Year's Best Science Fiction Novels: 1953 is a 1953 anthology of science fiction novels and novellas edited by E. F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty.  An abridged edition was published in the UK by The Bodley Head in 1955 under the title Category Phoenix. The stories had originally appeared in 1952 in the magazines Astounding, Galaxy Science Fiction and Thrilling Wonder Stories.

Contents

 Introduction, by Everett F. Bleiler & T. E. Dikty
 "Firewater", by William Tenn
 "Category Phoenix", by Boyd Ellanby
 "Surface Tension", by James Blish
 "The Gadget Had a Ghost", by Murray Leinster
 "Conditionally Human", by Walter M. Miller, Jr.

Reception
P. Schuyler Miller noted that the editors selected stories "for variety as much as 'importance,' literary elegance, or any other such self-conscious quality."

References

1953 anthologies
Year's Best Science Fiction Novels anthology series


The black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) is a bathypelagic cutlassfish of the family Trichiuridae found in the Atlantic Ocean between latitudes 69°N and 27°N at depths between . Its length is up to , but it reaches maturity around .

Description
The black scabbardfish has an extremely elongated body; its body height is about one-eighth of the standard length, which is up to . The snout is large with strong, fang-like teeth. The dorsal fin has 34 to 41 spines and 52 to 56 soft rays. The anal fin has two spines and 43 to 48 soft rays. The pelvic fin is represented by a single spine in juveniles, but is entirely absent in adults. The color is a coppery black with an iridescent tint. The inside of the mouth and gill cavities are black. Juveniles are believed to be mesopelagic, living at depths from .

Biology
The black scabbardfish is bathypelagic by day, but moves upwards in the water column at night to feed at middle depths on crustaceans, cephalopods, and other fishes, mostly grenadiers, codlings (family Moridae) and naked heads (family Alepocephalidae). The black scabbardfish coexists spatially with Aphanopus intermedius, which is a species commonly known as the intermediate scabbardfish. The narrow, elongated body of the black scabbardfish, along with its pointed head and long dorsal fin, is adapted for fast swimming. This fish has a large terminal mouth with large fang-like teeth for efficient predation. To camouflage well, it has a coppery-black coloration with an iridescent tint. The fish's large eyes, which have a diameter around 18% of the head length, are of such a large size to facilitate sight in low light. They become sexually mature at a length around . Both the eggs and the larvae are pelagic, drifting with the plankton. In general, the size distribution moves towards higher values from north to south of the Northeast Atlantic. Eggs and larval stages of this fish are unknown and juvenile fish are rarely caught. Juveniles, however, are reported to be mesopelagic. The lifecycle of black scabbardfish is unknown, but the most common hypothesis is that one single stock undertakes a large-scale clockwise migration around the Northeast Atlantic. Spawning is restricted to certain areas, including Madeira, the Canary Islands, and possibly further south. The juvenile black scabbardfish stay to feed and grow for a few years in the fisheries south of the Faroe Islands and the west of the British Isles. Afterwards, the juveniles then move south towards mainland Portugal and even further south to the spawning areas. The most recent studies indicate that the maximum age of the black scabbardfish from Madeira was about 14 years and the maximum age in mainland Portugal was about 12 years. As opposed to most shelf demersal and pelagic commercial fish, the black scabbardfish exhibits a slow growth rate in adults, which results from energy investment in growth and reproduction.

Reproduction
The black scabbardfish is an iteroparous species, meaning it can spawn multiple times throughout its life. It is also a total spawner, meaning that it releases all of its eggs in one single event per breeding season. It also exhibits determinate fecundity, meaning that all of the eggs are oocytes in the ovary before spawning.  The females are expected to be able to spawn for a period of 8 years, but skip spawning may occur. If nonreproductive males are mixed with spawning adults, the females allocate their energy towards large-scale migration and growth and participate in skip spawning. The mature and spawning adult fish have only been observed in the last quarter of the year in certain locations including Madeira, the Canaries, and the northwest coast of Africa. The gonadosomatic index is higher for the same body length in the black scabbardfish located around Madeira as opposed to off mainland Portugal or to the west of the British Isles. This occurrence may be due to the areas lacking intrinsic and extrinsic factors that condition the maturity process in these areas. According to recent studies, developing females are dominant from April to August, and the reproduction period lasts from September to December with a prevalent number of prespawning and spawning females during this period. From December to March, most females have spawned. Developing males are seen throughout the year, though, mainly from March to August. Prespawning males are more abundant from July to November. Similar to the females, postspawning males are prevalent from December to April. Generally, developing females are prevalent in Madeiran waters around spring and their reproductive cycles continue in this area, whereas mainland Portugal females begin to suffer from a generalized atresia from July on.

Diet
Black scabbardfish have 35 or more prey categories, including crustaceans, cephalopods, mesopelagic fish, shrimp, teleost fish, and blue whiting.  Blue whiting may be a preferred prey; other mesopelagic fish are also preferred. When black scabbardfish are not feeding on these, they may chase after baitfish, feeding on Sardina pilchardus, Scomber colias, or squid.

Parasitic infection
The black scabbardfish is a suitable host for the parasite Anisakis, mainly due to the fishes’ diet of infected hosts such as crustaceans (euphausiids, copepods, and amphipods), fish, and cephalopods. This parasite is a nematode capable of entering the hosts’ stomach wall or intestines. Scientists have used these parasites to track where the black scabbardfish has traveled. These parasites are commonly used for tracking, since they are prevalent in waters near Portugal and the Madeira Islands. A study has been conducted on the infectivity of the Anisakis app. Larvae (Nematoda: Aniskidae) in the black scabbardfish near Portuguese waters. The three regions that were observed in the study were the mainland coast of Portugal, Madeira, and the Azores. The mainland and Madeira regions were observed throughout four seasons by scientists and the Azores were observed in two seasons. In all fish observed, all were infected by L3 larvae. Consumption of raw or undercooked black scabbard fish can result in health complications for humans. The only reliable treatment for a human affected with anisakiasis is the removal of the nematodes through endoscopy, or surgery.

Migration and habitat
The black scabbardfish can be found throughout the Northeast Atlantic in differing stages of growth through its life.  This fish performs a clockwise migration during its lifecycle driven by reproduction and feeding habits. The black scabbardfish spawns near the Madeira Islands and the Canary Archipelago during October through December. They then are thought to head north to cooler waters, where they feed and grow.  Upon reaching adulthood, they then move south again to the waters off Portugal until they are of reproductive maturity age and return to their spawning grounds. Some debate exists on the spawning areas of the black scabbardfish.  Though the Madeira spawning area is well known, some other spawning areas off the northwestern coast of Africa may be used, as mature females have been found in this region during the reproductive time.

Economic value
The black scabbardfish is of economic importance to fisheries associated with countries of the Iberian Peninsula, and especially the Madeira Islands, where they are prized for food. The species is also fished around Iceland, France, Ireland, and some areas of the Canary Islands. Because of its good flesh quality, it usually fetches high prices. The black scabbardfish, along with the crab, are the two most sought-after sea products for consumption in the Madeira Islands and Portugal, so play a significant economic role in these locations.  In areas in Portuguese waters, the black scabbardfish has traditionally been caught by line gear. In the Atlantic around France and Ireland, the fish are caught by trawlers. The black scabbardfish, has high economic value in areas such as Portugal, it is the most important deep-water fish exploited, and landings increased from 2700 tonnes per year between 1988 and 1993 and around 2000 and increased to 2900 tonnes in landings in 2007. In the last decade alone, landings have increased to about 6000 tonnes, 3000 tonnes in Madeira and 3000 tonnes in mainland Portugal.

Consumption and health
Despite having huge market value and a strong hold in the typical Southern European diet, several health risks are associated with consumption of the black scabbardfish due to the presence of several toxic metals found within the fish, including lead, mercury, and cadmium. Even in very small quantities, these metals can be deadly to humans if consumed. However, according to standards set by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organization, as long as the liver is not consumed, no real health risks exist in consuming the black scabbardfish in moderation. The levels of toxic metals found in the fish were:
Liver:  between 2.37 mg/kg and 4.5 mg/kg of mercury found
Skin: between 0.36 mg/kg and 0.59 mg/kg of mercury found  0.11 mg/kg of cadmium found
Muscle: 0.9 mg/kg mercury found,  0.09 mg/kg maximum cadmium levels found
In every sample, the lead found was less than 0.10 mg/kg. Black scabbardfish are known hosts to Anisakis. Eating raw or undercooked black scabbardfish could result in a parasitic infection known as anisakiasis, and the only way this condition can be treated is by removal of the nematodes through endoscopy, or surgery.

Conservation
Black scabbardfish are deep-sea creatures, existing in abundance between 800 and 1300 m deep.  They are mainly caught in mixed trawl fisheries along with other deep-water species, and are highly vulnerable to overfishing. The Marine Conservation Society ranks this species as a number five out of five on the sustainability chart. This means that the species is vital to their ecosystem. Preservation of this species is highly recommended. However, this species is of high commercial importance, with annual catches reaching up to 14,000 tonnes. The high abundance of this species is declining in some areas of the Northeast Atlantic.

References

black scabbardfish
Fish of the North Atlantic
Commercial fish
Madeiran cuisine
black scabbardfish
Taxa named by Richard Thomas Lowe


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1966 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1966. Republicans gained three seats from the Democrats. There was a mid-decade redistricting of the California districts in 1966.

Overview

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

District 12

District 13

District 14

District 15

District 16

District 17

District 18

District 19

District 20

District 21

District 22

District 23

District 24

District 25

District 26

District 27

District 28

District 29

District 30

District 31

District 32

District 33

District 34

District 35

District 36

District 37

District 38

See also
90th United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1966 United States House of Representatives elections

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1966
California
United States House of Representatives


Shelly limestone is a highly fossiliferous limestone, composed of a number of fossilized organisms such as brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids, sponges, corals and mollusks. It varies in color, texture and hardness. Coquina is a poorly indurated form of shelly limestone.

Shelly limestone is a sedimentary rock because it is made up of fragments. To be shelly, it is full of broken shells which are "glued" together with calcite. Calcium carbonate often makes up around 10% of the volume, whilst many varied sized shells from granular to very large pebbles. Its color is gray.

Formation
Each shelly limestone is unique in its own way, where every stone of this type is composed of different fossilized organism and shell fragments. Shelly limestones are mainly found near where marine life live or where marine life once occupied.

The unique qualities of a shelly limestone are formed with the help of calcite, acting as a sticking agent for small shell fragments, dead marine organism and other minerals. Typically, the rock is composed of approximately 10 percent calcium carbonate. The appearance of shelly limestones can differ in color, composition, hardness and texture depending on where the stone is formed. Generally, however, shelly limestones have noticeable shell fragments in various sizes. Shelly limestone is considered a carbonate rock because the stone is mainly composed primarily of carbonate minerals. In detail, shelly limestones are formed when rocks containing different minerals get weathered down then get transported to a standing body of water. From here organisms that precipitate carbon, phosphate, and silicate materials (which forms the rock's shelly texture) combine with the minerals and go through a process called deposition, where the minerals and organic components sort by size and density. Once sorted, the fragments go through diagenesis, where the fragments compress and cement together, and over time will form a shelly limestone.

Shelly limestone can be found dating back to Precambrian and Cambrian times.

Applications
Shelly limestone can be found worldwide and are used to help identify the time period the limestone was formed, different types of organism that were alive in a specific time period, as well as, conditions of the environment based on its mineral composition. These fossil shells can also contain elements and geochemical details that can help determine changes in the climate. Other applications of limestone include being used to produce cement for roads and other foundations. Due to the stones high calcium carbonate content, it can also be used in the agricultural industry as an agent that helps reduce acidity in soil.

Bibliography
 Matthews, SC, and Missarzhevsky, VV. (1975). "Small Shelly Fossils of Late Precambrian and Early Cambrian Age: A Review of Recent Work." Journal of the Geological Society 131.3: 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.131.3.0289
 Brasier, MD. (1984). "Microfossils and Small Shelly Fossils from the Lower Cambrian Hyolithes Limestone at Nuneaton, English Midlands." Geological Magazine 121.3: 229–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800028296
 Jago, JB, Zang, Wen-Long, Sun, Xiaowen, Brock, GA, Paterson, JR, and Skovsted, CB. (2006). "A Review of the Cambrian Biostratigraphy of South Australia." Palaeoworld. 15.3-4: 406–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2006.10.014
 Mohammed Haneefa, K, Santhanam, Manu, and Parida, FC. (2013). "Review of Concrete Performance at Elevated Temperature and Hot Sodium Exposure Applications in Nuclear Industry." Nuclear Engineering and Design 258: 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.01.018
 Evans, KR, and Rowell, AJ. (1990). "Small Shelly Fossils from Antarctica: An Early Cambrian Faunal Connection with Australia." Journal of Paleontology 64.5: 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000018928

See also
List of types of limestone
Limestone - sedimentary rock that is composed of fragments of marine organisms
Precambrian era
Sedimentary rock - formed by the accumulation of small particles, minerals and organic particles

Notes

References
 Shelly limestone

Limestone


The Private Life of Don Juan is a 1934 British comedy-drama film directed by Alexander Korda and starring Douglas Fairbanks, Merle Oberon and Benita Hume. At the age of 51, it was the final role of Fairbanks, who died five years later. The film is about the life of the aging Don Juan, based on the 1920 play L'homme à la Rose ["The Man With the Rose"] by Henry Bataille. It was made by Korda's London Film Productions at British & Dominion Studios in Elstree/Borehamwood and distributed by United Artists.

Plot
After twenty years in exile, an aging Don Juan returns to Seville in secret with his friend Leporello trying to keep his health in check. His wife Dolores has threatened to have him thrown in prison because he won't see her after five years of absences. The next morning, he is surprised to find that all the town knows he is back. Rodrigo, an admirer of his, follows Don Juan everywhere, wanting to be just like him, and able to give a good impression of him with his own amorous advances. Don Juan prepares to flee to France but Rodrigo is killed by a jealous husband who believes he is Don Juan and all Seville now believes him dead. A book and play of his exploits are even written as he assumes the life of a Captain in seclusion. He attends his own magnificent funeral; six months later, having found many discomforts when pretending that Don Juan is dead (particularly when his statement of being Don Juan results in various moments of laughter from the people he tells), he returns to Seville. His attempts to discredit the play as fiction fall short as no one believes him, even when his "widow" is asked about him. However, the two reunite together in bed, complete with him breaking a window to get there.

Cast
 Douglas Fairbanks as Don Juan
 Merle Oberon as Antonita, a dancer of passionate temperament
 Bruce Winston as the cafe manager
 Gina Malo as Pepita, another dancer of equal temperament
 Benita Hume as Dona Dolores, a lady of mystery
 Binnie Barnes as Rosita, a maid pure and simple
 Melville Cooper as Leporello
 Owen Nares as Antonio Martinez, an actor, as actors go
 Heather Thatcher as Anna Dora, an actress, as actresses go
 Diana Napier as a lady of sentiment
 Joan Gardner as Carmen, a young lady of romance
 Gibson Gowland as Don Alfredo, Carmen's Poor Husband
 Barry MacKay as Rodrigo, the Impostor, a Man of Romance
 Claud Allister as The Duke, as Dukes Go
 Athene Seyler as Theresa, the Innkeeper, a Middle Aged Lady of Young Sentiment
 Hindle Edgar as A Jealous Husband
 Natalie Paley as Jealous Husband's Poor Wife
 Patricia Hilliard as The Girl at the Castle, a Young Girl in Love
 Lawrence Grossmith as Pedo, Uncle of the Castle Girl, Who Knows Better
 Clifford Heatherley as Pedro, Don Juan's Young Masseur
 Morland Graham as Hector, Don Juan's Cook
 Edmund Breon as Cardona, the Playwright, as Playwrights Go
 Betty Hamilton as First Tired Businessman's Wife
 Rosita Garcia as Second Tired Businessman's Wife
 John Brownlee as Singer

References

External links

1934 films
British black-and-white films
1930s romantic comedy-drama films
British films based on plays
Films directed by Alexander Korda
London Films films
British romantic comedy-drama films
United Artists films
Films based on the Don Juan legend
Films set in Spain
Films set in Seville
Films set in the 17th century
Films scored by Ernst Toch
Films produced by Alexander Korda
1934 comedy films
1934 drama films
Films shot at Imperial Studios, Elstree
1930s English-language films
1930s British films


Herbert Alden Pasche (July 19, 1910 – May 9, 1986) was the first head coach of the Houston Cougars men's basketball team from 1945 to 1956. Pasche also served off as an assistant coach for the Houston Cougars football program as a line coach from 1946 to 1947. While at the university, Pasche served as an associate professor of health and physical education. Pasche was a 1932 graduate of Rice University, where he played football as an end for the Rice Owls.

During Pasche's tenure, he posted a 135–116 record. Under his leadership in 1949, the Cougars won the Gulf Coast Conference championship. Hall of Fame coach Guy Lewis played for Pasche, eventually becoming an assistant coach before being handed the job upon Pasche's retirement.

Head coaching record

References

1910 births
1986 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Texas
Basketball players from Texas
Houston Cougars football coaches
Houston Cougars men's basketball coaches
University of Houston faculty
Rice Owls football players


Ouvrage Simserhof () is a gros ouvrage of the Maginot Line, located in the French commune of Siersthal in the Moselle department. It faces the German border and is adjoined by the petit ouvrage Rohrbach and the gros ouvrage Schiesseck. Located 4 km west of Bitche, the ouvrage derived its name from a nearby farm (Hof in German). It was part of the Fortified Sector of Rohrbach. During the Battle of France in 1940, the Simserhof supported its neighboring fortifications with partially successful covering artillery fire. After the surrender of France, it was repurposed by the Germans as a torpedo storage depot, and later resisted the American advances of late 1944. The Americans briefly occupied the fort in the first days of 1945 until the German counter-offensive of Operation Nordwind, which allowed them to take back control of the Simserhof. The fort was finally liberated by the 100th Infantry Division on March 15, 1945. Following the war, it was initially repaired for the French Army and later converted into a Maginot Line museum in the early 1960s. Retained by the Ministry of Defense, Simserhof now functions as a museum, and has the most extensive visitor infrastructure of any of the preserved Maginot fortifications.

Design and construction
Initial project planning was led by Colonel Frossard. The first concept consisted of five closely spaced blocks fronted by an anti-tank ditch. The entry for the ouvrage was to be built in a ravine to the rear, with a 60 cm rail line running to a supply network farther behind the lines. The plan was rejected in July 1929 by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the central planning agency for the Maginot Line. A number of objections were raised, including the amount of clear-cutting required, and an insufficient field of fire with dead ground exploitable by an attacker.

The second concept envisioned two ouvrages  apart, arranged for mutual support. This plan was adopted in September 1929 at the direction of Maréchal Pétain, despite increasing costs estimated at 38 million francs. Further modifications raised the projected cost to 62 million francs. Ultimately, eight combat blocks were constructed, with a single mixed entry, the principal work spanning from 1930 to 1933. The entire project ran from 1929 to 1938. By 1934 the central utility plant (usine) was in place, along with ammunition lifts and the internal railway. In 1938 the anti-tank obstacles were completed. Final costs were 118 million francs (equivalent to €30 million). Plans to provide blockhouses covering an anti-tank ditch were dropped.

Description

Simserhof was, like most Maginot fortifications, composed of a combat section and a support section. Two separate entries were provided for personnel and ammunition, with underground utilities, mess halls, and barracks near the personnel entrance. A large "M1" magazine was provided near the munitions entrance. The combat blocks were as much as 1800 meters from the entry. The entire ouvrage was provided with a 60 cm gauge electric railway that connected the service areas with the combat blocks, and which extended outside the position to a network of similar surface railways behind the main Line. The gallery system was excavated at an average depth of  below the surface.
Block 1: Artillery block with one retractable twin machine gun turret, one automatic rifle cloche (GFM), one twin machine gun embrasure, one 135mm gun embrasure and one machine gun (JM)/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).
Block 2: Infantry block with one observation cloche (VDP), one GFM cloche, one 81mm mortar cloche, one twin machine gun embrasure and one JM/AC47 embrasure.
Block 3: Infantry block with two GFM cloches, one 81mm mortar turret, one twin machine gun embrasure and one JM/AC47 embrasure.
Block 4: Artillery block with one GFM cloche, one retractable twin machine gun turrets, one twin machine gun embrasure, one JM/AC 37 embrasure and one 135mm gun embrasure.
Block 5: Artillery block with three 75mm gun embrasures, one GFM cloche, one VDP cloche and one grenade launcher cloche (LG).
Block 6: Artillery block with three 75mm gun embrasures, one VDP cloche, one LG cloche and one GFM cloche.
Block 7: Artillery block with one 135mm gun turret and two GFM cloches.
Block 8: Artillery block with two GFM cloches and one retractable twin 75mm gun turret.
Personnel entry: Entry block with two GFM cloches, one LG cloche and one JM/AQC47 embrasure.
Munitions entry: Entry block with two GFM cloches and one JM/AC47 embrasure.

Blocks 1, 2, and 5 comprised the west wing, and 3, 4 and 6 the east. Blocks 7 and 8, with their turrets, we located between the two wings and to the rear, along with the command post.

Casemates and shelters
A series of detached casemates and infantry shelters are in the vicinity of Simserhof, including
 Casemate du Sinnerberg Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure and a GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Sinnerberg Est: SIngle block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure and a GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Petit-Réderching Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure and a GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Petit-Réderching Est: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure and a GFM cloche.
 Abri de Réderching: Subsurface abri-caverne with three arms ports and three GFM cloches
 Casemate du Seelberg Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure and a GFM cloche, functioning as an observation post.
 Casemate du Seelberg Est: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure and a GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Judenhoff: Double block with two JM/AC47 embrasures, two twin machine gun embrasures and two GFM cloches.
 Abri de Fröhmühle: Subsurface abri-caverne with two automatic rifle embrasures.
 Casemate de Hohlbach: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure, a mortar cloche and two GFM cloches.
 Casemate de Légeret: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one twin machine gun embrasure, a mortar cloche and two GFM cloches.
 Abri de Légeret: Subsurface abri-caverne with two GFM cloches.

Manning
Simserhof was garrisoned by 28 officers and 792 men of the 153rd Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 155th Position Artillery Regiment, as well as elements of the 1st, 15th and 18th Régiments du Génie. The garrison was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Bonlarron from 25 April 1940. The ouvrage was under the overall command of the French 5th Army.

In times of peace, the active troops were stationed in newly built regular barracks in Légeret. When the ouvrage was on combat alert, daily life was similar to that of a warship.

History

See Fortified Sector of Rohrbach for a broader discussion of the Rohrbach sector of the Maginot Line.

1940
Simserhof was first garrisoned in March 1936 while still incomplete. It was reinforced with fortress troops after the Munich Agreement in September 1938 and further augmented in March 1939. On 21 August 1939 the Maginot Line was brought to a state of readiness for war. General mobilization was ordered on 2 September, and a state of war was declared the following day. Simserhof fired for the first time on 12 October, when a 75mm gun turret supported troops twelve kilometers in front of the fortified line. On 10 May 1940, Germany launched the Blitzkrieg against the West, but in front of the Maginot Line, the front remained calm. On 12 May, Simserhof responded to the bombardment of advanced French posts.

On 13 June the troops of the field army in the intervals between fortifications began to withdraw towards the south. According to the plan, Simserhof would cover the withdrawal and the garrison troops would withdraw in turn after sabotaging the equipment. Simserhof provided covering fire from 15 June, but by the 16th it was apparent that the retreat was nearly impossible. Lt. Colonel Bonlarron stopped the sabotage and prepared for a siege. From 21 June the ouvrage'''s artillery fired to prevent German troops from advancing on its neighbor, Welschhof. Simserhof was too distant to support Ouvrage Haut-Poirier, and that position surrendered on the 22nd. The same day the Second Armistice at Compiègne was signed, which provided for a cease-fire from the 25th.

One the 24th the situation at Welschhof had declined, and the ouvrage surrendered. The same day, Simserhof protected Rohrbach against German attack, firing approximately 13,500 shells in defense of its neighbor. The fate of the garrisons under the armistice terms remained ambiguous. The Germans tried to negotiate with the ouvrages but were rebuffed each time, as the commanders of the ouvrages awaited orders from their superiors. On 30 June, at a meeting at Grand-Hohekirkel, Lt. Colonel Simon brought the ouvrage commanders the order to relinquish their fortifications to the victors.

On 30 June Simserhof formally surrendered and the Germans rendered honors to the garrison. Maintenance was continued by French technicians, and the ouvrage was used by the Germans as a storage facility for torpedoes.

 1944
At the end of November 1944 the U.S. Seventh Army under General Alexander Patch pursued the Germans. Simserhof was occupied by elements of the German 25th Panzer Grenadier Division. on 14 December the 71st Infantry Regiment of the U.S. 44th Infantry Division assaulted Simserhof using tank destroyers to fire at firing apertures in block 5. Combat engineers were assigned to attack individual blocks. The fortress and surrounding casemates were captured after six days of fighting. On 20 December the Simershof's guns were prudently destroyed. The 44th Infantry yielded to the U.S. 100th Infantry Division, which occupied the ouvrage during the first days of 1945, but the German counter-offensive Operation Nordwind caused the occupiers to leave the fort. It was re-occupied on 15 March without resistance from the Germans. Bitche was finally liberated on 16 March.

 Cold War
Following World War II, interest revived in the use of the Maginot Line to defend against a possible Soviet advance through southern Germany. Funds were allocated for restoration of the gros ouvrages, but work was limited to restoration of systems and improvements to existing armament, with work completed by 1953. In 1951, Simserhof had been designated part of the Mòle de Bitche, a strong point in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack. By the late 1950s interest in fixed fortifications was waning after France developed a nuclear deterrent. The money needed to maintain and upgrade the fortifications was diverted for the nuclear programs. Simserhof was proposed as a potential museum in the 1960s.

 Preservation
Simserhof remains the property of the French Ministry of Defense. Its museum operations are managed by the Moselle département and the city of Bitche. Restoration work is ongoing. Simserhof has an extensive array of visitor services, including a gift shop, picnic area and café. The tour is limited to the entry, caserne and magazine, excluding the combat blocks.

 See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

 Notes

 References

 Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Degon, André; Zylberyng, Didier, La Ligne Maginot: Guide des Forts à Visiter, Editions Ouest-France, 2014.
Kaufmann, J. E. and Kaufmann, H. W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5.'' Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links

 Official site
 Le Simserhof, Siersthal at Chemins de mémoire
 44th Infantry Division assault on Simserhof
 Ouvrage Simserhof and the Bitche fortifications
 Fort Simserhof at Traces of War
 Ouvrage du Simserhof at wikimaginot.eu
 Le Simserhof at bitscherland.fr
 L'ouvrage du Simserhof at alsacemaginot.com
 Ouvrage du Simserhof at lignemaginot.com
 Simserhof (gros ouvrage du) at fortiff.be

Maginot Line
SIMS
World War II museums in France
SIMS


Year's Best Science Fiction Novels: 1954 is a 1954 anthology of science fiction novellas edited by E. F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty.  An abridged edition was published in the UK by Grayson in 1955 under the title The Year's Best Science Fiction Novels: Second Series. The stories had originally appeared in 1953 and 1954 in the magazines Amazing Stories, Thrilling Wonder Stories, Science Stories, Galaxy Science Fiction and Space Science Fiction.

Contents

 Introduction, by Everett F. Bleiler & T. E. Dikty
 "The Enormous Room", by H. L. Gold & Robert Krepps
 "Assignment in Aldebaran", by Kendell Foster Crossen
 "The Oceans Are Wide", by Frank M. Robinson
 "The Sentimentalists", by Murray Leinster
 "Second Variety", by Philip K. Dick

Reception
P. Schuyler Miller reported that the editors' choices here were "by no means up to the very high standards of their annual short-story anthologies," although he rated the Robinson and Dick stories highly.

References

1954 anthologies
Year's Best Science Fiction Novels anthology series


Young X-Men was a comic book series published by Marvel Comics. It lasted for 12 issues, from April 2008 through March 2009.  The series was written by Marc Guggenheim.

Plot summary

Final Genesis (Issues 1–5)
Blindfold has a vision of a team of X-Men facing off against a deadly old foe of the X-Men, Donald Pierce, former member of the Hellfire Club. After one of the members is murdered in the ensuing battle, she wakes up violently from the nightmarish dream. Elsewhere, Cyclops is seen across the world, recruiting several teenaged mutants such as Eric Gitter, and former students like Sooraya Qadir (Dust), Nicholas Gleason (Wolf Cub); and Santo Vaccarro (Rockslide). Santo, however, refuses to join unless Scott accepts Ruth Aldine (Blindfold) whom Scott had originally planned not to recruit, to be on the team as well.

After assembling the Young X-Men in the Danger Cave, he gives them their costumes, which have the appearance of the standard yellow and black training uniforms. He lectures them that he is reforming the X-Men, beginning with perhaps the last generation of mutants. Their first mission is to take down what he claims is the new incarnation of the Brotherhood of Mutants, under the control of Sunspot (who is now Lord Imperial of the Hellfire Club) and is accompanied by his friends and former teammates, Cannonball, Magma, and Danielle Moonstar.

After they fail in training sessions against Brotherhood simulacra, Cyclops decides to send them after Moonstar and Magma in small teams, each with a specific target. When surprise-attacked by Dust, Rockslide and Wolf Cub in Los Angeles, Magma responds violently by destroying their Blackbird. In the Colorado Rockies, Moonstar proves herself superior to the young mutants Blindfold and Ink despite her lack of powers. However, she is taken down by an unseen force that Blindfold seems to know. Carrying the unconscious Moonstar back to their Blackbird, Ink asks Blindfold how her powers work. After she is done explaining, Ink immediately knocks her unconscious. Ink then delivers the unconscious Blindfold to a mysterious man in the shadows who happens to be Donald Pierce. When questioned about why they aren't dead, Ink explains that he is a mercenary not a killer.

Rockslide, Wolf Cub, and Dust recover from their crash and attack Magma. Magma, though unprepared, is much more experienced. She turns Dust into glass, sends Wolf Cub packing, and turns Rockslide into a pile of rocks. Distracted by Rockslide, who reforms, she is eviscerated by Wolf Cub, knocking her out but leaving Wolf Cub with a nasty burn.

Cannonball and Sunspot are watching the battle in LA. After hearing nothing from Danielle, they are convinced that the Young X-Men are coming after them. Graymalkin watches Ink talk to Cyclops in the shadows, Ink having lied about what happened to Blindfold and Moonstar. Graymalkin appears to be talking to himself, knowing something nobody knows. He says "Very well. I'll kill the Cyclops." Danielle Moonstar confronts an awakening Blindfold and is very confused. Blindfold apologizes and points out that Donald Pierce is behind her. The other Young X-Men discuss Blindfold's vision and Dust's critical condition. Ink is surprised he is included in it as part of the team. Elsewhere, Donald Pierce ambushes Moonstar and Blindfold, and disappears.

Ink shaves his head and has a lightning bolt tattoo on it, assuming he will gain telepathy. Ink, Rockslide, and Wolf Cub lead an attack on the Hellfire Club to fight Cannonball and Sunspot. Graymalkin attacks Cyclops back at the Danger Cave, leaving the Young X-Men on their own. Wolf Cub wounds Sunspot, angering Cannonball. Graymalkin takes out the lights to the Danger Cave, saying it gives him more power. He then exposes Cyclops for who he really has been this whole time, Donald Pierce. Once both teams learn the truth, they go after Pierce, but arrive too late to save Wolf Cub, who was the then-unknown teammate that was killed in Blindfold's vision.

It is notable that the first story arc of Young X-Men echoes a narrative pattern first established with the inception of the New Mutants in their eponymous graphic novel, which was also echoed in the first story arc of New Mutants volume 2, which gave rise to the New X-Men series that is the immediate antecedent for Young X-Men.  All three of these storylines deal with the assembly of a new team of mutants, feature the cyborg Donald Pierce as the villain, and have one member of the team (Cannonball, Elixir, and Ink, in the respective stories) that initially works for Pierce before switching sides and joining the new team.  This story pattern was also followed, to some extent, in the New X-Men arc that appeared within the House of M timeline.  Further underscoring this continuity is the appearance of many of the original New Mutants in all three stories: as the protagonists in the New Mutants graphic novel, as teachers and mentors to the "new" New Mutants volume 2, and as the antagonists, the ersatz Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, in the arc in Young X-Men.

Graymalkin mentions a "Cypher" twice.  The first is when he is alone the air ducts inside of the Danger Cave.  He mentions that he is "not the only one that can help them.  There is Cypher."  The second time is when he tells Donald Pierce (who was disguised as Cyclops) that "Cypher told [him] everything.

Membership changes
After the adventure where Wolf Cub died, Cyclops asked Sunspot and Moonstar to teach the Young X-Men, they both accepted. Blindfold decided to leave the team, since she is no great contribution on the field of battle. Meanwhile Moonstar asked Anole, also a former member of New X-Men, to join the new team.

Ink finds out he is not a mutant at all. The artist who made his tattoos is in fact the one who gave Ink his powers, this tattoo artist is a mutant. Ink decides, since he is not a mutant, there is no place for him with the Young X-Men and leaves.

The new character, an African-American girl, reveals herself at the end of Young X-Men #8, however her codename is spelled "Cipher," rather than "Cypher" (as it is spelled in earlier mentions).  She had come to warn Ink that his teammates were in trouble and he is needed to come with her to save them.  Although Ink is very skeptical about this young girl's motivations or intentions, she is shown wearing the standard uniform of the Young X-Men, and has a jet from the X-Men's headquarters to transport him to his team as well, to show that her information is legitimate, even though she refuses to give any more information, about herself or the team, other than that.  However, she also gives into his demand to take him to his tattooist to give him some new abilities, even though she voices that she feels he is wasting his time while his friends are "dead or dying."  She is still able to get him to the battle with the Y-Men in time, though, where Ink is able to turn the tide and save his teammates.  Later that evening, Ink begins to ask Graymalkin about his connection to Cipher and just who she is, while Cipher, in a transparent form, spies on the two from the ceiling above.

Young X-Men Members

Cancellation
Young X-Men ended with issue #12, released in March 2009.

Characters

Creators

Writers
Marc Guggenheim - Young X-Men #1–12

Art
Yanick Paquette - Young X-Men #1–5
Ben Oliver - Young X-Men #6–7, #10
Rafa Sandoval - Young X-Men #8–9, #11–12

Cover art
Terry Dodson and Rachel Dodson - Young X-Men #1–7
Michael Ryan - Young X-Men #8
Chris Bachalo - Young X-Men #9
Billy Tan - Young X-Men #10
Pasqual Ferry - Young X-Men #11–12

Collections

References

2008 comics debuts
2009 comics endings
X-Men titles
Marvel Comics superhero teams
Marvel Comics titles


Summer is the fourth and final installment in a comprehensive 4-EP acoustic collection released by Jon Foreman, the lead singer/songwriter of the San Diego rock band Switchfoot.

The EP was released on Tuesday, June 10, 2008 to iTunes and other online outlets. In an April 14, 2008 MySpace blog entry, Foreman announced the track listing for Summer.

Originally, the EP was scheduled for release on June 10, but was changed to May 27. Eventually, however, the digital EP was moved back to its original release date of June 10. The digital EP peaked at No. 9 on the overall iTunes albums chart, and No. 2 on the Rock albums chart. It debuted and peaked on the Billboard 200 at No. 162. The Spring and Summer Combo pack was released on June 24 to regular outlets.

Track listing

Sound
Summer, like Spring, is a departure from the somber tones of Fall or Winter. "Resurrect Me" is the biggest anomaly to the Foreman EP sound, featuring upbeat drum patterns, some electric guitar accompaniment, and even doubletracked vocals.

References

2008 EPs
Jon Foreman albums


Puebla is a Mexican state.

Puebla may also refer to:

In geography

Mexico
 Puebla, Puebla, a city and capital of the state with the same name
 Puebla Municipality, a municipality in the state
 Battle of Puebla took place on 5 May 1862 near the city of Puebla during the French intervention in Mexico. The battle ended in a victory for the Mexican Army against the occupying French forces and is commemorated by Cinco de Mayo.
 Puebla F.C., a professional football club based in the city of Puebla, Mexico
 Puebla metro station, station in Mexico City

Spain

Andalusia
 La Puebla de Cazalla, province of Seville
 La Puebla de los Infantes, province of Seville
 La Puebla del Río, province of Seville
 Puebla de Don Fadrique, province of Granada
 Puebla de Guzmán, province of Huelva

Aragon
 La Puebla de Alfindén, province of Zaragoza
 La Puebla de Castro, province of Huesca
 La Puebla de Híjar, province of Teruel
 La Puebla de Valverde, province of Teruel
 Puebla de Albortón, province of Zaragoza

Castile and León
 La Puebla de Arganzón, province of Burgos
 La Puebla de los Infantes, province of Segovia
 La Puebla de Valdavia, province of Palencia
 Puebla de Azaba, province of Salamanca
 Puebla de Lillo, province of León
 Puebla de Pedraza, province of Segovia
 Puebla de San Medel, province of Salamanca
 Puebla de Sanabria, province of Zamora
 Puebla de Yeltes, province of Salamanca

Castilla-La Mancha
 La Puebla de Almoradiel, province of Toledo
 La Puebla de Montalbán, province of Toledo
 Puebla de Almenara, province of Cuenca
 Puebla de Beleña, province of Guadalajara
 Puebla de Don Rodrigo, province of Ciudad Real
 Puebla de Valles, province of Guadalajara
 Puebla del Príncipe, province of Ciudad Real
 Puebla del Salvador, province of Cuenca

Extremadura
 Puebla de Alcocer, province of Badajoz
 Puebla de la Calzada, province of Badajoz
 Puebla de la Reina, province of Badajoz
 Puebla de Obando, province of Badajoz
 Puebla de Sancho Pérez, province of Badajoz
 Puebla del Maestre, province of Badajoz
 Puebla del Prior, province of Badajoz

Community of Madrid
 Puebla de la Sierra

Valencian Community
 Puebla de Arenoso, province of Castellón
 Puebla de San Miguel, province of Valencia

United States
 La Puebla, New Mexico, a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States

In biology
 Puebla (moth), a moth genus

Surname
 Carlos Puebla (1917–1989), a Cuban singer, guitarist, and composer.
 Teté Puebla (b. 1940), a former Cuban guerilla fighter


The Toronto sound was a characteristic R&B sound in the 1960s, heavily influenced by US American R&B. Musically, its components typically consisted of heavy electric bass, New Orleans-style drumming, a dominant Hammond organ, and soul singing. Bands typically presented full shows complete with choreography like that of James Brown & the Famous Flames, and a matching wardrobe (cf. Mandala). Popular tunes were arranged by Toronto musicians, devotees of the Stax and Motown labels, and customized according to the will of the given bandleader. This sound came to influence many performers.

Musicians typically played in two areas of Toronto, Ontario. The first was Yorkville, then a centre for entertainment - initially coffeehouses and folk music but later becoming more "electrified." The second area was Yonge Street between King St. and Bloor which was more rock and roll, blues oriented.

History

Originators
A list of predominant groups of the era included Little Caesar and the Consuls, Kay Taylor and The Regents, The Silhouettes, The Big Town Boys, David Clayton Thomas, Domenic Troiano, the Five Rogues/Mandala/Bush, George Oliver and the Soul Children, Eric Mercury, The Marcatos (also known as "David"), Diane Brooks and the Soul Searchers, Grant Smith & The Power, Steppenwolf (originating as Jack London and the Sparrows), Rick James, The Mynah Birds (including Neil Young and Rick James), The Plague, Jackie Shane, Little Anthony and the Imperials, Shawne and Jay Jackson and the Majestics, Ronnie Hawkins and the Hawks (who became The Band), The Mid-Knights, Robbie Lane and the Disciples, Jackie Gabriel, Jack Harden and the Silhouettes, RK and the Associates, Jon and Lee & The Checkmates, who became Rhinoceros, Luke & The Apostles, and, later, Prakash John and the Lincolns, The James Stafford Set, and The Ugly Ducklings. Other popular Toronto groups were The Stitch-in-Tyme, Dee and the Yeoman, The Last Words, The Rising Sons, and many more.

Non-union musicians
The popular Toronto-based, non-union, groups of the era also played an important part in the development of the Toronto sound. Due to their non-union status they performed primarily at high schools, universities, and various dance clubs such as The Tam O'Shanter Golf and Country Club in Agincourt, The Broom and Stone Curling Club in eastern Scarborough, the El Mocambo, The Met, and The Bunny Bin/Gogue Inn in West Toronto.

The Marc Tymes, cited by Jay Shepherd as Toronto's #1 non-union R&B band of the day in the Scarborough Mirror, (June 19, 1968, Page 17A), and many others such as the Blue Notes and The Corlaines, entertained Toronto audiences in various venues across the city and Southern Ontario.

Many of these bands played purely for the love of the music and for very little money. The Corlaines, for example, was formed mainly from Alderwood Collegiate Institute music students. They appeared at a variety of venues across southern Ontario (specifically Toronto and Mississauga). They started as a pure rock and roll band and evolved, adding R&B to their playlist.

Since the musicians were very young, often high school students, and lacked finances, the basics were simplified somewhat. Instrumentation was largely singer, lead guitar, sax, drums, bass and piano. Very few could afford a B3 organ -the Blue Notes were the first in the west end to be able to have this sound - most used the piano provided amplified with a contact microphone. Sets were influenced by bands such as Robbie Lane and Little Caeser and the Consuls and were heavy on Ray Charles, James Brown, Jimmy Reed, Sam Cooke and other major US R&B performers.

Also popular were "Battle of the Bands" events where non-union musicians gathered to compete for top honors at venues such as The Pavilion in Oshawa, Ontario. Their shows included both black lights and strobes for special effect. Usually all backup band members dressed in identical suits, often fashionably double breasted, while the singer/front man wore an alternative to offset him/her from the rest of the group. Their musical talents were primarily showcased in the form of cover versions of the popular R&B songs of the day. Instruments included drums, lead, bass, and rhythm guitars, organ, often a Hammond B3, a two to five piece horn section all showcasing a front man/soul singer. These non-union performers were as important, if not more important, than union bands in exposing Toronto youth under the age of majority to what developed into the Toronto sound.

Clubs in which the Toronto sound was developed
Yorkville

 The Riverboat
 The Purple Onion
 The Devil's Den
 El Patio
 The Penny Farthing
 The Mynah Bird
 Chez Monique
 The Embassy Tavern
 Boris's
 The Owl's Nest
 The Flick

On Yonge Street (from Bloor to King Street)

 Le Coq d'Or (with The Hawk's Nest above it)
 The Colonial Tavern
 The Saphire Tavern
 Club Blue Note
 The Zanzibar Tavern
 Club 888 (which became The Rockpile in 1968)

References

 Prakash John. Autobiography, written 2008.
 The Marc Tymes. As cited in The Scarborough Mirror, Page 17A, June 19, 1968, (Author, Jay Shepherd).
 Jay Douglas- James Anthony

Music of Toronto
Canadian styles of music
Music scenes


Mill Creek Wilderness is a wilderness area located in the Ochoco National Forest of central Oregon. It was established in 1984 and comprises .  Of the three wilderness areas in the Ochoco National Forest - Mill Creek, Bridge Creek, and Black Canyon - Mill Creek is the largest and most heavily used.

The first sawmill in Crook County was located on Mill Creek, hence its name.

Topography
Mill Creek Wilderness consists of towering stone pinnacles, steep canyons, barren ridge tops, and high elevation meadows.  A unique feature of this wilderness is the pair of volcanic plugs called Twin Pillars.  The northwest corner of the Wilderness is Bingham Prairie, an almost flat plateau with open meadows and a lodgepole pine forest.  Mill Creek drains approximately 85% of the Wilderness, with Marks Creek drainage accounting for the difference.  Both creeks are tributaries of Ochoco Creek.

Geology

Mill Creek Wilderness features some unique geological features.  Popular among visitors are the  tall volcanic plugs in the northwest portion of the Wilderness, Twin Pillars.  Thundereggs, the state rock of Oregon, have been found in the Wilderness at Desolation Canyon and just outside the boundary at Steins Pillar.  Rockhounding is no longer permitted.

There are several gemstone mining claims located in Mill Creek Wilderness.  The claims are all small surface operations and access is provided by primitive roads.

Vegetation
A mix of conifer tree species account for approximately 84% of the forested area of Mill Creek Wilderness.  The northwest corner plateau area, Bingham Prairie, is mostly forested with lodgepole pine, which have recently been attacked by the mountain pine beetle, causing some trees to die.  In August and September 2000, the Hash Rock Fire burned  of the Mill Creek Wilderness.  However, the area is quickly recovering and currently contains examples of an exemplary climax forest of ponderosa pine.  Other plants in Mill Creek Wilderness include aster (genus), bull thistle, snowberry, and both native and non-native species of grass.

Wildlife

Mill Creek Wilderness is home to a variety of wildlife, including black bear, wild turkey, pileated woodpecker, goshawk, elk, mule deer, bobcat, and mountain lion.  The Wilderness is popular with big game hunters during the fall, and anglers often seek the small rainbow trout that inhabit its perennial streams.

See also
 List of Oregon Wildernesses
 List of U.S. Wilderness Areas

References

External links
 Deschutes & Ochoco National Forests - Mill Creek Wilderness

Protected areas of Crook County, Oregon
Wilderness areas of Oregon
Ochoco National Forest
1984 establishments in Oregon
Protected areas established in 1984


Marcus Larae Knight (born June 19, 1978) is an American football coach and former wide receiver who is currently the wide receivers coach at Ball State University. He played college football at Michigan and professionally as a wide receiver and kick returner for the Oakland Raiders of the NFL and wide receiver and defensive back for the Philadelphia Soul and Columbus Destroyers of the Arena Football League.

Marcus Knight retired from playing in 2008 and was hired by Valparaiso University as the wide receivers coach.

Knight's nephew, Zelous Wheeler, is a professional baseball player.

References

External links

NFL.com profile
Indiana State biography
Tampa Bay Buccaneers biography

1978 births
American football defensive backs
American football wide receivers
Amsterdam Admirals players
Columbus Destroyers players
Living people
Michigan Wolverines football players
Oakland Raiders players
People from Sylacauga, Alabama
Players of American football from Alabama
Philadelphia Soul players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Valparaiso Beacons football coaches
Northern Michigan Wildcats football coaches
Central Michigan Chippewas football coaches
Indiana State Sycamores football coaches
American football return specialists


Lieutenant Colonel  Vương Văn Đông (March 5, 1930 – April 21, 2018) was an officer of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam who led the failed coup attempt of 1960 against President Ngô Đình Diệm. After the failed coup, he fled to Cambodia with the other coup leaders aboard a commandeered air force C-47. Đông was allowed to quietly settle in France.

References

2018 deaths
Vietnamese emigrants to the United States
South Vietnamese military personnel
1930 births


Al Hofmann (November 28, 1947 – March 20, 2008) was an American dragracer and drag car owner in the funny car division from Umatilla, Florida. He raced in the National Hot Rod Association. He was the second of only two funny cars to join the 300 MPH club  301.10 (Feb 19, 1994) and the thirteenth overall. Hofmann was also the third member of the four second funny car club 4.992 (May 19, 1995 ).

Hofmann competed in thirty-two final rounds, winning fifteen races. These 15 wins placed him seventh on the all-time Funny Car wins list as of 2002. Hofmann finished in the Top 10 season points standings during seven seasons, including every year from 1991 until 1996.

Racing career
Hofmann grew up on the East Coast of the United States. He began drag racing in 1968 with a 1955 Chevrolet. After doing some street racing, he realized it was too dangerous and started drag racing at a track. He won the first event that he entered in the C/Gas category. His Chevy was nicknamed "Hang 'Em High" because his wheelstands scraped the car's bumper. His next car was a big block 1957 Chevy nicknamed "Rat Poison". He drove a series of doorslammers and appeared to be a Pro Stock driver, but then he decided to start racing the faster funny cars.

He sold his construction company in 1978 to buy the Radici & Wise funny car operation. He initially did not have enough experience with funny cars to start the car. He had to get a friend with alcohol experience to start the car. He went across the United States for three months with Sid Waterman at California to learn about the car. Hofmann said, "He wanted me to be a hands-on racer, not just a driver. So he had me take the engine apart and put it together about ten times. He felt it would help my driving if I had a better mechanical understanding of the car."

Hofmann started drag racing on the East Coast of the United States. He went to Australia twice for a three-month visit. "Those trips were a good thing for me," said Hofmann. "Not only did I win a couple of championships, but I got the chance to meet the people from Blower Drive Service from Whittier, California. They thought I had some potential and backed it up with $100,000 in sponsorship funding." Hofmann added, "That allowed me to hire Tom Anderson as a crew chief, one of the best moves I ever made. It was impossible for me to do both the driving and tuning by myself, and Tom had a lot more experience anyway. We ended up winning a lot of races together."

Hofmann won his first national events in 1991, when he won at the  Winston Invitational then  Dallas and Ponoma's second event. He finished in the Top 10 in season points. He followed up with three wins in 1992 when he finished third in the season points. Hofmann's 1993 season ended with a fourth-place points finish.

Hofmann acquired major sponsorship backing for the 1994 season from Western Auto. Along with wife Helen, Tom Anderson and crew Jimbo Ermolovich, Brian MacDermott, Rob Hyson, Larry Liu, Janet Rantala, Jim Leclair. That year the team finished third in the Funny car points, behind Chuck Etchells and John Force and winning only at Houston.

His highest season points finish was second in 1995 when he won five races. Houston, Columbus, Sonoma, Seattle, and Pomona, and runner up finishes at Pomona, Memphis, Topeka and Denver. He also chalked up wins at the Budweiser Shootout 1992-94-95. Hofmann developed a fierce rivalry with John Force. Hofmann described their rivalry as "That was a fun time. We played it up for all it was worth." He followed the season by finishing fourth in the season points for 1996. Anderson left the team in July 1996 and Western Auto's sponsorship of the team ended that year.

Hofmann started out the 1997 season by winning the Gatornationals, but a fiery crash in the shutdown area after the win led to Hofmann breaking an arm. He missed four races in the middle of the season. His comeback peaked eight months later with a win at the Revell Nationals in Dallas that October. He finished thirteenth in points that season despite missing the four events. He raced in the GM Performance Parts dragster through the rest of the decade.

In 2000 he started driving for Jim Dunn. Hofmann left the team after the 2002 Gainesville race and he never raced again.

Retirement and death
After his retirement, he started an automobile and street rod restoration business. In 2007, Hofmann said, "I sold the business last year and am effectively retired at this point. I bought a motorhome and took a trip all over the country with my wife, Susie, who is Johnny West's sister and a former worker on the NHRA Safety Safari team. We're just two old racers, riding around together and having a good time."

Hofmann died March 20, 2008, of a heart attack at his RV park in Eustis, Florida.

References

External links
 ESPN: Al Hofmann, last of the 'tough guy' racers, dies at 60
 Orlando Sentinel

1947 births
2008 deaths
Dragster drivers
People from Umatilla, Florida
Sportspeople from Lake County, Florida
Racing drivers from Florida


Nathaniel Bowen (June 29, 1779 – August 25, 1839) was the third bishop of South Carolina in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

Biography
Nathaniel Bowen was born in Boston, son of the Rev. Penuel Bowen. The family moved to South Carolina when Nathaniel was young and his father died soon after. Nathaniel was raised by the Rev. Robert Smith, who became first bishop of South Carolina. Bowen was married in 1805 to Margaret Blake and they had 10 children, only four of whom survived him.

Bowen graduated from the College of Charleston in 1794; was ordained deacon on June 3, 1800, and priest in October 1802. He served as rector of St. John's Church, Providence, Rhode Island, St. Michael's Church, Charleston, South Carolina and Grace Church, New York City. In 1814 he received a doctor of divinity from the University of Pennsylvania. He was consecrated bishop of South Carolina on October 8, 1818, serving until his death in Charleston on August 25, 1839.

Consecrators

 The Most Reverend William White, 4th presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church
 The Right Reverend John Henry Hobart, 3rd bishop of New York
 The Right Reverend James Kemp, 2nd bishop of Maryland
Nathaniel Bowen was the 17th bishop consecrated for the Episcopal Church.

See also
 List of Bishop Succession in the Episcopal Church
 St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina), where Nathaniel Bowen presided over the ceremony for the laying of the cornerstone.

References
 The Episcopal Church Annual. Morehouse Publishing: New York, NY (2005).
 Annals of the American Pulpit, William Buell Sprague (Robert Carter & Bros., Cambridge, Mass., 1859), pp. 471–77

External links
 Web site of the Episcopal Church
 Web site of the Diocese of South Carolina

1779 births
1839 deaths
Clergy from Boston
Clergy from Charleston, South Carolina
Episcopal bishops of South Carolina
19th-century Anglican bishops in the United States
American slave owners


The Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT; ) is a provincial public university in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. The university is affiliated with and sponsored by the Guangdong Provincial People's Government.

The university offers a range of courses in engineering, science, technology, management, liberal arts and law, with major emphasis on the study of engineering. The Guangdong University of Technology ranked 21st in the world for Nature Index 2021 Young Universities (Leading 150 Young Universities) and 76th in China for Nature Index 2022.

History

The Guangdong University of Technology was formerly known as the Guangdong Institute of Technology. Approved by the State Education Commission in June 1995, it merged Guangdong Institute of Mechanical Engineering and the east campus of South China Institute of Architecture.

The Guangdong Institute of Technology was found in 1952 and then merged Central South Institute of Science and Technology in 1961. During the Cultural Revolution, the campus was closed and the school was forced to move to Nanhua Temple in Shaoguan City. The school returned to the Guangzhou campus in 1982, but most of the campus had been destroyed.

The Guangdong Institute of Mechanical Engineering was found in 1956 and also forced to close during the Cultural Revolution.

The East Campus of South China Institute of Architecture was found in 1956.

Campus

HEMC Campus
100 West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center. This campus accommodates most of the faculties (70%). Faculty of Foreign Language Studies, used to be located in Longdong Campus before 2011, now is located in Main Campus.

Dongfeng Road Campus
It was the former campus of Guangdong Institute of Technology and was the main campus until the Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre opened in 2005. It is now the campus for the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Design, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Continuing Education.

Longdong Campus
It was opened in 1999 as a campus for the first and second year undergraduate students. It is now the campus for the Faculty of Management and Faculty of Economics.

Panyu Campus
Zhongcun Town, Panyu District. It is the campus for the Business School.

Shahe Campus
It was the former campus of the east campus of the South China Institute of Architecture. It is now the campus for Science and Technology Park.

Jieyang Campus
The Jieyang Campus is located at Huilai, Jieyang City, and covers an area of 1.32 square kilometers. The first batch of students started school there in September 2021.

Wushan Campus
It was the former campus of Guangdong Institute of Mechanical Engineering, which was sold to Guangdong Teachers College of Foreign Language and Arts in 2006.

Library

Its well-stocked library has a collection of over 1,600,000 books and 9,000 sets of electronic literature. (more than 2,840,000 books and 10,000 sets now in 2008).

Faculty
It has the privilege to confer Doctor’s, Master’s, and bachelor's degrees on qualified students. At present the university has 5 doctoral degree programs, 31 master's degree programs (including MBA program), 52 bachelor's degree programs.(10 doctoral degree programs, 51 master's degree programs, including MBA program, and 57 bachelor's degree programs now in 2008)..

Rankings and reputation

Nature Index
Nature Index tracks the affiliations of high-quality scientific articles and presents research outputs by institution and country on monthly basis.

International exchanges and cooperation
It has played an active role in international scientific research and cultural cooperation and exchanges.

There are more than 50 universities, research institutions and companies abroad that have established academic exchange partnerships with it, including those in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia, Poland, Thailand, Australia and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions.

References

External links
Official website of Guangdong University of Technology
3D map of Guangdong University of Technology

Universities and colleges in Guangzhou
Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
Universities and colleges established in 1952
Educational institutions established in 1995
Technical universities and colleges in China
1952 establishments in China


Elephant Shell is the first LP to be released by Tokyo Police Club. It was released in the United States, Canada and Australia on April 22, 2008, on Saddle Creek Records, and in the United Kingdom and Continental Europe on May 5, 2008. "In a Cave", "Juno", and "Tessellate" have been posted on the band's official MySpace.

The album was leaked on the internet on March 7, 2008.  In response to the leak, Saddle Creek Records offered the album as a high-quality MP3 download for $9.00 on their website. The iTunes Store pre-released the album on March 25. Starting April 25, MTV Canada streamed the album free online (The Leak).

The album release party was held at the Bowery Ballroom in New York, with guests Smoosh and The Meligrove Band.

Chart performance

The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers charts in the United States, and at #10 in the Canadian album chart.

Track listing

Free downloads
The songs "In a Cave" and "Juno" were both released as free downloads before the actual release of the album.

Personnel

 Tokyo Police Club – songwriters, musicians, co-producers
 Greg Alsop
 Josh Hook
 Dave Monks
 Graham Wright
 Alex Aldi – additional engineering
 Greg Giorgio – additional engineering
 Dean Martino – assistant engineer
 Jay Sadlowski – assistant engineer
 Chris Zane – producer (tracks: 9)
 Jon Drew – producer (tracks: 1–6, 8, 10, 11)
 Peter Katis – mix engineer, producer (tracks: 7), additional production (tracks: 3, 4, 6, 9, 10)
 Doug Van Sloun – mastering engineer
 Jadon Ulrich – art direction
 Rich Cohen – management

References

2008 debut albums
Tokyo Police Club albums
Saddle Creek Records albums
Albums produced by Peter Katis


X̱wáýx̱way (Squamish ) or x̌ʷay̓x̌ʷəy̓  (Halkomelem ), rendered in English as Xway xway and Whoiwhoi, is a First Nations village site, located in what is now Stanley Park in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The village was located on the eastern peninsula of the park, near what is now Lumberman's Arch. The village was home for many Squamish, Musqueam and Tsleil-waututh people, but after European colonization began in the Vancouver area, the inhabitants were forced to re-locate to nearby villages. The village was named for a mask ceremony; thus, the best translation of x̱wáýx̱way would be "masked dance performance".

History

X̱wáýx̱way is estimated to have been inhabited for more than 3000 years. It was one of many villages on the shores of Burrard Inlet around present-day Vancouver. The abundant resources in these lands were used by Squamish, Musqueam, and Tsleil-waututh peoples. X̱wáýx̱way was one of the prominent villages in the area, hosting many houses; each was occupied by a large extended family.

By the late 1800s, X̱wáýx̱way was the largest settlement in what is now Stanley Park. In the village, a big house or longhouse measured at 60 meters long and near 20 meters wide. The structure was built with large cedar posts and slabs. 11 families lived in the house, numbering around 100 people. A large potlatch, a ceremonial event conducted by wealthy families, was held at this house in 1875. This event is also mentioned in the city council meeting minutes, where the medical health officer recommended the destruction of the buildings because of a smallpox outbreak, says Eric McLay, president of the Archeology Society of BC.

With colonial British expansion from the east following the opening of the transcontinental railroad in 1886, Vancouver started to boom in population. What is now Stanley Park was made a military reservation in 1859. The native inhabitants of Vancouver, including those living in X̱wáýx̱way and nearby Senakw, were seen as an impediment to development, and were removed to reserves. This process was facilitated by the passage of the Indian Act in 1876. In the 1880s, surveyors and road builders demolished X̱wáýx̱way to create the Park Drive perimeter road. In a 1934 conversation with archivist Major J.S. Matthews, August Jack Khatsahlano related to his childhood when he lived in the area. "We was inside this house when the surveyors come along and they chop the corner of our house when we was eating inside... We all get up and go outside see what was the matter. My sister Louise, she was only one talk a little English; she goes out ask Whiteman what's he doing that for. The man say, 'We're surveying the road. My sister ask him, "'Whose road?".

Local anthropologist Charles Hill-Tout noted several skeletons were found during an excavation near X̱wáýx̱way. In the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh tradition, the deceased were placed in specially made bentwood boxes, and placed high in trees. Some individuals or families of high social standing would be placed in cedar dugout canoes.

Squamish Nation chief Ian Cambell proposed in 2010 that Stanley Park be renamed Xwayxway Park after the name of this village.

See also
 August Jack Khatsahlano
 List of Squamish villages

Footnotes

References

 Barman, Jean (2007) [2005]. Stanley Park's Secret: The Forgotten Families of Whoi Whoi, Kanaka Ranch and Brockton Point. Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing. .
Shore, Randy. Before Stanley Park: First nations sites lie scattered throughout the area. The Vancouver Sun, March 17, 2007. Retrieved Thursday, January 24th, 2008.
Suttles, Wayne. (2004). "Musqueam Reference Grammar." Vancouver: UBC Press. .

External links
Squamish Nation

Former populated places in British Columbia
History of Vancouver
Squamish villages
Stanley Park


Tahiryuaq, formerly Ferguson Lake, (Inuinnaqtun: ) is located on southern Victoria Island in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, in northern Canada.  It drains westward into Iqaluktuuq (meaning "place of big fish") which is a segment of the Ekalluk River,  from the northeastern side of Wellington Bay (Ekaloktok), on Dease Strait, Arctic Ocean Ferguson Lake was the namesake of Constable Ferguson, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police member, but is now known by the original name of Tahiryuaq

Tahiryuaq has been characterized as "polar semi-desert".  Its fauna includes willow-sedge meadows, dryas uplands, and raised beaches. The narrow land area between Wellington Bay and Tahiryuaq funnels migrating Dolphin-Union caribou herd, making them easy prey for Inuit hunters. Muskox, Arctic hare, and ptarmigan also inhabit the area. The lake itself contains Arctic char (iqalukpiit) and lake trout (ihuurayuit). These were the principal food sources for Copper Inuit who were predated by people of the Dorset culture through the Thule culture as evidenced by Canadian Arctic archaeological sites on the banks of the lake, its river, and about 1 km north on the bay (Cadfael site).

See also
List of lakes of Nunavut
List of lakes of Canada

References

External links
 Photo

Lakes of Kitikmeot Region
Victoria Island (Canada)
Former populated places in the Kitikmeot Region


Chen Tze-ming (, born 28 September 1952) is a Taiwanese professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour, the Japan Golf Tour, the Asian Golf Circuit, the Asian Tour and the PGA European Tour.  In the U.S., he is often referred to as T.M. Chen.  His younger brother, Chen Tze-chung, is also a professional golfer who has won tournaments on the Japanese, Asian and American tours.

For his country, Chen represented Taiwan at the 1974 Eisenhower Trophy, a world amateur team tournament, and then again in 1976, playing with his brother as Tze-ming posted the lowest individual score at +1. Chen also represented Taiwan as a professional in the 1979 World Cup, and in 1985 and 1994 at the Alfred Dunhill Cup tournament, a country-based team golf competition, again playing alongside his brother.

Early life
Chen was born in Linkou District, Taipei City, in northern Taiwan. His grandfather farmed the land that would become the Linkou International Golf Club and his father worked as a greenskeeper at the club. Picking up golf at a young age, his younger brother Tze-chung then followed Tze-ming and picked up the game in his teens, with the brothers often playing together on tour and together in team competitions for Taiwan over their careers.

Professional career
Chen gained early notice at the 1978 Malaysian Dunlop Masters, winning by a record 15 strokes, but due to his amateur status, runner-up Simon Owen took home the prize money. Chen turned professional later that same year. As a professional, he won nine tournaments on the Japan Golf Tour, with four of those victories coming in 1992 when he finished third on the end of year money list. His best finish in a major was a tie for 3rd in the 1985 PGA Championship, with a stellar final round 65 (281 overall, 3 strokes behind winner Hubert Green).  Of note, the Chen family dominated the final round as the second highest score belonged to his brother Tze-chung, who shot a 66 and finished tied for 23rd.

Tze-ming also won seven times on the Asia Golf Circuit and topped the tour's Order of Merit in 1985. As a senior, Chen won the 2002 Japan PGA Senior Championship.

Personal life
Chen and his brother have run and coached in the junior program at the Linkou Golf Club in Taipei City.  He now lives in Tokyo.

Professional wins (21)

PGA of Japan Tour wins (9)

*Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.

PGA of Japan Tour playoff record (4–0)

Asia Golf Circuit wins (7)
1980 Korean Open
1981 Hong Kong Open, Korean Open
1982 Taiwan Open
1983 Thailand Open
1985 Singapore Open
1987 Thai International Thailand Open

Other wins (3)
this list may be incomplete
1978 Malaysian Dunlop Masters (as an amateur)
1985 Rolex Masters (Singapore)
1987 Rolex Masters (Singapore)

Senior wins (2)
this list may be incomplete
2002 Japan PGA Senior Championship
2003 Castle Hill Open

Results in major championships

CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1985 Open Championship)
"T" = tied

Team appearances
this list may be incomplete

Amateur
Eisenhower Trophy (representing Taiwan): 1974, 1976 (individual leader, tie)

Professional
Dunhill Cup (representing Taiwan): 1985, 1994
World Cup (representing Taiwan): 1979

References

External links

Profile on 2004 Senior PGA Championship site

Taiwanese male golfers
Japan Golf Tour golfers
Asian Tour golfers
Sportspeople from Taipei
1952 births
Living people


A piezoelectric accelerometer is an accelerometer that employs the piezoelectric effect of certain materials to measure dynamic changes in mechanical variables (e.g., acceleration, vibration, and mechanical shock).

As with all transducers, piezoelectrics convert one form of energy into another and provide an electrical signal in response to a quantity, property, or condition that is being measured.  Using the general sensing method upon which all accelerometers are based, acceleration acts upon a seismic mass that is restrained by a spring or suspended on a cantilever beam, and converts a physical force into an electrical signal.  Before the acceleration can be converted into an electrical quantity it must first be converted into either a force or displacement.  This conversion is done via the mass spring system shown in the figure to the right.

Introduction

The word piezoelectric finds its roots in the Greek word piezein, which means to squeeze or press.  When a physical force is exerted on the accelerometer, the seismic mass loads the piezoelectric element according to Newton's second law of motion ().  The force exerted on the piezoelectric material can be observed in the change in the electrostatic force or voltage generated by the piezoelectric material.  This differs from a piezoresistive effect in that piezoresistive materials experience a change in the resistance of the material rather than a change in charge or voltage.  Physical force exerted on the piezoelectric can be classified as one of two types; bending or compression.  Stress of the compression type can be understood as a force exerted to one side of the piezoelectric while the opposing side rests against a fixed surface, while bending involves a force being exerted on the piezoelectric from both sides.

Piezoelectric materials used for the purpose of accelerometers fall into two categories: single crystal and ceramic materials.   The first and more widely used are single-crystal materials (usually quartz).  Though these materials do offer a long life span in terms of sensitivity, their disadvantage is that they are generally less sensitive than some piezoelectric ceramics. The other category, ceramic materials, have a higher piezoelectric constant (sensitivity) than single-crystal materials, and are less expensive to produce. Ceramics use barium titanate, lead-zirconate-lead-titanate, lead metaniobate, and other materials whose composition is considered proprietary by the company responsible for their development.  The disadvantage of piezoelectric ceramics, however, is that their sensitivity degrades with time making the longevity of the device less than that of single-crystal materials.

In applications when low sensitivity piezoelectrics are used, two or more crystals can be connected together for output multiplication.  The proper material can be chosen for particular applications based on the sensitivity, frequency response, bulk-resistivity, and thermal response.  Due to the low output signal and high output impedance that piezoelectric accelerometers possess, there is a need for amplification and impedance conversion of the signal produced.  In the past this problem has been solved using a separate (external) amplifier/impedance converter.  This method, however, is generally impractical due to the noise that is introduced as well as the physical and environmental constraints posed on the system as a result.  Today IC amplifiers/impedance converters are commercially available and are generally packaged within the case of the accelerometer itself.

History
Behind the mystery of the operation of the piezoelectric accelerometer lie some very fundamental concepts governing the behavior of crystallographic structures. In 1880, Pierre and Jacques Curie published an experimental demonstration connecting mechanical stress and surface charge on a crystal. This phenomenon became known as the piezoelectric effect. Closely related to this phenomenon is the Curie point, named for the physicist Pierre Curie, which is the temperature above which piezoelectric material loses spontaneous polarization of its atoms.

The development of the commercial piezoelectric accelerometer came about through a number of attempts to find the most effective method to measure the vibration on large structures such as bridges and on vehicles in motion such as aircraft. One attempt involved using the resistance strain gage as a device to build an accelerometer. Incidentally, it was Hans J. Meier who, through his work at MIT, is given credit as the first to construct a commercial strain gage accelerometer (circa 1938).  However, the strain gage accelerometers were fragile and could only produce low resonant frequencies and they also exhibited a low frequency response. These limitations in dynamic range made it unsuitable for testing naval aircraft structures. On the other hand, the piezoelectric sensor was proven to be a much better choice over the strain gage in designing an accelerometer. The high modulus of elasticity of piezoelectric materials makes the piezoelectric sensor a more viable solution to the problems identified with the strain gage accelerometer.

Simply stated, the inherent properties of the piezoelectric accelerometers made it a much better alternative to the strain gage types because of its high frequency response, and its ability to generate high resonant frequencies. The piezoelectric accelerometer allowed for a reduction in its physical size at the manufacturing level and it also provided for a higher g (standard gravity) capability relative to the strain gage type. By comparison, the strain gage type exhibited a flat frequency response above 200 Hz while the piezoelectric type provided a flat response up to 10,000 Hz. These improvements made it possible for measuring the high frequency vibrations associated with the quick movements and short duration shocks of aircraft which before was not possible with the strain gage types. Before long, the technological benefits of the piezoelectric accelerometer became apparent and in the late 1940s, large scale production of piezoelectric accelerometers began. Today, piezoelectric accelerometers are used for instrumentation in the fields of engineering, health and medicine, aeronautics and many other different industries.

Manufacturing
There are two common methods used to manufacture accelerometers. One is based upon the principles of piezoresistance and the other is based on the principles of piezoelectricity. Both methods ensure that unwanted orthogonal acceleration vectors are excluded from detection.

Manufacturing an accelerometer that uses piezoresistance first starts with a semiconductor layer that is attached to a handle wafer by a thick oxide layer. The semiconductor layer is then patterned to the accelerometer's geometry. This semiconductor layer has one or more apertures so that the underlying mass will have the corresponding apertures. Next the semiconductor layer is used as a mask to etch out a cavity in the underlying thick oxide. A mass in the cavity is supported in cantilever fashion by the piezoresistant arms of the semiconductor layer. Directly below the accelerometer's geometry is a flex cavity that allows the mass in the cavity to flex or move in direction that is orthogonal to the surface of the accelerometer.

Accelerometers based upon piezoelectricity are constructed with two piezoelectric transducers.  The unit consists of a hollow tube that is sealed by a piezoelectric transducer on each end. The transducers are oppositely polarized and are selected to have a specific series capacitance. The tube is then partially filled with a heavy liquid and the accelerometer is excited. While excited the total output voltage is continuously measured and the volume of the heavy liquid is microadjusted until the desired output voltage is obtained. Finally the outputs of the individual transducers are measured, the residual voltage difference is tabulated, and the dominant transducer is identified.

In 1943 the Danish company Brüel & Kjær launched Type 4301 - the world's first charge accelerometer.

Applications of piezoelectric accelerometers
Piezoelectric accelerometers are used in many different industries, environments, and applications - all typically requiring measurement of short duration impulses. Piezoelectric measuring devices are widely used today in the laboratory, on the production floor, and as original equipment for measuring and recording dynamic changes in mechanical variables including shock and vibration.

Some accelerometers have built-in electronics to amplify the signal before transmitting it to the recording device.  This work was pioneered by PCB Piezotronics, released in 1967 as ICP® Integrated circuit piezoelectric, later evolving to be the IEPE standard (see Integrated Electronics Piezo-Electric).   Other related, brand specific descriptors of IEPE are: CCLD, IsoTron or DeltaTron.

Accelerometers also have had the addition of onboard memory to contain serial number and calibration data, typically referred to as TEDS Transducer Electronic Data Sheet per the IEEE 1451 standard.

References

 Norton, Harry N.(1989). Handbook of Transducers. Prentice Hall PTR.  'PDF Link'

External links
 'Piezoelectric Tranducers'
 'Piezoelectric Sensors'
 'Piezoelectric Accelerometers - Theory and Application'
 'Access to Accels' - Tutorial about PE accelerometers

Piezoelectric materials
Transducers
Accelerometers


Peire (or Pietro) de la Mula (fl. c. 1200) was an Italian troubadour. Of his writings a pair of couplets and one sirventes are all that survive. According to his vida, he was a joglars and trobaire (troubadour) who stayed for a long time in Montferrat, Cortemilia, and the Piedmont at the court of Ottone del Carretto (fl. 1190–1233). This places Peire's activity before 1209, when Ottone lost Cortemilia.

It has been suggested that Peire's surname could be a misreading of de Lamula, as there are several places called Lamula are known, or of da Lama. It may instead be a corruption of de l'Amola, indicating origins in Amola, a town in Frignano. There did exist in the High Middle Ages a locale called Mulum southeast of Mantua and which may be the basis for a "Mula" family name, though evidence for this is lacking in other sources. There was also a poet named only "Mola" who exchanged some verses with Guilhem Raimon. He may be the same individual as Peire de la Mula, but he has also been identified with the joglars Tremoleta.

One of Peire's surviving couplets, Ia de razon no.m cal metr'en pantais, can be dated to before 1185 on the basis of a reference to Androin(e), that is, Andronicus I Comnenus, who died that year. It was a screed against the young and rich. Peire's other couplet, Una leig vei d'escuoill, was also an attack on minstrels (joglars), who, at his time, were bringing their "insolence" from across the Alps into the presence of the pros (powerful) of Italy. Peire refers in this work to both Breton (Bretz) and Norman (Normans) minstrels.

Peire's only full-length work to survive, Dels joglars servir mi laisse, is a sirventes joglaresc, a sirventes insulting the minstrels (joglars), whom Peire says are "breeding like leverets". Minstrels (mere performers) are in the business for money, but troubadours (composers), in Peire's view, are honorable. For his sirventes Peire imitated the metre of Raimbaut d'Aurenga's Er quant s'emba.l foill del fraisse. Otherwise, Peire was influenced metrically and rhythmically by the works of Giraut de Bornelh.

Notes

Sources

Bertoni, Giulio. I Trovatori d'Italia: Biografie, testi, tradizioni, note. Rome: Società Multigrafica Editrice Somu, 1967 [1915].
Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.
The Vidas of the Troubadours. Margarita Egan, trans. New York: Garland, 1984. .

12th-century Italian troubadours
13th-century Italian troubadours
People from Piedmont


Salvia lemmonii (Lemmon's sage) is an aromatic species of sage that is native to the United States and Mexico.

Description
Salvia lemmonii grows to a height of between  and has ovate leaves which are between  long. The long, tubular flowers are deep pink to crimson with a projecting upper lip and a wide, down-turned lower lip. These appear in clusters on the ends of stems between July and October (mid summer to mid spring)  in their native range.

Range and Habitat
Salvia lemmonii species occurs in mountains in dry woodland in Northwestern Mexico, southern Arizona and New Mexico, usually in canyons or on rocky slopes. Research grade observations at iNaturalist range from 1200 to 2800 meters in elevation.

References

lemmonii
Flora of Arizona
Flora of New Mexico
North American desert flora
Flora of Mexico