand Bay, Mississippi (likely referring to Point Aux Pins on Grand Bay in Alabama, near the Mississippi state line).  He traveled overland by horse and buggy to Mobile to meet with Meaher. Fearful of criminal charges, Captain Foster brought the schooner into the Port of Mobile at night and had it towed up the Spanish River to the Alabama River at Twelve Mile Island. He transferred the African captives to a river steamboat, then burned Clotilda "to the water's edge" before sinking it. He paid off the crew and told them to return North.

The African captives were mostly distributed to the financial backers of the Clotilda venture, with Timothy Meaher retaining 30 captives on his property north of Mobile, including Cudjo (aka Cudjoe) Lewis, known as Kossoula or Kazoola. Despite the racial hierarchy of the Deep South, the Africans from Clotilda could not be legally registered as slaves because they were smuggled in; however, they were treated as chattel. Some of the captives were sold farther away, including Redoshi (later known also as Sally Smith) and a man later known as William or Billy, whom she was forced to marry on board the ship. They were sold to Washington Smith, a planter in Dallas County, Alabama.

In 1861, the federal government prosecuted Meaher and Foster in Mobile for illegal slave importation, but the case was dismissed for lack of evidence from the ship or its manifest, and perhaps because of the outbreak of the Civil War.

Because Captain Foster reported he burned and sank Clotilda in the delta north of Mobile Bay, archaeological searches have continued into the 21st century for the wreck. Several visible wrecks have been referred to by locals as the slave ship. Wreckage from Clotilda was allegedly found in 2018, but the Alabama Historical Commission ruled out the findings because of "major differences between the two vessels," and apparent lack of any fire damage. In May 2019, the Alabama Historical Commission announced the wreck had finally been found by researcher Ben Raines, showing "physical and forensic evidence [that] powerfully suggests that this is the Clotilda."

Africatown

The Africans of the Clotilda were effectively emancipated at the end of the Civil War. As did many freedmen, Redoshi and William stayed with their daughter at the plantation in Bogue Chitto and continued to work there.

Many of Meaher's former enslaved people returned to Magazine Point, and to land owned by Meaher on the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta just north of Mobile and on the west bank of the Mobile River. They founded the all-black community of Africatown, and attracted other ethnic Africans to join them in the independent community. They adopted community rules based on mostly "Takpa/Tapa" (Nupe) customs, and chose leaders. Some maintained the use of the Yoruba language and cultural traditions into the 1950s.

Children born in the community began to learn English, first at church, and then in schools that were founded in the late nineteenth century. Cudjo Lewis lived until 1935 and was long thought to be the last survivor of the Clotilda. In 2019, a new study established that Redoshi (Sally Smith) lived until 1937 in Bogue Chitto, and she was thus considered the last survivor. But in 2020 it was announced that Matilda McCrear had survived until 1940, when she died in Selma, Alabama.

The community of Africatown grew to 12,000 as new industry attracted workers to the upper river, including paper mills built after World War II. But with closing industries and job losses, the population has declined to about 2,000 in the early twenty-first century. In the postwar period, the area was mostly absorbed into a neighborhood of Mobile, with part in the neighboring town of Prichard. In 2012 the Africatown Historic District was recognized and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Their cemetery is also listed.

Finding the wreck

On January 24, 2018, reporter Ben Raines claimed to have discovered the wreck of the Clotilda in the lower Mobile–Tensaw Delta, a few miles north of the city of Mobile. Record low tides, caused by a storm system that produced the January 2018 North American blizzard, had left parts of a wreck visible above the mud. Based on their preliminary review, a team of archeologists said, "based on the dimensions of the wreckage and its contents... the remnants were most likely those of the slave ship." People in Africatown began to discuss what should be done with the wreckage if it was the Clotilda, and how best to tell their story.

On March 5, 2018, Raines reported that the wreck he had discovered was not likely to be the Clotilda. Researchers had concluded the wreckage appeared to be "simply too big, with a significant portion hidden beneath mud and deep water". The National Park Service did find a wreck almost twice as large as the Clotilda as part of the survey.

A few weeks later, Raines and a team from the University of Southern Mississippi returned to the river and performed the first survey of the 12 Mile Island section of the Mobile River. A week later, Raines and Monty Graham, head of Marine Sciences at the University of Southern Mississippi, explored several of the 11 wrecks identified in the survey, along with Joe Turner and a team from Underwater Works Dive Shop. On April 13, Ben Raines pulled up the first piece of Clotilda to see the light of day in 160 years. The coordinates and survey data were shared with the Alabama Historical Commission, which hired Search Inc., to verify the find. The discovery was kept secret for a year, until the verification process was complete.

On May 22, 2019, the Alabama Historical Commission announced that the wreckage of the Clotilda had been found.

Representation in media

Margaret Brown's 2008 documentary film The Order of Myths revealed that the queens of the two major, segregated Mardi Gras organizations in 2007 had a poignant link: the ancestors of the MCA queen had smuggled the ancestors of the MAMGA queen into Mobile Bay as slaves on the Clotilda.
 Brown followed up in 2022 with Descendant, a documentary film that looks into the Africatown community today, including the environmental and societal inequities still present after 160 years,  and the impact the Clotilda'''s 2019 discovery had on the area. Produced by Netflix, it premiered at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival.
A local Mobile television news team produced a program, AfricaTown, USA, about the settlement and its history.
 Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s Finding Your Roots, Season 4, Episode 9 (December 12, 2017), showed census data for Mobile, and Captain William Foster's journal from the Clotilda, during a segment explaining the family history of Questlove, a drummer and music producer, joint frontman of the hip hop group The Roots. His great-great-great-grandparents Charles Lewis (born c. 1820) and his wife Maggie (born 1830) were among the slaves brought from West Africa on the Clotilda. Gates found an article in The Pittsburgh Post of April 15, 1894 recounting the wager that Captain Timothy Meaher had made in 1859 that he could smuggle in slaves within two years, and one from The Tarboro Daily Southerner of July 14, 1860 that 110 Africans had arrived in Mobile on Clotilda.
 In 2018, Zora Neale Hurston's book Barracoon was published, after lacking a publisher since its completion in 1931. An account of Cudjo Lewis' life story, it also discusses her feelings as an African-American researcher interviewing and getting to know him. It is an example of a "testimonial text".
 The song "Clotilda's on fire," on Shemekia Copeland's 2020 album Uncivil War, deals with the vessel and her human cargo.
 A young adult novel published in 2022, Africa Town by Charles Waters and Irene Latham, provides a fictionalized account of the Clotilda.

See also

 List of slave ships
 , a slave ship that arrived November 1858

References

Further reading
 Diouf, Sylviane Anna. Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
 Glennon, Robert M. Kudjo; The Last Slave Voyage to America, Fairhope, Alabama: Over the Transom Publishing, 1999.

 Hurston, Zora Neale. Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo", Amistad Press. Harper Collins, 2018.
 Lockett, James D. "The Last Ship That Brought Slaves from Africa to America: The Landing of the Clotilde at Mobile in the Autumn of 1859". The Western Journal of Black Studies, vol. 22, no. 3 (Fall 1998).
 Raines, Ben. The Last Slave Ship: The True Story of How Clotilda Was Found, Her Descendants, and an Extraordinary Reckoning. New York, NY, USA: Simon & Schuster, 2022.
 Robertson, Natalie S. The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Making of AfricaTown, USA: Spirit of Our Ancestors. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2008.
 Roche, Emma Langdon. Historic Sketches of the South. New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1914.

External links

 "Last Slaver from U.S. to Africa. A.D. 1860": Capt. William Foster, Journal of Clotilda, 1860, Mobile Public Library Digital Collections''
 "Why was it significant when Clotilde, the last slave ship, was captured?, enotes.com (subscription required)
 The Last Slave Ship:  The True Story of How Clotilda Was Found, Her Descendants, and an Extraordinary Reckoning by Ben Raines and an interview with Raines, the discoverer of the wreck and the author of the book
 Clotilda Descendants Association

Nigerian-American history
Beninese-American history
Togolese-American history
Ghanaian-American history
Slavery in the United States
Sailing ships
History of Mobile, Alabama
Irish-American organized crime events
Slave ships
Post-1808 importation of slaves to the United States
Maritime incidents in 1860
Shipwrecks of the United States
Shipwrecks in rivers
2019 archaeological discoveries
National Register of Historic Places in Baldwin County, Alabama
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama


Abu Ali al-Hassan ibn Masud al-Yusi () (1631–1691) was a Moroccan Sufi writer. He is considered to be the greatest Moroccan scholar of the seventeenth century and was a close associate of the first Alaouite sultan Rashid. Al-Yusi was born in a Berber tribe, the Ait Yusi, just north of Fes. He was married to Zahra bint Muhammad b. Musa al-Fasi. Al-Yusi left his native village on a very young age for a lifelong pilgrimage. He received his barakah from Sheikh Mohammed Ben Nasir of the tariqa Nasiriyya of Tamegroute, and studied and taught at the zawiyya of Dila with Mohammed al-Hajj ibn Abu Bakr al-Dila'i.

Of his autobiography, Al-Fahrasa (literally: academic journey), only the introduction and first section have survived and these were, until recently, unpublished. His better known text Al-Muhadrat (Conferences) also contains many autobiographical passages. Both texts are remarkable for the author's frank discussions of childhood misdeeds, the pleasures of his conjugal sex life, and other intimate details of his personal life. Al-Yusi's Daliyya (poem of praise) of his Shaikh Muhammad b. Nasir al-Dari of the Zawiya Nasiriyya of Tamegroute, is famous both in Morocco and  West Africa.

Al-Yusi criticised the reign of the Alouite sultan Moulay Ismael. This criticism was expressed in 'open' letters, some of which remain today.

Al-Yusi is known because he founded the cult of the seven saints of Marrakech at the request of Moulay Ismael.

Bibliography

Al-Yusi, Rasa'il Abi 'Ali al Yusi (ed. by Fatima Khalil Qabli), 2 vol., Al Yusi's essays, 1981
Al-Yusi, Zahr Al-Akam, 3 vol., Proverbs and famous sayings of al-Yusi, 1981
Al-Yusi, Al-Muhadarat fi al Lugha wa al Adab, (ed. by Muhammad Hajji), Essays and reflections by Al Yusi, 1976
Al-Yusi, Mashrab al-amm wa-al-khass min kalimat al-ikhlas (Silsilat al-Amal al-kamilah lil-Imam al-Hasan al-Yusi fi al-fikr al-Islami)
Al-Yusi, Fahrasat Al-Yusi, The 'fahrasa' (academic journey) of Al-Yusi Al Hasan, 2004
Al-Faqih Abu 'Ali al Yusi Al-Mdaghri, a biography of al-Yusi, Abd al Kabir, 1989
Kenneth L. Honerkamp, "Al-Yusi, Abu al-Hassan b. Masud" in: J. Lowry and D. Stewart (ed.) Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. Arabic Literary Culture 1350-1830, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007
Jacques Berque, Al-Yousi: Problèmes de la Culture Marocaine au 17e Siècle, Paris, 2001 (reprint of 1958)
Clifford Geertz, Islam Observed: religious development in Morocco and Indonesia,  University of Chicago Press, 1971, , p. 29 - 35
H. Munson, Jr.,  "Geertz on Religion", Religion 16(1986): 19-32
 Abdelfattah Kilito, "Speaking to Princes: Al-Yusi and Mawlay Ismail." In the Shadow of the Sultan, ed. Rahma Bourqia and Susan Gilson Miller. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1999. pp. 30–46. (Translation of Abdelfattah Kilito, "Parler au prince: Al-Yousi et Mawlay Ismail.")
Paul Rabinow, Symbolic Domination: Cultural Form and Historical Change in Morocco, University of Chicago Press, 1975
Ernest Gellner, Muslim Society (chap. 10), Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Notes

External links
Kenneth l. Honerkamp, al-Hassan ibn Mas'ud al-Yusi, in Roger M. A. Allen, Joseph E. Lowry, Terri DeYoung, Devin J. Stewart, Essays in Arabic literary biography, Volume 2, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009, p. 410-428  Online Google books  (retrieved, January 4, 2011)
Fatima Ghoulaichi, Of Saints and Sharifian Kings in Morocco: Three Examples of Reimagining History through Reinventing King/Saint Relationship (thesis), 2005, Chapter II "Moulay Ismail and Lyusi: The politics of baraka and sharifism", p. 18-28

Asharis
Moroccan Sufi writers
Moroccan letter writers
Moroccan travel writers
Moroccan autobiographers
1691 deaths
1631 births
People from Tamegroute
People from Marrakesh
17th-century Moroccan people
Berber scholars
Berber writers
17th-century Berber people


Men's singles at the 1999 Pan American Games was won by Paul Goldstein of the United States.

Medalists

Seeds

  Cecil Mamiit (finalist)
  Paul Goldstein (champion)
  André Sá (third round)
  Maurice Ruah (third round)
  Bob Bryan (quarterfinalist)
  Paulo Taicher (semifinalist)
  Federico Dondo (quarterfinalist)
  Daniel Melo (quarterfinalist)
  Hermes Gamonal (third round)
  Yohny Romero (third round)
  Lázaro Navarro-Batles (third round)
  Marco Osorio (third round)
  Óscar Ortíz (quarterfinalist)
  David Nalbandian (semifinalist)
  Edgardo Massa (third round)
  Adrián García (third round)

Draw

Final rounds

Earlier rounds

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

References
Results

Men's singles


Patton Design, Inc. is an industrial design, engineering, software and hardware, and prototyping consultancy based in Irvine, California. The firm was founded in 1983 by California State University at Long Beach alumnus Doug Patton.

Company staff appeared on the ABC television series American Inventor and represented the million dollar winner with the "Anecia Survival Capsule" child safety seat, the second place winner with "The WordAce" children's game, and the third place winner with "The Catch Elite" football receiver trainer.

Patton Design is a patron member of the Industrial Designers Society of America and has won seventeen Industrial Design Excellence Awards.

References

External links

Design companies established in 1983
Companies based in Irvine, California
Computer hardware companies
Software companies based in California
Industrial design firms
1983 establishments in California
Software companies of the United States


Richard Wiese (born September 25, 1929) is an American aviator. He entered the record books on August 14, 1959 when he became the first pilot to solo an airplane from east to west across the Pacific Ocean. The route was from San Francisco, California to Sydney, Australia. The New York Times (January 30, 1983) referred to him as the "Lone Eagle of the Pacific".

Wiese was not attempting to set a record or enter the history books at the time of his flight, and he wasn't even aware that his flight would be notable. In 1959, Wiese was a pilot for Pan American Airlines when he heard rumors of mass layoffs at the airline. To provide a second source of income, he started ferrying plans as a side job. Since Pan-Am did not allow its pilots to do side jobs, he worked under the alias Richard Merrick. He was hired to fly an aircraft from San Antonio, Texas to Sydney, Australia.

Wiese flew the Cessna 310B from San Antonio to San Francisco, where his cross-Pacific journey began. On the first leg of his flight to Hawaii, he periodically kept himself awake by banging his head against the window during the 14-hour flight. After Hawaii, he stopped in Kanton Island and Fiji, before his final destination in Australia. At these stops, other pilots commented that they had never seen a pilot make the trip solo before.

Upon arriving at Sydney at night, he noticed spotlights and a crowd of people at the airport. Pilots and journalists correctly realized that he had made the first solo east-to-west flight across the Pacific Ocean. While they had arranged a party for Wiese, he instead went to a hotel to sleep. The next day, the newspapers reported his accomplishment, using his real name, which they had got from the customs documents.

The flight time for the 7,730 mile flight was 42½ hours over 6 days. (August 6, 1959 - Special to The New York Times. - Article)

Personal life
Wiese's son, Richard Wiese, is a known explorer, environmentalist, and Emmy-winning television host and executive producer.

References

1929 births
Living people
American aviators
American aviation record holders


Virpi Sinikka Niemelä (Helsinki, 26 December 1936 – Argentina, 18 December 2006) was a leading Finnish Argentine astronomer. She was the second Argentine to be elected for Associate of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Born in Finland, she emigrated with her family to Argentina in 1954 where she lived for the majority of her life. She became a citizen, married and had two sons.

Education
She started university at the National University of La Plata to study chemistry, but decided on astronomy through the then Astronomy and Geophysics School. She received her doctorate for research done under Jorge Sahade, with whom she collaborated throughout her career.

Career
Her work has had a strong influence in the areas of massive stars and close binaries, especially Wolf-Rayet stars. She pioneered work on Wolf-Rayet stars in the Magellanic Clouds, massive stars in stellar associations and interstellar bubbles around massive stars. This work was done to determine the stellar masses in binary systems and discovered and analyzed the spectroscopic orbits of many binary systems with WR components. This was achieved using data from CASLEO and analyzed the star winds and their interaction with the quasi-stellar medium. She also helped to develop astronomy in Argentina, inspiring many students. After receiving her PhD, she starting working at the National University of La Plata and became a fellow of CONICET. Despite being fired shortly after, she continued her research projects until she started working at the Comisión de Investigaciones Cientifícas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICBA), where she worked until her death. She also worked for the Instituto de Astrofísica del Espacio (IAFE) in Buenos Aires as part its research staff. There, she supervised students for about a decade. She then took at appointment as professor at the Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, where she earned her MSc and PhD. The university named her as Emeritus Professor in 2005 to acknowledge her work as researcher. From 1997 to 2001 she was also a member of the editorial committee for the Mexican Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Legacy and organisational affiliations
She also played an important role in women's rights within the scientific research community, pushing to include maternity leave for postgraduate students with research council grants and pointing out cases where gender segregation was influencing job offers.

She became the vice president of the Argentinian Astronomy Association from 1993 until 1996. In 1998, was awarded the Carlos Varsavsky prize for her contribution to Argentine astronomy by the National Academy of Exact, Physical, and Natural Sciences of Buenos Aires. Two years later, they appointed her as a member, as the second female member in the history of the academy. In 2003, she was also the first female awarded the Platinum Prize in Astronomy by the Fundación Konex Argentina. To mark her seventieth birthday, an international workshop on massive stars was held in Carilo on 11–14 December 2006. During the workshop, it was announced that asteroid 5289 would be named Niemela in her honor and that she was elected as and Associate of the Royal Astronomical Society. However, she died just before her birthday, of breast cancer.

References

 Obituary, Astronomy and Geophysics, June 2007, 48(3) page 3.37

1936 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Argentine astronomers
Women astronomers
Finnish emigrants to Argentina
Naturalized citizens of Argentina
Deaths from cancer in Argentina
Deaths from breast cancer


Nation is a novel by Terry Pratchett, published in the UK on 11 September 2008 and in the US on 6 October 2009. It was the first non-Discworld Pratchett novel since Johnny and the Bomb (1996). Nation is a low fantasy set in an alternative history of our world in the 1860s.  The book received recognition as a Michael L. Printz Honor Book for 2009.

Development
Pratchett took his editors by surprise by writing it before the previously scheduled Tiffany Aching conclusion. He has said "I want to write this one so much I can taste it", and that he's been ready to do it for four years. Pratchett said in February 2007, "At the moment I'm just writing. If it needs to be Discworld it will be Discworld. It could be set in this world 150 years ago while still more or less being a fantasy. The codename for it is Nation."

Synopsis

Context
Written loosely in a third-person perspective, the novel is  set in an alternative history of our world, shortly after Charles Darwin has published On the Origin of Species. A recent Russian influenza pandemic has just killed the British king and his next 137 heirs. Except for the opening chapter, the novel's action entirely occurs in the Great Southern Pelagic Ocean (the fictionalised South Pacific Ocean) on a particular island known by its indigenous inhabitants as "the Nation".

The first chapter involves a subplot in which the Gentlemen of Last Resort, a secret society serving the Crown, urgently set out for Port Mercia in the Great Southern Pelagic Ocean to seek the next man in the British line of succession: Henry Fanshaw, the unsuspecting governor of England's oceanic territories. Fanshaw's 13-year-old daughter, Ermintrude, is one of the novel's two protagonists. The other protagonist, Mau, is an aboriginal native of the Nation who is first depicted alone at neighbouring Boys' Island, where he has hand-built a canoe to complete his initiation rite from boyhood into manhood. Ermintrude, meanwhile, is travelling in a leisurely manner aboard a British schooner, the Sweet Judy, when mutineers, led by the ruthless First Mate Cox, are subdued and set adrift at sea, returning to the plot at a later time.

Plot summary
The main plot begins when an enormous tsunami carries the two central characters, Ermintrude and Mau, to the shores of Mau's home island: the Nation. Mau survives the tsunami in his canoe, while Ermintrude is the lone survivor of the Sweet Judy, which is run aground. The tsunami has killed all the indigenous villagers of the Nation, except Mau, who now angrily rejects the gods and believes that his interrupted rite of passage has left him soulless. Devastated, Mau carries all his people's corpses into the ocean, based on their religious belief that humans buried at sea become dolphins. Ermintrude timidly and sometimes recklessly interacts with Mau, but, eventually, the two start cooperating for mutual survival and establish some basic level of communication, though they are ignorant of each other's culture and language. Ermintrude introduces herself as "Daphne" and never reveals her given name, which she has always hated.

Three survivors from neighbouring islands arrive, including a cynical old priest named Ataba, who constantly derides Mau for his loss of faith. More survivors soon appear, including two brothers who can speak English moderately well with Daphne, speeding along the language-learning process for all. One of these men gratefully employs the reluctant Daphne as a makeshift midwife for his pregnant wife, Cahle. Meanwhile, Mau sleeplessly keeps vigil, obsessively looking out for local cannibals who are known to strike without warning. At the same time, he frequently hears the pestering, disembodied voices of the Grandfathers: ancestral spirits who make angry (and often incoherent) demands. They insist that Mau replace the "god anchors", carved white stones traditionally said to have "anchored" the gods before the tsunami displaced them. Mau discovers the anchors in the Nation's lagoon alongside an additional, previously unknown stone, but Ataba attempts to destroy it, purportedly because it is heretical. Mau then rescues Ataba from the lagoon, but his resulting hypothermia and exhaustion lead to a coma; Daphne accepts a lump of poison from Mrs. Gurgle, a shaman who is one of the refugees, that successfully lets her travel in her mind to the land of the dead in order to rescue Mau's consciousness.

Even more survivors have now arrived at the Nation, and Daphne begins hearing the voices of the Grandmothers, who claim to be the neglected but more sensible counterparts to the Grandfathers. They suggest that Daphne explore an ancient, closed-off crypt called the Grandfathers' cave. Mau, Daphne, Ataba, and their companions enter this cave and discover that the Nation is probably the oldest civilization on Earth, whose citizens once made astounding scientific progress with such creations as telescopes, eyeglasses, and even accurate star charts.

After exiting the cave, the group is confronted by two of Sweet Judy'''s villainous mutineers, who abruptly kill a spear-wielding Ataba and briefly abduct Daphne before she devises a cunning escape. In the meantime, the mutineers' leader, Cox, has since joined the cannibals, becoming their self-proclaimed chief and planning to raid the Nation. The new inhabitants of the Nation convince the arriving Cox and the cannibals to follow tradition by having the leaders of each side fight in hand-to-hand mortal combat, so as to avoid large-scale bloodshed. Mau accepts his role as leader of the Nation, and then cleverly outwits and kills Cox in the lagoon, causing the cannibals to flee.

A few days later, Henry Fanshaw arrives in search of his daughter. As a man of scientific curiosity, he, like Daphne, is fascinated with the re-opened cave. The Gentlemen of Last Resort appear two weeks later, telling Fanshaw that he is the next heir to the British throne and immediately crowning him king. Mau, wary of England's politics, is reluctant for the Nation to join the British Empire and instead requests that his homeland become a member of the scientific Royal Society. Ultimately, Daphne feels a duty to leave with her father, and Mau remains behind on the island with his new people.

Many years later, in the present day, an old scientist concludes this story to two children of the modern-day Nation. He explains that Daphne returned to England to marry a Dutch prince (later becoming Queen) and that Mau died of old age. When Daphne died, two months after Mau, her body was sent to the Nation to be buried at sea so that she could become a dolphin. He tells the children that from those days onward, thousands of scientists have visited the island, including Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Carl Sagan, and Richard Feynman. The book ends with the elder of the two children, a girl, standing guard on the beach, protecting the Nation as Mau had done so many years before: this is stated to be the Nation's new rite of passage into adulthood. In the lagoon, a dolphin leaps from the sea and the scientist smiles.

 Reception
The novel was well received, with The Independent calling Nation 'one of his finest books yet', the Washington Post 'a thrilling story', and The Guardian printing "Nation has profound, subtle and original things to say about the interplay between tradition and knowledge, faith and questioning." Times Online called the novel "Thought-provoking as well as fun, this is Terry Pratchett at his most philosophical, with characters and situations sprung from ideas and games with language. And it celebrates the joy of the moment."Nation has also received many accolades:

 2008, Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Young Adult Literature winner
 2008, Sidewise Award for Best Long-Form Alternate History nominee
 2009, American Library Association, Top Ten Best Books for Young Adults
2009, Boston Globe-Horn Book Award for Fiction and Poetry winner
 2009, Locus Award for Best Young Adult Book nominee
 2009, Michael L. Printz Award for Excellence in Young Adult Literature Honor Book
 2009, Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Children's Literature nominee
 2009, Odyssey Award nominee
 2010, July 15, Brit Writer's Award Published Writer winner
 2010 Carnegie Medal nominee
 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize nominee

 Adaptation

The Royal National Theatre performed a theatrical adaptation of the book by Mark Ravenhill. Previews started on November 11 and the show opened on November 23, 2009.
Readings from the novel began on BBC Radio 7 on Saturday 30 January 2010 at 1800 and 2400.

Pratchett noted: "I believe that Nation'' is the best book I have ever written, or will write."

See also
 Nan Madol - a remaining archipelago of islands of a once larger island

References

External links

! colspan="3" | Novels by Terry Pratchett

2008 British novels
Novels by Terry Pratchett
British alternative history novels
Fiction set in the 1860s
Doubleday (publisher) books
Fiction about dolphins
Novels about religion
Novels set on islands


Stephen Cox may refer to:

Stephen Cox (cyclist) (born 1956), retired racing cyclist from New Zealand
Stephen Cox (sculptor) (born 1946), British sculptor of stone
Stephen Cox (writer) (born 1966), American freelance writer and author
Stephen D. Cox (born 1948), American editor of Liberty magazine
Stephen J. Cox, former US Attorney in Texas

See also
Steve Cox (disambiguation)
Cox (surname)


Joseph Russell (October 1, 1868 – December 14, 1925) was a Toronto businessman and politician.

The eldest son of John Russell, who was a brick maker and stone cutter, Joseph Russell was a brick manufacturer owning the brickworks at 1308 Queen Street East at Alton Avenue. He provided much of the supplies used in the original construction of the Toronto Railway Company's paintshop in 1913 and it is thought the Toronto Transit Commission's Russell Carhouse may be named after him.

Russell was a candidate for the Ontario legislature in 1908 but was unsuccessful. He was then nominated as an Independent candidate against incumbent Conservative MP Albert Edward Kemp in Toronto East. Kemp's opponents accused him of neglecting constituents as well as hiring foreign workers at poor pay at the expense of Canadian workers. Russell, by contrast, was a brick manufacturer and was praised for offering rates of pay that allowed workers to "live in houses of their own, and not herd a dozen into a room." Russell defeated Kemp by almost 800 votes in a two man contest in the 1908 federal election. Kemp poured his efforts into rebuilding the Conservative Party and defeated Russell three years later in the 1911 election.

He returned to provincial politics and won a seat in the 1914 provincial election. Russell served as the Conservative member for Riverdale from 1914 until 1919.

References

External links

1868 births
1925 deaths
Independent MPs in the Canadian House of Commons
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
Canadian manufacturing businesspeople
Brick manufacturers
Businesspeople from Toronto


The Icui is a right tributary of the river Bega in Romania. It discharges into the Bega in Margina. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Timiș County


Chile puede (Spanish for: Chile can do it) is a 2008 Chilean science fiction comedy film about an illegal private Chilean space venture orchestrated by a mad tycoon that comes under the suspicions of the United States government, as an Arab and Al-Qaeda motivated anthrax-filled-satellite attack on the United States.

Plot
A group of scientists is working in the north of Chile, preparing for the first Chilean space mission. However, just before the launch, an industrial dispute breaks out between the scientists and engineers over wages and working conditions. They walk out of the ground control center, leaving the project director to launch the mission with astronaut Guillermo.

As the mission progresses, the director realizes that he does not know how to bring Guillermo back to Earth alive. Guillermo is left orbiting the Earth until an old Russian scientist, who worked on the Sputnik program and now lives in Chile, enters the scene. The Russian scientist contacts a cosmonaut who is on the old MIR space station and together they manage to force the Chilean spaceship back into Earth's orbit with a push.

Cast
Hugo Arana   ... First engineer
Bélgica Castro   ... Russian scientist
Javiera Contador ...  Ana María (girlfriend of Guillermo)
Boris Quercia ...  Guillermo, Spanish high school teacher, and mission's astronaut
Álvaro Rudolphy... Journalist
Willy Semler ...  Patricio, millionaire, mad mind, and financier

References

External links

2008 films
2008 science fiction films
2008 comedy films
Chilean science fiction comedy films
2000s science fiction comedy films
Films about astronauts
2000s Spanish-language films

2000s Chilean films


Alfred Clinton Carr Jr. (born November 2, 1965) is an American politician and public servant from Maryland. Carr is a member of the Democratic Party. He was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Maryland's District 18 in Montgomery County.

Background

Carr was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on November 2, 1965.  Carr’s 5th great grandmother was Martha Jefferson Carr, sister of Thomas Jefferson. He is a descendent of Judath Barnett, a free woman of color, and Jefferson's nephew, Samuel Carr.

Carr earned a Bachelor of Science from the University of Rochester in electrical engineering with honors in 1988. He also holds a Certificate in Local Government Studies from the University of Maryland.

In the legislature
Carr was a member of House of Delegates from December 20, 2007, to January 11, 2023. He served on the House Environment and Transportation Committee and its subcommittees on Real Property, Local Government, and Land Use & Ethics. He was House Chair of the Joint Committee on Federal Relations, which guides the relationship between State and Federal governments. He was a member of the Montgomery County Delegation and chair of its Metropolitan Washington Committee, which vets legislation related to local utilities. Carr is also a member of the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland.

In his first year in the legislature, two of the bills he sponsored, House Bills 742 and 1604, were passed and signed into law by the governor. Focusing on sustainable solutions, he has secured passage of legislation on education, environmental protection, clean energy, economic development, consumer protection, transportation, open government, public safety, affordable housing, and historic preservation.

Carr has consistently received endorsements and high ratings from environmental advocacy groups, consumer protection organizations, and the Montgomery County teachers, police and fire fighters.

On April 15, 2022, Carr withdrew his re-election bid to the Maryland House of Delegates, instead seeking to run for the 4th District of the Montgomery County Council. He was defeated by Takoma Park mayor Kate Stewart in the Democratic primary.

References

External links

http://www.alcarr.org/
http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/msa14770.html

Democratic Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Living people
1965 births
African-American state legislators in Maryland
People from Kensington, Maryland
Politicians from Cleveland
University of Rochester alumni
21st-century American politicians
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American people
African-American city council members in Maryland
Maryland city council members


The Ransome-Kuti family is a Nigerian Yoruba political family noted for its simultaneous contributions to art, religion, education and medicine. It belongs to the Nigerian bourgeoisie, and also has historic links to the Nigerian chieftaincy system.

History
The first member to bear the name Ransome, the Reverend Josiah Jesse "J.J." Ransome-Kuti, adopted it in honour of the Anglican missionary who had first converted his family to Christianity. He followed his father Likoye Kuti — an Egba griot — into the musical vocation, and wrote a series of popular hymns in the Yoruba language while serving as an Anglican cleric.

The descendants of J.J.'s son, the Reverend Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, and Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti include a health minister (who had also served as a university professor), a political activist (who would himself later be adopted as an Amnesty International prisoner of conscience), and six further musicians (including one who founded and led a political party and three Grammy Award nominees).

The Ransome-Kutis have been known to form marital unions with other families of the Yoruba elite: the branch descended from Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti is a sept of the aristocratic Jibolu-Taiwo family of Egbaland by virtue of its descent from her, while the one descended from the Reverend Samuel Ayodele Soyinka, the husband of Grace Eniola Jenkins-Harrison, is related to the royal family of Isara-Remo through him.

Family tree

Olasu (c. 1750–c. 1820)
Jamo (c.1785–c.1850) m. Orukoloku (c.1795–c.1870)
Likoye Kuti (c.1820–c.1863) m. Anne Ekidan Efupeyin (c. 1830–July 1877)
Eruwe Lousia Kuti (c.1857–19??)
Josiah Jesse Ransome-Kuti (1855–1930), clergyman and the first person to use the double-barrelled family name, m. Bertha Erinade Anny Olubi (1862–1934)
Josiah Oluyinka Ransome Kuti (1883–c.1960)
Anne Lape Iyabode Ransome-Kuti (1885–c.1960)
Grace Eniola Jenkins-Harrison (1908–1983) (Grace Eniola Soyinka) m. Samuel Ayodele Soyinka
Akinwande Oluwole Babatunde Soyinka (1934) (Wole Soyinka), writer, amongst others
Olufela Daniel Ransome-Kuti (1887–1887)
 Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti (1891–1955), clergyman, m. Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Thomas (1900–1978) (Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti), political activist
Olikoye Ransome-Kuti (1927–2003), doctor
Olufela Olusegun Oludotun Ransome-Kuti (1938–1997) (Fela Kuti), musician, m. Remilekun Taylor, amongst others
 Omoyeni Anikulapo Kuti, (b. 1961) (Yeni Kuti), dancer, m. Femi Segun
 Rolari Segun (b. 1988)
 Olufela Olufemi Anikulapo Kuti, (b. 1962) (Femi Kuti), musician, m. Funke Kuti, dancer/music manager (now divorced)
 Omorinmade Anikulapo Kuti, (b. 1995) (Made Kuti), musician
 Sola Anikulapo Kuti, (1963–1997), dancer
 Kunle Anikulapo Kuti, (b. circa 1971), folk singer, m . Olufunmilayo Hastrup (b. 1964)
 Omosalewa Anikulapo Kuti, lawyer, m. Fehintola (1958–2006)
 Oluseun Anikulapo Kuti, (b. 1982) (Seun Kuti), musician
 Motunrayo Anikulapo Kuti, (b. 1980), dancer
Bekolari Ransome-Kuti (1940–2006), (Beko Ransome-Kuti), doctor and political activist
Enitan Ransome-Kuti, Nigerian Army officer
 Dolupo Ransome-Kuti (1922–2010)
 Frances Kuboye (d. 1997), dentist/jazz singer
Joshua Oluremi Ransome-Kuti (1894–c. 1970)
Susannah Olubade (1898–1898)
Victoria Susannah Tinuade Ransome-Kuti (1899–1980)
 Azariah Olusegun Orisale Ransome-Kuti (1902–1979)
Yemisi Ransome-Kuti (1947), current chief of the family
 Olusegun Bucknor
 Bola Soyemi
 Oluwaseun Olasupo Soyemi
 Eniola Anuoluwapo Mofoluwaso Soyemi

See also
 Vaughan family

References

Further reading

External links
 The Shrine The unofficial website for Fela Kuti and Afrobeat Music, with biographies of Fela, Femi and Seun Kuti.

Yoruba families
Nigerian families
Political families
Musical families
Nigerian noble families


Wurld Media was a privately held company based in Saratoga Springs, NY by Gregory Kerber and Kirk Feathers in September 1999.

Overview
The company set out to create and manage systems to leverage online markets. Its first product was launched in 2001. Wurld Media's initial consumer product, Grow Hope, created an online marketing opportunity for nonprofit organizations to reach new and existing supporters with an online solution for earning additional donations through e-commerce purchases.

Product claims
A second product, BuyersPort, grew out of Grow Hope. Combined, they power the HelpUSA program to allow online shoppers to support nonprofit causes at no cost to the consumer. By private labeling, the BuyersPort/Grow Hope platform and membership program, nonprofit partners such as the Child Safety Network, the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, and the Arthritis Foundation have created an affinity program for their supporter base.

BuyersPort is a commercial online marketplace consisting of more than 500 of the Internet's top retailers, including Expedia, eBay, Dell, Overstock, and Barnes & Noble. The difference between BuyersPort and other online shopping malls is that BuyersPort members earn cash back from their purchases. Partners include Priceline.com, Expedia.com, Travelocity.com, Orbitz, Overstock.com, Dell, Barnes & Noble, eBay, Staples, JCPenney, The Home Depot, Gap, Nordstrom, Circuit City, and others.

BuyersPort was used by StreamCast in 2002 to help create an online shopping experience for Morpheus users. Although Morpheus is ad-supported, many users were not happy with the way a browser helper object named Wurld Media redirected specific web addresses to BuyersPort member sites.

Continuing to seek out high-growth consumer markets, Wurld Media launched a third product in March 2003, LX Systems. LX Systems was envisioned as a distributive computing technology to help multimedia providers efficiently market and distribute content to millions of consumers on the Internet. LX Systems uses the same peer-to-peer architecture utilized by BitTorrent. LX Systems first customer was the US Army's recruiting video game, America's Army.

With a scalable and secure content distribution technology under their belt, company founders Kerber and Feathers said they saw an opportunity in the emerging pay-for-play Internet music marketplace of 2004–2005, and launched the media file sharing service Peer Impact in August 2005. Peer Impact is a legal pay-for-download file-sharing service which utilizes a peer-to-peer distribution system similar to BitTorrent to speed downloads of digital media, including radio, video, audio books, and video games. The company claimed to have had digital distribution contracts with four large content providers: Sony BMG Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, and EMI. Wurld Media also has signed agreements with NBC Universal, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Bros. Pictures to provide video on demand content.

Closure
The company experienced major financial difficulties, leading to the owners selling the company in 2007 to New York City-based ROO Group Inc. (now KIT digital, Inc.) for $4.3 million, which subsequently shutdown the Clifton Park, New York office and laid off all employees in January 2008.

Soon after the sale, the Saratoga County, New York district attorney brought criminal charges of falsifying business records against principal Gregory Kerber. In a plea bargain, Gregory Kerber pleaded guilty to the charges in June 2008 and was sentenced to serve up to 3 years in prison.

References

Companies based in Saratoga County, New York


The following article presents a summary of the 1947 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 46th season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Palmeiras declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

State championship champions

Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1947.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF
 1947 Brazil national team matches at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football


Griesenberg is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

History
In 1995 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Amlikon, Bissegg and Strohwilen to form a new and larger municipality Amlikon-Bissegg.

It was first recorded in year 1256 as Griessinberc.

Originally the village was owned by the Abbey of St. Gallen.  During the High Middle Ages it was under the Baron of Bussnang.  At the beginning of the 13th Century, the west half of the Bussnang lands came under a limited self-rule.  Its administrative center was the fortress of Alt-Griesenberg at Altenburg, until its destruction in 1289 by the Habsburgs.  The new administrative center became the castle of Neu-Griesenberg at Tümpfel.  After the death of the last of the male Griesenberg, Lütold von Griesenberg, in 1325, the new ruler was his daughter Adele.  In 1367 the village had to be pledged as collateral to the Harzer brothers from Constance.  Then, in 1397, Adelaide's daughter from her first marriage, Clementia, sold the village to Konrad von Hoff of Constance.  In the 15th and early 16th Centuries it became the property of various families until it was acquired in 1529 by Henry of Ulm, who was also a citizen of Constance.  His descendants sold it in 1759 in Lucerne, who sold it again in 1793.  Karl Anton Kraft, Austrian bailiff of Stockach, sold it in 1795 to the Schulthess Family of Zurich.  A Gerichtsoffnung or village law of 1475 (which was updated in 1605) defined the rights of the citizens of the village.  The church of Griesenberg was part of the parish of Leutmerken, and converted to the new faith during the Protestant Reformation in 1529.  When Marx von Ulm converted back to the old religion in 1607, the Counter-Reformation came into the village.

Until the 19th Century, the local economy was based on grain cultivation.  This changed to livestock raising and then dairy farming followed by fruit cultivation.  The Holzhof, which has been in the possession of the Wartmann family since 1858, is one of the cradles of Swiss Tilsit cheese.

Historic Population
The municipality also contained the villages Altenburg, Bänikon, Fimmelsberg, Holzhof, Leutmerken and Tümpfel. It had 500 inhabitants in 1850, which decreased to 438 in 1900, 397 in 1950 and 352 in 1990.

References

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Thurgau


The Nevada presidential caucuses were an electoral event in which citizens met in precinct caucuses to elect delegates to the corresponding county conventions. The 2020 Nevada caucuses were the last held in the state before the state legislature signed a law which abolished the Nevada Caucus and replaced it with a Primary. There are 17 counties in Nevada and so there are 17 conventions. The county conventions then select delegates to Nevada's State Convention, which then choose delegates for the presidential nominating conventions.

The Nevada caucuses began in 1981. The Kerry/Dean caucus was held on February 14, 2004.  In 2008 the DNC gave Nevada the official first in the west status reflecting the growing importance of the West as well as Nevada's electoral bellwether status. The 2008 Nevada caucuses were the third major electoral event in the nominating process for President of the United States.  In 2016, the Democratic caucus was held on February 20 and the Republican caucus was held on February 23.

History
Prior to 1981, Nevada usually held primary elections, not caucuses, to choose delegates for the Democratic and Republican national convention. In both cases, these delegates then choose party nominees for the general presidential election. Many parties have held state level caucuses since the 1960s; however, 2008 was the first time both the Democratic and Republican parties held caucuses throughout the local (precinct), county, and state levels.

While many states hold primary elections, relatively few states hold statewide, multilevel caucuses. Party leaders and state officials believed that switching from a primary election to a caucus would streamline Nevada's move to becoming an early contender in the nomination process. As a result of switching from a late presidential primary to an early caucus, Nevada has gained electoral prominence.

Historically, New Hampshire's primary and Iowa's caucus have shared the electoral limelight, marking the beginning of the presidential campaign season. America's increasing ethnic diversity, urbanization, and geographic redistribution made influential political leaders come to the realization that New Hampshire and Iowa were not representative of the United States.  Following the 2004 election, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid began making a case for Nevada as the perfect American microcosm.  Nevada's western location, significant minority population, and strong labor population demonstrating America's shifting population contributed to this illustration.

Since 2008, the Nevada caucuses have been scheduled early in the nomination process (prior to Super Tuesday). By being one of the earlier states, most importantly, the first in the West, to hold elections of any sort, the state of Nevada has been placed in the national spotlight. Nevada has become the first state to vote in the West, the first primarily labor-based state to vote, and the first state with a substantial Hispanic population to vote. Nevadans have gained electoral prominence as a direct result of switching from a late presidential primary to an early caucus.

Process
The Nevada caucuses operate very differently from the more common primary election used by most other states (see U.S. presidential primary). The caucuses are generally defined as "gatherings of neighbors." Rather than going to polls and casting ballots, Nevadans gather at set locations throughout the state's precincts. The meetings occur in various locations: schools, churches, public libraries, casinos, and even individual homes. The caucuses are held every four years to determine whom Nevada's delegates will support in choosing Republican and Democratic presidential candidates.

In addition to the voting and the presidential preference choices, caucus-goers may begin the process of writing their parties’ platforms by introducing resolutions, but most of that  is not dealt with until the state convention level.

Unlike in a primary, the Nevada caucus does not result directly in national delegates for each candidate. Instead, caucus-goers elect delegates to county conventions, who, in turn, elect delegates to state conventions, where Nevada's national convention delegates are selected.

The process is rather similar to the better-known Iowa caucuses, which are the first caucuses to occur in the nation. The Republicans and Democrats each hold their own set of caucuses. Participants in each party's caucuses must be registered with that party. The caucuses are subject to their own particular rules, which are subject to change from time to time.

Democratic Party process
The Nevada Democratic Party caucus is a closed caucus. However, "Any person who is eligible to vote in the state of Nevada and will be at least 18 years old on Election Day, November 3, 2020, may participate... Voters may register or change party affiliation on Caucus Day or at their in-person early vote location."

As with other Democratic caucuses, voters gathered into preference groups for each candidate. A minimum threshold of 15 percent was required in each precinct in order to achieve viability. If a candidate's preference group was not viable, voters could choose to caucus with another group or to be uncommitted. Unlike the Iowa Caucus, "raiding" of other, already viable caucus groups, was prohibited. This has changed in 2020, in that neither caucus allows raiding. Delegates to the county convention are then selected amongst the candidate groups. A similar process occurred at the county convention; although they file statements of support for their chosen candidate, all delegates are technically unbound until the state convention.

The 2008 Nevada Democratic Party caucus, in addition to the 1,754 neighborhood caucus locations, held nine at-large caucus locations.  These locations were made available for shift workers, who could not return to their home precincts to caucus. The at-large precincts were at the Wynn, Bellagio, The Mirage, Paris Las Vegas, New York-New York, Flamingo, Caesars Palace, and The Rio, all located in Clark County. Workers who worked within 2.5 mi (4.0 km) of the caucus site and were scheduled to work during or within one hour of the caucus period, and had an employer ID showing their employment in the zone were permitted to attend. Unlike regular caucuses where delegates are apportioned based on registered voters, the at-large locations were allocated based on attendance, which caused controversy.

In 2012, the general expectation was that, with President Barack Obama having the advantage of incumbency and being the only viable candidate running, the race would be primarily pro forma. The process ran essentially the same as it had in 2008, and voter turnout was extremely low.

In both 2008 and 2012, the Nevada Democratic Party reported county convention delegate totals to the media and not actual votes, as the Iowa Democratic Party did in its caucus.

Republican Party process
The Nevada Republican Party caucus is a closed caucus with eligibility limited to those registered 30 days before the caucus date including 17-year-olds who will be eligible to vote in the November general election. As in most other Republican caucuses, there are two components. First, delegates are elected from the attendees to represent the caucus-goers at the county conventions in March, and they generally announce who they support for president and why they should go to the county convention. Election of delegates is by show of hands. Then, a supporter of each campaign speaks on behalf of their candidate. Finally, a straw poll, called a presidential preference poll, is taken of the individuals in the room. The preference poll is a secret ballot with candidate names printed on them.

Although the news media reports the results of the straw poll and assigns delegates proportionally based on it, in Nevada, it is the county conventions and the state convention which determine who actually goes to the Republican National Convention. Thus, all delegates are unbound until the state convention in April, but they generally represent the preferences expressed by fellow Republicans in the straw poll.

The 2012 Republican Party caucus combined Nevada's 1,835 precincts into 125 sites in order to ease the voting process. Voting was scheduled to occur from 9 AM to 1 PM on February 4, 2012, and the results were scheduled to be announced at 5PM.

The 2012 Nevada Republican caucuses were originally scheduled to begin on February 18, 2012, a month later than the January 19, 2008, caucuses. On September 29, 2011, the entire schedule of caucuses and primaries was disrupted, however, when it was announced that the Republican Party of Florida had decided to move up its primary to January 31, in an attempt to bring attention to its own primary contest and attract the presidential candidates to visit the state. Because of the move, the Republican National Committee decided to strip Florida of half of its delegates. Also as a result, the Nevada Republican Party, along with Iowa, New Hampshire and South Carolina, then sought to move their caucuses back into early January. All but Nevada, which agreed to follow Florida, confirmed their caucus and primary dates to take place throughout January, with Nevada deciding to hold its contest on February 4, 2012.:)

Democratic results
2008 (January 19): Hillary Clinton (51%), Barack Obama (45%), and John Edwards (4%)
2012 (January 21): Barack Obama (98%) and uncommitted (1%)
2016 (February 20): Hillary Clinton (53%) and Bernie Sanders (47%)
2020 (February 22):
First Round Popular Vote: Bernie Sanders (34%), Joe Biden (18%), Pete Buttigieg (16%), Elizabeth Warren (13%), Amy Klobuchar (10%), Tom Steyer (9%), and Tulsi Gabbard (0%)
Second Round Popular Vote: Bernie Sanders (40%), Joe Biden (19%), Pete Buttigieg (17%), Elizabeth Warren (11%), Amy Klobuchar (7%), Tom Steyer (4%), and Tulsi Gabbard (0%)
County Convention Delegates: Bernie Sanders (47%), Joe Biden (20%), Pete Buttigieg (14%), Elizabeth Warren (10%), Tom Steyer (5%), Amy Klobuchar (4%), and Tulsi Gabbard (0%)
Delegates: Bernie Sanders (24), Joe Biden (9), Pete Buttigieg (3), and others (0)

Republican results
2008 (January 19): Mitt Romney (51%), Ron Paul (14%), John McCain (13%), Mike Huckabee (8%), Fred Thompson (8%), Rudy Giuliani (4%), and Duncan Hunter (2%)
2012 (February 4): Mitt Romney (50%), Newt Gingrich (21%), Ron Paul (19%), and Rick Santorum (10%)
2016 (February 23): Donald Trump (46%), Marco Rubio (24%), Ted Cruz (21%), Ben Carson (5%), and John Kasich (4%)
2020: Caucuses cancelled

Criticism
Caucus participants must publicly state their opinion and vote, which subjects them to peer pressure from neighbors. Another criticism involves the amount of participants' time these events consume.

A Nevada caucus may last for the greater part of a day. Absentee voting is also barred.  The final criticism is the complexity of the rules in terms of how one's vote counts, as it is not a simple popular vote.

Arguments in favor of caucuses include the belief that they favor more motivated participants than simple ballots and that supporters of non-viable candidates are able to realign with a more popular candidate and still make their vote count. Additionally, many caucus-goers consider them more interesting because of how much more interactive they are than a primary.  Lastly, one other argument in favor is that it is believed that caucus-goers get more information before making their vote so those voting will potentially be more educated about their candidate choices than primary-goers.  The validity of this belief has not been shown to be scientifically accurate.

In 2016 Democratic Party Nevada Convention, an incident occurred involving Bernie Sanders' and Hillary Clinton's supporters in Las Vegas.

See also
Nevada Democratic caucuses, 2008
Nevada Republican caucuses, 2008
Nevada Democratic caucuses, 2012
Nevada Republican caucuses, 2012
Nevada Democratic caucuses, 2016
Nevada Republican caucuses, 2016
Nevada Democratic caucuses, 2020
Nevada Republican caucuses, 2020

References


Justin DeYarmond Edison Vernon (born April 30, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, producer and multi-instrumentalist. He is best-known as the primary songwriter and frontman of indie folk band Bon Iver. He is also a member of the bands Volcano Choir, Big Red Machine, the Shouting Matches, and Gayngs, and was previously a member of the now-defunct band DeYarmond Edison. Known for his distinct falsetto voice, Vernon has received widespread acclaim for his work, predominantly with Bon Iver.

Early life
Vernon attended Memorial High School in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, where he still resides today. He formed his first band, Mount Vernon, in 1997 after meeting its members at a Wisconsin high school jazz camp. They released their first local musical project in 1998. He graduated from Memorial High in 1999 and attended college at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire, spending a semester in Ireland. Vernon majored in Religious Studies and minored in Women's Studies. In an interview with Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report, he said that he was not ready to study music.

Career

Pre-Bon Iver

In 2001, Vernon released his first solo album under the name "J.D Vernon," titled Home Is. He went on to release two other solo albums, namely Self Record in 2005, which was followed shortly whereafter by Hazeltons in 2006. All of these albums are available online, but they have not seen an official release. Vernon founded the band DeYarmond Edison in 2001 while still in college. The band, which began performing in 2002, consisted of Vernon, Brad and Phil Cook, Christopher Porterfield and Joe Westerlund. The group saw varying line-up changes during its five years of existence. After playing in the Eau Claire music scene, the four bandmates decided to leave their longtime home and move to Raleigh, North Carolina, to try their musical hand in a new place. The band released two records themselves, the first self-titled in 2004 and the second titled Silent Signs in 2005, and an EP of unreleased material is available on their Myspace page. After nearly a year in Raleigh, Vernon left for Wisconsin in 2006 after a breakup with the band and a girlfriend. The remaining members of DeYarmond Edison went on to form the folk bands Megafaun and Field Report, and remain good friends with Vernon.

Bon Iver

Vernon came to international prominence with For Emma, Forever Ago, his first album as Bon Iver, which he recorded isolated in a northern Wisconsin cabin during the winter months of 2006 and 2007, while he was going through health and personal difficulties. The album was self-released by Vernon in July 2007 and after it received several positive reviews, including from Pitchfork, the album was rereleased in February 2008 and released internationally in May of that year.

Bon Iver won Best New Artist and Best Alternative Album at the 2012 Grammy Awards, for their 2011 self-titled album. On September 25, 2012, Vernon walked away from Bon Iver temporarily, virtually putting an end to the band for the time being. When asked for reasoning, he replied, "[I'm] winding it down. I look at it like a faucet. I have to turn it off and walk away from it because so much of how that music comes together is subconscious or discovering. There's so much attention on the band, it can be distracting at times. I really feel the need to walk away from it while I still care about it. And then if I come back to it – if at all – I'll feel better about it and be renewed or something to do that."

The band's third studio album, 22, A Million, was released on September 30, 2016, to critical acclaim. The album marked a major shift in Bon Iver's musical style, with prominent uses of electronic instrumentation and voice modulation, a contrast to Vernon's previous acoustic style.

On August 9, 2019, Vernon released I, I, to critical acclaim. The band's fourth studio LP is vocal-heavy and features dozens of collaborators, emulating the message Vernon intended to send when working with Aaron Dessner in producing Big Red Machine.

Collaborations and side projects

 Vernon is a part of other musical groups, including Volcano Choir, which consists of Vernon and the members of the band Collections of Colonies of Bees. In 2009 Unmap was released. His collaborative group Gayngs, consisting of multiple established artists, including members from Megafaun, the Rosebuds, Doomtree and Solid Gold, among others, released Relayted in 2010. Vernon contributed vocals as Orpheus to seven songs on Anaïs Mitchell's 2010 album Hadestown, based on the Greek legend Orpheus and Eurydice. He is one third of the Shouting Matches, a blues-garage rock trio, along with Laarks and Peter Wolf Crier drummer Brian Moen, and former DeYarmond Edison bandmate Phil Cook. They have recorded but not yet released a 5-track EP, Mouthoil, and released their debut album, Grownass Man, in 2013. At the Shouting Matches' 2013 shows in Milwaukee and Minneapolis, Mouthoil CDs were available as a limited release.

During the creation of Kanye West's 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, Vernon was invited to collaborate on various songs, providing vocals on "Dark Fantasy", "Monster", "Hell Of A Life" and "Lost in the World", as well as the song "That's My Bitch" from West and Jay-Z's collaborative album Watch the Throne in 2011. He was also involved in West's 2013 album Yeezus, contributing to "I Am a God", "Hold My Liquor", and "I'm in It". Vernon has on several occasions served as backing vocalist for West at his live performances, notably at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2011 and Glastonbury Festival in 2015, where West introduced Vernon as "one of the baddest white boys on the planet". In 2009, Vernon collaborated with Aaron Dessner on the song "Big Red Machine" for the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night produced by the Red Hot Organization.

He has produced albums for other artists, including Land of Talk's 2008 album Some Are Lakes and Kathleen Edwards' 2012 album Voyageur.

In 2012, Vernon began Chigliak, an imprint of Jagjaguwar, dedicated to albums that have had limited or non-commercial releases.

In 2014, Jason Feathers, a collaboration with Vernon, Ryan Olson (member of Gayngs, Poliça and Marijuana Deathsquads), indie rapper Astronautalis and Bon Iver member Sean Carey (known by his stage name S. Carey), released De Oro.

In 2017 Vernon collaborated with Mouse on Mars on their album Dimensional People who used his studio April Base. His voice can be heard on the song Dimensional People III.

On June 23, 2018, Vernon joined Dead & Company on stage at Alpine Valley Music Theatre in East Troy, Wisconsin. He performed three songs with the band: "Black Muddy River", "Friend of the Devil", and "Birdsong". Given Vernon's Wisconsin roots, it was a special appearance that highlighted the timelessness and versatility of the Dead's music.

In late August 2018, Vernon released the eponymous debut album of duet Big Red Machine alongside the National's Aaron Dessner. The 10 song self-titled album Big Red Machine was co-produced by Dessner, Vernon and Brad Cook, and features approximately 40 collaborators, including Bryce Dessner, Bryan Devendorf, and Richard Parry. The majority of the album was recorded in Dessner's garage studio in Hudson Valley, New York. The album seeks to convey the relational role of people in the creation of music, hence why there were so many contributing artists.

In March 2020 the Ryan Olson-produced album Sorry You Couldn't Make It by Swamp Dogg was released, with Vernon playing guitar on all tracks. He had previously appeared as a guest on Swamp Dogg's 2018 album Love, Loss & Autotune. Later in 2020, Vernon collaborated with Taylor Swift to write and feature on the song "Exile", with an instrumental credit on "Peace", for her eighth studio album Folklore. Swift released her ninth studio album Evermore, a surprise follow-up album to Folklore. Vernon co-wrote the title track and played other instruments as well as performed background vocals on several tracks.

Eaux Claires

Vernon founded and curated the Eaux Claires music and arts festival along with Aaron Dessner of the National.

In August 2016, Vernon and Dessner curated the second annual Eaux Claires festival. On the opening night of the festival, Bon Iver debuted their third album, 22, A Million, in front of a live audience. 22, A Million was released on September 30, 2016, to widespread critical acclaim.

Discography

Solo albums
Home Is (as JD Vernon, 2001)
Self Record (2005)
Hazeltons (2006)

With Mount Vernon
We Can Look Up (1998)
All of Us Free (2000)

With DeYarmond Edison
DeYarmond Edison (2004)
Silent Signs (2005)
The Bickett Residency (2005)
Unreleased EP (2006)
Epoch (2023)

With Bon Iver

For Emma, Forever Ago (2007)
Blood Bank (2009)
Bon Iver (2011)
iTunes Session (2012)
22, A Million (2016)
I, I (2019)

With the Shouting Matches
Mouthoil (2008, limited release in Milwaukee and Minneapolis, re-released in 2013)
Grownass Man (2013)

With Volcano Choir
Unmap (2009)
Repave (2013)

With Gayngs
Relayted (2010)

With Big Red Machine
Big Red Machine (2018)
How Long Do You Think It's Gonna Last? (2021)

Collaborative albums
A Decade with Duke (with Eau Claire Memorial Jazz I Ensemble, 2009)
De Oro (with Astronautalis, S. Carey and Ryan Olson, as Jason Feathers, 2014)

Other collaborations
2010: Hadestown (with Anaïs Mitchell)
2010: "Dark Fantasy", "Monster", "Hell of a Life" and "Lost in the World" (off Kanye West's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy)
2011: "That's My Bitch" (off Jay-Z and Kanye West's Watch the Throne)
2011: "Fall Creek Boys Choir" (with James Blake)
2011: "An Iris" (All Tiny Creatures)
2012: "How We Land" (off P.O.S's We Don't Even Live Here")
2013: New History Warfare Vol. 3: To See More Light (with Colin Stetson)
2013: "I Am a God", "Hold My Liquor" and "I'm In It" (off Kanye West's Yeezus)
2013: "Naked" (Off Travis $cott's Owl Pharaoh)
2013: "Tiff" (off Poliça's Shulamith)
2013: "Every Grain of Sand" (off the Blind Boys of Alabama's I'll Find a Way)
2014: "Oyster and Pearl", "The Gig That Matters", "Broken Record", and "Let the Spirit" (off Amy Ray's Goodnight Tender)
2014: "Twice" (featuring Brad Cook) (off Dames's Time Spent)
2016: "I Need a Forest Fire" and "Meet You in the Maze" (off James Blake's The Colour in Anything)
2016: "Over the Rise" (off Bruce Hornsby & the Noisemakers's Rehab Reunion)
2016: "Friends" (with Francis and the Lights and uncredited contribution from Kanye West)
2017: "Zizzing" (off Ani DiFranco's Binary)
2017: "Faded" (off P.O.S's Chill, Dummy)
2017: "Crabs in a Bucket" (off Vince Staples's Big Fish Theory)
2018: "Dimensional People Part III" (off Mouse on Mars's Dimensional People)
2018: "Wouldn't Leave" (off Kanye West's Ye (album))
2018: "Feel the Love" and "Kids See Ghosts" (off Kids See Ghosts' KIDS SEE GHOSTS) (Kanye West & Kid Cudi)
2018: "Simple Things" (off Nas's Nasir)
2018: "Foxfire" (off Jeremy Lindenfeld's The Foxfire EP)
2018: "Fall" (off Eminem's Kamikaze, songwriter and uncredited vocals)
2018: Love, Loss, and Auto-Tune (Swamp Dogg)
2019: "Cast-Off" and "Meds" (featuring Blake Mills & Rob Moose) (off Bruce Hornsby's Absolute Zero)
2019: "Take Me to the Light" (Francis and the Lights featuring Kanye West, Chance the Rapper & Caroline Shaw)
2020: "Carolina" (off Sarah Siskind's Modern Appalachia)
2020: "Sleeping Without You Is a Dragg" (Swamp Dogg featuring Jenny Lewis)
2020: "Simulation" (featuring Swamp Dogg) (off Naeem's Startisha)
2020: "Exile" and "Peace" (with Bon Iver) (off Taylor Swift's Folklore)
2020: "Dionne" (off the Japanese House's Chewing Cotton Wool)
2020: "Jeanie" (with Bon Iver) (off Jim-E Stack's Ephemera)
2020: "Land" (off CARM's CARM)
2020: "Evermore", "Ivy", "Cowboy Like Me", "Marjorie" and "Closure" (with Bon Iver) (off Taylor Swift's Evermore)
2020: "Bright Morning Stars" (off Bonny Light Horseman's Bonny Light Horseman)
2021: "Catalog of Unabashed Gratitude" (with Ross Gay)
2021: "Ever New" (with Flock of Dimes & Beverly Glenn-Copeland)
2022: "So Unimportant" (with Ethan Gruska)
2022: "Weird Goodbyes" (with The National)
2023: "Kindness Will Follow Your Tears" (with Lonnie Holley)
2023: "Heart of Gold" (with Bon Iver & Ilsey)
2023: "Marvel Room" (with Rob Moose & Bon Iver)
2023: "My Eyes" (with Travis Scott & Sampha)
2023: "Delresto (Echoes)" (with Travis Scott & Beyoncé)
2023: "Boys of Faith" (with Zach Bryan)

References

External links

 Official Bon Iver website

 Justin Vernon scores two Charlie Chaplin shorts with Chris Rosneau of Volcano Choir
 Official Volcano Choir website

1981 births
Living people
American folk guitarists
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
Record producers from Wisconsin
Guitarists from Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire alumni
Grammy Award winners
Bon Iver members
Countertenors
People from Eau Claire, Wisconsin
American indie folk musicians
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers
Big Red Machine (band) members
Gayngs members
DeYarmond Edison members
Volcano Choir members
Singer-songwriters from Wisconsin


Strohwilen is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

In 1995 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Amlikon, Bissegg and Griesenberg to form a new and larger municipality Amlikon-Bissegg.

References

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Switzerland


The Fădimac is a right tributary of the river Bega in Romania. It flows into the Bega near Balinț. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Timiș County