The kujang is a bladed weapon native to the Sundanese people of West Java, Indonesia. The earliest kujang made is from around the 8th or 9th century. It is forged out of iron, steel, and pattern welding steel with a length of approximately 20–25 cm and weighs about 300 grams. According to Sanghyang siksakanda ng karesian canto XVII, the kujang was the weapon of farmers and has its roots in agricultural use. It is thought to have originated from its predecessor, a kudi. The kujang is one of the traditional weapons in the Sundanese school of pencak silat. The kujang, like the keris, is a blade of sentimental and spiritual value to the people of Indonesia, who have a vast belief in supernatural powers.

Description
Characteristics of a kujang include a cutting edge and other parts such as pepatuk / congo the tip of the blade, eluk / silih the bulging curve at the base of the blade, tadah the inward curve at the belly of the blade, and mata small holes on the blade that are covered with gold or silver. Apart from its unique characteristics that tend to be thin, the material is dry, porous and contains many natural metal elements.

In Bogor poem as it is spoken by Anis Djatisunda (1996–2000), the kujang has many functions and shapes. Based on functions there are four of them namely, kujang pusaka (symbol of grandeur and safety protection), kujang pakarang (warfare), kujang pangarak (ceremonial), and kujang pamangkas (agricultural tool). As for the shapes, there is the kujang jago (shape of a rooster), kujang ciung (shape of a Javan cochoa bird), kujang kuntul (shape of an egret bird), kujang badak (shape of a rhinoceros), kujang naga (shape of a mythical dragon), and kujang bangkong (shape of a frog). Apart from that, there are shapes of the kujang blade that resemble female characters of wayang kulit as a symbol of fertility.

See also

 Kujang Monument
 Keris
 Kudi

References

Blade weapons
Weapons of Indonesia
Weapons of Java
Sundanese culture


Douglas "Doug" Killmer (July 18, 1947 – August 29, 2005) was an American blues and rock bass guitarist active from the 1960s to the late 1990s. He is sometimes credited as Douglas Kilmer or Doug Kilmer. He is best remembered for playing the bass line on Norman Greenbaum's 1970 hit "Spirit in the Sky" (number 333 on Rolling Stone 's list of 500 greatest songs of all time). In addition to this, he played on the Otis Rush Grammy Award-nominated 1976 song "Right Place, Wrong Time," and Rita Abrams' Grammy-nominated song "Mill Valley." He was active in the San Francisco Bay Area music scene for over three decades.

Early years
He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Shortly after his birth, his family moved to Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands where his father was stationed as part of the American occupation force. After his father left the military, the family moved to India and Turkey as part of his father's job in the United States Foreign Service. During his early travels, he learned to speak Japanese, Hindustani (Hindi is the name of the language), and German.

As a teenager, he lived in Indialantic, Florida so that his father could pursue a career with NASA. He attended Melbourne High School in Melbourne, Florida where he was known as "Chico" by his closest friends. It was during this period that he learned to play the Guitar and Bass.  (Actually he started playing guitar in Bombay in 1961, he picked up bass after returning to the US.)  He played in a number of local bands in Indialantic during this period, such as his band "The Sonics".

At the age of 17, he and high school friends Russell DaShiell, Rick Jaeger, and Lance Massey formed the band "The Beau Gentry". They eventually relocated to the Midwest where the Beau Gentry experienced moderate success performing in Wisconsin.

1970s to 1990s
After the dissolution of the Beau Gentry, Killmer traveled to California where he played with a number of bands including Crowfoot that featured his Beau Gentry band-mates.   He eventually settled in Novato, California with his wife and children. In 1970, he played the bass line on Norman Greenbaum's hit "Spirit in the Sky" which sold over a million copies and was certified gold. Shortly after this he appeared on American Bandstand with Greenbaums group where they performed Spirit in the Sky. He also played with such notables as Blue Cheer, Commander Cody,  Nick Gravenites, Michael Bloomfield, David LaFlamme, Linda Tillery & The Loading Zone, The Stoval Sisters, Jesse Barish, Booker T. Jones, Luther Tucker, Charlie Musselwhite, Barry "The Fish" Melton, John Cipollina, Carla Thomas, Pete Escovedo & Azteca, Tommy Roe, The FG's, Mark Naftalin, The Dovells, Dee Clark, Redwing, and Curly Cooke's Hurdy Gurdy Band.

In 1997, Killmer got pneumonia which landed him in the hospital for several months and nearly took his life. During this time, his friends in the music industry organized two benefits, one at the Sweetwater Saloon in Mill Valley, California and the other at Maritime Hall in San Francisco, California, in order to raise money for his wife and three young children. After beating pneumonia, he was no longer able to afford the high cost of living in Novato, California so he decided to move his family north.

During the late-1990s, he moved with his wife and three children to Mendocino County, California. In Mendocino County, he moved his family to Brooktrails just outside Willits, California. After living there for 18 months, he again moved his family, this time to a remote  cattle ranch between Willits, California and Laytonville, California. During this period, he continued to perform in Occidental, California at Negri's Bar every Friday night with Nick Gravenites.

Later years
Killmer stopped performing regularly in 2000 in order to spend time with his family and help raise his young children. During this period, he performed irregularly and spent most of his time taking care of his children and performing duties on the ranch. He also became active in his children's school, Sherwood School, in the mountains north of Willits, California. He served as president of F.O.S.S.I, Friends of Sherwood School Incorporated, during this period.

He died on August 29, 2005, at his home surrounded by his family, after a long battle with liver cancer. His life was celebrated by his fellow San Francisco Bay Area musicians at a fund-raiser memorial for his family in Mill Valley, California at the Sweetwater Saloon.

References

External links
Sweetwater Saloon information page on the Doug Killmer Fundraiser
Information on the Beau Gentry
Vintage Guitar Magazine with a short piece on Killmer's Bass
John Cipollina and Doug Killmer Pictured together
San Francisco Chronicle article on Killmer's 1997 Benefit
San Francisco Chronicle article featuring Killmer from 1997
San Francisco Chronicle article about the 30th Anniversary of the Summer of Love featuring Killmer

1947 births
2005 deaths
American rock musicians
American blues guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American session musicians
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from liver cancer
20th-century American bass guitarists
People from Willits, California
People from Novato, California
People from Indialantic, Florida
Guitarists from Chicago
Guitarists from Florida
Guitarists from California
20th-century American male musicians


Ordered dithering is an image dithering algorithm. It is commonly used to display a continuous image on a display of smaller color depth. For example, Microsoft Windows uses it in 16-color graphics modes. The algorithm is characterized by noticeable crosshatch patterns in the result.

Threshold map

The algorithm reduces the number of colors by applying a threshold map  to the pixels displayed, causing some pixels to change color, depending on the distance of the original color from the available color entries in the reduced palette.

Threshold maps come in various sizes, which is typically a power of two:

The map may be rotated or mirrored without affecting the effectiveness of the algorithm. This threshold map (for sides with length as power of two) is also known as an index matrix or Bayer matrix.

Arbitrary size threshold maps can be devised with a simple rule: First fill each slot with a successive integer. Then reorder them such that the average distance between two successive numbers in the map is as large as possible, ensuring that the table "wraps" around at edges.  For threshold maps whose dimensions are a power of two, the map can be generated recursively via:

This function can also be expressed using only bit arithmetic:

 M(i, j) = bit_reverse(bit_interleave(bitwise_xor(i, j), i)) / n ^ 2

Pre-calculated threshold maps

Rather than storing the threshold map as a matrix of × integers from 0 to , depending on the exact hardware used to perform the dithering, it may be beneficial to pre-calculate the thresholds of the map into a floating point format, rather than the traditional integer matrix format shown above.

For this, the following formula can be used:

 Mpre(i,j) = (Mint(i,j)+1) / n^2

This generates a standard threshold matrix.

for the 2×2 map:

this creates the pre-calculated map:

Additionally, normalizing the values to average out their sum to 0 (as done in the dithering algorithm shown below) can be done during pre-processing as well by subtracting  from every value:

 Mpre(i,j) = (Mint(i,j)+1) / n^2 – 0.5

creating the pre-calculated map:

Algorithm

The ordered dithering algorithm renders the image normally, but for each pixel, it offsets its color value with a corresponding value from the threshold map according to its location, causing the pixel's value to be quantized to a different color if it exceeds the threshold.

For most dithering purposes, it is sufficient to simply add the threshold value to every pixel (without performing normalization by subtracting ), or equivalently, to compare the pixel's value to the threshold: if the brightness value of a pixel is less than the number in the corresponding cell of the matrix, plot that pixel black, otherwise, plot it white. This lack of normalization slightly increases the average brightness of the image, and causes almost-white pixels to not be dithered. This is not a problem when using a gray scale palette (or any palette where the relative color distances are (nearly) constant), and it is often even desired, since the human eye perceives differences in darker colors more accurately than lighter ones, however, it produces incorrect results especially when using a small or arbitrary palette, so proper normalization should be preferred.

In other words, the algorithm performs the following transformation on each color  of every pixel:

where  is the threshold map on the -th row and -th column,  is the transformed color, and  is the amount of spread in color space. Assuming an RGB palette with  evenly distanced colors where each color (a triple of red, green and blue values) is represented by an octet from 0 to 255, one would typically choose . ( is again the normalizing term.)

Because the algorithm operates on single pixels and has no conditional statements, it is very fast and suitable for real-time transformations. Additionally, because the location of the dithering patterns always stays the same relative to the display frame, it is less prone to jitter than error-diffusion methods, making it suitable for animations. Because the patterns are more repetitive than error-diffusion method, an image with ordered dithering compresses better. Ordered dithering is more suitable for line-art graphics as it will result in straighter lines and fewer anomalies.

The values read from the threshold map should preferably scale into the same range as the minimal difference between distinct colors in the target palette. Equivalently, the size of the map selected should be equal to or larger than the ratio of source colors to target colors. For example, when quantizing a 24 bpp image to 15 bpp (256 colors per channel to 32 colors per channel), the smallest map one would choose would be 4×2, for the ratio of 8 (256:32). This allows expressing each distinct tone of the input with different dithering patterns.

A variable palette: pattern dithering

Non-Bayer approaches
The above thresholding matrix approach describes the Bayer family of ordered dithering algorithms. A number of other algorithms are also known; they generally involve changes in the threshold matrix, equivalent to the "noise" in general descriptions of dithering.

Halftone
Halftone dithering performs a form of clustered dithering, creating a look similar to halftone patterns, using a specially crafted matrix.

Void and cluster
The Void and cluster algorithm uses a pre-generated blue noise as the matrix for the dithering process. The blue noise matrix keeps the Bayer's good high frequency content, but with a more uniform coverage of all the frequencies involved shows a much lower amount of patterning.

The "voids-and-cluster" method gets its name from the matrix generation procedure, where a black image with randomly initialized white pixels is gaussian-blurred to find the brightest and darkest parts, corresponding to voids and clusters. After a few swaps have evenly distributed the bright and dark parts, the pixels are numbered by importance. It takes significant computational resources to generate the blue noise matrix: on a modern computer a 64×64 matrix requires a couple seconds using the original algorithm.

This algorithm can be extended to make animated dither masks which also consider the axis of time. This is done by running the algorithm in three dimensions and using a kernel which is a product of a two-dimensional gaussian kernel on the XY plane, and a one-dimensional Gaussian kernel on the Z axis.

References

 Ordered Dithering (Graphics course project, Visgraf lab, Brazil)
 Dithering algorithms (Lee Daniel Crocker, Paul Boulay and Mike Morra)

Further reading

External links
 Matlab implementation of various dithering methods
 anim8gdx, Java implementation of various (mostly ordered) dithering methods

Image processing
Articles with example pseudocode


Albon may refer to:

 Albon (surname)
 Albon (medication)
 Albon, Drôme, a commune of southeastern France
 Château d'Albon, a ruined castle in Albon, Drôme

See also

 Albone (disambiguation)


Patricia Bragg (; April 29, 1929 – August 10, 2023) was an American businesswoman, author, and health consultant. She served as the nominal head of Bragg Live Food Products and Books, and chairperson of the Bragg Health Institute.

Patricia Pendelton was born in Oakland, California, on April 29, 1929, daughter of Harry Clay Pendleton (1874–1961), a building contractor, and Nettie (née Coward) Deacon Pendleton (1898–1964). She was raised in Piedmont, California, where she attended both grammar school and high school. She graduated from Mary Wallace School, a private Piedmont high school for girls, in June 1947.

After finishing high school, she attended the University of California, Berkeley for two years. In an interview published in the Santa Barbara News-Press on March 8, 2011, Bragg said she graduated from that institution with a "bachelor's degree in biochemistry".

On April 19, 1952, Patricia Pendleton and Robert E. Bragg (1922–1993) married at the First Presbyterian Church in Phoenix, Arizona. The marriage did not last long and they divorced in 1957, in Los Angeles County, California. Prior to and following their divorce proceedings, Bragg assisted her former father-in-law, Paul C. Bragg, with his health crusades. She later appeared on his Health & Happiness TV show, which ran from September 1959 to an unknown date on Channel 9, KHJ-TV, in Los Angeles, CA. She is attributed as a co-author of many of the later Bragg health books.

Bragg died at her home in Goleta, California, on August 10, 2023, at the age of 94.

References

External links
 Braggs Website

1929 births
2023 deaths
American women in business
People from Piedmont, California
University of California alumni
21st-century American women


Rebecca bat Meir Tiktiner (; died 1605), was a Yiddish writer, whose works include a treatise on Jewish ethics in the style of musar literature as well as a poem about Simchat Torah.

Life
She or her father probably resided in the northeast Poland town of Tykocin. According to the records of the Altneushul, she was married to someone with rabbinic training (ha-rav rabbi).

The ethical treatise, "Meneket Rivkah" (Prague, 1609. Cracow, 1618), is 36 folios long and organized by seven gates. The author focuses on the duties of a housewife in various relationships (e.g., to husband or guest) as well as a general ethical approach, dealing with niddah, health social practices. The treatise includes stories from the Talmud and midrashic literature. Tiktiner differentiates between the wisdom of the body and of the soul (guf and nefesh). This practical guidelines "paint a vivid picture of Jewish women's daily lives in the early modern period." Von Rohde claims that this is "probably the first substantive published book in Yiddish written by a Jewish women)".

Rebecca also wrote a rhymed Yiddish hymn for the holiday of Simḥat Torah, entitled Eyn Simkhas Touro Lid, which describes an eschatological, festive banquet for men and women alike. The poem, which survives in two separate undated 17th century printings, consists of 40 rhyming couplets (with acrostic), in which each verse is followed by the refrain hallelujah.

She was born before 1550 and died in 1605. She was buried in Prague.

See also
 Paula Dei Mansi

References

Bibliography
Cooper, Levi. "From the Classics: A Remnant of Tiktin". Jewish Educational Leadership Vol 4 no. 1 (Fall 2005) pp. 42–46.
Kadari, Tamar. "Rebecca Tiktiner's Simhat Torah Poem" in Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues Fall 2007, No. 14:233-241

Shmeruk, Chone, "The First Jewish Authoress in Poland - Rivka Tiktiner and her Works”, Gal Ed 4-5 (1978), pp. 1-11 (in Hebrew).
Zinberg, Israel. Old Yiddish Literature from Its Origins to the Haskalah Period. KTAV, 1975. . On Rebecca bat Meir Tiktiner's Simchat Torah poem, see p. 51ff.

16th-century Jews
16th-century Polish women writers
16th-century Polish writers
Judaism and women
People from Tykocin
Polish Ashkenazi Jews
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Yiddish-language poets


Michel van der Aa (; born 10 March 1970) is a Dutch composer of contemporary classical music.

Early years
Michel van der Aa was born 10 March 1970 in Oss. He trained as a recording engineer at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, and studied composition with Diderik Wagenaar, Gilius van Bergeijk, and Louis Andriessen.

Career
The music of van der Aa has been performed by ensembles and orchestras internationally. Those include the AskoSchönberg ensemble, Freiburger Barockorchester, Ensemble Modern, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, Dutch National Opera, Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg, Seattle Chamber Players, Ensemble Nomad Tokyo, musikFabrik, Continuum Ensemble Toronto, Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra, Netherlands Radio Orchestras, Norrköping Symphony Orchestra, Sweden, and the Helsinki Avanti! Chamber Orchestra.

He completed a short program in film directing at the New York Film Academy in 2002. He also participated in the Lincoln Center Theater Director's Lab, a short, intensive course in stage direction in 2007.

Michel van der Aa's music theatre works, including the chamber opera One (2002), the opera  (2006, Amsterdam) and the music theatre work The Book of Disquiet, have received international critical praise. The innovative aspect of these operas is their use of film images and sampled soundtracks as an essential element of the score.

He directed the television production of One for the Dutch national broadcasting company NPS. Passage (2004), a short film by van der Aa, has been shown at several international festivals and has been aired on Dutch national television.

He has been a featured artist at the Perth Tura New Music Festival and Holland Festival. He has collaborated with choreographers such as Kazuko Hirabayashi, Philippe Blanchard, Ben Wright and Annabelle Lopez Ochoa.

Awards
Van der Aa was the recipient of the Gaudeamus International Composers Award in 1999. He also received the prestigious Matthijs Vermeulen Award for One in 2004. He received the Siemens Composers' Prize in 2005. He also received the Charlotte Köhler Prize for his directing work and the interdisciplinary character of his oeuvre in the same year. He was awarded the Hindemith Prize of the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival in 2006.

In November 2012 it was announced that van der Aa would be the recipient of the 2013 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Music Composition, for his cello concerto Up-Close, a 'highly innovative fusion of musical and visual art' written for Sol Gabetta and the Amsterdam Sinfonietta. In 2013 he won the Mauricio Kagel Music Prize.

Projects
Van der Aa's 3D film-opera Sunken Garden, a collaboration with David Mitchell, author of Cloud Atlas, was a joint commission from English National Opera, Barbican Centre, Toronto Luminato Festival, Opéra National de Lyon, and the Holland Festival. It was given its première by English National Opera conducted by André de Ridder at the Barbican Centre, London, on 12 April 2013, with Roderick Williams in the role of Toby.

His music is recorded on the Harmonia Mundi, Col Legno, Composers' Voice, BVHaast, and VPRO Eigenwijs labels, as well as his own label Disquiet Media.

Works

Opera and music theatre

 Vuur (2001), opera, for solo voice, actors, singers, ensemble and soundtrack
 One (2002), chamber opera, for soprano, soundtrack and film
 libretto by the composer
  (2005–06), opera, for six solo voices, ensemble, soundtrack, and film
 libretto by the composer, after Hirokazu Kore-Eda
 The Book of Disquiet (2008), music theatre, for actor, ensemble, soundtrack and film
 libretto after Fernando Pessoa, adapted by the composer
 Sunken Garden (2011–12), opera, for three singers, ensemble, soundtrack, and film
 libretto by David Mitchell
Blank Out (2015–16), chamber opera, for soprano, baritone (film), choir (film) and 3D film
Eight (2018–19), virtual reality installation, for mezzo-soprano, soprano, choir, soundtrack, VR
Upload (2021, Bregenzer Festspiele), music and libretto by van der Aa, for soprano, baritone, small orchestra, film projection, motion capture

Orchestra

 See-Through (2000), for orchestra
 Here [to be found] (2001), for soprano, chamber orchestra, and soundtrack
 Here [enclosed] (2003), for chamber orchestra and soundtrack
 Second Self (2004), for orchestra and soundtrack
 Imprint (2005), for Baroque orchestra
 Spaces of Blank (2007), song-cycle for mezzo-soprano, orchestra and soundtrack
 Violin Concerto (2014) for violin and orchestra

Ensemble

 Span (1996), for ensemble and soundtrack
 Between (1997), for percussion quartet and soundtrack
 Above (1999), for ensemble and soundtrack
 Attach (1999–2000), for ensemble and soundtrack
 Here [in circles] (2002), for soprano (with small cassette player) and ensemble
 Mask (2006), for ensemble and soundtrack
 Up-Close (2010), concerto for solo cello, strings ensemble/orchestra, soundtrack and film

Chamber music

 Auburn (1994), for guitar (classical or electric) and soundtrack
 Oog (1995), for cello and soundtrack
 Double (1997), for violin and piano
 Quadrivial (1997), for flute, violin, cello, and prepared piano
 Solo (1997), for percussion solo
 Wake (1997), for percussion duo
 Caprce (1999), for violin solo
 Just Before (1999), for piano and soundtrack
 Memo (2003), for violin and portable cassette recorder
 Transit (2009), for piano and film
 Rekindle (2009), for flute and soundtrack
 And how are we today? (2012), for mezzo-soprano, piano, and double bass
 Miles Away (2012), for mezzo-soprano, violin, piano and double bass

Dance and film

 now [in fragments] (1995), for soprano, clarinet, cello and soundtrack
 ballet, commissioned by the Richard Alston Dance Company in collaboration with Ben Wright
 Staring at the Space (1995–96), for chamber orchestra
 70 minute theatre/dance work, commissioned by the Norrköping Symphony Orchestra and the Östgöta Dance Company
 Faust (1998), for ensemble and soundtrack
 a large-scale (90 minute) dance work, commissioned by the New National Theatre Tokyo, choreographed by Kazuko Hirabayashi
 The New Math(s) (2000), for soprano, traverso, marimba, violin and soundtrack
 Co-commissioned score with Louis Andriessen for a short film directed by Hal Hartley, for the BBC and NPS
 Solitaire (2003), for violin and soundtrack
 ballet, commissioned by the Het Nationaal Ballet, Den Bosch

Other
 Writing to Vermeer (1999), opera by Louis Andriessen and Peter Greenaway, with the thirteen electronic music inserts (which accompany a corresponding film projection) composed by van der Aa.
 The Book of Sand (2015), digital interactive song cycle, based on Jorge Luis Borges' short story "The Book of Sand", with Kate Miller-Heidke
 Time Falling (2020), album in collaboration with Kate Miller-Heidke

References

External links

 Facebook
 Profile, Intermusica
 Profile and works, Boosey & Hawkes

1970 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Dutch classical composers
Dutch male classical composers
Dutch opera composers
Gaudeamus Composition Competition prize-winners
Living people
Male opera composers
New York Film Academy alumni
People from Oss
Pupils of Louis Andriessen
Royal Conservatory of The Hague alumni
Ernst von Siemens Composers' Prize winners
20th-century Dutch male musicians
21st-century male musicians


Mureils is a former commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2022, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Jean-de-Galaure.

Population

Geography
The Galaure flows southwest through the southern part of the commune.

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Former communes of Drôme
Populated places disestablished in 2022


Mours-Saint-Eusèbe is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


La Motte-Fanjas is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Communes of Drôme


The 2008 California Democratic presidential primary took place on February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. California was dubbed the "Big Enchilada" by the media because it offers the most delegates out of any other delegation.  Hillary Clinton won the primary.

Process
In the primary, 370 of California's 441 delegates to the Democratic National Convention were selected. Of these delegates, 241 were awarded at the congressional district level, and the remaining 129 were allocated to candidates based on the primary vote statewide. The remaining delegates were superdelegates not obligated to vote for any candidate at the convention. Candidates were required to receive at least 15% of either the district or statewide vote to receive any delegates. Registered Democrats and Decline to State voters were eligible to vote.

Polls

The latest six polls were averaged (only counting the latest Zogby poll).

Results

Notes
Turnout information is not available because Decline to State voters were allowed to participate. There were a total of 6,749,406 eligible registered voters registered with the Democratic Party and 3,043,164 who declined to state.

References

See also
2008 California Republican presidential primary
February 2008 California elections
2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2008 United States presidential election in California

Democratic primary
California
2008
2008 Super Tuesday


La Motte-de-Galaure () is a former commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2022, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Jean-de-Galaure.

Geography
The Galaure flows southwest through the southern part of the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Former communes of Drôme
Populated places disestablished in 2022


Mornans is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Moras-en-Valloire is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montvendre () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montségur-sur-Lauzon (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montrigaud (; ) is a former commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Valherbasse.

Geography
The Galaure forms part of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Former communes of Drôme


Montréal-les-Sources () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montoison (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

Personalities
 Paulin Gagne (8 or 9 June 1808 – August 1876), French poet, essayist, lawyer, politician, inventor and eccentric, was born in Montoison.

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montmiral () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Drôme


Montmeyran (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montmaur-en-Diois (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montlaur-en-Diois (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montjoyer (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Aiguebelle Abbey
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montjoux (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montguers is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montfroc () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montferrand-la-Fare (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montélier (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montéléger (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Enrique Iglesia Reina (born Folkestone, 2 October 1971) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward in the Football League for Brentford.

Football career
Reina began his career with non-League club Folkestone Invicta, before moving to Dover Athletic and then to Brentford in September 1997, for a £50,000 fee. He made 9 appearances for the Second Division club, but was forced to retire from professional football due to a knee injury in April 1998. Reina returned to Dover Athletic for the 1998–99 season and later played for Ramsgate and Folkestone Invicta, before retiring at the end of the 2001–02 season.

Rowing
Reina has been active in endurance rowing. In February 2016, he and partner John Wilson set heavyweight world records in the age 40–49 category in Tandem Longest Continual Row and Tandem Million Meters. In February 2019, the pair completed an 89-day row between Spain and Antigua.

Personal life
In 2003, Reina set up Reina Group, a Folkestone-based heating and plumbing services company.

Honours
 Folkestone Invicta Supporters' Player of the Year: 1992–93

Career statistics

References

1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Folkestone
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Dover Athletic F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Folkestone Invicta F.C. players
Sing Tao SC players
Hong Kong First Division League players
English expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
Southern Football League players
Ramsgate F.C. players
English expatriate sportspeople in Hong Kong
Footballers from Kent


Montclar-sur-Gervanne (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Montchenu () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Autichamp () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Niccolò Fortiguerra (also spelled Forteguerri) (1419 – 21 December 1473) was an Italian papal legate, military commander, and Cardinal.

Born at Pistoia, he was related to Pope Pius II and is counted as a cardinal-nephew. He had a doctorate in utroque iure from the University of Siena.

He became bishop of Teano in 1458, and Cardinal in 1460. In 1462 he campaigned in the Papal States against Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, taking Fano. Later, in 1465, he defeated Deifobo d'Anguillara in battle. Fortiguerra was unable to participate in the Papal conclave, 1464, which elected Pope Paul II. He did participate in the Papal conclave, 1471 which elected Pope Sixtus IV.

He endowed a library, the Biblioteca Forteguerriana, in Pistoia.

He died at Viterbo in 1473 and was buried at his titular church in Rome, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. The Cathedral of Pistoia has a cenotaph Monument to Niccolò Fortiguerri, partially sculpted in the 15th century by Verrochio. There is a 19th-century outdoor statue Monument to Fortiguerra in Piazza di Santo Spirito of Pistoia.

Notes

External links

1419 births
1473 deaths
People from Pistoia
15th-century Italian cardinals
15th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Cardinal-nephews
University of Siena alumni


The Petone Workshops were a government-owned railways maintenance and repair facility located in Petone, in Lower Hutt in the Wellington region of New Zealand's North Island.  It took over construction and maintenance of rolling stock in the Wellington region from the Pipitea Point facility, starting in 1876, and became the only such facility in the region from 1878 until the opening of the replacement Hutt Workshops facility in 1929.

History

Predecessor
The first railway workshops in the Wellington region were near Wellington's first railway station at Pipitea Point.  These workshops started out as a set of storage sheds for rolling stock when the first section of the Wairarapa Line was being constructed from 1872 to 1874.  Later a repair and erecting shop was built at the site at the behest of Messrs Brogden and Sons, who arranged for the workshops to be fitted out with equipment imported from England.  The building was  long by  wide, with a seaward side lean-to  long and  wide.  A single road entered the building, in which facilities were provided for blacksmiths with four forges, woodworking and carpentry, and a machine shop.  A stationary steam engine was used to power the machinery using a system of shafts and belts.  A 10-ton overhead crane straddled the track.

Replacement at Petone
The Pipitea Workshops site had not long been in operation when the volume of work required of it expanded beyond its capacity.  Several sites for a new railway workshops facility were suggested, and it was eventually decided that Petone was the best option.  In 1876, a small start was made on the new facility with the construction of a shed for the storage of four new Fell-type locomotives until they were required for the construction of the Rimutaka Incline.

The Petone Workshops did not start to take shape until 1878 when, under the direction of the manager of the Wellington Section, Mr Ashcroft, work began in earnest, a decision largely prompted by the destruction of the Pipitea Workshops in a fire.  Many of the buildings that would comprise the workshops facilities were erected between 1878 and 1881, though the nature of the site allowed for the later construction of other buildings as required.  The arrangement of the workshops yard included a machine shop, boiler shop, and foundry at the northern (station) end, and a car and wagon depot, the lifters and paint shop at the southern end.

At the time Western Hutt Road did not exist and the Railways Department owned all of the land up to the base of the hills.  The workshops began expanding beyond the confines of the original station yard early in the 20th century.  Some railway houses were located at the periphery to house workshop and station staff.

Operations

Petone assembled or maintained hundreds of locomotives and carriages.

Seven "F", "L", and "J" class locomotives were rebuilt into other classes at Petone. The only locomotives built at Petone were three NZR L class in 1903; and E-66 in 1906, later derisively dubbed "Pearson's Dream".

Perhaps some of the best-known locomotives to frequent the Petone Workshops were the H-class Fells used on the Rimutaka Incline. From 1900 these locomotives were in need of new boilers and annual returns show that while this work was done there was one locomotive at a time at Petone undergoing major repairs leaving the other five locomotives to handle the traffic.  Other changes made at the time included the fitting of steel Belpaire fireboxes, larger cabs with trapdoors in the roof, and a second funnel to separate the two exhausts (a change that was reverted several years later). This pattern of one of the six H-class locomotives at a time being at Petone (and later Hutt) for repairs seems to have been fairly standard, with annual returns showing this to be the case for most years.

Petone was involved in the assembly of various experimental railcars following trials of an earlier type of railway carriage based on an idea from the United States. Due to the inadequacy of the types of motive power available at the time, these experiments were unsuccessful.

The first railway carriage in service in the Wellington region was assembled at Petone in 1914 using bodywork built there and an underframe and traction equipment from Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company.  The power plant was a 6-cylinder petrol engine with a  generator driving two  electric motors, for a maximum speed of .  It was to be used on the Johnsonville line with a trailer, but the grades proved to be too much for the car alone.  After frequent mechanical difficulties, it was withdrawn in 1917.

Another early petrol-electric railway carriage assembled at Petone entered service in 1916. It used bodywork manufactured at Petone; underframe, bogies and transmission from Thomas Transmission Ltd. of the United Kingdom; and a motor from J. Tyler and Sons. After a few months' service, a vital part broke and could not be replaced until after World War I. In 1920, when the replacement part arrived and the car was put back into service, it proved to be unreliable and was withdrawn in 1925.

Three more railcars were constructed at Petone in 1925 and 1926. The 1925 model did not survive tests on the Hutt lines. It caused its passengers to experience an uncomfortable pitching motion, necessitating its withdrawal.  The 1926 models were more like small motor busses on flanged wheels with an  long body. They first saw service on the Greytown Branch before being transferred to the Glenham Branch and Switzers Branch where they were withdrawn in 1930.

In the 1920s, workshops around the country were upgraded with electric power plants. Petone had been relying on a gas power plant, and this was replaced between 1925 and 1927 with electric motors.

Demise

A Royal Commission established in 1924 to examine the issue of railway workshop facilities around the country reported that much of Petone's machinery was out of date or obsolete, and that there were serious congestion problems owing to the lack of space for expansion.

Following the recommendations of the Commission, the Railways Department embarked on a three-year programme of workshop upgrades in 1925.  Two sites for a replacement facility were considered, at Tawa Flat and Woburn, with the latter option being selected.  Eighty acres of land were set aside at a new industrial area behind Hutt Park for the new workshops.  The Hutt Workshops were completed in 1929, resulting in the transfer of all functions from Petone to the new site and the closure of the Petone Workshops.

Following closure the site was cleared of buildings, with some structures moved adjacent to the new workshops to form the NZR Road Services bus garage. The only Petone workshops building left standing on the site was a relatively new structure, erected in 1912. This building was finally demolished in 2012 to make way for the realignment of State Highway 2 through Petone.

Today

Construction of the Western Hutt Road, realignment of the Petone station yard, and neighbouring industrial, commercial and urban development have obliterated any sign of the workshops.

Footnotes

External links
 An X class locomotive ex-Petone Workshops with a new superheated boiler c1928

Rail transport in Wellington
Railway workshops in New Zealand
Defunct railway workshops
Demolished buildings and structures in New Zealand


Calders is a municipality in the comarca of the Moianès in Catalonia, Spain. Until May 2015 it was part of Bages.

References

External links

Official website
 Government data pages

Municipalities in Moianès


Aurel (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Kilgore is an unincorporated community on Antelope Valley Road in Clark County, Idaho, United States. Kilgore is situated next to the East Camas Creek.

It is the nearest community to Camas Meadows Battle Sites, a National Historic Landmark.

History
Kilgore's population was 85 in 1909, and was 20 in 1960.

References

Unincorporated communities in Clark County, Idaho
Unincorporated communities in Idaho


The Sky Is Falling, also known as Las Flores Del Vicio (English: The Flowers of Vice), released in the United States as  Bloodbath, is a 1979 Spanish surrealist thriller film directed by Silvio Narizzano and written by Gonzalo Suarez. It stars Dennis Hopper, Carroll Baker, and Win Wells as hopeless American expatriates living in a Spanish village where citizens are dying mysterious deaths after the arrival of a religious cult. The film has been characterized as an example of the frenetic roles played by Hopper in the 1970s.

Plot
A drug-addicted poet named Chicken (Hopper), struggling to separate reality from fantasy, lives in a small Spanish village with other expatriates. These include a washed up alcoholic actress named Treasure (Carroll Baker), a retired British Air Corps captain (Richard Todd) and his alcoholic wife (Faith Brook), and a jaded homosexual man (Win Wells).

Chicken struggles with his addiction while having vivid hallucinations about his religious mother. Treasure is always waiting for a call from Hollywood in order to stage a comeback, and spends her time showing off her album of publicity photos. The expatriates, bored by their life in the village, encounter a group of young hippies who they feel a bond toward, but throughout the film each of the expatriates end up dead in various, disturbing ways. These deaths are juxtaposed with the life of the villagers in bizarre and surreal ways that develops a sense of menace in the film. It is implied that the deaths are caused by the band of hippies evoking a religious cult or the Manson family, and the deaths of the villagers are followed by a communal funeral held on Good Friday.

Cast
Dennis Hopper as Chicken
Carroll Baker as Treasure
Richard Todd as Terence
Faith Brook as Heather
Win Wells as Allen
David Carpenter as Salt
Alibe as Susannah
Inma de Santis as Buenaventura
Curtis Moseley as Young Chicken
Ana Pastor as Pucherita

Production
The film was filmed in Mojacar, Almeria, Spain in 1979, a small seaside village of local Spaniards, British and American expatriates, some of whom were featured in this movie. One of the extras, a young boy who was trampled at the end of the movie, looking towards the sky, was an American living in Spain whose parents ran a local saloon (El Saloon) and had befriended the director and many of the cast members.

Both Carroll Baker and Dennis Hopper, who had starred together in Giant (1956), had been out of major Hollywood pictures for some time when they were cast in the film; Baker had been living in Europe and making giallo and horror films in Italian productions.

References

External links

 Dennis Hopper page on Pimpadelic Wonderland
 In-depth review of "The Sky Is Falling" (1979) aka "Bloodbath" at SoiledSinema.com

1979 films
English-language Spanish films
1970s horror thriller films
1979 horror films
Spanish horror thriller films
1970s avant-garde and experimental films
Films directed by Silvio Narizzano
Films set in Spain
Films shot in Almería


Riaan Manser (born 1973) is an explorer based in South Africa. He has done his exploring on a bicycle or a kayak.

Notable firsts

He was the first person to circumnavigate the coast of Africa by bicycle, a distance of 37,000 km, through 34 countries over two years and two months. In July 2009 he became the first person to kayak 5,000 km around Madagascar, alone and unaided. Both journeys are covered in his books, Around Africa on My Bicycle (Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2007) and Around Madagascar on my Kayak (Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2011). In 2011 he also circumnavigated Iceland in a two-man kayak with Dan Skinstad.. His most recent journey, "Take Me 2 New York" started in December 2013 with his long-time girlfriend, Vasti Geldenhuys. They rowed from Morocco, Africa to New York City, USA in an ocean rowing boat alone and unaided.

Africa365 - Circumnavigating Africa by Bicycle September 2003 - November 2006

Cycling an average of 90 km a day, often in extreme conditions, being thrown into jail in Equatorial Guinea by aggressive and drunken border police, and facing possible death when taken hostage by drugged Liberian teenage rebels may not be a conventional idea of truly 'living', but, in September 2003, Riaan Manser rode out of Cape Town, determined to become the first person to circumnavigate Africa by bicycle. He thought it would take him a year; it took him over two.

At the end of 2005, he cycled back into Cape Town, 14 kg lighter, having covered 36,500 km through 34 countries. Intending to use his journey to generate local and international awareness of the often appalling standard of living in Africa, Riaan was also propelled by a strong desire for African adventure, a desire that was inevitably fulfilled.

In Around Africa on my Bicycle, Riaan allows the reader to relive the toil, excitement and occasional terror of his journey - negotiating the Sahara and Libyan deserts, learning French, Portuguese and Arabic, eating monkey, rat and bat, standing in front of the pyramids, being awarded the freedom of the Red Sea in Egypt, feeding hyenas mouth to mouth, and standing on the highest, as well as at the lowest, points in Africa. Remarkably, Riaan never paid a single cent in bribe money. Instead of giving over zealous immigration officials or police the satisfaction of a bribe, Riaan would search for an alternative route or method to pass.

He was honoured with the "Adventurer of the Year" Award in 2006 by Out There Magazine, and Nelson Mandela personally requested a meeting with Riaan, at which Riaan presented Mandela with a photo of himself on a bicycle in Dakar.

Round the Outside - Circumnavigating Madagascar by Kayak August 2008 - July 2009

In July 2009 Riaan again set another world first when he became the first person to circumnavigate the world's fourth largest island of Madagascar by kayak; another expedition achieved alone and unaided.

Riaan travelled around Madagascar during a period of the country's most significant political turmoil, which gave him unrivalled insight into the exotic island's psyche and even earned him two nights in prison on suspicion of carrying out mercenary activities.

This incredible journey, 5000 km in eleven months, was considerably more demanding, both physically and mentally. Daily, Riaan had to conquer extreme loneliness whilst ploughing through treacherous conditions such as cyclones, pounding surf and an unrelenting sun that, combined with up to ten hours in salt water, was literally pickling his body. The perseverance, of course, brought memorable close encounters with Madagascar's marine life – humpback whales breaching meters away from his kayak, giant leatherback turtles gliding alongside him and even having his boat rammed by sharks.

Around Iceland on Inspiration March 2011 -September 2011

In March 2011 Riaan took on his next challenge - mystical Iceland and her arctic waters - with partner, Dan Skinstad, who has mild cerebral palsy. "Around Iceland on Inspiration" saw the two paddle 2300 km to circumnavigate Iceland in a double sea-kayak over a five-month period.

Only once they'd begun their circumnavigation did they realise just how challenging the weather would be. They knew that the inclement winter weather would cause delays but they could never have predicted how often and how long these delays would be.

Landings were another of the pair's biggest challenges. Approaching rocky shores that are being pounded by wind and surf is a hazardous business. Between timings and luck, you're a second away from disaster at any moment. Their landings were made even more difficult because of their "sea-legs" which they'd develop after a long day's paddle of 8 – 10 hours. Often, even the softest landings would result in Riaan and Dan spluttering and crawling for a few moments on the black sand on all fours after tumbling out of the boat during the landing.

As the long days of summer arrived, the pair began paddling through the night. This proved to be a successful strategy, although it messed up their sleep patterns.

On 5 September 2011, after 147 paddling days, blistered and aching, they arrived back at their starting point, their circumnavigation complete.

No Food For Lazy Man

NO FOOD FOR LAZY MAN is an initiative, started by Riaan, to bring about social change by investing in sporting equipment for schools that don't have access to these resources. The trust takes its name from a phrase Riaan discovered during his Africa circumnavigation. It was a seed planted in his imagination, and as he pedaled, the idea grew.

In preparation for Iceland, Riaan spent 8 days in a container freezer touring South Africa from Kings Park rugby stadium in Durban to Newlands rugby stadium in Cape Town. The idea was two-fold: to prepare himself for the freezing Icelandic temperatures as well as to raise funds for his NO FOOD FOR LAZY MAN trust.

External links

 Africa365 website

References

1973 births
Living people
South African male cyclists


Bruno Urribarri (born November 6, 1986 in General Campos) is a retired Argentine football player, who played as a left-back.

His father, Sergio Urribarri, was elected Governor of Entre Ríos Province in 2007, and re-elected in 2011.

Honours
River Plate
Copa Sudamericana: 2014

References

External links
 El Diario: Un buen motivo
 Argentine Primera statistics
 Bruno Urribarri at Soccerway

1986 births
Living people
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Footballers from Entre Ríos Province
Argentine people of Basque descent
Men's association football defenders
Boca Juniors footballers
Argentinos Juniors footballers
Asteras Tripolis F.C. players
Club Atlético Colón footballers
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Atlético de Rafaela footballers
Club Atlético Tigre footballers
Club Atlético Patronato footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Super League Greece players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece


Aulan (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Aucelon () is a commune in the department of Drôme, southeastern France. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

Geography
Aucelon is a village perched at an altitude of 755 meters, towards the center of the mountain rings of Diosis. Aucelon's mountain has a height of 1356 meters. It is located in the south west of Die Tand, extends to the north of the Fourniers, and overlooks the valley of Roanne. The town is watered by the Brette.

Demography
In 1821, the municipality of Aucelon had 458 inhabitants, which declined to only 13 in 2012.

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Aubres () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Arthémonay (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Arpavon (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Arnayon (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Aouste-sur-Sye (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


A steam yacht is a class of luxury or commercial yacht with primary or secondary steam propulsion in addition to the sails usually carried by yachts.

Origin of the name

The English steamboat entrepreneur George Dodd (1783–1827) used the term "steam yacht" to describe the steamer Thames, ex Duke of Argyle. Her service on the river had first been advertised on 22 June 1815 as "Thames Steam Yacht", intended to emphasise how luxurious these vessels were.

Earliest steam yachts
The first two private steam yachts known were:

 Endeavour, wooden paddle steamer registered 28 January 1828 by builders Rawlinson and Lyon, Lambeth, 75’6” x 12’ x 7’2”, 25 tons with a 20 HP Maudslay patent oscillating engine with two cylinders 20in. dia. X 2 ft. stroke, and registered to the eminent English engineer Henry Maudslay, London on 21 February 1828, who used her as his private steam yacht. The eminent Scottish engineer James Nasmyth mentions a trip aboard her to Richmond.

 Swift, wooden sailing smack built in 1803 at Bridport by Booles & Good, not registered. Unknown owners at Leith in 1804; documents missing. Converted to a paddle steamer, described as a steam yacht, and registered by T. West, H. Bellingham, E. H. Creasey and others of Brighton on 21 August 1822 at Shoreham-by-Sea, 106’5” x 23’1” x 10’8”, 143 tons. They ran her as a ferryboat between Brighton and Dieppe. She was sold to G. Crichton, R. Ogilvie & others in Leith in February 1824. Crichton & Ogilvie were well-known managers. She was sold to H. Templer in London in September 1827 and finally to Turkey in October 1828 when she became the Sultan's steam yacht Surat, later taken in to the Ottoman Navy as its first steam vessel.

Thomas Assheton Smith II was excluded from the Royal Yacht Club for his championship of the steam yacht, eight of which he commissioned between 1830 and 1851, beginning with the Menai. In cooperation with the Scottish engineer Robert Napier, whose Govan, Glasgow yard built a number of them, Smith did much to improve the hull design of steam yachts. After 1856, when the Royal Yacht Squadron (the Club became Squadron in 1833) removed their edict, steam yacht building began to multiply.

In England around 1901, some steam-powered fairground swings attempted to recreate the steam yacht experience; one example was built by the fairground equipment engineer Frederick Savage.

Types

The term "steam yacht" encompasses vessels of several distinct uses, but of similar design.

Luxury yachts

A luxury yacht in the modern sense is a vessel owned privately and used for pleasure or non-commercial purposes. Steam yachts of this type came to prominence from the 1840s to the early-20th century in Europe. The first British royal yacht was Victoria & Albert of 1843. Nominally the first steam yacht in the United States was Cornelius Vanderbilt's North Star, launched in 1854; however, this was actually a full-size steamship fitted out for the personal use of Vanderbilt and his family, and left no legacy on steam yacht design. The first true steam yachts known to have been built in the United States, Leonard Jeromes Clara Clarita and R. F. Lopers Wave, were completed in 1864.

Steam yachts were commissioned by wealthy individuals and often heads of state as extravagant symbols of wealth and/or power. They were usually built with similar hull-lines to clipper ships, with an ornate bow structure and a low, smooth freeboard. Main propulsion usually came from one or two steam engines, later of compound type, or in even later, very large yachts, triple expansion or turbines. Steam yachts usually carried rigging for sails, originally as an auxiliary propulsion system, but later more for show and naval tradition. Private steam yachts were capable of long seagoing voyages, but their owners' needs and habits saw most stay near to the coast. Inland seas such as the Baltic and the Mediterranean were popular areas for using steam yachts.

Statistics show that Clydeside was the premier building area for steam yachts in the United Kingdom: 43 shipbuilding yards on Clydeside built 190 steam yachts between 1830 and 1935. Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Co Ltd of Greenock Scotland built 23 steam yachts between 1876 and 1904.

The auxiliary steam yacht is a class of steam yacht in the luxury category. In 1876-77, British politician Thomas Brassey took his wife and children on a world cruise in their newly built yacht, the 532 ton Sunbeam.  Brassey preferred sail as the primary source of motive power, but knew from years of experience the advantages of steam power, when wind and tide made progress difficult.  Sunbeam was, therefore, designed as a "steam auxiliary", capable of covering long distances between coaling stations under her fully rigged sail area of 9200 square yards, but with enough fuel to steam for up to 20 days if necessary (she could carry 80 tons of coal).  Their trip was made famous by a book written and published by his wife Annie Brassey - A Voyage in the Sunbeam, our Home on the Ocean for Eleven Months. Within a few years other yachts were built for owners with a similar sense of adventure, famously Lancashire Witch for Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh, 7th Baronet and Wanderer for Charles Joseph Lambert.  These sailing yachts, with steam auxiliary power, were more expensive to build and run, but gave the owners the freedom to roam the world without necessarily planning their routes via the network of coaling stations in existence at this time.  In addition the yacht masters were not totally reliant on the quality of the steaming coal available to them, that could at times be questionable.  When not in steam, the funnel on the auxiliary yacht would be lowered and the propeller feathered to reduce drag.

Commercial yachts

Those of the second class of steam yacht were built for commercial use, but gained the 'yacht' title due to their size and design similarity with the private vessels and because they were not constructed to be mainly cargo- or passenger-carrying vessels, but as versatile, low-draft ships capable of working local coastal routes. This is closer to the original meaning of the word "yacht", coming from the Dutch term Jacht, describing a small, fast commercial vessel. The distinction between a commercial steam yacht and a coastal trading vessel is not a clear one, but the latter term usually implies a mainly cargo-carrying ship. Steam yachts were often run by packet companies operating regular, timetabled services between islands or coastal towns. Steam yachts were widely used in the whaling trade.

The light, fast design of a steam yacht was ideal for chasing whales, and the lack of a large amount of cargo space did not matter as whaling produced few bulky products. Commercial steam yachts were rarely as ornate or luxurious as their private counterparts, with simpler, more rugged lines and usually a more practical sailing rig. Steam yachts used in the whaling trade often had reinforced hulls to allow them to operate amongst the ice of frozen waters.

This meant that several whaling-yachts crossed the definition from commercial to private yacht in later life when they were bought for polar exploration work. Since these expeditions were, by and large, privately funded the ships used became, by definition, private steam yachts and many were registered with the 'SY' prefix used for such craft. The Aurora, Morning, Nimrod, Terra Nova and the Quest are all examples of commercial vessels that went on to become steam yachts used during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. It was common for expedition leaders to be members of a yacht club, so many of these ships were registered to a civilian club and flew a club burgee (and a blue ensign in the case of British steam yachts). Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance and Roald Amundsen's Fram are unusual cases of vessels being purpose-built as icebreaking private steam yachts. Endurance was originally built for conducting tourist cruises of the Arctic, bringing her close to the definition of a yacht in the modern sense.

Naval yachts

The Royal Navy used small numbers of steam yacht-type vessels from the Victorian era onwards to transport men and equipment in harbour, act as coastal escorts for larger ships and for training and exercises. A good example of this was the iron p.s. Fire Queen built for the entrepreneur Thomas Assheton Smith (II) (1776–1858), (his first of three Fire Queens) by Robert Napier, Govan, Glasgow and launched on 27 July 1844, Napier Yard No 5, engine No 88. She was bought by the British Admiralty in July 1847 for £5,000 for use as a tender; there is an illustration (incorrectly captioned) of her in that role. She was sold on 4 August 1883 for £1,100 by the Admiralty to Castle the shipbreakers. Fire Queen was replaced by the Admiralty by the former Steam yacht Candace, launched on 23 September 1881 by Ramage & Ferguson, Leith,  bought by the Admiralty in 1882 and then duly renamed Fire Queen.

In the First World War vessels such as these and several requisitioned private yachts were used on anti-U-boat patrols and for minesweeping. It became clear that the naval trawler was more suited to these kinds of tasks.

Steam yachts often used the ship prefix SY, but some were alternatively described as screw schooner, if they carried schooner rig. A fine example of the screw schooner is the 125 year old British Amazon, built at Southampton in 1885 from designs by the renowned Dixon Kemp and still in use in the USA after crossing the Atlantic in 2009, although diesel-propelled since 1937. She was photographed on Columbus Day 2009 on a mooring near the Herreshoff Marine Museum in Bristol, Rhode Island.

Examples
Aurora built by Alexander Stephen & Sons Ltd, Glasgow in 1876 (a former whaling-yacht turned Antarctic exploration vessel) is a notable example of the class, as are the Victorian era yachts used by European monarchs, such as the HMY Victoria and Albert III and the SMY Hohenzollern. One of the oldest steam yachts, and one of the few still surviving today, is the Kheideval Yacht, Mahroussa, which was built in 1865 and was maintained in seaworthy condition by the Egyptian government.

The Hildegarde and Hiawatha were steam yachts chartered by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom) - Directorate of Fisheries, now known as the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) between 1912 and 1914 to carry out fishery investigations. Before the First World War, the SY Hildegarde was renamed as the Managem. On 15 January 1917 she was requisitioned by the Admiralty and armed with a 12 pdr naval gun. Notably she was stationed off Atlit in Israel and used to relay espionage messages from operatives onshore (and briefly used by the Jewish "Nili" espionage group).

See also

Steamboat

References

Steamships


Anneyron () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Andancette () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Geography
Andancette is located:
  from Saint-Rambert-d'Albon
  from Saint-Vallier
  from Valence

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Ancône (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Ambonil () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Alixan (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. Valence TGV station, in the west of the commune, has rail connections to Valence, Grenoble, Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier and several other destinations.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Aleyrac (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Allan (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Albon (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

Sights
 Château d'Albon - remains of medieval castle.

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Le Chalon () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Chalancon () is a commune of the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Le Chaffal (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Communes of Drôme


Chabrillan (; ) is a commune of the Drôme département in southeastern France.

Population

Sights and monuments
The French Ministry of Culture has designated two buildings as monuments historiques in Chabrillan:
 Château de Chabrillan, ruins of medieval castle.
 Eglise Saint-Pierre, the church.

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

External links

Communes of Drôme


Chabeuil (; ) is a commune of the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

Notable people
 Lauriane Doumbouya, French-born First Lady of Guinea (2021–present)

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Puy-Saint-Martin (; Vivaro-Alpine: Puèg de Sant Martin) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Puygiron (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Propiac () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Les Prés () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Poyols is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Portes-lès-Valence (, literally Portes near Valence; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. It is a suburb of Valence.

Geography
Portes-lès-Valence is situated in the south side of Valence and it is part of its urban area.

Population

International relations
Portes-lès-Valance is twinned with:
 Baronissi - Italy (2006)

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

External links

 Official site of Portes-lès-Valence

Communes of Drôme


Portes-en-Valdaine () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


This general annotated bibliography page provides an overview of notable and not so notable works in the English language regarding the sport of fly fishing, listed by year of first publication. Although not all the listed books are devoted exclusively to fly fishing, all these titles contain significant fly fishing content. The focus of the present page is on classic general texts on fly fishing and its history, together with notable public or university library collections dedicated to fly fishing.
 For readability, the bibliography is contained in three separate lists. For books primarily dedicated to fly tying, fly tackle, regional guides, memoirs, stories and fly fishing fiction see: Bibliography of fly fishing (fly tying, stories, fiction).
 For species related fly fishing literature see: Bibliography of fly fishing (species related).

Annotations

Annotations may reflect descriptive comments from the book's dust jacket, third party reviews or personal, descriptive and qualitative comments by individuals who have read the book.  Some older works have links to online versions in the Internet Archive or Google Books.

Notable fly-fishing library collections
 The Western Washington University Fly Fishing Collection, Bellingham, Washington

 Kienbusch Angling Collection, Princeton University Library, Princeton, New Jersey

 The Kenneth H. Rockey Angling Collection, Princeton University Library
 The Daniel B. Fearing Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University

 The LaFontaine Angling Collection, University of Wyoming's American Heritage Center, Rare Book Collection, Laramie, Wyoming. Library website
 Frederick and Clara Toppan Angling Book Collection, University of Wyoming's American Heritage Center, Rare Book Collection. Library website
 American Museum of Fly Fishing, Manchester, Vermont, The museum's library ranks as one of the largest public collections of fly-fishing books in America. Museum website
 The Reed Draper Collection of Angling Books, Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
 Harry Hawthorn Foundation Collection, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia

 Milne Angling Collection, University of New Hampshire Library, Durham, New Hampshire

 George Harvey Fly-Fishing Literature Collection, Penn State University Life Sciences Library, State College, Pennsylvania
 Trout & Salmonid Collection at Montana State University, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana

 Contains the following notable collections:
 Strung, Norman (Literary manuscripts and correspondence, 1966–1982)
 Pellicane, Alfred T. (Papers, 1962–2000)
 Mitchell, Harry B. (Papers, 1953–1965)
 Agassiz, Louis (Letters, 1854–1858)
 Salmon Poisoning Research Collection (Papers, 1923–1999)
 Nick Lyons Ephemera Collection (Corporate records and personal papers, 1932–2005)
 Behnke, Robert J. (Papers, 1957–2000)
 Angling Oral History Collection

15th-century texts

17th-century texts
  The Secrets of Angling contains the first known illustration of an artificial fly.  Denny's book was reprinted extensively in the 19th century.
  Izaak Walton did not profess to be an expert with the fly; the fly fishing in his first edition was contributed by Thomas Barker, a retired cook and humorist, who produced a treatise of his own in 1659. In the last edition a second part was added by his friend Charles Cotton, who took up Venator where Walton had left him and completed his instruction in fly fishing and the making of flies.
   Extensively cited in Herd's The Fly, Venables work provides great insight into the fly tackle and techniques being used in the 17th century

18th-century texts
  Online Version (7th Edition – 1790), the Brookes text, which went through seven editions in the late 18th century, are extremely important in closing the gap of knowledge about fly fishing from the time of Walton to the early 19th century.  Brookes is also the first to make written references to fly fishing in saltwater.
  this work first appeared in 1787 and ran through 13 editions.

19th-century texts
  Angling in All Its Branches was one of the first works to address Fly fishing for Salmon and tying salmon flies. Taylor was the first fly fishing author to mention the use of a fly tying vice.
  Bainbridge was one of the first authors to use color plates and The Fly Fisher's Guide contains numerous plates showing fly patterns, materials and tying techniques.

  Dr. Andrew Herd credits Rennie with being the first author to describe the complicated methods of producing fly hooks in the 19th century.

  this 231 page, well illustrated treatment of British stream insects of importance to the trout and grayling angler laid the foundation for the detailed works on artificial fly imitation theory that followed for the next 100 years, see also The Fly-fisher's Entomology and Alfred Ronalds.

  The Art of Angling was in print for over 100 years in 16 editions from 1747 to 1854

  Online Version (1st Edition); Online Version (5th Edition, 1867); Online Version (8th Edition, 1883); Online Version (1907 Edition)
  Frank Forrester, the pseudonym for English born Henry William Herbet was one of the most popular sporting writers before the Civil War. He popularized Hunting and Fishing with commercially successful sporting books such as this one,.

  Otter was a pseudonym for H. J. Alfred of London.

  this was Halford's first book, and it launched the opening salvo in the decades long battle pitting fly fishers favoring the floating fly against those endorsing the sunk fly, an argument which today seems as appropriate as the house cook slipping on boxing gloves in preparation to picking out fly droppings from the black pepper. Nine color plates of hand colored flies. One color chart. Text illustrations. Six 19th century American fly patterns laid in. 136 pp. including index, see also Floating Flies and How to Dress Them.

   a readable but comprehensive discussion of wet fly, dry fly, sea-trout and salmon fly fishing written in an easy, story-telling style.  See also Fly Fishing (Grey book)  An angling classic

Fly-fishing history, bibliographies and literature reviews

19th century

20th century
  Dr. Andrew Herd credits Hill with the first attempt to codify the history of fly fishing, albeit Hill's work shows a distinctly British bias and disregard for other European influences.  See also A History of Fly Fishing for Trout

  contains a Chronological Appendix Indicating Landmarks in the Evolution of Angling Literature and Some Prefatory Matters Pertaining to the History of The Harry Hawthorn Foundation for the Inculcation and Propagation of the Principles and Ethics of Fly-Fishing. Contains illustrations.

  listed as one of the modern "classics" of angling in the University of New Hampshire Library Milne Angling Collection
  Gingrich, the well known founding editor of Esquire magazine surveys the major pieces of classic and modern fly fishing literature up through the 1950s.  It is an excellent read to get a better understanding of the evolution of the various styles of fly fishing—wet, nymphs, dry, etc. as originally written about by the likes of Halford, Skues, Gordon and Jennings along with many others.

  an alphabetical, by author, list of over 2000 titles of American published fishing books with values for collectable copies estimated by the author.
  sponsored by the American Museum of Fly Fishing, Manchester, CT, when Paul Schullery was the managing director, Fly Fishing – A History is probably the most contemporary and complete treatise on the evolution of fly fishing as it is known today.
  a notable account by Ernest Schwiebert and one of the seminal books on American Fly Fishing clubs.
  while giving due respect to the elders of Fly-Fishing history, Schullery celebrates some lesser-known fisherman and some seldom-appreciated waters, such as the limestone streams of Pennsylvania.  He muses on the pursuit of the ever-more perfectly "natural" fly and contrasts that quest with the storied success of the Royal Coachman, perhaps the gaudiest fly ever invented.

21st century

Biographies
  in 1927, celebrated Canadian author Frank Parker Day wrote his autobiographical reflections on fishing, family, and, more broadly, humanity's place in the natural world. The Autobiography of a Fisherman, a Canadian fly-fishing classic, is a wonderful recollection of one man's life, with characters struggling in a depressed economy, contending with the social pressures of local village life, and responding in one way or the other to the pull of the big city. Day details his early introduction to fishing, which becomes a lifelong passion, at once a 'gentle art' and a 'disease'.

  the first definitive biography of the father of dry fly fishing, Frederic M. Halford.

  – autobiography of Lefty Kreh

General fly fishing
  1st US edition of this 1867 book.

  New Naturalist #23
  A modern guide to fly fishing in reservoirs and lakes.
  more on the fishing life than how to, but much information about light tackle fly fishing from the founding editor of Esquire. Contains useful bibliographic references to other fly fishing literature.
  a general treatise on the basics of freshwater, warmwater and saltwater fly fishing and tackle.

  a compendium of articles by top fly fishing experts on the various aspects of freshwater, warmwater and saltwater fly fishing and tackle.  Sponsored by the Cortland Line Company.
  a beautiful compilation of vignettes on fly fishing accompanied by excellent photography of fly fishing experiences.

  this is a twenty-five volume set published by Kreh and other authors covers almost every aspect of the sport of fly fishing. Contains the following titles:

Notes

Fly fishing literature
Fly fishing
Recreational fishing-related lists


Aes signatum (Latin, "stamped bronze") consisted of cast ingots of bronze of measured quality and weight, embossed with a government stamp, used as currency in Rome and central Italy starting in the 5th century BC before the introduction of aes grave in the mid 3rd century BC. When exactly they were first made is uncertain. Popular tradition ascribes them to Servius Tullius, but due to the high quality of art found on even the earliest specimens, this seems very unlikely. A date in the midst of the 5th century BC is generally agreed on. Designs featured are that of a bull, an eagle, and other religious symbols.

The earliest aes signatum was not cast in Rome proper, but in central Italy, Etruria, Umbria, and Reggio Emilia. It bore the image of a branch with side branches radiating from it, and was called Ramo Secco ("dry branch" in Italian). The bars did not adhere to a set weight standard, varying from about 600 to 2500 grams when complete. They were usually broken into subdivisions, and few complete specimens survive today. The surviving ramo secco bars are usually quarter, half or three quarter bars, or minor smaller pieces which could be classified as rough bronze. The same fragmentation into smaller change applies to later aes signatum issued by the city of Rome, which did correspond to the Roman heavy standard for the as. They weighed approximately 5 asses when whole. They could technically be termed a quincussis, although they are not marked with any value.

The Roman aes signatum conforms more strictly to size and weight standards because they are an official issue, where the ramo secco bars were more of a recognizable item of barter exchange that would be weighed, rather than taken at a face value. Ramo secco bars were not issued by governing bodies, and could have been made at any foundry facility.

References

3. Italo Vecchi, Italian Cast Coinage, A descriptive catalogue of the cast coinage of Rome and Italy, London 2013.

Coins of ancient Rome

nl:Aes#Aes signatum


is a song by Japanese singer Hironobu Kageyama and was used as the opening theme for the original video animation Mutant Turtles: Superman Legend, based on the 1987 Ninja Turtles series. It was written by Yukinojo Mori and composed by Takashi Ike. It was released by Columbia Records on March 3, 1996 in Japan only and is coupled with the series closing theme "Chikyū wa Ogenki" performed by Mokkun. The song would also go on to be featured in Kageyama's five disc anthology box set Eternity.

Track list

External links
"Kageyama Complete!" listing

1996 singles
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles music
1996 songs
Songs written by Yukinojo Mori


is an island within the Okinawa Islands, administered by Motobu, Kunigami District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.

Okinawa Islands
Tourist attractions in Okinawa Prefecture
Islands of Okinawa Prefecture


KRIB (1490 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Mason City, Iowa.  It is owned by Alpha Media and airs a Soft Oldies - Adult Standards radio format, using Westwood One's "America's Best Music" service.  The radio studios and offices are on South Yorktown Pike.

KRIB is a Class C AM station, powered at 1,000 watts.  It uses a non-directional antenna.  The transmitter is on 19th Street SW, near Monroe Avenue in Mason City.  Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator K244FA at 96.7 MHz.Radio-Locator.com/K244FA

History

Top 40, Oldies and Standards
The station signed on the air in .  It was assigned the KRIB call sign by the Federal Communications Commission.

Through the 1960s, 70s and early 80s, KRIB was the dominant Top 40 station for the Mason City market. This lasted until 1985 when the station made the transition to full service adult contemporary, competing against AC stations KLSS-FM and KGLO. This didn't last long, and in May 1987, KRIB flipped its format to oldies.  Several years later, it began playing a mix of soft oldies and adult standards, using the syndicated service "America's Best Music" supplied by Westwood One.

The Winter Dance Party
KRIB was one of the first radio stations in Iowa to play Rock and Roll and Top 40 hits, thus attracting a young audience. In February 1959, the station was one of the sponsors of the Winter Dance Party at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, Iowa.  The show's master of ceremonies was KRIB disc jockey Bob Hale. The show featured The Big Bopper, Ritchie Valens, and Buddy Holly.  Infamously, all three perished in a plane crash just north of the Mason City airport that night.  It would later be described as "The Day the Music Died."

Over sixty years later, KRIB still changes its music format during the week of the anniversary of the Winter Dance Party, playing hit songs of the late 1950s and early 1960s, with an emphasis on tunes from February 1959.  On Saturday mornings, it also airs an hour of oldies from the 1960s.

References

External links
 KRIB official website

 Three Eagles Communications

RIB
Mason City, Iowa
Adult standards radio stations in the United States


Pont-de-l'Isère (, literally Bridge of the Isère) is a French commune, located in the department of Drôme and the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. This town really emerged in 1866 when it was separated from La Roche-de-Glun. Its name comes from the bridge which crosses the Isère to the south of the town, built in 1822 after the old wooden bridge burned down in 1814.

Geography
Pont-de-l'Isère is best known for the fact that it is located on the 45th parallel north. The municipality is located 9 km south of Tain-l'Hermitage (chief town of canton) and 9 km north of Valence. Municipalities that are the closest are La Roche-de-Glun and Beaumont-Monteux.

Population

Twin towns
Pont-de-l'Isère is twinned with:

  Ziano Piacentino, Italy

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Pont-de-Barret () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Minnajima can refer to:
 Minnajima (Motobu, Okinawa) within Motobu, Kunigami District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan
 Minnajima (Tarama, Okinawa) within Tarama, Miyako District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan


Pontaix is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Ponsas is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Ponet-et-Saint-Auban () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Communes of Drôme


Pommerol (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Le Poët-Sigillat is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Le Poët-en-Percip () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Le Poët-Célard is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Minna Island, or , (Miyako: Minna) is an island in the Miyako Islands in the jurisdiction of Tarama, Miyako District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.

Geography
Minnajima is part of the Miyako Islands and is 8 km north of Tarama Island. The island is surrounded by an atoll, primarily spreading to the west, with the East China Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south.

History
Minnajima was historically host to a fishing village, with the local population reaching more than 200 adults. Due to regular typhoon damage and water shortages, The majority of the residents of Minnajima were relocated to the Takano district of Hirara in 1961.

A lighthouse was built on the southeastern portion of the island, first lit in 1972. The light is 21m above sea level and is visible up to a distance of 12.0 nautical miles.

As of 2016, there are 5 residents who raise over 100 cattle on the island.

 1734 - Hisashiya Asatoshi was executed, and his eldest son was exiled to Minna Island.
 1771 - The Great Yaeyama Tsunami devastated the island.
 1900 - A branch school was set up on the island.
 1961 - A majority of the residents were relocated.
 1978 - The branch school closed.
 1983 - A fresh water supply facility was completed.
 1989 - Submarine power transmission from Tarama to the island.
 2011 - Tarama Prefectural Natural park is established around Tarama and Minna Island.

Historic Sites

 Sakishima Beacons National Historic Site.

Infrastructure

 Electricity is transmitted through submarine cables from a power station on Tarama Island.
 A combination of groundwater purification and rainwater collection is used to provide fresh water to the island.
 Telephone cables have been run to the island, and cellphone service through NTT Docomo is available over the entire island.
 Two cottages and multiple campsites are available for visitors, but food will have to be prepared in advance, as there are no shops on the island.
 A heliport was built next to the lighthouse, but is only used by the Japan Coast Guard in an emergency.
 Access to the island is provided by ship from Tarama Island.

See also

References

Miyako Islands
Islands of Okinawa Prefecture
Tarama, Okinawa


Plan-de-Baix is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Communes of Drôme


Plaisians is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Les Pilles is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Pierrelongue (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Piégros-la-Clastre is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Piégon (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Peyrus is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Peyrins (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department, southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


La Penne-sur-l'Ouvèze (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Pennes-le-Sec (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Pelonne (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Le Pègue (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Parnans is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Ourches (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


John Lilly is a venture capitalist and former CEO of Mozilla. He currently serves on the board of directors of the Open Source Applications Foundation and Code for America. He earned his B.S. in computer systems engineering and M.S. in computer science from Stanford University.

Career

Reactivity

Lilly co-founded and served the CTO for Reactivity, a start-up focused on consulting on technically difficult websites and incubating new companies. Cisco Systems bought Reactivity in 2007 for $135 million.

Mozilla

Lilly was the chief executive officer of the Mozilla Corporation from 2008 to 2010. The corporation, a subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation, coordinates development of open-source Mozilla Internet applications, including the Firefox web browser. Lilly, previously Mozilla's Chief Operating Officer, succeeded Mitchell Baker as CEO in January 2008.

In May 2010, Lilly announced he would step down as CEO. Lilly was succeeded by Gary Kovacs on November 8, 2010. Lilly left Mozilla's board of directors in March 2014, reportedly over the appointment of Brendan Eich as CEO.

Venture capital

Lilly joined the venture capital firm Greylock Partners as a partner in 2011. His investments include Instagram, Dropbox, Tumblr, Quip, and MessageMe. Lilly left the firm in January 2019 to dedicate himself more to activism, explaining "it’s crystal clear that 2019 & 2020 are crucially important years — certainly the most important time in a generation, but maybe much longer than that."

References

Further reading

External links

 John Lilly's Weblog

Mozilla people
Douglas MacArthur High School (San Antonio) alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Living people
American chief executives of financial services companies
American technology chief executives
American chief operating officers
Open source advocates
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American businesspeople


Oriol-en-Royans (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Communes of Drôme
Dauphiné


Vindula arsinoe, the cruiser, is a butterfly from the family Nymphalidae. It ranges from the Maluku Islands and New Guinea to the Solomon Islands and Queensland. It is sexually dimorphic.

Subspecies
Listed alphabetically:
 V. a. ada (Butler, 1874) – (Banks Island, Cape York - Mackay)
 V. a. adina (Fruhstorfer, 1906) – (Waigeu)
 V. a. arsinoe (Cramer, [1777]) – (Ambon, Serang, Saparua)
 V. a. bosnikensis (Joicey & Noakes, 1915) – (Biak)
 V. a. catenes (Godman & Salvin, 1888) – (Solomons (Santa Anna Island))
 V. a. clodia (Godman & Salvin, 1888) – (Solomons (Ulana Island))
 V. a. dampierensis (Rothschild, 1915) – (Dampier Island)
 V. a. figalea (Fruhstorfer, 1904) – (Obi)
 V. a. insularis (Godman & Salvin, 1877) – (New Britain, Duke of York group)
 V. a. lemina (Ribbe, 1898) – (New Ireland)
 V. a. meforica (Fruhstorfer, 1906) – (Noemfoor Island)
 V. a. melena (Fruhstorfer, 1899) – (New Ireland)
 V. a. moluccana Nieuwenhuis – (northern Moluccas?)
 V. a. pisidike (Fruhstorfer, 1903) – (Fergusson, Goodenough, Normanby Island)
 V. a. polykaste (Fruhstorfer, 1903) – (Trobriand Island)
 V. a. rebeli (Fruhstorfer, 1906) – (West Irian - Papua)
 V. a. rookiana (Strand, 1916) – (Rook Island)

References

External links
Vindula arsinoe ada, Cruiser butterfly, Natural History Museum
Vindula arsinoe ada, Australian Biological Resources Study
Vindula arsinoe, James Cook University

Vagrantini
Butterflies described in 1777


Orcinas is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Omblèze (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Communes of Drôme