Crossing the Kansas River in Kansas City, Kansas, the Highline Bridge is rare example of a double-tracked, double-deck railroad bridge designed for carrying railroad traffic on both levels.  The bridge is owned and operated by the Kansas City Terminal Railway (KCTR) and provides access between the extensive rail yards on both sides of the river in the Argentine and Armourdale neighborhoods in Kansas City, Kansas and other rail yards in Kansas City, Missouri.

The current bridge was constructed between 1916 and 1919 as part of the improvements needed to relocate the Kansas City Union Station to its present location while still providing efficient access to railroads serving the station from the west and northwest. The upper deck is a critical link in the elevated Kansas City Highline viaduct originally constructed to carry passenger trains over several busy freight junctions west of the Union Station. The roads using the bridge for passenger service at the time of construction included the Union Pacific; Chicago Great Western; Missouri Pacific; and Rock Island. Mainlines and junctions then crossed by the Highline included Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe; Kansas City Terminal; Chicago, Burlington and Quincy; The Katy; Kansas City Southern; and Frisco.

Currently, the bridge handles freight traffic on both levels.

Construction and physical structure
Construction of the bridge and several miles of associated viaducts largely on the northwest side of river cost $3M and was part of $4.5M (approximately $100M adjusted for inflation to 2022) in total improvements needed for the terminal relocation project.  The construction of the Highline Bridge was delayed several years beyond the 1914 opening of the new union station due to disagreement on route of the viaducts and location of stations serving Kansas City, Kansas.

The current bridge replaced a 730-foot single-track bridge built in 1907 that consisted of two 300-foot Petit truss spans and a 130-foot approach on the west side.  The
piers of the old bridge had been constructed to accommodate double track and were reused.  Since the old bridge carried approximately 180 train movements per day across the river it could not be removed from operation to accommodate construction.  Due to the new bridge's greater height and width, it was constructed around the old bridge while it remained in service, although the existing tracks were centered and elevated so the new bridge floor could be constructed under it.

The current bridge consists of two reinforced Baltimore truss sections built on the original masonry (each weigh 2,300 tons), extended to accommodate the double-deck height, while the west approach was rebuilt as a 132-foot Warren truss such that the bridge is a through structure for the lower deck and a deck structure for the top deck.

All three truss sections that cross the river between the levees have lift jacks to raise the bridge above a high flood.

Construction work was under the direction of J. V. Hanna, chief engineer, and G. E. Tebbetts, bridge engineer of the Kansas City Terminal. The general contractor for the entire
project was the Arkansas Bridge Company of Kansas City, MO. The steel work was fabricated by the American Bridge Company at the Gary, IN plant, and was erected by the Kelly Atkinson Construction Company, Chicago, IL.

Santa Fe Junction / Chicago Junction

At ground level, below the Highline, is a complex network of tracks that the KTCR refers to as the "low line". The immediate low line approach to the southeast end of the bridge is a full grand union, with a three-quarter union immediately to the southeast and, originally, a butterfly union immediately to the northeast.

Santa Fe Junction (previously A.T.&S.F. Junction) has been a name for the general location of the main grand union. The name is derived from the original KTCR name for the southwest junction of the main union; and that name appears on the Tower No. 3 (interlocking control tower) at that location. That junction was the KCTR's original connection to Santa Fe's property a short distance from the ATSF Argentine classification yard. The location is also, if less commonly, referred to as Chicago Junction from the KCTR name for the opposing northeast junction. Originally, the Chicago Junction was the KCTR's connection to the nearby Chicago, Burlington and Quincy yard. That yard and butterfly union were later removed, but the name was retained.

Location and modern operation
Currently nearly all the trackage to the northwest of the bridge is under control of the Union Pacific, although the KCTR also owns and operates trackage and a yard as well.  The bridge provides a connection for UP traffic on the KCTR to reach the extensive UP Armourdale classification yard, as well as connections to UP lines to the west (Kansas Subdivision) and northwest (Falls City Subdivision). On the east end, the upper level of the bridge continues to near the Kansas City Union station, while the lower level has connections with additional KCTR trackage and BNSF lines at Santa Fe Junction.  This allows access to the BNSF Argentine classification yard as well as the Fort Scott and Emporia Subdivisions to the south and west respectively.

In 2004, the KCTR Argentine Connection flyover was completed to carry BNSF Southern Transcon traffic via a third level.

References

External links
Historicbridges.org Historical Articles

Bridges in Kansas City, Kansas
Bridges over the Kansas River
Bridges completed in 1919
Railroad bridges in Kansas
Truss bridges in the United States
1919 establishments in Kansas
Baltimore truss bridges


A formaldehyde releaser, formaldehyde donor or formaldehyde-releasing preservative is a chemical compound that slowly releases formaldehyde.  Formaldehyde-releasers are added to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life. The intent of these compounds is that they release formaldehyde at levels that suppress microbial growth but sufficiently low to not threaten humans.  The use of these chemicals in cosmetics has elicited controversy.

Examples
Many compounds have been formulated a formaldehyde-releasers.

 Quaternium-15 (Dowicil 200; Dowicil 75; Dowicil 100; Dowco 184; Dowicide Q). It was used in low concentrations in cosmetics but has been banned in the EU since 2017 and a bill is under consideration in the US.
 DMDM hydantoin
 (ethylenedioxy)dimethanol (EDDM)
(Benzyloxy)methanol (BHF, benzylhemiformal)
 2,2',2''-(Hexahydro-1,3-5-triazine-1,3,5-triyl-)triethanol (HHT)
 Tetramethylolacetylenediurea (TMAD)
 1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (DMDMH)
 3,3'-Methylenebis[5-methyloxazolidine] (MBO)
 Imidazolidinyl urea  (Germall 115) for cosmetics
 Diazolidinyl urea (Germall II) for cosmetics
 Tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane (Tris Nitro) for cosmetics
 tris(N-hydroxyethyl) hexahydrotriazine (Grotan® BK)
 Sodium hydroxymethylglycinate for cosmetics

Unintentional formaldehyde releasers
Some materials release formaldehyde unintentionally.  These materials have also elicited considerable controversy, especially when these materials have household applications such as flooring.  Examples:
 Delrin or Acetal
 Phenol formaldehyde resin
 Urea formaldehyde resin
 Melamine resin

Uses
They are found in fuels, cosmetics, toiletries, cleaning agents, adhesives, paints, lacquers, fertilizers, and metalworking fluids. They are found in lysing agent for cells for in vitro diagnostic reagents. Photo-chemicals and press room chemicals also contain these releasers.

Safety

Formaldehyde is dangerous to human health. In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as "known to be a human carcinogen".

The danger of formaldehyde is a major reason for the development of formaldehyde releasers which release formaldehyde slowly at lower levels.

Allergic reaction

Levels of 200–300 p.p.m. formaldehyde in cosmetic products can cause contact dermatitis in short-term use on normal skin.

A patch test study found that DMDM hydantoin in cosmetic products could increase the risk of cosmetic dermatitis.

Some people have a contact allergy to imidazolidinyl urea causing dermatitis. Such people are often also allergic to diazolidinyl urea.  In 2005–06, it was the 14th-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (3.7%).

Cancer
Some consumer cosmetics contain quaternium-15 for its antimicrobial properties. The American Cancer Society states that although quaternium-15 releases formaldehyde, a known carcinogen in laboratory test animals at relatively high doses, because the amount of formaldehyde released from these products is low, it is unclear that avoiding quaternium-15 in cosmetics provides any health benefits. Even so, Johnson & Johnson announced plans to phase out its use of quaternium-15 in cosmetic products by 2015 in response to consumer pressure.

Importance

Formaldehyde in the EU is restricted to a maximum allowed concentration in finished products no greater than 0.2%. However, there are hidden sources of formaldehyde such as these formaldehyde releasers. As well, patch tests are prone to false positives at even low concentrations and not a reliable test.

Sensitization to formaldehyde has been decreasing since 1980 due in part to the replacement of formaldehyde by these formaldehyde releasers. As of 2009, frequency of sensitization to formaldehyde is stable at 2–3% in Europe. It might be as high as 9% in the USA.

Alternatives

There are three groups of broad-spectrum preservatives with the most safety and efficacy.

Parabens
Formaldehyde releasers
Halogenated compounds

The FDA requires that cosmetics have an effective preservative, and microbial challenge testing is conducted. The EU's Cosmetic Directive 76/768/EEC requires the use of a preservative on an approved list.

Analysis

There are many ways to test and quantify formaldehyde. However these methods are not suitable for the determination of free formaldehyde in cosmetics with formaldehyde releasers since these methods often accelerate release of formaldehyde.

The physical method by 13C NMR spectroscopy does not affect the equilibrium between free and donor sources of formaldehyde and might be the best way to test for formaldehyde releasers.

References

Antimicrobials


The ornate ghost pipefish or harlequin ghost pipefish, Solenostomus paradoxus, is a false pipefish of the family Solenostomidae. The species name comes from the Greek paradoxos, referring to this fish's unusual external features. Ornate ghost pipefish are found in the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean along reef edges prone to strong currents from the Red Sea to Tonga. They reach a maximum length of 12 cm. They vary in color from red or  yellow to black and are almost transparent. Although relatively common, ornate ghost pipefish are very well-camouflaged and difficult to find. It occurs either as solitary individuals or in pairs, among the branches of
gorgonians, in floating weeds, or crinoids where the feed on mysids and small benthic shrimp.

The IUCN conservation status of Solenostomus paradoxus has been evaluated as "Least Concern".

Gallery

References

External links

Solenostomus
Fish described in 1770
Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN


Bottoms Up is the third studio album by American rapper Obie Trice. It was released on April 3, 2012, by Black Market Entertainment. The album entering the charts at number 113, with 5,000 physical albums sold in the first week. The album is his first effort since Second Round's on Me in 2006 and features production from Dr. Dre and Eminem.

Background
The title of the album, Bottoms Up, was chosen as Obie Trice was keen to keep the alcohol-related theme for his album titles. He had begun working on the album while in the process of releasing his second album, Second Round's on Me. As of 21 May 2007, Obie Trice told MTV that he was at the time "a few songs deep", and had by that point collaborated with just Daz Dillinger. He also stated that he'd like to get work done with Eminem, 50 Cent, Slaughterhouse, Young Buck, Akon, Cashis, Jazze Pha, and Devin the Dude. On the topic of collaborating, Obie Trice also explained to MTV, "I don't really know a lot of artists—I'm in Detroit. It's not Atlanta, where everybody is everywhere, or L.A. or somewhere like that. I actually think it's time for me to start branching off and start connecting with cats. Getting my collaboration on and working with some hot producers—unknown and known—and just make them joints that feel good and that are radio. I just want to make that transition."

But in July, XXL displayed in an Obie Trice interview that Obie said he would not to compromise his integrity. He also said that he felt he was near to being finished, and has worked with producers such as South Carolina's Propane the Great (who did his single "Detroit Summer"), Detroit's Square Biz, and Six - all of which he stated as being "unknown producers, but the shit is fire."

Obie had also mentioned in another interview that he does have beats from Dr. Dre, which he received during Second Round's on Me, but decided to keep them for Bottoms Up. He has also stated at various times that he'd like to release the album in the summer of 2008, and further elaborated on this thought by saying, "I would like to have a summertime album because both of my [previous] albums were in the winter [or] fall. I think these tracks I'm picking are more fun, summer type of joints. I [don't] want to wait so long to put out an album. It took three years to put out Second Round's on Me [after] Cheers. I think that's too long."

In June 2008, Obie Trice departed from Shady Records. In September 2008 in an interview with Detroit's FM98 WJLB, Obie said he expected the album would be released in February 2009, under his new label Black Market Ent. On May 4, 2010 Obie Trice confirmed Eminem is on the album and he still remains friends with him. In an interview with XXL on August 24, 2011, Trice elaborated on Eminem's contributions on the album, revealing that he would appear on two songs, one of which is called "No Turning Back", the other called 'Friends With Enemies'.

Singles
The album's lead single "Battle Cry", was released on August 23, 2011. The song features guest vocals from Adrian Rezza and was produced by Lucas Rezza. The album's second single "Spend the Day" featuring Drey Skonie, was released on iTunes on March 6, 2012. The album's third single "Spill My Drink", was released on August 21, 2012, as digital download on iTunes.

Track listing
The track listing was confirmed by Amazon.com.

Notes
 signifies an additional producer.

Charts

References

2012 albums
Albums produced by Dr. Dre
Albums produced by Eminem
Obie Trice albums
Albums produced by Statik Selektah


Arm's Way is the second studio album by Montreal-based indie rock band Islands. It was released on May 20, 2008, on CD and download. The album's title is a play on the words "harm's way". The album leaked online on April 11, 2008.

Concept and production
Drummer Aaron Harris outlined the album's concept and the band's songwriting approach thus:  We took a different approach with this album in that the music is focused on the band members – there are not any special appearances. Arm's was conceived in Montreal, we wrote the songs in a room with old NOFX and Insane Clown Posse posters on the wall. As a band we put the music together and then singer Nick Thorburn wrote the lyrics.

Music
The musical style of Arm's Way represents a departure from the Graceland-inspired sound of debut album Return to the Sea. Rebecca Raber of Pitchfork writes, "Gone are the guest rappers, the acoustic nuevo-country twang, and the sunny Afro-Caribbean flourishes ... In their place are theatrical string arrangements, layers of silvery, minor-key guitars, and lots of gothy synthesizers." Most lyrics include references to death and violence, themes which are shared with frontman Nick Thorburn's previous project The Unicorns.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from AllMusic.
 Patrice Agbokou – bass
 Rebecca Bird – artwork
 Doug Boehm – mixing
 Greg Calbi – mastering
 Alex Chow – percussion, synthesizer, viola, violin
 Sebastian Chow – oboe, piano, violin, vocals
 Chris Constable – mixing assistant
 Corn Gangg – drum programming
 Steve Fallone – mastering
 Patrick Gregoire – bass clarinet, guitar
 Ryan Hadlock – engineer, producer
 Aaron Harris – drums, percussion, vocals
 Islands – arranger, primary artist, producer
 Mathieu Roberge – assistant engineer
 Rob Schnapf – mixing
 Nick Thorburn – guitar, vocals
 Alexander Wagner – photography

References

2008 albums
Anti- (record label) albums
Islands (band) albums
Albums recorded at Bear Creek Studio


RPM was a Canadian magazine that published the best-performing singles of Canada from 1964 to 2000. During 1983, twenty-seven singles became number-one hits in Canada. Toni Basil commenced the year with her single "Mickey" while Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson's "Say Say Say" was 1983's final number one. Those who had previously reached number one on Canada's chart were Marvin Gaye, Michael Jackson, Styx, The Police, Elton John, Bonnie Tyler, Kenny Rogers, Dolly Parton, Lionel Richie, and Paul McCartney. No Canadians reached the summit in 1983.

The most successful artist of the year based on the number of chart-toppers and weeks spent at number one was Michael Jackson. He gained his first Canadian number-one hit this year with "Billie Jean" in March, then attained the chart's top position three more times with "Beat It" in May, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" in July, and "Say Say Say" in December. In total, Jackson remained at number one for 10 weeks during 1983. Despite this success, it was British band The Police that achieved the best-performing hit of 1983, "Every Breath You Take", which stayed at number one on the issues of 2 July and 9 July.

Alongside Jackson, The Police were also the only act to peak at number one more than once, rising to the top again in October with "King of Pain". Together with "Every Breath You Take", the band remained at number one for three issues. Toni Basil's "Mickey", Musical Youth's "Pass the Dutchie", Michael Jackson's "Beat It", Irene Cara's "Flashdance... What a Feeling", Michael Sembello's "Maniac", Lionel Richie's "All Night Long (All Night)", and Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson's "Say Say Say" were the seven tracks that stayed at number one for at least three weeks.

Chart history

Notes

See also
1983 in music

List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1983 by Billboard
List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1983 by Cashbox
List of Canadian number-one albums of 1983

References

External links
 Read about RPM Magazine at the AV Trust
 Search RPM charts here at Library and Archives Canada

1983 record charts
1983


James Bryson Angel (25 June 1940 – 24 December 2007) was an Australian radio news presenter. During a career spanning more than four decades, he presented the news on Sydney radio stations 2SM, 2UE, 2GB and 2CH, and many affiliated radio stations around Australia. He worked on-air with radio personalities such as John Laws and Alan Jones. After retirement in 2001, he joined community radio station Highland FM in Bowral as a volunteer breakfast announcer. Angel died on Christmas Eve 2007 at his home in the Southern Highlands after suffering a stroke.

Tributes
The Premier of New South Wales, Morris Iemma, described Angel as a radio icon, saying "many people grew up listening to Jim read the news. Jim was a true professional and a real one of a kind. He will be sorely missed."
2UE program director Greg Byrnes stated that "with radio stations packed with big voices and big egos, he was the exception: he was a big voice with no ego."
2GB current affairs director Jason Morrison, said "for him every news bulletin was opening night. He was the most unlikely star at the station. He never really understood how many people were aware of who he was and what he did. He set the standard of the way news was presented."

References

External links
IN MEMORIAM – JIM ANGEL
Jim Angel's obituary on Highland FM website
Listen here as John Laws interrupts Angel's news broadcast and convinces him to sing Winchester Cathedral
Angel announces Labor's election victory in 1972
One of Jim Angel's first news reports, the 1964 Sydney International Toy Fair

Australian radio personalities
Radio in Sydney
Mass media people from New South Wales
1940 births
2007 deaths


The 10.30 Slot was a music and variety show that aired on ABC TV on Friday nights between 1999 and 2000, which was hosted by Dylan Lewis and Angus Sampson. It was similar in format to Lewis and Sampson's previous show, Recovery, although The 10.30 Slot's late-night timeslot allowed for more adult-oriented content, compared to Recovery's youth-based focus. Ironically the program often did not start at 10:30pm as the title would suggest, but the time of its airing was contingent on the late edition of ABC News and other ABC broadcasting priorities on a particular Friday night.

After the series ended Lewis presented Pepsi Live from 2001. Sampson was later a performer and series winner on the improvised comedy show, Thank God You're Here.

References

See also

 List of Australian music television shows

Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
1999 Australian television series debuts
2000 Australian television series endings
Australian variety television shows
Australian music television series


This partial list of city nicknames in Massachusetts compiles the aliases, sobriquets, and slogans that cities and towns in Massachusetts are known by (or have been known by historically), officially and unofficially, to municipal governments, local people, outsiders or their tourism boards or chambers of commerce. City nicknames can help in establishing a civic identity, helping outsiders recognize a community or attracting people to a community because of its nickname; promote civic pride; and build community unity. Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community "ideology or myth" are also believed to have economic value. Their economic value is difficult to measure, but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by "branding" themselves by adopting new slogans.

Some unofficial nicknames are positive, while others are derisive. The unofficial nicknames listed here have been in use for a long time or have gained wide currency.

   Athol – Tool Town
 Attleboro – Jewelry Capital of America or Jewelry Capital of the WorldAttleboro Massachusetts- The  Jewelry Capital of the World, Guyot Brothers Company, Inc. website, accessed September 17, 2011
 Belmont – Town of Homes
 Boston
 Athens of America –  Boston Brahmins' reference to the numerous cultural institutions which separated Boston from its counterparts Also called the Modern Athens.
 Beantown or Bean Town and variations 'The Bean', 'DA BEAN', BeanCity, B-town, etc.Why do they call Boston "Beantown"?, Ask Yahoo? website, September 5, 2001Norman Dalager, "What's in a nickname?", Boston.com website, accessed June 18, 2008
 The Hub (or the Hub of the Universe)
 City of Notions
 The Cradle of Liberty
 Puritan City
 Brockton – The City of Champions
 Cambridge – The People's Republic of Cambridge
 Chicopee
 Kielbasa Capital of the WorldO'Brien, George (2001), "Stretching the Imagination in Chicopee," BusinessWest, October 1, 2001: p. 14: "The city once known merely as the kielbasa capital of the universe now has much more on its plate."
 Duxbury – Deluxebury
 Fall River – Scholarship City
 Fitchburg – The Dirty Burg
 Foxboro - The Gem of Norfolk County
 Framingham – The Dirty Ham or The Ham
 Gardner
 Chair City: "By 1837 they were turning out so many chairs that residents immodestly dubbed the place "Chair City of the World."
 Furniture Capital of New England
 Gloucester – Fishtown or Fish City
 Hadley – Asparagus Capital of the World
 Hingham
 Blingham
 Cha-chingham
 Holyoke
 Birthplace of Volleyball
 Paper City
 Lawrence - Immigrant City
 Leominster – Pioneer Plastics City of the World
 Lexington – The Birthplace of American Liberty
 Lowell
 The Mill City
 City of Spindles
 Manchester of America
 Lynn - City of Sin
 Marshfield - Marshvegas
 Natick – Home of Champions
 New Bedford – The Whaling City
 Newburyport – Clipper City
 Newton – The Garden City
 North Adams – The Tunnel City
 North Andover – Turkey Town
 Northampton
 Hamp
 NoHo
 The Paradise of America or The Paradise City
 Orange - Friendly Town, Jump Town
 Peabody – Leather City, Tanner City
 Plymouth – America's Hometown
 Provincetown
 Like Nowhere Else
 P-Town
 Quincy
 City of Presidents
 Granite City
 Salem
 City of Peace
 City of Witches or The Witch City
 Sandwich – Sangy
 Scituate – The Irish Riviera
 Sharon – Cowtown
 Somerville – Slummerville
 Springfield
 Birthplace of Basketball
 City of FirstsSpringfield , Economic Development Council of Western Massachusetts
 City of HomesChoose Springfield, Massachusetts, website accessed November 19, 2011
 City of ProgressThe City Of Progress, Winchester Square Springfield, MA
 The City in a Forest
 Garden Spot of the East
 The Metropolis of Western New England
 Stoughton – Toughtown
 Taunton
 The Christmas City
 City of Firsts
 The Silver City
 Tewksbury – Tewksvegas
 Waltham – Watch City
 Wareham – The Gateway to Cape Cod
 Westfield – The Whip City
 Westford – The 'Ford
 Williamstown – The Village Beautiful
 Winchendon – Toy Town USA
 Worcester
 The Heart of the Commonwealth
 City of Seven Hills
 Wormtown
 Paris of the 80's
 The Woo

See also
 List of city nicknames in the United States
 List of cities in Massachusetts
 Tofu Curtain of Western Massachusetts

References

External links
 a list of American and a few Canadian nicknames
 U.S. cities list

Massachusetts
Populated places in Massachusetts
Massachusetts culture
City nicknames


John S. Morgan was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing District 13B, which covered portions of Prince George's County & Howard County Maryland.  Along with fellow Republican Martin G. Madden, he helped unseat incumbent Democrat William C. Bevan from office.  In 1998, he was defeated by Democrat John A. Giannetti Jr.  It was the second time he had faced Giannetti in the general election, the first time being in 1994 when he handily defeated him.

Morgan also ran for United States Congress in 1996 against incumbent Steny Hoyer, but was defeated by 14 percentage points.

Education
Delegate Morgan graduated from Loyola College with his Bachelor of Science in physics in 1984.  He later returned to school, this time attending the Whiting School at the Johns Hopkins University where he received his Master's degree in 1988 and his PhD in 1990.

Career
Prior to elected office, Delegate Morgan was a senior engineer at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory.  From 2001 to 2010, he directed the Office of Science and Technology within the National Institute of Justice, the office in the Department of Justice responsible for the nation's development of technology for state and local law enforcement, corrections, and crime laboratories. He currently is the Command Science Advisor to the US Army Special Operations Command. He received the Service to America medal in 2007 for his work to improve the nation's capacity to use DNA evidence.

Morgan was also a Congressional Science Fellow with the American Physical Society from 1994 until 1995. He continues to be a member of the American Physical Society in addition to the Materials Research Society, the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, and the American Council of Young Political Leaders. He is a recipient of the Charles E. Miller Award and is a member of the Howard County Republican Party.

While a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, Morgan was a member of the Constitutional and Administrative Law Committee from  1991 until 1992, the Judiciary Committee in 1993 and the Commerce and Government Matters Committee from 1994 until 1999.  He was also a member of the Joint Advisory Committee on Legislative Data Systems from 1993 until 1999, the Joint Committee on Legislative Ethics from 1995 until 1999, and a member of the bi-County Committee for the Prince George's County Delegation.

Election results
1998 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 13B
Voters to choose one:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|John A. Giannetti Jr., Dem.
|4,950
|  58%
|   Won
|-
|-
|John S. Morgan, Rep.
|3,512
|  42%
|   Lost
|-
|}

1996 Race for U.S. Congress – District 5
Voters to choose one:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Steny H. Hoyer, Dem.
|121,288
|  57%
|   Won
|-
|-
|John S. Morgan, Rep.
|91,806
|  43%
|   Lost
|-
|}

1994 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 13B
Voters to choose one:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|John S. Morgan, Rep.
|4,167
|  57%
|   Won
|-
|-
|John A. Giannetti Jr., Dem.
|3,101
|  43%
|   Lost
|}

1990 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 13B
Voters to choose two:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Martin G. Madden, Rep.
|11,112
|  31%
|   Won
|-
|-
|John S. Morgan, Rep.
|9,108
|  25%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Robert J. DiPietro, Dem.
|7,864
|  22%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|William C. Bevan, Dem.
|7,772
|  22%
|   Lost
|}

References and notes

See also
 http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/former/html/msa12276.html Maryland Manual

People from Howard County, Maryland
Republican Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Living people
Loyola University Maryland alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
1963 births


Matthew Peterman (born July 7, 1975) is an American screenwriter and film producer.

In 2000, along with writing partner William Brent Bell, Peterman wrote screenplay Mercury, which was bought by Universal Studios with Gale Anne Hurd and f/x studio Digital Domain producing. Since then, the duo have set up several film projects at studios including Warner Bros. and Walt Disney Studios as well as television projects at Sony, the WB and ABC.

Peterman's most recent project is as co-writer and producer of the horror thriller, Stay Alive and the found footage supernatural horror, The Devil Inside.  Stay Alive was acquired and distributed domestically by Buena Vista Pictures and internationally by Universal Pictures.

Filmography
Producer:
 Stay Alive (2006)
 The Devil Inside (2012)

Writer:
 Stay Alive (2006) (written by)
 The Devil Inside (2012) (written by)
 Wer (2013)

References

External links

American film producers
Living people
American male screenwriters
1975 births


Jiamusi University () is a multi-disciplinary university situated in the city of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.

Jiamusi University was established in 1947.

One of the players in the Chinese team at the 2015 Bandy World Championship was from Jiamusi University.

References

Universities and colleges in Heilongjiang
Universities and colleges established in 1947
Universities in China with English-medium medical schools
1947 establishments in China


Lumpinee Boxing Stadium () is a sporting arena in Bangkok, Thailand.  The stadium is named after Lumbini, the birthplace of the Buddha. Opened more than a decade later than Rajadamnern Stadium, Lumpinee is run by the Royal Thai Army. It has become the symbol of modern Muay Thai. Only Rajadamnern Stadium rivals the prestige of holding the title of "Muay Thai Champion of Lumpinee". The ranking system and championship titles are held from mini flyweight (105 lb) up to super welterweight (154 lb).

Muay Thai bouts are held on Tuesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays. The fights usually start around 18:00.

The final event at its original site on Rama IV Road near Lumphini Park was held on 8 February 2014. The stadium then moved to its new home on Ram Intra Road which can hold up to 5,000 spectators. The new stadium held the first fight on 11 February 2014 and was officially opened on 28 February 2014.

History

General Praphas Charusathien was the driving force behind the construction of the Lumpinee Stadium, the second national stadium built in Thailand after Rajadamnern. Lumpinee opened its doors on 8 December 1956. The stadium is operated by the Army Welfare Department of the Royal Thai Army. All proceeds from the fights go towards supporting the various departments of the Thai Army. The board of directors,  headed by Army Commander Apirat Kongsompong, consists entirely of army officers.

Eleven promoters are responsible for booking boxers to fight at the stadium. The rules are the same as at Rajadamnern: boxers must weigh more than 100 lb (45.4 kg), older than 15 years, with a weight difference between boxers of not more than a . Women are not allowed to fight in the stadium or enter the ring.

One of the most famous Lumpinee champions was Dieselnoi Chor Thanasukarn who reigned without defeat in the early-1980s, holding the Lightweight title for four years. He was eventually forced to retire because he ran out of opponents.

Lumpinee Stadium was implicated in a cluster of COVID-19 cases during the coronavirus pandemic in Thailand in 2020. Boxing matches were held on 6 March 2020 in spite of a government shutdown order issued on 3 March. Among those later stricken by COVID-19 was the chief of the Army Welfare Department, who had been at the stadium.

In early 2021, it was reported that the Army was considering releasing the stadium to the private sector, or turning the stadium into a museum. In response to this, Lumpinee management announced their intention to re-brand and implement major changes. These changes included allowing women to fight in the stadium, begin hosting mixed martial arts bouts and ban gambling in order to attract a non-gambling audience.

Traditionally reserved for male fighters, Lumpinee Stadium eventually hosted its first female fight card on November 13, 2021. The main event featured Buakaw Mor.Kor.Chor.Chaiyaphum facing Sanaejan Sor.Jor.Tongprajin for the WBC Muaythai mini flyweight championship and Lumpinee Stadium women's mini flyweight championship, with Sanaejan winning by decision.

Having long been a venue for Muay Thai, Lumpinee Stadium made history by holding its first mixed martial arts event on January 16, 2022, hosted by Fairtex Fight Promotion. The event consisted of both Muay Thai and MMA fights. In August 2022 it began hosting ONE Championship events, with nearly all fights under Muay Thai rules.

Notable champions

 Samart Payakaroon
 Sak Kaoponlek
 Sitthichai Sitsongpeenong
 Yodsanklai Fairtex
 Dieselnoi Chor Thanasukarn
 Anuwat Kaewsamrit
 Saenchai Sor Kingstar
 Buakaw Banchamek
 Coban Lookchaomaesaitong
 Saiyok Pumpanmuang
 Jomhod Kiatadisak
 Orono Wor Petchpun
 Mathee Jadeepitak

Only six non-Thai athletes have become Lumpinee champions.
The first winner was French-Algerian fighter Morad Sari, who claimed the super lightweight championship in 1999. French fighter Damien Alamos won the super lightweight title in 2012 and was the first foreigner to defend the belt later that year. France's Rafi Bohic, won the welterweight title in 2017 and defended the belt four times.  Moroccan-Belgian Youssef Boughanem won the middleweight title in 2018. Japan's Nadaka Yoshinari became mini flyweight champion in 2019, though he won the belt at an event in Japan. The last non-Thai fighter to win the belt was Jimmy Vienot in 2019 at middleweight.
A number of non-Thais have achieved top 10 rankings within the stadium. Ramon Dekkers was one of the most renowned foreign fighters in Lumpinee history, but he never won the Lumpinee belt. Stéphane Nikiéma would have been the second foreign Lumpinee champion, but his title fight ended in a no-contest.

Current champions

Championship history (incomplete)

Pinweight Championship
Weight limit:

Lightweight Championship
Weight limit:

Super Welterweight Championship
Weight limit:

Middleweight Championship
Weight limit:

Super Middleweight Championship
Weight limit:

See also
Rajadamnern Stadium
World Muaythai Council

References

External links

 Muay Thai rules of Lumpinee Stadium
 Lumpinee set to hang up its gloves

Indoor arenas in Thailand
Kickboxing in Thailand
Professional Muay Thai organizations
Muay Thai venues in Bangkok
Boxing venues in Thailand
Pathum Wan district
Sports venues completed in 1956
1956 establishments in Thailand


Evil Urges is the fifth studio album by My Morning Jacket. It was released by ATO Records on June 10, 2008.
The album was nominated for the 2008 Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album, ultimately losing to Radiohead's In Rainbows.

Writing and recording
Writing began in Colorado, while recording was done in Manhattan. According to producer Joe Chiccarelli, the demos he was sent, which were "very groove-oriented with hints of old-fashioned R&B", suggested a more urban record than previous albums, and as such he recommended the band record in an urban environment that had some "life and vitality". After looking into various options including Vancouver and San Francisco, the band eventually decided to record in New York.

Singer and lead songwriter Jim James said that the band wanted to get away from "normal rock and roll sounds" and emulate more of the band's live sound. Many of the songs were previewed at the 2008 South by Southwest music festival.

Promotion
My Morning Jacket played "I'm Amazed" and "Evil Urges" on Saturday Night Live on May 10, 2008.  At the Bonnaroo Music Festival in June 2008, the band played a near four hour set, playing all songs on the album except "Look at You" and "Remnants".

The season six premiere of The CW's teen drama One Tree Hill was titled "Touch Me I'm Going to Scream" and featured the songs "Highly Suspicious" and "Look at You."

On November 22, 2009, the American Dad! episode "My Morning Straitjacket" featured the band members playing themselves. The episode utilised four songs from Evil Urges: "Touch Me I'm Going to Scream Part 2", "I'm Amazed", "Highly Suspicious" and "Remnants."

Critical reception

Evil Urges received mostly positive reviews from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 67, based on 31 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".

Accolades

Track listing

Personnel
My Morning Jacket
 Jim James – vocals, guitars, bass, drums, percussion, Omnichord
 Tom "Two Tone Tommy" Blakenship – bass
 Patrick Hallahan – drums, percussion
 Carl Broemel – guitars, vocals, pedal steel, lap steel
 Bo Koster – keyboards, programming, vocals, piano, synthesizers, organ, Rhodes, percussion

Additional personnel
 Jim James, Joe Chiccarelli – production
 Michael Brauer – mixing
 Bob Ludwig – mastering
 Artie Smith – drum tech
 David Campbell – string arrangements

Assistance
 Rick Kwan, Colin Suzuki, Will Hensley, Kyle Mc Innis, Lowell Reynolds, Andy Taub

Charts

References

External links

2008 albums
My Morning Jacket albums
Rough Trade Records albums
ATO Records albums
Albums produced by Jim James
Albums produced by Joe Chiccarelli


Father Nicolas Viel, O.M.R., (died 25 June 1625) was a French Recollect missionary to the Hurons from 1623 to 1625.

Biography

Among the first missionaries sent by France to its colony, Viel traveled to Huron territory, arriving there with fellow Recollect Father Joseph Le Caron in 1623. He was studying the language and collecting material to add to Le Caron's dictionary.

After almost two years, in May 1625, Viel decided to return to Quebec in the company of a band of Hurons, with the intention of making a few days retreat and then returning to his missions. It is known that he never reached Quebec, but was drowned in the last chute of the Riviere des Prairies, which from that time bears the name of Sault-au-Récollet. The neophyte Auhaitsique, whom he had instructed and baptized, met with the same fate.

Sagard and Le Clercq give accounts of Father Viel's missionary work, and of his death.  Their information regarding his death was obtained after the fact and through interpreters. The canoe(s) apparently attempted to shoot a rapid that would usually have been portaged. Suspicions that the drowning was intentional appear to be weakly based on the survival of the accompanying Hurons, and tensions between the Hurons, the Iroquois, and the French. They have, nonetheless, led to repeated assertions that Viel and his companion were murdered. French Jesuit priest Charlevoix could only conclude
"Whether there was some miscalculation in the measures they took or whether it was brought about by design the canoe capsized."
The rapids were certainly dangerous enough to explain the outcome: Sagard wrote that "Time and again we ran the risk of losing our lives and of being swallowed up in the falls and whirlpools as were, since then, good Father Nicholas and a young boy Francis, our disciple."

Viel is sometimes referred to as the first Canadian martyr, which can be seen as technically correct given that the Catechism of the Catholic Church states "Martyrdom is the supreme witness given to the truth of the faith: it means bearing witness even unto death." A painting by Georges Delfosse in Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde, Montreal, Quebec, shows Viel holding aloft a cross as the canoe is about to capsize.  The scene, in which one person holds a broken paddle and another has one arm around Viel, can be ambiguously interpreted.
The designation of martyr has been strongly opposed by those who see it as supporting the belief that Viel and Auhaitsique were murdered by the Hurons.

According to the records of the Recollets, Father Viel was buried in St. Charles's Chapel, Quebec City, 25 June 1625.

References

External links
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 the Catholic Encyclopedia

1625 deaths
French Roman Catholic missionaries
17th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic missionaries in Canada
Year of birth uncertain
Recollects
Roman Catholic missionaries in New France
People from Coutances
Deaths by drowning in Canada
French Franciscans
Franciscan missionaries


Heather Gordon Haldane is a Canadian television producer. She is a co-founder of Screen Door Productions, Inc. with Mary Young Leckie. She was executive producer of the TV series MVP, and also worked on Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion and Prom Queen: The Marc Hall Story. In 1988 she produced Where the Spirit Lives.

References

External links

Canadian television producers
Canadian women television producers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)


Eriogonum nortonii is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Pinnacles buckwheat. This small annual herb is endemic to California where it is known mainly from a few occurrences around the border between Monterey and San Benito Counties. It is sometimes seen on the protected land of Pinnacles National Park.

Description
This plant grows between 5 and 20 centimeters in height, with a thread-thin branched stem which is often red in color. Most of the leaves are 0.5 to 1.0 cm long and rounded, fuzzy underneath and wavy-edged. Tiny clusters of very light to deep pink flowers grow on minute erect stalks.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

References

nortonii
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
~
~
Natural history of San Benito County, California
Natural history of Monterey County, California


David John Morris (born 31 August 1984) is an Australian aerial/freestyle skier who competed in 3 Winter Olympic Games in 2010, 2014 and 2018.  He is Australia's most successful male aerial skier, having competed across FIS World Cup, World Championships and Winter Olympic competitions. He is the first Australian male aerial skier to compete at two consecutive Olympic Games, and the first Australian medalist in the Olympic Men's Aerials.

Early and personal life
Morris was born in Melbourne, as were his parents and siblings. He has a younger brother and younger sister.

At about four years of age, he commenced a lifelong passion for gymnastics at the Nunawading Gymnastics and Sports Club (NGSC, formally known as the Nunawading Youth Club) and he learned to ski at age three.  He has demonstrated capabilities in cricket, diving and football but has always returned to gymnastics and from there to aerial skiing.

He is a qualified Mathematics and Physical Education teacher and, when he is at home between training camps and competitions, occasionally works as an emergency relief teacher at Whitefriars College, Donvale. He also coaches gymnastics, cheerleading and trampoline and is in demand as a motivational speaker.

Morris released his self-published autobiography "SECOND NATURE - The Making of a Professional Athlete" in December 2014 following his Olympic silver medal performance in Sochi 2014.

Skiing career

Early aerial skiing career
Morris' talent for acrobatics and his potential to become an aerialist was originally discovered while working as a gymnastics coach at NGSC, by Kirstie Marshall, former Australian World Champion aerial skier, who was the local State Member of Parliament at the time.

Since Australia did not have a program for male aerial skiers, Marshall volunteered to coach him on weekends in the basics of aerial skiing and when she was expecting her second child, she enlisted the help of former Australian male aerial skier Jonathan Sweet, as a personal coach until Morris was ready for private training overseas.

Competitive performance

Morris won his first medal (a Silver) in an International Skiing Federation (FIS) race (USA selections) on 20 December 2007 in Park City and has gone on to become Australia's most successful male Aerial Skier, finishing the 2012/13 season ranked second in the World Cup standings. He has achieved a number of wins in various FIS Competitions.
He was the first Australia Male Aerial Skier to win a World Cup gold medal, and in doing so he became Australia's most successful male Aerial Skier. He would later go on to win a Silver Medal at the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games, becoming Australia's first male aerial skier to do so.

 Results as per the FIS, Source:

2010 Winter Olympics/Olympic debut

Morris' performances led to his selection in the Australian Olympic Team for the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, Canada, where he finished in 13th position.

He was the first Australian male to compete in aerial skiing at the Winter Olympics for 12 years.  During the Vancouver 2010 Games, Morris was coached by Jerry Grossi who formerly competed in aerial skiing for the USA.

Injury and comeback
In the 2010/11 competition season Morris injured his hip during a competition in Calgary, requiring surgery and a long recuperation.  As a result, he stepped out of competition during 2011/12 and re-evaluated whether to continue in the sport.  He used this break from the sport to complete his much deferred university course.

Having come to the view that he still had more to offer, Morris concentrated on regaining his fitness through gym work and recommenced competitive aerials in 2012/13.  His come-back season in 2012/13 proved to be his best ever with two podium finishes, including 1st place in Bukovel, Ukraine. His win was broadcast in Australia on Eurosport.

Morris was selected to compete for Australia at the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics.
He remains the only internationally competitive male aerial skier in Australia at any level and is therefore ranked 1st in Australia.

2014 Winter Olympics

Morris was one of 60 members of the Australian Winter Olympic team in the 2014 Olympic Winter Games in Sochi, Russia. He competed in the Men's Aerial Skiing competition held on 17 February 2014, winning the silver medal. He was coached by Cord Spero and Eli Budd.

Morris was also elected to be the flag bearer for the Australian team at closing ceremony of the 2014 Sochi Olympic Winter Games.

2018 Winter Olympics
Morris competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics where he finished 10th in the men’s aerials final.

Awards
Apart from his sporting achievements and Olympic Silver Medal, Morris has also received various other honours and awards, including:

– 2014 Ski and Snowboard Australia Athlete of the Year, Joint winner with Torah Bright.

– 2014 Sir Wilfred Kent Hughes Award: Awarded by the Victorian Olympic Council.

– The award for "Senior Sportsman of the Year" at Whitefriars College in 2014 (David's high-school) has been named in his honour.

– 2013 Ski and Snowboard Australia Aerial Skiing Athlete of the Year.

Current statistics
As at 11 September 2015, Morris is ranked 30th in the world based on FIS points.
At the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games, he qualified 3rd in the Olympic Winter Games selection rankings.  Morris finished the 2013–2014 Aerial Skiing World Cup season in 6th place. He has yet to compete in a subsequent World Cup season.
He holds the Australian Record for the highest point score of 247.91 at the Lake Placid World Cup on 18 January 2013, and the second highest point score of 242.93 at the Val Saint-Côme Freestyle skiing World Cup on 12 January 2013, for two consecutive jumps in an international competition.

Training

Morris travels extensively to the USA, Canada, Switzerland and Finland to train, jumping on snow during winter, and into water during warmer months. Morris is coached by Joe Davies and Jeff Bean, who formerly competed in aerial skiing for Canada. He has also benefited greatly from periodic coaching assistance by Michel Roth who is the Swiss Head Coach but is generous with his help for all athletes in aerial skiing.
His coach at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games were Cord Spiro and Eli Budd.

References

External links
David Morris' Personal website
David Morris' first-person articles

Australian male freestyle skiers
Skiers from Melbourne
Living people
1984 births
Olympic freestyle skiers for Australia
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
RMIT University alumni
Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Australian schoolteachers


Todd Michael Rizzo (born May 24, 1971) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played during two seasons at the Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox. He was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers as an amateur free agent . Rizzo played his first professional season with their Rookie league Gulf Coast Dodgers and Class A (Short Season) Yakima Bears in , and his last with the Camden Riversharks of the independent Atlantic League in . He played his last affiliated season for the Baltimore Orioles' Double-A Bowie Baysox and Triple-A Ottawa Lynx in .

References
"Todd Rizzo Statistics". The Baseball Cube. 25 January 2008.

External links

1971 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Birmingham Barons players
Bowie Baysox players
Calgary Cannons players
Camden Riversharks players
Charlotte Knights players
Chicago White Sox players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Gulf Coast Dodgers players
Las Vegas 51s players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Nashville Sounds players
Ottawa Lynx players
People from Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania
Baseball players from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Prince William Cannons players
Salt Lake Buzz players
San Antonio Tejanos players
Tyler Wildcatters players
Uni-President Lions players
Yakima Bears players


My Kind of Blues is the seventh studio album by American bluesman B.B. King. According to biographer David McGee, the songs were recorded in 1958 at the Chess Records studios in Chicago.  However, researcher Colin Escott identifies the recordings as being from a March 3, 1960 session, when King was under contract to the Bihari brothers and recorded in the Los Angeles area.

The Bihari's budget Crown Records issued the album in 1960. The liner notes contained a blurb about King's "particular form of jazz... blues-belter extraordinary" and little else. McGee notes that King is backed by a small combo composed of pianist Lloyd Glenn, bassist Ralph Hamilton, and drummer Jessie Sailes (most of King's recordings at the time included a horn section).

Three singles from the album were released by the Bihari's Kent Records; "Walkin' Mr. Bill" reached number 23 on Billboard's Hot R&B Sides chart in October 1960. In 2003, My Kind of Blues was reissued on CD by Ace Records with eight bonus tracks.

Critical reception

In a review for AllMusic, critic George Bedard rated the album three out of five stars and called it  "A masterpiece: a sparse, uncluttered sound with nothing to mask King's beautiful guitar and voice".
The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings calls it “One of the great B.B. King albums”.

Track listing
The original Crown LP and many reissues do not list the songwriters, producers, nor running times. Details are taken from the AllMusic review and may differ from other sources.

References

Sources

1961 albums
B. B. King albums
Crown Records albums


John Johnson was an Arctic explorer and World War II veteran.

Johnson server as cook and mechanic for the MacGregor Arctic Expedition (1937–1938).

He was killed while on active duty during World War II.

References
Inglis, Robert A Scout Goes North, 1938
MacGregor, Cliffort J. Monthly Weather Review, October 1939
"World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing Army and Army Air Forces Personnel, State of New Jersey" National Archive, June 1946
Sallach, David L. NJ Historical Commission Newsletter, February 1977
Vogel, Hal Ice Cap News, Nov-Dec 1977
Vogel, Hal They Brought Their Own Storms, 1977

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Explorers of the Arctic


Hydrogen pipeline transport is a transportation of hydrogen through a pipe as part of the hydrogen infrastructure.

History
1938 – Rhine-Ruhr The first  hydrogen pipes that are constructed of regular pipe steel, compressed hydrogen pressure , diameter . Still in operation.
1973 –  pipeline in Isbergues, France.
1985 – Extension of the pipeline from Isbergues to Zeebrugge
1997 – Connection of the pipeline to Rotterdam
1997 – 2000: Development of two hydrogen networks, one near Corpus Christi, Texas, and one between Freeport and Texas City.
2009 –  extension of the pipeline from Plaquemine to Chalmette.

Economics

Hydrogen pipeline transport is used to transport hydrogen from the point of production or delivery to the point of demand. Although hydrogen pipeline transport is technologically mature, and the transport costs are similar to those of CNG, most hydrogen is produced in the place of demand, with an industrial production facility every

Piping
For process metal piping at pressures up to , high-purity stainless steel piping with a maximum hardness of 80 HRB is preferred. This is because higher hardnesses are associated with lower fracture toughness so stronger, higher hardness steel is less safe.

Composite pipes are assessed like:
carbon fiber structure with fiberglass overlay  .
perfluoroalkoxy (PFA, MFA).
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) .
carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP)

Fiber-Reinforced Polymer pipelines (or FRP pipeline) and reinforced thermoplastic pipes are researched.

Carrying hydrogen in steel pipelines (grades: API5L-X42 and X52; up to 1,000psi/7,000kPa, constant pressure/low pressure cycling) does not lead to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen is typically stored in steel cylinders without problems.
Coal gas (also known as town gas) is 50% hydrogen and was carried in cast-iron pipes for half a century without any embrittlement issues.

Infrastructure

2004 - USA -  of low pressure hydrogen pipelines
2004 - Europe -  of low pressure hydrogen pipelines.

Gallery

See also
Guided rotor compressor
HCNG
Hydrogen economy
Hydrogen infrastructure
Hydrogen leak testing
Hydrogen station
Hydrogen turboexpander-generator
Pipeline transport
Plastic pressure pipe systems
Timeline of hydrogen technologies
Tubing (material)

References

External links
Hydrogen Transport by Pipeline
Idaho national laboratory
Composite
(ASME B31.12)
Hydrogen Embrittlement group

Pipeline transport
Piping
Hydrogen infrastructure
Hydrogen technologies
Industrial gases


Jean Watson, PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN, LL (AAN) is an American nurse theorist and nursing professor who is best known for her theory of human caring. She is the author of numerous texts, including Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. Watson's research on caring has been incorporated into education and patient care at hundreds of nursing schools and healthcare facilities across the world.

Biography
Watson was born July 21, 1940, in Welch, West Virginia, the youngest of eight children. She attended high school in West Virginia. Watson knew she wanted to be a nurse at the age of 10 when she saw a friend of her older sister having a seizure. Her father died suddenly when she was 16 years old, something she claims made her particularly sensitive to people and their suffering for the rest of her life. She attended the Lewis Gale School of Nursing located in Roanoke, Virginia, where she graduated in 1961. Keen to go beyond the medical pathology she learned at nursing school, Watson completed both her Bachelors and Masters degrees in Psychiatric Nursing at the University of Colorado at Boulder by 1966. In 1973, after earning her Ph.D. in Educational Psychology and Counseling, Watson begun her career teaching nursing courses at the CU College of Nursing. By 1979 she was the director of the university’s doctoral program, and in 1986 she became the founder and director of its Center for Human Care. She served as dean of the College of Nursing at the University Health Sciences Center and president of the National League for Nursing.

In 1997, Watson sustained an injury that resulted in the loss of her left eye, then a year later, her husband of 37 years died by suicide. She claims the two incidents allowed her to understand her work on another level, saying: “It was this journey of losing my eye and losing my world as I had known it, including my beloved and devoted husband, who shortly thereafter, committed suicide –that I awakened and grasped my own writing".

In 2008 she founded the Watson Caring Science Institute, an NGO that aims to advance Watson’s work on Caring Theory.

Caring theory
The theory of human caring, first developed by Watson in 1979, is patient care that involves a more holistic treatment for patients. As opposed to just using science to care for and heal patients, at the center of the theory of human caring is the idea that being more attentive and conscious during patient interactions allows for more effective and continuous care with a deeper personal connection. Watson's theory was influenced by several philosophers and thinkers including Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, each of whom were pioneers in creating the concept of transpersonal. Watson defines the idea of transpersonal as "an inter-subjective human-human relationship in which the person of the nurse affects and is affected by the person of the other. Both are fully present in the moment and feel a union with the other." The four major concepts in the science of caring are health, nursing, environment or society, and human being.

 Health: The connection between the mind, body, and spirit. This concept is dependent upon the likeness of how one is seen versus what they experience.
 Society: The value that society projects upon people about how they should act or achieve in life.
 Nursing: The science of human care and health. This involves interactions with individuals that have an active role in patient care and those that are being taken care of.
 Human being: A person that is valued, respected, and cared for. They are seen as fully functional and whole.
Over the course of her many academic works, Watson developed a set of 10 "caritive" processes to act as a guide for the core of nursing. The following are translation of the "carative" factors into clinical processes.

 Practice of loving kindness and equanimity within context of caring consciousness.
 Being authentically present, and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and the one-being-cared-for.
 Cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self, opening to others with sensitivity and compassion.
 Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship.
 Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for.
 Creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices.
 Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay within others’ frames of reference.
 Creating healing environment at all levels (physical as well as non-physical), subtle environment of energy and consciousness, whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated.
 Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, administering “human care essentials,” which potentiate alignment of mindbodyspirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care; tending to both the embodied spirit and evolving spiritual emergence.
 Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of one’s own lifedeath; soul care for self and the one-being-cared-for.
One of the USA’s largest healthcare delivery systems, Kaiser Permanente, has used Watson’s theory in California for many years. Stanford Health Care is also an affiliate of the Watson Caring Science Institute. In a 2023 interview, Watson stated that “I’ve been told that something like 300 hospitals use my work, so it’s had kind of a life of its own. But the thing is, it’s not my work – it’s nursing. I’m just giving a voice to nursing. I haven’t done anything original. I’ve just provided a language, and a philosophical and scientific framework that holds it together and makes it understandable”.

Academic appointments
Watson was appointed as the dean emerita of nursing at the University of Colorado in the fall of 1983, taking the university’s college of nursing into its “golden age”. During a 2023 interview, Watson revealed that she was at first reluctant to accept the position due to the amount of unrealized potential she saw in the college.

As dean, Watson advanced research and refined the university’s doctorate program. Seeing the need for a more interdisciplinary, philosophical-theory-guided approach to patient care, in 1986 she established the Center for Human Caring. She also established the Denver Nursing Project in Human Caring, which saw the university partner with local hospitals to support patients with AIDS and HIV.

In a 2023 interview, Watson recalled that one clinic at the Denver VA hospital “was totally community-oriented and guided under my theory. It was initiated because at the time the AIDS population was being hospitalized inappropriately. We listened to the people and provided whatever they wanted – whether it was exercise physiology, nutrition, healing touch, massage, or group therapy. It was totally interdisciplinary, and we were able to demonstrate that we saved over a million dollars every year by hosting that program”.

Faculty members remember Watson’s deanship transforming the college into an “epicenter for human caring”. Watson has stated that “I’ve had faculty tell me that it was like Camelot when I was dean. For me, it was great fun. It was challenging in terms of what we were doing, but I had good support from the chancellor. Even when we didn’t always agree, we agreed to disagree. So, it was really a very collaborative, exciting, and creative time. And faculty thrived. We were No. 5 in the country for research funded by the National Institutes of Health. That’s pretty special, and we haven’t gotten back there since".

She served as the dean of nursing at the University of Colorado from 1983 until 1990. While Caring Science is no longer such a large part of the nursing college at the university, it still offers a PhD in Nursing and Caring Science.

Watson also held the title of Distinguished Professor of Nursing; the highest honor accorded its faculty for scholarly work. In 1999 she assumed the Murchinson-Scoville Chair in Caring Science, the nation’s first endowed chair in Caring Science, based at the University of Colorado Denver & Anschutz Medical Center.

Prior to her deanship, Dr. Watson earned her baccalaureate in nursing from the University of Colorado Nursing in 1964. Two years later, she earned a master’s degree in psychiatric-mental health nursing, before earning her doctorate in educational psychology and counselling in 1973.

Leadership achievements
Watson founded the original Center for Human Caring in Colorado in 1988. She is a past president of the National League for Nursing. She is founder of the original Center for Human Caring in Colorado and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing. She is Founder and Director of non-profit foundation, Watson Caring Science Institute.

Honors and awards
Watson has been awarded sixteen honorary doctoral degrees, including thirteen international honorary doctoral degrees. She has received numerous awards including:

 Fetzer Institute Norman Cousins Award
 Fulbright Research Award
 Living Legend, inducted in 2013 by the American Academy of Nursing
 An international Kellogg Fellowship in Australia
 Pioneering Work in Caring Science award
 The honorary chairperson of the Japanese International Society of Caring and Peace
 The Visionary Award for Caring Science Leadership
She holds sixteen Honorary Doctoral Degrees, including 13 International Honorary Doctorates (E. G. Sweden, United Kingdom, Spain, British Colombia and Quebec, Canada, Japan, Turkey, Peru and Colombia, S. America, Ireland).

Works
Watson is the author and co-author of over 30 books on caring theory. Her first book, Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring, was published in 1979, Boston, Little Brown. It set out the frame work of Watson’s theory of caring and caritas factors. The book has been continually revised as Watson theories developed, so as to remain a comprehensive overview of the history and evolution of Caring Science philosophy and theory.

Her 2002 book Assessing and measuring caring in nursing and health sciences, and 2005 book Caring science as sacred science, have both received the American Journal of Nursing’s “Book of the Year” award.

Watson’s more recent work looks at unitary caring science, examining the role of nurses through the lens of world view of unison, belonging and connection.

References

Living people
1940s births
Nurses from West Virginia
American women nurses
Nursing school deans
Nursing educators
Nursing researchers
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The Superman of Earth-One is the incarnation of Superman that existed during the Silver Age and Bronze Age publications of DC Comics. He is also known by the following names: Silver Age Superman, Bronze Age Superman, and Pre-Crisis Superman.

History
In the mid-1950s, following the decline of superhero comics after World War II and the end of the Golden Age of comics, the editors at DC decided to revive some of their Golden Age superheroes with completely new origins and backstories. Starting with the Flash in Showcase #4 in 1956, new versions of DC's former heroes were gradually introduced as completely separate characters with no connection to previous incarnations. This concept eventually became canonized with the introduction of DC's multiverse in 1960s DC Comics.

With the introduction of DC's multiverse, it was retroactively declared that the version of Superman published between 1938 and the early 1950s lived in an alternate dimension called Earth-Two, while comics featuring Superman published since approximately the mid-1950s took place in a universe dubbed Earth-One. This was confirmed by the introduction of the Earth-Two Superman as a distinct character in Justice League of America #73 (August 1969). However, since Superman was one of several DC characters continuously published throughout the 1950s, there is no clear dividing line between the Earth-One and Earth-Two versions of Superman thus leading to a gray area between the Golden and Silver Ages. This was in part due to how Superman by that time had several comic books but each comic book had a different editor thus allowing for inconsistencies between titles.

Thus began to change in the late 1950s when Mort Weisinger was made group editor of all Superman titles and made an attempt to create a cohesive universe around Superman, “first serious attempt at a constantly developing continuity in comics history”. This was in part due to the advent of annuals which often reprinted earlier Superman stories thus allowing readers access to older stories and thus obliging Weisinger and his writers to create a consistent history for the character. This history/continuity (and with it the version of Superman that would go on to become the Earth-One Superman) effectively began in 1958 as Weisinger allowed for few stories prior to 1958 to be reprinted or referenced.

There were a few exceptions, though, as several stories published before the mid-1950s retroactively took place on Earth-One, such as Superman #78 from September–October 1952, the first appearance of the adult Lana Lang in Superman comics. Also, any Superman stories published before the mid-1950s that featured or mentioned Superboy also took place exclusively on Earth-One, as the Earth-Two Superman, per the earliest Superman comics, never had a Superboy career. The Silver Age/Earth-One Superman's first appearance in comics was, retroactively,  in Superman (volume 1) #46 (May 1947), the first time Superboy was referenced in a Superman story. The Earth-One Superman's first appearance (in a flash-forward) in a Superboy story was in Superboy #1 (March–April 1949).

This version of Superman remained in publication through 1986. After the 1985-86 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths, the Earth-One Superman was written out of continuity with the 1986 John Byrne miniseries The Man of Steel. However, the Earth-One Superman was given a send-off in the final, noncanonical-to-Earth-One "imaginary" story Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow? in Superman #423 (September 1986) and Action Comics #583 (September 1986).

Fictional biography
The Earth-One Superman's origin story was retold in various times; the most prominent retellings were in Superman #146 (July 1961), Limited Collectors' Edition #C-31 (November–December 1974), and Action Comics #500 (October 1979). Comic book magazine Amazing Heroes also provided a overview of Superman in the Silver and Bronze Ages.

As recounted in these retellings, Superman was born Kal-El on the planet Krypton to the illustrious El family whose genealogy had been manipulated for centuries by the Guardians of the Universe in the hope of one day creating the perfect hero. Krypton, however, was unstable and despite the best attempts of the Green Lantern of that sector they were unable to save the planet nor were warnings of Kal-El's father, Jor-El heeded. Determined to at least save their son, he and wife, Lara Lor-Van, sent Kal in an experimental rocket to Earth moments before the planet exploded. Unlike other versions of the character, his parents did not place him in the escape rocket as an infant but as a toddler and he was thus old enough to remember his parents and seeing them die with the planet.

Landing outside of the town of Smallville, the three-year-old Kal-El was found by elderly farming couple Jonathan and Martha Kent who sought to adopt him. To avoid questions as to where they had found the baby, the couple here left him on the doorstep of an orphanage and returned the next day. They formally adopted him and named him Clark after Martha's maiden name.

This version of Superman developed his full range of superpowers within minutes of arriving on Earth thus becoming "Superbaby." (The Silver Age version of the character is widely regarded as one of the most powerful.,) While Silver Age writers initially used "Superbaby" as a joke, later writers commented on his early development of superpowers by saying that the Kents made a point of raising their son to be a hero from the very day he arrived on Earth. However, on seeing the sheer power that his son possessed (even to the point of being able to destroy planets as a toddler) and that the boy, despite that power, had a child's level of restraint and maturity, Jonathon Kent began to fear his son and had nightmares of him taking over the world. However, he and his wife lost that fear on seeing their son cry at the death of a dog on account of his being able to see the life force of every living thing. That night, an eight year old Clark Kent donned his red and blue uniform for the very first time and swore an oath never to kill and to preserve life in all its forms, and that if he should break that oath, renounce his power forever.<ref>Superman: Miracle Monday" by Elliot S. Maggin, Chapter One and Chapter Two.</ref>

Soon after Clark Kent made his first public appearance as Superboy. Whilst there had been adventurers such as the magician John Zatara, Kent was still world's first superhero and it led to an uproar and fear. After telling his origin to reporter Perry White and meeting with the President of the United States, however, Superboy was granted American citizenship.

By this time, Clark had started school and his parents had sold their farm, moving into Smallville, where they opened a general store where he had a part-time job stacking shelves for his father. During his childhood, Superboy first met Lana Lang and Pete Ross. He was also reunited with his Kryptonian dog Krypto whom Jor-El had placed in a test rocket whilst preparing the vehicle that would take his son to Earth.

Superboy also first met in Smallville the boy who would become his main archenemy, the criminal genius Lex Luthor. They were initially friends but after Superboy unintentionally destroyed one of Luthor's science experiments, the young scientist grew bitter, thus leading to a rivalry and eventually a grudge that turned into a life of crime. Other foes Superboy encountered included the Kryptonite Kid, and various foes from his membership in the 30th century's superhero team, the Legion of Super-Heroes.

Superboy made Smallville famous but always saw it as a training ground for his eventual career as Superman, something he was aware of due to having used recovered Kryptonian technology to see the future. To that end he sought out and met the boy who would one day become his best friend and fellow heroes, Bruce Wayne (Batman). He also met Arthur Curry/"Aquaboy" who at the time was Earth-One's only other superhero and. He also met other teens who would later be heroes such as young Hal Jordan and Barbara Gordon

Shortly after Clark's high school graduation, both Jonathan and Martha Kent died of natural causes, though not before Jonathon made his son swear to use his powers for good as Superman. With no surviving family and nobody aware of his secret, he was alone. He, as Superboy, then bid goodbye to Smallville and as Clark Kent left to attend Metropolis University to earn a degree in journalism. His failure to save the people he loved the most despite all his power, had a profound effect on Kent and while in college, he even considered abandoning his heroic career. After realizing the good he had done, however and the good he could continue to do, ultimately forgave himself and changed his name from "Superboy" to "Superman."

After graduating from college, Clark obtained employment as a reporter with The Daily Planet though editor-in-chief Perry White was initially reluctant to hire himSuperman #133 (November 1959) and even after giving him a job was still leery of Kent. Stories detailing that also state that already established reporter Lois Lane, stood up for him, taking his side against White.

It was shortly after getting his job at the Daily Planet that Clark Kent began a relationship with Lois Lane, though unlike other versions of the characters, Lois initially hated Superman seeing him a conceited showoff. Instead, she was attracted to Clark Kent appreciating the rookie reporter's journalism skills and modesty, and they began dating. When Superman saved her, despite having lost his superpowers, her feelings reversed. Clark Kent did like Lois and hoped to start a relationship but found it awkward to compete against himself.

(He also met and befriended photographer Jimmy Olsen in both his identities.)

It was in this early phase of his career as Superman when he, who up til then only had American citizenship, was awarded honorary citizenship by the UN in each and everyone of its member countries in honor of all his heroic deeds on behalf of the whole world. Though the exact time was not specified, it was written as the climax of an origin story and thus presumably happens early on.

Superman's high school sweetheart, Lana Lang, who had followed him to Metropolis University reentered his life, as a TV reporter. She was a friendly rival to Lois for Superman's affections but while he loved both women, a recurring theme in Silver Age stories was his refusal to marry either one for fear that his enemies would take revenge on him by killing a non-super spouse. Another theme was the two women seeking to prove that Superman was Clark Kent and Superman "proving" that he was not.

It was at the very start of Superman's adult career, Lex Luthor, who plagued the hero as a youth in Smallville, returned and repeatedly faced him to prove his superiority over the hero by any means necessary. He was not the only foe Kal-El faced; new villains included the supervillain android Brainiac who stole and shrank various Earth cities. Superman freed those cities—and cities from other worlds such as the Kryptonian city of Kandor. He kept the bottled city in his Fortress of Solitude and sought repeatedly to restore it to its proper size.

After Superman reached adulthood, other superheroes soon debuted, including the hero who would become his best friend in the superhero community, Batman. The two heroes would engage in regular team-ups over their careers (as shown in the title World's Finest Comics). Another ally of Superman is his cousin Kara Zor-El, another survivor of Krypton's doom, who came to Earth and became Supergirl. Soon after Supergirl's arrival on Earth, Superman became a founding member of the Justice League of America, Earth-One's most prominent superhero team.

In 1971 with the advent of the Bronze Age of Comics, Clark began working as the evening news anchor for WGBS-TV after his new boss Morgan Edge purchased the Daily Planet. Along with Edge, Clark soon gained as coworkers WGBS-TV sports anchor Steve Lombard and childhood friend Lana Lang, who became Clark's co-anchor.

It was during the Bronze Age that the Earth One Superman began to reevaluate his life and decided that he had neglected his identity as Clark Kent and that he should allow himself to be more assertive in that identity. This was because, unlike later versions of the character he regarded Superman as his real identity and that he was only "disguised as a mild mannered reporter". While he always identified primarily as Superman, he nevertheless reclaimed his identity as Clark Kent, becoming a celebrity for his role as a news anchorman. He also found fame as print reporter, with people taking his being the single most honest and reliable reporter at the Daily Planet for granted.

It also at this time that Superman's purpose began to change. Whereas the more whimsical Silver Age uncritically showed him solving every problem he came across—no matter how small—and regularly raising billions for charity, writer Elliot S. Maggin addressed this in his "Must there be a Superman". There, the Guardians of the Universe (whose own Green Lanterns cannot directly interfere in mundane affairs) took note of all this and began to worry that he was robbing humanity of its initiative by solving every problem. They explained this to Superman who, on returning to Earth, saw that people actually were becoming dependent on him and so decided that, unless lives were at stake, he would no longer do for ordinary humans what they could do for themselves. This remained in place for the rest of the Bronze Age.

He also managed to restore the city of Kandor and placed it on people on an uninhabited world that was promptly named New Krypton.

He also began exploring the Multiverse with the Justice League. He learned of and met his Earth Two counterpart and the chief heroes of other dimensions as well such as Captain Marvel/Shazam. The most startling, however, was his finding Earth Prime, the "real" world in which he (and other DC heroes) were simply fictional characters. He learned of it from the Flash and found the idea that a world wherein everyone knows his secret identity strange and that could function without any superheroes even stranger. However, he overcame his initial unease and befriended the men and women at DC Comics including his most famous artist Curt Swan and his comic book editor Julius Schwartz. He was deeply touched by the idea that the people of the real world, despite only knowing of him as a fictional character still looked up to him as hero."Last Earth-Prime Story", by Elliot S. Maggin. Superman #411. (September 1985)

By this time, Superman managed to convince both Lois and Lana that he was not Clark Kent. However, he ultimately broke off his relationship with Lois saying that while he did love her, his responsibilities to the world and to the greater universe had to come first. For her part, Lois decided that she had wasted a good part of her career by staying in Metropolis for Superman’s sake and left. As both a journalist and as a woman, she had to get on with her life.

It was also hinted in conversations with his Golden Age/Earth Two counterpart, that the real reason he had never married his own Lois Lane was fear of commitment, rather that fears for her safety or that he would be too busy to be a good husband. Regardless, glimpses of the future, showed that this version of Superman would have eventually married Lois Lane

Other glimpses of the future showed that in the centuries to come, his legend would lead to a quasi-religion revolving around his deeds and those of other heroes; worshipers would dress as famous heroes and periodically attend conventions. Its chief holiday was “Miracle Monday” wherein celebrants would set aside a plate for Superman, hoping that he would visit and attend the sacred meal. In fact, whilst Superman would ultimately die, his descendants would continue the never-ending battle for truth and justice as they shepherded humanity in its exploration of the universe, intermarrying with mortals thus raising it to the next level of evolution.

The career of the Earth-One Superman came to an abrupt end, however, with the release of Crisis on Infinite Earths, an event meant to redefine DC's characters with the main villain Anti-Monitor attempting to destroy the universe but instead altering its history completely.

In 2011, however, years after it was published, Marv Wolfman revealed that just prior to the events in Crisis, which he wrote, that Superman was approached by a woman named Harbinger who explained to him that even if the Anti-Monitor were defeated, that the surviving reality would be left deformed. He was shown events of DC Comics ranging from the late 1980s to 2011 to show just how terrible the upcoming age would be. (He saw his own death, his fellow heroes in an identity crisis, Wonder Woman summarily executing people on live TV, the Amazons attack, Batman betraying the Justice League, etc.)

She asked him if that was the fate that awaited it, was the DC Universe even worth saving? Superman said that yes, no matter what happened, life was still worth living and the future still worth saving. He would carry on.

In the Crisis, Superman led the other heroes of the multiverse in the struggle against the Anti-Monitor—though he found himself targeted by the villain above other heroes. In the end, Anti-Monitor was defeated and the remaining universes saved but many heroes died in the struggle including his friend the Barry Allen Flash and his cousin Supergirl. After the struggle, he took her body to New Krypton where he, along with her parents, buried her.

This version of Superman was given a send off with Alan Moore’s “Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow?” which outgoing editor Julius Schwartz instructed to be written as if it were the last Superman story ever—which it in fact was for the Earth One Superman as that version of the character was replaced by John Byrne's reboot in the next issue.

The Earth-One Superman was long thought erased but in the years since Crisis glimpses of parallel dimensions, alternate timelines, and the restored multiverse shows, that however remote, he and the Earth One universe still exist.

Allies
As the first prominent superpowered superhero of Earth-One, Superboy met few other peers his own age outside of his trips to the 30th Century to serve as part of the Legion of Super-Heroes. Earth-One's main other superpowered superhero during Superboy's era was the teenaged Aquaman (who called himself "Aquaboy"). After Superman reached adulthood, other superheroes made their debuts, including Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, the Flash, and the Martian Manhunter. The above group of heroes plus Superman decided to form the superhero team the Justice League of America.

Fellow Kryptonians
Besides Supergirl, other Kryptonians were revealed as having survived the explosion of Krypton. These included the denizens of the bottle city of Kandor, Superman's pet dog Krypto, and the prisoners in the Phantom Zone.

Equipment
As an adult, Superman made prominent use of his Fortress of Solitude. An elaborate facility located in the Arctic, the Fortress traditionally could only be accessed with the use of a giant-sized key only Superman could lift.

Superman also made extensive use of Superman robots, robots that could pose as Superman (or Clark Kent) as needed, with a fraction of his abilities. However, the robots became largely disused by the early 1970s.

Post-Crisis use of Earth-One elements

Crisis on Infinite Earths
Along with the existence of his Earth-Two counterpart, Superman's Earth-One existence and history were erased from continuity, after the conclusion of 1985-86 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths, following the destruction of the Pre-Crisis universe in that storyline. The Post-Crisis Earth would be an entirely new continuity, and the Post-Crisis Superman an entirely new person, but some aspects of the Earth-One version remained intact. However, Clark's career as Superboy, Supergirl, and Superman's tenure with the Legion of Super-Heroes were removed entirely from the new timeline.  Writer John Byrne acknowledged that he intended to reintroduce several modified Silver Age aspects such as Superboy to the comics, but he was fired after two years due to "creative differences" with DC.

Infinite Crisis
A year after the Infinite Crisis, a number of the Earth-One elements have been restored to the Post-Crisis Earth (dubbed "New Earth").  Although several Byrne aspects, such as his portrayal of Clark's football days and love interest in Lana, remain in continuity, the Kryptonian criminal Jax-Ur has been re-introduced into "Post-Infinite Crisis" canon in the Superman: Last Son story arc, and Clark is revealed to have been made an honorary member of the Legion of Super-Heroes during his late teens. According to Clark, he met Mon-El and wrongly assumed him to have been his long-lost brother from Krypton, based on their similar names, and Superman still has a Legion flight ring in his possession. He is shown to have been wearing glasses as far back as his adolescent Smallville years, and he has actively been saving lives in a low-profile.

Other versions
 Superman: Earth One

an original graphic novel written by J. Michael Straczynski and with art by Shane Davis. The story focuses on a young Superman's decisions to use his powers to help the world rather than use his powers for his own benefit. Due to the weekly series Trinity creating a new Earth One this may be part of the DC Multiverse, as J. Michael Straczynski said that it is not part of the main DCU.
Grant Morrison's critically acclaimed All-Star Superman draws inspiration from this version of Superman in order to "strip down the Man of Steel to his timeless, essential elements". Among older classic elements of the character are things such as.
a career as "Superboy" and the death of Pa Kent being what motivated Clark to leave Smallville
Luthor being primarily a mad scientist able to escape at will from prison.
Superman's being able to see the life force of living things and this influencing his character
Clark Kent being clumsy and timid.
robot duplicates that exist to aid Superman

 Superman:Birthright

Mark Waid's retold Superman's origin and restored various elements of the pre-Crisis/Silver Age version of Superman, namely he and Luthor having been friends in Smallville until a ruined science experiment left Luthor embittered and angry and that Superman has the power to see the life force of living things. Waid has been quoted as saying that he regards the Superman novels of Elliot S. Maggin—Superman's chief writer in the Bronze Age—as being his textbooks on the character, "who he is, and who those around him are. My textbook." He went on record as saying that Birthright was in inspired by Superman: The Movie—which was itself based on pre-Crisis/Silver age version of the character.

In other media
 The 1980s TV series Superboy, featured John Haymes Newton (Season 1) and Gerard Christopher (Season 2-onwards) in the role of the college-aged Clark Kent/Superboy.  Like the Earth-One Superboy, he was depicted as being a peer (but not a friend) of fellow student Lex Luthor, who blamed him for the loss of his hair after he rescued him from a laboratory accident.
 Superman: The Movie was based upon the Superman of this era, showing things such as Luthor being a terrorist/criminal rather than an evil businessman, Superman (not Clark Kent) being the dominant personality and his failure to save his adopted father being what led him to leave Smallville and eventually become a hero.
 Both The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure and Super Friends'' featured a Superman based on this era's version of the character, namely he and Lex Luthor having been friends as children before the young scientist's turn to evil and his being best friends with Batman.
  Injustice features an adaption of the Earth-One Superman by including an alternate universe Superman, who wears the classic costume in comparison to the main universe Superman who wears a more modern inspired costume. Interestingly Mister Terrific, who had been mapping out the multiverse, claims that the alternate Superman is from Earth-9 while the main universe is Earth-1 only for the alternate Superman to say the opposite and that they are Earth-22.

See also
 Superman (Earth-Two)
 Ultraman (comics)
 Alternative versions of Superman
 History of Superman (Silver Age)
 History of Superman (Bronze Age)

References

Alternative versions of Superman
Comics characters introduced in 1945
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics martial artists
DC Comics orphans
Fictional characters from Maryland
Fictional characters who can manipulate time
Fictional characters with air or wind abilities
Fictional characters with dimensional travel abilities
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional characters with X-ray vision
Fictional reporters
Kryptonians
United States-themed superheroes
Time travelers
Superman characters


Primary State Highway 6 (PSH 6) was a Washington state highway in the older primary and secondary system that existed from 1937 until 1964 in Spokane and Pend Oreille counties. The road ran from an intersection with ,  (US 2, formerly  and ) and  in Spokane north to  (BC 6) at the Canada–US border near Metaline Falls, passing its branch route and two secondary routes.

PSH 6 was originally named State Road 23 in 1915 and ran from Spokane to Newport until it was extended to the Canada–US border in 1921. State Road 23 was renumbered to State Road 6 and later co-signed with US 195 from Spokane to Newport in 1926. In 1937, the primary and secondary system was created, renumbering State Road 6 to PSH 6 and creating two branch routes and two secondary routes,  (SSH 6A) and . US 195 was later replaced with US 2 when it was expanded west in 1946 and later was decommissioned in 1964, when a new system, the sign routes (later state routes) were introduced. PSH 6 was divided into US 2 from Spokane to Newport and  (SR 31) from Newport to Canada as part of the new system.

Route description

Primary State Highway 6 (PSH 6) began at a 3-way junction with , co-signed with U.S. Route 2 (US 2) and , formerly with  and US 10 Alternate, north of Downtown Spokane. From the junction, the highway became co-signed with US 2 (formerly US 195 and US 10 Alternate and traveled northeast to intersect what was US 2 prior to 1955 in Mead. The roadway then turned north, paralleling railroad tracks that belonged to the Great Northern Railway (now owned by BNSF Railway), which it would parallel to Newport. At Colbert, an overpass over the road served another Great Northern Railway line where the current BNSF Railway left PSH 6; from Colbert, the roadway passed Chattaroy and Milan before it left Spokane County to enter Pend Oreille County.

Once in Pend Oreille County, the highway curved northeast past  (SSH 6B) and Diamond Lake, which also has a community named after the lake, into Newport. In Newport, the road turned north and intersected its branch route, which connected east to Idaho and US 2 left to become co-signed with the branch. After US 2 left, PSH 6 once again turned northwest along the Pend Oreille River and a former route of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (now the Pend Oreille Valley Railroad) to Usk, where SSH 6B was intersected again. From Usk, the roadway continued north past Cusick, Locke, Jared and Ruby to Tiger, where  branched off the highway and traveled west to Colville. The road traveled through Ione and Metaline to Metaline Falls, the terminus of the railroad and the last major community on the roadway until the Canada–US border. PSH 6 bridged the Pend Oreille River at Metaline Falls and traveled north to the Canada–US border, where it became  (BC 6). The southern terminus in Spokane was the busiest section of the highway in 1960, with a daily average of 4,850 motorists; the busiest section in Pend Oreille County was at Newport city limits with a daily average of 2,150 motorists in 1960.

History

PSH 6 was first established in 1915 as State Road 23 (SR 23) on a Spokane–Tiger route, which would be extended to the Canada–US border in 1921. In 1923, the road became SR 6 and was co-signed with U.S. Route 195 (US 195) from Spokane to Newport in 1926 during the creation of the U.S. routes. During the creation of the Primary and secondary state highways in 1937, SR 6 became PSH 6 and two secondary highways along with a short branch were created. A roadway extending from Colville () to Tiger (PSH 6) became  (SSH 6A), a short bypass of Newport became  and a short connector to US 195 in Idaho within Newport became the branch. In 1946,  was also co-signed onto the highway, replacing , which had used the same route before 1946. The Washington State Legislature introduced a new system of highways in 1964 that replaced the Primary and secondary highways, including PSH 6. PSH 6 was replaced by US 2 from Spokane to Newport and  (SR 31) from Newport to the Canada–US border; SSH 6A became ; SSH 6B became  and the branch became US 2.  was later extended over SR 294 and SR 31 between Newport and Tiger in 1973; SR 311 was renumbered to  in 1975.

Branch

PSH 6 had only one branch that ran  long within Newport. The road started at PSH 6 and went east, co-signed with  (US 2) and , to the Idaho state line, which also was an intersection with  (SH-41). The branch was designated in 1937 during the creation of the Primary and secondary system and became co-signed with US 195 in 1926 and US 2 in 1946, the former was later shortened south to Spokane by 1979.

Secondary State Highways

SSH 6A

The  long SSH 6A began at , co-signed with , in Colville, the county seat of Stevens County. From Colville, the highway passed the Colville Municipal Airport, a Dolomite mine and a sawmill before paralleling Pend Oreille Creek and passing the  Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge. From the wildlife refuge, the roadway paralleled the shoreline of Lake Thomas into Pend Oreille County and passed another mine to end at PSH 6 in Tiger. The road, named the Colville–Tiger Road, was established in 1937, even though a segment extending from a radar station south of Lake Thomas to the Pend Oreille County line wasn't built until after 1966. During the 1964 highway renumbering, SSH 6A became , which became  in 1973. The busiest segment on the highway was east of Colville with a daily average of 1,400 in 1960.

SSH 6B

SSH 6B began its  long route at PSH 6, co-signed with  west of Diamond Lake, which also has a community named after the lake. From Diamond Lake, the highway traveled north past Davis Lake to end at PSH 6 in Usk, a community south of Cusick. The roadway was established in 1937 and became  during the highway renumbering in 1964, which became  in 1975. The busiest segment on the highway was the southern terminus near Diamond Lake, with a daily average of 600 in 1960.

Major intersections

Branch intersections

SSH 6A intersections

SSH 6B intersections

See also

Primary State Highways (Washington)

References

External links

Highways of Washington State
SSH 6A
SSH 6B

06
Transportation in Spokane County, Washington
Transportation in Pend Oreille County, Washington