Prekmurje Slovene, also known as the Prekmurje dialect, East Slovene, or Wendish (, , Prekmurje dialect: prekmürski jezik, prekmürščina, prekmörščina, prekmörski jezik, panonska slovenščina), is a Slovene dialect belonging to a Pannonian dialect group of Slovene. It is used in private communication, liturgy, and publications by authors from Prekmurje. It is spoken in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia and by the Hungarian Slovenes in Vas County in western Hungary. It is closely related to other Slovene dialects in neighboring Slovene Styria, as well as to Kajkavian with which it retains a considerable degree of mutual intelligibility and forms a dialect continuum with other South Slavic languages.

Range
The Prekmurje dialect is spoken by approximately 110,000 speakers worldwide. 80,000 in Prekmurje, 20,000 dispersed in Slovenia (especially Maribor and Ljubljana) and 10,000 in other countries. In Hungary it is used by the Slovene-speaking minority in Vas County in and around the town of Szentgotthárd. Other speakers of the dialect live in other Hungarian towns, particularly Budapest, Szombathely, Bakony, and Mosonmagyaróvár. The dialect was also spoken in Somogy (especially in the village of Tarany), but it has nearly disappeared in the last two centuries. There are some speakers in Austria, Germany, the United States, and Argentina.

Status
Prekmurje Slovene has a defined territory and body of literature, and it is one of the few Slovene dialects in Slovenia that is still spoken by all strata of the local population. Some speakers have claimed that it is a separate language. Prominent writers in Prekmurje Slovene, such as Miklós Küzmics, István Küzmics, Ágoston Pável, József Klekl Senior, and József Szakovics, have claimed that it is a language, not simply a dialect. Evald Flisar, a writer, poet, and playwright from Prekmurje (Goričko), states that people from Prekmurje "talk in our own language." It also had a written standard and literary tradition, both of which were largely neglected after World War II. There were attempts to publish in it more widely in the 1990s, primarily in Hungary, and there has been a revival of literature in Prekmurje Slovene since the late 1990s.

Others consider Prekmurje Slovene a regional language, without denying that it is part of Slovene. The linguist Janko Dular has characterized Prekmurje Slovene as a "local standard language" for historical reasons, as has the Prekmurje writer Feri Lainšček. However, Prekmurje Slovene is not recognized as a language by Slovenia or Hungary, nor does it enjoy any legal protection under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, although in 2016 the General Maister Society (Društvo General Maister) proposed that primary schools offer education in the dialect and some regional politicians and intellectuals advocate Prekmurje Slovene.

Together with Resian, Prekmurje Slovene is the only Slovene dialect with a literary standard that has had a different historical development from the rest of Slovene ethnic territory. For centuries, it was used as a language of religious education, as well as in the press and mass. The historical Hungarian name for the Slovenes living within the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary (as well as for the Slovenians in general) was Vendek, or the Wends. In the 18th and 19th centuries Prekmurje authors used to designate this dialect as sztári szlovenszki jezik 'old Slovene'. Both then and now, it is also referred to as the "Slovene language between the Mura and Raba" (Slovenščina med Muro in Rabo; Slovenski jezik med Mürov i Rábov).

Prekmurje Slovene is widely used in the regional media (Murski Val Radio, Porabje, Slovenski utrinki), films, literature. The younger generation also write SMS messages and web comments in their local tongue. In the Prekmurje and Hungary a few streets, shops, hotels, etc. have Prekmurje Slovene names. In the 2012 protests in Slovenia in Murska Sobota the protesters use Prekmurje Slovene banners. It is the liturgical language in the Lutheran and Pentecostal churches, and in the Catholic Church of Hungarian Slovenes. Marko Jesenšek, a professor at the University of Maribor, states that the functionality of Prekmurje Slovene is limited, but "it lives on in poetry and journalism."

Linguistic features
Prekmurje Slovene is part of the Pannonian dialect group (Slovene: ), also known as the eastern Slovene dialect group (). Prekmurje Slovene shares many common features with the dialects of Haloze, Slovenske Gorice, and Prlekija, with which it is completely mutually intelligible. It is also closely related to the Kajkavian dialect of Croatian, although mutual comprehension is difficult. Prekmurje Slovene, especially its more traditional version spoken by the Hungarian Slovenes, is not readily understood by speakers from central and western Slovenia, whereas speakers from eastern Slovenia (Lower Styria) have much less difficulty understanding it. The early 20th-century philologist Ágoston Pável stated that Prekmurje Slovene "is in fact a large, autonomous dialect of Slovene, from which it differs mostly in stress, intonation, consonant softness and—due to the lack of a significant language reform—a scarceness of vocabulary of modern terms" and that it preserves "many ancient features."

Orthography
Historically, Prekmurje Slovene was not written with the Bohorič alphabet used by Slovenes in Inner Austria, but with a Hungarian-based orthography. János Murkovics's textbook (1871) was the first book to use Gaj's Latin Alphabet.

Before 1914: Aa, Áá, Bb, Cc, Cscs, Dd, Ee, Éé, Êê, Ff, Gg, Gygy, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Lyly, Mm, Nn, Nyny, Oo, Ôô, Öö, Őő, Pp, Rr, Szsz, Ss, Tt, Uu, Üü, Űű, Vv, Zz, Zszs.

After 1914: Aa, Áá, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Éé, Êê, Ff, Gg, Gjgj, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Ljlj, Mm, Nn, Njnj, Oo, Ôô, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Zz, Žž.

Phonology
The Prekmurje dialect has a phonology similar to the phonology of other eastern Slovene dialects. The vowels ü /y/ and ö [ø] (the latter is non-phonemic) are used, which do not appear in standard Slovene (e.g., günac 'ox', ülanca 'clay'). These vowels are particularly prominent in the northern dialects of Vendvidék and in Goričko. Older names of several settlements (e.g., Büdinci 'Budinci, Böltinci 'Beltinci', etc.), surnames (e.g., Küčan, Šömenek, etc.), and names of rivers and hills (e.g., Bükovnica, Törnjek, etc.) often had these sounds. Intonation, palatalization of consonants, and accentuation are also different. The diphthongs au or ou (unknown in standard Slovene but found in various dialects) are also widespread. Examples include Baug or Boug 'God' (standard Sln. Bog ), and kaus or kous 'piece' (standard Sln. kos ). In some dialects, the preposition and prefix v 'in' alternates with f, as in Kajkavian; for example, in Vendvidék fčará 'yesterday' (standard Sln. včeraj ).

Morphology
Inflections are somewhat similar to Croatian. In Prekmurje Slovene, the expression "in Hungary" is v Vogrskoj (cf. Croatian u Ugarskoj, standard Slovenian na Ogrskem). One of the reasons for this closeness to standard Croatian is the long tradition of connections between the two peoples, because before the 18th century, most Prekmurje priests and teachers (both Catholic and Protestant) were educated in Croatia, particularly in Zagreb or Varaždin. In the old Martjanci Hymnal (Sztárá martyanszka peszmarica), the influences of Croatian are clear. The 18th-century Prekmurje writers that created Prekmurje Slovene applied many features of the Kajkavian dialect. In 1833, József Kossics, who was partially of Croatian descent, wrote a grammar emphasizing the Croatian features, with much of the terminology borrowed from Kajkavian, although elements from Styrian Slovene dialects were also included. Although the influence of Croatian liturgical Kajkavian is clear, both speeches ultimately descend from Pannonian or Carpathian Slavs who settled the area in which they are spoken in the first millennium and have enjoyed a parallel development.

Prekmurje Slovene, like Standard Slovene, preserves a dual number along with the singular and plural; for example, müva sva 'the two of us are' (cf. Standard Slovene midva sva), vüva sta 'the two of you are' (cf. Standard Slovene vidva sta), njüva sta 'the two of them are' (cf. Standard Slovene onadva sta).

Lexicon
The dialect includes many archaic words that have disappeared from modern Slovene. Some Prekmurje Slovene words can be found in the Freising manuscripts from the 9th century, the oldest written record in Slovenian. Along with the three dialects spoken in Venetian Slovenia and  the Slovene dialects of eastern Carinthia, Prekmurje Slovene is considered the most conservative of all Slovene dialects with regard to vocabulary. Many words in modern Prekmurje Slovene are borrowed from Hungarian and German. Examples of words that differ from standard Slovene include iža 'house' and lűšnost 'happiness' (cf. standard Sln. hiša, veselje). Other words are only superficially different because of phonological changes; for example, mesou 'meat' and závec 'rabbit' (cf. standard Sln. meso, zajec). There are dozens of Hungarian and German loanwords (e.g., roság 'country' < Hung. ország and čizma 'boot' < Hung. csizma). The frequent presence of German loanwords is particularly observable among the Hungarian Slovenes and in northern and western Prekmurje. Some words have different meanings in the dialect and in standard Slovene; for example, graj 'bean' (cf. standard Sln. grah 'pea') and stoul 'table'  (cf. standard Sln. stol 'chair').

Prekmurje Slovene subdialects
 The Rába or Vendvidék subdialect ( Prekmurje Slovene: Bákerski/Porábski/Rábski govor), near the Rába River, in the Szentgotthárd district
 The Goričko subdialect ( Prekmurje Slovene: Gorički govor) in upper Prekmurje, Grad, north of Cankova)
 The Ravensko subdialect ( Prekmurje Slovene: Ravénski govor west of Cankova and south of Murska Sobota and Rakičan
 The Murska Sobota subdialect ( Prekmurje Slovene: Soboški govor) near Murska Sobota
 The Markovsko or Dolinsko subdialect ( Prekmurje Slovene: Dolénski i Markiški govor) south of Rakičan, near the Mura and Ledava rivers.

The Goričko dialect includes the Slaveči subdialect spoken by Miklós and István Küzmics.

History
The Prekmurje dialect developed from the language of the Carantanian Slavs who settled around Balaton in the 9th century. Due to the political and geographical separation from other Slovene dialects (unlike most of contemporary Slovenia, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire, Prekmurje was under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary for almost a thousand years), the Prekmurje dialect acquired many specific features. Separated from the cultural development of the remainder of ethnic Slovene territory, the Slovenes in Hungary gradually forged their own specific culture and also their own literary language.

In the end of the 16th century some Slovene Protestant pastor supported breaking away from Hungary. The pastors brought along the Bible of Primož Trubar and used it in Gornji Petrovci.

The first book in the Prekmurje dialect appeared in 1715, and was written by the Lutheran pastor Ferenc Temlin. In the 18th and early 19th century, a regional literature written in Prekmurje Slovene flourished. It comprised mostly (although not exclusively) of religious texts, written by both Protestant and Catholic clergymen. The most important authors were the Lutheran pastor István Küzmics and the Roman Catholic priest Miklós Küzmics who settled the standard for the Prekmurje regional standard language in the 18th century. Both of them were born in central Prekmurje, and accordingly the regional literary language was also based on the central sub-dialects of Prekmurje Slovene.

Miklós Küzmics in the 1790s rejected Standard Slovene. The poet, writer, translator, and journalist Imre Augustich made approaches toward standard Slovene, but retained the Hungarian alphabet. The poet Ferenc Sbüll also made motions toward accepting standard Slovene.

By the 16th century, a theory linking the Hungarian Slovenes to the ancient Vandals had become popular. Accordingly, Prekmurje Slovene was frequently designated in Hungarian Latin documents as the Vandalian language (Latin: lingua vandalica, Hungarian: Vandál nyelv, Prekmurje Slovene: vandalszki jezik or vandalszka vüszta).

With the advent of modernization in the mid-19th century, this kind of literature slowly declined. Nevertheless, the regional standard continued to be used in religious services. In the last decades of the 19th and 20th century, the denomination "Wends" and "Wendish language" was promoted, mostly by pro-Hungarians, in order to emphasize the difference between the Hungarian Slovenes and other Slovenes, including attempts to create a separate ethnic identity.

In 1919, most of Prekmurje was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Slovene replaced Hungarian as the language of education and administration. Standard Slovene gradually started to replace Prekmurje Slovene in the local Roman Catholic church, while the Lutheran community continued to use the dialect in their religious services. The local press tried to combine the old Prekmurje regional standard with standard Slovene, making it completely intelligible to Slovenes from other regions. In the late 1920s and 1930s, many Slovenes from the Julian March who fled from Fascist Italy settled in Prekmurje, especially in the town of Lendava. The Yugoslav authorities encouraged the settlements of Slovene political immigrants from the Kingdom of Italy in Prekmurje as an attempt to reduce the influence of the Magyar element in the region; besides, the western Slovene dialects were very difficult to understand for the people of Prekmurje, thus the use of standard Slovene became almost indispensable for the mutual understanding.

After World War II, the Lutheran Church also switched to standard Slovene in most of its parishes, and Prekmurje Slovene has since been relegated to almost exclusively private use. Nevertheless, along with Resian, the Prekmurje dialect is one of the few Slovene dialects still used by most speakers, with very little influence from standard Slovene. This creates a situation of diglossia, where the dialect is used as the predominant means of communication in private life, while the standard language is used in schools, administration, and the media. The situation is different among the Hungarian Slovenes, where standard Slovene is still very rarely used.

1823–1848

A second wave of standardisation began in 1823. Mihály Barla issued a new hymnbook (Krscsanszke nove peszmene knige). József Kossics, a great writer and poet from Ptrekmurje, made contact with the Slovenian linguist  and thus get acquainted with the Styrian Slovenian dialect. Kossics first worked in Alsószölnök. The teacher of the village was József Vogrin (Jožef Vogrin) born into the Slovene Styria, and accordingly spoke the Styrian dialect. Kossics's father was of Croatian descent, and accordingly was also raised in the Kajkavian Croatian language. The Krátki návuk vogrszkoga jezika za zacsetníke, a Slovenian-Hungarian grammar book and dictionary let out the standard Prekmurje Slovene. The Zobriszani Szloven i Szlovenszka med Mürov in Rábov ethic-book, formed the ethics- and linguistic-norms. Zgodbe vogerszkoga králesztva and Sztarine Zseleznih ino Szalaszkih Szlovencov are the first Prekmurje Slovene Slovenian history books. Kossics was the first writer to write nonreligious poetry.

In 1820, a teacher named István Lülik wrote a new coursebook (Novi abeczedár), into which was made three issue (1853, 1856, 1863).
Sándor Terplán and János Kardos wrote a psalm book (Knige 'zoltárszke), and a hymnbook (Krsztsanszke czerkvene peszmi), the latter a reprint of Barla's hymn-book.

1870–1886

János Kardos translated numerous verses from Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and few Hungarian poet. In 1870, he worked on a new coursebook, the Nôve knige cstenyá za vesznícski sôl drügi zlôcs.
In 1875, Imre Augustich established the first Prekmurje Slovene newspaper Prijátel (The Friend). Later, he wrote a new Hungarian–Prekmurje Slovene grammar (Návuk vogrszkoga jezika, 1876) and translated works from Hungarian poets and writers.

In 1886, József Bagáry wrote second course-book, which apply the Gaj alphabet (Perve knige – čtenyá za katholičánske vesničke šolê).

1914–1945

In 1914-1918, the ethnic governor and later parliamentarian congressman in Belgrade József Klekl standardized Prekmurje Slovene, making use of the Croatian and Slovene languages. In 1923, the new prayerbook's Hodi k oltarskomi svesti (Come on to the Eucharist) orthography was written in the Gaj. Items in the newspapers the catholic Novine, Marijin list, Marijin ograček, calendar Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga, the Lutheran Düševni list and Evangeličanski kalendar were written in the Prekmurje Slovene.
József Szakovics took an active part in cultivating the Prekmurje dialect, although not all schools offered education in Prekmurje Slovene. The prominent Prekmurje writer Miško Kranjec also wrote in Slovene.

János Fliszár wrote a Hungarian-Wendish dictionary in 1922.  In 1941, the Hungarian Army seized back the Prekmurje area and by 1945 aimed to make an end of the Prekmurje dialect and Slovene by the help of Mikola.

After 1945, Communist Yugoslavia banned the printing of religious books in the Prekmurje dialects, and only standard Slovene was used in administration and education. In Hungary, the dictator Mátyás Rákosi banned every minority language and deported the Slovenes in the Hungarian Plain.

The question of the Wend or Prekmurje language

The issue of how Prekmurje Slovene came to be a separate tongue has many theories. First, in the 16th century, there was a theory that the Slovenes east of the Mura were descendants of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe of pre-Roman Empire era antiquity. The Vandal name was used not only as the "scientific" or ethnological term for Slovenes, but also to acknowledge that the Vandalic people were named the Szlovenci, szlovenszki, szlovenye (Slovenians).

In 1627, was issue the Protestant visitation in the country Tótság, or Slovene Circumscription (this is the historical name of the Prekmurje and Vendvidék, Prekmurje Slovene: Slovenska okroglina). Herein act a Slavic Bible in Gornji Petrovci, which as a matter of fact the Bible of Primož Trubar. From Carniola and Styria in the 16th and 17th centuries, a few Slovene Protestant pastors fled to Hungary and brought with them Trubar's Bible, which helped set the standard for Slovene. Not known by accident there was work on Prekmurje Slovene.

According to the Hungarian dissenters, the Wendish (Prekmurje Slovene) language was of Danish, Sorbian, Germanic, Celtic, Eastern Romance or West Slavic extraction. But this was often false, political or exaggerated affirmations.

According to extremist Hungarian groups, the Wends were captured by Turkish and Croatian troops who were later integrated into Hungarian society. Another popular theory created by some Hungarian nationalists was that the speakers of the Wendish language were "in truth" Magyar peoples, and some had merged into the Slavic population of Slovenia over the last 800 years.

In 1920, Hungarian physicist  wrote a number of books about Slovene inhabitants of Hungary and the Wendish language: the Wendish-Celtic theory. Accordingly, the Wends (Slovenians in Hungary) were of Celtic extraction, not Slavic. Later Mikola also adopted the belief that the Wends indeed were Slavic-speaking Hungarians. In Hungary, the state's ethnonationalistic program tried to prove his theories. Mikola also thought the Wends, Slovenes, and Croatians alike were all descendants of the Pannonian Romans, therefore they have Latin blood and culture in them as well.

During the Hungarian revolution when Hungarians rebelled against Habsburg rule, the Catholic Slovenes sided with the Catholic Habsburgs. The Lutheran Slovenians, however, supported the rebel Lajos Kossuth siding with Hungary and they pleaded for the separation of Hungary from Habsburg Austria which had its anti-Protestant policy. At that time, the reasoning that the inhabitants of the Rába Region were not Slovenes but Wends and "Wendish-Slovenes" respectively and that, as a consequence, their ancestral Slavic-Wendish language was not to be equated with the other Slovenes living in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was established. In the opinion of the Lutheran-Slovene priest of Hodoš, the only possibility for the Lutheran Slovenes emerging from the Catholic-Slovenian population group to continue was to support Kossuth and his Hungarian culture. Thereafter, the Lutheran Slovenes used their language in churches and schools in the most traditional way in order to distinguish themselves from the Catholic Slovenes and the Slovene language (i.e., pro-Hungarian or pan-Slavic Slovene literature). The Lutheran priests and believers remained of the conviction that they could only adhere to their Lutheran faith when following the wish of the Hungarians (or the Austrians) and considering themselves "Wendish-Slovenes". If they did not conform to this, then they were in danger of being assimilated into Hungarian culture.

In the years preceding World War I, the Hungarian Slovenes were swept into the ideology of Panslavism, the national unity of all Slavic-speaking peoples of Eastern Europe. The issue was volatile in the fragmented Austro-Hungarian empire, which was defeated in the war. In the 1921 Treaty of Trianon, the southern half (not the whole) of the Prekmurje region was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

The Hungarian government in Budapest after 1867 tried to assimilate the Prekmurje Slovenes. In Somogy in the 19th century, there was still a ban on using Prekmurje Slovene. József Borovnyák, Ferenc Ivanóczy, and other Slovenian politicians and writers helped safeguard the Prekmurje dialect and identity.

In the late 20th century and today, the new notion for Hungarian Slovenians is to conceive Prekmurje Slovene is in fact the Slovene language, but not dialect. Their allusions: the Küzmics Gospels, the Old Grammar- and state-run public schools, the typical Prekmurje Slovene and Rába Slovene culture, the few centuries old-long isolation in Prekmurje Slovene and continued self-preservation from the Hungarian majority. The Hungarian Slovenes are more interested in being Slovenes.

In Communist Yugoslavia, Prekmurje Slovene was looked down upon because numerous writers, such as József Klekl, were anti-communists.

However, pseudoscientic and extremist theories continue to be propagated. Ethnological research has again looked into the "Celtic-Wends, Wendish-Magyars", "Pannonian Roman" and West Slavic theories. Tibor Zsiga, a prominent Hungarian historian in 2001 declared "The Slovene people cannot be declared Wends, neither in Slovenia, neither in Prekmurje." One may mind the Slovene/Slovenski name issue was under Pan-Slavism in the 19th-20th century, the other believes the issue was purely political in nature.

Examples
A comparison of the Lord's Prayer in standard Slovene, Standard Prekmurje Slovene, Kajkavian Croatian, and standard Croatian. The Prekmurje Slovene version is taken from a 1942 prayer book (Zálozso János Zvér, Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti, Murska Sobota, 1942, third edition). The original Hungarian orthography has been transliterated into Gaj's Latin alphabet, as used in the other versions, for easier comparison.

Trivia
In 2018 a Prekmurje Slovene translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince was published.

Singer and songwriter Nika Zorjan in 2018 created the Prekmurje Slovene version of Mariah Carey's All I Want for Christmas Is You aka Fse ka bi za Božič.

Gallery

See also
 Languages of Slovenia
 List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary
 Slovene March (Kingdom of Hungary)
 Vandalic language
 János Fliszár
 József Klekl (politician)
 Ágoston Pável

References

Sources
 Mária Mukics: Changing World - The Hungarian Slovenians (Változó Világ - A magyarországi szlovének) Press Publica
 Mukics Ferenc: Szlovén Nyelvkönyv/Slovenska slovnica (Slovenian language-book), 1997.
  Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana 2006.
 Fliszár János: Magyar-vend szótár/Vogrszki-vendiski rêcsnik, Budapest 1922.
 Francek Mukič: Porabsko-knjižnoslovensko-madžarski slovar, Szombathely 2005.

 Marc L. Greenberg: Glasoslovni opis treh prekmurskih govorov in komentar k zgodovinskemu glasoslovju in oblikoglasju prekmurskega narečja. Slavistična revija 41/4 (1993), 465-487.
 Marc L. Greenberg: Archaisms and innovations in the dialect of Središče: (Southeastern Prlekija, Slovenia). Indiana Slavic studies 7 (1994), 90-102.
 Marc L. Greenberg: Prekmurje grammar as a source of Slavic comparative material. Slovenski jezik 7 (2009), 28-44.
 Marc L. Greenberg: Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora. Slavistična revija 36 (1988). 452–456. [Review essay of Franc Novak, Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora [A Dictionary of the Prekmurje Dialect of Beltinci].
 Franci Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo, Poezija Prekmurja v prvi polovici 20. stoletja, Franc-Franc, Murska Sobota 2000.
 Vilko Novak: Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 2006.
 Vilko Novak: Martjanska pesmarica, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 1997.
 Vilko Novak: Zgodovina iz spomina/Történelem emlékezetből – Polemika o knjigi Tiborja Zsige Muravidéktől Trianonig/Polémia Zsiga Tibor Muravidéktől Trianonig című könyvéről, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 2004.
 Anton Trstenjak: Slovenci na Ogrskem, Narodopisna in književna črtica, objava arhivskih virov MARIBOR 2006.
 Marija Kozar: Etnološki slovar slovencev na Madžarskem, Monošter-Szombathely 1996.
 Források a Muravidék történetéhez 1./Viri za zgodovino Prekmurja 1. Szombathely-Zalaegerszeg, 2008.  Ö
 Források a Muravidék történetéhez/Viri za zgodovino Prekmurja 2. Szombathely-Zalaegerszeg 2008.
 Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti, edit: József Szakovics 1942.
 Pokrajinski muzej Murska Sobota, Katalog stalne razstave, Murska Sobota 1997.
 Jerneja Kopitarja Glagolita Clozianus/Cločev Glagolit, Ljubljana 1995.
 Življenje in delo Jožefa Borovnjaka, Edit: , Maribor 2008.
 Bea Baboš Logar: Prekmurska narečna slovstvena ustvarjalnost – mednarodno znanstveno srečanje: prekmurščina zanimiva tudi za tuje znanstvenike, Vestnik July 17, 2003.
 Predgovor. Nouvi Zákon, Stevan Küzmics, Pokrajinski Muzej Murska Sobota 2008.  (Translations: in English Peter Lamovec; in Hungarian Gabriella Bence; in Slovene Mihael Kuzmič)

External links
 Marko Jesenšek: STILISTIKA PREKMURSKIH OGLAŠEVALSKIH BESEDIL/STYLISTICS IN ADVERTISING TEXTS IN PREKMURJE
 László Göncz: The Hungarians in Prekmurje 1918-1941 (A muravidéki magyarság 1918-1941)
 Hungarian books in Prekmurje Slovenian 1715-1919
 Hungarian books in Prekmurje Slovenian 1920-1944
 PREKMURSKI PUBLICISTIČNI JEZIK V PRVI POLOVICI 20. STOLETJA
 Američan, ki je doktoriral iz prekmurščine
 "Zame prekmurščina ni narečje, temveč jezik" – Branko Pintarič, gledališki ustvarjalec (For Me, Prekmurje Slovenian Is Not a Dialect, But a Language)
 Preučevanje jezika in literature (Slovene)
 Marko Jesenšek: The Slovene Language in the Alpine and Pannonian Language Area
 Six stories from Prekmurje (1)

Cultural heritage of Slovenia


Mario dei Principi Ruspoli (October 16, 1867 – January 16, 1963) was an Italian prince, son of Emanuele Ruspoli, 1st Prince of Poggio Suasa and first wife Princess Caterina Vogoride-Conachi. He was the 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

He was responsible for the brief development of Chatsworth, New Jersey as a resort in the early 20th century.

Marriage and children

He married in Paris, September 25, 1890 Pauline Marie Palma de Talleyrand-Périgord (Venice, April 2, 1871 – Rome, October 21, 1952), daughter of the Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, the 4th Duke of Dino and Elizabeth Beers-Curtis (a sister of his father's third wife), and great-great-great-niece of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, by whom he had five children:

Costantino Carlo Michele Agostino dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (New York City, July 8, 1891 – Commander of the 11th Folgore Parachute Company, killed in action at the Second Battle of El Alamein in World War II at Deir El-Munassib, El Alamein, Egypt, October 25, 1942), married in Brussels, December 29, 1923 Elisabeth Catherine Adrienne Marie Anne Comtesse van der Noot d'Assche (Brussels, July 22, 1899 – Ixelles, March 27, 1974), by whom he had three sons:
Marcantonio Mario Dimitri Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Poggio Suasa
Edoardo Eugenio Bosone dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Brussels, February 17, 1928 –), unmarried and without issue
Marescotti Giovanni dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Etterbeek, March 6, 1935 –), married firstly Yvonne Masse, by whom he had two sons, and secondly at Chelsea, London, September 6, 1963 Diana Baronesse d'Orville van der Hoop (Lausanne, January 21, 1943 –), by whom he had three daughters:
Francesco dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (December 11, 1958 –), unmarried and without issue
Alexis dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (November 28, 1959 –), married and had issue:
Livia dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (March 26, 1966 –), married Jean-Pierre Tasiaux, and had issue
Serena dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (January 17, 1971 –), unmarried and without issue
Dáphne Barbara Philippa dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Uccle, September 29, 1972 –), married civilly at Uccle, May 29, 1998 and religiously at Èze, June 27, 1998 François, Comte Didisheim (Ixelles, January 16, 1960 –), and had issue
Marescotti dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (New York City, New York, October 17, 1892 – Lieut-Col. in Command of a Battle Group of the Folgore Parachute Division,  KIA at the Second Battle of El Alamein in World War II at El Alamein, Egypt, October 24, 1942), married in Rome, June 10, 1935 Virginia dei Marchesi Patrizi Naro Montoro (Rome, February 22, 1901 – Rome, August 6, 1977), whose mother was English, by whom he had a son and a daughter:
Eugenio dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Rome, June 12, 1938 –), married in Paris, May 2, 1960 Catherine Carolus-Barré (Saint-Jean-de-Luz, August 13, 1941 –), by whom he had a daughter and a son:
Smeralda dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio-Suasa (Rome, August 19, 1961 –), unmarried and without issue
Marescotti Carlo dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Rome, September 23, 1963 –), married and had issue
Francesca Patrizia Palma Rita Maria Raimonda Carla dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Rome, July 17, 1940 –), married in Rome, July 12, 1969 Eriprando Visconti di Modrone, Count of Vico Modrone (Milan, September 24, 1932 – Mortara, March 28, 1995), and had a son and a daughter, both unmarried and without issue
Alessandro Edmondo Eugenio dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (New York City, New York, March 14, 1895 – Rome, 1975), married in Paris, August 28, 1924 Marthe-Marie de Pineton de Chambrun (Paris, January 7, 1899 – 1984), by whom he had one son and two daughters:
Mario Giovanni Battista Pietro dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Rome, June 17, 1925 – Paris, June 13, 1986), married firstly in Paris, April 8, 1947 and divorced Claude Delmas (La Rochelle, March 16, 1924 –), by whom he had two sons, and secondly on April 4, 1974 Dominique Rivolier (Neuilly-sur-Seine, August 12, 1946 –), without issue:
Stefano dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Paris, October 5, 1947 –), married firstly in Paris, 1978 Laurence Allix, by whom he had an only daughter, and secondly in Paris Annie Nataf, without issue:
Léonore dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Paris, October 31, 1981 –)
Fabrizio dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Paris, April 4, 1951 –), unmarried and without issue
Giacinta Palma Margherita Maria dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Rome, March 3, 1927 – Rome, March 27, 1953), unmarried and without issue
Palma Maria dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Lausanne, August 19, 1928 –), married ... di Maio
Emanuele Costantino dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Florence, June 5, 1900 – ?), married Teresa Tomassetti, by whom he had two son:
Carlo Maurizio dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Sabaudia, October 25, 1949), married in Rome Iolanda Padovano, by whom he had three daughter:
Gioia dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Roma, December 17, 1986)
Smeralda dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Roma, December 17, 1986)
Margherita dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Roma, September 5, 1989)
Camillo dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa
Carlo Maurizio Giuseppe Edgardo dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Oberhofen, August 25, 1906 – Buenos Aires, June 11, 1947), married firstly in Venice, September 12, 1927 Marina dei Conti Volpi di Misurata (Venice, February 19, 1908 – March 9, 1977), by whom he had an only daughter, and secondly in Rome Luisa Maria Camperio (1914 – Rome, August 30, 1948), by whom he had an only son:
Esmeralda Giovanna Amelia Palma Maria dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Rome, June 24, 1928 – Panarea (Sicily), 1988), married in Rome Giancarlo Sbragia (Rome, March 14, 1926 – June 27, 1994)
Costantino Filippo Maria dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (New York City, New York, April 23, 1947 –), unmarried, who by Maria Consuelo (Lily) Child-Villiers of the Earls of Jersey (August 21, 1953 –), unmarried, whose mother was Italian, a former niece by marriage of Virginia Cherrill and paternal granddaughter of George Child Villiers, 8th Earl of Jersey, aunt of actor, writer and producer William Villiers, had an only son (despite their equal aristocratic birth never married to each other nor to anyone else):
Bartolomeo Sebastian Ruspoli (London, November 8, 1976 –), actor

Cultural and charitable interests

 Rotary Club of New York.

Ancestry

See also
Ruspoli

References

External links
Mario Ruspoli on a genealogical site
Cantacuzino

Costache Conachi Family
Rosetti Family
Donici Family

1867 births
1963 deaths
People from Munteni
Mario


Patrick Vallençant (9 June 1946 in Lyon – 28 March 1989) was a French alpinist/skier and pioneer in ski mountaineering.

He was a pioneer in ski mountaineering and leader of the French school of ski mountaineers. His motto was: "si tu tombes, tu meurs", translated as "you fall, you die". In addition to numerous first descents, he was responsible for the creation of the "Pedal-Jump Turn" and co-founded the Degré 7 ski apparel company.

He died on 28 March 1989, in a non-skiing related climbing accident as a result of a broken carabiner, while abseiling from the top of La Beaume Rouge, in France.

Skiing
Vallençant became known for a number of first descents on skis within the French Alps that had previously been considered too steep to ski. To achieve this he developed a ski technique known as the "Pedal-Jump Turn".  His feats required him to first climb the mountain in order to make the descent on skis, at the time it was uncommon to use helicopters to reach the top. His climbing and skiing partner for many of these first descents was Anselme Baud. In achieving this he took up the mantel of Sylvain Saudan ("Le Skieur de l'Impossible") (French Wiki, Sylvain Saudan) and was a contemporary of other French extreme skiers, such as Jean-Marc Boivin and Bruno Gouvy.

Pedal-Jump Turn
To cope with skiing the steep terrain (greater than 50 degrees), Vallençant developed a new turning technique, known as the "Pedal-Jump Turn" (also "Pedal Hop Turn" and "Pedal Step Turn"). The technique involved pushing off from the uphill ski, away from the slope and completing a portion of turn's rotation while in the air and then landing back on the downhill ski.  With the advent of parabolic skis, using the uphill ski to initiate a turn is now a common technique for carved turns and racing. The key difference is in carving or racing the skier is traveling much faster, the terrain is not as steep and there is no need for such a dramatic thrust off the slope. The "Pedal-Jump Turn" was originally developed on traditional racing skis.

Professional
Patrick Vallençant founded the Stages Vallençant in Chamonix to teach extreme skiing & co-founded the "Degré 7" ski apparel company in 1983 with Iingrid Buchner, a stylist. He sold his share in Degré 7 in 1988.

References

Ski Magazine (October 1980) – Patrick Vallencant and His Pedal-Jump Turn
Climbing Magazine – No. 106 – Vallencant Cover Photo by Noble
Ski Extreme, Ma Plenitude by Patrick Vallencant (Edité par Flammarion, 1992) (French Only, Ski Extreme, My Fullness)
PisteHors.com – Biography of Patrick Vallencant

External links
Degré 7 – Skiing Apparel co-founded by Patrick Vallencant
Chris Noble – Photographed the Founders of Extreming Skiing
Climbing Magazine Issue no. 106 – Patrick Vallencant skiing Pas de Chevre, above Chamonix (Photo by Chris Noble)

Snow News 2003 – "Mountain Mavericks: Patrick Vallencant"
Steep, Without Risk There Is No Adventure – A history of big mountain skiing, includes archival footage of Vallencant

1946 births
1989 deaths
Extreme skiers
French male ski mountaineers
Sportspeople from Lyon


UNIFE (), or the European Rail Supply Industry Association, is an association of Europe's rail supply companies active in the design, manufacture, maintenance and refurbishment of rail transport systems, subsystems and related equipment. UNIFE also brings together 15 national rail industry associations of European countries. UNIFE is a member of the Group of Representative Bodies.

UNIFE members have jointly an 84% market share in Europe and supply 46% of the worldwide production of rail equipment and services.

UNIFE advocates its members’ interests at both the European and International level—promoting EU rail equipment and standards within Europe and abroad. UNIFE and its members also work on the setting of interoperability standards and coordinate EU-funded research projects that aim at the technical harmonisation of railway systems. The association has developed IRIS (International Rail Industry Standard) – a sets of standards in rail transport which defines requirements in content, procedures and evaluation of audits as well as a requirement profile for the certification bodies and auditors. UNIFE is also the author of ERTMS.

UNIFE is also the administrator, jointly with CER, of the European Railway Award which honours outstanding political and technical achievements in the development of economically and environmentally sustainable rail transport.

References

External links

European trade associations
Railway associations
Transport industry associations
International organisations based in Belgium
International rail transport organizations
Transport organisations based in Belgium


The Finch Building is located on Wyoming Avenue, just north of US 11 and PA 307, in downtown Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a stone building designed by William Scott-Collins in the Renaissance revival style and completed in 1899.

It takes its name from the Finch Manufacturing Company, a maker of finished steel products such as manhole covers that had been based in the city for much of the later 19th century. Its first occupant was the International Correspondence School, a business that offered study-by-mail classes to the many coal miners in the Northeastern Pennsylvania region. The school, founded in 1894, had quickly outgrown its offices at the nearby Coal Exchange Building and needed the space. Later it was used as offices for the Hudson Coal Company.

In 1976 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Today it has been remodeled into an apartment building called Finch Towers.

References

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Commercial buildings completed in 1899
Renaissance Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Scranton, Pennsylvania
1899 establishments in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania


Froxfield in Hampshire is a hamlet in the civil parish of Froxfield and Privett containing several small hamlets including Privett.  Froxfield and Privett stand approximately 3 miles WNW of Petersfield within the East Hampshire Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) of Hampshire. Entirely within South Downs National Park, it sits on high ground overlooking the Hangers.

Evidence of ancient settlement in Froxfield includes traces of a Romans encampment in the south of the parish. Fragments of an earthwork running across the Parish are supposed to have formed part of the boundary between the ancient kingdoms of Wessex and Sussex.

Trees Cottage contains a hall that has timbers dated to 1359/60.

The village has two churches, St Peter on the Green, built in 1884 on the site of the original 12th century church and St Peter's, High Cross was built in 1862 after the original Norman parish church at Froxfield Green was demolished, it contains the Norman pillars from the previous church.  Holy Trinity Church, Privett is a redundant Grade II* listed church in the ecclesiastical parish of Froxfield.

At the 2011 Census the hamlet had become a civil parish in its own name. The population in 2011 was 961.

Pubs
The two highest pubs in Hampshire are The White Horse, more commonly known as The Pub With No Name and The Trooper Inn which at the beginning of the First World War it is said that the pub was used as a recruiting centre for troops, although it is not known whether this was the source of the Trooper name.

Education

Froxfield CofE Primary and Pre-School  is the only school within the Parish. The school has roughly 103 pupils and age ranges from 4 – 11 years old.

References

Villages in Hampshire


Rail Transport in Tunisia is provided by:
 Tunisian Railways (SNCFT)
 Société des transports de Tunis,  manages commuter trains of the Tunis area including metro light rail and TGM in Tunis
 Sahel Metro, company and electric train line Sousse-Monastir-Mahdia
 Lézard rouge, a historical tourist train

Electrification

 25 kV AC Tunis to the suburbs of Borj Cédria and Riadh (2012)

Railway links to adjacent countries
 Algeria -
 Libya - railways under construction - break-of-gauge - / until gauge conversion (some  gauge would need to be converted to ).

See also

 Economy of Tunisia
 Transport in Tunisia
 Railway stations in Tunisia

References

Notes

Further reading

External links

 EngRailHistory The Railways of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria


Fyfield is a village and civil parish in the Test Valley district of north west Hampshire, England. Its nearest town is Andover.

Part of Redenham Park lies within the parish.

References

Fyfield in the Victoria County History of Hampshire

External links

Villages in Hampshire


Dalit Janajati Party is a political party in Nepal. In the 2008 Constituent Assembly election, the party won 1 seat through the Proportional Representation vote.

The party is a continuent of the Federal Republic National Front.

Dalit Janajati Party has 45 central member committee. Dille Mijar is treasurer of the party. Tej Bahadur Nepali is in charge of Foreign Department.

The party merged into Nepal Loktantrik Forum which later joined Nepali Congress . A faction led by is currently in Bahujan Shakti Party, Nepal.

References

Political parties of minorities in Nepal


Stafford James (born April 24, 1946) is an American double-bassist and composer.

Biography

Stafford James was born in Evanston, Illinois. From ages 6 to 11 he was a left handed violinist in the school orchestra. He also possessed drawing skills, and at 13 he started to work in the atelier of Chicago church architect Barry Byrne as a tracer. By age 16 he started designing desert habitation structures in the Prairie School style with the urging of Mr. Byrne. During the Vietnam War era he enlisted in the U.S. Air Force; after his discharge he studied contrabass at the Chicago Conservatory College with Rudolf Fahsbender of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. In 1969 he moved to New York City and studied under Julius Levine at the Mannes College of Music. There, in New York, he met Pharoah Sanders, with whom he played his first jazz concerts in New York. James played with Monty Alexander and Sun Ra at the end of the 1960s as well. Soon after he worked with Alice Coltrane and Albert Ayler. He did the first road tour of the Broadway show Hair and toured Canada with them in 1970. In 1971 he met Melba Moore, and played with her as part of the David Frost Revue including Artie Johnson, Diahann Carroll and Fred Travalena. Other performances in the early 1970s included performances with Rashied Ali, Roy Ayers, Al Haig, Barry Harris, Andrew Hill, Andrew Cyrille, and Chico Hamilton.

In 1973 he toured Europe for the first time with Gary Bartz. In 1974, he was a member of Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers. At the same time he met Betty Carter and Woody Shaw. During this period, he started teaching at the United Nations International School in New York City. His first album as a leader in 1975 on the Horo Records label featured Enrico Rava, Dave Burrell and Beaver Harris. In 1976 he founded a quintet, featuring bass, cello, saxophones, drums and percussion which also toured Europe. He met Dexter Gordon there while touring with Al Cohn and recorded his album Homecoming with him upon his return to the United States. He then toured Europe with John Scofield and performed on his album Rough House. In 1978 he recorded his second album as a bandleader, The Stafford James Ensemble, featuring Frank Strozier, Harold Mabern and Louis Hayes.

In the early 1980s James toured Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Mexico, and South America. In 1983 he began collaborating with Jimmy Heath, and did more work with Woody Shaw, including a world tour with the United States Information Service. In 1986, he composed an Ethiopia Suite for two basses, string ensemble, drums and 10 dancers for the Celebrate Brooklyn Dance Festival in a collaboration with choreographer Stephan Koplowitz. That same year, he toured in Canada performing the music of Franz Schubert and then with his return to the United States arranged compositions by Duke Ellington for an trio ensemble consisting of himself, pianist Mulgrew Miller and cellist Akua Dixon. In 1987 he composed Sonatina for viola d'amore and double bass, premiered at Bates Recital Hall at the University of Texas, Austin, Texas and at the European Music Festival in Stuttgart, Germany in 1988. That year he also had a part in an episode of the NBC-TV comedy-drama, The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd starring Blair Brown.

In 1989 James moved to Paris, collaborating with Pharoah Sanders, Barney Wilen and La Velle, after which he formed the Stafford James Project and then studied with Ludwig Streicher in Vienna, Austria. In 1991 he played Igor Stravinsky's The Firebird on tour with the Lviv Philharmonic Orchestra of Lviv, Ukraine, after the fall of the Berlin Wall during Perestroika for their first tour of Western Europe. Flautist Herbie Mann was a guest artist for one of the performances. In 1992 he toured with trumpeter Freddie Hubbard as part of the Freddie Hubbard All-Stars group performing in Rome, Italy, Acireale, Leipzig, Germany, Paris, France and Groningen, Netherlands.

In 1994 Stafford James played in his trio with pianist Onaje Allen Gumbs and drummer Ronnie Burrage. He then composed Les Alpes aux Carpates for solo bass, two pan flutes, string orchestra, women's choir, synthesizers and drums in 1995 and premiered the work in Die, France. In 1998 he toured Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, and Italy in a quartet with Buster Williams, Anga Diaz (later Don Alias), and Ronnie Burrage. In that same year he was awarded the Civitella Ranieri Fellowship, Umbertide, Italy, to compose new music for contrabass soloist and orchestra. In 1999 he was invited to Samarkand, Uzbekistan.

In 2001 he recorded his third album, Le Gecko, in co-production with the Westdeutscher Rundfunk radio of Cologne, Germany. The album also features Don Alias and Gene Jackson. During this period there were also recordings with Radio France and Nederlandse Programma Stichting of the Netherlands. In 2005 he re-formed his seven-piece string ensemble consisting of solo bass, rhythmic bass, string quartet and drums with tours in Austria, Germany and France. Also in 2005, the University of Chicago included his compositions into the Regenstein Library. In 2008, his new recording The Stafford James String Ensemble was released by Staja Music, featuring Ralph Morrison, Sara Parkins, Jennie Hansen, Wolf Sebastian and Douglas Sides.

In 2009, James taught master classes at the University of Graz, Graz, Austria, Bruckner University, Linz, Austria, Roosevelt University, Chicago, and tours with members of the Bruckner Orchestra Linz, Austria and concerts in the United States. In 2010, the Chicago-based WFMT Radio Network, which is the official radio station of both the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic, did a two-hour program on his life and compositions, entitled Composing for the Contrabass. In 2011, James became founder and president of Top Hat Music Society, Inc., a dinner/concert music series including Jazz, Classical, Operetta and Cabaret with international artists. Also in 2011, Stafford's composition "That's what dreams are made of" was utilized in the French television series  by Pierre Palmade.

In 2012, The Stafford James String Ensemble recorded a new album, Round About Midnight, "live" in Chicago. Also in that same year he married Gunda Hennig of Bremen, Germany. They were married in Las Vegas, Nevada, where he had worked with Melba Moore.

In 2013, the Stafford James String and Percussion Ensemble with special guest M'Boom (the percussion ensemble of Max Roach), performed at the Chicago Jazz Festival's Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park. Musicians included: Richard Davis, Ray Mantilla, Warren Smith, Ely Fountain, Geraldo de Oliveira, Geof Bradfield, Scott Hesse, String Quartet with Carol Lahti, Becky Coffman, Vannia Phillips, Andrew Snow and Stafford James as soloist.

In 2015, the Stafford James Strings, Percussion and Horns Ensemble toured Europe, performing original compositions in tandem with compositions by other Jazz composers. The arrangements by Stafford James featured contrabass soloist, harp, string quartet, flute, trumpet doubling on flugelhorn, saxes doubling on bass clarinet, trombone, tuba, guitar, support bass, drums and percussion. The presentation is that of a double bass concerto.

2016-17 there was a new series of three productions in Chicago of the Stafford James Strings, Percussion and Horns Ensemble, a string quartet and a string quintet at the EDGE Theater located in Edgewater, Chicago. The series was produced by Top Hat Music Society. The first Strings, Percussion and Horns Ensemble concert (December 8, 2016) was recorded live by Eric Arunas of the WFMT Radio Network. This was then followed with a masterclass and performance 2017 at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a European tour.

2019 Roxxon Records & Tapes of Hannover, Germany releases the Stafford James String Ensemble "Live" recorded in both Zürich and Chicago.

Discography

As leader
 Stafford James (Horo, 1976)
 Stafford James Ensemble (Red, 1979)
 Le Gecko (WDR, 2001)
 A Song for Our Heroes (Staja, 2008)
 Round About Midnight  (Staja, 2012)
 Stafford James String Ensemble "Live" (Roxxon Records & Tapes, 2019)

As sideman
With Rashied Ali
 New Directions in Modern Music (Survival, 1973)
With Albert Ayler
 The Last Album (Impulse!)
Music Is the Healing Force of the Universe (Impulse!)
With Gary Bartz
 Juju Street Songs (Prestige, 1972)
I've Known Rivers (Prestige, 1973)
With Andrew Cyrille
 Celebration (IPS, 1975)
With Kenny Gill
What Was What Is What Will Be (Raccoon, 1970)
With Dexter Gordon
 Homecoming (Columbia, 1976)
With Bill Hardman
Focus (Muse, 1980 [1984])
With Louis Hayes
 Ichi-Ban (Timeless, 1976) with Junior Cook
 The Real Thing (Muse, 1977)
With Jimmy Heath
 Peer Pleasure (Landmark, 1987)
With LaVelle
 Tribute to Nat "King" Cole (OMD Records, 1990)
With Oliver Lake
Heavy Spirits (Arista Freedom, 1975)
With Ronnie Mathews
Selena's Dance (Timeless, 1988)
With Cecil Payne
 Casbah (Empathy, 1986)
With Roswell Rudd
 Inside Job (Arista/Freedom, 1976)
With Pharoah Sanders
 Moon Child (Timeless, 1990)
 Welcome to Love (Timeless, 1991)
With Woody Shaw
 Little Red's Fantasy (Muse, 1976)
 The Woody Shaw Concert Ensemble at the Berliner Jazztage (Muse, 1976)
 For Sure! (Columbia, 1979)
 United (Columbia, 1981)
 Lotus Flower (Enja, 1982)
 Master of the Art (Elektra Music, 1982)
 Night Music (Elektra, 1982)

References

External links
Official website

American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Jazz musicians from Illinois
1946 births
Living people
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians


The Battle of Ponte Ferreira, fought on 22–23 July 1832, was the first major battle of the Portuguese Civil War between the forces of Dom Pedro, ex-Emperor of Brazil and Regent for his daughter Maria da Glória, and the army of his brother Dom Miguel, who had usurped the throne of Portugal. Though technically a victory for Pedro's forces, it gave him no lasting advantage because the enemy were not pursued and were able to return in full strength, as a result of which he was besieged in Porto for an entire year.

Background
Dom Pedro's expeditionary force from the Azores landed in Portugal on 7 July 1832 and on the 9th he occupied Porto as the city had been abandoned by the Miguelite army, which withdrew across the river Douro. Though this was a bold stroke, Pedro and his advisers had been under the impression that the peasantry and Miguel's army would at once declare allegiance to their rightful queen, and nothing of the sort happened. Though the Count of Vila Flor urged him to take the offensive, their forces delayed for several days in Porto resting and reorganizing. Meanwhile, the Miguelite army, commanded by General Cardoso and Count Montalegre, was reinforced and re-crossed the Douro some distance east of Porto. When this was known Dom Pedro sent Colonel Hodges with his British battalion on the 17th to reconnoitre the enemy's movements. Learning that they had occupied Penafiel with a strong force, he was reinforced by a volunteer regiment with orders to drive the Miguelites from Penafiel. Between the 19th and 21st this was accomplished, and the force then returned to Porto, but the Miguelites, who had been concentrating their full strength at Amarante, followed them. Before daybreak on the 22nd the bulk of Dom Pedro's army marched out from Porto along the Valongo road to give battle. The army was something of a multinational force, consisting of exiled opponents of Miguel's regime who had rallied to Pedro in the Azores (one battalion consisted entirely of officers), Portuguese volunteers loyal to the Queen, two British contingents commanded by Colonels Shaw and Hodges, and a French contingent commanded by Major Checar. Overall command was exercised by the Count of Vila Flor, with Colonels Brito and Schwalbach leading the Portuguese infantry and some artillery in the charge of Colonel Fonseca.

Battle

22 July
Daybreak on 22 July found the Dom Pedro army on the heights of Valongo confronting the Miguelite army which was in a strong position before the village of Ponte Ferreira. Although greatly outnumbered the Dom Pedro light troops attacked with artillery support, but were repulsed and fell back, some guns being lost. They retreated towards Rio Tinto, where Vila Flor had decided to concentrate his forces in order to make an all-out attack the following day. The Miguelite army advanced, following the retreating Dom Pedro forces, and then prepared a defensive position behind the River Sousa, their left protected by the high ground on the right bank of the Douro and their right by a sugar-loaf hill where they placed artillery and a considerable force. Overall they outnumbered Pedro's army, which bivouacked for the night, by at least two to one.

23 July
At 3 a.m. the Dom Pedro forces moved out of camp, with the light division under Schwalbach in the centre, Brito's division on the right, and the officers' division, the artillery, the 3rd battalion of the Portuguese 18th Regiment and the French and the British contingents on the left, under Hodges. Dom Pedro himself remained some distance in the rear with a reserve. Hodges' forces were ordered to turn the Miguelite right, and succeeded - the sugar-loaf hill was abandoned and the Portuguese battalion was able to ascend it unopposed. However the French contingent was caught in the plain by the Miguelite cavalry and suffered heavy casualties, Major Checar being killed. The cavalry then attempted to charge the British, who had taken position behind a wall, but were driven back. Meanwhile, Brito's division had been ordered to take the Miguelite left, but despite repeated orders did not advance. The Miguelites, supported by guerrillas, re-took the hill, and Hodges requested reinforcements from Vila Flor, but these were held back by Dom Pedro for a considerable time. Nevertheless, when they came up they regained the hill from the Miguelites in a bayonet charge while Hodges attacked the enemy line from the left. Having suffered heavy casualties the Miguelites withdrew, leaving the field to Pedro's army. Vila Flor wished to follow up the victory and pursue the enemy, but Pedro countermanded this and the army returned to Porto on the afternoon of the 24th.

Aftermath
While the battle was in progress a second Miguelite army under General Póvoas had approached the Douro from the south and taken possession of Vila Nova de Gaia directly across the river from Porto. This caused panic among the population, which the governor Mascarenhas could do nothing to prevent, and was increased by a false report that Dom Pedro's treasure and baggage was being loaded on a ship, showing he was abandoning the city. Also the night after the army's return the sleeping quarters of one of the regiments was destroyed by fire, blamed on arson by Capuchin monks. Dom Pedro's hope that a military victory would suffice to rally Portugal to his cause was now proved illusory, and it was decided to fortify Porto, which was soon under siege from both sides of the river.

Several of Dom Pedro's officers and ministers now began to intrigue for the removal of Vila Flor, and he therefore tendered his resignation; but Dom Pedro refused to accept it, confirmed him as general in chief, and at his request dismissed instead his chief of staff and his quartermaster-general, who were replaced in both roles by Brigadier Valdez as Adjutant-General. Mascarenhas was replaced as Governor of Porto by Bernardo de Sá Nogueira.

Notes

Principal source for this entry is Admiral Charles Napier's narrative of the battle, its antecedents and aftermath in his An Account of the War in Portugal between Don Pedro and Don Miguel (London: T & W Boone, 1836), pp. 36–52. Much of this passage is marked as reproducing "Hodges' Narrative".

References

William Bollaert, The Wars of Succession of Portugal and Spain, from 1826 to 1840 (2010)

Ponte Ferreira
1832 in Portugal
Ponte Ferreira
July 1832 events


Hariyali Nepal Party (Green Nepal Party) is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election. It was established in 1997 and is a member of the Global Greens and the Asia-Pacific Green Network.

Kuber Sharma, the party's founding president, briefly held the post of Nepal's Minister for Culture and Civil Aviation in November 2004. Another notable founding member is Maita Lal Gurung.

History
The party was, according to its chairman Sharma, founded by persons previously associated with various political ideals.

The party got 6638 votes in the 1999 legislative election, but no seat.

The chairman of the party, Kuber Sharma, was named Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation minister by King Gyanendra in 2002.

References

External links
Green Nepal Party: web page hosted on an informal Green parties website

Green political parties
Political parties established in 1997
Political parties in Nepal
1996 establishments in Nepal


The 2008 District of Columbia Republican presidential primary took place on February 12, 2008. Virginia and Maryland both held primaries on the same day, so the day's elections were collectively called "the Potomac primary".  John McCain decisively won the primary, securing the votes of all 16 DC delegates to the 2008 Republican National Convention.

Results

*Candidate suspended campaign prior to this primary

Mike Huckabee received a plurality of votes in Ward 7. John McCain received a plurality of votes in Ward 5 and Ward 8 and a majority of votes in the other five wards.

See also
 2008 District of Columbia Democratic presidential primary
 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries

References

District of Columbia
2008


Flocke () is a female polar bear who was born in captivity at the Nuremberg Zoo in Nuremberg, Germany on 11 December 2007.  A few weeks after her birth, she was removed from her mother's care after concerns were raised for her safety.  Although the zoo had established a strict non-interference policy with its animals, officials chose to raise the cub by hand.  This decision came at a time when the zoo was receiving negative attention from the media after another female polar bear reportedly ate her newly born cubs.

Like Knut, a captive-born and handraised polar bear at the Berlin Zoo, Flocke ("flake" in German) quickly became a media sensation.  After she made her debut to the public on 8 April 2008, her name was trademarked by the zoo and her image appeared on toys and in advertisements throughout the city.  The zoo announced in May 2008 that United Nations Environment Program chief Achim Steiner would be Flocke's official patron with the hope of using the bear as an ambassador to encourage awareness of climate change.  In late 2008, a Russian-born male polar bear named Rasputin was introduced to Flocke's enclosure in the hopes that she would gain valuable socializing skills with a member of her own species.  In April 2010, both bears were relocated to Marineland in southern France. In 2021 she moved to Yorkshire Wildlife Park.

Infancy and controversy

Flocke was born at the Nuremberg Zoo on 11 December 2007 to Vera (born 2002 in Moscow) and Felix (born 2001 in Vienna). Felix also mated with Vera's sister Vilma, who gave birth some weeks earlier in November to what officials thought were two cubs.  Zookeepers, enforcing a strict non-interference policy, were not able to determine exactly how many cubs were born. The zoo reportedly did not wish to create a media circus similar to the one that surrounded Knut, an orphaned polar bear at the Berlin Zoo who became an international celebrity the previous year. Days after the zoo reaffirmed its non-interference policy, mass circulation daily Bild ran a story with a headline reading "Why Won't Anyone Save the Cute Baby Knuts in Nuremberg Zoo?"

At the beginning of January, zoo keepers noticed that Vilma appeared nervous; she was seen agitatedly scratching at her feedbox, and there was no further sign of her cubs.  It is believed that she devoured them.  When asked for a reason, Nuremberg zoo director Dag Encke stated that they could have been ill, a circumstance under which polar bears in the wild often eat their young. The zoo quickly faced harsh criticism throughout Germany and from the worldwide media for appearing to allow the cubs' death.  The director of the German Animal Protection Society said the zoo had acted irresponsibly and that "it was the ethical responsibility of the management to give the polar bear cubs a chance of life. Using the argument 'That's Nature' as an excuse for intervening far too late is cynical and inappropriate." Angry visitors gathered in front of the polar bear enclosure and shouted "Rabenmutter" (literally, "raven mother", meaning "evil mother") every time Vilma appeared.

Meanwhile, Vera was seen emerging from her den for the first time; her single cub, helpless at only four weeks old, appeared to be in good health.  A couple of days after the media backlash that followed Vilma's missing cubs, Vera began displaying strange behavior such as carrying her then-unnamed cub around the enclosure and repeatedly dropping it on the hard rock floor.  Concerned for the cub's safety, the Nuremberg Zoo made a controversial decision to remove her from her mother's care and raise her by hand.

Fame

Less than a week after Vera's cub was removed from the polar bear enclosure, the zoo dedicated a website to the cub.  It provided frequent updates on her health and development, as well as exclusive photographs and videos.  The website also showcased a competition in which fans could vote for the cub's name. The official name was announced on 18 January 2008 by Ulrich Maly, mayor of Nuremberg, and broadcast live on television.  Despite the overwhelming number of e-mailed suggestions from across the world (including "Stella", "Knutschi", "Sissi" and "Yuki Chan"), the zoo officially named her Flocke, German for "flake", as in "snowflake".  "Flocke", used widely by the media previous to her official naming, was the nickname originally given to her by zookeepers because of her white fur.

Flocke's growth was carefully reported by the media during her first few months.  Four zookeepers took turns bottle-feeding the cub with 140 milliliters of artificial milk every four hours and news of her eyes opening for the first time made headlines a few days before she was officially named. At five weeks old, she was referred to by the publication Bild as "Mrs. Knut", suggesting that the two German-born polar bears might become mates when they mature. As she grew, Flocke's diet was enriched with dog food, and boiled bones were supplied for her to chew on when she was three months old. She was soon taken to the zoo's beginners' pool to practice her swimming skills. The zoo had previously stated that they were seeking another orphaned polar or brown bear cub to raise alongside Flocke in order to improve her development.

On 8 April 2008, Flocke made her first public appearance in the polar bear enclosure that had once been home to Vilma; the adult polar bear had been relocated to another zoo.  The four-month-old cub was greeted by more than 160 journalists and a half-dozen international camera crews on the first day. During the first week, Flocke was displayed for short intervals with breaks at midday.  Expecting a peak of 20,000 visitors, the zoo built a viewing platform, capable of holding 500 people at a time, in front of the enclosure, but attendance by zoo patrons was initially lower than expected. The zoo uses a video transmission and recording system from Bosch Security Systems to transmit TV-quality live images of the cub to a pair of  large-format screens.  This system, which includes one screen outside the enclosure, was implemented to help the zoo meet the demands of visitors wanting to catch a glimpse of Flocke.

Shortly after her debut, however, Flocke became the focus of controversy when prominent animal conservationist Jürgen Ortmüller, chairman of the Whale and Dolphin Protection Forum, hired a lawyer to stop Nuremberg Zoo's exploitation of the polar bear cub. Claiming that Flocke's public exposure would have damaging effects and that the zoo was only concerned about earning money, Ortmüller recruited high-profile lawyer Rolf Bossi to challenge them in court.

Merchandising and branding
Soon after Flocke was rescued in January, the city secured branding rights to her name. An official logo was subsequently released by the zoo. Flocke became part of a major publicity campaign in Nuremberg when she was depicted along with the phrase "Knut war gestern" (Knut is yesterday's bear) on posters for the city's metropolitan region.  These posters were displayed at numerous bus and train stops all over the city.

Dubbed "Flocke fever" by the press (similar to the "Knutmania" from the previous year), the cub's popularity soared in early 2008.  Her image has been used for games, diaries, soft toys, DVDs, postcards and other items. The first product released, a Flocke-based board game that was released in February, was made by the Fuerth-based firm Noris-Spiele, a unit of Georg Reulein GmbH & Co. KG. The well-known toy company Steiff began selling a variety of Flocke stuffed animals the following May.  The income from the merchandise is currently going towards the zoo and to species survival programs.

Later publicity
In April 2008, the zoo decreased human interaction with the cub, hoping that one day she could coexist with members of her species and not be dependent on humans.  Becoming more independent from her keepers, Flocke was reported often playing happily on her own. She was given a plastic "dummy", similar to a child's teething ring, tied to the bars on the inside of her stable door to suckle on while resting.  This suckling caused the cub's nose to appear bent; her muzzle remained in this shape for some time before returning to normal.

At the age of six months, it was reported that Flocke, whose diet at the time consisted mostly of a kilogram of beef, assorted vegetables and a liter of puppy milk a day, was at the correct weight for her development at .  The zoo's vet, Bernhard Neurohr, also remarked upon the bear's sweet tooth, stating that "Flocke is very enthusiastic about grapes, melon, kiwi fruit and pears", with a particular fondness for bananas.

United Nations Environment Program chief Achim Steiner became Flocke's official patron in May 2008. By assuming this role, Steiner acknowledged Nuremberg Zoo's efforts towards local climate protection, stating "I am happy to have been asked to become 'godfather' to Nuremberg's polar bear cub Flocke. I sincerely hope that during her lifetime we will be able to implement a global green economy."

In June 2008, a new poster campaign featuring Flocke was announced; its goal was strengthening public awareness of individuals' ability to protect Earth's climate. Sponsored by the Nuremberg Zoo in conjunction with the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region, the poster showed Flocke and the phrase "Klimaschutz beginnt vor Ort" ("Climate Protection Begins at Home"). The zoo also published a pocket-sized brochure featuring Flocke.  Entitled "Little Guide to Climate Protection", it taught visitors how to decrease their carbon dioxide emissions. The Nuremberg Zoo announced in September that it had reached its one millionth visitor for 2008—two months earlier than last year.  Although ticket sales for the year increased due to Flocke's popularity, the numbers did not match high expectations. The same month it was announced that the cub, now weighing , would no longer have lunchtime breaks in her stable, and would remain in the enclosure throughout the day.

Rasputin and move to France
In late November 2008, Flocke's mother Vera gave birth to two cubs, who were fathered by Flocke's father, Felix.  Although Vera was able to care for the new cubs without assistance from zoo keepers, Director Dag Encke initially stated that the cubs had a 50 percent chance of survival.  Three weeks after their birth was reported, both cubs died of natural causes within one week of each other.  Encke expressed regret after the second cub's death, stating that "Vera nursed regularly and the young animal always slept well afterwards, so it seemed certain that it received enough milk.  The reason that the young animal wasted away so quickly is not known."

A male polar bear cub named Rasputin was relocated from Moscow to the Nuremberg Zoo in December 2008 for what was thought to be an extended stay before his permanent move to the Zoo Aquarium de Madrid.  Originally meant to remain in Germany for only a year, the male bear—called "Raspi" by fans—shared Flocke's enclosure.  The zoo hoped that Rasputin, who unlike Flocke was raised by his mother, would teach their celebrity bear how to interact with those of her own species.  According to a statement given by the city, the bears "get along famously".

On 21 October 2009, the city of Nuremberg announced that Flocke and Rasputin would move together to a newly constructed enclosure at Marineland, located in Antibes, France, at the beginning of 2010. Due to the close relationship between the two adolescent bears, officials from the European Conservation Breeding Program (Europäischen Erhaltungszucht-Programms, or "EEP") decided that the two bears should remain together despite earlier plans for Rasputin to relocate to Madrid alone. The enclosure they are vacating in Nuremberg will be utilized by Flocke's parents, Vera and Felix, in the hopes that they will produce more cubs. Despite last minute efforts by the animal right's group PETA to halt the move based on concerns for Flocke and Rasputin's well-being, the two bears arrived safely in France on 22 April 2010.

In 2019 she had triplets, her second litter.

See also
 Binky (polar bear)
 Knut (polar bear)
 Wilbär
 List of individual bears

References

External links

 Nuremberg Zoo Official Website

2007 animal births
Individual polar bears
Female mammals
Individual animals in Germany
Nuremberg
Celebrity animals


Headley is a village in Hampshire, England. It is close to the county boundary with Berkshire and about  south-east of Newbury.

Governance
The village of Headley is part of the civil parish of Ashford Hill with Headley and is part of the Kingsclere ward of the Borough of Basingstoke and Deane.

References

Villages in Hampshire


The 2008 Maryland Republican presidential primary took place on February 12, 2008. The state sent 37 delegates to the 2008 Republican National Convention in St. Paul, Minnesota. Three delegates were awarded to the winner of each of the state's eight congressional districts; the remainder of the state's delegates were at-large.  John McCain won the primary election.

In opinion polling conducted on February 7 and 8, John McCain was the heavy favorite among Maryland's Republican voters. 56% of respondents supported him, 17% Mike Huckabee, 10% Ron Paul, with the rest scattered or undecided.

The District of Columbia and State of Virginia held their primaries on the same date, leading the day to be dubbed the "Potomac primary" by many pundits, after the river that borders all three jurisdictions.

Results

*Candidate suspended campaign prior to this primary

See also
 2008 Maryland Democratic presidential primary
 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries

References

Maryland
Republican presidential primary
Maryland Republican primaries


Nawa Janabadi Morcha (New Democratic Front) is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

Nawa Janabadi Morcha demands autonomy for Madhes and a federal set-up.

References

Political parties in Nepal


The 2008 Virginia Republican presidential primary took place on February 12, 2008. This was an open primary with 63 delegates (60 pledged delegates) at stake in a winner take all format. The District of Columbia and Maryland both held primaries on the same day, referred to as the "Potomac primary".

John McCain won the primary, receiving all of Virginia's delegates to the 2008 Republican National Convention.

Results

*Candidate suspended campaign prior to this primary

See also

 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries
 2008 Virginia Democratic presidential primary

References

Virginia
2008 Virginia elections
2008


The Madhesi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal (MJFN), or the Madhesi People's Rights Forum, Nepal, was a political party in Nepal. It was initially not a political party as such but a political advocacy movement demanding ethnic self-determination rights with the formation of a Madhes autonomous region for Teraibasi people, an election system based on proportional representation, and the setting-up of a federal republic in Nepal. The MJFN includes former leaders of other political parties like the Nepali Congress and CPN (UML).

The party was registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election. On 16 June 2015, the party merged with Federal Socialist Party and Khas Samabeshi Party to form the Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal.

History
The Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum was founded in the mid-1990s as a cross-party non-governmental organization that advocated for Madheshi rights by former CPN (Unified Marxist–Leninist) leader Upendra Yadav and Nepali Congress leader Jay Prakash Gupta.

Madhesh Movement I
On January 16, 2007, the Madhesi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal called a general strike in the Terai region of Nepal. The strike was called to demand amendments in the Interim Constitution to include federalism and a new delimitation of constituencies. During a protest in Kathmandu, 14 members of the party including chairman Upendra Yadav and member of the Interim Parliament, Amresh Kumar Singh were arrested after they had burnt copies of the Interim Constitution which they said had failed to address the demands of the Madhesi people. MJFN announced an indefinite vehicular strike in Janakpur against the arrest of Upendra Yadav and other activists of the organisation. During the enforcement of the strike in Lahan in Siraha District, clashes erupted between CPN (Maoist) and MJFN members after the Maoists opened fire when MJFN activists stopped a vehicle belonging to the Maoists. A 16-year-old boy from the MJFN side was klled in the incident. In the ensuing days deadly clashes and demonstrations in Siraha District and around the Terai region left several dead and many more injured.

The ancestral house of CPN (Unified Marxist–Leninist) general secretary Madhav Kumar Nepal in Gaur in Rautahat District was also vandalised by MJFN activists and Nepal Sadbhawana Party leader Badri Mandal. The protests continued despite curfews imposed by the local administration and several protesters were injured after clashes with the police. Many government offices in the Terai were padlocked and signs saying Nepal Government were changed to Madhesh Government.  On February 6, 2007, MJFN cadres abducted CPN (Maoist) leader and member of the Interim Parliament, Chinak Kurmi and other Maoist cadres in Bhairahwa. They were released after five hours after Kurmi apologised for harassing MJFN activists.

On 7 February 2007, a government committee to initiate talks with agitating parties in the Terai led by Mahantha Thakur invited MJFN for formal talks. The MJFN suspended its strikes for a ten-day period to enter talks with the government. MJFN also laid down three preconditions for talks to start; a probe into the incident in Lahan with the Maoists, the formation of a high-level committee to investigate the atrocities against the Madhesi people during the agitation and the removal of Minister of Home Affairs Krishna Prasad Sitaula. On 19 February 2007, MJFN called for fresh protests and general strikes in coordination with Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities  after accusing the government of failing to create a conducive environment for talks. Two days later the Thakur Committee sent a second formal invitation for talks with the MJFN and NEFIN but the MJFN refused after their demands for the formation of a committee and the removal of Sitaula were not met.

Gaur incident
Incidents between MJFN and the Eight Party Aliiance continued through February and March with clashes reported in Rupandehi District, Banke District and Parsa District. A 14 year-old schoolboy caught in the clashes was also killed in Puraina in Banke District.  The protest was halted for three days from 4 March 2007 to celebrate the Holi festival but was resumed after the end of festivities. On 12 March 2007, MJFN announced the suspension of its indefinite strike but still continued the lock-out of customs office and government offices.

On 21 March 2007, clashes erupted in Gaur in Rautahat District between the MJFN and the Madhesi Mukti Morcha of the CPN (Maoist). Both groups had scheduled their mass meeting in the same venue, the Rice Mill Grounds. Upendra Yadav was going to address the rally for MJFN and lawmaker Prabhu Shah was going to address the Madhesi Mukti Morcha rally. When the rallies organised by both groups in the city converged in the Rice Mill Grounds violent clashes erupted between both sides including reports of bullets of fired. Later twelve bodies were discovered in the place were the clashes had occurred and 15 more bodies were found in Hajmaniya and Mudwalawa about 5 km away from Gaur. Instances of rape, extreme torture and burning were reported during the incident. Blood was also spilled in a nearby temple and the killings in Hajmaniya and Mudwalawa was said to have occurred because of stoning and beatings.

In response to the incident, CPN (Maoist) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal compared MJFN to the Contras of Nicaragua and claimed that MJFN was used by imperialists, Hindu extremists and royal reactionaries to derail the peace process in Nepal and called for a ban on MJFN. An MJFN spokesperson, Sitanandan Raya, claimed that the Maoists had been the attackers in Gaur, and that MJF had only retaliated. On 11 April 2007, MJFN formed a three-member panel to look into the Gaur killings, consisting of former Supreme Court Justice Balram Singh Kunwar, Surendra Mishra and Lal Babu Yadav. The findings of the panel stated that MJFN had been attacked by MMM, and that violence had been committed by other Madhesi outfits. Incidents between the MJFN and the Maoists still occurred after the Gaur incident in Rupandehi District and Sunsari District.

Settlement
On April 26, 2007, MJFN registered itself as a political party with the Election Commission of Nepal while still carrying out strikes in the Terai region. A government talk team led by Ram Chandra Paudel was formed to hold formal talks with the MJFN and informal talks between Paudel and Upendra Yadav was held on 9 May 2007. Formal talks between the two sides however could not be held after MJFN's calls for formation of a judicial commission and withdrawals of all charges against MJFN cadres were not met. The two sides finally began formal talks in Janakpur on 1 June 2007. MJF presented a list of 26 demands including the restructuring of state, formation of a commission to implement state restructuring, inclusion of Madhesi people in all organs of state, federal system of governance, proportional representation, withdrawal of charges against all leaders of MJFN and compensation to those injured during the Madhes agitation. During the first session of talks, agreement was reached on half of the demands presented by the MJFN. The government accepted demands for forming a State Reconstruction Commission, giving martyr status for the people who had died during the agitations and compensation to their families. Clashes between the Maoists and MJFN continued in between talks with the government. Party chairman Upendra Yadav also called for a ban on the Young Communist League, the youth organisation of CPN (Maoist). Kishore Kumar Bishwas of the MJFN talk team said that MJFN would not let the constituent assembly elections be held unless their demands were met. MJFN also formed Madhesi Youth Forum as a result of clashes with YCL.

A second round of talks were on 25 July 2007 in Dhulikhel but the talks ended inconclusively after the government request a two-day break for more homework. When the two sides met two days later in Godawari there was no real progress in meeting any of the MJFN demands and Upendra Yadav had also floated the idea of dissolving the Interim Parliament. A fourth round of talks on 5 August 2007 which included Dev Gurung from the CPN (Maoist), Prakash Sharan Mahat from Nepali Congress (Democratic) and Jhala Nath Khanal from CPN (UML) also concluded inconclusively after both sides could not find common ground. MJFN also opposed the inclusion of a member of the Maoists in the government talk team. Upendra Yadav met prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala on 19 August 2007 and expressed that Koirala was positive towards the MJFN demands. Another round of talks between the government and MJFN was held on 20 August 2007 but MJFN exited the talks after accusing the government side of not seriously considering their demands. After a central committee meeting of the party, MJFN  warned the government of new agitations until their demands were met by 31 August 2007. On 30 August 2007, the government reached a 22-point deal with MJFN which included provisions for a mixed electoral system in the upcoming constituent assembly elections, martyr status to those killed during the agitation and proportional representation for marginalised groups.

Madhesh Movement II
On 6 September 2007, MJFN formed a Central Election Board headed by Sitanandan Raya to lead the election campaign of the party. The party also expelled some members for rejecting the 22-point agreement signed with the government. The expelled party members, vice-chairman Bhagyanath Gupta, Kishore Kumar Bishwas, Ram Kumar Sharma and Jitendra Prasad Sonal had tried to dump party chairman Upendra Yadav but failed after not having enough support in the central committee. The dissidents later formed their own party, Madhesi Janaadhikar Forum Madhesh.

On October 6, 2007, MJFN stated that the government had failed to fulfill its part of the 22-point agreement and was failing to safeguard communal harmony. The party also called for the formation of an all-party government to hold the elections. The party announced the initiation of a new wave of protests after the elections set for November were postponed and the government had failed to honor their agreement.

On 19 January 2008, MJF and the Rajendra Mahato-led Nepal Sadbhavana Party formed the United Madhesi Front, with a 9-point programme. The front reinforced demands for the creation of a Madhes autonomous state and announced the start of their agitation on 23 January. The protests shut down several districts in the Terai and there were clashes between the UMF and the police The Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party also joined the agitation and the three parties formed the United Democratic Mahdesi Front. The UDMF put forth six demands, including formation of a Madhesi autonomous state, right to self-determination, proportional representation of Madhesis, Janajatis and Dalits and recruitments of Madhesis in civil services including the Nepal Army.

The UDMF protests called for a general strike in the Terai districts and clashes with the police. On February 28, 2008 UDMF signed an 8-point deal with the government of Nepal, ending a 16-day general strike in the Tarai areas. The government and the front agreed to establish a federal democratic republic, declare an autonomous Madhesh, ensure proportional representation for marginalised communities in Nepal Army, declare the people killed in the agitation as martyrs and provide free medical treatment to the injured. The agreement also made a special provision so that the constituents of the UDMF could file candidacy for the constituency assembly elections even after the deadline had passed.

1st Constituent Assembly
On 3 March 3, 2008, MJFN submitted a list of 101 candidates for the proportional representation election. The party also nominated 105 candidates for the First Past the Post seats. The party did however fail to meet the requirement of nominating 33% women as only three MJFN candidates in the first past the post election were women. On March 16, 2008, MJF released its election manifesto. The manifesto proposed making Nepal a federal, secular republic with a directly-elected executive president. The parliament would have two chambers, the upper chamber would be an 'Assembly of Ethnicities'. According to the manifesto, regions of Nepal should have the right to self-determination and the formation of a single Madhesh province. The manifesto also demanded increased recruitment of Madhesi youths into the army.

In the Constituent Assembly elections, the party won 52 seats to the 1st Constituent Assembly becoming the fourth largest party. An additional two members were nominated from the party taking their total strength in the constituent assembly to 54 seats. The party joined the coalition government of CPN (Maoist) along with CPN (UML), Sadbhavana Party and CPN (United). The party got four ministerial berths in the coalition government with Upendra Yadav becoming Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bijay Kumar Gachhadar becoming Minister for Physical Planning and Works, Jay Prakash Gupta becoming Minister for Agriculture and Cooperatives and Renu Kumari Yadav becoming Minister of Education. Bijay Kumar Gachhadar was also elected as the parliamentary party leader of the party in the Constituent Assembly.

On 5 June 2009, Upendra Yadav expelled Bijay Kumar Gachhadar and six other members after his agreement to join the new CPN (UML)-led government. The party also announced that it was withdrawing support for the CPN (UML) government. Gachhadar claimed the majority support of the parliamentary party and the central committee and challenged Yadav's decision. Later on 29 July 2009, Gachhadar split from the party taking 26 members of the Constituent Assembly and formed the Madhesi Janaadhikar Forum, Nepal (Democratic).

In March 2011, the party decided to support a new coalition government of CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist) under Jhala Nath Khanal, and on May of that year Upendra Yadav was inducted as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home affairs in the cabinet. The party faced another split on 24 May 2011 after Jay Prakash Prasad Gupta broke away from the party with 13 members of the Constituent Assembly to form Madhesi Janaadhikar Forum (Republican) after criticizing party chairman Upendra Yadav of supporting the Maoists. The split left MJFN with 11 seats in the Constituent Assembly.

2nd Constituent Assembly
In the 2013 Constituent Assembly elections, the party won 10 seats to the 2nd Constituent Assembly. On 16 June 2015, the party merged with Federal Socialist Party, Nepal and Khas Samabeshi Party to form the Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal.

Criticism
In a report, the INSEC, which had participated in the previous probe on the Gaur killings, accused the MJF of 33 killings and 7 adductions in the November 2006–November 2007 period. Reporters Without Borders stated in a report dated June 2007 that MJF was "the most aggressive group towards journalists."

Electoral performance

See also

 Madhes Movement
 Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal
 Samajbadi Party, Nepal (2019)
 People's Socialist Party, Nepal

References

Defunct socialist parties in Nepal
2006 establishments in Nepal
2015 disestablishments in Nepal


Nepal Co-operative Party is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election. The party supports the formation of rural cooperatives.

References

Cooperative parties
Political parties in Nepal


The 2008 Wisconsin Republican presidential primary was held on February 19, 2008. Polls in Wisconsin opened at 7:00 AM and closed 8:00 PM (local time)   John McCain won the primary.

Polls leading up to Primary

Last 3 Poll Averages

Results

Official Results

*Candidate stopped campaign before primary

See also
 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries
 2008 Wisconsin Democratic presidential primary

References

Wisconsin
2008 Wisconsin elections
2008


Nepal Jagriti Dal is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

References

Political parties in Nepal


Nepal Prajatantrik Yuba Party is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

References

Political parties in Nepal


The Romantic Age is a 1949 British drama film directed by Edmond T. Gréville. The screenplay by Peggy Barwell and Edward Dryhurst is based on the French novel Lycee des jeunes filles by Serge Véber. The film was retitled Naughty Arlette for the American release.

Plot
The plot focuses on middle-aged Arnold Dickson, an art master who joins the staff of the girls' school in which his daughter Julie is enrolled. He soon finds himself the target of Arlette, a sophisticated French exchange student who has more than education on her mind. On a dare, she seduces the professor into running off to Paris with her, a plot derailed by Julie when she orchestrates a scheme designed to help him put the affair into perspective.

Production notes
In 1960, composer Charles Williams topped the American pop music charts with his theme for the film The Apartment. It originally had been written for and was heard in this film under the title "Jealous Lover".

Principal cast
Hugh Williams ..... Arnold Dickson
Mai Zetterling ..... Arlette
Petula Clark ..... Julie Dickson
Margot Grahame ..... Helen Dickson
Carol Marsh ..... Patricia
Raymond Lovell ..... Hedge
Paul Dupuis ..... Henri Sinclair
Margaret Barton  .....  Bessie
Marie Ney .....  Miss Hallam
Mark Daly .....  Withers

Critical reception
Picturegoer called the film a "flimsy, but in parts not unamusing trifle" that is "very theatrical" and added, "Mai Zetterling has an unsuitable role for her as a French girl and Hugh Williams is suitably stodgy as the master. His wife is well characterised by Margot Grahame and Petula Clark is charming and ingenuous as his daughter."

Today's Cimema described it as a "rather dull story" that "lacks the sparkle and fun that would have widened its appeal . . . Mai Zetterling is too mature for the role of Arlette, for her mannerisms become irritating and her attitude quite absurd. Petula Clark is much more successful as the master's charming daughter Julie, for she has been given a role suited to her age and experience . . . The Romantic Age should amuse adolescents who may be more able to appreciate its point but it is unlikely to be equally entertaining to adults."

TV Guide rates the film two out of a possible four stars and comments, "It's not a particularly tasteful theme, nor is the comedy handled with the wit necessary to pull it off. The results are fairly pedestrian and lack any real style".

References

External links
 The Romantic Age at the Internet Movie Database

1949 films
1949 drama films
British drama films
British black-and-white films
Compositions by Charles Williams
Films based on French novels
Films about scandalous teacher–student relationships
Films set in schools
Films directed by Edmond T. Gréville
1940s English-language films
1940s British films


Tharcisse Karugarama is a Rwandan lawyer and politician.  A lawyer/attorney by profession, Karugarama  was the Minister of Justice and Attorney-General in the Rwandan government for about 7 years.

A member of the RPF, Karugarama has played a role in the prosecution of crimes associated with the Rwandan genocide.

Karugarama was one of the founding members of the RANU (Rwandan Alliance for National Unity ) in 1979. RANU  later became known as RPF and it was one of the initial starting points for a movement that mobilized Rwandan refugees in Uganda to return to their homeland. He was a teacher at Kitante Hill School before getting actively involved in the RPF politics in 1990. Karugarama's immediate family members fondly and warmly recall 'fundraising' meetings held at the family home in Western Uganda (Kasese) during the early 1990s to raise money for the RPF struggle.

Upon return to Rwanda, Karugarama served in different challenging roles including a job as 'prosecutor general' for  Ruhengeri  from 1995,a truly dangerous role because the area was infamous for "abacengezi" and other genocidal forces. Afterwards, Karugarama served in the High Court, the Court of Appeal, and as Vice President of the Supreme Court. Karugarama was named in 2006 to the Justice portfolio, and named Attorney-General in 2007. He was a defender of the Gacaca court system which was introduced to deal with those accused as a result of the Rwanda Genocide. Karugarama noted that they did not have the resources to organise western style courts and the only alternative to the Gacaca system might have been for local communities to just take revenge. Internationally, he became well celebrated for opposing a proposed bill to criminalize homosexual acts, saying that sexual orientation is a private matter, not a state business.

He was dropped from the government and replaced by Johnston Busingye on May 24, 2013.

Karugarama is currently an active member of the Justice Leadership Initiative.

References

https://justiceleaders.org/leaders/tharcisse-karugarama/

https://www.clintonschoolspeakers.com/content/tharcisse-karugarama

External links
Interview with Tharcisse Karugarama on French report which clears Paul Kagame of involvement in the assassination of Habyarimana and Ntaryamira which sparked the start of the Rwandan genocide - broadcast by Radio France Internationale.

Justice ministers of Rwanda
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Nepal Rastriya Loktantrik Dal is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

References

Political parties in Nepal


The Vallée de Joux is a valley of the Jura Mountains mainly in the Swiss Canton of Vaud. The valley also continues into France (Jura département) at its higher, southwestern, end. Located  north of Geneva and northwest of Lausanne, its mean elevation is over . There are three Swiss lakes in the Vallée de Joux: the lac de Joux (around  long), the lac Brenet and Lake Ter. The French border runs along the northern edge of the valley until, about  west of the lac de Joux, the base of the valley becomes French territory. The valley then continues to climb gently towards the Lac des Rousses and the ski resort of Les Rousses.

The NE-SW orientation, and the  altitude combine to make for an especially cold winter climate. Indeed, the valley is sometimes called the Vaud Siberia. The coldest weather arises when the Bise wind, which comes from the North-East, is blowing.

There are three main municipalities in the valley, le Chenit, le Lieu and l'Abbaye, all part of the Jura-Nord vaudois District. These include ten villages, such as Le Sentier, Le Brassus, Le Lieu and Le Pont.

The Vallée de Joux is, along with Neuchâtel, the birthplace of Swiss horology and it is still the home of the most famous Swiss watch factories, like Audemars Piguet, Blancpain, Breguet, Patek Philippe, Vacheron Constantin and  Jaeger-LeCoultre.

Ski area
The Vallée de Joux hosts four ski resorts, a common forfeitary offer is available:

Dent de Vaulion (2 ski-lifts);
L'Abbey (4 ski-lifts);
L'Orient (3 ski-lifts);
Le Brassus (2 ski-lifts).

Vallée de Joux is the largest ski area in the Swiss Jura.

Further reading
Reymond, Lucien ; Notice sur la vallée du Lac de Joux, 1864 ; Les Charbonnières : Le Pèlerin, 1995.
 Devicque, Julien-Hippolyte and  Rochat, Rémy ; Merveilleuse vallée du Lac-de-Joux ; Les Charbonnières : Editions Le Pèlerin, 1992.

References

External links

Valleys of Switzerland
Landforms of the canton of Vaud