Quilley School, originally called  Alderman Quilley, was a secondary school in Eastleigh, Hampshire, England. The enrollment in 2016 was 570 pupils.

The school was founded by Edward John Quilley in 1963, opened in 1964 as a comprehensive mixed secondary school for 11- to 16-year-olds. The Head was Mrs Hayter.

In March 2016 it was announced that the school would be merging with the Crestwood College for Business and Enterprise as of September 2016. Falling enrollment and low exam results over the past three years were cited as the reasons for the merger. The former Quilley site is now the Cherbourg Campus of the merged schools.

External links
BBC News profile

References

Eastleigh
Defunct schools in Hampshire
Educational institutions established in 1963
Educational institutions disestablished in 2016
1963 establishments in England
2016 disestablishments in England


The School of Ross was a monastic institution located in what is now called Rosscarbery, County Cork, Ireland, but formerly Ross-Ailithir (Ross of the Pilgrims), from the large number of monks and students who flocked to its halls from all over Europe.

Founding

The school was founded by St. Fachtna, who is generally regarded as the same person who founded the Diocese of Kilfenora; the feast in both cases is kept on 14 August, and in both the saint's descent is traced to the princely race of Corcu Loígde. Fachtna was born at a place called Tulachteann, and died at the early age of forty-six, probably late in the sixth century, and is buried in his own cathedral church in Rosscarbery, a tuath of which the O'Leary were hereditary lords. The Annals of Innisfallen (Dublin copy) mark 600 as the year of his death: "Died Fachtna first Bishop of Ross-Ailithre in Corca-Laidhe which goes by the additional name of O'Laeghaire of Ross i.e. Corca Laidhe-I-Laeghaire Ruis". Like many other Irish saints, he received his first lessons in religion from Saint Ita of Killeedy, the "Brigid of Munster", from whose care he passed, according to some writers, to St. Finbarr's seminary at Loch Eirce, near Cork. He is reported by some to have founded Molana Abbey, on the little island of Dairinis in the River Blackwater, not far from the town of Youghal. Returning to his native territory, he set about a more important foundation on a rocky promontory situated in the midst of woods and green fields between two bays.

This was the monastic School of Ross, called in the Life of St. Mochoemoc "magnum studium scholarium", for it quickly became famous for its study of Scripture, and the attention given to all the branches of a liberal education. One of the assistant teachers was St. Brendan the Navigator, whom Fachtna had known and loved as a companion when under the care of St. Ita.  One old document represents Brendan as being at Ross in 540. While engaged in teaching there, St. Fachtna was stricken with total blindness; but it was reported that his sight was miraculously restored. Fachtna, it is generally thought, received episcopal orders, and became the first Bishop of Ross. He is sometimes called Facundus, in allusion to his eloquence.

Later history

Fachtna's immediate successor in the School of Ross was St. Conall, and later a St. Finchad, a former schoolmate at Loch Eirce. Accounts claim that he was succeeded by twenty-seven bishops of his own tribe, whose names have not been preserved. In the ninth century, the Annals of the Four Masters reference the abbots of the School of Ross, and tell of a Danish attack in 840. Once only in the two centuries that followed is there mention of a bishop, Neachtan MacNeachtain whose death is set down under date 1085. In all other references to Ross the word airchinnect is used.

The Chronicon Scotorum mentions the death in 868 of Feargus, who is described as a celebrated scribe and anchorite of Ross-Ailithir.  More evidence of the extent and variety of the literary work done at Ross is furnished by the geographical poem in the Irish language still extant, composed by MacCosse or Ferlegind, a lecturer at this school.  The Diocese of Ross was upheld at the Synod of Kells and the O'Leary sept became the Hereditary Wardens of the monastery and university.

In 1127, according to the Chronicon Scotorum, one Toirdhealbach O Conor sailed to Ross-Ailithir and laid waste the land of Desmond. He was followed by the Anglo-Normans under Robert Fitz-Stephen, who towards the close of the century completed the destruction.

Literary references
P.W. Joyce said of it:

Daniel Donovan wrote:

References

Religion in County Cork
Former religious buildings and structures in the Republic of Ireland
Christian monasteries in the Republic of Ireland
Rosscarbery


The Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) collects, organizes, preserves, and releases the Agency's scientific and technical information. STI is derived from NASA's research and development efforts and NASA projects, programs, and missions. The program is essential in helping NASA avoid duplication of research, by sharing information to ensure that the U.S. maintains its preeminence in aerospace-related industries and education.  Examples of NASA STI include technical papers and reports, contractor reports, conference papers and proceedings, journal articles, presentations, and technical information on websites. NASA STI also includes research information from NASA's predecessor agency, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which dates back to 1915 and transitioned to NASA at the advent of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (Amended).

Program Management

The STI Program Office is funded by the NASA Chief Information Officer (CIO) in Washington, DC. The program, which is located at NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, is charged to collect NASA STI, organize it into a database, ensure that it is preserved via the National Archives and Records Administration, and release the STI via NASA portals or via other channels, such as science.gov and USA.gov. The STI Program participates in the collaborative Open Government Initiative and is a member of CENDI, which is a partnership of Federal STI managers.

The STI Program is a critical component in the worldwide activity of scientific and technical aerospace research and development. The program's charter exists so that NASA STI is promptly and widely released and available, and can be leveraged by NASA, U.S. businesses, government, the public and international entities. This allows NASA to comply with e-Government regulations.

Management and Dissemination of STI
STI is collected from U.S. and international sources and then organized according to content prior to being added to the STI Repository (formerly the NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)). The STI Repository is a world-class collection of STI that includes over 4 million metadata records and over 586K full-text documents. This database has two segments: The STI Repository for publicly available NASA STI, and registered content available by registration only to NASA civil servants, contractors, and grantees.

Accessing the NASA STI Program
The STI website provides products, services and tools to access and benefit from NASA STI.

 Search NASA's public STI collections for reports, conference papers, proceedings, journal articles and other technical and peer-reviewed STI through the STI Repository (NTRS). The STI Repository has:
 More than 647,000 metadata records and full-text aerospace STI documents
 Over 4.3 million metadata records
 Over 586,000 full-text documents
 More than 2,500 videos
 Over 28,000 full-text documents from NASA's predecessor, NACA
 Locate publishing tools such as writing resources and style guides as well as the NASA Thesaurus and the NASA Scope and Subject Category Guide.
 Access the NASA STI Repository OpenAPI along with API documentation and guidance.

Connecting with Users
In addition to the STI website, the program uses social media to foster awareness of the program's activities and latest acquisitions. Presence includes Facebook,  Twitter, and YouTube.

See also
NASA STI homepage

References

NASA facilities


George Bonga (August 20, 1802 – 1874) was a fur trader, entrepreneur and interpreter for the U.S. government, who was of Ojibwe and Black descent, fluent in French, Ojibwemowin and English. At the age of eighteen, he served as an interpreter for Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan Territory during a treaty council with the Ojibwe at Fond du Lac near present-day Duluth, Minnesota. Bonga worked for the American Fur Company from 1820 to 1839, progressing to the role of clerk or sub-trader working under the head trader William Alexander Aitken. In 1837, he was involved in the first criminal trial held in Minnesota when he tracked down and successfully apprehended Che-ga-wa-skung, an Ojibwe man who was wanted for murder, transporting him  back to Fort Snelling.

In the 1850s, Bonga worked for the United States Indian agent at Leech Lake, serving as interpreter and superintendent of the government farm. Later, he traded in dry goods and opened a lodge on Leech Lake with his wife. In 1867, Bonga served as an interpreter during treaty negotiations which resulted in the creation of the White Earth Indian Reservation.

Baptized Catholic and educated in Montreal, George Bonga was the son of Pierre Bonga, a Black man who worked in the fur trade, and an Ojibwe mother, Ogibwayquay, and the brother of Stephen Bonga and Margaret Bonga Fahlstrom. George and his Ojibwe wife, Ashwewin, had four children, including William Bonga, who joined the followers of Waabaanakwad at White Earth.

Bungo Township in Cass County, Minnesota is named after the Bonga family. George Bonga was featured in the "Black American Pioneers" exhibit at the National Great Blacks In Wax Museum and was mentioned in the United States Congressional Record during the introduction of the National Great Blacks Commendation Act of 2003.

Family background and early life

George Bonga's father Pierre was the son of Jean and Marie-Jeannette Bonga, enslaved people who had been brought to the fort on Mackinac Island by their enslaver, Captain Daniel Robertson, a British officer who commanded it from 1782 to 1787. Robertson freed the Bonga family before his departure for Montreal, and the Bongas legally married. Bonga and his wife opened the first hotel on the island.

Pierre Bonga worked as a fur trader with the Ojibwe near Duluth. His first son Stephen Bonga, born 1799, also became a notable fur trader and translator in the region. His daughter, Marguerite Bonga (born c. 1797) married the first Swedish settler in Minnesota, Jacob Fahlstrom and the couple lived and worked near Fort Snelling for a time before establishing a farm in Afton in modern-day Minnesota.

As Pierre Bonga was a relatively successful trader, he sent George to Montreal for school. When the youth returned to the Great Lakes region, he spoke fluent English, French, as well as Ojibwe.

George was noted in what is now Minnesota for being, as his brother Stephen claimed, "One of the first two black children born in the state." Stephen also described them as "the first white children" born there, as the Ojibwe classified everyone who was non-native as "white".

Career in the fur trade

George Bonga followed in his father's footsteps and entered the fur trade. He first joined the American Fur Company as a voyageur. In this role, Bonga drew the attention of Territorial Governor Lewis Cass, who hired him as an interpreter for a treaty council with the Ojibwe in Fond du Lac in 1820. Years later, George Bonga's signature appeared on treaties in 1847 and 1867.

George Bonga was described as standing over  tall and weighing over . Reports said that he would carry  of furs and supplies at once.

Bonga had gained an education among both European and Ojibwe societies, and frequently crossed their borders. Comfortable in white and Ojibwe society, Bonga identified with both. Reportedly, Bonga called himself one of the first two "white men" in Northern Minnesota. He was speaking of his participation in 'white' culture. He criticized white men who treated Ojibwe trappers unfairly. Bonga wrote letters on behalf of the Ojibwe, complaining to the state government about individual Indian agents in the region. His letters, which point out both his connections to the white government and the Ojibwe, illustrate the ways that Bonga traversed cultural boundaries.

In 1837 an Ojibwe man, Che-ga-wa-skung, was accused of murdering Alfred Aitkin at Red Cedar Lake (now Cass Lake). Aitkin was the son of the fur trader William Alexander Aitken. Che-ga-wa-skung escaped from custody. Bonga trailed the man over five days and six nights during the winter, eventually catching him. He brought the suspect back to Fort Snelling for trial. In one of the first United States criminal proceedings in what was then part of Wisconsin Territory, Che-ga-wa-skung was tried and acquitted. Che-ga-wa-skung was acquitted because Alfred Aitkin was half-Ojibwe and therefore the court decided it had no jurisdiction over the case.

Bonga was unpopular with some Ojibwe because of his role in the case, but he continued living with or near the people for the rest of his life. In 1842, he married Ashwinn, an Ojibwe woman. They had four children together.

1842 marked the effective end of the American Fur Company. With the beaver nearly extinct and European fashions changing, the fur trade that had been Bonga's livelihood had declined dramatically. In its place, Bonga and his wife turned to lodgekeeping, and for many years, they welcomed travelers into their lodge on Leech Lake. Some travelers reported on Bonga telling stories of early Minnesota and singing for their enjoyment. Bonga died there when he was around seventy years old.

Legacy and honors

Bungo Township in Cass County is named after his family. Spelling varied widely at this time.
Playwright Carlyle Brown created a play based on Bonga's life titled George Bonga: Black Voyageur which opened in February 2016 at History Theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota, with James A. Williams starring as Bonga.

See also
 Territorial era of Minnesota
 James Beckwourth

Notes

Further reading
Katz, William Loren. Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage. New York: Atheneum, 1986.
McWatt, Arthur C. Crusaders for Justice: A Chronicle of Protest by Agitators, Advocates, and Activists in their Struggle for Human Rights in St. Paul, Minnesota, 1802-1985. Brooklyn Park: Papyrus Publishing Inc., 2009.

External links
 African American Stories in Minnesota, Nora Murphy and Mary Murphy Gnatz, Minnesota Historical Society, 2000
William Durbin, "Who Was George Bonga?", Young Naturalists, Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota
"George Bonga", Twin Cities Public Television link
 Bertrand Bickersteth, "Black Fur Traders in Canada", The Canadian Encyclopedia, March 4, 2020.

1802 births
1880 deaths
19th-century Native Americans
African-American history of Minnesota
African-American people
American fur traders
American people of Ojibwe descent
People from Cass County, Minnesota
People of pre-statehood Minnesota
American Fur Company people


Teen was an American teen and lifestyle magazine for teenage girls. The content of Teen included advice, entertainment news, quizzes, fashion, beauty, celebrity role models, and "real-girl stories". The magazine was published between 1954 and 2009.

Publication history
Teen was launched in 1954.

In 1999, the magazine — along with the Petersen Publishing Company's other titles — was sold by Peterson to Emap. Primedia acquired Teen in 2000, but it was shut down in 2002 (other than special issues like Teen Prom). Hearst Magazines bought Primedia's teen magazine titles (including Teen and Seventeen) in 2003, reviving Teen.

Closure
Following the closure of its Cosmogirl in October 2008, Hearst Magazines decided in December 2008 to end publication of Teen magazine. The winter 2009 issue was the last. A spokesperson said, “We will continue to publish the annual Teen Prom issue, but will focus our teen publishing efforts on the Seventeen brand.” The spokesperson also noted that teenmag.com would be absorbed into the Hearst Teen Network of sites over the next month.

Content
The magazine had nine sections: New Stuff, Tech Girl, Celeb Stuff, Celebs, Look, Fashion, Get Real, Absolutely You, and More:
 New Stuff — anything recently released that was attractive to the magazine's readership, such as technology, accessories, clothes, and makeup.
 Tech Girl — about technology, especially "trendy" technology and game reviews.
 Celeb Stuff — reviews of movies, television shows, books, and music, young celebrity quotes, celebrity fashion and makeup tips, and a celebrity style quiz.
 Celebs — celebrity facts, quotes, essays, and predictions, as well as occasional posters of teen stars and a quiz.
 Look — beauty articles, such as those concerning hair and makeup.
 Fashion — clothing section that talked about knits, jeans, clothes for individual body shapes, crafts, and a quiz.
 Get Real — articles written by actual teenagers. Articles included "True Stories from Real Teens", where teens send in their personal essays, "Ask Sophi", an advice column for dating questions, and a quiz.
 Absolutely You — advice and quizzes about readers' personal lives, crushes, and bodies.
 More — at the end of the magazine; included fortune telling, a fictional story, horoscopes, comics, and "Why Me?", a collection of embarrassing stories from readers' real-life experiences.

Music
The magazine released Teen Mag Music 2000 Volume 1, a compilation music CD.

References

Defunct magazines published in the United States
Hearst Communications publications
Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1954
Magazines disestablished in 2009
Magazines published in California
Teen magazines


"Play" is a song recorded by Swedish recording artist Robyn from her second studio album, My Truth (1999). She wrote the track in collaboration with Ulf Lindström and Johan Ekhé, who also handled its production. BMG Sweden released it as the album's second single on 12 July 1999, featuring the non-album song "Good Thang" as its B-side. Musically, "Play" contains some world music influences in its sound and a "playful" vibe.

"Play" received positive critical response from music critics, and became Robyn's seventh consecutive top 40 entry on the Sverigetopplistan  chart, where it peaked at number 31. The singer performed the song live while promoting its parent album, but the single itself received limited promotion. As in the case with My Truth, "Play" was not serviced outside of Sweden due to a dispute between Robyn and her international label, RCA Records.

Background and composition
"Play" was written by Robyn, Ulf Lindström and Johan Ekhé. Lindström and Ekhé recorded Robyn's vocals and produced the track at Lifeline Studios in Stockholm, Sweden. Almnils Erson, Pär-Ola Claesson, Gunilla Markström and Olle Markström played the strings, and Niklas Gabrielsson provided handclaps, while Lindström and Ekhé played all other instruments and managed arrangement and mixing. Britta Bergström and Angela Holland sang backing vocals alongside Robyn. Björn Engelmann and Henrik Jonsson were enlisted to master the track at Cutting Room Studios in Stockholm.

Musically, "Play" is slightly world music-tinged, according to music critic Per Bjurman of Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet. AllMusic's John Lucas felt it incorporated a playful vibe, deeming it "as playful a song as [Robyn]'s ever recorded". The recording's refrain contains the line, "Your heart will never grow bitter if you remember how to play".

Release and promotion
In the 19 June 1999 issue of Billboard magazine, it was announced that "Play" would be serviced as the second single from Robyn's second studio album, My Truth (1999), following the lead single "Electric" (1999). Subsequently, "Play" was made available for purchase as a CD single in Sweden on 12 July 1999 through BMG Sweden with "Good Thang" as its B-side. Eric Broms photographed the single cover art, which features Robyn wearing a feather headpiece designed by Sebastian Wahl. The maxi single additionally contains "club vocal" and "club instrumental" versions of "Good Thang"; the B-side later received a standalone limited 12" vinyl release on 20 October 1999. The track was written by Robyn, Anders Bagge and Harry Sommerdahl, while Little Louie Vega and Kenny "Dope" Gonzalez of Masters at Work produced it.

"Play" and its parent album were not distributed outside of Sweden due to a dispute between Robyn and RCA Records; the label wanted the singer to re-record portions of the album as certain aspects reflected on her abortion, a topic deemed unsuitable for the American market and pop radio. As Robyn refused to alter the record, RCA cancelled the plans to release My Truth and its singles abroad. To promote the project in Sweden, Robyn hosted a live concert at My Truth release party on 21 May 1999, in the department store NK in Stockholm, where she performed "Play" among other material from the album. She also included the song in the set list of a 1999 summer tour hosted by MTV in the Nordic countries. Despite being released commercially, the promotion for "Play" did not include an accompanying music video, unlike "Electric" and the following single, "My Only Reason" (1999). BMG wanted to commission a music video to promote the single, but Robyn chose to use the video's budget for the tour.

Reception
"Play" was acclaimed by Swedish music critics. Aftonbladet Fredrik Virtanen felt it ought to be an international hit due to its catchiness. Similarly, Mattias Dahlström of Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter deemed the single an "obvious" success. The single fared moderately in Sweden; it debuted at number 53 on the Sverigetopplistan chart on 22 July 1999. The next week, it ascended to number 34 before reaching its peak position at number 31 in its third week. The single became Robyn's seventh consecutive top 40 entry on the chart, but failed to match the success of My Truth lead single "Electric", which peaked at number 6. "Play" remained on the chart for seven weeks before falling off.

Track listings
CD single
"Play" – 3:58
"Good Thang" – 7:07

Maxi single'
"Play" – 3:58
"Good Thang" – 7:07
"Good Thang" (club vocal) – 7:07
"Good Thang" (club instrumental) – 7:07

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of the single's CD release.
Recording
Produced, arranged, recorded and mixed at Lifeline Studios (Stockholm, Sweden)
Mastered at Cutting Room Studios (Stockholm, Sweden)

Personnel

 Robyn – background vocals, songwriting
 Ulf Lindström – arrangement, instruments, mixing, production, recording
 Johan Ekhé – arrangement, instruments, mixing, production, recording
 Per Ekdal – string arrangement
 Almnils Erson – strings
 Pär-Ola Claesson – strings
 Gunilla Markström – strings
 Olle Markström – strings
 Niklas Gabrielsson – handclaps
 Hernan "Boogie" Donoso – assistant engineering
 Björn Engelmann – mastering
 Henrik Jonsson – mastering

Charts

Release history

References

1999 singles
Robyn songs
Songs written by Robyn
Songs written by Johan Ekhé
Songs written by Ulf Lindström
Song recordings produced by Ghost (production team)
1999 songs


WHDQ (106.1 FM, "Q106") is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. Licensed to Claremont, New Hampshire, United States, the station serves the Lebanon-Rutland-White River Junction area.  The station is owned by Jeffrey Shapiro's Great Eastern Radio.  The station's transmitter is located atop Mount Ascutney in Vermont.  WHDQ's signal is also broadcast over a translator—W294AB (106.7 FM) in Hanover, New Hampshire—and a booster—WHDQ-FM1 in Rutland, Vermont.

History
Q106 has arguably one of the richest and most colorful histories of any radio station in northern New England. The station went through a couple of formats. The station first went through a couple of formats. The station first went under both AOR and MOR formats from the early 1970s until 1983, when the station flipped to a Top 40/CHR format. For almost ten years in total beginning in 1983, it was the area's dominant CHR powerhouse as both WECM and WHDQ until March 1993 when the station dropped CHR and flipped back to AOR. Q106 was one of the first radio stations to carry the Imus in the Morning show, and one of the first stations to reinstate the show upon Imus' return to the airwaves in December 2007.

Q106 is the first FM station in New Hampshire to sign on the air as WTSV-FM at 102.1 in 1948 as an affiliate of the Granite State Network. The station used the call sign WECM from 1972 to 1985 while broadcasting from 106.1 FM and went under the names of "Stereo 106" and "M-106". During that time it simulcasted some shows on former Top 40/NBC Radio Network/CBS Radio station WTSV 1230 AM and was located on Washington Street in Claremont, next to the AM radio tower.

WHDQ, along with 29 other stations in northern New England formerly owned by Nassau Broadcasting Partners, was purchased at a bankruptcy auction by Carlisle Capital Corporation, a company controlled by Bill Binnie (owner of WBIN-TV in Derry), on May 22, 2012. The station, and 12 of the other stations, were then acquired by Vertical Capital Partners, controlled by Jeff Shapiro. The deal was completed on November 30, 2012. The Vertical Capital Partners stations were transferred to Shapiro's existing Great Eastern Radio group on January 1, 2013.

Personalities
 Greg and The Morning Buzz
 House
 Elise Valentine
 Traci Fulton
 Gregg Parrotto

Past personnel
 Dave Ashton
 Ken Barlow
 Big Joe
 Ted Bilodeau
 Bill Bogle (WECM)
 Bob Cady
 Dave Cooper
 Steve Cormier (WECM)
 Doug Daniels
 Doug Danzing - hosted 1st Sunday AM Oldies show
 Guy Dark
 John Dodge (WECM)
 Leif Erickson
 Bob Flint (WECM)
 Jen Foxx
 Tom Hoyt
 Peg Jett
 Dru Johnson
 Don Matsen
 Carl Metcalf (WECM)
 Ross Michaels
 Chris Mitchell
 Laurie Nelson (WECM)
 Lisa Peakes
 Jason Place
 Bev Porter (WECM)
 Rob Riley
 Bob Rivers (WECM)
 Rick Ross
 Brian Ryea
 Gary Seem (WECM)
 Sharon Steele
 Wally Wilcox
 Chris Picard
 Griffin Wert
 Art Steinberg
 Ken Webbley
 Michael Witthaus (WECM)
 Bruce Zeman
 Zip Zipfel (WECM)

Translators and booster
WHDQ also broadcasts on the following translators and booster:

References

External links

HDQ
Claremont, New Hampshire
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in New Hampshire


Brian J. Sullivan may refer to:

 Brian Sullivan (district attorney) (1966–2014), politician from Tacoma, Washington
 Brian Sullivan (Washington politician, born 1958), politician from Snohomish County, Washington


Hamlet 2  is a 2008 American comedy film directed by Andrew Fleming, written by Fleming and Pam Brady, and starring Steve Coogan, Catherine Keener, Amy Poehler, and David Arquette. It was produced by Eric Eisner, Leonid Rozhetskin, and Aaron Ryder. Hamlet 2 was filmed primarily at a New Mexico high school from September to October 2007. The film premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival and was distributed by Focus Features.

Plot
Dana Marschz is a recovering alcoholic and failed actor who has become a high school drama teacher in Tucson, Arizona, "where dreams go to die". Despite considering himself an inspirational figure, he only has two enthusiastic students, Rand Posin and Epiphany Sellars, and a history of producing poorly received school plays that are essentially stage adaptations of popular Hollywood films (his latest being Erin Brockovich). When the new term begins, a new intake of students are forced to transfer into his class as it is the only remaining arts elective available due to budget cutbacks; they are generally unenthusiastic and unconvinced by Dana's pretensions, and Dana comes into conflict with Octavio, one of the new students.

Dana is floored when Principal Rocker notifies him that the drama program is to be shut down at the end of the term. Seeking to inspire his students, Dana undertakes to write and produce an original play: a sequel to Hamlet featuring time travel to avoid the deaths of the characters, and new, more controversial content, including the introduction of Jesus Christ as one of the characters, complete with a song-and-dance number titled "Rock Me Sexy Jesus". The kids gradually warm to the project, but Rand – cast as a bi-curious Laertes and overshadowed by Octavio as Hamlet – storms out of the drama group and provides a copy of the play's script to Principal Rocker, who orders Dana to stop the controversial production.

Dana is further traumatized when his wife Brie leaves him for the uninteresting, but fertile, boarder Gary they had taken into their home to supplement their modest income, and reveals that he himself is infertile. Despondent, Dana falls off the wagon and tries to abandon the project, but his students encourage him to continue, arranging an abandoned warehouse and rave spot, technical assistance, and security being provided by the high school's football and wrestling teams. Dana also learns that the cancellation of the play has become a civil liberties issue encouraged by fanatical ACLU activist Cricket Feldstein. As a result, the play opens to a sold-out house, including a critic from The New York Times. Rand returns to the group, apologizing for his desertion; Dana allows him to return to the role of Laertes.

The play itself initially meets with a mixed reception, due to its controversial content and mangling of the original play; in keeping with a running joke throughout the movie, much of the content revolves around the characters using time travel to mend their troubled relationships with their fathers; it ends with both Hamlet and Jesus forgiving their fathers for the wrongs done to them. Although initially reluctant to engage with the play, with several protesters infiltrating the audience to stage a direct protest, the play gradually wins the audience over. Dana and his favorite actress, Elisabeth Shue – whom he is now dating – meet Dana's students to prepare for the show's Broadway opening, complete with original cast.

Cast
 Steve Coogan as Dana Marschz
 Catherine Keener as Brie Marschz
 Amy Poehler as Cricket Feldstein
 David Arquette as Gary
 Elisabeth Shue as herself
 Marshall Bell as Principal Rocker
 Skylar Astin as Rand Posin
 Phoebe Strole as Epiphany Sellars
 Melonie Diaz as Ivonne
 Joseph Julian Soria as Octavio Marquez
 Arnie Pantoja as Vitamin J
 Nat Faxon as Glenn from Copy Shop
 Natalie Amenula as Yolanda
 Michael Esparza as Chuy
 Shea Pepe as Noah Sapperstein
 Arlin Alcala as Protestant

Production
The play shown within the film was written on deadline for production. The film was budgeted at a little over $9 million. Production began in September 2007 in New Mexico.

Filming took place mainly at West Mesa High School in Albuquerque, where actual students were permitted to perform as extras in the film. Filming concluded on October 31, 2007. The film was executive produced by Albert Berger and Ron Yerxa, who also produced Little Miss Sunshine.

Release
A rough edit of Hamlet 2 was prepared for the 2008 Sundance Film Festival, where it was a late addition, three days prior to its scheduled screening. The film premiered at the festival on January 21, 2008. After the screening, an all-night bidding war took place for worldwide distribution rights, Focus Features won for $10 million, beating out other studios such as Summit Entertainment, The Weinstein Company, Lionsgate and Warner Independent Pictures. The purchase of Hamlet 2 nearly met the Sundance record set by Little Miss Sunshine, which sold for $10.5 million in 2006.  In wide release, the film grossed roughly half of the rights cost.

The film had a limited release on August 22, 2008, followed by a wide release on August 27. Its UK release was originally scheduled for December 28, 2008, postponed until February 27, 2009, and eventually cancelled.

Home media
The DVD was released December 21, 2008. The DVD includes deleted scenes, an audio commentary, and a sing-along.

The film was also released as part of a four movie, "teen-comedy" collection from Universal in 2011.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 62%, based on 145 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "The script's biting premise and Steve Coogan's endearing, off-the-handle performance make Hamlet 2 a hysterical -- if slightly painful -- ride." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on reviews from 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, calling the film "an ideal showcase for the talents of Coogan." The New York Times states that the film "made sure to take shots at Christians, gays, Latinos, Jews, the American Civil Liberties Union, and Elisabeth Shue, one of its lead actresses."

Duane Byrge of The Hollywood Reporter described Hamlet 2 as "a slam-bang patchwork of more inspired comedies, such as Ace Ventura: Pet Detective and Borat." Byrge described the premise as "a twist on the formula of let's-put-on-a-show, with the twist being that no one wants the show." He thought that the screenwriters had put together "a string of gags in a hit-and-miss dither."

References

External links

2008 films
2008 comedy films
American comedy films
American LGBT-related films
American satirical films
2000s Spanish-language films
Films about actors
Films based on Hamlet
Films set in Tucson, Arizona
Films shot in New Mexico
American independent films
Portrayals of Jesus in film
Focus Features films
Films directed by Andrew Fleming
LGBT-related adaptations of works by William Shakespeare
Films with screenplays by Pam Brady
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Brian Sullivan may refer to:
 Brian Sullivan (news anchor) (born 1971), presenter of programs on CNBC
 Brian Sullivan (district attorney) (1966–2014), politician from Tacoma, Washington
 Brian Sullivan (Washington politician, born 1958), politician from Snohomish County, Washington
 Brian Sullivan (game designer), co-founder of Iron Lore Entertainment and founding partner of Ensemble Studios
 Brian Sullivan (ice hockey) (born 1969), retired ice hockey right winger
 Brian Ford Sullivan, American television writer
 Brian P. Sullivan (born 1963), mayor of Westfield, Massachusetts
 Brian Sullivan (singer) (1917–1969), with the Metropolitan Opera, San Francisco Opera, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, and other groups
 Brian Sullivan (New Hampshire politician), member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
 Brian Sullivan (died 1938), a suspect in the Cheltenham torso mystery
 Brian Sullivan, developer of the Babe Ruth Home Run Award

See also
Brian O'Sullivan (disambiguation)
Ryan Sullivan (disambiguation)


Mission: Impossible is a series of American action spy films, based on the 1966 TV series created by Bruce Geller. The series is mainly produced by and stars Tom Cruise, who plays Ethan Hunt, an agent of the Impossible Missions Force (IMF). The films have been directed, written, and scored by various filmmakers and crew, while incorporating musical themes from the original series by Lalo Schifrin.

Starting in 1996, the films (taking place starting six years after the events of the previous TV sequel series) follow the missions of the IMF's main field team, under Hunt's leadership, to stop an enemy force and prevent an impending global disaster. The series focuses on Hunt's character, and like the television series' structure, is complemented by an ensemble cast, such as Luther Stickell (played by Ving Rhames) and Benji Dunn (played by Simon Pegg), who have recurring roles.

The series has experienced a generally positive reception from critics. It is the 17th-highest-grossing film series of all time, earning over $4.09 billion worldwide, and is often cited as one of the best action franchises to date. The sixth film, titled Fallout, was released on July 27, 2018 and is currently the series' highest-grossing entry. The seventh and eighth films are feature-length two-parters, with Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One released in July 2023 and an untitled eighth film scheduled for release in May 2025. The films are co-produced and released by Paramount Pictures.

Films

Mission: Impossible (1996)

Ethan Hunt is framed for the murder of his IMF team during a botched mission in Prague and accused of selling government secrets to an arms dealer known only as "Max". On the run, Ethan seeks to uncover the real traitor and clear his name.

Mission: Impossible 2 (2000)

Ethan goes back in action and works with professional thief Nyah Nordoff-Hall (Thandiwe Newton). The duo go undercover to stop rogue IMF agent Sean Ambrose (Dougray Scott) (who is also Nyah's former lover) from stealing a deadly virus, starting a pandemic, and selling the antidote to the highest bidder.

Mission: Impossible III (2006)

Ethan is engaged to Julia Meade (Michelle Monaghan), who is unaware of his true job. He assembles a team to face the elusive arms and information broker Owen Davian (Philip Seymour Hoffman) who intends to sell a mysterious dangerous object known as "The Rabbit's Foot".

Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)

Ethan and the entire IMF are framed for the bombing of the Kremlin while investigating an individual known only as "Cobalt" (Michael Nyqvist). Ethan and three other agents are left to stop Cobalt from starting a global nuclear war.

Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)

Ethan Hunt comes under threat from the Syndicate. Faced with the IMF's disbandment, Hunt assembles his team for their mission to prove the Syndicate's existence and bring the organization down by any means necessary.

Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)

When an IMF mission to recover plutonium goes wrong, the world is faced with the threat of the Apostles, a terrorist group formed by former members of the Syndicate. As Ethan Hunt takes it upon himself to fulfill the original mission, the CIA begins to question his loyalty and his motives.

Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One (2023)
An AI known as "the Entity" is responsible for the sinking of the next-generation Russian submarine Sevastopol. The Entity has since gone rogue and entrenched itself into cyberspace; the secret to stopping or controlling it lies with the key which Ethan Hunt and the IMF must track down, as various world powers and nefarious forces race to obtain the key in order to use the Entity for their own purpose.

Untitled eighth film (2025)

In January 2019, an eighth Mission: Impossible film was announced to be in development, written and directed by Christopher McQuarrie and filmed back-to-back with the seventh film. It was scheduled to be released on August 5, 2022, but was delayed to November 4, 2022, then to July 7, 2023, then to June 28, 2024, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was later delayed to May 23, 2025 due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike.

Hayley Atwell joined the cast in September 2019, followed by Pom Klementieff and Shea Whigham. In January 2020, Nicholas Hoult and Simon Pegg were announced to be appearing in the film, but Hoult was later replaced by Esai Morales in both films due to scheduling conflicts.

In February 2020, it was announced that Henry Czerny and Vanessa Kirby would return as Eugene Kittridge and Alanna Mitsopolis, respectively. In February 2021, Deadline Hollywood reported that Part Two would no longer be filmed back-to-back with Part One. Filming of Part Two began shortly after production wrapped on Part One. It was initially billed that both films would be a send-off for Ethan Hunt. The subtitle, Dead Reckoning Part Two, was removed from the film in October 2023.

Future
In June 2023, Christopher McQuarrie stated that Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One and Part Two would not end the series, as there are developments for future installments. In July 2023, during promotion for Part One, Cruise expressed interest in continuing to make further films in the series as Ethan Hunt, despite both films having previously been billed as a send-off to the character. Inspired by Harrison Ford's continued success in the Indiana Jones films, Cruise stated that he would like to keep making Mission: Impossible films until he is likewise in his eighties.

Recurring cast and characters

Additional crew and production details

Reception

Box-office performance

Critical and public response
The Mission: Impossible film series has received positive reviews from critics and audiences, with the latter five attracting significant praise directed towards their direction, cinematography, stunts, action sequences, performances, and musical scores.

Music

The television version is in a rarely used  time (an unusual time signature with five crotchets to a bar) and is difficult to dance to, as was proven by a memorable segment of American Bandstand in which teenage dancers were caught off-guard by Dick Clark's playing of the Lalo Schifrin single release.

The opening theme music for the first six films are stylized renditions of Schifrin's original iconic theme, preserving the  rhythm, by Danny Elfman, Hans Zimmer, Michael Giacchino, Joe Kraemer and Lorne Balfe, respectively. Most of the versions included in the score also retained the  time signature.

For Adam Clayton and Larry Mullen, Jr.'s version featured on the first film's motion picture soundtrack, the time signature was changed to standard pop  time to make it more dance-friendly, although the intro is still in  time. The Limp Bizkit song "Take a Look Around" from the soundtrack to the second film was set to a similar  modification of the theme, with an interlude in .

Notes

References

External links

 Mission: Impossible series at the box office, from The Numbers

Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Film series introduced in 1996
Action film series
Thriller film series
Cruise/Wagner Productions films
Paramount Pictures franchises
1990s English-language films
2000s English-language films
2010s English-language films
2020s English-language films


Herbert Denman (born in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 20, 1855 - died 1903 in Idyllwild, California) was a figure-painter.

Born to a wealthy family, Denman was a pupil of Art Students League of New York, and Carolus Duran, Paris; honorable mention, Paris Salon, 1886, and Paris Exposition, 1889 ; member Society of American Artists 1887.

His work, which is somewhat decorative in character, was described by contemporaries as marked by good qualities of color and drawing.

The Trio was considered to be one of the best of his works, and was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1886. It represented three young women with musical instruments. His studio was in New York City.

Notes

References
 Universal Cyclopædia & Atlas, 1902, New York, D. Appleton & Co.
 Askart.com accessed January 24, 2008

1855 births
1903 deaths
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
Painters from Brooklyn
Art Students League of New York alumni
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists


The 1992 World Wrestling Championships were held in Villeurbanne, France.

Medal table

Team ranking

Medal summary

Women's freestyle

Participating nations
96 competitors from 22 nations participated.

 (4)
 (1)
 (2)
 (5)
 (8)
 (3)
 (9)
 (2)
 (2)
 (2)
 (9)
 (3)
 (1)
 (1)
 (5)
 (3)
 (9)
 (4)
 (3)
 (7)
 (5)
 (8)

See also
 Wrestling at the 1992 Summer Olympics

References

External links
UWW Database

World Wrestling Championships
W
W
1992 in sport wrestling


This is a list of electronic organ makers.

Brazil
Bonh (Sistemas Johannus - Novo Hamburgo - RS)
Tokai (Antiga Minami, é também a maior fabricante de órgãos da américa latina e do mundo)
Harmonia (setembro de 2012)
Digital Acordes
Gambitt (Uma das marcas mais clássicas do Brasil)
Saema
Phinker
DualKey
Tocamais
Schieffer
Grace
Koller
Rohnes
Yahalom

Canada
Artisan Classic Organ Inc. (dba Classic Organ Works) - Markham, Ontario
The Classic Organ Company Ltd. - Markham, Ontario
Hallman Organ Co. - Kitchener, Ontario
Minshall Organ Company - London, Ontario
Phoenix Organs – Peterborough, Ontario
The Robb Wave Organ Company – Belleville, Ontario
Northern Electric - (manufacturer of Hammond organs) - Belleville, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec

China
Hsin-Hai Teodorico PC Organ (in cooperation with Hauptwerk) – Beijing
Ringway – Changzhou, Jiangsu

Denmark
Skandinavisk Orgelcentrum ApS, Vejle.  Hybracoustric church organs  -  Home organs  - Hauptwerk Nordichttp://www.churchorgans.comhttp://www.kirchenorgeln.euhttps://www.kirkeorgel.dk

Finland
 Walton
 WLM-Organ

Germany
 Ahlborn Orgel – Heimerdingen
 Dr. Böhm
 Hoffrichter Orgel – Salzwedel
 Wersi
 Hohner

Italy
 Armon (company) – Porto Recanati (1970s)
 Bontempi - Potenza Picena
 Crumar
 Farfisa – Osimo
 Generalmusic (GEM)
 Orla - Castelfidardo
 Viscount International – Mondaino
Eko
Jen
Elgam
Elka
Siel
Ketron
Logan
CRB

Japan
Kawai Musical Instruments
Korg
Roland Corporation
Technics (brand)
Yamaha Corporation
JVC Victron
Hammond Suzuki
ACE tone
Casio

The Netherlands
Content Organs Holland
 Eminent Organs – Bodegraven (closed), Lelystad (since 1994)
Johannus – Ede
Bemore instruments
RiHa
Phillips

South Korea
Kurzweil Music Systems

Sweden
Clavia Digital Musical Instruments

United Kingdom
 Bird
 JMI Jennings Musical Industries - VOX
John Compton Organ Company of Acton – Nottingham and London (now Makin Organs)
Copeman Hart Organs — Shaw (now part of ChurchOrganWorld)
Eminent UK — Designer of British organs and exclusive distributor of the Eminent brand. Based in Wincanton.
Maestrovox
Makin Organs — Shaw (now part of ChurchOrganWorld)
Wyvern Organs – Kirdford

United States
Ahlborn-Galanti – Bensenville, Illinois (division of family company, Generalmusic)
Allen Organ Company – Macungie, Pennsylvania
Baldwin Piano Company – Nashville, Tennessee
C.G. Conn – Chicago, Illinois (closed)
Gulbransen
Hammond Organ Company – Chicago, Illinois
Lowrey Organ Company – Chicago, Illinois
Marshall & Ogletree – Needham, Massachusetts
Rodgers Instruments – Hillsboro, Oregon (owned by parent company  Vandeweerd in Netherland, owner of Johannus)
Thomas Organ Company
Walker Technical Company - Center Valley, Pennsylvania

Lists of musical instrument manufacturing companies


James Vann Johnston Jr. (born October 16, 1959) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He has been serving as bishop of the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph in Missouri since 2015.  He served as bishop of the Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau in Missouri from 2008 to 2015.

Biography

Early life
James Vann Johnston Jr. was born on  October 16, 1959, in Knoxville, Tennessee, to James Johnston (an accountant) and Pat (née Huber) Vann Johnston; his grandparents were Baptists. He has four younger siblings: two sisters, Beth and Amy, and one brother, Steve.  James Johnston Jr. was a member of the Boy Scouts of America, attaining the rank of eagle scout. After attending Knoxville Catholic High School in Knoxville, he studied at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, obtaining a degree in electrical engineering in 1982.  Johnston then worked for an engineering consulting firm in Houston, Texas, until 1985.

Johnston has stated that the faith and generosity of his mother and the teachings of Pope John Paul II inspired him to enter the priesthood. He entered Saint Meinrad School of Theology in Saint Meinrad, Indiana, where he earned a Master of Divinity degree.

Priesthood
Johnston was ordained for the Diocese of Knoxville by Bishop Anthony O'Connell on June 9, 1990; he was one of the first two priests ordained for the diocese after its creation.

From 1994 to 1996, Johnston attended The Catholic University of America School of Canon Law in Washington, D.C., receiving a Licentiate of Canon Law. He then served as an associate pastor at St. Mary's Parish in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and at St. Jude Parish in Chattanooga,Tennessee, where he also taught at Notre Dame High School. Johnston then returned to Knoxville as associate pastor of Holy Ghost Parish, where his family has been longtime parishioners. Johnston was named chancellor and moderator of the diocesan curia in 1996, and later pastor of Our Lady of Fatima Parish in Alcoa, Tennessee, in addition to his curial duties, on May 14, 2007.

In 2002, Johnston and two other priests, Reverends Kevin and John Dowling, saved a father and his two children while hiking in Glacier National Park in Montana. For their actions, the three priests were presented with the Citizen's Award for Bravery by the Secretary of the Interior, Gale Norton, on February 2, 2005. Upon receiving the award, Johnston remarked, "We were all very surprised, partly because it happened two and a half years ago. We didn't think too many people were even aware of it."

Considered somewhat conservative in his views, Johnston supports the celebration of Tridentine Mass, but has said he does not "hold a great personal attachment to it" due to his relatively young age. He also supports the use of Gregorian chant and polyphony. He has cited Dolly Parton, Chet Atkins, and Alan Jackson as some of his favorite musical artists.

Bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau
On January 24, 2008, Johnston was appointed the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau by Pope Benedict XVI. He later stated at a press conference, "I am eager to learn about the Church in Southern Missouri, and to become part of God's family here." Johnston also announced that, as bishop, he would:"Seek out those who have fallen away from the practice of their Catholic faith, reach out to the unchurched, and seek to meet brothers and sisters of other faith communities and churches on areas of common belief and shared concerns." Johnston received his episcopal consecration on March 31 from Archbishop Raymond Burke, with Archbishop Joseph Kurtz and Bishop John Leibrecht serving as co-consecrators.  In May 2009, noting that President Barack Obama "has taken steps on multiple fronts to undermine the protection of innocent human life", Johnston said the decision of the University of Notre Dame to have Obama deliver the commencement speech at its graduation ceremony and receive an honorary degree was "saddening and bewildering." Johnston also said, "While we must pray for our president, respect his office, and acknowledge and support the good things he does to lead our nation, it is also our duty to make known our opposition to those actions and decisions that stand in direct opposition to the moral law and the foundational principals of America."Johnston criticized the treatment of Miss California Carrie Prejean, who placed second at Miss USA 2009 after being asked if she supported same-sex marriage and responding she did not. Johnston said the incident "...shows just how much American culture, in such a short time, has drifted away from the moorings that have given the nation strength and stability...[and] shows the fierce intolerance of many of those who advocate redefining marriage to include same-sex unions."

Bishop of Kansas City-St. Joseph
On September 15, 2015, Pope Francis named Johnston as bishop of the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph. He was installed on November 4, 2015, in the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Kansas City.

On June 27, 2016, in a special church service, Johnston apologized to victims of sexual abuse in the diocese for the abuse itself and the cover-up by the church.  His predecessor as bishop, Robert Finn, had pleaded guilty in 2012 to a charge of failing to report an individual abusing a child.

On September 14, 2020, just before the 2020 US presidential election, Johnston sent a controversial letter to parishioners in the diocese. In the letter, Johnston asked voters to examine which party supported so-called moral issues such as abortion rights.  When asked if Johnston was endorsing Republican Party candidates, he said that he was only asking voters to vote their conscience.

On March 23, 2021, Johnston announced the laicization in December 2020 of Michael Tierney, a former priest in the Diocese of Kansas City- St. Joseph. Tierney, who died in December, had faced multiple credible accusations of sexual abuse of children.

See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References

External links

 Roman Catholic Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph Official Site
 Catholic-Hierarchy

Episcopal succession

1959 births
Living people
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Roman Catholic bishops of Springfield–Cape Girardeau
Roman Catholic bishops of Kansas City–Saint Joseph
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
University of Tennessee alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
Catholics from Tennessee
Catholic University of America School of Canon Law


The International Sleep Products Association (ISPA) is a trade association based in Alexandria, Virginia, United States. Its members are mattress manufacturers and mattress industry components suppliers.

History
Founded as the National Association of Mattress Manufacturers in 1915, the organization renamed itself two years later as the National Association of Bedding Manufacturers. Its goal was to create state tagging laws (see law label) and address the health sanitation issues affecting consumers. The association's name was changed to the International Sleep Products Association (ISPA) in 1987 to reflect acceptance of international members.

ISPA's stated mission has been to lead and advance the interests of the sleep products industry. It works on behalf of the bedding industry on a range of commercial, health, safety and environmental issues, including legislative lobbying at the state and federal level. It also seeks to present a positive  image of the sleep products industry to the general public.

ISPA today
ISPA currently represents the sleep products industry and service suppliers around the world. ISPA members range from multinational mattress and sleep products manufacturing companies to small, family-owned operations.

The association provides a range of legislative, informational, and educational services to the mattress industry. Many services are exclusive to ISPA members, others benefit the industry in general as well as the public.

Member support and services
The association's products and services to members and non-members include:
Services and information designed to assist industry members in reducing bottom-line expenses
Industry news publications
Mattress industry statistical information and market intelligence
Mattress industry advocacy
Industry education and events
Networking opportunities
Consumer outreach and research via the Better Sleep Council
Other tools and publications for members
An online ISPA Job Board, which assists member companies in filling job openings

ISPA provides regular and member communications through its website, through its publications BedTimes and Sleep Savvy and their websites, and through a range of social media including Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter and its Blog - Bedpost.

 magazine, published monthly, covers mattress industry news for manufacturers and components suppliers. In August 2017, BedTimes marked 100 years of continuous publication with a celebratory feature chock full of industry history and interesting anecdotes.

The BedTimes Supplies Guide is a listing of products and services used in mattress and other sleep products manufacturing.

Sleep Savvy magazine is targeted to mattress retailers. Editorial content centers on tools and information to assist in boosting mattress sales.

ISPA Insider, a weekly industry e-newsletter for members, covers association news, legislative and regulatory issues, meetings and trade show information, and breaking news impacting the mattress industry.

Better Sleep Council (BSC)
Founded by ISPA in 1979, the BSC's stated goal has been to increase mattress sales and shorten the mattress replacement cycle by educating consumers about the importance of sleep to health and quality of life, and that the sleep surface and sleep environment are important contributors to quality of sleep.

The BSC funds regular research studies of consumers to explore attitudes toward mattresses and the shopping experience. Findings assist the BSC in developing its messaging. ISPA membership dues support BSC research and other programs. BSC public relations campaigns aim to keep mattresses top of mind as consumers decide how to spend disposable income. The campaigns target a broad segment of U.S. consumers via print, broadcast and online media.

The BSC's latest example of this is the "Stop Sleeping Around" campaign. Through short videos and other visuals that show consumers sleeping everywhere but their own bed, the campaign reinforces the message that they may need to replace their mattress if they are nodding off during the day because they are not getting 7–8 hours of quality rest on a comfortable, supportive mattress. The campaign advances the BSC’s mission by making the importance of sleep and mattress replacement top of mind in a fun, edgy way.

The annual focal point of the association's public relations campaign is Better Sleep Month (BSM) each May. Media hits for the campaign reach into the millions each year.  During BSM, the BSC has used a national spokesperson for a satellite and radio media tour, as well as 30: and 60: “In the Know” news vignettes, which are put on the BSC website.

The BSC has conducted several studies on consumer shopping behavior and the typical mattress replacement cycle. The council takes credit for helping reduce the average mattress replacement cycle from 13-plus years to about 10 years. The BSC sponsored a groundbreaking study conducted by the Oklahoma State University to scientifically evaluate whether a new mattress improves sleep quality and efficiency, while reducing back, spine, shoulder and neck stiffness, thus leading to a more restful night’s sleep. The results were positive. This study is a resource for the BSC’s consumer messaging.

References

External links
 ISPA Website
 BedTimes Magazine
 Sleep Savvy Magazine
 BedTimes Supplies Guide

International trade associations
Organizations established in 1915


The following article presents a summary of the 1921 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 20th season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Paulistano declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

State championship champions

Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1921.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF
 1921 Brazil national team matches at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


Léon Binoche (16 August 1878 – 28 August 1962) was a French rugby union player who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the French rugby union team, which won the gold medal. His great-niece is the actress Juliette Binoche.

References

External links

profile
Biography of Léon Binoche

1878 births
1962 deaths
Sportspeople from Yonne
French rugby union players
Rugby union players at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Olympic rugby union players for France
Olympic gold medalists for France
Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics


HMS Exeter was a 70-gun third rate ship of the line of the Kingdom of England, built by contract Sir Henry Johnson at Blackwall under the 1677 Construction Programme. She was at the Battle of Beachy Head in 1690. She was accidentally burnt at Plymouth in 1691. Her remains were hulked at Portsmouth until she was broken in 1717.

She was the first vessel to bear the name Exeter in the English and Royal Navy.

Construction and Specifications
She was ordered on 20 February 1678 to be built under contract by Sir Henry Johnson of Blackwall on the River Thames. She was launched in March 1680. Her dimensions were a gundeck of  with a keel of  for tonnage calculation with a breadth of  and a depth of hold of . Her builder’s measure tonnage was calculated as 1,031 tons burthen. Her draught was .

Her initial gun armament was in accordance with the 1677 Establishment with 72/60 guns consisting of twenty-six demi-cannons (54 cwt, 9.5 ft) on the lower deck, twenty-six 12-pounder guns (32 cwt, 9 ft) on the upper deck, ten sakers (16 cwt, 7 ft) on the quarterdeck and four sakers (16 cwt, 7 ft) on the foc’x’le with four 3-pounder guns (5 cwt, 5 ft) on the poop deck or roundhouse. By 1688 she would carry 70 guns as per the 1685 Establishment . Her initial manning establishment would be for a crew of 460/380/300 personnel.

Commissioned Service

HMS Exeter was commissioned on 8 June 1679 under the command of Captain John Perryman for delivery to Chatham. In 1689 she was under the command of Captain Lawrence Wright followed by Captain Mathew Tennant. Under Captain George Mees in 1690. She fought in the Battle of Beachy Head in Rear (Blue) Squadron on 30 June 1690.

Loss
She was burnt by accident at Plymouth on 12 September 1691. Her remains were hulked at Portsmouth until she was broken in 1717.

Citations

References

 Colledge (2020), Ships of the Royal Navy, by J.J. Colledge, revised and updated by Lt Cdr Ben Warlow and Steve Bush, published by Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley, Great Britain, © 2020,  (EPUB), Section E (Exeter)
 Winfield (2009), British Warships in the Age of Sail (1603 – 1714), by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, England © 2009, EPUB
 Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press.
 Clowes (1898), The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to the Present (Vol. II). London. England: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, © 1898

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1680s ships
Ships built by the Blackwall Yard


Tiina is an Estonian and Finnish feminine given name.

People named Tiina include:
Tiina Ala-aho (born 19??), Finnish Paralympic track and field athlete
Tiina Benno (born 1961), Estonian politician
Tiina Intelmann (born 1963), Estonian diplomat
Tiina Kaalep (born 1964), Estonian journalist, broadcast and media manager
Tiina Kangro (born 1961), Estonian journalist and politician
Tiina Kankaanpää (born 1976), Finnish discus thrower
Tiina Kapper (1895–1947), Estonian dancer and dance pedagogue
Tiina Lillak (born 1961), Finnish javelin thrower
Tiina Lokk (born 1955), Estonian filmmaker, film teacher and politician
Tiina Lymi (born 1971), Finnish actress, director, screenwriter and author
Tiina Mälberg (born 1970), Estonian actress
Tiina Nieminen (born 1979), Finnish racing cyclist
Tiina Nunnally (born 1952), American author and translator
Tiina Oraste (born 1962), Estonian politician
Tiina Puumalainen (born 1966), Finnish theatre director and a playwright
Tiina Randlane (born 1953), Estonian mycologist and lichenologist
Tiina Ranne (born 1994), Finnish ice hockey player
Tiina Rosenberg (born 1958), Swedish educator and politician
Tiina Saario (born 1982), Finnish footballer
Tiina Salmén (born 1984), Finnish footballer
Tiina Sanila (born 1983), Finnish musician
Tiina Sten (born 1985), Finnish basketball player
Tiina Tauraite (born 1976), Estonian actress
Tiina Trutsi (born 1994), Estonian football player
Tiina Wilén-Jäppinen (1963–2016), Finnish politician

References

Estonian feminine given names
Feminine given names
Finnish feminine given names


Thomas Michael McCurry (born 4 June 1964) is an ex football referee from Scotland.  He refereed the 2005 Scottish League Cup Final. McCurry considered his refereeing to be a hobby and lists his main occupation as "Minister of Christian Faith".

On 18 May 2009, the SFA ended McCurry's refereeing career when they omitted him from the list of senior officials who will handle matches in Scotland during the 2009–10 football season. He had previously been one of the SFA's FIFA referees.

He is a Baptist senior pastor at the Mosspark Baptist Church in Glasgow.  He is also a member of the Glasgow Magic Circle.

McCurry enjoys running and playing 5-a-side football in his spare time. He is also the chair person of Teen Challenge UK

References

External links

http://www.mikemccurry.co.uk/

Scottish football referees
Living people
1964 births
Scottish Football League referees
Scottish Premier League referees


William Thomas Lopp (June 21, 1864 – April 10, 1939), known better professionally as W. T. Lopp, and to his family as Tom Lopp, was a member of the Overland Relief Expedition in Alaska, then a U.S. territory.  He was a missionary and advocate of turning native hunters into self-sufficient reindeer herders.  Lopp Lagoon, an  long bay near where Lopp lived in Alaska, is named after him.

William Thomas Lopp was born June 21, 1864, to Jacob C. and Lucinda Trotter Lopp at Valley City, Indiana.

He earned a B.A. at Indiana's Hanover College in 1888.

Alaska
In 1890, Lopp moved to Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska to teach at a mission school.  After marrying Ellen Louise Kittredge in 1892, he and his wife continued to teach and learn Eskimo languages and Eskimo lifestyles. Seeing that Eskimo food sources were endangered by the encroachments of the burgeoning American and Canadian fishing industry, Lopp promoted reindeer herding among the native Alaskans as an alternative means of subsistence. In 1892 reindeer were brought over from Siberia and a "reindeer station" was established, with Lopp as superintendent.

Seattle, Washington
Lopp moved his family to Seattle, Washington, USA in 1902, but continued involvement in Alaskan native education and reindeer herding for 34 more years, holding a variety of government and private industry positions.

During his career Lopp established sixty-six schools, five hospitals and sanitation systems, and increased prosperity in the coastal villages of northern Alaska. Lopp died on April 10, 1939, survived by his wife Ellen and their seven surviving children.

Appointments
1904–1909 Superintendent of government schools (Native) and reindeer, northern district, of Alaska.
1910–1923  Chief of the Alaska division of the U.S. Bureau of Education.
1923–1925 Superintendent of education of Natives of Alaska.
1925–? Reindeer expert for Hudson's Bay Company.

Books about Lopp
In a Far Country: The True Story of a Mission, a Marriage, a Murder, and the Remarkable Reindeer Rescue of 1898. by John Taliaferro. PublicAffairs (November 30, 2006)
Ice Window: Letters from a Bering Strait Village 1898-1902. by Kathleen Lopp-Smith. University of Alaska Press (February 1, 2002)

Books by Lopp
White Sox: the story of the reindeer in Alaska. by William Thomas Lopp; H Boylston Dummer. Publisher: Yonkers-on-Hudson, N.Y. : World Book, 1924.
Schools conducted by the United States government. by Douglas MacArthur; William Thomas Lopp; United States. Navy Dept.; United States. Indian School Service. Publisher: [S.l. : s.n.], 1913.

References

External links
Photographs of Lopp and his family in 1902 and 1918

1864 births
1939 deaths
Hanover College alumni
People from Harrison County, Indiana


Rhodopis (, real name possibly Doricha) or Rodopis was a celebrated 6th-century BCE Greek hetaera, of Thracian origin. She is one of only two hetaerae mentioned by name in Herodotus' discussion of the profession (the other is the somewhat later Archidike).

Slavery

According to Herodotus, she was a fellow-slave of the fable teller Aesop, with whom in one version of her story she had a secret love affair; both of them belonged to Iadmon of Samos. She afterwards became the property of Xanthes, another Samian, who took her to Naucratis in Egypt, during the reign of Amasis II, where she met Charaxus, brother of the poet Sappho, who had gone to Naucratis as a merchant. Charaxus fell in love with her, and ransomed her from slavery with a large sum of money, so that henceforth all the money she made from her profession would be her own. Sappho later wrote a poem accusing Rhodopis of robbing Charaxus of his property. She also ridiculed her brother in one of her poems for getting himself entangled with Rhodopis.

After liberation

Rhodopis continued to live at Naucratis after her liberation from slavery, and she tithed a tenth part of her income to the temple at Delphi. She converted this tithe into ten large iron spits for cooking oxen, and sent these to Delphi, where they were dedicated in her name. These spits were seen by Herodotus: "These lie in a heap to this day, behind the altar set up by the Chians and in front of the shrine itself."

Tales and legends

Some 400 years after Herodotus, Strabo stated that Sappho called Rhodopis "Doricha". 200 years after Strabo, Athenaeus maintained that Herodotus had confused two separate women. As "rhodopis" means "rosy cheeks", it was probably a professional pseudonym, but it is unclear whether "Doricha" was her real name. It was the Hellenistic biographical tradition associated with Posidippus that followed the notion of Rhodopis and Doricha being the same individual.

There was a tale current in Greece during Herodotus' time that Rhodopis had caused the construction of "the third pyramid," meaning the Pyramid of Menkaure. Herodotus takes great pains to show the absurdity of the story, but it persisted, and is related by Pliny the Elder as an unquestioned fact.  A variant of this story is told by both Diodorus Siculus and Strabo: in it, the pyramid was supposedly built by Rhodopis's lovers to be her tomb. The origin of this tale, which is unquestionably false, has been analysed by Georg Zoega and Christian Charles Josias Bunsen. Their theory is that as a consequence of the name Rhodopis, the courtesan was confounded with Nitocris, the Egyptian queen (and the heroine of many an Egyptian legend), who was said by Julius Africanus and Eusebius to have built the third pyramid.

Another tale about Rhodopis, related by Strabo and Aelian makes her a queen of Egypt, and thus renders the likelihood of her being confounded with Nitocris still more probable. It is said that as Rhodopis was bathing at Naucratis, an eagle took up one of her sandals, flew away with it, and dropped it in the lap of the Egyptian king as he was administering justice at Memphis. Struck by the strange occurrence and the beauty of the sandal, he did not rest until he had found the fair owner of the beautiful sandal, and as soon as he had discovered her, made her his queen. This story is considered the earliest surviving version of the Cinderella story.

References

Hetairai
6th-century BC Greek people
6th-century BC Greek women
Thracian women
Ancient Thracian Greeks
Year of birth unknown
Ancient Greek slaves and freedmen
Naucratians

el:Ροδώπις
it:Rodopi (schiava)


The Columbus School Building (aka the Columbus Center), one of South Salt Lake's most notable and unique buildings, currently serves as a community center. Located at 2531 South 400 East, the Columbus School building is not only a community landmark, but a vital gathering place as well. The grounds around the building resemble a plaza or garden type area landscaped with pathways, benches, statues, and various plants and trees.

History

Architectural plans for the building were submitted in June 1916. It took less than a year to complete at a cost of $77,100.00, it opened mid-year 1917 as a primary school and closed as a school on June 4, 1968. Shortly after it was converted to house a training center for learning disabled adults, and used for that purpose for about 20 years. In 1974 President Gerald Ford visited the school. In the late 1980s it was decided that it would be too costly to bring the building up to earthquake safety codes and remove asbestos, so the building was used as a warehouse until 1995. The property was sold to the City of South Salt Lake, and in 1997 the architectural firm Cooper Roberts was hired to do a complete renovation of the building. Four years and 5 million dollars later a ribbon-cutting ceremony was held on April 22, 2002 to honor the opening of the Columbus Library.

Amenities

Within the Columbus School building is a number of community services. The Columbus Library branch of Salt Lake County Library Services was a main attraction until it closed in late 2020. Additionally there are class/meeting rooms to accommodate up to 90 people, and an auditorium that will accommodate up to 350 people. A gymnasium/basketball court, a senior center, and a kitchen. The auditorium, gym, classrooms, and kitchen can all be rented for special occasions and gatherings.

Several organizations offer many classes at the Columbus Center, either for seniors, adults, or children. Classes include; Spanish Language, Hula Dance, Hawaiian Language, Judo, various types of Karate, Jazzercise, yoga and guitar lessons. Salsa, Swing, Ballroom, Latin, and many other dance styles are taught. By calling the Center, the public can find out about specific offerings and to get information about how to sign up. As they change and rearrange the offerings regularly. The Library also plans and sponsors numerous events and activities throughout the year. Such as art exhibits, book sales, story-time readings for kids, and other book clubs for seniors and adults, and more.

Open play basketball and billiards is available to children in 3rd through 12th grades. The schedule for open play changes throughout the year, so call for times. Parents or legal guardians must fill out liability waivers for their children to participate. Open play is free.

Additional images

Notes

External links
 Columbus Library
 Historical Photo 1
 Historical Photo 2

Public libraries in Utah
Buildings and structures in South Salt Lake, Utah
Schools in Salt Lake County, Utah
Tourist attractions in Salt Lake County, Utah


The jigsaw technique is a method of organizing classroom activity that makes students dependent on each other to succeed. It breaks classes into groups that each assemble a piece of an assignment and synthesize their work when finished. It was designed by social psychologist Elliot Aronson to help weaken racial cliques in forcibly integrated schools. A study by John Hattie found that the jigsaw method benefits students' learning.

The technique splits classes into mixed groups to work on small problems that the group collates into a outcome. For example, an in-class assignment is divided into topics. Students are then split into groups with one member assigned to each topic. Working individually, each student learns about their topic and presents it to their group. Next, students gather into groups divided by topic. Each member presents again to the topic group. In same-topic groups, students reconcile points of view and synthesize information. They create a final report. Finally, the original groups reconvene and listen to presentations from each member. The final presentations provide all group members with an understanding of their own material, as well as the findings that have emerged from topic-specific group discussion.

The jigsaw technique is a cooperative learning method that brings about both individual accountability and achievement of the team goals.
The process derives its name from the jigsaw puzzle because it involves putting the parts of the assignment together to form a whole picture. The assignment is divided into parts and the class is also divided into the same number of groups as that of the assignment. Each of these group is given a different topic and allowed to learn about it. These groups are shuffled to form new groups consisting of members from each group.

History
In the late 1950s, America was going through desegregation of public schools. In 1954, the Brown v. Board of Education decision of the Supreme Court of the United States created a legal requirement for integration of public schools by ruling that separating schools made them inherently unequal. Actual integration was a painful process, taking years.

Schools were plagued with fights, discrimination, and hate crimes. White supremacist groups and hateful white students terrorized new students. This prevented students from feeling safe in their schools and harmed all their learning abilities. Students often could hardly sit in the same room together without incident, much less work together. This created a problem for teachers, students, parents, communities, and the country alike, as an entire generation of students were distracted from learning by rampant hatred and discrimination.

It was at this time that psychologists were pulled in to advise schools on what to do to correct this problem. In 1971, Dr. Elliot Aronson was hired to advise an Austin, Texas school district on how to defuse the problems of hostile classrooms and distrust between the students. Aronson was a psychologist at the University of Texas at Austin at the time, and took a psychological approach to help fix the problems in the classrooms.
Competition among students had become extremely high. It was quickly realized that the competitive nature of the classroom encouraged students to taunt each other and discriminate against those different from them, so that they might vault themselves higher in status. In order to counter this problem, students were placed in diversified groups so that they would be required to work together and reduce the competitive atmosphere. Students were having difficulty adjusting to the mixing of ethnicity in the classroom. Aronson created an atmosphere for increased collaboration and reduction of the resistance to work with one another. Aronson created assignments that made every member of the group equally important. The students had to pay attention and obtain much information from other group members. This allows for each member of the group to add a small piece of the larger picture so that they are all important to the group. This teaches the students to rely on each other and reduces their competitive attitudes toward each other because they need everyone in their group to do well because their grade depends on the other students.

Research findings
Students in jigsaw classrooms ("jigsaws") showed a decrease in prejudice and stereotyping, liked in-group and out-group members more, showed higher levels of self-esteem, performed better on standardized exams, liked school more, reduced absenteeism, and mixed with students of other races in areas other than the classroom compared to students in traditional classrooms ("trads"). The experiment also increased empathetic role-taking. Students were able to understand things from another student's perspective."

Bridgeman
Diane Bridgeman demonstrated that jigsaws displayed greater empathy than trads. She assessed fifth-graders.

Half of her subjects had spent two months in a jigsaw classroom while the other half were in a traditional classroom. The children viewed cartoons to assess their empathy. Trads displayed lower empathy than jigsaws.

Geffner
Geffner assessed fifth-graders' attitudes about themselves, school, and other students. He worked in the Santa Cruz County, California, school district which had a ratio of 50% Caucasian students to 50% Hispanic students. He assessed trads, jigsaws and students in classrooms that used a cooperative technique that did not rely on interdependence ("coops"). He used a modified version of Blaney's questionnaire and a modified version of the Pictorial Concept Scale for Children. This scale placed cartoon stick figures in various situations, including five self-esteem dimensions: athletic abilities, scholastic abilities, physical appearance, family interactions and social interactions. These measures were used as pre- and post-intervention measures. Interventions lasted eight weeks.

Coops and jigsaws improved or maintained positive attitudes about themselves, school, peers and academic abilities and self-esteem. Trads demonstrated poorer attitudes about peers, themselves, and academic abilities.

Blaney, Stephan, Rosenfield, Aronson and Sikes
The first experiment with the jigsaw classroom was by Blaney, Stephan, Rosenfield, Aronson, and Sikes in 1977. The technique was assessed in ten fifth grade classes across seven schools.

Three fifth grade classes from each school were the controls. Trad teachers were peer-rated as good teachers. The experimental classes worked in jigsaw groups for 45 minutes a day, three days a week, for six weeks. Both groups used similar curricula. The jigsaw groups contained members from all ethnic groups. Student questionnaires assessed attitudes about themselves, school and toward peer teaching, cooperation and attitudes towards group members other students in the class. These measures were used as pre- and post-intervention.

Significant increases were seen in jigsaw self-esteem accompanied by a decrease in trad self-esteem. Jigsaw students liked school more, (Caucasians generally, Mexican-Americans slightly, but not African-Americans.) Trad students liked school less (Caucasians generally, not Mexican-Americans, and African-Americans significantly.) The authors contribute this to the fact that Mexican-American jigsaws may have felt forced to participate in peer teaching. Two other questions produced significant results. Competitiveness among jigsaws decreased and increased among trads. Jigsaws felt they could learn more from other students while trads did not. Students reported increase liking of their group members, but they also increased their liking of other students in the class.

Hänze and Berger

Hänze and Berger assessed 12th-grade physics classes in 2007. They took eight 12th-grade classes and randomly assigned them to either the jigsaw technique or direct instruction. Students were assessed for academic performance and completed a questionnaire looking at personality variables (goal orientation, self-concept, and uncertainty orientation). The topics (motion of electrons and electromagnetic oscillations and waves) were introduced through direct instruction in both branches. Students completed the learning experience questionnaire after the instruction as a pretest measure. Jigsaws were given the learning experience questionnaire after working in the expert group and after working in the jigsaw group. Trads were given the learning experience questionnaire at the end of the lesson.

Academic performance was reassessed a few days after the learning unit. Clear difference emerged in the learning experience, but not in academic performances. Jigsaws showed higher achievement in their "expert" areas, but trads scored better on areas that jigsaws learned from their peers. Jigsaws had a more favorable view of the learning experience, stronger intrinsic motivation, greater interest in the topic and more cognitive activation and involvement than trads. Jigsaws were more involved and more interested in the material and were seen as more competent, more socially related to other students and more autonomous. Indirect effects on performance were implied because students viewed themselves as more competent, but without direct impact on achievement.

Perkins and Saris

Perkins and Saris assessed an undergraduate statistics course in 2001. They noted that a part of class instruction was doing worksheets. Worksheets give immediate feedback, allow for repeated practice, make students active rather than passive learners and allow students to ask for help from the instructor. Drawbacks include students' uneven readiness the substantial time required to complete.

Students worked in groups on two occasions. In the first, four worksheets were supplied. Pairs of students were given the same worksheet and worked together to compute various statistical quantities. For the first study an example of the computation and interpretation were provided. After discussion, students received one of two worksheets that directed them through the steps for completing the procedures for one of the remaining designs with a partial solution for each step.

The handout also contained the next-to-last step for the other design. One group of students received step-by-step instruction and partial solutions for the second and a nearly complete solution for the third design and the other group received step-by-step information for the third design and the almost complete solution for the second. Students were instructed to work with a classmate holding a complementary handout. Students were then asked to rate the exercise on usefulness of getting help, giving help, working with classmates, providing an alternative to a lecture, saving time and understanding the statistical procedures.

Students perceived the jigsaw procedure as being very positive especially as an alternative learning experience. Jigsaws rated the technique as more useful for practical purposes than for interpersonal purposes such as working with others or giving/getting help. Students appreciated the technique as a time-saver and viewed it is a change of pace.

Walker and Crogan

Walker and Crogan looked at the effects of a cooperative learning environment, the jigsaw method and traditional classes on academic performance, self-esteem, liking of school, liking of peers and racial prejudice in Australia. They looked at 103 students in grades 4–6 at one private and one public school. Cooperative learning was used as a baseline measure for the effects of cooperation.

The sixth-grade and fifth grade classes hosted coops and trads, respectively. The study was confounded by changes in procedures for the coops and the departure of the trad teacher, resulting in a shortened, four week schedule. The choice to designate the sixth grade class as "traditional cooperation" rather than "failed jigsaw" was criticized by Bratt. In the public school, a fourth-grade class experienced a three-week jigsaw program. The trad class was a split fourth/fifth-grade class. Each experimental branch had a same-school control.

For the private school, there were 31 students in the experimental group and 29 students in the control group. At the public school, there were 20 students and two teachers in the experimental group, with 23 students and only one teacher in the control group. Teachers were given a description of the program and the key facts were discussed with them.

Public school jigsaw groups balanced ethnicity, academic ability and sex evenly. "Best" friends and "worst" enemies were separated. Prior to implementation, jigsaws familiarized themselves with their group peers, practiced their roles as peer tutors and practiced relevant skills such as discussing main ideas, reading for meaning, listening and quizzing peers on important information.

At the private school, students in the experimental class received the cooperative learning program for 90 minutes each day, twice a week, for four weeks. At the public school, students in the experimental class received the Jigsaw program for an hour a day, five days a week, for three weeks. Measures were taken pre- and post-intervention. Academic performance data was available only from the public school. Self-esteem was measured by the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale (CSCS). Students rated their classmates according to how much they would like to work and play with them. Racial prejudice measures were assessed students' attitudes to Asian-Australians, Aboriginal peoples and European-Australians using one measure of social distance and one of stereotyping.

Academic performance improved for those in the Jigsaw group. Jigsaw self-esteem increased at both schools compared to trads, for liking of school and for playing with peers but the gains were not significant. Jigsaws increased their ratings in working with peers when compared to their relative control group. Coops were not motivated by the prospect of working cooperatively.

Jigsaws liked ingroup and outgroup peers more in work-oriented relationships, but not for coops. Social distance ratings for Asian-Australian and European-Australian children decreased across the program, but European-Australian ratings increased. Jigsaws attributed fewer negative traits to Asian- and European-Australians. Coops showed an increase in stereotyping. The study demonstrated that the Jigsaw method is effective in Australian social conditions in producing positive change in academic performance, attitudes to peers and prejudice. Cooperative learning on the other hand produced generally negative results. Interdependence seemed to be more important than cooperation.

Bratt

Bratt presented two studies on Jigsaw, one in grade 6 (Study 1), one in grades 8 to 10 (Study 2). Bratt focused on the claimed effectiveness of Jigsaw to reduce prejudice. The first study gave similar findings as Walker and Crogan, but Bratt stressed that the data could not be interpreted as establishing positive Jigsaw effects.
Bratt's Study 1 included two schools, with one Jigsaw class and one control class at each school. The experiment covered seven weeks. The analysis focused on ethnic Norwegian children (n = 34 in each class).

The study of sixth graders was confounded by the fact that the Jigsaw class had two teachers whereas the control class had only one teacher.

Study 2 assessed 11 Jigsaw classes and 11 matched control classes. Jigsaw teachers were well trained and repeatedly met during the eight-week experiment. The analysis focused on 264 ethnic Norwegian students. Study 2 failed to indicate effects of Jigsaw on intergroup attitudes, cross-group friendship, common ingroup identity, empathy and attitudes toward school. These variables were measured before, immediately after and six months after the first measure.

Bratt concluded that the two studies did not support Jigsaw. Bratt also pointed out methodological limitations in previous studies, arguing that due to these limitations there was still no empirical evidence to conclude that the Jigsaw technique reduces prejudice. For instance, Walker and Crogan reclassified a Jigsaw class as a control class after the Jigsaw technique failed in this class.

See also
 Learning by teaching
 Flip teaching

References

Pedagogy
Learning methods


Alison Nix (born June 19, 1988) is an American fashion model.  She has modeled for Dior, Hugo Boss, Givenchy, Marc by Marc Jacobs, Vivienne Westwood, Diane von Fürstenberg, Dolce & Gabbana, Hussein Chalayan, Jean Paul Gaultier, John Galliano, Lanvin, Narciso Rodriguez, Yohji Yamamoto, Vogue Italia, Numero, and others.

Alison is the younger sister to filmmakers Evan and Adam Nix, who are known as The Nix Brothers and who front the band Total Ghost. Together they have produced several popular short films that can be seen on Funny Or Die.

References

External links

American female models
Living people
1988 births
21st-century American women


Daimler Sovereign was a name applied by British manufacturer Jaguar Cars to a sequence of luxury automobiles built by it but carrying the Daimler badge between 1966 and 1983.

The Daimler Sovereigns were based on contemporary Jaguar bodyshells, chassis and engines in an example of badge engineering. Jaguar Cars took over The Daimler Company in 1960 and the 1966 Sovereign was the second Daimler to be based on a Jaguar model.  The first was the 2½ litre V8 with an engine designed by Edward Turner. Unlike the Daimler 2½ litre, the Sovereign had a Jaguar engine, marking the end for the Turner designed engines.

The first Daimler Sovereign was based on the 1966 Jaguar 420 and is sometimes referred to as the "Sovereign 420". Subsequent Sovereigns were derived from the Series I, II and III Jaguar XJ6. In 1983 the model name "Sovereign" was switched to the high specification version of the Series III Jaguar XJ6, the 6-cylinder Daimler based on it simply continuing without a model name.

The V12 versions of the Daimler, available from 1972 to 1997, were named Daimler Double-Six after the original Daimler V12s.

Sovereign (Jaguar 420 based: 1966–1969)

The first Sovereign was a badge-engineered version of the Jaguar 420 saloon, which was itself based on the Jaguar S-Type.

The 420 and Sovereign differed from the S-Type in having a revised four-headlight nose reminiscent of the Jaguar Mark X, and being powered by a 4.2-litre version of the straight-six XK engine. The main external difference between the 420 and Sovereign was the traditional fluted radiator grille on the Daimler. More detail of the development of the 420/Sovereign and the ways in which the Sovereign differed from its Jaguar stablemate can be found in the article on the Jaguar 420 and Daimler Sovereign.

There were thoughts of fitting the Sovereign with the Daimler 4½ litre V8 engine as used in the Majestic Major but as this significantly outperformed the Jaguar XK unit and would have led to the Sovereign outgunning the Jaguar 420 the Jaguar hierarchy did not pursue the idea; the Jaguar marque was supposed to be more sporty than the Daimler.

In 1967 the final drive ratio was quietly changed from 3.31:1 to 3.54:1 which led to press complaints about fussier high speed cruising but which improved acceleration times from stand-still within the range of the speeds legal in Britain following the introduction, in December 1965, of a blanket 70 mph (113 km/h) speed limit across the nation's highways.

The front-end styling of the Daimler DS420 limousine introduced in 1968 shared a family resemblance with a Daimler grille mated to a four headlight nose.

The 420/Sovereign range began to be replaced by the Jaguar XJ6 in September 1968. The Jaguar ceased production in December 1968, the Daimler remaining in production until July 1969.

Sovereign (Jaguar XJ6 based: 1969–1986)

Series I (1969–1973)
A new Series I XJ6-based Sovereign was introduced in October 1969.  Once again, it was externally virtually identical to its Jaguar source car with the exception of its fluted grille and Daimler badging. Internally there were trim variations, such as the deletion of the wood door cappings fitted to the Jaguar. This Sovereign was offered with either the 2.8-litre or the 4.2-litre version of the XK engine.

Series II (1973–1979)
The Daimler Sovereign name remained in use for the Series II version of the XJ6, with a raised front bumper and shallower grille; an extended wheelbase version was introduced, which eventually became the standard model. From 1975 the 2.8-litre was replaced by a 3.4-litre version of the XK engine.

Series III (1979–1983)
The Series III XJ6 range, which was released in 1979, was visually distinguished from the Series II by its new thicker bumpers, the removal of separate "quarter-light" windows from the front doors, and a revised rear roofline featuring a slightly more angular c-pillar.   The Series III range initially continued to include a Daimler Sovereign, but in 1983, during the run of the Series III, the range was renamed with the base model named the Jaguar XJ6, the more luxurious version named the Jaguar Sovereign, and the top-of-the-range simply known as the Daimler, without a model name. Some top-of-the-range versions were given the Vanden Plas designation; in some markets where there were licensing problems in the use of the Daimler name, cars with the Daimler fluted grille were sold as Jaguar Vanden Plas.

Sovereign 4.2 two door (1975–1978)

A two-door coupe variant of the Sovereign Series II, utilising the shorter wheelbase platform, was offered from 1975 to 1977. It was marketed as the Daimler Sovereign 4.2 two door.

Daimler Double-Six (1972–1992, 1993–1997)

From 1972 Jaguar's 5.3-litre V12 engine was available in the XJ range, and for the Daimler version a name used by the company from 1926 to 1938 was revived. Sir William Lyons had retired from Jaguar in 1972 and the new chairman was FRW (Lofty) England. Lofty England had been a Daimler apprentice from 1927 to 1932 and taken second place in the first ever RAC rally driving a 30/40 hp Daimler Double-Six and so he decreed that the new V12 Daimler would be known as Double-Six.

Unlike the Jaguar, the twelve-cylinder Daimler had the same radiator grill as its six-cylinder sibling, and externally only the badges distinguished them. The Double-Six followed the same changes as the Sovereign from Series I to Series III, although the Sovereign name was transferred to Jaguar, the Double-Six name remained with Daimler throughout Series III production, which continued until 1992.

In late 1972, the particularly well-equipped Double-Six Vanden Plas appeared. On a  longer wheelbase, this model also received a black vinyl roof to set it apart.

A two-door notchback coupé (aka two-door saloon) was offered in the Double-Six Series II range from 1975 to 1977, as an addition to the four-door notchback saloon. It was marketed as the Daimler Double-Six two door.

When Jaguar re-engineered the XJ40 (the successor to the Series III) to take a 6.0-litre version of the V12 engine, under the model designation XJ81, a new Double-Six was also produced, being manufactured between 1993 and 1994. In the latter year, along with the other XJ models, it was facelifted under the X305 designation and continued to be produced until the V12 engine was dropped in 1997.

Scale models
 The Daimler Sovereign Series 1 has been modelled by Lledo Vanguards in the 2000s.
 The Daimler Sovereign Series 2 has also been modelled by Lledo Vanguards, due for release in the Winter of 2019/2020
 Neo Scale Models have produced a 1:43 resin molded model of the Daimler Vanden Plas Series III.
 At the end of 2012 Neo Scale Models issued a 1:43 resin molded model of the Sovereign 420 in dark red.

References

Footnotes

Sources
 "Jaguar S Type and 420 – The Complete Story" by James Taylor, Crowood
 "Jaguar S Type & 420 – 'Road Test' Limited Edition", Brooklands Books

Sovereign
Flagship vehicles
Full-size vehicles
Sedans
Coupés
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1966
Daimler Sovereign
Daimler Sovereign
Daimler Sovereign
Luxury vehicles


Events in chess in 2005:

Deaths
January 2 – Arnold Denker (1914–2005), 90, American Grandmaster.
January 3 – László Vadász (1948–2005), 56, Hungarian Grandmaster.
March 14 – Simon Webb (1949–2005), 55, British International Master, International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster, and chess writer.
April 9 – Dragoljub Minić (1937–2005), 68, Yugoslavian/Croatian Grandmaster.
April 22 – Leonid Shamkovich (1923–2005), 81, Russian/American Grandmaster.
June 1 – Vladimir Savon (1940–2005), 64, Soviet/Ukrainian Grandmaster, USSR Champion 1971.
November 3 – Hrvoje Bartolović (1932–2005), 73, Croatian Grandmaster of Chess Composition and International Judge of Chess Compositions.
November 12 – Dragutin Sahovic (1940–2005), 65, Serbian Grandmaster.
November 17 – Igor Vasilyevich Ivanov (1947–2005), 58, Russian/Canadian Grandmaster.
December 15 – Enrico Paoli (1908–2005), 97, Italian Grandmaster, established the Reggio Emilia chess tournament.
December – Béla Berger (1931–2005), 74, Hungary/Australia.

References

21st century in chess
Chess by year