Amanda Baker (also Vale and Walters) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Holly Brisley. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 30 June 2005 and departed in 2007. Brisley later reprised the role for brief guest appearances in 2008 and 2009.

Casting
Brisley reprised her role of Amanda in October 2007. She said "My character only moved to the city so she can flit in and flit out". In June 2009, it was announced that Brisley would be returning to Home and Away to take part in a secretive storyline. Brisley's real-life pregnancy was written in to the scripts. On her return Brisley said "People still recognise me as Amanda or send me mail, but their response is always positive – even when she was at her worst I think people responded well to her as she spiced things up a bit and she wasn't afraid to stand up for herself.

Characterisation
Amanda is described as the "ultimate attention-seeker", who manipulates people to get what she wants. Amanda has the ability to use a person's weaknesses to exploit them. She has a desire for attention, which led her to become an actress.

Storylines
Amanda arrives in Summer Bay ahead of her ex-husband, Dan Baker (Tim Campbell) wedding to Leah Patterson (Ada Nicodemou) bringing their son, Ryan (Issac Gorman) and is seemingly pleasant to Leah. However, it emerges that Amanda has been secretly trying to sabotage the wedding by cancelling the caterers. Dan's brother, Peter (Nicholas Bishop) exposes Amanda's antics at the reception and Dan and Leah order her to leave. The next month, Amanda takes a job at Summer Bay High as a drama teacher to pay off mounting debts owed to Leo Simms (Johann Wahlvaran). She tries to pay Leo off with the money she has but it is not enough and he attacks her and tries to flee. After a tussle, Leo is killed after hitting his head and Amanda panics, dumps the body and plants her jewellery on him. After an investigation, the case is closed.

Amanda begins a relationship with Scott Hunter (Kip Gamblin) and causes his family many problems. When Scott's sister Kit (Amy Mizzi) tries to expose Amanda cheating on him, She destroys the evidence and later spikes Kit's drink, which results in Kit being sent away to rehab as she had previously suffered from alcoholism. Amanda discovers that Scott is the father of Hayley Lawson's (Bec Hewitt) baby and when he decides he wants to be with her, She fakes a pregnancy. Josh West (Daniel Collopy) finds out and begins blackmailing Amanda into helping him with his campaign for Mayor, which he eventually wins. Amanda later learnt about Josh's true intentions for returning to Summer Bay. After being confirmed mayor, Josh decided to put a scheme called Project 56 into order. Amanda, not knowing the truth behind it, tried working with Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances), but Morag learnt that Amanda had shared a flat with Josh in LA and presumed that Amanda was working with Josh. Determined to prove herself to everyone, Amanda broke into Josh's office and stole information on the project. But as she tried sending it to Morag, Josh confronted her and managed to get the information back. Amanda tried confessing to Morag what had happened, but Morag refused to listen. After Amanda's lies are exposed, a group of students make fun of her. She lashes out at Scott's brother, Robbie (Jason Smith) and slaps him during class. Barry Hyde (Ivar Kants) suspends Amanda for this but she quits to work with Josh. Morag made it perfectly clear that she and Josh were going to lose everything if Project 56 was carried out, but Amanda  denied everything and ignores Morag's advice.

Graham Walters (Doug Scroope), Scott's grandfather arrived in Summer Bay and informed his family he had come into some money from the sale of his farm. Amanda learns this and puts a plan in motion to use Graham, in order for her to pay off Josh. They marry very quickly to the shock of the Hunters. However, Amanda considered backing out of the project when Morag was nearly killed by Josh. As Josh comforted her, the two of them realised that they both had feelings for each other and started a relationship. Morag managed to convince Graham of what was going on. Graham broke into Josh's office and stole the documents to Project 56. But while confronting Amanda, he had a heart attack and ended up in hospital. Amanda was horrified when Graham woke up and eventually remembered everything, resulting in him having another heart attack. After Graham was announced brain dead, Amanda's loyalties were questioned when she stopped visiting Graham and Beth Hunter (Clarissa House), Graham's daughter, exposed Amanda's relationship with Josh. Amanda then tried backing out of the project again when Beth tried seeking legal action against Amanda. Even though Josh continued to manipulate her, Amanda was devastated when she learnt that Josh had been seeing two other women. Amanda considered teaming up with Beth and tried exposing Josh's schemes. But after being attacked several times by Josh's thugs, Amanda decided to end everything and attempted shooting Josh. When Josh is found dead in his office, Amanda is one of many suspects and Peter is about to charge her when CCTV footage placing Amanda somewhere else exonerates her completely. Amanda has a brief dalliance with Dan after he and Leah fall out but nothing further develops and she leaves again, taking Ryan with her.

Two months later, Amanda returns to Summer Bay, moving into a large mansion. Her mother, Kitty, arrives, claiming that she is unwell. Local teenager Belle Taylor (Jessica Tovey) is searching for her biological mother and finds herself at odds with Amanda. Belle is revealed to be Amanda's daughter. After learning that Kitty had Belle adopted out and led Amanda to think she had miscarried, Amanda orders her to leave. Amanda and Belle have a shaky start but when Belle is feared dead in a helicopter crash with several others, Amanda funds the search, even putting her house up as collateral. When the search appears to be futile, Amanda feels a pain in her leg and is convinced Belle is still alive and soon, Belle and the others are found. Amanda then makes an effort to get to know Belle. Irene Roberts (Lynne McGranger), Belle's guardian agrees for Amanda to see her at a set time but when Amanda is delayed, Belle is disappointed. Amanda begins buying Belle expensive gifts to try and smooth things over. After falling out with Irene, Belle then moves in with Amanda. When Peter's son, Drew Curtis (Bobby Morley) starts dating Belle, there is an attraction between him and Amanda. They begin an affair and Belle finds out and is heartbroken and returns to live with Irene. Drew tells Amanda he wants to be with her but she rejects him. Amanda then begins a relationship with Peter, much to the disgust of Drew.

Amanda's sister, Kelli (Alexa Ashton) reappears in Amanda's life and she reconects with her but unknown to Amanda, Kelli is working on a revenge scheme to pay Amanda back for a car crash when they were younger, which left Kelli injured. Kelli then works with her boyfriend Ethan Black to make Amanda's life a misery. Kelli stages it so Amanda looks like she slept with Ethan and obtains photographic evidence. Ethan blackmails Amanda and after she tries to flee, an incident similar to the situation with Leo occurs where Ethan falls from her car and appears to be dead. Amanda wants to confess but Kelli talks her out of it.

Amanda and Peter marry and everything seems to be going well until Ethan, believed dead by Amanda, arrives at the ceremony and tells everyone to look under their seats. The congregation find pictures of Amanda and Ethan in bed together. Amanda tries to explain but Peter runs off. Amanda becomes depressed and begins drinking heavily, which culminates in her crashing her car and as result is arrest for drink-driving. Amanda soon learns the truth about Kelli and Ethan's scheme after overhearing a phone call. Kelli follows Amanda and Amanda's car overturns while she tries to get away, and the vehicle explodes and Kelli thinks Amanda been killed but Peter manages to rescue her. Kelli is arrested and shows no remorse for her actions. Ethan later testifies against her. Amanda then reunites with her children and Peter forgives her but is unable to forget what happened. Amanda then decides to leave for the city and is later joined by Peter who tells her he wants to be with her and they reunite.

The following year, when Dan is killed in an abseiling accident in America and his body is flown back to the bay, Amanda and Ryan return for the funeral. Amanda supports Leah, but gets into a fight with Jazz Curtis (Rachel Gordon). Amanda returns in 2009 for Belle's wedding to Aden Jefferies (Todd Lasance) and she reveals she is pregnant. Amanda returns a few months later, with Ryan, to see Belle as she is dying of cancer. Amanda is angered by Aden allowing Belle to stay at home, respecting her wishes. Amanda calls an ambulance and admits Belle to hospital. She contacts a specialist from the city and attempts to prove that Belle is not of sound mind to make decisions of her welfare but Rachel Armstrong (Amy Mathews) over-rules her and Belle is discharged from hospital. Amanda later apologises to Belle for interfering and tells her she was just trying to help and states that she is a terrible mother. Belle reassures her, telling her that she will be a brilliant mother to her new baby. Belle also touches her mother's pregnancy bump and promises to watch over her half-sibling. Belle dies that night and Amanda returns to the city, with Ryan, devastated by her daughter's death.

Reception
For her portrayal of Amanda, Brisley was nominated for in the Best Bitch category at the 2006 and 2007 Inside Soap Awards respectively. A Virgin Media writer stated, "Home and Away's serial temptress Amanda was a known attention-seeker and master manipulator. She was always quick to find people's weaknesses and use them to her advantage. Go girl!" Taragh Loughrey-Grant of RTÉ.ie branded the character "scheming and manipulative".

References

Home and Away characters
Fictional schoolteachers
Fictional actors
Fictional models
Fictional producers
Television characters introduced in 2005
Female characters in television


Saint-Benoît-des-Ondes (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine Department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Saint-Benoît-des-Ondes are called bénédictins in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website
Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Roberta Lynn Gilchrist, FSA, FBA (born 28 June 1965) is a Canadian-born archaeologist and academic specialising in the medieval period, whose career has been spent in the United Kingdom. She is Professor of Archaeology and Dean of Research at the University of Reading.

Early life and education
Gilchrist was born on 28 June 1965 in Canada. She moved to the UK in 1982 to study archaeology at the University of York. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1986 and a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in 1990. Her doctoral thesis was titled "The archaeology of female piety: gender, ideology and material culture in later medieval England (c. 1050–1550)".

Academic career
Gilchrist began her academic career in 1990, when she became a lecturer at University of East Anglia. In 1996, she moved to the University of Reading to take up the position of Professor of Archaeology. She was previously the Head of School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science. Since 2015, she has been Dean of Research for Heritage and Creativity.

In addition to her university work, she has held a number of positions. From 1993 to 2005, she was the consultant archaeologist to Norwich Cathedral. From 1997 to 2006, she was Editor of World Archaeology, an academic journal specialising in all aspects of archaeology. She served as president of the Society for Medieval Archaeology from 2004 to 2007.

She specialises in the archaeology of the medieval period in the UK, especially in relation to the archaeology of religion, and the archaeology of gender.

Gilchrist is a member of the Antiquity Trust, which supports the publication of the archaeology journal Antiquity.

Honours
In 2002, Gilchrist was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA). In 2008, she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). Also in 2008, she won the Society for Medieval Archaeology's Martyn Jope Award for "the best novel interpretation, application of analytical method or presentation of new findings" published in that year's volume of Medieval Archaeology.

In February 2016, Gilchrist won the "Archaeologist of the Year" award in the Current Archaeology Awards, which are voted for by the public, and recognise people who have made outstanding contributions to archaeology. In 2018 she was elected an Honorary Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge.

Books
(Edited with H. Mytum) The Archaeology of Rural Monasteries. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (BAR 203), 1989
(With M. Oliva) Religious Women in Medieval East Anglia. Norwich: Centre of East Anglian Studies, 1993
(Edited with H. Mytum) Advances in Monastic Archaeology: Conference on urban monasteries. Oxford: Tempus Reperatum, 1993
Gender and Material Culture: the archaeology of religious women. London: Routledge, 1994
Contemplation and Action: the other monasticism. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1995
Gender and Archaeology: Contesting the Past. London: Routledge, 1999
(Edited with D. Gaimster) The Archaeology of Reformation. London: Maneys, 2003
(With B. Sloane) Requiem: the Medieval Monastic Cemetery in Britain. London: Museum of London Archaeological Service, 2005
Norwich Cathedral Close: the Evolution of the English Cathedral Landscape. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2005
Medieval Life: Archaeology and the Life Course. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2012
(With C. Green) Glastonbury Abbey: archaeological investigations 1904-79, 2015
Sacred Heritage: Monastic Archaeology, Identities, Beliefs, Cambridge University Press, 2020,

References

External links

Profile page at Reading University

Canadian archaeologists
Canadian women archaeologists
Alumni of the University of York
Academics of the University of Reading
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
1965 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian women scientists
Fellows of the British Academy
British women historians
21st-century Canadian women scientists
Medieval archaeologists


The Passerelle Simone-de-Beauvoir (initially known by the provisional name of passerelle Bercy-Tolbiac) is a bridge solely for pedestrians and cyclists across the Seine River in Paris. It is the 37th bridge on the Seine in Paris. It is located between the bridges of Pont de Bercy and Pont de Tolbiac and links up the 12th and 13th arrondissements of Paris. Its nearest Paris Metro station is Quai de la Gare.

History

The central span of the bridge (named the peltinée by its architects, Feichtinger Architectes, under Dietmar Feichtinger) is made of steel, weighs , is  long and  wide. The span was constructed by the Eiffel company (Eiffel Constructions métalliques) in the Alsace and was transported by canal, the North Sea, the English Channel and French rivers (with difficulties due to sluices being too narrow) to its destination, crossing Paris on a barge on November 30, 2005. It was hoisted in place in two hours on January 29, 2006, around three o'clock in the morning. The passerelle is characteristic of its time and distinguishes itself from the three other footbridges that already cross the Seine in Paris (Passerelle Léopold-Sédar-Senghor formerly Passerelle Solférino, Pont des Arts, and Passerelle Debilly). The geometry of its members reduces shearing. This is a lens-shaped structure. The rotational anchorage on its supports brings its structural height back down to the different levels of the quais at either end. Its five crossings pass over the river without supports in water. It rejoins the streets on the high bank (directly into the parvise of the Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand (new Bibliothèque nationale de France), on the Rive Gauche (left bank), and directly into the parc de Bercy on the Rive Droite (right bank). It has double supports on the lower banks (quai François-Mauriac on the rive gauche, and quai de Bercy on the rive droite). A protected area mid-way at the central lens allows pedestrians to shelter from rain.

In March 2005, Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, proposed naming it "Passerelle Simone de Beauvoir" and inaugurated the bridge on July 13, 2006, with de Beauvoir's adoptive daughter Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir in attendance.

Timeline
 September 2004: network deviation
 October 2004: foundations laid
 2005 - 2006: links set up one by one
 June 2006: dynamic and static works
 July 2006: inaugurated and opened to the public

Gallery

See also
List of crossings of the River Seine

Bibliography
Feichtinger Architectes, Passerelle Simone de Beauvoir, Paris, AAM Editions 2007,

External links

 Ville de Paris
 Feichtinger Architects
Architectural review and photos by a+t architecture publishers

Buildings and structures in the 12th arrondissement of Paris
Buildings and structures in the 13th arrondissement of Paris
Simone-de-Beauvoir
Simone-de-Beauvoir
Simone-de-Beauvoir
Cyclist bridges


In mathematics, the Ellis–Numakura lemma states that if S is a non-empty semigroup with a topology such that S is compact and the product is semi-continuous, then S has an idempotent element p, (that is, with pp = p).  The lemma is named after Robert Ellis and Katsui Numakura.

Applications
Applying this lemma to the Stone–Čech compactification βN of the natural numbers shows that there are idempotent elements in βN. The product on βN is not continuous, but is only semi-continuous (right or left, depending on the preferred construction, but never both).

Proof
By compactness and Zorn's Lemma, there is a minimal non-empty compact sub semigroup of S, so replacing S by this sub semi group we can assume S is minimal.
Choose p in S. The set Sp is a non-empty compact subsemigroup, so by minimality it is S and in  particular contains p, so the set of elements q with qp = p is non-empty.
The set of all elements q with qp = p is a compact semigroup, and is nonempty by the previous step, so by minimality it is the whole of S and therefore contains p. So pp = p.

References

External links
T. Tao lecture-5

Ergodic theory
General topology
Theorems in topology


Saint-Aubin-des-Landes (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Saint-Aubin-des-Landes are called saint-aubinois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Saint-Aubin-d'Aubigné (, literally Saint-Aubin of Aubigné; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Saint-Aubin-d'Aubigné are called Saint-Aubinois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Saint-Armel (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Gorpishin (, born January 20, 1970) is a Russian team handball player and Olympic champion from 2000 in Sydney.  He received a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens with the Russian national team.

He was a squad member on the Unified Team that won a gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. But he did not play in a single match and did not receive a medal.

References
 profile

1970 births
Living people
Russian male handball players
Olympic handball players for Russia
Handball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Sportspeople from Chișinău
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics


"Erase/Rewind" is a song written by Peter Svensson and Nina Persson for the Cardigans' fourth studio album, Gran Turismo (1998). The song is the album's second track and was released as its second single in January 1999, reaching number three in Iceland, number seven in Italy and the United Kingdom, and number 12 in Sweden. It was featured in the 1999 film The Thirteenth Floor during the ending credits. It was also featured in the 1999 film Never Been Kissed when Josie (Drew Barrymore) dances with her prom date Guy (Jeremy Jordan).

Critical reception
Birmingham Evening Mail wrote, "The Swedish five-piece decrease the tempo slightly for this lilting ballad which is not quite as catchy as 'My Favourite Game' - which spent a massive three months in the UK top 40 - but should still confirm the band as being back in the big time."

Music video
The official music video was directed by Swedish director Adam Berg. It features science-fiction references to Star Wars and 2001: A Space Odyssey.<ref>Henry Keazor/Thorsten Wuebbena: Video Thrills the Radio Star, Bielefeld 2011³, p. 129/140.</ref>

At least three versions of the video exist. In one version, the walls which close on the band while performing nearly crush them before a camera pointing at them shuts down. Another version shows the walls stopping and a door opening in front of them. A variant of the latter shows several clips from The Thirteenth Floor'' during the video.

The music video contains an Easter egg in braille; the title, "Erase/Rewind" is encoded on the wall in yellow dots, with "Ut" in Swedish, or out, above the door.

At the end of the video, the band members begin to destroy their musical instruments.

Credits and personnel
 Vocals: Nina Persson
 Guitar: Peter Svensson
 Bass: Magnus Sveningsson
 Keyboard: Lars-Olof Johansson
 Drums: Bengt Lagerberg
 Recorded at Country Hell, Tambourine Studios, Skurup, Sweden
 Producer: Tore Johansson
 Engineer: Tore Johansson, Janne Waldenmark
 Assistant engineer: Lars Göransson
 Audio mixing: Tore Johansson
 Mixing assistant: Jim Caruana
 Mastering by: Björn Engelmann Cutting Room Studios

Charts

Release history

References

External links
The Cardigans' official website

1998 songs
1999 singles
The Cardigans songs
Polydor Records singles
Sabrina Salerno songs
Songs written by Nina Persson
Songs written by Peter Svensson
Stockholm Records singles


Antoine-Frédéric Gresnick (2 March 1755 – 16 October 1799) was a Belgian classical composer. He was born in Liège. He studied music in Naples. By 1780 Gresnick was working in Lyons and, after visiting Berlin and London, he moved in 1794 to Paris where he died in 1799. He is chiefly remembered for writing opera buffa, of which he wrote at least twenty-three.

Famous works
Alceste, a 1786 opera
L'amour de Cythère exilé, a 1793 opera

External links

1755 births
1799 deaths
Classical-period composers
Male opera composers
Prince-Bishopric of Liège musicians
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
18th-century musicians


The Party of Danube Serbs (, ) was a Serb minority political party in Croatia. It was formed as the Serbian Radical Party of the Republic of Serbian Krajina by Rade Leskovac in the early 1990s. Following the switching of power to Croatia over the previous Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srem, the party was re-registered under its current name, with Leskovac remaining in the role of party leader. The party no longer supports the Greater Serbia concept.

Leskovac caused a controversy in 2007 when election posters featured him giving a Serbian three-fingered salute were posted around the city of Vukovar, which is considered an aggressive Serbian nationalist symbol by many ethnic Croats.

The Party was erased from Register of political parties sometime between 2012 and 2015.

See also
Serbian Radical Party

References

External links
Party of Danube Serbs at HIDRA
Party flag

Political parties established in 1998
Joint Council of Municipalities
1998 establishments in Croatia
Conservative parties in Croatia
Regionalist parties in Croatia
Serbian Radical Party
Serb political parties in Croatia
Serb nationalist parties


In parliamentary procedure, reconsideration of a motion (or reconsideration of a question) may be done on a matter previously decided. The motion to "reconsider" is used for this purpose. This motion originated in the United States and is generally not used in parliaments. A special form of this motion is reconsider and enter on the minutes.

Explanation and use

Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised

A matter that was voted on could be brought back again through the motion to reconsider. Under Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR), this motion must be made within a limited time after the action on the original motion: either on the same day or in the case of a multi-day session (such as a convention), on the next day within the session in which business is conducted.

Until the motion to reconsider is disposed of or lapses, the effect of the original vote is suspended, and no action may be taken to implement it. This is in contrast to the motion to rescind, which may be made at any later meeting, but until passed, has no effect on the original decision.

The motion to reconsider may be made only by a member who voted on the prevailing side in the original vote (such as someone who voted "yes" if the motion had passed or voted "no" if the motion was defeated). If another member disputes an assertion by the maker of the motion to reconsider that he voted on the prevailing side, the member moving to reconsider is to be believed unless the record of a roll call vote says otherwise.

The motion to reconsider is debatable to the extent that the motion being reconsidered is debatable.

The making of the motion to reconsider takes precedence over all other motions and yields to nothing. It is not, however, considered at the time it is made if other business is pending, and the timing of its consideration depends on the ranking of the motion that led to the vote to be reconsidered. If it could not be considered at the time, a member could call up the motion to reconsider when it is appropriate to do so.

Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure
The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (TSC) treats the motion to reconsider differently in the following ways.  This motion could be made by any member (not just one who voted on the prevailing side). It is debatable only as to the reasons for reconsideration, and the original motion is opened for debate only if the motion for reconsideration passes. Only votes on main motions may be reconsidered (not secondary motions). If made while other business is pending, the motion to reconsider is taken up as soon as the other business is disposed of (it does not wait for someone to call up the motion).

Legislative use
In American legislative bodies, there is a strong tradition of affirming the right to reconsider with almost no restrictions. As with the case in other assemblies, reconsideration is not allowed if another motion would accomplish the result more directly (e.g. take from the table instead of reconsidering the motion to lay on the table). It is also not possible to reconsider if vested rights have been acquired because of the action, or the subject is otherwise beyond the control or out of reach of the body taking the original action.

Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure states that there are no time limits with the motion to reconsider other than the practical limits of the item being within the reach of the assembly.

The rules in these bodies may provide that any member can make the motion to reconsider, not just someone who voted on the prevailing side (such as California Senate Rule No. 43 and New York Senate Rule No. VI).

Mason's Manual permits a member to give notice of the motion to reconsider.

In the U.S. Congress, there are specific limits to the motion to reconsider. In addition, a custom that is followed in this body is that following a vote, the Speaker or Speaker pro tempore (in the US House of Representatives) or President or Acting President pro tempore (in the US Senate) typically announces that, "without objection, the motion to reconsider is laid upon the table." Although no motion to reconsider (or to table) have actually been made, the making of this statement (unless there is objection) precludes the making of a future motion for reconsideration and makes the vote final.

Reconsider and enter on the minutes

The motion to reconsider and enter on the minutes is a special form of the motion to reconsider that automatically halts a passed motion from taking effect until it is called up at another meeting, which cannot be held on the same day. Its purpose is to delay a temporary majority from taking action on a measure until there is time to notify absent members.

This motion is needed in large societies with frequent meetings and small quorums. For example, at a long meeting, many members may have left, leaving a quorum consisting mostly of a group determined to take certain action. In this case, this motion prevents the vote on that action from becoming final.

This motion cannot be applied to motions whose object would be defeated by the delay.

Demeter's Manual notes, "If the motion to reconsider and enter a question is not called up before adjournment of the next meeting, the objectionable act then goes into effect upon adjournment. To reconsider and enter is out of order when its purpose is obviously dilatory." It is allowed to withdraw the motion to reconsider and enter before the end of the meeting in which it is made.

The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure does not have this motion.

See also
 Repeal#Parliamentary procedure
 Rethinking

References

Motions that bring a question again before the assembly


"Yes We Can" is a song produced by The Black Eyed Peas frontman will.i.am, released as promotional single on February 2, 2008.

Production
Although the lyrics are entirely quotations from Obama's concession speech in the New Hampshire presidential primary, the Obama campaign had no involvement in its production. The speech was written by then-Obama speechwriter  Jon Favreau. The viral music video, shot in a sparse black-and-white, features Obama's image in collage fashion; the performers, among them celebrities including musicians, singers and actors, echo his words in a hip-hop, call-and-response manner as his voice plays in the background. The song was produced by will.i.am, mixed by Dylan "3-D" Dresdow, and the music video was directed by Jesse Dylan, the son of singer Bob Dylan.

Release
 Since the original posting on YouTube, the video has been re-posted a number of times by other users and as of February 23, 2008, the video had been watched a combined total of more than 22 million times among all of the postings. It had also been viewed more than 4 million times on Dipdive, for a combined web total of more than 26 million viewings.  By July 22, 2008, the video had been watched over 21 million times on YouTube and other sites. The video also won will.i.am a Webby Award for "Artist of the Year".  It was criticized, however, by conservative commentators for being over-the-top and worshipful.  John Legend and will.i.am performed the song on the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention at INVESCO Field, Denver, Colorado.

Music video
The music video was released on Dipdive.com and also on YouTube.com under the username 'WeCan08'. It was honored with the first-ever Emmy Award for Best New Approaches in Daytime Entertainment. The video is a collage-style music video inspired by Barack Obama's popularization of the slogan "Yes we can", which became a secondary slogan for his campaign. During the 2008 US presidential campaign following the New Hampshire Democratic Primary, then-Senator Barack Obama, used the similar English translation of the slogan of United Farm Workers (UFW) – "Sí, se puede" (Spanish for "Yes, you can" or "Yes, it can be done") in his speech. The slogan dates back to 1972 when Cesar Chavez and the UFW's co-founder, Dolores Huerta, came up with the slogan during Chavez's 24-day fast in Phoenix, Arizona. The music video premiered on television on ABC News Now's What's the Buzz on February 1, 2008. On February 2, 2008, it was featured on the Obama campaign's community blog, and later promoted as a viral video by the campaign on its website. The clip was played prior to a February 12, 2008, campaign rally of nearly 20,000 at the Kohl Center on the campus of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The video was edited by Terence "Biff" Butler of Rock Paper Scissors, and executive producers included will.i.am, Mike Jurkovac, Fred Goldring, Jesse Dylan, Priscilla Cohen and Sheri Howell and Lilo.  Associate producers included Sean Larkin, Sarah Pantera, Carol Cohen, Steve Koskie, Wendi Morris, and Scott Spanjich. The following celebrities were featured in the video:

Scarlett Johansson - 0:05
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar - 0:21
Common - 0:23
John Legend - 0:32
Bryan Greenberg (guitar) - 0:37
Kate Walsh - 0:44
Tatyana Ali - 0:44
Harold Perrineau Jr. - 0:49
Aisha Tyler - 1:01
Samuel Page - 1:03
Enrique Murciano - 1:07  "Sí, podemos" - 1:17
Maya Rubin - 1:08  "כֵּן אָנוּ יְכוֹלִים (Ken Anu Yekholim)" (Hebrew)
Esthero - 1:10
Eric Balfour - 1:23
Nicole Scherzinger - 1:30
Taryn Manning - 1:40
Amber Valletta - 1:52
Auden McCaw (in Valetta's arms) - 1:52
Kelly Hu - 1:52

Adam Rodríguez - 1:56 "Sí se puede"
Eric Christian Olsen - 2:02
Sarah Wright - 2:02
Shoshannah Stern (American Sign Language) - 2:05
Ed Kowalczyk (guitar) - 2:19
Fonzworth Bentley (violin) - 2:38
Amaury Nolasco - 3:24
Hill Harper - 3:27
Nick Cannon - 3:36
Trott Felipe - 3:38
Herbie Hancock (piano) - 3:41
Johnathon Schaech - 3:45
Austin Nichols - 3:50
Tracee Ellis Ross - 4:00
Fred Goldring (guitar) - 4:03

Parodies

The song inspired the spoof songs "john.he.is" and "No You Can't" satirizing the Republican candidate John McCain. Another parody, created by Attack of the Show!, replaces Obama with the G.I. Joe villain Cobra Commander. It inspired yet another parody on Best Week Ever, which made fun of Lindsay Lohan for an online interview in which she both allegedly called Obama "colored" and discussed her collection of leggings. MADtv did a parody called "Yes I Can," about how North Korean dictator Kim Jong-Il (played by Bobby Lee) has the power to eventually destroy the world.

A parody of the song was made on the July 15, 2009 episode of The Chaser's War on Everything, in which a song and video was created based on Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's speeches. It also featured celebrity appearances (from the likes of Shaun Micallef, Lisa Wilkinson, Stuart MacGill, Tony Martin, Hamish Blake and Andy Lee among others).

See also

 It's a New Day (will.i.am song)

References

External links

DipDive.com

2008 singles
2008 songs
Will.i.am songs
American patriotic songs
Songs about Barack Obama
Songs written by will.i.am
Viral videos
Songs written by George Pajon


A Family Lost is a 2007 television film starring Cynthia Gibb, Nicole Muñoz, and Zak Santiago. It is about criminals who try to track a mother and diabetic daughter who survived a plane crash and carry stolen information. The film was released on March 11, 2007, and aired on the Lifetime Network. It was written by Boon Collins and Gilbert Shilton, and directed by John Fasano.

References

External links

2007 television films
2007 films
American television films
Films directed by John Fasano


The Mental Evaluation Unit (MEU), including the Systemwide Mental Assessment Response Team (SMART), is the police crisis intervention team of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), working with people suspected of having a mental illness. The MEU seeks to de-escalate situations where mentally-ill suspects are believed be involved.

Further insight relative to the MEU can be found within the following governmental publications:
 A Guide to Implementing Police-Based Diversion Programs for People with Mental Illness, by Melissa Reuland, Police Executive Research Forum – 2004
Enhancing Success of Police-Based Diversion Programs for People with Mental Illness, by Melissa Reuland and Jason Cheney, Police Executive Research Forum – May 2005
Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Improving Responses to People with Mental Illnesses, Strategies for Effective Law Enforcement Training 2008.
 Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Improving Responses to People with Mental Illnesses, The Essential Elements of a Specialized Law Enforcement–Based Program, 2008.
 Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Law Enforcement Responses to People with Mental Illness, A Guide to Research-Informed Policy and Practice, 2009.
 Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Improving Responses to People with Mental Illnesses, Tailoring Law Enforcement Initiatives to Individual Jurisdictions, 2010.
 Consent Decree Mental illness Reports.

References

External links
 Official website
 Official website content
 Consensus Project website
 Dmh.ca
 Gainscenter.samhsa.gov

Los Angeles Police Department units
Mental health organizations in the United States


Lørdagsbarnetimen ("The Saturday Children's Hour") was a children's radio programme produced by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) and broadcast every Saturday from 20 December 1924 until 11 September 2010 with a forced interruption during World War II. By the time of its final broadcast it had become the world's longest-running regular weekly radio series.

History

1924–1940
The first "Lørdagsbarnetimen", then under the name "Barnetimen", aired on 20 December 1924, broadcast by the private Kringkastingsselskapet A/S. The host was Carl Bødtker ("Uncle Bødtker")

From the beginning, the program was defined as "pure entertainment, a rest and encouragement after finishing school". The program should not be educational.

"Barnetimen" was in several ways innovative for the radio form in Norway. The first radio dramas were broadcast here, and there were debates between the participants at a time when the license conditions prohibited political content and made similar forms of program irrelevant for adults. The participants were often children, and also had a much more informal and improvisational style than in adult verbal programs, which were most often lectures.

Einar Schibbye was the host in the years before the Second World War, known as "Uncle Einar". The stories about Uncle Einar, Oscar and Spisskammeret, or the meetings between Uncle Einar, Kallemann, Amandus and Aunt Amalie (the last characters had been created in collaboration with Sverres Erichsen in Schibbye's NRK period in Bergen) became institutions on the radio.

Schibbye's imagination took the children on adventures with the most incredible plots, often with a certain technological touch. With his personal leadership, regular features and numerous unconventional sets to activate the listeners, Schibbye made Barnetimen a forerunner of the magazine programs in the 1960s.

1945–1999
The first years after the war were characterized by a shortage of resources. Barnetimen was first designed as a family program, which the head of NRK's newly established children and youth department Lauritz Johnson from 1946 immediately took up and turned into a children's program. He took over as leader of Barnetimen, which then had airtime at 18 o'clock. As the program manager for Barnetimen, he eventually became known as the whole of Norway's "Uncle Lauritz". He made sure to build up the department with its own choir, orchestra and weekly radio drama. Sonni Holtedahl Larsen became «Aunt Sonni».

The lyric of the legendary theme song "Now comes the children's hour (hush, hush, hush, be quiet as a mouse)" was written by the artist, author and songwriter Thorbjørn Egner in 1950. The melody is "The Shoemaker Boy" (Skomagerdrengen), composed by Eric Christiansen and Vilfred Kjær for the first Danish all-night cartoon Fyrtøjet, in 1946. The theme song was re-recorded in 1992 with the Broadcasting Orchestra and the Silver Boys choir in an arrangement by the composer Rolf Wallin.

The program item "Barnetimeboka" (Children's hours book) was an author relay in which an author wrote the first chapter of a story to which the listeners then submitted text suggestions for new chapters, often together with drawings. All contributions were awarded, and the result of the best contributions came in book form, where part of the profit from book sales went to a good cause that the children had voted for. One of the books, Toya, was filmed with the then popular child star Magne Ove «Spurven» Larsen in the role of Trygve. In 2003, "Barnetimeboka" had its 50th anniversary.

Among the host's after Lauritz Johnson and Sonni Holtedahl Larsen are Helge Sverre Nesheim, Ragnhild Knagenhjelm, Ingrid Boman, Knut Røe, Frank Nordli and Jon Roar Tønnesen (permanent technician and co-host), Svein Tore Andersen, Frank Tangen , Arnfinn Christensen (permanent technician and co-creators), Jon Henriksen, Birgitte Gjestvang, Hege Omre, Webjørn S. Espeland , Vera Michaelsen and Marianne Furevold.

The age difference between large and small children meant that "Barnetimen" for the little ones, which originally began in 1947 as "inspiration for today's play", also had its own reading series for small children with Thorbjørn Egner from 1951.

In 1953, 94% of Norway's children listened to Lørdagsbarnetimen.

2000–2010
The program was still very popular in the 2000s, with an average of 331,000 listeners every Saturday in the first four months of 2009. But only eight percent of the target group, who were children between three and eleven years old, listened to the "Saturday children's hour". Nine out of ten listeners were adults, as many as 80% of the listeners were 45 years or older, and half were over 60 years old.

NRK never marked that "Barnetimen" was closed down. The closure was referred to as "program reorganization", and the last program went on the air on September 11, 2010.

References

External links

1924 radio programme debuts
2010 radio programme endings
Children's radio programs
NRK radio programs


Aleksandr Arkadyevich Tuchkin (born 15 July 1964) is a Russian team handball player and Olympic champion from 2000 in Sydney.  He received a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens with the Russian national team.

He participated on the Soviet team that won gold medals at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lviv
Soviet male handball players
Russian male handball players
Olympic handball players for Russia
Handball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic handball players for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Belarusian male handball players
Goodwill Games medalists in handball
Goodwill Games gold medalists
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Russian handball coaches
Expatriate handball players
Soviet expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Belarusian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games


James Murrell "Jake" Jones (November 23, 1920 – December 13, 2000) was a first baseman in Major League Baseball who played between  and  for the Chicago White Sox (1941–42, 1946–47) and Boston Red Sox (1947–48). Listed at 6'3", 197 lb., Jones batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Epps, Louisiana.

Career
Jones was a highly decorated World War II veteran. He played 10 games in the American League for Chicago, in part of two seasons, before enlisting in the United States Navy right after Pearl Harbor attack. He joined the service on June 30, 1942, becoming an aviator. In November 1943 he was assigned to the unit on the USS Yorktown (CV-10), flying Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters.

Between November and December 1944, Jones destroyed two Japanese A6M Zero and damaged one of them. On February 1, 1945, he shot down another three Zeroes while serving on a mission at northeast of Tokyo, to give him five confirmed victories. A day later, he annihilated other Zero and a Nakajima Ki-43. Then, on February 25 he received a half-share of a probable Ki-43.

For his heroic action, Jones was awarded the Silver Star, two Distinguished Flying Cross and four Air Medals.

Following his service discharge, Jones returned to play for Chicago in 1946. During the 1947 midseason he was dealt to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for Rudy York, batting a combined .237 with 19 home runs and 96 RBI that season. He hit .200 in 36 games for Boston in 1948, his last major league season, and finished his baseball career in 1949, dividing his playing time between the Texas League and American Association.

Jones died in his hometown of Epps, Louisiana at age 80.

References
Baseball in Wartime

Boston Red Sox players
Chicago White Sox players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Baseball players from Louisiana
People from West Carroll Parish, Louisiana
1920 births
2000 deaths
United States Navy pilots of World War II
United States Navy officers
Recipients of the Air Medal
American World War II flying aces


The Bristol Omnibus Company was a dominant bus operator in Bristol, and was one of the oldest bus companies in the United Kingdom. It ran buses over a wide area of Gloucestershire, Somerset, Wiltshire and neighbouring counties.

History

Early history
The Bristol Omnibus Company traces its origins to 1875, when George White formed the Bristol Tramways Company and began a horse drawn service in Bristol from Upper Maudlin Street to Blackboy Hill. In 1887 the Bristol Tramways Company merged with the Bristol Cab Company to form the Bristol Tramways & Carriage Company.

In 1887, the company began a horse-bus service to Clifton, and later started several more horse-bus services to complement the tramways. In 1892, the Imperial Tramways Company moved its headquarters from London to Bristol. White and the senior management team of Bristol Tramways also ran Imperial Tramways, though they remained separate companies.

In 1895, the company began to operate electric trams, and in 1906 introduced motor buses on the route between the Centre and Clifton. Rapid expansion of its bus services followed, in both Bristol and the surrounding country areas. The company opened branches in Bath in 1909, Weston-super-Mare in 1910, Cheltenham in 1912 and Gloucester in 1913. In 1912 the company also bought the Clifton Rocks Railway, which closed in 1934. After World War I more branches were opened in Swindon (1921), Wells (1922) and Coleford (1924).

The company was not satisfied with the performance of the first buses it bought, and in 1908 began the manufacture of its own buses. The company soon began to sell its buses to other operators. For 75 years, Bristol buses were widely used in the United Kingdom, and were also exported to many countries.

The Bristol scroll logo was adopted from the Bristol Aeroplane Company (a company that had been set up by White) to commemorate the building of Bristol Fighters at the Tramways Brislington Works during World War I.

In 1928, the company acquired control of another Bristol company, Greyhound Motors, which had started the first long-distance coach service between Bristol and London in 1925. The company continued to operate its coach services under the Greyhound name until 1972.

In 1929, the White family sold its controlling interest to the Great Western Railway, but by 1932 the railway sold its interest to the Western National Omnibus Company, half owned by the GWR and half by the Tilling Group. In 1932, the railway transferred some of its bus services to the company, in the Swindon and Weston-super-Mare areas and the service between Cheltenham and Oxford.

In 1930, the company sold its taxicab operations, which it had run since 1887, first with horses and from 1910 with motors.

Outside Bristol the company had operated a mostly rural bus network, but in 1936 the company took over the city bus services in Gloucester and later that year took over the two companies operating trams and buses in the city of Bath, including Bath Electric Tramways Company.

In Bristol, the Corporation had the power to purchase the Bristol tramways. The option was never exercised, but led in 1937 to the formation of Bristol Joint Services, a joint undertaking between the company and the Corporation which controlled Bristol's city buses (and initially also its trams) until 1978. The difference between the two operations was not generally apparent to the public as the same livery was used, differing only in the fleetname detail. Furthermore, there were regular loans of vehicles between the two organisations, and the fleet was numbered in a common series.

In 1941, the last of Bristol's trams ceased operation, and from then on the company only operated buses and coaches – although it kept the Bristol Tramways name for some years.

Nationalisation
After World War II, the new Attlee government took steps to nationalise much of the country's transport industry. As a result, in 1948 the Tilling Group sold its bus interests to the government, and Bristol Tramways became a state-owned company, under the control of the British Transport Commission. Its chassis-building operation proved especially useful and, with the nationalisation of Eastern Coach Works of Lowestoft, enabled complete buses, coaches (and even some lorry tractor-units for British Road Services and two railbuses for British Railways) to be built solely for the State sector.

The new regime resulted in some rationalisation of the company's area of operations. Two other companies, Red & White and Western National, both also now state-owned, ran buses in the Stroud area of Gloucestershire, and those operations were transferred to Bristol Tramways in 1950. The company was also given control of Cheltenham District Traction, originally a Red & White operation, which ran local bus services in Cheltenham. In return, Bristol Tramways gave up its bus operations in the Forest of Dean.

The 1950s were the peak years of the company's operations. It ran over 1,200 buses in an area stretching from Hereford to Salisbury and from Oxford to Bridgwater. From 1950 (when the company acquired the independent Dundry Pioneer), until 1966 (when the Severn Bridge opened and Red & White started routes to Bristol), the company had a total monopoly of bus operations in Bristol, Bath, North Somerset and much of Gloucestershire. On 1 January 1955, the bus manufacturing operation was separated into another company, Bristol Commercial Vehicles Limited. In 1957, Bristol Tramways finally recognised reality and changed its name to the Bristol Omnibus Company Limited. The company opened Bristol bus station in Marlborough Street in 1958, and Bath bus station in Manvers Street in the same year.

In 1963, the company attracted national attention when its operation of a colour bar, denying employment to non-white bus crews resulted in a 60-day boycott, led by youth worker Paul Stephenson. After a bitter campaign the company finally climbed down and started to employ black and Asian crews in September of that year.

The 1960s and 1970s were years of declining bus usage, and the company struggled to make profits in the face of rising costs and falling revenues. Successive governments changed the structure of the state-owned bus sector. On 1 January 1963, Bristol Omnibus Company was included in the transfer of the British Transport Commission's transport assets to the state-owned Transport Holding Company, which in turn passed to the state-owned National Bus Company on 1 January 1969. In 1970, the operations of Western National in the Trowbridge area were transferred to Bristol Omnibus.

Privatisation

On 11 September 1983, the National Bus Company split the operation in two, with the Cheltenham & Gloucester Omnibus Company taking the services in Cheltenham, Gloucester, Stroud and Swindon. The remainder stayed with the existing Bristol Omnibus Company divided into two business units: Citybus services for services within Bristol, and Bristol Country Bus for services in Bath, Somerset and Wiltshire. In April 1985, Bristol Country Bus was rebranded as Badgerline and in 1986 its assets were transferred to a separate legal entity and privatised in September 1986 in a management buyout. Also in 1986, the Cheltenham & Gloucester Omnibus Company was sold to its management, trading as Western Travel, who, in 1993, sold it to Stagecoach.

The stub of the original company, now confined to city services in and around Bristol, traded under the City Line brand from 1985. In September 1987, the company was sold to Midland Red West, another privatised bus company which had been bought by its management the year before.  In April 1988, Midland Red West was itself sold to Badgerline, returning the two parts of the former company to common ownership.

Subsequent history
Bristol Omnibus was included in the June 1995 merger of Badgerline with GRT Group to form FirstBus.  The Bristol Omnibus name had fallen out of operational use for some time, as FirstBus rolled out its corporate identity to its subsidiaries. Bristol Omnibus Company eventually changed its legal name to First Bristol Buses Limited in 1999. The company was renamed again to First Somerset & Avon Limited in 2003, and to First West of England Limited in 2017.  Under that name it is now the First company operating in Bristol, Bath, North Somerset, South Gloucestershire and West Wiltshire, but it remains the same legal entity incorporated on 1 October 1887.

Archives
The records of Bristol Omnibus Company are held by Bristol Archives (Ref. 39735) (online catalogue), along with the personal papers of George White (Ref. 35810) (online catalogue).

See also
Buses in Bristol
Bristol Bus Boycott
List of bus operators of the United Kingdom

References

Sources

External links

Defunct companies based in Bristol
History of Bristol
1887 establishments in England
Former bus operators in Bristol
Former bus operators in Somerset
Former bus operators in Wiltshire


Dipdive was a social networking website created by will.i.am. It is best known as the original source site of the 'Yes We Can' music video. The site allowed users to upload images, videos and audio files, post blog entries and create playlists. Dipdive was home to a variety of creative content and information on social causes.

The website was shut down at some time in 2013 and its domain was redirected to will.i.am's homepage. When asked about it in an interview with Fortune, will.i.am responded with "Ehh, I don’t want to do it anymore. I have something else I’m doing", insisting that "Dipdive wasn’t a failure" as the source code could potentially be reused in the future.

History
The site launched in an early Beta state when will.i.am launched the Barack Obama U.S. presidential election anthem video for 'Yes We Can' on February 2, 2008 and the video for We Are the Ones on February 29, 2008. 'It's a New Day' was subsequently uploaded to the site. The official launch of the full feature site was October 15, 2008 when Dipdive.com launched along with the UK release of will.i.am's third studio album, Songs About Girls. The site was created and is maintained by Dipdive LLC.

On February 22, 2009, will.i.am uploaded the full version of the previously-leaked 'Boom Boom Pow' (which would become a #1 hit) to the website and revealed that the Black Eyed Peas' official website would redirect to the new Black Eyed Peas channel on Dipdive.
Almost a year after will.i.am's last song for Barack Obama, he posted a song along with a blog on his profile about his opinion of Obama's reaction to Kanye West's controversy of Taylor Swift. The song was entitled 'The Jackass Song'.

Profiles
Each user had a profile page with a blog, media player and photo album. Users could choose a theme to personalize their profile, and subscribe to their favorite Dipdive Channels. A list of media (audio, video, pictures) added by the user's favorite Channels and friends was displayed in their profile. Users could befriend other Dipdive users and send private messages and webcam recordings. Users could opt to get notifications of content updates from their subscribed Channels and friends. Users could comment on content throughout the website.

Importing from other websites
After it was said that the Black Eyed Peas website would be closing, Dipdive allowed members to import their blogs, pictures and comments (from Dipdive members who had also imported data) from the Black Eyed Peas website.

Dipdive allowed users to show their latest Facebook status and Twitter 'tweet' on the "What's Up?" section of their profile and log in with their Facebook or Twitter credentials.

Channels
Channels were pages specially featured on Dipdive with their own themes. They had 'fans' who added them to their favorite channels. Some Channels included forums. There were once 42 channels on Dipdive, some of them belonging to The Black Eyed Peas, Kero One, Natalia Kills K'Naan and Kimberly Wyatt, former member of the Pussycat Dolls.

On mobile phones
Dipdive was sponsored by BlackBerry and its mobile application was only available for BlackBerry OS. The application required a microSD card to play video.

However, the Dipdive mobile website could be accessed on other mobile phones.

Exclusive to Dipdive
Some Channels and web series were featured exclusively on Dipdive.

DailyDips
The DailyDips Channel hosted a news web series. Each episode contained 2-5 headlines of events (originally 7); they were formerly often made to be humorous. It was originally hosted by Michelle Joan Papillion and then hosted by various hosts including Raquelle Gracie, a former member of the girl group, Hope who auditioned for the fourth series of The X Factor. In 2010, DailyDips introduced a new format with a different topic each day of the week: DipComedy Monday, New Music Tuesday, Fashion, Art & Philanthropy Wednesday, Sporting Thursday and Feature Film Friday. Several new hosts covered different days or multiple days, including Lilan, Vanessa, Rana, Milan and Michelle. In 2011, a new host joined the roster: Corey Conrad.

Shrink Rap
Shrink Rap was a web series where the host asked celebrity and artist guests to guess what a certain image was. It launched on the DailyDips (formerly DipApproved) Channel.

Dippin on the Streets
Dippin on the Streets was a web series where the hosts attended events and festivals. It launched on the DailyDips (formerly DipApproved) Channel and on the DipComedy Channel.

Beautiful Movements
Beautiful Movements was a Dipdive Channel founded by Kimberly Wyatt; it was redirected from 'beautifulmovements.com'. Wyatt stated, "www.beautifulmovements.com is a place for self-expression where people listen, relate, and learn about self worth. Together we encourage growth through love, compassion, and positive action. Through poetry, song, art, dance, and ultimately being self-expressed we open ourselves to a world of possibilities. Nobody on this Earth can make you happy but yourself. So dive into a journey of self-discovery and be the change you wish to see in the world." The channel included a forum.

Worlds on Fire
Worlds on Fire was an art exhibition that took place from February 2 to February 9, 2009. The gallery featured portraits of 2009 Grammy nominees drawn by Lowbrow pop surrealism artists. After the event finished, the art, along with video footage including interviews with various celebrities, was uploaded to the 'Worlds on Fire' Dipdive Channel.

Who Killed the Music?
Who Killed the Music was another Dipdive-sponsored art exhibition that took place at The Grammy Museum in Los Angeles on 24 January 2010. Money was raised for the Grammy Foundation and will.i.am's i.am Scholarship Fund. A number of pop artists created original paintings with their interpretations of the cause of why the music industry was dying or who was 'killing it' (excelling despite the industry's downturn). The art was on display at the exhibition and on Dipdive.

In other media
The Dipdive homepage is seen on portable devices in The Black Eyed Peas music video for 'I Gotta Feeling'.
Lyrics in 'Now Generation' by The Black Eyed Peas make a reference to Dipdive.
A video interface screen from Dipdive is seen in the beginning of will.i.am's music video for 'It's a New Day'.
A video promoting Dipdive and will.i.am's music was preloaded on BlackBerry smartphones around 2010.

References

Blog hosting services
Defunct social networking services
Video hosting
Internet properties established in 2007
Internet properties disestablished in 2013


The Atlantic Basin Iron Works was a ship repair and conversion facility that operated in Brooklyn, New York, from the late 19th to the mid-20th century. It converted numerous ships to military use in World War II.

Founded before 1910, the yard had its headquarters at 18–20 Summit Street. By 1920, the yard was known for its construction and repair of oil-fired boilers, diesel engines, and refrigeration units.

In World War II the company specialized in ship conversion and repair, and like most US shipyards at the time, it was heavily contracted for work by the United States Army, United States Navy and United States Maritime Commission.

In 1941–42 the company converted the 9,300-ton passenger and cargo steamship Rio Parana into the British Royal Navy escort carrier .

The company's owner, Bernard A. Moran, was strongly anti-union and had defied attempts by the CIO's Marine and Shipbuilding Workers Union to secure a contract with the company since November 1938. His approach became problematic in the war after President Franklin D. Roosevelt's War Labor Board ordered Moran under its broad war powers to sign a union security (maintenance-of-membership) contract. In spite of warnings that he might lose all his government contracts or have his company seized, Moran remained intransigent, and after three months of legal wrangling, the government made good on its threat and seized the company in September 1943, taking direct control of its management.

In 1947–48 the shipyard converted the  troopship USAT Brazil back into the Moore-McCormack Lines ocean liner . It was the largest peacetime conversion the yard had yet undertaken, and cost $9 million.

The western part of the site was used later for the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal.

Notes

References

Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United States
Companies based in Brooklyn
Transportation in New York (state)
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York City


HMS Falmouth was a 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line built for Royal Navy in the 1690s. The ship participated in several battles during the Nine Years' War of 1688–97 and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1715), including the action of August 1702. She was captured by the French in 1704.

Description
Falmouth had a length at the gundeck of  and  at the keel. She had a beam of , and a depth of hold of . The ship's tonnage was 610  tons burthen. Records of Falmouths original armament have not survived, but one of her sister ships was armed with 21 culverins, 18 eight-pounder cannon and 10 minions while another had 22 twelve-pounder guns, 22 six-pounder guns and 6 minions in 1696. In 1703, her armament consisted of 22 twelve-pounder guns on the lower gundeck and 22 six-pounder guns on the upper deck. On the quarterdeck were 8 six-pounder guns with another pair on the forecastle. The ship had a crew of 160–230 officers and ratings.

Construction and career
Falmouth was the second ship in the Royal Navy to be named after the eponymous port. The ship was ordered on 1 January 1693 and contracted out to Edward Snelgrove in Limehouse. She was launched on 25 June 1693 and commissioned that same year.

The ship took part in the action of August 1702 and on the fourth and fifth days of the battle supported Admiral John Benbow's attacks when other members of the squadron failed to do so. On 4 August 1704 she was attacked by two French privateers. There was a vigorous exchange of fire during which Falmouths captain, Thomas Kenney, was killed. Falmouth was then surrendered to the French.

See also
List of ships captured in the 18th century

Notes

References

 Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. .

 Winfield, Rif (2009) British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603–1714: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. .

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships


Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir is the adopted daughter of Simone de Beauvoir. She is a philosophy professor.  The meeting between the two women was recounted in the book Tout compte fait, which Simone de Beauvoir dedicated to Le Bon.

Le Bon was one of the women that de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre cared and provided for. Sylvie Le Bon and Simone de Beauvoir met in 1960, when Le Bon was 19 and de Beauvoir was 52.

De Beauvoir legally adopted Le Bon in 1980, making her the sole executor of her will.

After the death of Simone de Beauvoir in 1986, Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir published several volumes of letters:

Lettres à Sartre - an anthology of the letters between Simone de Beauvoir and Sartre
Lettres à Nelson Algren
Correspondance croisée (Simone de Beauvoir and Jacques-Laurent Bost)
Anne, ou quand prime le spirituel (republication of Simone's first novel)

References

Contributeurs à Wikipedia, "Sylvie Le Bon de Beauvoir," Wikipedia, http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylvie_Le_Bon_de_Beauvoir&oldid=37383641 (Page consultée le janvier 25, 2009).

French philosophers
Living people
Simone de Beauvoir
Year of birth missing (living people)
French women philosophers
20th-century French women writers
20th-century French writers
Women anthologists


The  Czar Peter House () is a historical building in Zaandam, the Netherlands. It is best known as the place where Tsar Peter I of Russia resided in 1697 during his Grand Embassy. The building was constructed in 1632.

Peter had met the Zaandam blacksmith and craftsman Gerrit Kist when Kist had worked for the tsar in Moscow. Upon visiting the Zaanstreek, Peter insisted on staying with Kist in his home, despite Kist's protests that his house was a mere hovel, shared with the widow of one of his workers. The widow was paid to move out, and Peter spent a week as Kist's houseguest. The tsar was traveling incognito under the name Peter Michaeloff and while Kist did not reveal his guest's identity it did not take long for Peter to be recognized, making his observations difficult.

Peter wanted to learn more about the Dutch shipbuilding industry, and with this knowledge (and other knowledge acquired during the Grand Embassy) begin a period of modernization and growth in Russia. At this time, the Dutch Republic was one of the most developed countries in the world.

Although he remained at the house only a short time, he would return a number of times, the last in 1717.

In 1895, a new stone cover was built over the house to protect it; this was done by the architect Salm, best known for designing the Artis Aquarium in Amsterdam. The cover was added to the list of national monuments in 2001, meaning that the Czar Peter House is actually on the list twice, once for the original building and once for the renovation.

The house is part of the Zaans Museum and can be visited.

References

External links
 Czar Peter House on the website of the Zaans Museum

1632 establishments in the Dutch Republic
Foreign relations of the Dutch Republic
Houses in the Netherlands
Houses completed in 1632
Netherlands–Russia relations
Rijksmonuments in North Holland
Peter the Great
Zaandam


SAE J1269 is a standard test defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers to measure the rolling resistance of tires under conditions of thermal equilibrium.   SAE J2452 is an alternative procedure for measuring rolling resistance under conditions similar to a vehicle coastdown event, where the tire is in a roughly isothermal condition (but not thermal equilibrium).

The rolling resistance coefficient (RRC) thus measured indicates the proportion of energy that is lost to the hysteresis of the material as the tire rolls.

References

Tires


SAE J2452 is a standard defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers to measure the rolling resistance of tires.  Where the older standard, SAE J1269, produces measurements of rolling resistance under steady-state (i.e. thermally equilibrated) operating conditions, SAE J2452 produces measurements during a transient history of speed that is intended to mimic a vehicle coastdown event.  During the SAE J2452 test, the tire is not in thermal equilibrium, but the coastdown event is rapid enough that the tire operates at a roughly iso-thermal condition.

Either procedure may be used to investigate the effects of different vehicle loads (weight), tire pressures and vehicle speeds.

The rolling resistance coefficient (RRC) indicates the amount of force required to overcome the hysteresis of the material as the tire rolls. Tire pressure, vehicle weight and velocity all play a role in how much force is lost to rolling resistance.

The basic model equation for SAE J2452 is:

Rolling Resistance ( N / Lbs) = Pα Zβ (a + bV + cV2)

where:

P is the tire inflation pressure ( kPa / psi)
Z is the applied load for vehicle weight ( N  /Lbs)
V is the vehicle speed ( km/h / mph)
alpha, beta, a, b, c are the coefficients for the model.

The units of the coefficients are matched to the units used in the model, i.e. ( metric / Imperial)

References

Tires
Automotive standards


Aniz Abraão David (Rio de Janeiro, 7 June 1937), better known as Anísio, is an illegal lottery operator (bicheiro) and the honorary president of the samba school Beija-Flor in Nilópolis. He has been the president of the Independent League of Samba Schools of Rio de Janeiro (LIESA) from 1985-1987.

Bicheiro
Anísio controlled the game in Nilópolis and the Baixada Fluminense. He was found guilty by judge Denise Frossard in 1993 of involvement in the Jogo do Bicho, along with 13 other bicho bankers such as Castor de Andrade and Capitão Guimarães. They were found responsible for at least 53 deaths. They were sentenced to six years each, the maximum sentence for racketeering. But in December 1996 they were all back on the streets, granted parole or clemency.

His family has significant political power in Nilópolis. His brother Farid Abraão David was the mayor of the city from 2001 to 2008 and again from 2017 to 2020. One of his nephews, , and a cousin, Simão Sessim, served on the Chamber of Deputies.

Fixing the 2007 Carnival
Anísio and other bicheiros Antonio Petrus Kalil, or Turcão, and Capitão Guimarães were among 24 people arrested on April 12, 2007, for alleged involvement with illegal numbers games, bingo parlors and the distribution of slot machines. Raids by the Federal Police have uncovered big payoffs to judges, police officers, prosecutors and lawyers from the bosses who run the game. Mounds of documents have been seized and US$6 million in cash has been confiscated.

One of the charges was that bicheiros fixed the results of Rio de Janeiro's 2007 carnival parade. Press reports suggest that Anísio, the president of Beija-Flor that won the competition, used bribes and a hitman to buy and intimidate members of the carnival jury. According to extracts from a federal police report "some individuals who worked as carnival jurors and refused to accept benefits from Anisio were threatened or had their relatives threatened with death if the Beija-Flor school did not win the 2007 carnival".

New arrest and conviction
He was released while appealing for a habeas corpus, but arrested again on January 11, 2012, for driving while accompanied by an armed security gang. Police were also investigating him for money-laundering. His detention followed a previous failed attempt in which a police helicopter swooped on his penthouse in Copacabana while he was out.

On March 13, 2012, he was sentenced to 48 years in prison and a fine of BRL 11 million (about USD 6 million) for formation of armed gangs, money laundering, smuggling and corruption, together with other bicho bosses Capitão Guimarães and Antônio Petrus Kalil. The sentence was annulled by the Supreme Federal Court, but in December 2012 Anísio, Capitão Guimarães, Kalil and 19 others were again convicted by the Criminal Court in Rio de Janeiro. Anísio was sentenced to 47 years and 9 months for conspiracy and corruption. The judge's sentence said that the bicheiros' criminal organisation had "an intense connection with the state, through the bribing of public officials, including in the police and the judiciary, and even with the political system, through the financing of political campaigns."

References

Bicheiros
Rio Carnival
Living people
1937 births
People convicted of money laundering


is a town located in Kumage District, Kagoshima, Japan. The town is on the island of Yakushima and Kuchinoerabujima.

History
On October 1, 2007, the town was formed by the merger of the towns of Kamiyaku and Yaku, both from Kumage District.

Geography
Major settlements of the island are the port towns of Anbō and Miyanoura. Other settlements are the coastal villages of Hiranai, Kuriobashi, Nagata, Okonotaki and the abandoned forest village of Kosugidani. Among the localities, there are the gorges of Shiratani Unsui, Arakawa, Yakushima Airport, Kigensugi and Yakusugi.

Demographics
As of 2008, the town has an estimated population of 13,486 and the density of 24.9 persons per km2. The total area is 540.98 km2.

Transport
Yakushima Airport serves Yakushima. There are also hydrofoils and ferries serving the island. Kuchinoerabujima is accessible by a municipal ferry. Inside the island there is a forest railway, the Anbō Forest Railway.

Education
High schools
Kagoshima Prefectural Yakushima High School
Yakushima Ōzora High School (correspondence course high school)
 Junior high schools
Anbō Junior High School
Gakunan Junior High School
Issō Junior High School
Kanadake Junior High School
Koseda Junior High School
Miyaura Junior High School
Nagata Junior High School
Elementary schools
Anbō Elementary School
Hachiman Elementary School
Issō Elementary School
Kamiyama Elementary School
Kanadake Elementary School
Koseda Elementary School
Kurio Elementary School
Miyaura Elementary School
Nagata Elementary School

Climate

Image

References

External links

 Yakushima official website

Towns in Kagoshima Prefecture


Paul Guy Pearson (December 5, 1926 – August 12, 2000) was an American academic, who served as president of Miami University and as acting president of Rutgers University. He came to Miami University after serving as executive vice president at Rutgers.

Biography

Pearson was born and educated in Lake Worth, Florida on December 5, 1926. Dr. Pearson received his bachelor's degree in 1949, Masters in 1951, and Ph.D. in 1954; all from the University of Florida.

Pearson began his academic career as an Assistant Professor at the University of Tulsa in 1954. From 1960 to 1981, he was a zoology professor at Rutgers, also serving as Associate Provost from 1972 to 1977, and Executive Vice President from 1977 to 1981.

In 1981 Pearson was made the President of Miami University. He served as the head of this institution until 1992.

Pearson died on August 12, 2000, in Oxford, Ohio.

Legacy
Pearson Hall on the Miami University campus is named in his honor.

References

External links

Info on Dr. Pearson
NY Times info on Dr. Pearson

1926 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American zoologists
University of Florida alumni
Presidents of Miami University
Rutgers University faculty
Burials at Oxford Cemetery, Oxford, Ohio
Fellows of the Ecological Society of America
20th-century American academics


"The Generation Gap" is a song by Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus. It was released in December 1988 and peaked at number 50 on the ARIA Charts.

In June 2000, Dave Faulkner said "... we persuaded Rick Grossman to join, contributing his tremendous bass skills ... Almost immediately we were in the studio recording a single-only release 'The Generation Gap', a song originally recorded by Jeannie C. Riley (of "Harper Valley PTA" fame). I changed a couple of lines to suit myself but the ones about grown-ups getting stoned were from the original.".

Track listing
7" single (RCA Victor – 104977)
 "The Generation Gap" (Charlie Craig, Betty Craig, Jim Hayner) — 3:40
 "Jungle Bells" (Faulkner) — 3:36

Personnel
Credits
 Dave Faulkner — lead vocals, guitar
 Richard Grossman — bass, backing vocals
 Mark Kingsmill — drums
 Brad Shepherd — guitar, backing vocals

Charts

References

1970 singles
1988 singles
Hoodoo Gurus songs
Songs written by Charlie Craig
Jeannie C. Riley songs
1970 songs
RCA Records singles


Eselsburg Castle () is a levelled castle located above the town of Herbrechtingen in the Heidenheim district of Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

Location
The castle is located about 50 m above the valley floor, above the Eselsburg section of Herbrechtingen.  The central keep is located on the edge of a steep rock cliff (521 m above sea level) that projects up from the valley floor.  A semi-circular trench protects the castle on the other side.

History
The Eselsburg was built around 1200 as the home of the ministeriales or unfree knights of the Graf or Baron von Dillingen.  It is likely that an earlier castle foundation was reused to build the castle.  In 1244 a knight named Gerwig (Gerwicus) von Eselsburg is mentioned in a document.  In 1270, Rudolf von Eselsburg served the Graf Ulrich II. von Helfenstein.  In 1284 another Gerwig von Eselsburg entered the service of the Bishop of Augsburg.  Then, in 1343 the Eselsburger sold their castle and property in Herbrechtingen.

The castle then passed through several owners in the next century.  In 1385 Wilhelm von Riedheim acquired the land.  In 1414 Heinrich von Bopfingen acquired the property, which became an Imperial fief in 1441.  Then, in 1444 Rudolf von Bopfingen sold his half of the rights to the castle to Heinrich Krafft from Ulm.  Heinrich then acquired the other half of the rights one year later from Sigmund von Eselsburg.  In 1453 the Emperor released the castle from his ownership, and it ceased to be an imperial fief.

In 1462 the castle was burned by Bavarian troops, during a Reichskrieg against the Duchy of Bavaria.  In 1479 the castle became the property of Eitelhans von Knöringen.  Then, in 1503 the Lords von Eben took over castle Eselsburg.  Christoph Friedrich von Eben sold the castle in 1562 to his brother in law Ulrich von Rechberg zu Falkenstein.  Following a divestment of the property to the House of Württemberg in 1593 the castle was emptied and began to decay.  By 1690 the castle is reported to be "abandoned and totally overgrown".

Castle Grounds
Of the High Middle Ages castle, only the ditch and a few fragments of the wall are visible today.

The ditch was cut from rock and about 5 m deep and 4 to 5 m wide.  Additionally, behind the ditch, a three sided wall protected the keep.  The angular trench is generally easy to follow, though the southern section is mostly filled in.

The remains of the rectangular keep (ca. 23 x 30 m) are built from a variety of rough finished stones and buckel stones (square stones with a rounded outer edge).  On this site, according to the 1581 Renlinschen Forstkarte (Renlinschen Forest Map located in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nürnberg), there were two fortified houses with saddle roofs and a tower which was topped with a helmet.  Between the two wings in east and west was the small courtyard.  A fragment of the wall in front of the east building could belong to an inner wall.

See also
List of castles in Baden-Württemberg

References

 Günter Schmitt: Burgenführer Schwäbische Alb. Band 6 · Ostalb. Wandern und entdecken zwischen Ulm, Aalen und Donauwörth. Biberacher Verlagsdruckerei. Biberach an der Riß 1995.

Hill castles
Ruined castles in Germany
Swabian Jura


The Lwów pogrom (, ) was a pogrom perpetrated by Polish soldiers and civilians against the Jewish population of the city of Lwów (since 1945, Lviv, Ukraine). It happened on 21–23 November 1918, during the Polish–Ukrainian War that followed World War I.

During three days of unrest in the city, an estimated 52–150 Jewish residents were killed, and hundreds were injured. Non-Jewish casualties were also reported. They were mainly Ukrainian, and they might have outnumbered the Jewish fatalities.  The total number of victims was reported to be 340. Roughly 1,600 people, including some soldiers, were arrested by Polish authorities during and after the pogrom. Seventy-nine of them were tried by Polish military courts, with 44 of them being convicted.

The 1918 Lwów events were widely publicized in the international press. US President Woodrow Wilson appointed a commission, led by Henry Morgenthau, Sr., to investigate violence against the Jewish population in Poland. The Morgenthau Report was published in October 1919.

Background
The Jewish population of Lwów had already been a victim to the Russian military pogrom on 27 September 1914, which took 30–50 Jewish lives. After the First World War, on 1 November 1918, the Ukrainian National Council proclaimed the West Ukrainian People's Republic, with Lviv as its capital. A week later, the Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland declared Poland's independence, and they formed a Polish government on 14 November 1918. The consequent Battle of Lwów lasted until 21 November 1918.

Galicia's Jews were caught in the post-World War I Polish-Ukrainian conflict, and they fell victim to a rising wave of pogroms across the region, fuelled by post-World War I lawlessness. In early 1918, a wave of pogroms swept Polish-inhabited towns of western Galicia. The pogroms were largely made up of demobilized army soldiers and deserters. Throughout the 1918–1919 Polish-Ukrainian conflict, the warring forces used Jews as a scapegoat against their frustrations.

Before withdrawing from Lwów, the retreating Austrian forces let the criminals out of the prisons, some of whom volunteered to join the Polish militia and fight against the Ukrainians. The town was also full of Austrian army deserters. Polish authorities also armed a number of volunteers (including some former criminals) who promised to fight the Ukrainians. A sizable group of Polish volunteers in the city consisted of petty criminals. On 9–10 November, the Jews of Lwów formed a militia and declared their neutrality in the Polish-Ukrainian conflict over the city. With the exception of some instances of Jewish support for the Ukrainian side, including reports of Jewish militia aiding Ukrainian forces, Lwów's Jews remained officially neutral; the accounts of sporadic Jewish support for the Ukrainians would serve as a rationale for accusations that many Jews adopted the anti-Polish stance.

The criminal elements within the Polish forces sometimes engaged in theft or armed robbery while wearing Polish insignia. When these criminals were fired on by the Jewish self-defense militia, some Poles believed that the Jews were fighting against Poland. The West Ukrainian People's Republic respected Jewish neutrality and there were no incidents of anti-Jewish violence during the two weeks that the city was controlled by Ukrainian forces. Poles resented the proclaimed Jewish neutrality, and there were reports, leading to exaggerated rumors, that some Jews, including those in the militia, collaborated with the Ukrainians in various ways, including actively engaging the Polish forces. On the morning of 22 November, after taking the city the night before, amidst rumors that Lwów's Jews would be made to pay for their "neutrality" in the Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Polish forces interned and disarmed the Jewish militia.

When riots and pogroms in the Jewish quarters broke out after Polish forces managed to get control over all parts of the city and the Jewish quarters, they encountered resistance from Jewish-Ukrainian sympathizers. Perpetrators included Polish soldiers and militia, civilians of various nationalities, and local criminals.

Pogrom
According to American historian William W. Hagen,  Polish troops, officers, civilians, criminals, and militia volunteers began the sacking, pillaging and burning of the town's Jewish quarter following the retreat of main Ukrainian forces and their disarming of the Jewish militia. Hagen quotes Jewish eyewitnesses who claim that as the Ukrainian soldiers retreated, a festive mood came over the Polish fighters as they anticipated the reward for their fighting and looting of Jewish stores and homes.

In addition to looting and killing, women were raped by the Polish mobs, according to historian Alexander Prusin. First-hand accounts differ. For example, according to a report by one Jewish eyewitness, many victims gave testimonies that rioting Polish soldiers claimed that their officers allowed them 48 hours to pillage Jewish quarters as a reward for capturing the city from the Ukrainians. A report prepared for the Polish Foreign Ministry noted that the Polish Army "burned with desire for revenge" against the Jews, and soldiers wrongly believed that an order had been issued commanding a "punitive expedition" against the Jews. This report found no evidence that such an order had been issued, but it noted that two full days passed before the troops participating in the pillaging were ordered to desist. Hagen wrote that an investigation by Israel Cohen on behalf of the British Zionist Organization reported that Army Chief of Staff Antoni Jakubski told Jewish leaders in Lwów protesting the pogrom that the violence was a "punitive expedition into the Jewish quarter, and that it could not be stopped."

According to historian Carole Fink, Mączyński delayed the implementation of a 22 November order for martial law from Brigadier General Bolesław Roja for a day and a half. In the interim, Mączyński issued inflammatory proclamations of supposed acts of Jewish treachery against Polish troops using what has been described as "medieval terminology". One thing he claimed was that Jews had attacked Poles with axes. Fire officials cordoned off the Jewish quarters for 48 hours. They allowed many buildings, including 3 synagogues, to burn. The killing and burning in the quarter had already been done by the time Mączyński allowed patrols to enter the area.

Joseph Tenenbaum, a leader of the Jewish militia and eyewitness to the pogrom, wrote that troops cut off the Jewish quarter and that patrols of 10–30 men, each led by an officer and armed with grenades and rifles went through the quarter banging on doors. Doors not opened were blown open with grenades. Each house was systematically plundered, and its occupants were beaten and shot. Shops were likewise looted, with the stolen goods loaded onto army trucks. William Hagen wrote that according to a Jewish report, a Polish officer bashed in the head of a Jewish infant. A Jewish eyewitness claimed to have seen a young Polish officer twirl a four-week-old Jewish infant by the legs, threatening to bash it against the floor while asking the mother "why are there so many Jewish bastards?" The Polish Foreign Ministry report concluded that during the days of the pogrom "the authorities did not fulfill their responsibilities". The report noted that delegations of both Christians and Polish Jews hoping to end the violence had been turned away by officials, and that Polish officials and military commanders had spread false inflammatory charges against Jews, including claims that Jews were waging an armed struggle against Poland. Several Polish officers, according to the report, took part in the killings and pillaging, which they said continued for a week afterward under the guise of searching for weapons.

In his 1919 report, Henry Morgenthau concludes that Lemberg and the cities of Lida, Wilna, and Minsk, were captured by Polish troops, and "the excesses were committed by the soldiers who were capturing the cities and not by the civilian population." Although Jewish eyewitnesses claimed that Poles committed the pogrom, Mączyński, the Polish commander, who before the pogrom had issued anti-Jewish pamphlets, blamed Ukrainian criminals for initiating it. He claimed that they were the most violent group among the rioters. He also claimed that most Jews were killed during the time of Ukrainian control over the city. Polish media blamed Jews for staging the pogrom. In 1971, Adam Ciołkosz, a former leader of the Polish Socialist Party who arrived in Lwów on 21 November as a 16-year-old scout, recalled that rumors circulated that Jews had fired on Polish troops and that the Polish army tried to stop the pogroms.

According to William Hagen, the Polish forces also humiliated the Jews. Some examples are forcing a group of Jewish gymnasium students to participate in compulsory labor and "pranking" people. They were forced to jump over tables, forced to work in the most demeaning jobs (like cleaning latrines), had their beards pulled, and forced to dance to the delight of Polish onlookers. One drunken soldier tried to cut off an elderly Jewish man's earlocks, but when the man resisted, he shot him and plundered the corpse. Hagen also states that according to Jewish witnesses, Polish civilians, including members of the intelligentsia, took part in murdering and robbing Jews. He noted that in the chaos of war, the Polish army allowed for the recruitment of common criminals released from local prisons along with deserters from the Habsburg, German, and Russian armies. This eventually caused multiple issues.

Polish forces brought order to the city after one or two days (reports vary), on 23 November or 24 November. Ad hoc courts handed verdicts during the riots. About one thousand people were jailed for participating in the riots. During the pogrom, according to a report by the Polish foreign ministry, over 50 two and three-story apartment buildings were destroyed as were 500 Jewish businesses. Two thousand Jews were left homeless, and material losses amounted to 20 million contemporary dollars.

Aftermath
Over a thousand people were arrested. Hundreds of individuals accused of participation in the pogrom were punished by Polish authorities after they established themselves in the city. Promises of material compensation were also made.

For several months after the pogrom, Jews in Lviv were subjected to ongoing robberies, searches, and arrests at the hands of Polish forces.  As a result of Jewish protests in January 1919, several Polish units, including the local military commander's security service, were disbanded.

As a result of the pogrom, an all Jewish unit of around 1000 men was formed in the army of the West Ukrainian National Republic. The Council of Ministers of the West Ukrainian People's Republic also provided financial assistance to Jewish victims of the pogrom.

The events were widely reported by the European and American press. including The New York Times. News reports of the massacre were later used as a means of pressuring the Polish delegation during the Paris peace conference into signing the Minority Protection Treaty (the Little Treaty of Versailles). In 1921, the events resulted in the Polish government awarding liberal minority rights for the Polish Jewish population in the March Constitution.

International outrage at a series of similar acts of violence committed by the Polish military (Pinsk massacre) and the civilian population against the Jews (Kielce pogrom) led to the appointment of an investigation commission by the United States President Woodrow Wilson in June 1919. On 3 October 1919, the commission, led by Henry Morgenthau, Sr., published its findings. According to the Morgenthau Report, excesses in Lwów were "political as well as anti-Semitic in character". At the same time, the Morgenthau Report cleared the Polish government of responsibility for the events and attributed the casualties to "the chaotic and unnatural state of affairs". Independent investigations by the British and American missions in Poland stated that there were no clear conclusions and that foreign press reports were exaggerated.

The Polish government also investigated the Lwów events. A report prepared on 17 December 1918 for the Foreign Ministry of Poland emphasized the role played by criminals released during the struggle over the city and recruited by the Polish Armed Forces. According to the report, this resulted in a "tragic and vicious circle" when a soldier fighting for the Polish cause "robbed at every opportunity and wherever he could." The report noted that as of December, sentences had not been passed for 40 soldiers, along with one thousand civilians identified as "criminals" who had been jailed for robbery and murder. There was no evidence that there had been any desire to immediately stop the pogrom. According to Alexander Victor Prusin, the Polish point of view was that the events were distorted willfully by the Jews. Prusin notes that Jewish news agencies covering the pogrom in USA and Europe had "widely publicized and highly exaggerated its scope". The international response to the pogrom was viewed in Poland as proof of an "international Jewish conspiracy", and Polish media attempted to dispel "Jewish slander". However, Prusin states that the Polish version of events was  "much further than the truth than the Jewish one", blaming "Ukrainians and Jewish hoodlums" for staging the pogrom. This version was endorsed by the Polish government agencies.

About 1,600 were people for arrested on suspicion of participating in the pogrom, of which 79 were prosecuted by Polish military courts. Overall, 44 people were convicted. Most of those convicted received lenient sentences, ranging from 10 days to 18 months in prison. Three pogromists, however, would be sentenced to death and executed by firing squad. According to internal investigation by the Jewish Rescue Committee (Żydowski Komitet Ratunkowy) held alongside the official state investigation, most rapes, robberies and murders were committed by unidentified soldiers.

Casualties
The initial reports on the number of casualties of the pogroms were exaggerated, sensationalist in nature, and often embellished. The estimated number of victims was as high as 3,000. The large casualty figures and graphic details were transmitted through Berlin, where the new German government disseminated them for political propaganda reasons in hopes that they would affect the peace negotiations and prevent German territorial losses to Poland. In December 1919, The Times called the contemporary reports of the events "greatly exaggerated", and the Pall Mall Gazette blamed the German Reich for "machinations" and the exaggerations. More accurate estimates from reliable sources, such as the Morgenthau report or American diplomats in the Polish capital, emerged only later.

Figures for the death toll vary. According to William W. Hagen, citing a report prepared for the Polish Foreign Ministry, approximately 150 Jews were murdered and 500 Jewish shops and their businesses were ransacked. Police reports and subsequent investigations did not support that inflated estimate. According to an official police report based on hospital records, there were 44 deaths. The 1919 Morgenthau report counted 64 Jewish deaths. A simultaneous British government investigation led by Sir Stuart Samuel reported that 52 Jews were killed, 463 injured and a large amount of Jewish property was stolen. Jewish contemporary sources reported 73 deaths. It has been noted that the last Ukrainian soldier had left the city and the Jews offered no armed resistance.

Tadeusz Piotrowski claims that more Christians than Jews died, According to Norman Davies, 70 Jews and 270 more Ukrainians were killed in the fighting during this time as well. Historian Christoph Mick stated that not a single Ukrainian was murdered, whereas a Polish police report, discussed by Polish historian , included 11 Christians among the 44 victims (among the 11, one was listed as Greek Catholic, and therefore likely to be Ukrainian).

It was immediately after regarded as a pogrom per reports, including such as in The Nation and author Franciszek Salezy Krysiak who published his book in 1919. Though the Morgenthau Report raised a question as to whether the label pogrom is technically applicable to such riots in the times of war, the report submitted to Polish Foreign Ministry cited by Hagen characterized the incident as a pogrom, and it criticized the inaction of Polish officials in failing to halt the violence, while accusing the officials of publicizing inflammatory charges against Lwów's Jews. Historian David Engel noted that the Polish Foreign Ministry had conducted a campaign to discourage the use of the term "pogrom" by foreign investigators, although it used the term freely in its own investigation. Norman Davies questioned whether these circumstances can be accurately described as a "pogrom".

See also

 Lwów pogrom (1914)
 Lviv pogroms (1941)
 Antisemitism in Ukraine
 History of the Jews in Ukraine
 History of the Jews in Poland

Notes

1918 in Poland
1918 in Ukraine
Anti-Jewish pogroms of the Polish-Soviet War
Antisemitism in Poland
Conflicts in 1918
History of Lviv
Jewish Polish history
Jewish Ukrainian history
Jews and Judaism in Lviv
Massacres in 1918
November 1918 events
Massacres in Poland
Polish war crimes
1918 in Judaism
Wartime sexual violence


Gavilan Peak may mean:
 Gavilán Peak (Southern California), in the Temescal Mountains, in Southern California.
 Gavilán Peak (Arizona)
 Fremont Peak (California), in the Gabilán Range in California. Previously called Gavilán Peak by the Spanish and Mexican colonists.