Escape is maze video game for the ZX Spectrum developed by New Generation Software and published in 1982.

The cassette inlay reads: "Can you ESCAPE from the monsters? You must search through the
maze to find the axe which will enable you to break down the door and
ESCAPE. But it is not that easy—the Triceratops hides behind the
hedges and the Pteranodon soars over the maze to swoop down upon you"

Gameplay
The player has to search a maze displayed in primitive 3D for an axe, which will allow him to break the exit, and escape.  He is chased by initially a single dinosaur - each successful escape increases the number of dinosaurs roaming the maze, until level 5, which introduces a pterosaur that will occasionally take off and fly over the hedges, not being restricted to the maze paths.

Upon finding the axe, which is randomly placed for each level, the player slows down allowing the dinosaurs to catch up.

Reception
Sinclair User: "The game was written by the author of the J K Greye 3D Monster Maze and is one of the best and most original games we have seen for the Spectrum so far"

ZX Computing: "This is not, as it may sound a jump on the 'Pacman' bandwagon, but rather an original and absorbing game which can become extremely difficult and frustrating"

Popular Computing Weekly: "I would rate two of the games here Escape and Dictator as being amongst the best Spectrum games I have played"

References

External links

1982 video games
New Generation Software games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
ZX Spectrum-only games


"Late Editions" is the ninth episode of the fifth season of the HBO original series The Wire, the penultimate episode of the series. The episode was written by George Pelecanos from a story by David Simon and George Pelecanos and was directed by Joe Chappelle. It aired on March 2, 2008.

Plot
In a meeting with Snoop and Levy, O-Dog reluctantly agrees to take the charge for Snoop and Partlow. Levy tells O-Dog he might have to do a short stretch but assures him that he will be well-compensated. At the Baltimore Sun, Gus enlists an old colleague, Robert Ruby, to do fact-checking on Templeton's articles.

Garrick and Dozerman are watching the warehouse at the docks while Partlow is inspecting a shipment and then they see Cheese and his crew arrive. Rawls and Daniels express their frustration to Steintorf, who tells them to continue manipulating the crime statistics. While Freamon tells Daniels about the sting on Marlo, Sydnor calls to tell him they caught Monk "riding dirty." In the resulting raid, the narcotics shipment is seized while Marlo, Partlow, and Cheese are arrested. After Mayor Carcetti gives a rousing speech about the raid, Alma attempts to interview Daniels, who is still upset because of the fabricated remarks Templeton attributed to him in the Sun. As Marlo and his crew sit in jail, a comment by Monk about Omar causes Marlo to go into an angry tirade. The crew debates whether Michael was the snitch. McNulty becomes depressed at the situation he has put himself in with his serial killer hoax. Templeton continues to get praise for his fabricated stories, which he learns might give him a shot at a Pulitzer Prize. Gus scratches the quote Alma received from Daniels and his suspicion of Templeton flares up once again.

Colvin and his wife proudly watch Namond deliver a speech about AIDS at a youth debate event. Mayor Carcetti appears and tries to apologize for not supporting the Hamsterdam project, failing to mention how his budget cuts terminated Colvin and Parenti's pilot program. Carcetti is frozen out by the bitter Colvin. McNulty works the serial killer case with little enthusiasm and is ordered by Landsman to go to the scene of another homeless man's death. After questioning Templeton, Gus goes to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center to investigate Templeton's writing regarding Terry, the homeless Iraq War veteran. He meets a patient who verifies that Terry served, and that he was not involved in a firefight on the day Templeton had claimed. Bubbles continues talking with Fletcher, and takes him to a Narcotics Anonymous meeting where he finally opens up about Sherrod's death (without mentioning his own involvement, however).

Freamon meets Senator Davis and manages to get information on Levy's corrupt dealings. Marlo talks with Levy and comes to the conclusion that no one on his crew snitched because everyone who knows about the clock messages is locked up and charged. Greggs approaches Carver, who indicates that he has made peace with his decision to bring police brutality charges against Colicchio. Carver's words convince her to go to Daniels with her knowledge about McNulty's conduct. Daniels and Pearlman visit evidence control and realize that the tapped phone that was supposed to be the "serial killer's" actually belonged to Marlo.

Snoop tells Michael that with everyone locked up, she needs him for some "serious business" and tells him that there is no need for him to bring his gun because she has a "clean one" for him on location. Realizing he's the target, Michael follows Partlow's advice and catches Snoop at the hit's location beforehand. He takes the clean gun stashed there and kills Snoop with it on the way to the supposed hit. Michael goes home to find Duquan watching a TV show about a serial killer who only kills serial killers and asks him to pack up. He, Dukie and Bug pack and drive to his aunt's house in Howard County. Michael walks Bug to the door with a shoebox full of cash. Back in Baltimore, Michael tells Dukie that it would be too dangerous for them to stay together. At Dukie's request, he drives him to the squalid area where the junk man lives among homeless people and junkies. Dukie recalls the day when they "threw the piss-balloons at the terrace boys", but Michael responds that he does not remember. Dukie hesitates when he sees a man injecting heroin and turns back to Michael but he has already left.

Production

Epigraph

As the series winds down, many of its principal players will be fired, honored, arrested, acquitted, or killed. A central tenet of the series is that the ethics of the characters dictate these fates much less than the uncontrollable machinations of the 21st-century city. This is also a direct quote from 1992's Unforgiven.

Non-fiction elements
Lester mentions to Leander that they will "need a Title 3" before being able to use the evidence found on Marlo's crew phones. This refers to the Title III of The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Wiretap Act), whereby for example, agents need to indicate on the Title 3 affidavit probable cause ("PC"). PC has been mentioned throughout the series.

Lester also mentions to Daniels he needs an "S.-and-s. warrant", that is, a search and seizure warrant, requested by the "S.A.O." (State Attorney Office).

When Gus tells Steve he needs to get into Walter Reed, Steve reminds him that as a journalist, after the "Post" unveiled a scandal there in 2007, he may not be welcome.

Credits

Starring cast
Although credited, Michael Kenneth Williams, who plays Omar Little, does not appear in this episode.

Guest stars

Robert Wisdom as Howard "Bunny" Colvin
Julito McCullum as Namond Brice
Felicia Pearson as Felicia "Snoop" Pearson
Steve Earle as Walon
Method Man as Melvin "Cheese" Wagstaff
Delaney Williams as Jay Landsman
Marlyne Afflack as Nerese Campbell
David Costabile as Thomas Klebanow
Sam Freed as James Whiting
Darrell Britt-Gibson as Darius "O-Dog" Hill
Edward Green as Spider
Kwame Patterson as Monk Metcalf
Tom McCarthy as Tim Phelps
Robert Poletick as Steven Luxenberg
William F. Zorzi as Bill Zorzi
Michael Mosley as Raymond Wiley
Donald Neal as Jay Spry
Stephen Schnetzer as Robert Ruby
Brandon Young as Mike Fletcher
Keenon Brice as Aaron "Bug" Manigault
Eisa Davis as Rae - Bubbles' sister
Dawn Ursula as Lolita Colvin
Melvin Williams as The Deacon
Nat Benchley as Augustus Polk
Bobby Brown as Bobby Brown
Rick Otto as Kenneth Dozerman
Ryan Sands as Officer Lloyd "Truck" Garrick
Bryan Anderson as Marino
Reggie A. Green as Arabber
Kathy Lally as Kathy Lally
Pam Spilliadis as Pam Spiliadis
Dennis Hill as Detective Christeson
Jason Moffett as Tony
Mary Beth Wise as Karen
Jon Jolles as Sun librarian
D.L. Hopkins as hack driver
Dimitros "Jimmy" Stakias as Greek deliveryman
Ayanna Fleming as unknown
Kim Bogues as unknown
Charlie Limber as unknown

Uncredited appearances
Todd Scofield as Jeff Price
Brian E. McLarney as Brian McLarney
Marcus Hamm as Marcus

References

External links
"Late Editions" at HBO.com

The Wire (season 5) episodes
2008 American television episodes


The Metro Mondego, part of the mass transit public transport system of Coimbra, Portugal, was to have been a light-rail network that runs above ground in Coimbra into the city's suburbs. Studies and planning were in progress but the Metro Mondego project was cancelled in January 2011 at the height of Portuguese financial crisis. The operational conventional rail line connecting the municipalities of: Coimbra, Miranda do Corvo, Lousã, and Serpins was closed at the same time and replaced by a bus service.

A major part of the plan was to rejoin the isolated section of rail line between the stations of Coimbra - Parque and Serpins to the rest of the rail network at Coimbra and Coimbra - B station. This would have involved street running along Avenida Ermidio Navarro and Avenida da Lousã between the two existing stations of Coimbra and Coimbra - Parque.

There was a single un-electrified track along that street section used once a day for a scheduled train. It was also used to transfer rolling stock to and from the Coimbra - Parque station. Travelling north, the trains ran in the opposite direction to road traffic along a one-way street. The track embedded in the street is still intact; however, the Coimbra-Parque station was demolished in March 2022, and by that time, the rails in the other sections of the track had been lifted.

There is some local agitation to have the Serpins aspect of the project restarted as there is dissatisfication with the replacement bus service; current plans see the replacement of the railway with a bus rapid transit service,

Stations
The system would have had two lines with several stations:
Line A: Coimbra-B - Hospital
Line B: Coimbra-B - Serpins along the line of the old railway.

Line A
Coimbra B (train connections to Porto, Lisbon, Guarda, Figueira da Foz)
Açude
Inês de Castro
Aeminium
Arnado
Câmara (City Hall)
Mercado
Praça da República
Universidade (University)
Sereia  (Parque de Santa Cruz)
Celas
Hospital

Line B
Coimbra B
Açude
Inês de Castro
Aeminium
Portagem
Parque (near Mondego River)
Rainha Santa
Arregaça
Norton Matos
São José
Solum  (near Estádio Cidade de Coimbra)
Vale das Flores
Carvalhosas
Quinta da Fonte
Conraria
Ceira
Vale de Açor
Tremoa
Moinhos
Lobazes
Miranda do Corvo
Corvo
Padrão
Meiral
Lousã - A
Lousã
Espirito Santo
Serpins

External links
metromondego.pt - official site

Buildings and structures in Coimbra
Light rail in Portugal


Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency (earlier known as Calcutta South Lok Sabha constituency) is one of the 543 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in India. The constituency centres on the southern part of Kolkata in West Bengal. While four of the seven legislative assembly segments on No. 23 Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency are in Kolkata district, three are in South 24 Parganas district.

Legislative Assembly segments

After the implementation of the order of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002, in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituency no. 23, Kolkata Dakshin is composed of the following legislative assembly segments:

Members of Parliament

Election results

General election 2019
Source:Source

General election 2014

Bye election 2011
A bye election was held in this constituency in 2011 which was necessitated by the resignation of sitting MP Mamata Banerjee and her subsequent election to the State Assembly from the Bhabanipur Assembly constituency. In the by-election, Subrata Bakshi of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Ritabrata Banerjee of CPI(M) by 2,30,099 votes.

General election 2009

|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" width=225 |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seat change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote percentage
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Trinamool Congress
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | 18
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Indian National Congress
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" | 13.45
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | NA
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | 17
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Communist Party of India
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Revolutionary Socialist Party
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Forward bloc
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.04
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Bharatiya Janata Party
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.14
|-
|}

General election 2004

General election 1999

General election 1998

General election 1996

General election 1991

General election 1989

General election 1984

General election 1980

General elections 1951-2004
Calcutta South constituency came into existence in 1967. However, different constituencies existed in the area. Results of such constituencies are also included here. Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:

See also
 Kolkata
 List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha

References

External links
Kolkata Dakshin lok sabha  constituency election 2019 result details

Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal
Politics of Kolkata district


Grey Owl is a 1999 biopic directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Pierce Brosnan in the role of real-life British schoolboy turned Native American trapper "Grey Owl", Archibald Belaney (1888–1938), and Annie Galipeau as his wife Anahareo, with brief appearances by Graham Greene and others. The screenplay was written by William Nicholson. The film was released on 10 September 1999 in Spain and 15 February 2000 in US. It was the last film made by Largo Entertainment before it went defunct in 1999.

Plot
Archibald Belaney (Brosnan) from Britain grows up fascinated with Native American culture—so much so that in the early 1900s he leaves the United Kingdom for Canada, where he reinvents himself as trapper Archie Grey Owl and pretends to be a First Nations native. Eventually, Belaney becomes an environmentalist after renouncing trapping and hunting.

Cast
 Pierce Brosnan as Archibald "Grey Owl" Belaney
 Annie Galipeau as Anahareo
 Nathaniel Arcand as Ned White Bear
 Vlasta Vrána as Harry Champlin
 David Fox as Jim Wood
 Charles Powell as Walter Perry
 Stephanie Cole as Ada Belaney
 Renée Asherson as Carrie Belaney
 Stewart Bick as Cyrrus Finney
 Graham Greene as Jim Bernard
 Saginaw Grant as Pow Wow Chief

Production
The film was shot in the English town of Hastings, Quebec towns Chelsea and Wakefield, Jacques Cartier Park and Saskatchewan's Prince Albert National Park.

Director Richard Attenborough said in an interview that he and his brother, noted presenter and naturalist David Attenborough, had attended "Grey Owl's" De Montfort Hall, Leicester lecture in 1936, depicted in the film, and been influenced by his advocacy of conservation. The musical group Northern Cree Singers is featured in the soundtrack.

Canadian naturalist and canoe tripper Hap Wilson taught Pierce Brosnan how to throw an axe and paddle a canoe for his role.

Release
The film opened 1 October 1999 on 70 screens in Canada.

The film premiered on video in the United States on 15 February 2000. It eventually opened on 3 November 2000 in the United Kingdom.

Critical reception
The film was met with negative reviews. It has a 17% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10. William Gallagher of the BBC said, "if you like cuddly animals or you fancy Pierce Brosnan, you're in luck".

The film won one Genie Award at the 20th Genie Awards, in the category of Best Costume Design for Renée April.

Box office
Grey Owl flopped at the box office upon its limited release grossing $162,360 in its opening weekend in Canada and a total of $632,617 against its $30 million budget.

References

External links

1999 films
1990s adventure drama films
1990s biographical drama films
British biographical drama films
British adventure drama films
Environmental films
First Nations films
Films about Native Americans
Films directed by Richard Attenborough
Films set in 1934
Films set in 1935
Films set in 1936
Films set in Ontario
Films set in Sussex
Films shot in England
Films shot in Quebec
Films shot in Saskatchewan
Films with screenplays by William Nicholson
Films scored by George Fenton
Canadian biographical drama films
English-language Canadian films
Canadian adventure drama films
Films produced by Richard Attenborough
Largo Entertainment films
Viacom Pictures films
1999 drama films
American biographical drama films
American adventure drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
1990s Canadian films
1990s British films


"-30-" is the series finale of the HBO original series The Wire. With a running time of 93 minutes, this tenth and final episode of the fifth season is the longest episode of the series. The episode was written by series creator/executive producer David Simon (teleplay/story) and co-executive producer Ed Burns (story). It was directed by Clark Johnson, who also directed the pilot episode and stars on the show. It aired on March 9, 2008. The episode's writers were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series.

Plot
Tommy Carcetti and his staff learn that the "serial killer" was a hoax. McNulty and Freamon, unaware that their scheme has been exposed, discover that Gary DiPasquale has leaked courthouse documents to Levy. When Freamon gives Pearlman the identity of the mole, she reveals her knowledge of the detectives' duplicity.

Templeton calls 911, and claims there was an attempted kidnapping of an inebriated homeless man which he witnessed. When the police arrive, the man is too drunk to confirm or deny the claims, though an undercover officer at the scene confirms that Templeton made up the story. Marlo and his crew learn of Snoop's death and agree that Michael must be eliminated. Cheese posts bail and Marlo instructs him to hunt down Michael. Freamon informs McNulty that Daniels and Pearlman know about the hoax and the illegal wiretap.

Levy goes through the Stanfield arrest warrants and realizes that the police used an illegal wiretap to decipher the code beforehand. McNulty, Bunk, and Greggs arrive at the scene of another homeless murder, and are distraught that McNulty's fictitious serial killer has inspired a copycat.

Pearlman and Bond are told by Steintorf to quietly settle the Stanfield case out of court to keep the illegal wiretaps from being brought to light. Pearlman meets with Levy and uses a taped conversation given to her by Freamon to force him to settle. McNulty is confronted by Daniels and Rawls, who order him to quickly catch the copycat so that the press will assume he's the original killer.

McNulty identifies a mentally ill homeless man as the killer and the Baltimore Police Department charge him with two of the six "murders". Carcetti holds a press conference taking credit for both the "serial killer's" capture and the Stanfield arrests, then promotes Daniels to Police Commissioner. However, after Steintorf once again requests that Daniels "juke the stats" to boost Carcetti's position on crime reduction, he refuses, and is forced to resign after Campbell threatens to expose his past wrongdoings. Cheese is killed by Slim Charles for his role in Proposition Joe's murder. Michael becomes a stickup man and robs Vinson in his rim shop, where Michael shoots Vinson in the knee to force him into surrendering his drug money.

McNulty locates Larry and drives him back to Baltimore, stopping to look over the city on the way. In a closing montage: Freamon is making his miniature furniture at home; Herc is socializing at a bar with Baltimore PD members; Templeton wins a Pulitzer Prize; Slim Charles and associate meet with Spiros while the Greek listens in; Carcetti is elected governor while Campbell becomes mayor; Gus looks on as others happily work in the newsroom; Valchek replaces Daniels as Commissioner; Dukie uses the money he borrowed from Prez to feed his new drug addiction; Pearlman, now a judge, recuses herself from a case Daniels is arguing; Chris Partlow talks to Wee-Bey in the prison yard; Carcetti makes Rawls superintendent of the Maryland State Police; Bubbles eats a meal with his sister in her kitchen; Kenard is arrested.

The montage ends with rapid cuts of various scenes from the show and people of Baltimore. McNulty gets back in his car and says to his passenger: "Let's go home". They drive off while the shot remains on Interstate-95 overlooking Baltimore.

Production

Title reference
-30- is a journalistic term that has been used to signify the end of a story.

Epigraph

This is seen in the lobby of the Baltimore Sun, as an excerpt from a longer Mencken quote displayed on the wall when Alma talks with Gus after she has been demoted to the Carroll County bureau. The full quote reads "...as I look back over a misspent life, I find myself more and more convinced that I had more fun doing news reporting than in any other enterprise. It is really the life of kings."

Music
The Blind Boys of Alabama's version of Tom Waits' "Way Down in the Hole" plays over the episode's closing montage. This version of the song had previously been used as the theme music for the show's first season.

During the scene where McNulty plays Trouble with Beadie Russell's children, the song that can be heard playing in the background is "Rich Woman" by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant from their 2007 album Raising Sand.

"Body of an American" by The Pogues is heard during McNulty's staged "detective's wake", making it the third time the song was used in the course of the show's run. Also, "The Broad Majestic Shannon" can be heard echoing out of the bar in the scene after the "wake".

Credits

Starring cast
Although credited, Michael K. Williams and Isiah Whitlock, Jr. do not appear in this episode.

Guest stars

 Jim True-Frost as Roland "Prez" Pryzbylewski
 Peter Gerety as Judge Daniel Phelan
 Amy Ryan as Beatrice "Beadie" Russell
 Paul Ben-Victor as Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos
 Bill Raymond as The Greek
 Delaney Williams as Jay Landsman
 Marlyne Afflack as Nerese Campbell
 Steve Earle as Walon
 Ptolemy Slocum as Business Card Homeless Man
Maria Broom as Marla Daniels
 David Costabile as Thomas Klebanow
 Sam Freed as James Whiting
 Anwan Glover as Slim Charles
 Hassan Johnson as Roland "Wee-Bey" Brice
 Method Man as Melvin "Cheese" Wagstaff
 Dion Graham as Rupert Bond
 Thomas J. McCarthy as Tim Phelps
Robert Poletick as Steven Luxenberg
 Michael Willis as Andy Krawczyk
Donald Neal as Jay Spry
Kara Quick as Rebecca Corbett
Brandon Young as Mike Fletcher
 William F. Zorzi as Bill Zorzi
Al Brown as Stan Valchek
 Ed Norris as Ed Norris
Michael Salconi as Michael Santangelo
 Brian Anthony Wilson as Vernon Holley
Megan Anderson as Jen Carcetti
Benay Berger as Amanda Reese
 Eisa Davis as Rae
 Tootsie Duvall as Assistant Principal Marcia Donnelly
 Wendy Grantham as Shardene Innes
Bobby Brown as Bobby Brown
Dennis Hill as Detective Christeson
Doug Olear as Terrance "Fitz" Fitzhugh
Rick Otto as Kenneth Dozerman
Gregory L. Williams as Michael Crutchfield
Thuliso Dingwall as Kenard
Dave Ettlin as Dave Ettlin
Edward Green as Spider
Kwame Patterson as Monk Metcalf
 Stephen Schnetzer as Robert Ruby
Carl Schoettler as Carl Schoettler
William Joseph Brookes as Lawrence Butler
Sho "Swordsman" Brown as Phil Boy
Norris Davis as Vinson
Reggie A. Green as Arabber
Joey Odoms as Corner boy
Troj. Marquis Strickland as Ricardo "Fat Face Rick" Hendrix
Connor Aikin as Jack Russell
Sophia Ayoud as Cary Russell
 Gary D'Addario as Gary DiPasquale
Clinton "Shorty" Buise as Clinton "Shorty" Buise
Alan V. Poulson as Developer
Dionne Audain as Social Worker
Chris Kies as Petey the drunk
Stephen Kinigopoulos as Officer
 Jeff Wincott as Johnny Weaver
Henry Carter as unknown
Edward C. Lewis as unknown
George Smith as unknown

Uncredited appearances

 David Simon as Baltimore Sun staff member
Rebecca Corbett as Baltimore Sun staff member

Reception
Writers Ed Burns and David Simon were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for their work on the finale.

References

External links
"-30-"  at HBO.com

The Wire (season 5) episodes
American television series finales
2008 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Clark Johnson
Television episodes written by David Simon


Erhard Altdorfer (sometimes Erhart Aldorfer) (c. 1480–1561) was a German Early Renaissance printmaker, painter, and architect, who worked as a court painter in Schwerin from 1512 until his death in 1561.

Erhard Altdorfer was the younger brother of Albrecht Altdorfer.  Most likely, he was trained by his brother, and it is believed they started a workshop together in 1506.

It is assumed Erhard Altdorfer worked in Austria at the Lambach Abbey, and in St Florian and Klosterneuburg around 1510.  In 1512, he went to Schwerin, where Duke Henry V of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1479–1552) appointed him court painter and architect.  During a trip with the duke that year, he probably came in contact with Lucas Cranach the Elder.  A commission for the duke and Albert VII was an altarpiece in Sternberg, however, destroyed by fire in 1741.

In 1533–34 his woodcuts appeared in Johannes Bugenhagen's Low German translation of the Bible printed in Lübeck by the printer and bookmaker Ludwig Dietz (–1559), a work for which he was rewarded with a house.
Between 1546 and 1551, further construction projects were realized, projects of which remains virtually no traces, why one can have only vague ideas of their character.

In 1552, the written records of John Albert I of Mecklenburg (1525–1576) tells us Erhard Altdorfer was working for him, and until 1555 Erhard probably worked as the leading architect of the court of Wismar. He is mentioned a last time in 1561.

Of his surviving works, most are those he produced as a painter, and at least parts of the altar pieces in the collection of the St. Annen Museum in Lübeck are attributed to him.

Compared to his brothers, Erhard was less independent and creative in his work, and took a lot of influence from the working practice of the workshop of Cranach and from artists such as Jacopo de' Barbari.
As it seems, he was primarily as a draughtsman and a printmaker and only produced a few paintings.  However, he only signed a few of his works, so most of those associated with him are only attributed works.

See also
 German Renaissance

References

1480s births
1561 deaths
16th-century German painters
German male painters
German Renaissance painters
People from Regensburg
German printmakers
Manuscript illuminators
Court painters
Albrecht Altdorfer


KJJR (880 AM, "News Talk 880") is a radio station licensed to serve Whitefish, Montana, United States. The station is owned by Bee Broadcasting, Inc. It airs a news/talk format.

Original programming when it first went on the air at 1400 khz on Valentine's Day in 1979 included top 40 and oldies mixed in with country gold. Morning man Larry Heinrich, Program Director Dave Shannon, owner Benny Bee, and evening personality Jerry Mann were the main air personalities, with Jeff Bolstad doing the news. KJJR's call letters were picked because Shannon liked KJR in Seattle. Out of the original disc jockeys, he is the only air personality who is still alive as of 2023. He is retired and living in the Wolf point area. Later came syndicated talk shows hosted by Dan Bongino, Sean Hannity, Mark Levin, Michael Savage, Ben Shapiro, Joe Pags, and Bill Cunningham.

All Bee Broadcasting stations are based at 2431 Highway 2 East, Kalispell, Montana. The station was assigned the KJJR call letters by the Federal Communications Commission. 880 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency on which WCBS in New York, New York, is the dominant and only Class A station.

References

External links
FCC history cards for KJJR
KJJR official website

JJR
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1979
1979 establishments in Montana


Kevin J. Hannan (January 22, 1954 – January 5, 2008) was an American ethnolinguist and slavicist.

Personal life

He was born into a family of Silesian and Irish ancestry. Kevin Hannan married Hanna, a Polish American, and had two daughters with her, Marianna and Celeste.

Education and Academic Career

Hannan graduated with a BA degree from Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas and a Master of Arts degree from the University of Texas at Austin. He was the first student to receive a doctorate in Slavonic Philology from the latter university.

He earned a living by working for Mills Electrical Contractors in Austin, Texas. In 2002, he left the United States, and resumed his research and academic career at the University of Łódź, in Łódź, Poland.

Research

Hannan grew up in Texas, where the descendants of the original Central European settlers, until recently, preserved their local dialects/languages, commonly referred to as Bohemian (Czech), Moravian, and Silesian. This early experience of multiethnicity and multilingualism, along with family links to Czech Silesia, inspired him to embark on the doctoral research to comprehend the shaping and maintenance of ethnolinguistic and religious difference in the borderland region (that borders on Poland and Slovakia) in the broader context of Central Europe. His wide-ranging findings, he presented in Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia (1996), which is a monograph on the ethnolinguistic present of the Cieszyn Silesia.

After resuming his research near the end of the 20th century, Hannan widely travelled in Ukraine, Poland, Russia, and the Balkans. He came to the conclusion that civic cosmopolitanism, divorced from localized ethnic values as embodied in long-lasting ethnic groups (often imagined as nations), failed people. An epitome of such a situation he saw in his native United States, which, according to him, explained a constant increase in genealogical research in the country, observed since the 1970s. In this line of thinking, a person can find one's identity only in one's ethnolinguistic ancestry, not in the technical rationalism of law and economy. Hence, the United States or any other settler state could never become a 'real ethnic country'.

As a positive alternative to the de-ethnicized United States he posed the ethnic values of Poland in his My Poland: Essays on Polish Identity / Moja Polska. Eseje o polskości from 2005. He did, on occasion, make note of the failings of Polish nationalism and national statehood such as the long-lasting preservation of serfdom and the never-ending quest for ethnolinguistic purity, which led to vast ethnic cleansing in the communist period (1944–1989). He was especially critical of the relentless Polonization of Belarusians, Rusyns (Lemkos), and Ukrainians, who, in his eyes, preserved 'real Slavic spirituality,' as encapsulated in Greek Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, and the liturgical language of Church Slavonic.

Hannan chose Poland as his adopted homeland in preference to the Czech Republic, which he perceived as an example of an overexclusive ethnic nationalism, which led to the 1993 breakup of Czechoslovakia, producing this nation-state and another, Slovakia. He qualified any strong-Polonist sentiments by saying that 'his Poland' was the southern half of the country skirted by the multilingual, multiethnic, and multiconfessional Carpathians. He wrote lyrically about this area in his collection of poems, Bounties of Collective Memory / Dary zbiorowej pamięci from 2006.

Books

 [O'Donnell, Stojgniev, pseudonym] Why I Left America: Reflections on History, Culture and Religion / Dlaczego wyjechałem z Ameryki. Refleksje nad historią, kulturą i religią (translated into Polish by Anna and Jarosław Fejdych). 2003. Marklowice: The Celto-Slavic Fellowship of Apiarists and Bielsko-Biała: Prasa Beskidzka. .
 My Poland: Essays on Polish Identity / Moja Polska. Eseje o polskości (translated by Jacek Serwański et al.). 2005. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie. .
 Bounties of Collective Memory / Dary zbiorowej pamięci (Series: Rzecz Poetycka). 2006. Łódź: biblioteka.  [collection of poems].

Articles and Book Chapters
 Analogical Change in West Slavic Be (pp 306–324). 1993. Journal of Slavic Linguistics. No 2, Summer-Fall.
 The Language Question in Nineteenth Century Moravia (pp 116–125). 1993. Czechoslovak and Central European Journal (formerly Kosmas). No 2, Winter.
 Some Unpublished Poems of Óndra Łysohorsky (pp 98–123). 1995. Oxford Slavonic Papers. Vol XXVIII (New Series).
 Identity and Assimilation among the Poles of Zaolzie. 1996. The Sarmatian Review. No 1, Jan. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/196/Hannan.html
 Ethnic Identity Among the Czechs and Moravians of Texas (pp 3–31). 1996. Journal of American Ethnic History. No 4, Summer.

 K lingvistickému přehodnocení Łysohorského literární laštiny (pp 39–47). In: K Jánasová, ed. 1996. Óndra Łysohorský, 1905-1989. Kolokvium uskutečněné ve dnech 8.-10. červena 1995 u příležitosti nedožitých 90. narozenin básníka. Frýdek-Místek: Muzeum Beskyd. .

 Ethnic Identities in Austrian and Czech Silesia before the Second World War (pp 225–243). In: Kai Struve and Philipp Ther, eds. 2002. Die Grenzen der Nationen. Identitätenwandel in Oberschlesien in der Neuzeit (Series: Tagungen zur Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung, vol 15). Marburg: Herder-Institut. .
 Reflections on Assimilation and Language Death in Czech-Moravian Texas (pp 110–132). 2003. Kosmas: Czechoslovak and Central European Journal. No 2, Spring.
 O urokach i stereotypach polskości (pp 135–148). 2003. Sprawy Narodowościowe. No 22.
 Polish Catholicism: A Historical Outline (pp 1008–1015). 2004. The Sarmatian Review. No 1, Jan.
 Lech kocha Głupią Ludmiłę. Polacy i stereotypy słowiańskości a "Malowany ptak" Jerzego Kosińskiego (pp 67–84). 2005. Er(r)go. No 2.
 Experiencing the Divine Conversation: Liturgical Languages of Eastern Christians in Contemporary Poland (pp 263–294). 2005. The Polish Review. No 3.
 Polishness in the Borderlands (pp 205–226). In: Wojciech J. Burszta, Tomasz Kamusella and Sebastian Wojciechowski, eds. 2005. Nationalisms Across the Globe (Vol I: Europe). Poznań: School of Humanities and Journalism. .
 The Historical and Linguistic Background of Lachian Regionalism and "Separatism" (pp 471–496). In: Wojciech J. Burszta, Tomasz Kamusella and Sebastian Wojciechowski, eds. 2005. Nationalisms Across the Globe (Vol I: Europe). Poznań: School of Humanities and Journalism. .
 Citizen of the Borderlands: Óndra Łysohorsky (1905-1989) (pp 123–144). In: Maria Wanda Wanatowicz, ed. 2007. Józef Chlebowczyk – badacz procesów narodowotwórczych w Europie XIX I XX wieku (Ser: Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach, Vol 2463). Katowice, Poland: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. , ISSN 0208-6336.

Notes

References
 Obituary from Taylor Daily Press

1954 births
2008 deaths
Linguists from the United States
People from La Marque, Texas
American people of Irish descent
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
20th-century linguists


The iMedicor Web portal, which went live on October 10, 2007, is online personal health data exchange and secure messaging portal for physician collaboration, community and referrals. iMedicor reached its 32,000th physician registration on December 12, 2007. It has been discussed in such journals as Healthcare Informatics, Advance for Health Information Professionals, Virtual Medical Worlds, and Highway Hypodermics among others and received positive review by the Internet journal Medgadget.

The portal's HIPAA-compliant technology and ability to enable health providers to exchange medical record data, documentation and images distinguish it from chat-room-style portals for the medical community. The launch of iMedicor's portal coincides with the entrance of Microsoft's Healthvault and Google Health into the personal health record space.

Some of iMedicor's partner associations include the Association of Black Cardiologists (ABC), the American Society for Hypertension (ASH), and the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Association (HCA).

References

iMedicor Announces Agreement With eRx Network - Thursday, December 06, 2007; Posted: 09:00 AM
        January 14, 2008, 09:06 AM Eastern Time - American Society of Hypertension Partners with iMedicor - Online Medical Portal Tapped to Help Expand Hypertension Initiative

External links
iMedicor
Vemics Inc.

American medical websites
Telemedicine


Arthur Gould may refer to:

Arthur Corbin Gould (1850–1903), American shooter and writer on guns
Arthur R. Gould (1857–1946), United States Senator
Arthur Gould (rugby union) (1864–1919), Welsh rugby union player
Arthur Gould (wrestler) (1892–1948), British Olympic wrestler
Arthur L. Gould, American educator

See also
Arthur Gold (1917–1990), American pianist, author and television presenter
Artur Gold (1897–1943), Polish violinist and composer
Arthur Gould-Porter (1905–1987), British actor


The Eccellenza Sardinia is the main football championship played on the island. Formerly called Prima Categoria and Promozione, it usually involves the participation of 16 teams. Whoever scores the most points wins the title of Regional Champion and is directly promoted to the Serie D, the highest amateur championship. The teams ranked second to fifth enter the play-offs (with a single final on a neutral field). The winner advances to the national phase, which includes inter-regional play-offs for a place in Serie D. The twelfth and thirteenth placed clubs face each other in the play-outs to decide the team that will participate in the inter-divisional play-offs against the winners of the promotion play-offs to avoid relegation. The last three placed teams (fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth) are automatically relegated to the Promozione.

History
Due to its insularity, the top regional football championship in Sardinia has developed differently from the rest of Italy. In particular, it evolved through friendly tournaments of an unofficial and U.L.I.C. until the first post-war period. It was only in 1922 that the regional committee announced the first regional championship of the Terza Divisione. However, this championship was never played due to the presence of only Cagliari, which was declared the first Sardinian champions automatically without ever taking the field. However, the red-blues lacked the necessary requisites for the national championship of the Seconda Divisione and had to enroll in the following Terza Divisione championship, which can be considered as the first federal championship officially played in Sardinia: the first official kick-off on the island was whistled on 21 April 1924, at the 'Stallaggio Meloni' in Cagliari, between S.G. Amsicora and Cagliari, and ended with a score of 3 to 0 for the rossoblù.

S.G. Amsicora, Cagliari, and Torres took part in the championship. Cagliari won the title in 1923-1924 and 1924–1925. It also almost won the 1925-1926 league but was canceled following riots between Amsicora (from Cagliari) and Torres (from Sassari). Alternating years followed, in which the Terza Divisione remained the only championship played on the island. Exceptions were the 1926–27, 1930–31, and 1935–36 seasons, in which there was no tournament, and the 1934–35 season, because the second division was not organized. From the 1936–1937 season, the Sardinian championship assumed the title of Prima Divisione and was played regularly until the 1942–1943 season, after which the official championships were suspended due to the Second World War.

The Prima Divisione restarted from the 1945–46 season and changed its name several times: The first name was Prima Categoria, then Promozione, Campionato Dilettanti Sardegna, and again Promozione, until it took on the definitive name of Eccellenza in 1991–1992.

Sardinian champion titles per team
Below is the historical ranking of the teams that have won the top regional championship in Sardinia from 1924. From the 1981–82 season to the 1989–90 season, the title was awarded equally to the first classified teams of both rounds. There are 52 teams that have won the maximum Sardinian title from the 1922–23 season to the 2022–23 season, for a total of 94 championships played.

This is the list of all the clubs who won the Sardinian First Division winners until the establishment of Eccellenza in 1991–92:

1922–23 – Cagliari (1)
1923–24 – Cagliari (2)
1924–25 – Cagliari (3)
1927–28 – Cagliari (4)
1928–29 – Iglesias (1)
1929–30 – Torres (1)
1936–37 – Cagliari (5)
1938–39 – Olbia (1)
1938–39 – Ilva (1)
1940–41 – Medusa Bosa (1)
1941–42 – Medusa Bosa (2)
1945–46 – Cagliari (6)
1946–47 – Quartu (1)
1947–48 – Montevecchio (1)
1948–49 – Monreale (1)
1949–50 – Torres (2)
1950–51 – Torres (3)
1951–52 – CUS Cagliari (1)
1952–53 – Olbia (2)
1953–54 – Monreale (2)
1954–55 – Calangianus (1)
1955–56 – Tempio (1)
1956–57 – Olbia (3)
1957–58 – Nuorese (1)
1958–59 – Calangianus (2)
1959–60 – Calangianus (3)
1960–61 – Ilvamaddalena (2)
1961–62 – Ilvamaddalena (3)
1962–63 – Carbonia (1)
1963–64 – Olbia (4)
1964–65 – Sorso (1)
1965–66 – Quartu Sant'Elena (1)
1966–67 – Alghero (1)
1967–68 – Nuorese (2)
1968–69 – Iglesias (2)
1969–70 – Guspini (1)
1970–71 – Nuorese (3)
1971–72 – Iglesias (3)
1972–73 – Seunis Thiesi (1)
1973–74 – Tharros (1)
1974–75 – Sant'Elena (1)
1975–76 – Calangianus (4)
1976–77 – Alghero (2)
1977–78 – Carbonia (2)
1978–79 – Calangianus (5)
1979–80 – Isili (1)
1980–81 – Sorso (2)
1981–82 – Fertilia (1)
1982–83 – Gialeto (1) / S. Marco Cabras (1)
1983–84 – Fersulcis (1) / Ozierese (1)
1984–85 – Pirri (1) / Macomer (1)
1985–86 – Gonnesa (1) / Sprint Ittiri (1)
1986–87 – La Palma MU (1) / Ilva (4)
1987–88 – Iglesias (4)
1988–89 – Pirri (2) / Ozierese (2)
1989–90 – Selargius (1) / Terralba (1)
1990-91 – Alghero (3)

Eccellenza Champions
The past champions of Eccellenza Sardinia were:

1991–92 – Castelsardo (1)
1992–93 – Iglesias (5)
1993–94 – Fermassenti (1)
1994–95 – Ilvamaddalena (5)
1995–96 – Atletico Elmas (1)
1996–97 – Santa Teresa (1)
1997–98 – Arzachena (1)
1998–99 – Villacidrese (1)
1999–00 – Tavolara	(1)
2000–01 – Atletico Elmas (2)
2001–02 – Calangianus (6)
2002–03 – Arzachena (2)
2003–04 – Alghero (4)
2004–05 – Nuorese (4)
2005–06 – Tempio (2)
2006–07 – Tavolara (2)
2007–08 – Budoni (2)
2008–09 – Sanluri (1)
2009–10 – Porto Torres (1)
2010–11 – Progetto Sant'Elia (1)
2011–12 – Torres (4)
2012–13 – Olbia (5)
2013–14 – Nuorese (5)
2014–15 – Muravera (1)
2015–16 – Sassari (1)
2016–17 – Tortolì (1)
2017–18 – Castiadas (1)
2018–19 – Muravera (2)
2019–20 – Carbonia (3)
2020–21 – Atletico Uri (1)
2021–22 – Ilvamaddalena (6)
2022–23 – Latte Dolce (2)

References

Sport in Sardinia
Sar
Sports leagues established in 1991
1991 establishments in Italy
Football clubs in Italy
Association football clubs established in 1991


The Turkmenistan eyelid gecko or Turkmenian eyelid gecko (Eublepharis turcmenicus) is a ground-dwelling lizard native to Turkmenistan and northern Iran. It inhabits rocky and stony foothills and slopes at elevations up to  above sea level. It is oviparous, typically laying clutches of two eggs. Mainly insectivorous, it may also eat smaller vertebrates. Like many other lizards has the ability to shed its tail (autotomy).

References

Kaverkin, Y and N. L. Orlov. (1995) Experience of captive breeding of Eublepharis turcmenicus Darevsky Russian Journal of Herpetology.

Eublepharis
Geckos of Iran
Reptiles of Central Asia
Reptiles described in 1977
Taxa named by Ilya Darevsky


Konstantin Nikolayevich Igumnov (; , 1873 – March 24, 1948) was a Soviet and Russian pianist and pedagogue. People's Artist of the USSR (1946).

Biography
Igumnov studied under Nikolai Zverev, and at Moscow Conservatory under Alexander Siloti and Pavel Pabst. He took theory and composition courses from Sergei Taneyev, Anton Arensky and Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov. In 1898-9 he was pianoforte teacher at the Tiflis music-school of the Russian Musical Society. From 1899 he was Professor at the Moscow Conservatory, where his life's work was carried out. He recorded 6 pieces on piano roll for the Welte-Mignon reproducing piano in 1910.

Among his many students were Arno Babajanian, Bolesław Kon, Naum Shtarkman, Elena Beckman-Shcherbina, Yakov Flier, Boris Berlin, Lev Oborin, Maria Grinberg, Andrzej Wasowski, Elena Laumenskienė, Ryszard Bakst, Tengiz Amirejibi, Anatoly Alexandrov, Bella Davidovich, Rosa Tamarkina, Issay Dobrowen, and Mariya Gambaryan.

Igumnov was evacuated to Yerevan, Armenia during the first half of 1940s. During those years he was teaching at the local Conservatory, where his 70th anniversary was widely celebrated.

A four-record (LP) set of Igumnov's recordings was issued by Melodiya on 33C 10-05519-26.

Honours and awards
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1937)
 People's Artist of the RSFSR (1941)
 Order of Lenin (1945)
 People's Artist of the USSR (1946)
 Stalin Prize (1946)
 Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"

Welte-Mignon Piano Rolls
Catalog no. 2061: Rachmaninoff - Prelude, Op. 23, No. 1, f#
Catalog no. 2062: Rachmaninoff - Prelude, Op. 23, No. 6, Eb
Catalog no. 2063: Scriabin - Sonata-Fantasie, Op. 19, No. 2, g#
Catalog no. 2064: Brahms - Intermezzo, Op. 118, No. 6, eb
Catalog no. 2065: Rachmaninoff - "Fantasy Pieces", Op. 3, No. 2, c#: Prelude
Catalog no. 2066: Arensky - By the Seashore, Op. 52, No. 4, Gb

Sources
A. Eaglefield-Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924).
J. Methuen-Campbell, Chopin Playing from the Composer to the Present Day (Gollancz, London 1981).

References

1873 births
1948 deaths
Soviet classical pianists

People from Lebedyansky Uyezd
People from Lipetsk Oblast
Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory
Moscow Conservatory alumni
People's Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Classical pianists from the Russian Empire
Male classical pianists
Pupils of Nikolai Zverev
Pupils of Pavel Pabst
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery


The University of Adelaide's dental school is a component of the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences at the University of Adelaide.

The Adelaide Dental School at the University of Adelaide engages in teaching and research.  Its programs include the Bachelor of Dental Surgery and the Bachelor of Oral Health together with a range of postgraduate degrees.  The school also offers to the dental profession a program of continuing education.

The teaching programs are highly regarded both nationally and internationally. It is the third-oldest university in Australia.

Research
The Adelaide Dental School is home to the Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health.

Graduate programs
The Adelaide Dental School offers formal graduate programs leading to a Doctor of Clinical Dentistry degree (DClinDent) in the following areas:
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Offered conjointly with a medical degree from the Faculty of Medicine)
Orthodontics
Periodontics
Prosthodontics
Endodontics
Special Needs Dentistry

The Faculty also offers graduate programs in Forensic Odontology and Restorative dentistry.

Accreditation
The University of Adelaide's dental school is accredited by the Australian Dental Council and the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons.

References

External links
  The University of Adelaide School of Dentistry

Dentistry
Adelaide


An R Coronae Borealis variable (abbreviated RCB, R CrB) is an eruptive variable star that varies in luminosity in two modes, one low amplitude pulsation (a few tenths of a magnitude), and one irregular, unpredictably-sudden fading by 1 to 9 magnitudes. The prototype star R Coronae Borealis was discovered by the English amateur astronomer Edward Pigott in 1795, who first observed the enigmatic fadings of the star. Only about 150 RCB stars are currently known in our Galaxy while up to 1000 were expected, making this class a very rare kind of star.

It is increasingly suspected that R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars – rare hydrogen-deficient and carbon-rich supergiant stars – are the product of mergers of white-dwarfs in the intermediary mass regime (total mass between 0.6 and 1.2 ). The fading is caused by condensation of carbon to soot, making the star fade in visible light while measurements in infrared light exhibit no real luminosity decrease. R Coronae Borealis variables are typically supergiant stars in the spectral classes F and G (by convention called "yellow"), with typical C2 and CN molecular bands, characteristic of yellow supergiants. RCB star atmospheres do however lack hydrogen by an abundance of 1 part per 1,000 down to 1 part per 1,000,000 relative to helium and other chemical elements, while the universal abundance of hydrogen is about 3 to 1 relative to helium.

Diversity

There is a considerable variation in spectrum between various RCB specimens. Most of the stars with known spectrum are either F to G class ("yellow") supergiants, or a comparatively cooler C-R type carbon star supergiant. Three of the stars are however of the "blue" B type, for example VZ Sagittarii. Four stars are unusually and inexplicably poor in iron absorption lines in the spectrum. The constant features are prominent carbon lines, strong atmospheric hydrogen deficiencies, and obviously the intermittent fadings.

The DY Persei variables have been considered a sub-class of R CrB variable, although they are less luminous carbon-rich AGB stars and may be unrelated.

Physics

Two main models for carbon dust formation near the R Coronae Borealis stars have been proposed, one model that presumes the dust forms at a distance of 20 star radii from the center of the star, and one model that presumes that the dust forms in the photosphere of the star. The rationale for the 20 radii formation is that the carbon condensation temperature is 1,500 K, while the photospheric dust model was formulated by the 20 radii model's failure to explain the fast decline of the RCBs' light curves just before reaching minimum. The 20 radii model requires a large and thereby long-time buildup of the obstructing dust cloud, making the fast light decline hard to comprehend.

The alternate theory of photospheric buildup of carbon dust in a 4,500–6,500 K temperature environment could be explained by condensations in the low pressure parts of shock fronts – being detected in the atmosphere of RY Sagittarii – a condensation that causes local runaway cooling, allowing carbon dust to form.

The formation of the stars themselves is also unclear.  Standard stellar evolution models do not produce large luminous stars with essentially zero hydrogen.  The two main theories to explain these stars are both somewhat exotic, perhaps befitting such rare stars.  In one, a merger occurs between two white dwarf stars, one a Helium white dwarf and the other a carbon-oxygen white dwarf.  White dwarfs are naturally lacking in hydrogen and the resultant star would also lack that element.  The second model postulates a massive convective event at the onset of burning of an outer helium shell, causing the little remaining atmospheric Hydrogen to be turned over into the interior of the star. It is possible that the diversity of R CrB stars is caused by a diversity of formation mechanisms, relating them to extreme helium stars and hydrogen-deficient carbon stars.

List of stars
This list contains all the R CrB stars listed in the GCVS, as well as other notable examples.

See also
 Thorne–Żytkow object

References

External links
 R Coronae Borealis stars, by C. Simon Jeffrey, Armagh Observatory Northern Ireland
 Entry in the Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
 The R Coronae Borealis Stars, by Geoffrey C. Clayton, from SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Variable Star of the Month, January, 2000: R Coronae Borealis, at the AAVSO website


Otto Wiener (February 13, 1911 – August 5, 2000) was an Austrian baritone, notable for his performances in the operas of Richard Wagner.

He was born in Vienna, joined the Vienna Boys' Choir at the age of six, and started his adult career as a concert singer before making his stage debut in 1953 at Graz in the title-role of Simon Boccanegra. He subsequently sang with the opera companies at Düsseldorf, Frankfurt and Berlin and performed at the Vienna State Opera from 1957 onwards and at the Bavarian State Opera from 1960. He appeared at the Salzburg Festival in 1955 and sang there in the stage première of Frank Martin's Le mystère de la Nativité.

Wiener first appeared at the Bayreuth Festival in 1957, and sang there until 1963 as Hans Sachs in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Gunther in Götterdämmerung, Wotan/Wanderer in Der Ring des Nibelungen and in the title-role of Der fliegende Holländer. In 1962 he performed the role of Sachs at both the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and the Metropolitan Opera. In 1964, he appeared at the Glyndebourne Festival Opera in the role of La Roche in Capriccio.

Wiener was one of the highest and brightest of the successful heldenbaritones of the 1950s and 60s. He was cast in roles usually reserved for deeper, darker voices because his technique was so relaxed, well-projected, and free.  Besides the above-listed roles, he is on record as Faninal in Der Rosenkavalier, the Heerrufer in Lohengrin, Ottavio in The Coronation of Poppea, and Wotan/Wanderer in The Ring of the Nibelung.

His non-opera recordings include Beethoven's Missa Solemnis and Ninth Symphony, Haydn's Seven Last Words of Christ, Bach's St. Matthew Passion, and Brahms' A German Requiem.

Wiener retired in 1976 and died in Vienna.

Selected recordings

 Berlioz, Benvenuto Cellini, Edith Kermer (Teresa), Fritz Uhl (Cellini), Otto Wiener (Fieramosca), Leo Heppe, Grosses Wiener Rundfunkorchester, conducted by Kurt Tenner. (sung in german). Wallhall Eternity series CD-9737514 (1952)

Sources
 New Grove Dictionary of Opera, vol 4, p. 1154.
 Rudolf Grossmaier: Otto Wiener: Der unvergessliche Hans Sachs, Wien 2014

External links
 Short biography at Bach Cantatas site
 Hans Sachs (YouTube, audio only)
 Ode to Joy, maybe the only video of Otto Wiener in existence

1911 births
2000 deaths
Singers from Vienna
Austrian operatic baritones
20th-century Austrian  male opera singers


KGEZ (600 AM) is an American broadcast radio station licensed to Kalispell, Montana and serving the Flathead region of western Montana.  KGEZ is owned and operated by John Hendricks, President and GM of Flathead Valley Wireless Association, LLC.  The KGEZ frequency is 600 kHz, a regional broadcast frequency.

History
KGEZ is Montana's second–oldest station, and the oldest in the Flathead.  It first signed on in 1927.  The station was assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission. Currently, the station airs a full service format consisting of almost entirely locally originated programming, a rarity for stations in a market this small.

From 2000 to 2009, it was owned by conservative activist John Stokes, and aired a News/Talk format under the moniker "Z-600, The Edge."  Its flagship program was a conservative-oriented talk show hosted by Stokes.

Seizure
On September 24, 2009; KGEZ went silent after being seized by the United States Bankruptcy Court for Montana. In the spring of 2008, John Stokes was sued by Todd and Davar Gardner, who claimed Stokes had slandered them on his show in 2007. Stokes lost, and faced having to pay $3.8 million in damages, an amount that he claimed would have forced him out of business. To avoid paying, he filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In April 2009, the Office of the U.S. Trustee asked that the filing be converted to a Chapter 7, claiming that Stokes hadn't disclosed all of his assets and debts. Stokes responded with a request to withdraw the filing. On September 21, bankruptcy judge Ralph Kirscher issued an order denying Stokes' request and granting the government's request to switch to a Chapter 7.

In his ruling, Kirscher said Stokes had failed to disclose "literally millions of dollars" in assets and had not paid taxes in several years. Stokes was in the midst of his show when federal marshals and Flathead County sheriff's deputies arrived to seize the station; he simply thanked his listeners and signed off. Stokes himself said he'd been losing $40,000 per month operating the station.

Station Status
In July 2010, a local bankruptcy judge awarded a partial settlement to the Gardners in which they acquired KGEZ's assets (license, broadcasting facilities, and studio property) for $875,000 in cash. That sum is part of deal reducing the amount the Gardners were owed by Stokes to $1.5 million.

In October 2010, John Stokes filed an appeal, challenging the settlement that transferred KGEZ's assets to Todd and Davar Gardner in July. The appeal, filed in U.S. District Court, states that the bankruptcy court erred when it approved the settlement.

The Gardners filed a "Resumption of Operations" notice with the FCC on September 8, 2010 via licensee Flathead Broadcasting, LLC.

Shortly after the Gardners took over ownership of the station, John Hendricks took charge of KGEZ's programming and operations under a local marketing agreement. He recruited longtime Flathead Valley broadcaster George Ostrom for on-air commentary. It returned to the air in late January 2011 with a marathon of 1950s’ and 1960s’ rock hits. Regular programming resumed on February 8, 2011. Originally airing oldies, Hendricks gradually expanded the station into a community-oriented full service station. The Gardners have since sold the station to Hendricks, who formed the Flathead Valley Wireless Association to run it.

Translator

References

External links
KGEZ Facebook
KGEZ official website

GEZ
Radio stations established in 1927
1927 establishments in Montana
Full service radio stations in the United States


Eccellenza Umbria is the regional Eccellenza football division for clubs in the central Italian region of Umbria, Italy. It is competed among 16 teams, in one group. The winners of the Groups are promoted to Serie D. The club who finishes second also have the chance to gain promotion, they are entered into a national play-off which consists of two rounds.

Champions
Here are the past champions of the Umbria Eccellenza, organised into their respective seasons.

1991–92 Pontevecchio
1992–93 Città di Castello
1993–94 Sansepolcro
1994–95 Nestor Marsciano
1995–96 Ellera
1996–97 Gubbio
1997–98 Orvietana
1998–99 Tiberis Umbertide
1999–2000 Todi
2000–01 Orvietana
2001–02 Angelana
2002–03 Foligno
2003–04 Voluntas Spoleto
2004–05 Narnese
2005–06 Arrone
2006–07 Pontevecchio
2007–08 Deruta
2008–09 Group Città di Castello
2009–10 Todi
2010–11 Pierantonio
2011–12 Bastia
2012–13 Narnese
2013–14 Villabiagio
2014–15 Città di Castello
2015–16 Trestina
2016–17 Villabiagio
2017–18 Bastia
2018–19 Foligno
2019–20 Tiferno Lerchi
2020–21 Not awarded
2021–22 Orvietana
2022–23 Sansepolcro

References

External links
Some Club Histories In the League

Sport in Umbria
Umb
Football clubs in Italy
Sports leagues established in 1991
1991 establishments in Italy
Association football clubs established in 1991


A lost toponym is a name given to a place which is no longer known or identifiable.

For example, in 1618 the crew of the Mauritius explored a river in north-western Australia, which they named Willems Revier ("Willem's River"). However it is not now known which river they explored, so Willems River cannot be placed on a present-day map. Willems River is therefore a lost toponym.

Toponymy


Brean is a village and civil parish between Weston-super-Mare and Burnham-on-Sea in Somerset, England. The name is derived from "Bryn" Brythonic and Modern Welsh for a hill and it has a population of 635.

Close to the village is Brean Down, a promontory standing  high and extending  into the Bristol Channel, on which stands Brean Down Fort, marking the end of Weston Bay.

The village is on a strip of land between the sea and the River Axe. It is the home of Brean Leisure Park, a tropical bird garden, other tourist attractions and several caravan parks. The sandy beach has been used for land sailing since 1970. Sometimes, Brean can also be linked with the nearby village, Berrow so the villages can also be called Berrow & Brean.

History

Brean was part of the hundred of Bempstone.
During the Bristol Channel floods of 1607 the village was flooded, with seven of its nine houses being destroyed and 26 inhabitants drowned.

Windmill House, on South Road, was one of the terminuses for the PTAT-1 transatlantic communications cable from Manasquan, New Jersey, United States.
It was constructed in 1989 by Mercury Communications and closed in 2004.

Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

For local government purposes, since 1 April 2023, the village comes under the unitary authority of Somerset Council. Prior to this, it was part of the non-metropolitan district of Sedgemoor, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Axbridge Rural District.

It is also part of the Wells county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, and was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Religious sites

The Church of St Bridget dates from the 13th century, but the fabric is predominantly from the 15th century and was extensively rebuilt around 1882. It is designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building. The dedication to St Bridget of Ireland, Abbess of Kildare, who died in 525, is an indication of a Celtic Christian settlement.

Gallery

References

External links

Brean Parish Council web site

Villages in Sedgemoor
Seaside resorts in England
Somerset Levels
Civil parishes in Somerset
Populated coastal places in Somerset
Beaches of Somerset


Riga Football Cup was a knockout tournament held in Latvian football between 1925 and 1936. In 1937 it was replaced by the Latvian Football Cup. Clubs from other cities than Riga were allowed to participate in the tournament.

References

Defunct football competitions in Latvia
Football cup competitions in Latvia


Fore River (also known as the Fore River Shipbuilding Company Stars) was an amateur U.S. soccer team which had its origins as the Fore River Shipbuilding company team of Quincy, Massachusetts.

History
Early team records are spotty, but the team existed at least as early as 1907  Apparently, the team played in a series of local amateur leagues, including the New England League (NEL) which featured several of the better U.S. teams of that era.  The only year for which NEL standings exist are 1908-1909 when Fore River finished fourth.  In 1915, the team won the Massachusetts State Cup with a victory over Lynne Fosse F.C.  They won a second cup title in 1919 and its third in 1921.

In 1915, Fore River entered the Southern New England Soccer League (SNESL).  This amateur league attempted to create a viable league which spanned an area larger than that covered by most city leagues.  In its first season in the league, Fore River topped the standings when the remainder of the season was canceled due to numerous weather cancelations.  In 1918, the league suspended operations as a result of the loss of players to military service in World War I.  Fore River then moved to the Boston League for the 1918-1919 season.  Fore River returned to the SNESL in 1919, but there are no records for this season.  The team reached its greatest success in the 1920-1921 season.  It won the league title, reached the final of the American Cup and went to the fifth round of the National Challenge Cup.  However, the creation of the American Soccer League (ASL) led to the collapse of both the SNESL and the National Association Football League when several top teams from both leagues defected to the ASL.

Year-by-year

Honors
American Cup
 Runner Up (1): 1921

National Challenge Cup
 Runner Up (1): 1920

Massachusetts State Cup
 Winner (3): 1914, 1919, 1921

League Championship
 Winner (3): 1916, 1919, 1921

External links
 Southern New England Soccer League standings

References

Defunct soccer clubs in Massachusetts
Southern New England Soccer League teams
Fore River Shipyard
Sports clubs and teams in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Quincy, Massachusetts


The album consists of commissioned works by Steve Reich. Music for a Large Ensemble was commissioned by the Holland Festival, Violin Phase was an earlier work that dealt with repetition.

Tracks
"Music for a Large Ensemble"
"Violin Phase"
"Octet"

References

1980 albums
Compositions by Steve Reich
Steve Reich albums


Whitehouse refers to an area in North West Area of the town Ipswich, in the Ipswich district, in the county of Suffolk, England. The name comes from a late 17th Century building which still exists and is Grade II listed building near the Norwich Road, but now accessed by Limerick Close.

The White House
The White House itself is next to White House Park. It was a substantial country house on the edge of the village – until it became absorbed into Ipswich as the town grew during the first half of the 20th Century. It can be accessed from Limerick Close. It is listed Grade II which still stands on the edge of the White House estate. It also boasts a gate lodge on Norwich Road. Built as small country house in the late 17th century and altered early 19th century with late 19th century additions. It retains its complete 17th century roof structure. It was used for many years as local government offices.

Lovetofts Drive: running north from the end of Bramford Lane to Whitehouse Road is named after John de Lovetot who had a grant of free warren there in 1277. He died in 1295. There was a manor house known as Lovetofts Hall and a nearby farmhouse which was still shown on the 1955 Ordnance Survey map, but had disappeared by the 1959 map.

References

Ipswich Districts
Whitehouse Ward, Ipswich


Christopher Billopp (1738March 29, 1827) was a British loyalist during the American Revolution.
His command of a Tory detachment during the war earned him the sobriquet, "Tory Colonel".  After the American Revolution he emigrated to New Brunswick, Canada along with other Loyalists and became a politician. He represented Saint John in the 1st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly.

History

He was born on Staten Island in New York, the eldest of eight children born to Thomas and Sarah Farmar Billopp. His father Major Thomas Billopp was the son of Anne Billopp who married Colonel Thomas Farmar in 1705. Anne Billopp and her sister Mary were the daughters of British sea captain Christopher Billopp who was awarded  of land on the southern tip of Staten Island, where he built a stone manor house he called "Bentley Manor".

Billopp served as a colonel in the Loyalist forces during the American Revolution, commanding the Billopp's Corps of Staten Island Militia formed on July 6, 1776, at a meeting of 500 men in Richmondtown led by Governor Tryon and General Howe in reaction to the announcement of the Declaration of Independence. Col. Billopp's brother, Thomas Farmar (he reassumed the family name Farmar) fought as a private against the British Crown.

Billopp was captured twice by American patriots, one occasion occurred on  June 23, 1779, when they rowed across the Arthur Kill from Perth Amboy, New Jersey. He was held as a prisoner of war in the Burlington County, New Jersey jail, where he was chained down to the floor and fed a diet of bread and water by order of Elias Boudinot, appointed by Congress as Commissary General of Prisoners. He was informed that his harsh treatment was in retaliation for the suffering of John Leshler and Captain Nathaniel Fitz Randolph of Woodbridge, New Jersey, being held by the British. Fitz Randolph would later be killed in the Battle of Springfield.

Another prisoner being held in the Burlington jail at the same time was John Graves Simcoe of the Queen's Rangers, who led the massacre of patriots in the William Hancock house in Salem, New Jersey, and embarked on a raid into New Jersey, dubbed "Simcoe's Raid", from "Billop's point", as Christopher Billop's land was known. It was upon this raid he was captured and imprisoned with Billopp.

Portion of letter to George Washington from John Simcoe:

It was not until after Christmas that Billopp was released in a prisoner exchange.

In October 1779 Billopp was one of 59 men branded by New York State as a Loyalist felon under the Confiscation Act, whereby he was subject to banishment and confiscation of all his property.  As Staten Island was firmly under British control this carried no immediate weight; prudently Billopp in 1780 started selling off his land, often at only two-thirds of market prices.

When the war ended he left the newly formed United States of America for the British colony of Nova Scotia, and later New Brunswick when it was formed as a separate colony from the northern part of Nova Scotia.

In New Brunswick

Billopp along with his Loyalist father-in-law, Benjamin Seaman (who was also labeled a Loyalist felon) moved to Parrtown in New Brunswick in 1783. Parrtown and Carleton were two communities founded by Loyalists from America in the vicinity of Fort Howe.
The two communities later merged to form the city of Saint John, New Brunswick. Benedict Arnold, the American revolutionary war loyalist, lived in Saint John from 1787 to 1791.

Billopp served in the New Brunswick Assembly and in 1796 was appointed to its council by King George III. In 1823, he was asked to become administrator for New Brunswick following the death of Lieutenant-Governor George Stracey Smyth but refused to come to Fredericton to take the oath of office. Ward Chipman took on this post instead although Billopp challenged this appointment.

Marriage and children
Billopp was married twice. His first wife (licence issued November 2, 1762) was Francis Willett, born November 2, 1739, daughter of Thomas Willett and of Elizabeth Lawrence, their children;

Thomas Billopp (1767-1827), who married then moved to New York City and started a business venture with his brother John who would later die in a yellow fever epidemic. Thomas later sailed on an expedition to Venezuela on the Leander in 1806, in attempt orchestrated by Francisco de Miranda to start a revolution against Spanish rule in Venezuela. He was given the rank of captain in the revolutionary forces. He along with 60 others were captured by the Spanish on April 28, 1806, and hanged in Porto Caballo, Venezuela on July 26, 1806, where his name is inscribed on a monument in Plaza El Aguila  along with other North Americans who died in the conflict with the Spanish Crown. His daughter Frances married William Edward Wyatt, and actress Jane Wyatt is one of their descendants.
John Willett Billopp born in Staten Island, New York, baptized in St. Andrew's Church in Richmondtown, Staten Island, N.Y. on June 11, 1769, died in 1798 in New York City during a yellow fever epidemic.
Elizabeth
Sarah; born December 6, 1765, died 1811.
Catherine born 1775, died August 28, 1839, married (February 3, 1807) John Black, brother of William Black, born 1764, died 1823:

His second wife (licence issued February 11, 1773) was Jane Seaman, born January 16, 1754, died January 21, 1802, in New Brunswick, Canada, daughter of Benjamin Seaman and Elizabeth Mott, their children;
Louisa Billopp, who married United Empire Loyalist, John Wallace, Esq., Surveyor of Customs.  Louisa's portrait was painted, c. 1816, by Robert Field (1769–1819) and was purchased by the Canadian government in 2006 from her descendant Kenneth Wallace.
Mary Billopp, was born in 1790 and became the second wife of Rev. Archdeacon Willis of Nova Scotia and died  on April 11, 1834, at Halifax, Nova Scotia, aged 43.  Descendants include Andrew Willis, James Willis, Robin Willis, Nigel Willis, Tim Willis and Kenneth Christopher Thompson.
Jane Billopp, died on June 6, 1836, wife of Hon. William Black of Saint John, a member of the Legislative and Executive Councils, and for a short time was administrator of the province.
Anne; born in 1786, died February 9, 1872, in Saint John, New Brunswick.
Katherine

The peace conference
His former New York estate, built by his great-grandfather, was the site of a failed peace conference on September 11, 1776, between the Americans, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Edward Rutledge and the British, Lord Howe representing the crown. The house is a United States National Historic Landmark, known as the Conference House.

Ghost legend
After his last release from patriot imprisonment Billopp went back to his manor house and confronted his servants. He was convinced that a 15-year-old servant girl had signaled his presence on the day of his kidnapping by holding a candle by a window on the second floor. This could be seen by the patriots perched in the steeple of St. Peter's Church in rebel controlled Perth Amboy. According to legend, Billopp caught her in the act of "signaling" to the patriots, and in a fit of rage, murdered her by throwing her down a flight of stairs. His ghost and that of the girl are said to haunt the Conference House, reenacting their deadly struggle.

Gravestone inscription
His gravestone reads:

Bibliography

References

External links
Plaza de Aguila
United Empire Loyalists Association
Foot-prints; or Incidents in early history of New Brunswick, JW Lawrence (1883)
The George Washington Papers mention of Christopher Billopp and Billop's point

1730s births
1827 deaths
Loyalists in the American Revolution from New York (state)
History of Staten Island
History of New York City
United Empire Loyalists
Canadian ghosts
Members of the New York General Assembly
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Politicians from Staten Island
People of the Province of New York
Colony of New Brunswick people
Loyalist military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
People from Tottenville, Staten Island


is a local newspaper published in Horten, Norway. It was established in 1851.

It has a circulation of 5867, of whom 5732 are subscribers.

References
Norwegian Media Registry

External links
Website

Newspapers established in 1851
1851 establishments in Norway
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Mass media in Horten


A double envelope house is a passive solar house design which collects solar energy in a solarium and passively allows the warm air to circulate around the house between two sets of walls, a double building envelope. This design is from 1975 by Lee Porter Butler in the United States.

History
Lee Porter Butler's 1975 Double Envelope (Shell) design  received wide publicity after the U.S. solar energy tax credits were created in 1978. Versions were on the cover of Better Homes and Gardens and Popular Science  magazines.

Butler was an artistic/ecological building designer, a self-proclaimed "Ekotect." He did not hold formal qualifications as an energy engineer.
Lee had built hundreds of homes, shopping centers and business buildings including banks and schools by the time he entered North Carolina State University to study architecture.  He had studied engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. Lee did not even have a high school diploma, but ended up teaching his invention of "the gravity geo-thermal envelope" at The University of California Berkeley in the Graduate School of design and Planning. Lee went to school for the education, not for the diploma. He was asked to speak at The Royal College of Science in London, where Sir Isaac Newton delivered Principia.

Lee's facile and curious mind led him his entire life to question methods by which humanity could live on the earth in harmony with the earth, and with each other.  His most recent contribution to humanity "Ekotecture" is a totally self-sufficient way to live in harmony on the planet and to safeguard human life no matter what the external conditions.  Lee felt that if we talk about sustainability we must talk about not just sustaining the earth, but the sustaining of human life.  His contributions include a method whereby humanity can live peaceably and safely on the planet in cooperation.

Design and theory
Butler's experimental design was a form of isolated passive solar design that incorporated a passive heat distribution system.  It attempted to address the problem of unequal distribution of heat that was associated with some direct gain systems.  .  This phenomenon is observed particularly in designs with inadequate thermal mass, poor cross ventilation and excessive polar facing windows.

Butler's design essentially composed of a house within a house.  Thermal energy was captured from a south-facing solarium and heat was circulated by a natural convection flow loop in the cavity between the two building envelopes and through a sub-floor or via earth cooling tubes.

A recirculating air flow path resulted from the warm (less-dense) air rising in a south-side solarium, and cooler (denser) air falling on the north side to create pressure differentials that automatically moved excess solar thermal gain from the south to the north side of the building without forced convection systems.  Air flow was proportional to the differences in temperature between the two convection paths.

In the summer, shading devices eliminate all direct solar gain. Vents are opened at the top to exhaust hot air. Fresh air intake uses ambient temperature earth to cool and dehumidify replacement air at the base.

In winter, the air in the cavity is buffered by warm ambient-temperature earth under the floor (which is partially recharged by the natural convection flow loop during each winter day). In the summer, the convective flow is replaced with cooler near-ambient-temperature earth replacement air, and the warm air exhausts by natural convection.

Criticisms
The original explanation provided for its efficiency was the thermal buffer that existed in the double envelope cavity.  However, observers have also commented that the overall insulation of the design is higher with two walls instead of just one.

While the design can perform better than a conventional home, formal performance monitoring suggested there were some problems with the original design. .

Commentators have criticised the design on various grounds:
 The rock bed under the house interfered with the geothermal night time effect and slowed warming in the morning.
 Roof-angled glass (See sun path) made it difficult to control summer heat gain and winter heat loss.
 An equator-side porch excessively shaded the lower floor from solar gain
 The additional cavity on the north wall was excluded from the conditioned area (and created a potential fire hazard).
 Dark roofs and absent radiant barrier was not adequate to inhibit summer solar gain
 The presence of a fireplace, chimney and clothes dryer were a source of convective heat loss
 The design was not adequate to function in polar climates.
 Concerns about condensation and moisture issues forming in the convection loop leading to maintenance or health issues.
  The additional materials and thermal mass used in construction
 Warm air rises by natural convection. It does not go down and around. They are fire traps and are against building codes in places like Aurora CO.

Subsequent modifications have attempted to address these issues.

Thermal buffer zone house
A modification based on Butler's original design has been described but not yet formally evaluated. It attempted to eliminate some of the initial issues.

An important difference is the polar limb of the convection loop (thermal buffer zone/TBZ) is employed as a utility area e.g.  laundry room, closets, pantry, and storage space.  The laundry room also doubled as an area for clothes drying.

An external window is located on the polar side which can be opened to admit mild air into the TBZ during summer.  An additional internal window separates the equatorial side living quarters.  This can be opened to admit warm winter air from the solarium to enter directly into polar rooms.

The designer states that on cold winter days, the TBZ tempered with solar-heated air could be often above 85 degrees F, while the outside air was below freezing.

Performance evaluation
Current technology makes it difficult to model the effects of these convective flow designs because computer performance simulation software does not presently incorporate these processes in their calculations.

See also
 List of low-energy building techniques
 Passive solar design
 History of passive solar building design
 Double-skin facade

Passive solar design concepts
 Trombe wall
 Barra system
 Passive House
 Earth cooling tubes
 Windcatcher
 Annualized geothermal solar
 Earth sheltering
 Geothermal exchange heat pump

Solar-designers

:Category:Solar building designers
List of pioneering solar buildings

References

Low-energy building


Robert or Robbie Glover may refer to:

Robert Glover (martyr) (died 1555), English Protestant martyr burnt to death for heresy
Robert Glover (officer of arms) (1544–1588), Somerset Herald in the reign of Elizabeth I
Robert Glover (pirate) (died 1698), pirate captain active in the Red Sea
Robert E. Glover (1896–1984), American engineer
Robert W. Glover (1866–1956), Baptist pastor and politician in Arkansas
Robert Mortimer Glover (1815–1859), British physician
Robbie Glover (singer), UK singer/songwriter
Robbie Glover, character in Dirk Gently, played by Tony Pitts
Robert A. Glover, American writer of self-help book No More Mr. Nice Guy


The 2005 Summer Deaflympics, officially known as the 20th Summer Deaflympics, is an international multi-sport event that was celebrated from 5 January to 16 January 2005 in Melbourne, Australia.

Bidding process

A bid for the games was held on 9 March 1999 in Davos, Switzerland.
Melbourne,  - 59
Košice,  - 33

Venues
The games were held at eleven different venues.
 Olympic Park - Athletics (track and field), Football, Opening and closing ceremonies
 Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre - Badminton, Basketball, Handball, Aquatics (Swimming, Water polo), Table tennis, Volleyball (Indoor), Wrestling
 Ballarat City Oval and Victoria Park - Athletics (Marathon)
 Ballarat - Cycling (1000m Sprint Event, 50 km Individual Point Race, 35 km Time Trial), Orienteering
 Buninyong - Cycling (100 km Road Race)
 Green Gully Reserve - Football
 Kingston Heath Reserve - Football
 Melbourne International Shooting Centre - Shooting
 Boroondara Tennis Centre - Tennis
 Sunshine AMF Bowling Centre - Bowling
 St Kilda Beach - Volleyball (Beach)

Sports
The various sports offered at the 2005 Summer Deaflympics were held in 17 disciplines, including 11 individual sports and 6 team sports:

Individual sports

Team sports
 Basketball
 Beach volleyball
 Football
 Handball
 Volleyball
 Water polo

Medal tally

See also
 1956 Summer Olympics
 2006 Commonwealth Games
 2026 Commonwealth Games

References

 Only Melbourne
 YouTube - Melbourne 2005 Deaflympic Games
 Deaflympics - 2005 Melbourne Deaflympics
 1999 CISS Minutes No.22 Bidding

Deaflympics
Multi-sport events in Australia
Sports competitions in Melbourne
Parasports in Australia
Deaflympics
Deaflympics
2000s in Melbourne
January 2005 sports events in Australia


KBOW (550 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Butte, Montana.  The station is owned by Butte Broadcasting, Inc.  It airs a country music format.

The main offices and studios of Butte Broadcasting are at 660 Dewey in Butte.  The KBOW transmitter site is southwest of town on Beef Trail Road.

The station was assigned the KBOW call sign by the Federal Communications Commission.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for KBOW

Country radio stations in the United States
BOW
Radio stations established in 1980
1980 establishments in Montana


In clinical medicine, a chaperone is a person who serves as a witness for both a patient and a medical practitioner as a safeguard for both parties during a medical examination or procedure. The exact responsibilities vary according to the clinical situation.

Chaperones are widely used for gynecological and other intimate examinations. A chaperone may support the patient with reassurance and emotional support during a procedure or examination that the patient may find embarrassing or uncomfortable.  The chaperone may also provide practical help to the doctor during an examination or procedure. In other clinical settings the chaperone could protect the doctor from physical attack.

As a witness, the chaperone can help the doctor disprove unfounded allegations having been present during a procedure and witnessed continuing consent. A chaperone should not be someone with a close connection to either the doctor or the patient, such as a family member.

References

Health care occupations


Daniel Chandler (born 1952) is a British visual semiotician based since 2001 at the Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies at Aberystwyth University, where he has taught since 1989. His best-known publication is Semiotics: The Basics (Routledge: 1st edn 2002, 2nd edn 2007), which is frequently used as a basis for university courses in semiotics, and the online version Semiotics for Beginners (online since 1995). He has a particular interest in the visual semiotics of gender and advertising.

Early career
Chandler trained as a schoolteacher at Magdalene College, Cambridge, and began his career teaching English in middle and secondary schools in the 1970s and 1980s. He adopted a progressive, constructivist philosophy of education at a time when microcomputers were first introduced into the classroom. Resisting the hyped image of computing in education as a boon to instructional productivity,
Chandler recognized the computer as a tool for learning, but he rejected a prevailing objectivism that considered data as information, and information as knowledge. He held a constructivist view that data is translated into information by human beings, not computers, and humans negotiate the meaning of information by means of dialog and discussion (Chandler, 1990a).  The computer, for Chandler, was not a teaching machine, but a medium of expression for young learners.
His early adoption of computers in the classroom led to the publication of several authored and edited texts related to computing in education. He left teaching in 1981 and set up an independent consultancy, notably serving as a design consultant for Acornsoft on the development of educational software for use by the BBC.
In 1989, Chandler returned to academia, joining the Education Department at Aberystwyth University. His initial role as a lecturer in educational technology soon changed to that of a lecturer in media theory, and in 2001 he moved to the Department of Theatre, Film, and Television Studies as a lecturer in media and communication studies.

Chandler's 1993 dissertation on The Experience of Writing focused on the phenomenology of writing. That work led to the 1995 text, The Act of Writing which he posted freely on the World Wide Web. Where the tendency of most authors had been to withhold their work from online access for various reasons, Chandler was never so inhibited. Self publishing The Act of Writing was one of several experiments that he launched in an exploration of the Web's possibilities as a medium for teaching. In 1994, he began placing lecture materials online for use by his own students. This practice of open access proved successful and rewarding. As the richness of this material evolved in the ensuing months, and as the population of Internet users exploded in the mid-1990s, Chandler's site quickly attracted an international audience of students, scholars and mediaphiles hungry for rewarding academic content. The MCS Web  offered tangible content that went beyond the typical outlines, bibliographies and promotional material hosted on most academic and commercial sites of the time.  The Media and Communications Studies site established itself as a premier online academic resource for theoretical and educational material in the fields of rhetoric, communication studies, semiotics, media and contemporary philosophy.

In 2011, Chandler and Rod Munday published the Oxford Dictionary of Media and Communication.

The study of semiotics
As a lecturer in media studies at Aberystwyth, Chandler prepared a series of materials on semiotics, written in a language and style that would be comprehensible to his own undergraduate students. He noted with irritation that his personal introduction to the field "had been frustrated by many of the existing books on the subject that frequently seemed impossible to understand".( p.xv). He placed these lectures on the internet to augment the other media and communication studies materials that he had prepared for his students. Over time, this set of lectures took the form of an online book, Semiotics for Beginners. The text attracted the attention of numerous other lecturers in search of materials to augment their own lectures. Chandler credits the philosopher A. C. Grayling with encouraging him to submit his online work for print publication. The first edition of Semiotics: the Basics was published by Routledge in 2002. By 2005, the book had become one of the best-known introductory texts in the field of semiotics.  Routledge released a second edition in 2007.
(See reviews by Juan A. Prieto-Pablos (2005), and Edward McDonald (2003).)

Critique of Technological Determinism
In “Technological or Media Determinism” (1995), Chandler outlines his five fundamental disagreements with the theory of Technological determinism:

Reductionistic: Technological Determinism assumes that the complex process of historical change is caused solely by technology. Ex: “Social media makes people depressed"

Mechanistic: The assumption that technology causes change in casual predictable ways and that it causes the same change in all people who use it. Ex: “The higher the usage of social media the more reliant on it one becomes”

Reifying: Technological Determinism views abstractions (e.g., “the Internet”) and inanimate objects (e.g., tech devices) as if they were scientist entities with intentions, wants, and needs. Ex: “My phone is mad at me”

Technological autonomy: The belief that technology is self-generating, rather than invented, implemented or regulated by human beings. The idea that because a technology has been created, that there is an autonomous self-evolution of that technology. Ex: “Cell phones gave rise to smartphones”

Technological Imperative: The assumption that because we have developed a technology we must inherently use it, or will use it whether people prefer to or not. Ex: Although social media has negative effects on us we still use it because it’s there.

Bibliography
Chandler, Daniel (ed) (1983) Exploring English with Microcomputers. London: Council for Educational Technology
Chandler, Daniel (1984) Young Learners and the Microcomputer. Milton Keynes: Open University Press
Chandler, Daniel and Marcus, Stephen (eds) (1985) Computers and Literacy. Milton Keynes: Open University Press
Chandler, Daniel (1994) "Who needs suspended inscription?", Computers and Composition 11(3): 191-201
Chandler, Daniel (1995a) The Act of Writing: A Media Theory Approach. Aberystwyth: Prifysgol Cymru.
Chandler, Daniel (1995b) "Notes on the Gaze"
Chandler, Daniel (1995c) "Technological or Media Determinism"
Chandler, Daniel (1997a) "An Introduction to Genre Theory"
Chandler, Daniel (2002/2007) Semiotics: The Basics, Routledge, London, UK, 1st edn 2002. ; 2nd edn 2007
Chandler, Daniel and Munday, Rod (2011) A Dictionary of Media and Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press

References

External links
 Professor Chandler's list of publications
  Media and Communications Studies Site (archive)

1952 births
British semioticians
Academics of Aberystwyth University
Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Alumni of Bangor University
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Living people


Wahid Baksh Bhutto (1898 – 25 December 1931) was a landowner of Sindh, and an elected representative to the Central Legislative Assembly of India.

Books for further reading

Sindhi people
Wahid Baksh
1898 births
1931 deaths
Politicians from Sindh
Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India
20th-century Indian philanthropists
20th-century landowners


Ringerikes Blad () is a local newspaper published in Hønefoss, Norway.

Johan Jørgen Krohn founded Ringerikes Blad in 1845. It covers Ringerike, Hole and Jevnaker.
It has a circulation of 12684, of whom 12227 are subscribers.

Ringerikes Blad is published by the company A-pressen Lokale Medier AS, which in turn is owned 100% by Amedia (formerly known as A-press), one of the largest media companies in Norway.

References

External links

 Norwegian Media Registry

Newspapers established in 1845
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Mass media in Buskerud
1845 establishments in Norway
Amedia
Companies based in Ringerike (municipality)