Human power is work or energy that is produced from the human body. It can also refer to the power (rate of work per time) of a human. Power comes primarily from muscles, but body heat is also used to do work like warming shelters, food, or other humans.

World records of power performance by humans are of interest to work planners and work-process engineers. The average level of human power that can be maintained over a certain duration of time is interesting to engineers designing work operations in industry.

Human-powered transport includes bicycles, rowing, skiing and many other forms of mobility.

Human-powered equipment is occasionally used to generate, and sometimes to store, electrical energy for use where no other source of power is available. These include the Gibson girl survival radio, wind-up or (clockwork) radio and pedal radio.

Available power
Normal human metabolism produces heat at a basal metabolic rate of around 80 watts.

During a bicycle race, an elite cyclist can produce close to 400 watts of mechanical power over an hour and in short bursts over double that—1000 to 1100 watts; modern racing bicycles have greater than 95% mechanical efficiency. An adult of good fitness is more likely to average between 50 and 150 watts for an hour of vigorous exercise. Over an 8-hour work shift, an average, healthy, well-fed and motivated manual laborer may sustain an output of around 75 watts of power. However, the potential yield of human electric power is decreased by the inefficiency of any generator device, since all real generators incur losses during the energy conversion process.

It is possible to use exercise equipment for power generation, by attaching the moving parts to components of electric generators; some home gym equipment uses DC generators to power readouts, displays, and control the amount of resistance offered by the machine. The amount of energy generated is so small compared to industrial power sources that the cost of conversion equipment makes it financially impractical. For example, supplying an average United States home solely with electricity generated from exercise equipment for one day would require more than a hundred people to ride stationary bicycles for all of it.

Transport

Several forms of transport utilize human power. They include the bicycle, wheelchair, walking, skateboard, wheelbarrow, rowing, skis, and rickshaw. Some forms may utilize more than one person. The historical galley was propelled by freemen or citizens in ancient times, and by slaves captured by pirates in more recent times. The MacCready Gossamer Condor was the first human-powered aircraft capable of controlled and sustained flight, making its first flight in 1977. In 2007, Jason Lewis of Expedition 360 became the first person to circumnavigate the globe at non-polar latitudes using only human power—walking, biking, and rollerblading across the landmasses; and swimming, kayaking, rowing, and using a 26-foot-long pedal-powered boat to cross the oceans.

General devices and machines

Treadwheels, also called treadmills, are engines or machines powered by humans. These may resemble a water wheel in appearance, and can be worked either by a human treading paddles set into its circumference (treadmill), or by a human standing inside it (treadwheel).

Some devices use human power. They may directly use mechanical power from muscles, or a generator may convert energy generated by the body into electrical power.

Human-powered equipment primarily consists of electrical appliances which can be powered by electricity generated by human muscle power as an alternative to conventional sources of electricity such as disposable primary batteries and the electrical grid. Such devices contain electric generators or an induction system to recharge their batteries. Separate crank-operated generators are now available to recharge battery-powered portable electronic devices such as mobile phones. Others, such as mechanically powered flashlights, have the generator integrated within the device. Wrist watches can use muscle power to keep their mainsprings wound up.

An alternative to rechargeable batteries for electricity storage is supercapacitors, now being used in some devices such as the mechanically powered flashlight shown here. Devices that store the energy mechanically, rather than electrically, include clockwork radios with a mainspring, which is wound up by a crank and turns a generator to power the radio.

An early example of regular use of human-powered electrical equipment is in early telephone systems; current to ring the remote bell was provided by a subscriber cranking a handle on the telephone, which turned a small magneto generator. Human-powered devices are useful as emergency equipment, when natural disaster, war, or civil disturbance make regular power supplies unavailable. They have also been seen as economical for use in poor countries, where batteries may be expensive and mains electricity unreliable or unavailable. They are also an environmentally preferable alternative to the use of disposable batteries, which are a wasteful source of energy and may introduce heavy metals into the environment. Communication is a common application for the relatively small amount of electric power that can be generated by a human turning a generator.

Human-powered radio

Survival radio

The World War II-era Gibson girl survival radio used a hand-cranked generator to provide power; this avoided the unreliable performance of dry-cell batteries that might be stored for months before they were needed, although it had the drawback that the survivor had to be fit enough to turn the crank. Survival radios were invented and deployed by both sides during the war. The SCR-578 (and the similar post-war AN/CRT-3) survival radio transmitters carried by aircraft on over-water operations were given the nickname "Gibson Girl" because of their "hourglass" shape, which allowed them to be held stationary between the legs while the generator handle was turned.

Military radio

During World War II, U.S. troops sometimes employed hand crank generators, GN-35 and GN-45, to power Signal Corps Radio transmitter/receivers. The hand cranking was laborious, but generated sufficient current for smaller radio sets, such as the SCR-131, SCR-161, SCR-171, SCR-284, and SCR-694.

Windup radio

A windup radio or clockwork radio is a radio that is powered by human muscle power rather than batteries or the electrical grid. In the most common arrangement, an internal electric generator is run by a mainspring, which is wound by a hand crank on the case. Turning the crank winds the spring and a full winding will allow several hours of operation. Alternatively, the generator can charge an internal battery.

Radios powered by handcranked generators are not new, but their market was previously seen as limited to emergency or military organizations. The modern clockwork radio was designed and patented in 1991 by British inventor Trevor Baylis as a response to the HIV/AIDS crisis. He envisioned it as a radio for use by poor people in developing countries, especially in Africa, without access to batteries. In 1994, British accountant Chris Staines and his South African partner, Rory Stear, secured the worldwide license to the invention and cofounded Baygen Power Industries (now Freeplay Energy Ltd), which produced the first commercial model. The key to its design, which is no longer in use, was the use of a constant-velocity spring to store the potential energy. After Baylis lost control of his invention when Baygen became Freeplay, the Freeplay Energy units switched to disposable batteries charged by cheaper hand-crank generators.

Like other self-powered equipment, windup radios were intended for camping, emergencies and for areas where there is no electrical grid and replacement batteries are hard to obtain, such as in developing countries or remote settlements. They are also useful where a radio is not used on a regular basis and batteries would deteriorate, such as at a vacation house or cabin.

Windup radios designed for emergency use often include flashlights, blinking emergency lights, and emergency sirens. They also may include multiple alternate power sources, such as disposable or rechargeable batteries, cigarette lighter receptacles, and solar cells.

Pedal-powered transmitter

The pedal radio (or pedal wireless) was a radio transmitter-receiver powered by a pedal-driven generator. It was developed by South Australian engineer and inventor Alfred Traeger in 1929 as a way of providing radio communications to remote homesteads and cattle stations in the Australian outback. There were no mains or generator power available at the time and batteries to provide the power required would have been too expensive. It was a highly important invention, as it was this technology that enabled the Royal Flying Doctor Service, and later the School of the Air, linking people living remotely to emergency services and education.

See also
 Manual labour
 Batteryless radio
 Bottle dynamo
 Crank (mechanism)
 Energy harvesting
 Micropower
 Pavegen

References

Renewable energy


Boca de Cielo (Spanish mouth of heaven) is a small fishing town and beach in the municipality of Tonalá, Chiapas, Mexico. It and Puerto Arista, fifteen km away, are the two best known beaches on the Chiapas coast. Boca de Cielo is part of Chiapas’ Istmus-Costa Region on the north coast. it is one of many beaches in the region that stretch uninterrupted by anything except estuaries and lagoons formed by the small rivers that run from the nearby Sierra Madre de Chiapas mountains to the Pacific Ocean. The climate is semi moist with rain mostly in the summer and an average annual temperature of 27C, with weather is hottest in the spring and summer. The area around Boca del Cielo is filled with pastures for cattle as this is the main economic activity of the northern coast region.

The Boca del Cielo community is located on the mainland and was exclusively dedicated to fishing historically, but along with Puerto Arista, it became a beach destination in the 20th century. Most of the town's residents now engage in both fishing and tourism. The houses of the town are partially obscured from the main docks by various palm and flowing trees and surrounded by water and pastureland. The town centers on the docks from which boat leave to fish and take tourists to the shoal area called San Marcos.

Boca del Cielo's main distinction is a long lagoon called La Joya, which is separated from open ocean by a sliver of land or shoal broken in the middle.  The name, which means “mouth of heaven,” refers to this opening which looks off into open ocean where the sun sets in the evening. The water of the lagoon is generally shallow and is a mixture of fresh water from the estuary of a small river and sea water from the ocean. The opening in the shoal allows for this mixture and also causing the level of the lagoon to rise and fall depending on the tide. The water is shallow enough, especially at low tide, for people to cross it without a boat, with the water coming up only to the knees or waist. In areas, sand bars with pool of water and islands appear. The exception to the shallowness is near the opening to the sea where water is deeper with strong currents. Here, the water can be as deep as ten meters with the opening as wide as fifty meters, depending on the tide. The lagoon extends for kilometers on either side of Boca del Cielo, with many of the banks away from the tourist areas covered with mangroves. The lagoon is rich in fish and shrimp.

The shoals keep the ocean with its rougher waves and undertow separate from lagoon waters which are safe for even children to swim in.  The tourist section of these shoals is called San Marcos, on the east side of the opening to the sea on a narrow strip of land that averages about 200 meters across. The distance between this area and the main docks of Boca del Cielo is about half a kilometer. The rest of the shoals of La Joya lagoon vary from between fifty and three hundred meters in length. There is no road access to the shoals with tourists reaching them by boat. The San Marcos shoal (colloquially called an “island”) has fine grey sand on the ocean side and crowded with rudimentary and improvised bungalows and palapas serving as restaurants and accommodations. There are areas that allow camping and the hanging of hammocks. The restaurants all base their menus on seafood, especially mojarra, a fish called “lisa” and shrimp.

While Boca del Cielo attracts significant numbers of national and international tourists, most of its visitors are from Chiapas, especially the state capital of Tuxtla Gutierrez, which means it gets crowded on weekends and prices are higher than further south on the state's coast. For the Mexican holiday period of Holy Week in 2008, 30,697 visited the beach. Despite this, it is still less popular than nearby Puerto Arista, has less boat traffic, fewer vendors and less litter. Tourist attractions include boat tours, sports fishing, kayaking, motor boating, water skiing, scuba diving and inflatable “bananas” towed by a motorboat. However, the ocean side beach lacks signals to indicate the condition of the waters for safety. The ocean is safer at low tide when the waves are less rough.

The Boca del Cielo turtle sanctuary is one of four such installations on the Chiapas coast along with Puerto Arista, Costa Azul and Barra de Zacapulco. It is run by the Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología. Despite a federal ban on the sale and consumption of the eggs, the pillaging of turtle nests continues in Chiapas. It is manned by two persons who patrol the 75 km of beaches and mangroves nightly for freshly laid eggs.  These eggs are moved to a protected hatching area and them the hatchlings emerge, are released into the sea. Visitors are permitted to participate in patrols and releases, with July to November the most active months.

References

Populated places in Chiapas
Populated coastal places in Mexico
Beaches of Chiapas


Ba Tơ () is a rural district (huyện) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 47,268. The district covers an area of 1,133 km². The district capital lies at Ba Tơ.

In April 2012, there have been multiple reports of an outbreak of an unknown fatal disease in the area around Ba Tơ. See Quảng Ngãi skin disease outbreak for more details.

Climate

References

Districts of Quảng Ngãi province


Bình Sơn () is a rural district (huyện) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. It is the birthplace of the Vietnamese mandarin and anti-French guerrilla leader Trương Định. As of 2003 the district had a population of 177,943. The district covers an area of 464 km². The district capital lies at Châu Ổ.

References

Districts of Quảng Ngãi province


The Centro Comunitário Cristo Libertador (Community Centre of Christ the Liberator, CCCL) is a community center in Lauro de Freitas, Brazil.

History and organization
The CCCL is a subordinate of the monastery Priorado São Norberto in Lauro de Freitas, which also runs the municipal church, Paróquia Nossa Senhora Aparecida e Santa Catarina de Sena. The monastery has been supported by the Austrian church for years and is run by two priests: Father Michael Schelpe (ecclesiastical name Padre Miguel) and Father Hans Ambros (Padre Milo), who come from the Austrian convent Geras. The monastery supports various charitable and important projects in the region. According to official announcements, Lauro de Freitas has grown to a size ten times higher than its initial dimension from 1980 to 2000, which underscores the need for charitable work.

Goals
The CCCL aims to improve the social conditions of the inhabitants of Itinga, of whom most live in deep poverty, through direct care, food, medicine, and educational projects. The CCCL is increasingly cooperating with the Austrian Social Service, through which young Austrians can render their Civil Service.

CCCL’s activities include the following:

Supporting the creation of Supao, a soup project for slum inhabitants.
Supporting construction projects in suburban areas.
Constructing computer rooms and conducting computer courses.
Transporting people by car for various purposes.

Community centres
Organisations based in Bahia


Đức Phổ () is a district-level town (thị xã) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the town had a population of 150,927. The town covers an area of 372.76 km². The town capital lies at Nguyễn Nghiêm ward.

References

Districts of Quảng Ngãi province
County-level towns in Vietnam


Harry Preston (born Harry Pimm; September 4, 1923 – November 23, 2009) was an author and Hollywood screenwriter. His credits included over 90 published books and over 300 films of all types, from feature films to industrials, commercials, documentaries and training films.

Early life and education
Harry Preston was born Harry Pimm in Durban, South Africa. His father was Richard Henry Pimm, a chemist who migrated from Tamworth, England, to Cape Town, South Africa, where he opened a chemist shop. After moving to Kimberly, SA, Henry Pimm married Lilian Catherine Walter, daughter of George A. Walter, a US Vice Consul to South Africa starting in 1872. While living in Kimberly, the Walters became family friends of Cecil Rhodes, founder of the De Beers Diamond Company. Henry and Lilian Pimm eventually moved to Durban, where Henry and his brother, William Pimm, founded WR Pimm & Co., a local chain of chemist shops.

Harry Pimm grew up in Howick, a little town nestling near the Drakensberg Mountains near Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa,  inland from Durban. His family moved to Durban after the crash of 1929, where he attended St. Henry's Marist Brothers' College, a co-educational private school with a Catholic foundation in Glenwood, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Harry Pimm spent ten years at St. Henry's, where he received an in-depth primary education, matriculating at the age of fifteen as the youngest student up to that time ever to graduate. Several months wait were required before his enrolment at the University of Natal because the minimum age limit for college was sixteen. Harry Pimm began writing children's stories and books while still in his teens, moving on quickly to writing adult articles and short stories for major South African newspapers and magazines.

Biography

Harry Pimm moved to the U.S. in 1948. When he became an American citizen, he changed his last name to Preston. He settled in Dallas, Texas, where he began writing and directing low-budget films for the young Dallas film industry.

While news editor at WFAA-TV, Channel 8, the ABC station in Dallas, Harry Preston wrote TORNADO, a documentary on the devastating tornado in Dallas in 1957, which won the Sylvania Award. He also wrote several Dallas television series, notably Spotlight on Texas sponsored by Southwestern Bell Telephone, as well as writing many Viewpoint columns in the Dallas Morning News.

In 1959, Harry Preston moved to California, where he joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios as an analyst and rewrite man. The writers’ strike in 1962 forced him to move east to join the famous Jam Handy Studios in Detroit, where one of his commercials (for “Religion in American Life”) was nominated for an industry award.

After the Detroit riots of 1967, he returned to the West Coast, where he resumed work authoring fiction and non-fiction books. His book Everything a Teenager Wants to Know About Sex and Should (Books for Better Living) received rave reviews and went into seven printings.

Among Harry Preston’s many novels are 14 romance novels he wrote for MacFadden which were published under the pseudonym “Vanessa Cartwright”.

Following a year's visit to Cape Town in 1971, he wrote a supernatural horror tale set in South Africa called Queen of Darkness (Manor Books). During the 1970s, he also wrote many training films for the United States Air Force at Norton AFB in California.

In 1976, Mr. Preston moved back to Dallas and now works closely with the Texas film and literary communities. In 1989 he received a Life Achievement Award at the Corpus Christi Film Festival for his contribution to the Texas film industry. Since 1990 he has taught screenwriting at Richland College in Dallas and actively markets scripts and books through his literary agency - Stanton & Associates Literary Agency.

In 2002, his biography of former Broadway and movie star Thelma White, titled Thelma Who? was published by Scarecrow Press and was selected as one of the top ten best books of 2002 by CLASSIC IMAGES, the national movie magazine. In 2003, Mr. Preston's latest novels Faces of Angels and Shot in Dallas were published.

Harry Preston's biography Omar Sharif Loved My Cheescake is currently being considered for publication.

Selected bibliography

As Harry Preston
 Everything a Teenager Wants to Know About Sex and Should (, Books for Better Living, 1973)
 The Natural Food Reducing Diet (, Books for Better Living, 1974)
 Queen of Darkness (Manor Books, 1976)
 I Plead Insanity: When Manic Depression Turns Violent, with Paul Rollins (, Odenwald Pr, 1993)
 Faces of Angels (, Publish America, 2001)
 Thelma Who? Almost 100 Years of Showbiz (, Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2002)
 Shot In Dallas (, Publish America, 2003)

As Vanessa Cartwright
 Wine of Love () MacFadden Romance Series #39.
 Appointment in Antibes () MacFadden Romance Series #82.
 Wife Without Love () MacFadden Romance Series #85
 Summer in Stockholm () MacFadden Romance Series #93.
 Triston's Lair () MacFadden Romance Series #149.

Filmography
 Honeymoon Horror (1982)

References

External links
 Harry Preston Website
 Stanton Literary Agency

1923 births
Writers from Durban
South African screenwriters
2009 deaths
20th-century screenwriters
South African emigrants to the United States


Minh Long () is a district (huyện) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 14,634. The district covers an area of 216 km². The district capital lies at Long Hiệp.

References

Districts of Quảng Ngãi province


Mộ Đức () is a district (huyện) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 140,133. The district covers an area of 212 km². The district capital lies at Mộ Đức. It is served by Mo Duc High School.

References

Districts of Quảng Ngãi province


Nghĩa Hành () is a rural district (huyện) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 98,156. The district covers an area of 234 km2. The district capital lies at Chợ Chùa.

References

Districts of Quảng Ngãi province


Sơn Hà () is a rural district (huyện) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 64,398. The district covers an area of 750 km². The district capital lies at Di Lăng.

References

Districts of Quảng Ngãi province


Starje is a village in the Korçë County in southeastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Kolonjë. Originally the name was Plakas meaning old in Albanian. The village's population religiously belongs to the Bektashi order while there are also some Orthodox Christians.

It is situated at the foot of the Gramos mountains, about 2 km northeast of Ersekë, and is within walking distance to Albanian-Greek border. The highest peak of Gramos mountain Çuka e Peçit 2,523 m (8,278 ft) is located not far from the village. The alpine Lake Gistova is located at an altitude of 2,375 m, on the Albanian-Greek border.
The village is located close to the Llazishta forest, which is known as a holy forest for the Bektashi faith believers of the region.
Osum, one of the largest rivers of Albania starts here. Osum flows into the Adriatic Sea.

Notable people
Xhafer Ypi, former Prime Minister of Albania
Petrit Dume, member of the Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania
Hasan Zyko Kamberi, one of the most famous Albanian poets of eighteenth century.
Shahin Kolonja, publisher of  Drita magazine in Bucharest, and member of the commission for the Albanian alphabet in the Congress of Monastir which decided the Albanian alphabet in 1908.
Sali Njazi Dede, born in 1876 in Starje leader of World Bektashi Order Bektashism  based in Haji Bektash Turkey, reelected when World Headquarters of Bektashi Order moved to Tirana Albania in 1929.
Haki Laho, born in Starje, a doctor in the United States.
Ali Laho, born in Starje. Mayor of Ersekë from year 2011 to 2015 (PS).

References

Populated places in Kolonjë, Korçë
Villages in Korçë County


Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones is a compilation album by the Rolling Stones released without the band's authorisation by its former label Decca Records in 1975. It is a double album that reached No. 7 on the UK chart and was a strong seller over the years.

Track listing

Rolled Gold+: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (2007 edition)

In 2007, the original collection was expanded to 40 songs from the original's 28 tracks. Released in the UK on 12 November 2007, it is an expanded rerelease of the original 1975 collection which reached No. 7 on the UK chart.

The set debuted at No. 26 on the UK chart on 18 November 2007, and has sold over 125,000 copies so far according to Music Week.

The album is available in double CD, quadruple vinyl LP, and USB flash drive editions; the USB edition was the first album to be released in the UK in this format. It is also available via digital download. Cover design by Alex Trochut.

Revised track listing

Songs that are on the 2007 collection, but were not on the 1975 collection are:
"Tell Me"
"Heart of Stone"
"Play with Fire"
"I'm Free"
"Mother's Little Helper"
"Dandelion"
"2000 Light Years from Home"
"No Expectations"
"Let It Bleed"
"You Can't Always Get What You Want"
"Brown Sugar"
"Wild Horses"

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

References

External links
The Rolling Stones: Rolled Gold+ at Sleevage

1975 greatest hits albums
2007 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by Jimmy Miller
Albums produced by Andrew Loog Oldham
Albums produced by Mick Jagger
The Rolling Stones compilation albums
Decca Records compilation albums


Lebanon Airport may refer to:

 Lebanon Municipal Airport (New Hampshire) in Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States (FAA/IATA: LEB)
 Lebanon Municipal Airport (Tennessee) in Lebanon, Tennessee, United States (FAA: M54)
 Lebanon State Airport in Lebanon, Oregon, United States (FAA: S30)
 Lebanon-Warren County Airport in Lebanon, Ohio, United States (FAA: I68)
 Floyd W. Jones Lebanon Airport in Lebanon, Missouri, United States (FAA: LBO)

Airports in places named Lebanon:

 Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport in Beirut, Lebanon
 Boone County Airport (Arkansas) in Lebanon, Indiana, United States (FAA: 6I4)
 Keller Brothers Airport in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, United States (FAA: 08N)
 Mt. Hope Airport, a private use airport in Lebanon, Oregon, United States (FAA: OG10)
 Tallman Airport, a private use airport in Lebanon, Oregon, United States (FAA: 88OR)


Tây Trà () is a former district (huyện) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 14,904. The district covers an area of 337 km². The district capital lies at Trà Phong.

The district was formed in 2003 from a portion of Trà Bồng district, and was reannexed by Trà Bồng District on January 10, 2020.

References

Former districts of Vietnam


Trà Bồng () is a district (huyện) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 53,379. The district covers an area of 760.34 km². The district capital lies at Trà Xuân.

References

Districts of Quảng Ngãi province


Tư Nghĩa () is a rural district (huyện) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 178,132. The district covers an area of 227 km². The district capital lies at La Hà.

References

Districts of Quảng Ngãi province


The 1884 Louisville Eclipse season was a season in American baseball. The team finished with a 68–40 record, third place in the American Association.

There has been some debate over whom the manager of this club was, with some sources listing the club's starting second baseman, Joe Gerhardt, as manager for at least part of the year, with others crediting team official Mike Walsh with either all or part of the year.

Guy Hecker started 75 games for the Eclipse in 1884 and won the American Association Pitching Triple Crown by leading the league in wins, with 52, strikeouts, with 385, and earned run average with 1.80.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References

 1884 Louisville Eclipse team page at Baseball Reference

Louisville Colonels seasons
Louisville Eclipse season
Louisville Eclipse


Sơn Tây () is a district (huyện) of Quảng Ngãi province in the South Central Coastal region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 15,164. The district covers an area of 381 km2. The district capital lies at Sơn Dung.

References

Districts of Quảng Ngãi province


Avigayil () is an Israeli settlement in the West Bank. It lies between the settlements of Ma'on and Susya in the Southern Hebron Hills. The settlement is situated east of the Israeli West Bank barrier, 4.7 km kilometers from the Green line on what is officially known as Hilltop 850.
Established in October 2001 as a outpost, Avigayil has a population of roughly 50, consisting of 30 families as of 2014, up from 17 registered in 2010, and is within the municipal jurisdiction of the Har Hebron Regional Council.

The international community considers all Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, which the Israeli government disputes. However unauthorized outposts are also illegal under Israeli law. According to the 2003 road map agreement, settlements and outposts erected after March 2001 are to be dismantled.

Etymology
Avigayil is named after the biblical Abigail, the wife of Nabal, who lived, according to the Bible, in a place in Judea called Maon.

History
Avigayil was established on 1,000 dunams (250 acres) on Yom Kippur eve (September 26) 2001 by a group of newly discharged Israel Defense Forces soldiers on a hilltop chosen for its strategic location.  It was created to prevent Palestinian attacks on a road below the hill. One its founders has stated that the main priority was to create a buffer between the Palestinian Arabs and Bedouin tribes, cutting off contiguous Arab settlements in a "line of settlements"  as part of a chain of Jewish settlements and unauthorized outposts in the area that is rapidly expanding into a bloc including Havat Lucifer, Mitzpe Yair, Ma'on, Havat Maon and Carmel, Susya and Beit Yatir. Residents state that their presence aims specifically to assert land claims for Israel.  The gradual expansion of residential and agricultural areas for settlers has been conducted side by side with regular efforts to deny Palestinian farmers and shepherds access to increasing portions of their land.

Immediately after the group moved onto the land, a High Court of Justice ruled a temporary injunction ordering a freeze on all development work on the site until an official ruling could be made regarding the status of the land. In 2003 Avigayil was one of 22 outposts slated for removal by Ariel Sharon as part of the Road Map. In 2014 Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon announced
that procedures were advancing to legalize the outpost.

The outpost was officialy recognized by israli law on September 2023.

References

Populated places established in 2001
Israeli settlements in the West Bank
2001 establishments in the Palestinian territories
Israeli outposts
Unauthorized Israeli settlements


The Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway was an English railway company that built a standard gauge line between those places. It opened its main line in .

Its natural ally seemed to be the Great Western Railway. With other lines it formed a route between the mineral resources of South Wales and the industries of the north-west of England, and this attracted the interest of the London and North Western Railway, which sought access to South Wales. The GWR and the LNWR jointly leased the S&HR line in 1862, later jointly acquiring ownership of it, in 1871. LNWR mineral traffic developed, and after the opening of the Severn Tunnel in 1886, the line became an important main line for traffic from the south-west of England to the north-west.

With the decline in local passenger and goods traffic in the 1950s many intermediate stations closed, but the main line continues in important use at the present day.

Origins
On 3 August 1846, 16 railway bills were passed in Parliament; one of these was for the Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway, with authorised capital of £800,000. Another was for the Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford Railway, which was to take over the Hereford Railway and modernise it.

The Hereford Railway had been opened in 1829, and with the Llanvihangel Railway and the Grosmont Railway, it formed a  route to the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal. Those railways were in fact plateways, using L-shaped tram plates and horse traction.

The intention of the S&HR promoters was to form, with other lines, a through route between the manufacturing districts of the north west of England and the mining districts of South Wales and Bristol.

Although the broad gauge allies of the Great Western Railway had expressed an interest, the S&HR was to be a standard gauge line, and the promoters would "on no account permit a breach of gauge between the North and South". There was a clear inclination towards the London and North Western Railway, which at that time was seeking access to the South Wales industrial area. It would be  in length.

Construction
The engineer for the construction of the line was Henry Robertson.

1846 was a peak year for authorising railway schemes: there were 435 railway bills in the session as a whole. A financial slump followed, and it became impossible to get money for railway projects, and the directors were unable to proceed. In 1848 and 1849 efforts were made to reduce the estimated cost of construction so as to be able to make some progress. A single track line, and use of the Leominster Canal bed for the formation of the railway might bring the cost down to £480,000.

In fact the time limit for construction set by Parliament expired and new powers were obtained in 1850. By this time, money had become easier to obtain, and a contract was let to Thomas Brassey for £345,822. The bridges would be made for a double line, but Dinmore Hill Tunnel would be a single line bore. The Shrewsbury station was to be built jointly with other lines: the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway, the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway, and the Shropshire Union Railway.

The days of austerity seemed to have passed, and the Shrewsbury station was of an elaborate character in the Tudor Gothic style. The station was ready and in use by the S&BR and the Shropshire Union Railway joint line (from Wellington) on 1 June 1849.

The first part of the S&HR line was opened as a single line from Shrewsbury to Ludlow on 20 April 1852, and it was worked by Thomas Brassey, the contractor for the construction. The remainder was ready and opened throughout to the Barrs Court station at Hereford on 6 December 1853. A mile of single line from what became Barr's Court Junction to Barton station at Hereford, connecting in to the NA&HR line, was not opened until 14 days later due to a lack of proper signals at the junction.

The Barr's Court station was constructed jointly with the Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Railway; for some time the station was in effect two terminal stations, the S&H entering and leaving at the north end only. The HR&GR was a broad gauge line.

Brassey worked the line at his own risk, paying 3.5% on the cost. From 1 July 1853 this was changed to a lease for nine years; during the final four years he was to pay the company 4% and half of surplus profits. The income from Brassey's contract enabled the company to pay 6% dividends on ordinary shares.

Alliances and rivalry
At Hereford, the Hereford Ross and Gloucester Railway was nearing completion; it was a broad gauge line engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel; there was also the Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford line; this had originally established friendly relations with the S&HR, but now that it was nearing completion of its construction, it was delaying finalising any formal agreement for arrangements at Hereford until it was clear that the LNWR would reach Hereford from Worcester.

In 1860 the West Midland Railway was formed; the constituent company was the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway: the Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford Railway and the Worcester and Hereford Railway were considered to be absorbed by it, the combined company changing its name to the West Midland Railway. The Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway was given running powers over the former NA&HR lines, and the West Midland company had running powers over the S&HR lines.

The S&HR was dismayed by the increasing domination of the district of the Great Western Railway, which it feared would use its power to harm the S&HR. The little company opened discussions with the LNWR, which sought access to South Wales. The LNWR at once offered to lease the line on good terms, at 6%, but in a spirit of openness asked that the GWR be invited to join in the arrangement. The GWR reacted violently against the proposal. The S&HR had running powers over the NA&HR, and any lease of the S&HR by the LNWR would give the LNWR those running powers, and therefore access to South Wales, something the GWR hoped to avoid at all costs. The LNWR therefore submitted a Bill to authorise the lease of the S&HR in its name alone, but allowing for the GWR to share in the lease if it changed its view. Although this was a decent offer, the GWR fought strenuously in Parliament against the proposal, but lost thoroughly in Committee. When it was clear that the game was up, the GWR agreed to share in the lease with the LNWR.

From 1 July 1862 the S&HR was leased jointly, half by the LNWR and half by the GWR and West Midland together. Although the West Midland was to amalgamate with the GWR, this had not yet been given effect.

The Hereford Curve
The S&HR had used Barr's Court station from the outset, and the Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford Railway used the separate Barton station, and through running from there on to the S&HR was possible. Barr's Court station was considered to be much superior, and a connection line south of Hereford was conceived, to enable through running from the NA&HR into Barr's Court. This was known as the Hereford Curve, and it opened for goods traffic on 23 July 1866, and to passengers on 1 August 1866. Through passenger trains from Newport to Shrewsbury could now use Barr's Court station without reversal.

Doubling the line
The line had originally been double track from Shrewsbury to Ludlow, and the remainder single. The latter part of the line was doubled in 1893. The tunnel at Dinmore had been constructed as a single bore, and a second bore was driven to enable the doubling.

North and West Line
So-called North and West passenger express trains were introduced, running from the north-west of England via Crewe or Chester to Bristol and the south-west of England, using the S&HR line.

Pearson wrote in 1932:

It was not until 1888 that the "North and West" expresses of the London and North Western and Great Western Railways were introduced, coincidentally with the opening of the Severn Tunnel, the Shrewsbury and Hereford line, thus attaining for the first time the dignity of a main line of first-rank importance...

Acquisition by the LNWR and GWR
The Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway had been leased jointly by the LNWR and the GWR jointly. From time to time those companies pressed for actual acquisition of the line, and this was finally agreed to. An Act of 1871 authorised it: the line was the joint property of the LNWR and GWR.

Passenger train service
The passenger service recorded in Bradshaw in 1895 is not heavy; there were four express trains marked "North and West Express", as well as four semi-fast trains, one of them marked "L&NW train". There were five stopping trains. The North and West Expresses generally divided and combined at Pontypool, with a portion for the South Wales main line and a portion for Bristol. On Sundays there were one night-time "North and West Express", one L&NW train and one stopping train.

Semmens wrote:

By 1960 the summer Saturday service had grown in intensity, in addition to the routine service. There were seven southbound Friday night trains: Manchester to Newquay, Manchester to Paignton, Manchester to Penzance, Manchester to Paignton, Liverpool and Manchester to Penzance, Glasgow to Plymouth, and Liverpool and Manchester to Cardiff. There were thirteen long-distance day trains.

After the Beeching reforms cross-country services to the south-west of England were redirected to all run via Birmingham New Street, where they could pick up a larger amount of traffic, and the usage of the old Shrewsbury & Hereford railway declined.

Branches
The S&HR had two branch lines.

Tenbury Railway

A line from Woofferton to Tenbury Wells opened in 1861; it was  long. It closed in 1961.

Ludlow and Clee Hill Railway
A mineral line from Ludlow to Bitterley opened on 24 August 1864; it too was  long. From Bitterley a cable-worked incline  long ascended Titterstone Clee Hill to a summit at Titterstone Quarry where there was a valuable granite deposit. The Bitterley branch never had a passenger service.

Location list

Main line
 Shrewsbury; joint station; opened for Shrewsbury and Chester Railway 1 June 1849; still open;
 Condover; opened 21 April 1852; closed 9 June 1958;
 Dorrington; opened 21 April 1852; closed 9 June 1958;
 Leebotwood; opened 21 April 1852; closed 9 June 1958;
 All Stretton Halt; opened 29 February 1936; closed 4 January 1943; reopened 6 May 1946; closed 9 June 1958;
 Church Stretton; opened 21 April 1852; relocated 23 May 1914; still open;
 Little Stretton Halt; opened 18 April 1935; closed 4 January 1943; reopened 6 May 1946; closed 9 June 1958;
 Marshbrook; opened 21 April 1852; closed 9 June 1958;
 Marsh Farm Junction; convergence of Wellington to Craven Arms Railway (Wenlock Railway): GWR 1867 - 1951;
 Wistanstow Halt; opened 7 May 1934; closed 11 June 1956;
 Bishops Castle Junction; convergence of Bishops Castle Railway 1865 – 1935;
 Craven Arms; opened 21 April 1852; still open;
 Central Wales Junction; divergence of the Central Wales Line 1860 -;
 Onibury; opened 21 April 1852; closed 9 June 1958;
 Bromfield; opened 21 April 1852; closed 9 June 1958;
 Ludlow; opened 21 April 1852; still open; convergence of Ludlow and Clee Hill Joint Line 1864 – 1962;
 Ashford Bowdler; opened December 1854; closed 1 November 1855;
 Woofferton; opened 6 December 1853; closed 31 July 1961;convergence of Tenbury Railway Joint 1864 – 1961;
 Berrington and Eye; opened 6 December 1853; closed 9 June 1958;
 Kington Junction; convergence of Leominster and Kington Railway 1857 – 1964;
 Leominster; opened 6 December 1853; still open; divergence of Bromyard branch GWR; 1884 – 1952;
 Ford Bridge; opened September 1854; closed 5 April 1954;
 Dinmore; opened 6 December 1853; closed 9 June 1958;
 Moreton-on-Lugg; opened 6 December 1853; closed 9 June 1958;
 Shelwick Junction; convergence of Worcester and Hereford Railway 1861 – ;
 Barrs Court Junction; divergence of NA&H line;
 Brecon Curve Junction; convergence of line from Barton;
 Hereford [Barrs Court]; opened 6 December 1853; still open.

Gradients
The northern part of the line was not easy for enginemen in the days of steam. The summit was just south of Church Stretton. Leaving Shrewsbury there is a climb of  to the summit, with gradients up to 1 in 100. Approaching from the south, the climb is about the same length, with gradients up to 1 in 92 and a punishing final  at 1 in 112.

Notes

References

British joint railway companies
History of Shropshire
Rail transport in Herefordshire
Great Western Railway constituents
Transport in Shropshire


Hilton is a small village in Berwickshire, Scottish Borders, Scotland.

A Precept for Remission, dated 5th January 1573/4 at Haddington, was granted to Thomas Broun in Hiltoun (and others) for his part in the slaughter of Richard Lauder, younger of that Ilk, in June 1567",

See also
List of places in the Scottish Borders
List of places in Scotland

References

Villages in the Scottish Borders


Cam Lộ () is a rural district of Quảng Trị province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 46,231. The district covers an area of 347 km². The district capital lies at Cam Lộ.

Administration subdivisions
The district includes a townlet Cam Lộ (capital) and eight rural communes (xã): Cam Thành, Cam An, Cam Thanh, Cam Thuỷ, Cam Tuyền, Cam Hiếu, Cam Chính, Cam Nghĩa.

References

Districts of Quảng Trị province


Cồn Cỏ () (also known as Tiger Island) is a rural district of Quảng Trị province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. It is an island and is located 27 km to the east of Mũi Lay.

Con Co Island has an area of , the isometric form of hills, the highest peak of 63m. This is a young volcanic island, composed of  basalt  and  basalt tuff stones of  Neogene – Quaternary age.

Before it became its own district, the island was in the commune of Vĩnh Quang, in Vĩnh Linh district of Quảng Trị Province. The island became a district through Decree 174/2004 NĐ-CP  of October 1, 2004. Province officials held a ceremony to create the district on April 18, 2005.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 400. The district covers an area of 2 km2, making one of the smallest districts in Vietnam. The district capital lies at Dảo Cồn Cỏ.

History
According to recent archaeological work, in the Bến Nghè area of the island, there are rock artefacts believed to date to the Stone Age, tens of thousands of years ago. In the first few centuries CE, Cham people inhabited the island.

Excavations undertaken in 1994 show that during the 17th and 18th centuries, the island was a stopover point for Vietnamese sea merchants.

During the time of the Nguyễn dynasty, the island was used to imprison convicts, and some objects such as chains and metal clasps have been found there.

Vietnam War
Due to its proximity to the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone, during the Vietnam War, Tiger Island was used as a base for North Vietnamese military forces.

On 14 March 1965 the island was attacked by Republic of Vietnam Air Force A-1 Skyraiders.

On 27 June 1972, North Vietnamese coastal artillery on Tiger Island fired on US warships, including , supporting a landing of South Vietnamese Marines near the Cửa Việt River.

Climate

References

Districts of Quảng Trị province
Islands of Vietnam
Landforms of Quảng Trị province


Đakrông ( ; means The big river) is a rural district of Quảng Trị province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 31,529. The district covers an area of 1,223 km². The district capital lies at Krông Klang.

References

Districts of Quảng Trị province


Stella quarta decima (Latin for "The Fourteenth Star") is a motto appearing on Vermont copper coinage struck in 1785 and 1786. The coins were issued during the period when Vermont was an independent state (1777–1791), sometimes referred to as the Vermont Republic.

The motto appears on the reverse of the coin and  encircles a corona of 13 small stars representing the existing U.S. states, with a large central star with an eye contained within. The motto expresses the then independent state's aspiration to join the United States as the fourteenth. The United States Congress admitted Vermont into the Union, as the fourteenth state, on March 4, 1791.

Usage in Latin motto

On April 10, 2015, an extended version of the phrase, "Stella quarta decima fulgeat," became the official state Latin motto. The Latin words translate as "May the fourteenth star shine bright."

References

 de Albuquerque, Martin. Notes and Queries: Medium of Inter-Communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. Bell & Daldy, London: 1862.
 Doyle, William T. The Vermont Political Tradition and Those Who Helped Make It. Doyle Publisher: 1987. .
 Mussey, Barrows. Vermont Heritage, a Picture Story. A.A. Wyn, Inc.: 1947.
 Ryder, Hillyer. Colonial Coins of Vermont. Durst: 1982. .

External links

 United States Mint web page on Vermont coppers
 American Numismatic Association web site

Symbols of Vermont
Pre-statehood history of Vermont
Vermont Republic
Latin mottos


Gio Linh () is a rural district of Quảng Trị province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. Gio Linh borders Vĩnh Linh district to the north, Đông Hà to the south.

The planned Quang Tri Airport will be constructed in this district. As of 2003 the district had a population of 73,702. The district covers an area of 474 km2. The district capital lies at Gio Linh. Cồn Tiên is part of Gio Linh.

History

Vietnam War
Gio Linh was the site of the northernmost Allied position during the Vietnam war. It was under the command of the 12th Marine, and the 1967 hill commander was then USMC Major Alfred M. Gray, Jr. who eventually retired in 1991 as General and Commandant of the USMC.  The position was on highway 1 and expanded on an existing 1950-era French fort. The fort was occupied by a company of the Army of Vietnam  First Division. The USMC command had a typical unit strength ranging from 200 to 600 men, depending on the believed level of ground assault risk. During the period April 1967 to September 1967 they suffered 28 killed and 200 wounded.

Divisions
Gio Linh district is divided into nineteen districts:
 Gio Châu
 Trung Hải
 Trung Giang
 Trung Sơn
 Gio Mỹ
 Gio Phong
 Gio An
 Gio Bình
Gio Hải
 Gio Sơn
 Gio Hòa
 Linh Hải
 Gio Việt
 Vĩnh Trường
 Hải Thái
 Gio Mai
 Gio Quang
 Linh Thượng
 Gio Thành

References

Districts of Quảng Trị province


Hải Lăng () is a rural district of Quảng Trị province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 100,854. The district covers an area of 491 km². The district capital lies at Diên Sanh.

References

Districts of Quảng Trị province


Hướng Hóa () is a rural district of Quảng Trị province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 69,003. The district covers an area of 1,145 km². The district capital lies at Khe Sanh. The population is made up of ethnic Vietnamese as well as Bru people and Ta Oi people.

History
It was the site of the Battle of Khe Sanh in early-1968, one of the bloodiest engagements of the Vietnam War. Khe Sanh was the location of a US Marine base, so it was often attacked by Viet Cong guerrillas as well as North Vietnamese regulars

The district is mountainous and rugged, and is around 20 km to the east of the border with Laos. It is 65 km to the west of the town of Đông Hà.

Divisions
It consists of two towns, Khe Sanh the district seat, and Lao Bảo.

It has 20 communes. These include Xy, A Túc, A Dơi, A Xing, Thanh, Thuận, Pa Tầng, Hướng Lộc. Other districts are designated as New Economic Zones, located on National Road 9. There are five of these, Tân Hợp, Tân Liên, Tân Lập, Tân Long and Tân Thành. Six communes lie on where the Ho Chi Minh trail once branched into the area near the DMZ. These are Hướng Tân, Hướng Linh, Hướng Phùng, Hướng Sơn, Hướng Việt and Hướng Lập. To the southeast of the district is the commune Húc.

Towns
Lao Bảo

Climate

References

Districts of Quảng Trị province


Triệu Phong is one of 10 districts, towns and cities of Quảng Trị Province, Vietnam. The district is located in the southeastern part of the province and stretches like a silk strip from the border between two districts of Cam Lộ and Đakrông to the East Sea; The length on the mainland from West to East is more than 30 km, the width in the delta ranges from 10 to 13 km.

Geography

Geographical location
Triệu Phong district is located in the southeast of the province. It borders:

Gio Linh District to the north with the natural boundary of Thạch Hãn River

Quảng Trị Town to the south

Cam Lộ District to the west

Đông Hà City to the northwest

Đa Krông District to the southwest

Hải Lăng District to the southeast

East Sea to the east

Triệu Phong district is located in the southeastern part of the province which stretches like a sash from the border with two districts of Cam Lộ and Đakrông to the East Sea; with the length on the mainland from west to east more than 30 km, the width in the delta from 10 to 13 km. The natural area of the district is 354.92 km2, the population of the district as of April 2009 is 108,657 people.

Ái Tử Township is the economic, socio-cultural center of the district, which is 7 km south of Đông Hà City and 6 km north of Quảng Trị Town. Trieu Phong is a district consisting mainly of a coastal plain with a small number of low hills in the communes of Triệu Thượng and Triệu Ái in the west, the eastern topography of the district is sand dunes and white sand dunes. The last section of Thạch Hãn River flows to Cửa Việt estuary located in the district.

Natural condition

Topographic
Triệu Phong District topography is inclined from West to East, divided into 3 distinct areas: hilly, plain and coastal sandy area:

Hilly area accounts for 51.08% of the district's natural land area, including communes of Triệu Thượng, Triệu Ái and a part of Triệu Giang Commune, where grows industrial crops, timber trees combined with  cash crops, food crops, and developing farm economy.

The width of the plain area ranges from 7 to 8 km with an area of 38.39% of the natural land area, including communes:  Triệu Thành, Triệu Long, Triệu Đông, Triệu Hòa, Triệu Đại, Triệu Độ, Triệu Thuận, Triệu Phước, Triệu Trạch, Triệu Sơn, Triệu Trung, Triệu Tài, part of Triệu Giang Commune and Ái Tử Township.

The east area of the district is a long stretch of sand running along the coast from North to South, more than 15 km long, 4 to 4.5 km wide, with an area of 10.53% of the district's natural land including communes Triệu Lăng, Triệu Vân, Triệu An. This is part of the Spratly, with 18 km long coastline. The fishing ground has several species of high economic value such as squid, crab, shrimp, and fish species for export.

Climate
Triệu Phong district is located in the tropical monsoon climate, divided into two seasons: cold rainy season and hot dry season.

The average annual temperature is about 23 to 25 °C. However it has quite a large fluctuation range (the highest month 35–39 °C, the lowest month 12–13 °C) The average annual rainfall is 2,500– 2,700mm, higher than the national average and unevenly distributed, mainly from September to December, which is likely to cause droughts and floods.

The lowland soil is extremely fertile, convenient for farming and bringing new high-quality crops into production; that promises to bring a peaceful and prosperous life.

Administrative divisions
Triệu Phong district has 18 commune-level sub-divisions, including Ai Tu Town (district capital) and 17 communes: Triệu Ái, Triệu An, Triệu Đại, Triệu Độ, Triệu Giang, Triệu Hòa, Triệu Lăng, Triệu Long, Triệu Phước, Triệu Sơn, Triệu Tài, Triệu Thành, Triệu Thuận, Triệu Thượng, Triệu Trạch, Triệu Trung, Triệu Vân.

History
Triệu Phong officially has belonged to the map of Đại Việt Country since 1306, when two Châu Ô – Châu Rí were presented by King Champa (Vietnamese: Chế Mân) as the wedding presents to marry Princess Huyền Trân - daughter of King Trần Nhân Tông. From that year backwards, ancient history only stated that this land was part of the Việt Thường Group- one of the 15 groups of Văn Lang Country of Hung Kings. After 207 (BC), it was a part of Tỳ Cành Sub-district, Nhật Nam District in the period of domination by northern invaders. In the middle of the fourth century, when Champa King – Phạm Văn drove the Han dynasty out of Ngang Pass, it became a part of Châu Ô, belonging to the Champa Kingdom.

After taking over, the Trần immigrated from the North to initiate the process of forming villages and establishing administrative units. The process of immigration took place in 3 main waves:

 The first wave from 1307: During this migration, there was a small number of people and villages. According to the Chinese Minh Chi book, until the middle of the second decade of the 15th century (more than a century later), both Châu Thuận and Châu Hóa had only 79 villages with 1,470 households and 5,662 people.
 The second wave in the early years of Lê Thánh Tông's period was significant. According to Thiên Nam dư hạ tập written in 1483, there were 53 villages in Võ Xương District. In 1553, the book Ô Châu cận lục of Dương Văn An recorded 59 villages. At that time, the number of villages in the delta was considerable, while that of the midlands was lesser, and only a few people lived along the sandbar, without villages.
 The third wave began when Nguyễn Hoàng came and defended Thuận Hóa Town (1558) onwards. This is the largest wave of migration. Two centuries later, in 1776, the book Phủ Biên tạp lục showed that Đăng Xương District consisted of 5 cantons, 107 communes, 29 wards, and 7 hamlets (Đăng Xương District at that time also included An Phúc Canton, Hải Lăng District and An Lạc Canton of Cam Lộ District, while the cantons of Hoa La and An Dã belonged to Hải Lăng District).

From that moment on, the migration and establishment of villages only took place within the province and district (the number of villages after the August Revolution in 1945 was only 23 more than that of 1776, of which the Midlands and Mountains witnessed the greatest increase (An Đôn Canton).

Parallel to the process of migration and establishment of villages, the process of forming administrative units occurred.

In 1307, the Trần changed the name Châu Ô to Châu Thuận, and set up the headquarters in the Vệ Nghĩa area (Triệu Long Commune nowadays). Administratively, the Trần divided Châu Thuận into four districts. Back then, Triệu Phong was Hoa Lãng District (i.e. beautiful and open).

In 1469, King Lê Thánh Tông redefined the country map, renamed Hoa Lãng to Võ Xương, belonged to Triệu Phong Prefecture (Triệu Phong Prefecture at that time included 6 districts from Cửa Việt to Điện Bàn (Quảng Nam – Đà Nẵng).

In 1604, Nguyễn Hoàng changed it to Đăng Xương District. However, the land of Đăng Xương District at that time was different from now.

In 1801, Quảng Tri Palace was placed including Triệu Phong Prefecture, the territory of 3 districts of Đăng Xương, Hải Lăng, Minh Linh.

In 1830, the prefect was appointed who also governed Minh Lương District, two districts of Đăng Xương, Hải Lăng.

In 1836, the prefect concurrently governed 3 districts of Đăng Xương, Minh Linh and Địa Linh. During the Duy Tân Dynasty, the prefecture was just a large district without government. That situation lasted until the dynasties of Minh Mạng, Tự Đức and Khải Định and then was gradually adjusted to become the present land. The geographic adjustment process is as follows:

 In 1836, An Lạc Canton was moved to Địa Linh District (Gio Linh). An Nhơn Canton and 3 villages of Phương Long, Phú Hải, Thuận Đầu (under An Lưu Canton) were moved to Hải Lăng District. An Dã Canton and 2 villages of Tam Hữu, Anh Hoa (Anh Kiệt belonged to An Thái Canton and most of Hoa La Canton except villages of Thạch Hãn, Tý Lễ (Quy Thiện, Long Hưng, Tích Tường, Như Lệ were merged into Đăng Xương District) ).
 In 1842, 4 villages of Phường Thiết, Tràng Thượng, Hoà Đức, Nội Đức of An Đôn Canton were merged into Thành Hoá District (Cam Lộ nowadays).
 In 1844, due to the same name as the King's, Đăng Xương was changed to Thuận Xương.
 In 1867, the villages of Đông Lai, Thượng Nghĩa, Đông Hà, Tây Trì under An Đôn Canton were moved to Thành Hóa District, at the same time the villages of Hà Xá, Trung Chỉ, Điếu Ngao, Lộc Yên were moved from Thành Hóa to Đăng Xương District.
 Between 1918 and 1919, during the period of Khải Định, through administrative reform, a canton was only a large district without district management and Thuận Xương became the prefect named Trieu Phong Prefect, including 5 cantons (An Đôn, Bích La, An Dã, An Cư and An Lưu).
 In 1920, the villages of Duy Phiên, Thanh Xuân, Xuân Thành were moved from Gio Linh District to Trieu Phong.

After the August Revolution in 1945, the revolutionary government dissolved the cantons to form a commune consisting of several villages.

In October 1946, the whole district had 14 communes, the capital units were changed to districts.

In 1950, implementing the provincial policy from 14 communes merged into 10 large communes.

In 1956, the Republic of Vietnam divided Triệu Phong into 18 communes in 3 separate administrative districts, namely Triệu Phong, Đông Hà and Ba Lòng.

From 1976 to present
In 1977, Triệu Phong District merged with Hải Lăng into Triệu Hải District.

On May 11, 1981, Quảng Trị Town was established.

On September 11, 1981, Triệu Lương and Triệu Lễ communes were relocated to Đông Hà Town for management (which are Đông Lương and Đông Lễ wards of Đông Hà City nowadays).

On September 17, 1981, according to which:

Ba Lòng Commune was divided into two communes named Ba Lòng and Triệu Nguyên

Triệu Vân Commune was divided into two communes named Triệu Vân and Triệu An.

Since 1989, Quang Tri Township was split to form Quang Tri Town.

In 1990, Triệu Hải district was divided into two districts Triệu Phong, Hải Lăng and Quảng Trị Town, Triệu Phong District including 21 communes: Ba Lòng, Hải Phúc, Triệu Ái, Triệu An, Triệu Đại, Triệu Độ, Triệu Đông, Triệu Giang, Triệu Hòa, Triệu Lăng, Triệu Long, Triệu Nguyên, Triệu Phước, Triệu Sơn, Triệu Tài, Triệu Thành, Triệu Thuận, Triệu Thượng, Triệu Trạch, Triệu Trung, Triệu Vân.

On August 1, 1994, Ái Tử Township was established from the land of Triệu Ái Commune.

By 1997, 3 communes of Ba Lòng, Triệu Nguyên and Hải Phúc were moved to Đa Krông District, Triệu Phong District had 18 communes and 1 town.

On January 1, 2020, Triệu Đông Commune was merged into Triệu Thành commune.

Triệu Phong district has 1 town and 17 communes nowadays.

Traffic

 In terms of roads, there is National Route 1A running through
 National Route 49C has the starting point at Cửa Việt Bridge (Gio Linh District) and the ending at the border between Triệu Trung Commune and Hải Lăng district.
 Thống Nhất North-South Railway runs along National Route 1A
 In terms of waterways, there are Thạch Hãn River and Cửa Việt Port
 Triệu Phong is also the locality where the Quảng Trị - Đà Nẵng Expressway project is under construction.

Triệu Phong has National Route 1A and a railway running through.

In addition to the above important roads, Triệu Phong has 5 provincial roads, which are:

 Provincial road 6 from Ái Tử Township to Thượng Phước up to Cùa (Cam Lộ).
 Provincial road 578b is a road upgraded from a part of district road DH 40 and the road to Đại Lộc Bridge: The starting point is at Đại Lộc Bridge, the end point intersects NR49C at km8 + 500.
 Provincial road 579: 6 km long from Ái Tử Township to Triệu Ái Commune.

From the provincial roads, several arterial roads connecting the district have been invested in upgrading such as:

 Ba Bến – Triệu Lăng Road
 Triệu Tài – Ái Tử Township Road
 Đại – Độ - Thuận – Phước Road
 Chợ Cạn – Bồ Bản Road
 Cửa Việt – Mỹ Thủy Road.

In the district, there is a big river flowing through Thạch Hãn River, Vĩnh Định Canal and two other rivers which are Vĩnh Phước and Ái Tử.

Celebrities

 Nguyễn Văn Tường: The main sub-mandarin Nguyễn Dynasty, one of the key figures of the Cần Vương movement
 Lê Duẩn: General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
 Đoàn Khuê: General of the Vietnam People's Army, Minister of National Defense
 Trần Hữu Dực: Deputy Prime Minister
 Duy Khánh: Singer, composer
 Hoàng Thi Thơ: Composer
 Như Quỳnh: Singer
 Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường: Writer
 Hoàng Kiều: Entrepreneur
 Hồ Ngọc Đại: Leading PhD in educational psychology.

References

External links
Portal: Trieu Phong District.

Districts of Quảng Trị province


Vĩnh Linh () is a rural district of Quảng Trị province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. A coastal district, it is bordered to the east by the East Sea, to the south by Gio Linh district, to the southwest by Hướng Hóa district, and to the north by Quảng Bình province (Lệ Thủy district).

Administrative divisions
The district is subdivided into 3 townships (Bến Quan, Cửa Tùng and the district seat Hồ Xá) and 19 communes: Vĩnh Ô, Vĩnh Khê, Vĩnh Hà, Vĩnh Long, Vĩnh Chấp, Vĩnh Lâm, Vĩnh Sơn, Vĩnh Thủy, Vĩnh Nam, Vĩnh Trung, Vĩnh Tú, Vĩnh Thái, Vĩnh Hiền, Vĩnh Hòa, Vĩnh Thạch, Vĩnh Kim, Vĩnh Giang, Vĩnh Tân, Vĩnh Thành. Vinh Linh was the site of the Seventeenth parallel, the temporary borderline between North Vietnam and South Vietnam in Vietnam War and suffered heavy bombardment by the USA.  The Bến Hải River and Hiền Lương Bridge are located here. The National Route 1 and North–South Railway cross Vinh Linh.
As of 2003 the district had a population of 88,243. The district covers an area of 647 km2. The district capital lies at Hồ Xá.  Around 1,000 of the population are Montagnards.

History
The district was formerly known as Ma Linh, Chiêu Linh, Minh Lương and Minh Linh. The first two names were used when the area was part of Champa before the southwards expansion of Vietnam. In 1831, the Nguyễn dynasty established Quảng Trị province, and made Vinh Linh the administrative headquarters. The district was split during the Partition of Vietnam

In 2004 Cồn Cỏ island was split out of the district to become its own district.

The district has locations that are heritage-listed, including some of a national level of importance, such as the Hiền Lương shores, Vịnh Mốc tunnels, Hiền Lương Bridge and Bến Hải River

Economy
The old-growth forest of Ru Linh and the Cua Tung beach are also in the district. Agriculture is the main economic activity in the area, accounting for 51% of the production. Industry accounts for 28% and tertiary activities 21%. The main products include prawns, rice, pepper, rubber, mahogany and ironwood.

References

Districts of Quảng Trị province


The 1885 Louisville Colonels season was a season in American baseball. The team (formerly the Louisville Eclipse) finished with a 53–59 record, sixth place in the American Association.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
 1885 Louisville Eclipse team page at Baseball Reference

Louisville Colonels seasons
Louisville Colonels season
Louisville Colonels


How Does It Feel to Be Loved? (often abbreviated to HDIF) is a London-based nightclub which predominantly plays indie pop, Northern Soul and Motown music. On the club's website, founder Ian Watson explains: "We love pop, we love guitars that jangle, we love foot stomping melodies and huge choruses." The club's name is taken from the lyrics to The Velvet Underground song "Beginning to See the Light".

History
Watson, a former Melody Maker journalist, began the night in April 2002 at The Buffalo Bar in Islington.

HDIF takes place on the third Saturday of the month at The Phoenix in Marylebone, central London. Over the years, HDIF has taken place in a variety of venues in the capital, including the 100 Club on Oxford Street, The Canterbury Arms, The Windmill and Jamm in Brixton, Buffalo Bar in Highbury, The Grosvenor in Stockwell, Nambucca in Archway, The Shacklewell Arms in Dalston, The Crypt in Camberwell and the Montague Arms in Peckham. It ran from 2003 to 2015 at the Canterbury Arms, and was "Brixton's longest running indie club night".

Press for the HDIF has been extremely positive. "Legendary indie club," said the NME. "Much-loved indie pop institution," wrote The Quietus. "With a decade of great nights under its belt How Does it Feel to Be Loved? is one of London's most enduring and influential underground indie get-togethers," said Flavorpill.  "A speakeasy for anyone who suspects that their life is one big Smiths song," declared Big Issue. In January 2015, it was named one of "London's best indie nights" by Time Out.

Notable DJs
Guest DJs have included:
 Belle & Sebastian's Stuart Murdoch
 The Smiths producer Stephen Street
 The Wedding Present's David Gedge
 Camera Obscura singer Tracyanne Campbell and bass player Gavin Dunbar
 Felt singer Lawrence
 Teenage Fanclub's Norman Blake
 Dexys Midnight Runners singer Kevin Rowland
 Dan Treacy of the Television Personalities
 St Etienne's Bob Stanley
 Jon Slade of Huggy Bear/Comet Gain
 Darren Hayman
 Paul Court of The Primitives
 The Clientele singer Alasdair Maclean
 Amelia Fletcher of Talulah Gosh
 Theaudience founder Billy Reeves
 Chelsea and Everton footballer Pat Nevin
 The Pains of Being Pure at Heart
 Jeffrey Lewis

HDIF started running online Virtual Dance Parties in March 2020, with a DJ set streamed to mixlr and to a VR recreation of the Canterbury Arms hosted on Altspace. The following have DJ-ed at the virtual dance parties: Stuart Murdoch, Stevie Jackson and Chris Geddes of Belle & Sebastian, Stephin Merritt of The Magnetic Fields, Tracyanne Campbell of Camera Obscura, Jeffrey Lewis, Elizabeth Morris and Bill Botting of Allo Darlin', David Gedge of The Wedding Present, Amelia Fletcher of Talulah Gosh and Heavenly, Helen Love, Bobby Wratten of The Field Mice, Jim Reid of The Jesus and Mary Chain, Estella Adeyeri of Big Joanie, John Dwyer of Osees, comedians Josie Long and Stewart Lee, The Lovely Eggs, Huw Williams of The Pooh Sticks, Gail O'Hara of Chickfactor, Kip Berman of The Pains Of Being Pure At Heart, Manda Rin of Bis, Martin Phillipps of The Chills, Norman Blake of Teenage Fanclub, Lloyd Cole, Duglas T Stewart of BMX Bandits, Wendy Pickles of The Popguns, Darren Hayman, Black Francis of Pixies, Beth Arzy of Jetstream Pony, Robert Lloyd of The Nightingales, Franic Rozycki of The Wave Pictures, Stephen McRobbie of The Pastels, Liz Stokes of The Beths, Ian Parton of The Go! Team, and Sean Tollefson of Tullycraft.

Live shows
Since July 2005, HDIF has promoted live shows under the HDIF Presents banner. Bands featured have included:
 Sambassadeur
 Language of Flowers
 Saturday Looks Good to Me
 Lucky Soul
 Fanfarlo
 The Gresham Flyers
 Darren Hayman
 Tilly And The Wall
 Fosca
 Irene
 I'm From Barcelona
 Butcher Boy
 Brontosaurus Chorus
 Allo Darlin'
 This Many Boyfriends
 Cats on Fire
 The Band of Holy Joy
 A Fine Day for Sailing
 White Town
 Standard Fare
 Shrag
 Veronica Falls
 The Lodger
 God Help the Girl
 The Popguns
 The Pooh Sticks

Label
In September 2006, HDIF's spin-off record label was launched with the release of the 19-track compilation The Kids At The Club  and featured many of the acts who had played or DJ'd at HDIF nights.

The label has since gone on to release albums by Butcher Boy, Saturday Looks Good To Me, Antarctica Takes It!, Cats On Fire and Pocketbooks.

In June 2010, the first HDIF Podcast was recorded. Featuring songs played at the most recent club night, it featured the club's trademark mixture of indiepop and soul.

In December 2010, HDIF was part of the line up for Bowlie 2, the music festival curated by Belle & Sebastian.

In July 2011, the anthropologist Wendy Fonarow cited HDIF in her Indie Professor column in The Guardian. Discussing the differences between American and British indie music, she commented: "Indie is the diminutive of independent and often has names that are self-conscious, small and innocent: Sarah, Heavenly, Postcard, Fierce Panda, Mute or How Does it Feel to Be Loved?"

From 2011 onwards, HDIF has been part of the line up for the End of the Road Festival, playing two sets: one in the afternoon for children at the Forest Disco, and a late night one for adults.

Elizabeth Morris of Allo Darlin' stated in an interview in the 2011 End of the Road Festival programme that the band's initial ambition was to have one of their songs played at HDIF. She later revealed: "This club inspired a lot of our songs, including 'Dreaming' and 'Polaroid Song'."

After a break of three years, the HDIF label was revived in 2013, with the release of the debut album by Haiku Salut, titled Tricolore. The label released Haiku Salut's second album, "Etch and Etch Deep", in 2015.

References

External links
Official website
HDIF record label
Indie Travel Guide - HDIF guide to indie scenes around the world
Guardian Unlimited feature on indie pop
Observer feature on indie pop

Nightclubs in London
British record labels
Record labels established in 2006
British independent record labels
Indie pop record labels


Bắc Yên is a rural district of Sơn La province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 48,877. The district covers an area of 1,085 km2. The district capital lies at Bắc Yên.

Climate

References

Districts of Sơn La province
Sơn La province


Mai Sơn is a rural district of Sơn La province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 163,881. The district covers an area of 1,410 km². The district capital lies at Hát Lót.

Administrative divisions
Mai Sơn is divided into 22 commune-level sub-divisions, including the township of Hát Lót and 21 rural communes (Chiềng Ban, Chiềng Chăn, Chiềng Chung, Chiềng Dong, Chiềng Kheo, Chiềng Lương, Chiềng Mai, Chiềng Mung, Chiềng Nơi, Chiềng Sung, Chiềng Ve, Cò Nòi, Hát Lót, Mường Bằng, Mường Bon, Mường Chanh, Nà Bó, Nà Ớt, Phiêng Cằm, Phiêng Pằn, Tà Hộc).

Climate

References

Districts of Sơn La province
Sơn La province


Mộc Châu is a rural district of Sơn La province in the Northwest region of Vietnam, 200 kilometers from Hanoi. As of 2019 the district had a population of 114,460. The district covers an area of 1,081.66 km², ranking 8th  among  12  city  districts  of  Son  La  Province. The district capital lies at Mộc Châu.

Moc Chau belongs to the highland landscape class in the horizontal classification system of Vietnamese landscape, with characteristics of climate, ecology and human life.

Moc Chau is distributed on the terrain with an average elevation of more than 1,050 m above the sea level. The annual average temperature of Moc Chau is 18.7 °C, it has cool climate due to lying between the Da River (northeast) and Ma River (southwest). These two river systems act as two natural air conditioning systems. At the same time, Moc Chau has a high climate division along the belt, so it has both the characteristics of the subtropical and temperate highland climate, which is very convenient for developing tourism for the whole year.

Moc Chau is popular with Vietnamese and international tourists for its  hill tribes such as White & Black Thai People and Muong People, the green tea hills, Mộc Châu milk, the natural landscape of Dải Yếm waterfalls, Hill Pine and Orchid Garden flowers. It takes five hours driving, with a distance of  from Hanoi to Mộc Châu.

Climate

Gallery

References

Districts of Sơn La province
Sơn La province


Mường La is a rural district of Sơn La province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 74,668. The district covers an area of 1,408 km². The district capital lies at Ít Ong.

References

Districts of Sơn La province
Sơn La province


Pond Life is a British adult animated television series that was created, written, animated produced and directed by comedian and animator Candy Guard and follows the misadventures of its neurotic and self-obsessed protagonist, Dolly Pond. Two series were broadcast on Channel 4 in 1996 and 2000. A series of 13x11minute episodes was screened from 3 to 18 December 1996, mainly at 5.45pm, but two episodes exploring more adult themes were reserved for a double screening at 11.25pm. This series was repeated between March and June 1998. A second series of 7x30minute episodes followed between 19–30 September 2000 to tie-in with Channel 4's Animation Week of 23–29 September 2000.

The series  began life in 1992 with a pilot episode entitled I Want a Boyfriend ... Or Do I?, co-commissioned by Channel 4 and S4C.

Pond Life was Guard's second breakthrough and was commissioned by Channel 4 in 1996. Scheduling problems marred the series' reception; it was originally intended for broadcast at 9.45pm, but was shown four hours earlier, which required edits to remove adult language. It was shown at the same time as Australian soap Neighbours, and was aimed at the same core audience as the soap. Despite these problems, Pond Life won several awards and received a Writer's Guild nomination for Best Sitcom. Guard was pleased because it was up against several live-action comedy series, including Only Fools and Horses. A second series was broadcast in 2000.

Although Pond Life is a traditional hand-drawn cartoon, the comedy series was directed at adult audiences and specifically targeted at female viewers.

Characters
Dolly Pond - Voiced by Sarah Ann Kennedy. Dolly is a self-centred, somewhat whiny 30-something woman who lives alone in the flat above the shop she works in. She has lived in the same cul-de-sac all her life, which is an almost perfect metaphor for the 'dead end' life she sees herself trapped in. Dolly is convinced she deserves a better job, more exciting friends and a generally more glamorous lifestyle, but her attempts to obtain these always fall flat or end in disaster. Dolly also has a tendency to want things simply because she can't have them; for example, convincing herself she is pregnant after learning her rival Gloria Leaf is trying for a baby, despite not having had sex in months.
Belle Stickleback - Voiced by Emma Chambers. Dolly's best friend, whom she has known since school. She seems to be more down-to-earth and sensible than Dolly (although Dolly describes her as 'laid-back and silly' to her mother). Dolly is definitely the dominant half of the partnership, which often frustrates Belle, and the two have their fair share of falling-outs because of it; however, they usually make up soon enough, largely because Belle is too lethargic to break the pattern. Belle is overweight and very sensitive about it (something the tactless Dolly usually fails to consider) and is keen to find a steady boyfriend.
Nobby - Voiced by John Thomson. Dolly's ex-boyfriend, who lives in the flat upstairs. Despite the fact that Dolly usually treats him with disdain, he spends most of his time trying to win her back. When on one occasion Nobby finally gives up and starts a relationship with Belle's sister, Kelly, Dolly decides she can't live without him and goes all-out to win him back; however, once she succeeds she soon becomes disappointed with the reality of it. In spite of Dolly's frequent attempts to put Nobby off the two still spend a lot of time together, probably due to a lack of alternatives.
Edna Allwright ('Mrs A.') - Voiced by John Thompson. An 85-year-old, single Welsh woman who owns the shop that Dolly works in, known to all as Mrs A. She is a long-term family friend of the Ponds, has a dog named Perky and, as revealed in the episode "Addict", has been smoking since she was eight. Mrs A seems to have little idea of how to run a business, taking twenty years to realise a shop at the end of a cul-de-sac doesn't get any passing trade. Mrs A's surname symbolises her humdrum life, and what Dolly fears hers will become (something Gloria Leaf picks up on when she tells Dolly 'If you're not careful you'll be turning into Mrs Allwright').
Len and Ivy Pond - Voiced by Charlotte Mitchell (mother of Candy Guard) and Brian Murphy. Dolly's parents, who tend to still treat her like a child; something which frustrates her, but that she is not afraid to take advantage of when it suits. They don't understand Dolly's frustration with life and encourage her to settle down with Nobby.
Alan and Alana - Voiced by Cleo Harrington and Mark Ashby. Dolly's older sister and brother-in-law. They are happily married with two children, in contrast to the miserable Dolly, who they often treat as an object of pity.
Tad and Poll - Both Voiced by Maria Manton. Alan and Alana's children, usually dismissed as 'brats' by Dolly.
Gloria Leaf - Voiced by Harrington. An old school 'friend' of Dolly's, who appears to have everything Dolly doesn't - a glamorous job as a model, a well-off steady boyfriend etc. However, she still lives in the cul-de-sac despite her more affluent lifestyle. She is usually overtly friendly to Dolly, but usually manages to make a sly dig at her in most of their conversations (or at least show off how well she is doing by comparison).
Kelly Stickleback - Voiced by Manton. Belle’s younger sister who makes her debut in “Commuting“ in a non-speaking cameo, but returns in “Mr. Wrong” when she becomes the girlfriend of Nobby.

Episodes
Series One

Boyfriend - Dolly bumps into an old friend from school, Sid, and the two get along well. However, when Belle points out that Sid fancies Dolly, she becomes incredibly nervous and makes a mess of things. Dolly then becomes obsessed with the idea of a relationship with Sid.

Holiday - Dolly persuades Belle to go on holiday to Greece; but while Dolly wants a cultural trip, Belle just wants to sunbathe and enjoy nights out. When Belle has a holiday romance with a Greek barman, she and Dolly decide to enjoy the holiday separately - but neither gets what she was hoping for.

Bitter and Twisted - Struggling with a bad back and depression, Dolly sees both an osteopath and a counsellor. While Dolly is very keen on her handsome Australian osteopath Keith, counsellor Ruth seems to need help more than Dolly does. Dolly's feelings for Keith don't appear to be reciprocated, but she's shocked to discover she does have an admirer amongst her therapists after all...

Birthday Suit - Dolly and mum Ivy go off to buy an outfit. Will it be fun and gossip or heated fashion disputes in the communal changing rooms.

Success - Jealous to learn Gloria Leaf has a bit-part in a film, Dolly goes for a shot at fame herself by entering a poetry competition. "Clouds", which she wrote aged 11, wins the local heat, but Dolly panics when she realises she has to write a second poem to perform at the final. Then, on the night of the final, there's a shock in store when Dolly meets her fellow poets.

Fit - Belle organises a day of relaxation for the ever-stressed Dolly, but she simply doesn't know how to switch off - and ends up stressing everyone else out in the process.

Commuting - Dolly gives up working in Mrs A's when she gets a new job in Birmingham, but her family are sceptical about her plan to commute daily. When Dolly has to deal with busy Tubes, delayed trains and irritating fellow passengers - not to mention rogue livestock - it seems they might be right.

Glastonbury - Dolly persuades Belle and Nobby to join her at Glastonbury, but struggles putting the tent up and finding their way around means they barely get to see any performances. However, they do manage to get into the festival vibe in one sense, when experimenting with drugs leads to some surprising results.

Get on Downer - Lacking excitement in her social life, Dolly plans to throw a party - but after mentally crossing Belle, Nobby and her family off the guest list, realises she doesn't really know anyone else. In desperation Dolly encourages Gloria Leaf to invite her friends, but soon finds her new guests aren't as exciting as she'd hoped.

Driving Test - After sixty seconds sleep and a bout of diarrhoea, Dolly is more than ready for her driving test.

Flatmate - Monica is homeless and harmless so Dolly offers her a room. Meet the bathroom- hogging, note-leaving, food-labelling flatmate from hell.

Mr Wrong - When Nobby's latest attempt to win Dolly back fails, he finally gives up and begins dating Belle's sister Kelly instead. Dolly soon becomes jealous and regrets ditching Nobby, going all out to win him back - but soon realises she only wanted what she couldn't have.

Series Two

Pet - After watching a Pet Rescue style show, Dolly becomes obsessed with the idea of saving a cute animal from the show - but is disappointed to be offered a rare 'Dracula hamster'. When Mrs A gives away Perky's puppies (because they're not pedigree), Dolly sees her chance to rescue a more photogenic animal. Unfortunately little puppy Sprout quickly grows huge and unmanageable, and Dolly begins to regret taking on either pet - with her attempts to appear compassionate on TV failing miserably.

Fat - Dolly returns from a trip to Australia having gained huge amounts of weight - but she doesn't seem to have noticed. After Belle finally plucks up the courage to tell her, Dolly tries, and fails at, a number of fad diets. Meanwhile Belle has joined s dating agency in the hope of finding s man not obsessed with slim women - but her date Ray soon has a bigger woman in his sights...

Falling Out - Dolly is furious when Belle stretches her newly knitted jumper. However, she soon spots an opportunity to use her skills when she applies for a job at a new knitwear boutique - unaware Belle also wanted the job. The pair soon fall out, both blaming the other. Belle tries to replace Dolly by befriending Gloria Leaf, while Dolly pals up with boutique manager Sonia, but both soon prove fair-weather friends.

Addict - After Mrs A nearly burns down her flat when she falls asleep whilst smoking, Dolly decides it's time to give up. However, nicotine patches, hypnosis and even expensive rehab fail to do the trick. When she meets handsome health freak Terry, Dolly finally finds the motivation she needs - but does she love him more than she loves cigarettes?

Good Looking Boyfriend - Dolly feels lonely when Belle gets a new boyfriend, so decides to pursue Didier, Nobby's handsome night school teacher. She can't believe her luck when she bags a date, but soon realises why Didier is single - he's incredibly dull. Trying to force herself into feeling happy, Dolly pushes Didier into marriage, but as the wedding day looms, Dolly realises looks really aren't everything.

Christmas - Having promised herself she will for several years, Dolly decides this is the Christmas when she really will go travelling instead of staying at home with the family. However, when the reality sets in Dolly realises she's scared of going around the world on her own - but doesn't feel like she can pull out either. Meanwhile, Ivy is on the verge of a nervous breakdown as she tries to plan the perfect Christmas, leaving the rest of the family envious that Dolly gets to escape - or does she?

Family Futures - Dolly and Belle both apply to appear on their favourite quiz show - but thanks to an eyepatch and an epileptic cat, Dolly is forced to draft in Nobby and Mrs A as emergency family members. Against the odds, the Ponds reach the final, but a surprise appearance from the real Granny Pond soon derails things.

Broadcast
Teletoon aired the series in Canada starting in 1997.

Home release
One VHS tape of Pond Life was released with seven episodes including Boyfriend, Glastonbury, Holiday, Get On Downer, P.M.T, Driving Test, Birthday Suit.
Pond Life was only ever released on DVD in Australia, although these discs are long out of print. All episodes are available on Candy Guard's website.

Footnotes

External links

The Pond Life channel on YouTube

1996 British television series debuts
2000 British television series endings
1990s British adult animated television series
2000s British adult animated television series
British adult animated comedy television series
English-language television shows
Channel 4 original programming


Phù Yên is a rural district of Sơn La province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 114,974. The district covers an area of 1,227 km². The district capital lies at Phù Yên.

Administrative divisions
Phù Yên is divided into 27 commune-level sub-divisions, including the township of Phù Yên and 26 rural communes (Bắc Phong, Đá Đỏ, Gia Phù, Huy Bắc, Huy Hạ, Huy Tân, Huy Thượng, Huy Tường, Kim Bon, Mường Bang, Mường Cơi, Mường Do, Mường Lang, Mường Thải, Nam Phong, Quang Huy, Sập Xa, Suối Bau, Suối Tọ, Tân Lang, Tân Phong, Tường Hạ, Tường Phong, Tường Phù, Tường Thượng, Tường Tiến).

Places of Interest
The surrounding mountains are populated by H'mong families. One site of interest is the beautiful Suoi Chieu Lake a few kilometers north of the town.

References

Districts of Sơn La province
Sơn La province


Gilbert Thomas Kubski (born October 12, 1954) is an American former professional baseball player who appeared in 22 games as an outfielder in Major League Baseball(MLB) for the  California Angels.

Career
The son of Al Kubski, a former minor league player and manager and longtime MLB scout, Gil was born in Longview, Texas, graduated from high school in Granada Hills, California, and was selected by the Angels in the first round of the 1975 January Major League Baseball Draft after playing at California State University, Northridge.  He threw right-handed, batted left-handed, and was listed as  tall and .

Kubski's playing career lasted for eight pro seasons, with his 22-game MLB trial occurring during his sixth season in organized baseball in 1980. He started 15 games and appeared as a defensive replacement or pinch hitter in seven more.  His 16 MLB hits included three doubles. He retired as an active player in 1982 after 859 games in pro ball.

He has remained in baseball, however, as a scout for the Chicago Cubs, San Francisco Giants, Baltimore Orioles, the Major League Baseball Scouting Bureau and the Arizona Diamondbacks.

References

1954 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American people of Polish descent
Arizona Diamondbacks scouts
Baltimore Orioles scouts
Baseball players from Texas
California Angels players
Cal State Northridge Matadors baseball players
Chicago Cubs scouts
El Paso Diablos players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Salinas Packers players
Salt Lake City Gulls players
San Francisco Giants scouts
Syracuse Chiefs players
Vancouver Canadians players


Lev Aleksandrovich Chugaev (16 October 1873 – 26 September 1922) was a chemist from the Russian Empire. At the height of his career, he was professor of chemistry at the University of Petersburg, being the successor to Dmitri Mendeleev.  He was active in the fields of inorganic chemistry, especially platinum group complexes, as well as organic chemistry.  He is also known as Leo Aleksandrovich Tschugaeff or Tschugaev.

Contributions to coordination chemistry
Chugaev discovered that dimethylglyoxime forms a scarlet solid upon reaction with nickel(II) ions.  This reaction was one of the first "spot tests" for a metal ion.  An adherent to the theories of Alfred Werner, Chugaev made several contributions to the chemistry of platinum.  The salt [Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 containing the chloropentammineplatinum(IV) ion, is called "Chugaev's salt".  Other complexes prepared in his laboratory include [Pt(SEt2)4][PtCl4], [Pt(NH3)5OH]Cl3, [Os(SC(NH2)2)6]Cl3.H2O.

Chugaev also studied complexes of hydrazine.  One of his complexes, since also called Chugaev's salt, was the product of the reaction of platinum(II) salts with methyl isocyanide and hydrazine.  After many decades, this compound was shown to be a carbene complex, probably the first metal carbene complex ever reported.

Contributions to organic chemistry
He discovered the Chugaev reaction during his work on thujene and terpene.

References

1873 births
1922 deaths
Scientists from Moscow
Deaths from typhoid fever
Chemists from the Russian Empire
Inventors from the Russian Empire
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Biochemists from the Russian Empire
Academic staff of Saint Petersburg State University
Russian scientists


WNGN (91.9 MHz) is an FM radio station broadcasting a Contemporary Christian format. Licensed to Argyle, New York, United States, the station serves the Saratoga Springs area.  The station is owned by Northeast Gospel Broadcasting Inc and features programming from the Salem Radio Network.

History
The station was assigned the call letters as WZYB on May 7, 1992.  On September 1, 1993, the station changed its call sign to WNGX; it signed on in August 1994. On July 13, 1998, it became WNGN.

In 2009, WNGN announced that two new affiliated stations would go on the air: WNGB (91.3 FM) in Petersham, Massachusetts, and WNGF (89.9 FM) in Swanton, Vermont. In August 2013, Northeast Gospel Broadcasting reached a deal to sell WNGF to Christian Ministries.

Simulcast

Translators
In addition to the main station, WNGN is relayed by additional translators to widen its broadcast area.

References

External links

Radio stations established in 1994
1994 establishments in New York (state)
Moody Radio affiliate stations
NGN


Time Waits for No One: Anthology 1971–1977 is a compilation album by The Rolling Stones released in 1979 (released worldwide except for the U.S.). It covers the period from Sticky Fingers in 1971 until Love You Live in 1977. Only two of ten single A-sides from the period are included—"Angie" and "Fool to Cry". It was released for the first time on CD in May 2019 in Japan, making use of the standard version of the title track and the censored version of "Star Star".

Track listing
All songs by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards

Side one
"Time Waits for No One" – 6:39
From It's Only Rock 'n' Roll
"Bitch" – 3:37
From Sticky Fingers
"All Down the Line" – 3:48
From Exile on Main St.
"Dancing with Mr. D" – 4:52
From Goats Head Soup
"Angie" – 4:33
From Goats Head Soup

Side two
"Star Star" – 4:26
From Goats Head Soup
"If You Can't Rock Me"/"Get Off Of My Cloud" – 4:56
From Love You Live
"Hand of Fate" – 4:28
From Black and Blue
"Crazy Mama" – 4:34
From Black and Blue
"Fool to Cry" – 5:04
From Black and Blue

Albums produced by Jimmy Miller
Albums produced by the Glimmer Twins
The Rolling Stones compilation albums
1979 compilation albums


Quỳnh Nhai is a district (huyện) of Sơn La province in the Northwest region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 62,189. The district covers an area of 1,049 km². The district capital lies at Quỳnh Nhai.

Climate

References

Districts of Sơn La province
Sơn La province


Sông Mã is a rural district of Sơn La province in northwest Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 154,224. The district covers an area of 1,658 km2. Sông Mã is the district capital.

Administrative divisions
Sông Mã is divided into 19 commune-level sub-divisions, including the township of Sông Mã and 18 rural communes (Bó Sinh, Chiềng Cang, Chiềng En, Chiềng Khoong, Chiềng Khương, Chiềng Phung, Chiềng Sơ, Đứa Mòn, Huổi Một, Mường Cai, Mường Hung, Mường Lầm, Mường Sai, Nà Nghịu, Nậm Mằn, Nậm Ty, Pú Bẩu, Yên Hưng).

Climate

References

Districts of Sơn La province
Sơn La province

vi:Sông Mã


Sốp Cộp is a rural district of Sơn La province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. It was established in December 2003. As of 2003, the district had a population of 32,253. The district covers an area of 1,477 km².

There are eight communes in the district: Sốp Cộp, Mường Lạn, Dồm Cang, Sam Kha, Mường Và, Mường Lèo, Púng Bánh, and Nậm Lạnh. The district capital is at Sốp Cộp, which borders Laos to the east and south, Điện Biên province to the west, and Sông Mã district to the north. Most of the district is mountainous. The land is relatively fertile and suitable for industrial crops and cattle.

The district is home to an ethnic Lao community.

References

Districts of Sơn La province
Sơn La province


Yên Châu is a district (huyện) of Sơn La province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 62,883. The district covers an area of 844 km2. The district capital is the eponymous Yên Châu.

Climate

References

Districts of Sơn La province
Sơn La province


Thuận Châu is a rural district of Sơn La province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 172,763. The district covers an area of 1535 km². The district capital lies at Thuận Châu.

The Dry Laha (Phlao) and Kháng languages are spoken in Thuận Châu District.

References

Districts of Sơn La province
Sơn La province