Richard Edward Scott (born July 19, 1962) is an American former professional baseball shortstop, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Oakland Athletics. He later served as a coach for the New York Mets.

Career

Playing career
Scott appeared in three big league games during the 1989 season for the Oakland Athletics. He was drafted by the New York Yankees in the 17th round of the 1981 Major League Baseball draft. Scott played his first professional season with their rookie league Gulf Coast Yankees in , and his last with Oakland's Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers in .

Coaching career
Since retiring from the field, Scott has been a minor league manager for the Athletics and Arizona Diamondbacks, a scout for the Diamondbacks, player development director of the Toronto Blue Jays, and field coordinator of instruction for the Houston Astros and New York Mets. He also served as Director of Player Development for the Mets under Sandy Alderson, for whom Scott had previously worked in the Oakland organization.

On December 16, 2015, Scott was announced as the new bench coach of the Mets, succeeding Bob Geren. He served in the position through the 2016 and 2017 seasons before leaving the Mets to become player development director for the Miami Marlins.

In 2021, Scott returned to the Mets organization as coordinator of coaching development and instruction. After Glenn Sherlock tested positive for Covid-19 in 2022, Scott temporarily joined the Mets' MLB coaching staff as bench coach, beginning April 16, 2022.

Before the beginning of the 2023 season, Dick Scott was named manager of the Mets AAA affiliate, the Syracuse Mets

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
Albany-Colonie Yankees players
Arizona Diamondbacks scouts
Baseball players from Maine
Columbus Clippers players
Fort Lauderdale Yankees players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Major League Baseball farm directors
Major League Baseball shortstops
Nashville Sounds players
New York Mets executives
New York Mets coaches
Miami Marlins executives
Oakland Athletics players
People from Ellsworth, Maine
Tacoma Tigers players
Toronto Blue Jays executives
Major League Baseball bench coaches


Dick Scott may refer to:
Dick Scott (American football) (1924–2012), American college football player
Dick Scott (right-handed pitcher) (1883–1911), American Major League Baseball pitcher
Dick Scott (left-handed pitcher) (1933–2020), American Major League Baseball pitcher
Dick Scott (shortstop) (born 1962), American former Major League Baseball shortstop
Dick Scott (footballer) (1941–2018), English footballer
Richard Scott (doctor) (1914–1983), Scottish professor of general practice
Richard M. Scott (1918–2005), mayor of Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Dick Scott (historian) (1923–2020), New Zealand writer
William Richard Scott ((born 1932), American sociologist

See also
Richard Scott (disambiguation)


Frank Lynes (16 March 1858, Cambridge, Massachusetts – 24 June 1913, Bristol, New Hampshire) was an American composer and teacher who is primarily remembered for the piano pieces he wrote for his students; his sonatinas are essentially in a conservative classical style, reminiscent of similar works by Heinrich Lichner, Anton Diabelli, and Friedrich Kuhlau, as well as his teacher, Carl Reinecke. He studied at the New England Conservatory and at the Leipzig Conservatory.

External links

1858 births
1913 deaths
American male classical composers
American Romantic composers
19th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
19th-century American male musicians


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1972 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 7, 1972. California gained 5 seats as a result of the 1970 Census, three of which were won by Democrats and two by Republicans. Of California's existing House seats, none switched parties.

Overview

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

District 12

District 13

District 14

District 15

District 16

District 17

District 18

District 19

District 20

District 21

District 22

District 23

District 24

District 25

District 26

District 27

District 28

District 29

District 30

District 31

District 32

District 33

District 34

District 35

District 36

District 37

District 38

District 39

District 40

District 41

District 42

District 43

See also
93rd United States Congress
Political party strength in U.S. states
Political party strength in California
1972 United States House of Representatives elections

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1972
California
1972 California elections


Robert Keith Stegall (born November 1, 1955) is an American country music recording artist and record producer. Active since 1980, Stegall has recorded two major-label studio albums: 1985's Keith Stegall and 1996's Passages, although he is mainly known for his production work.

Musical career
Robert Keith Stegall was born in Wichita Falls, Texas, in 1955. He performed in local bands, spent a short time in northwestern Louisiana (in the mid-1970s) where he operated a small-time music recording business, then moved to Nashville, Tennessee, at the persuasion of Kris Kristofferson.

Stegall charted thirteen singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, with the highest-peaking being 1985's "Pretty Lady", a No. 10 hit. Starting in the late 1980s, Stegall has been active primarily as a record producer for several recording acts, most notably Alan Jackson, George Jones, Zac Brown Band, and Clay Walker. Stegall has also written several of Jackson's singles, as well as George Strait's Number one hit "I Hate Everything" and Dr. Hook's "Sexy Eyes".

In 2008, Stegall co-founded the label Bigger Picture Music Group. The label closed in 2014.

In 2016, Stegall launched a Nashville-based production, management, and publishing firm, Dreamlined Entertainment Group, with Scott Miller of Miller Investment Management.

In October 2017, Fangate Music, a label run by Australian country music promoter Rob Potts, in conjunction with Sony Music Australia, announced their partnership with Stegall's Dreamlined Entertainment Group.

Discography

Albums

Singles

AB-side to "1969."

Music videos

References

1955 births
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
American country record producers
Living people
People from Wichita Falls, Texas
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Mercury Records artists
Epic Records artists
Capitol Records artists
Country musicians from Texas
Record producers from Texas


The oxidation state of oxygen is −2 in almost all known compounds of oxygen. The oxidation state −1 is found in a few compounds such as peroxides. Compounds containing oxygen in other oxidation states are very uncommon: − (superoxides), −  (ozonides), 0 (elemental, hypofluorous acid), + (dioxygenyl), +1 (dioxygen difluoride), and +2 (oxygen difluoride).

Oxygen is reactive and will form oxides with all other elements except the noble gases helium, neon, argon and krypton.

Oxides
Water () is the oxide of hydrogen and  most familiar oxygen compound. Its bulk properties partly result from the interaction of its component atoms, oxygen and hydrogen, with atoms of nearby water molecules. Hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to oxygen in a water molecule but also have an additional attraction (about 23.3 kJ·mol−1 per hydrogen atom) to an adjacent oxygen atom in a separate molecule. These hydrogen bonds between water molecules hold them approximately 15% closer than what would be expected in a simple liquid with just Van der Waals forces.

Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other free elements at elevated temperatures to give corresponding oxides. However, some elements, such as iron which oxidises to iron oxide, or rust, , readily oxidise at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP). The surface of metals like aluminium and titanium are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion. So-called noble metals, such as gold and platinum, resist direct chemical combination with oxygen, and substances like gold(III) oxide () must be formed by an indirect route.

The alkali metals and alkali earth metals all react spontaneously with oxygen when exposed to dry air to form oxides, and form hydroxides in the presence of oxygen and water. As a result, none of these elements is found in nature as a free metal. Caesium is so reactive with oxygen that it is used as a getter in vacuum tubes. Although solid magnesium reacts slowly with oxygen at STP, it is capable of burning in air, generating very high temperatures, and its metal powder may form explosive mixtures with air.

Oxygen is present as compounds in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide () and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). The earth's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon (silica , found in granite and sand), aluminium (aluminium oxide , in bauxite and corundum), iron (iron (III) oxide , in hematite and rust) and other oxides of metals.

Other inorganic compounds

The rest of the Earth's crust is formed also of oxygen compounds, most importantly calcium carbonate (in limestone) and silicates (in feldspars).  Water-soluble silicates in the form of , , and  are used as detergents and adhesives.

Peroxides retain some of oxygen's original molecular structure ((−O-O−). White or light yellow sodium peroxide () is formed when metallic sodium is burned in oxygen. Each oxygen atom in its peroxide ion may have a full octet of 4 pairs of electrons. Superoxides are a class of compounds that are very similar to peroxides, but with just one unpaired electron for each pair of oxygen atoms (). These compounds form by oxidation of alkali metals with larger ionic radii (K, Rb, Cs). For example, potassium superoxide () is an orange-yellow solid formed when potassium reacts with oxygen.

Hydrogen peroxide () can be produced by passing a volume of 96% to 98% hydrogen and 2 to 4% oxygen through an electric discharge. A more commercially-viable method is to allow autoxidation of an organic intermediate,   2-ethylanthrahydroquinone dissolved in an organic solvent, to oxidize to  and 2-ethylanthraquinone. The 2-ethylanthraquinone is then reduced and recycled back into the process.

When dissolved in water, many metallic oxide form alkaline solutions, while many oxides of nonmetals form acidic solutions. For example, sodium oxide in solution forms the strong base sodium hydroxide, while phosphorus pentoxide in solution forms phosphoric acid.

Oxygenated anions such as chlorates (), perchlorates (), chromates (), dichromates (), permanganates (), and nitrates () are strong oxidizing agents.  Oxygen forms heteropoly acids and polyoxometalate ions with tungsten, molybdenum and some other transition metals, such as phosphotungstic acid () and octadecamolybdophosphoric acid ().

Oxygen can form oxides with heavier noble gases xenon and radon, although this needs indirect methods. Even though no oxides of krypton are known, oxygen is able to form covalent bonds with krypton in an unstable compound Kr(OTeF5)2.

One unexpected oxygen compound is dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate, , discovered in studying the properties of platinum hexafluoride (). A change in color when this compound was exposed to atmospheric air suggested that dioxygen was being oxidized (in turn the difficulty of oxidizing oxygen led to the hypothesis that xenon might be oxidized by , resulting in discovery of the first xenon compound xenon hexafluoroplatinate ). The cations of oxygen are formed only in the presence of stronger oxidants than oxygen, which limits them to the action of fluorine and certain fluorine compounds. Simple oxygen fluorides are known.

Organic compounds

Among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where "R" is an organic group): alcohol (R-OH); ethers (R-O-R); ketones (R-CO-R); aldehydes (R-CO-H); carboxylic acids (R-COOH); esters (R-COO-R); acid anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R); amides (R-C(O)-NR2). There are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen, among which: acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethylacetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, formic acid. Acetone () and phenol () are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances. Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, acetamide, etc. Epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen
atom is part of a ring of three atoms.

Oxygen reacts spontaneously with many organic compounds at or below room temperature in a process called autoxidation. Alkaline solutions of pyrogallol, benzene-1,2,3-triol absorb oxygen from the air, and are used in the determination of the atmospheric concentration of oxygen. Most of the organic compounds that contain oxygen are not made by direct action of oxygen. Organic compounds important in industry and commerce are made by direct oxidation of a precursor include:

 Ethylene oxide (used to make the antifreeze ethylene glycol) is obtained by direct oxidation of ethylene:
 + ½  +

 Peracetic acid (feeder material for various epoxy compounds) is obtained from acetaldehyde:
 +  +

Biomolecules

The element is found in almost all biomolecules that are important to, or generated by, life. Only a few common complex biomolecules, such as squalene and the carotenes, contain no oxygen. Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen (about 50%). All fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins contain oxygen (due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester residues). Furthermore, seven of the amino acids which are incorporated into proteins, have oxygen incorporated into their side-chains, as well. Oxygen also occurs in phosphate (PO43−) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules ATP and ADP, in the backbone and the purines (except adenine) and pyrimidines of RNA and DNA, and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite.

See also
Oxygen
Allotropes of oxygen
Reactive oxygen species

References

Oxygen

O


Darrel J. Aubertine (born June 3, 1953) is an American politician and farmer from the State of New York. A Democrat, Aubertine served as Commissioner of the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets from April 2011 to October 2013. He previously represented New York's 48th State Senate district from February 2008 to December 2010 and represented New York's 118th Assembly District from 2003 to 2008. Aubertine has also held public office at the local level.

Early life
Aubertine was born in Cape Vincent, New York on June 3, 1953. He and his wife Margaret were married in 1977. They have three children: Erin, Paul, and Timothy. He is a farmer.

Political career
Aubertine served on the Cape Vincent town council from 1994 to 1996. In 1996, he was elected to the Jefferson County legislature, where he served until 2002. In 2002, he was elected to the New York State Assembly representing the 118th district. He served in the Assembly from 2003 to 2008. The owner and operator of his farm in Cape Vincent, Aubertine gave up milking cows when he joined the Assembly, but remained an active crop and livestock farmer.

On February 26, 2008, Aubertine won an upset victory over William Barclay in a special election in the 48th district of the New York State Senate. Aubertine succeeded Republican James W. Wright, who retired from the Senate. Barclay's family's ownership of a stretch of the Salmon River became a campaign issue, as the family had charged local fishermen and anglers $30 for access that had previously been free. Aubertine carried significant crossover appeal among Republicans and independents, enabling him to win election in the most Republican district in the State Senate. Aubertine's victory brought the New York State Democrats within one vote of controlling the New York State Senate—and, thus, to controlling all three levels of state power (Democratic Gov. Eliot Spitzer was in office, and Democrats already controlled the State Assembly)---for the first time since 1935.

Soon after being elected in February 2008, Aubertine was successful in securing $250 million for improvements at State University of New York campuses in Oswego and Canton.

On June 22, 2008, the Watertown Daily Times cited unnamed sources in reporting that Gov. David Paterson's office had offered Aubertine a job heading the New York Power Authority. Later that day, the Senator confirmed that he had declined the offer. Two days later, the governor said that there had been a misunderstanding, though sources told the Times Union in Albany that the senator's version of the situation was accurate.

During his November 2008 Senate campaign, Aubertine was criticized for hiring his sister to his staff in violation of State ethics law, though he corrected the problem when notified of the conflict after just a few weeks on the job and later paid back the money she received.

On November 4, 2008, Aubertine defeated Watertown attorney David Renzi with 53% of the vote (52,908 to 46,941) to win re-election to a full term. In November, Aubertine's re-election along with the addition of two new Democratic Senators cleared the way for Sen. Malcolm Smith to be named Majority Leader on January 8, 2009.

Aubertine was named chairman of the Senate's Agriculture Committee on January 7, 2009, replacing Republican Catharine Young. He was an anomaly in that he was a man chairing a committee traditionally led by women (Young, Patricia McGee, and Nancy Larraine Hoffmann before and Patty Ritchie after).

Aubertine was mentioned as a leading candidate to run for the House seat representing New York's 23rd congressional district, formerly held by Republican John McHugh, in 2009. He declined to run for Congress.

On December 2, 2009, Aubertine was one of eight Democratic state senators to vote against same-sex marriage legislation, which failed to pass the Senate.

Aubertine was defeated for re-election by Republican St. Lawrence County Clerk Patricia A. "Patty" Ritchie in November 2010.

Commissioner of the Department of Agriculture and Markets

Governor Andrew Cuomo nominated Aubertine as Commissioner of the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets on January 6, 2011. Aubertine was unanimously confirmed by the State Senate on April 5, 2011. Aubertine resigned the position in October 2013.

Election results
 February 2008 special election, NYS Senate, 48th SD
{| class="Wikitable"
| Darrel J. Aubertine (DEM – WOR) || ... || 29,504
|-
| Will Barclay (REP – IND – CON) || ... || 26,662
|}

 November 2008 general election, NYS Senate, 48th SD
{| class="Wikitable"
| Darrel J. Aubertine (DEM – WOR) || ... || 52,908
|-
|  David A. Renzi (REP – IND – CON) || ... || 46,942
|}

 November 2010 general election, NYS Senate, 48th SD
{| class="Wikitable"
| Patricia A. Ritchie (REP – CON – TXP) || ... || 38,508
|-
| Darrel J. Aubertine (DEM – IND) || ... || 34,712
|}

See also
 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis

References

External links
Former New York State Senate website
Official campaign website

1953 births
Living people
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
Democratic Party New York (state) state senators
People from Cape Vincent, New York
21st-century American politicians


Julian Leonard Street (April 12, 1879–February 19, 1947) was an American author, born in Chicago.  He was a reporter on the New York Mail and Express (later Evening Mail) in 1899 and had charge of its dramatic department in 1900–01.  His writings include the following:
 My Enemy the Motor (1908)
 The Need of Change (1909; second edition, 1914) - Made into 1939 film I'm from Missouri.
 Paris à la Carte (1912)
 Ship-Bored (1912)
 The Goldfish (1912)
 Welcome to Our City (1913)
 Abroad at Home (1914):  A book of "American impressions" written after Street travelled "some five thousand miles and visited twenty cities" within his country.
 American Adventures: A Second Trip "Abroad at Home". (1917)
 Mysterious Japan (1922)
 Tides (1926)

He made contributions to magazines.  Street twice won an O. Henry Award. His short story "Mr. Bisbee's Princess," published in Redbook and anthologized in Great American Short Stories: O. Henry Memorial Prize Winning Stories 1919–1934, won the award in 1925. The story was adapted as the 1926 W. C. Fields silent film So's Your Old Man. In 1915 Street published a book on Theodore Roosevelt, called The Most Interesting American. He is credited with being the art critic who wrote that the painting exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show by Marcel Duchamp called Nude Descending a Staircase, resembled "an explosion in a shingle factory."

Street gained a measure of notoriety following a 1914 article in Collier's Weekly describing the red-light district along Myers Avenue in Cripple Creek.  The Cripple Creek city fathers, unamused, responded by renaming Myers Avenue to Julian Street.

Street moved to Princeton in the 1920s.  The university houses his manuscript collection and a library is named after him there.

References

Further reading

External links

 Julian Street manuscript collection at Princeton University
 Julian L. Street Papers on Theodore Roosevelt at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
 Time Magazine story of December, 1923

1879 births
1947 deaths
American humorists
O. Henry Award winners
Theodore Roosevelt
Writers from Chicago
Writers from New York City


Roshyara (Nepali: रोस्यारा) is a western Nepalese Brahmin surname.  Rosyara is rare because it is derived from other common surnames, with only approximately 5,000 people who bear it.  The Gotra of Roshyara is Garga and Atraya. Roshyara from Tallo Chhoya and other part of Doti and Navadurga Koteli, Dadeldhura are spelled as "Roshyara" (nepali रोश्यारा ).

Rosyara ancestors were royal priests to the kings of Doti, a region in Nepal.

Derivation

Rosyara was derived from the word "Roshyo," meaning "Kitchen" in Doteli language.

Rosyara served food at rituals and feasts. A cultural belief holds that higher castes must not take food from lower castes. This shows the Rosyara were little trusted or respected by the royal family of Doti.

Rosyara ancestors were royal priests of the King of Doti. Their descendant blood lines are still respected in Nepal.

History

The Rosyara family lived in a village called Chhoya (in Nepali: छोया) in the 14th century. Their prior history is unknown. Some people believed that the Royal family of Doti Kingdom is connected with Ayoddhya and the sun. That may be the reason they write "Suryabanshi Raja".

The Rosyara family were not the only Royal priests, but it seems that they were closest to the Royal family. Historically, they were royal priests of the powerful Doti Kingdom. The Bhatu Rosyara was an ancestor who had a big house, a horse and a large number of "Jajman" (religious clients). The Chhoya was a gift of King of Doti. The inscription in stone says: Chaitra Badi 7, 1887 (44/221-22).

Royal order to Naran Rosyara:

Doti district was historically a separate country ruled by the Shah family. Rosyara are pandits of the Shah family. This Shah family is different from the current King of Nepal. Doti, independent after 1376. Their domain extended from Kali Kumaon in the west to Karnali in the east, Thakurji in the north and in the south. In 1797 V.S. Mandhata Shah reestablished Doti as an independent state and became its ruler. Deep Shahi ruled Doti when Nepalese troops attacked. His copper plate says up to 1780 AD (Baishakh, 5,1847 VS), which proved that he was not conquered until that date. Amar Singh Thapa defeated the King of Doti in two battles at Dumrakot and Narimghat. Thus Bhadur shah was victorious over the Doteli king, although the Kingdom remained in some ways an administrative unit of the district as a minor ruler (Rajaouta). This shows that Rosyara were already in the place at this time.

Ancestral occupation and cultural traditions

Rosyara ancestors were royal priests ("Pandit" in Nepali). The most famous priests were the priests Tika Dutta and Jaya Raj. The Kuldebata (family goddesses) of the family are Panere and Banthadi. They still pray to these goddess each year. In addition, they pray for Pitarni Jeu (ancestor god) every year. Pitarni Jeu was supposed to protect them from evil in past from Golkoti Balayar rajouta. Pitarni jeu was said to defend against the bad prayers of Golkoti Balayar. Later the Golmakoti balayar had no descendant.

Ancestors and Pedigree

The following are names of ancestors based on order (first born)
 Arjun Rosyara (Born around 1709 V.S.)
 Nana Rosyara
 Lachhiman Rosyara
 Narayan Rosyara
 Shiv Dutt  Rosyara
 Gopal Rosyara - Hari Krishna Rosyara - Kam Dev Rosyara
 Tika Dutta Rosyara (1941-2026 B. S.) - Dev Dutta Rosyara
 Jaya Raj Rosyara - Nil Kantha - Khagendra- Lok Raj - Umakanta

The following are names of ancestors based on  people of chhoya doti (tallo Chhoya).
Purshotam Roshyara
Jay Krishna Roshyara and Padam Nath Roshyara
Shiva Raj Roshyara and Mahadev Roshyara
Tika Datta Roshyara and Hem Raj Roshyara.

Beyond Chhoya, the Roshyara surname is embraced by multiple individuals in the Navadurga Koteli of Dadeldhura. They all share a common Garga Gotra. To illustrate, consider the family names:

Dhrama Dev Roshyara
Radha Devi Roshyara
Meen Raj Roshyara
Parwati Devi Roshyara
Tara Prasad Roshyara
Bharat Roshyara
Jyoti Roshyara
These community members take great pride in bearing the Roshyara surname, a testament to their shared heritage within Dadeldhura, alongside their Garga Gotra affiliation.
The people in these areas have a strong reverence for their family gods and goddesses, such as Durga, Nirpal Baba, Bhumiraj, and Manilek. Notably, the priests who perform religious duties for these deities are members of the Roshyara family, establishing a profound bond between the community and their religious traditions.

See also
 Chhoya
Navadurga Rural municipality Koteli Dadeldhura

References

External links
 Regmi Research Report
 Bahadur Shah: Reagent of Nepal- History Book By Bhadra Ratna Bajracharya, Published 1992, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., Kathmandu, Nepal
 Pedigree of Rosyara Family

Surnames of Nepalese origin
Khas surnames


The Bartell mechanism is a pseudorotational mechanism similar to the Berry mechanism. It occurs only in molecules with a pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry, such as IF7. This mechanism was first predicted by H. B. Bartell. The mechanism exchanges the axial atoms with one pair of the equatorial atoms with an energy requirement of about 2.7 kcal/mol. Similarly to the Berry mechanism in square planar molecules, the symmetry of the intermediary phase of the vibrational mode is "chimeric" of other mechanisms; it displays characteristics of the Berry mechanism, a "lever" mechanism seen in pseudorotation of disphenoidal molecules, and a "turnstile" mechanism (which can be seen in trigonal bipyramidal molecules under certain conditions).

References

See also
 Pseudorotation
 Bailar twist
 Berry mechanism
 Ray–Dutt twist
 Fluxional molecule

Molecular geometry
Reaction mechanisms


In operator algebras, the enveloping von Neumann algebra of a C*-algebra is a von Neumann algebra that contains all the operator-algebraic information about the given C*-algebra. This may also be called the universal enveloping von Neumann algebra, since it is given by a universal property; and (as always with von Neumann algebras) the term W*-algebra may be used in place of von Neumann algebra.

Definition

Let A be a C*-algebra and πU be its universal representation, acting on Hilbert space HU. The image of πU, πU(A), is a C*-subalgebra of bounded operators on HU. The enveloping von Neumann algebra of A is the closure of πU(A) in the weak operator topology. It is sometimes denoted by A′′.

Properties

The universal representation πU and A′′ satisfies the following universal property: for any representation π, there is a unique *-homomorphism

that is continuous in the weak operator topology and the restriction of Φ to πU(A) is π.

As a particular case, one can consider the continuous functional calculus, whose unique extension gives a canonical Borel functional calculus.

By the Sherman–Takeda theorem, the double dual of a C*-algebra A, A**, can be identified with A′′, as Banach spaces.

Every representation of A uniquely determines a central projection (i.e. a projection in the center of the algebra) in A′′; it is called the central cover of that projection.

See also
 Universal enveloping algebra

C*-algebras


The 1997 Australian Touring Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title open to 5.0 Litre Touring Cars complying with Group 3A regulations. The championship, which was the 38th Australian Touring Car Championship, began on 15 March at Calder Park Raceway and ended on 3 August at Oran Park Raceway after 10 rounds.

Promoted as the Shell Australian Touring Car Championship, the series was won by Glenn Seton driving a Ford EL Falcon.

Teams and drivers

The following teams and drivers competed in the 1997 Australian Touring Car Championship.

Race calendar
The championship was contested over ten rounds with three races per round.

Race winners

Points system
Championship points were awarded on a 30–26–24–22–20–18–16–14–12–10–8–6–4–2–1 basis to the top 15 finishers in each race.

Championship results

Privateers' Cup
The Privateers' Cup was open to Category 2 and Category 3 entries only. Points were awarded on a 30–26–24–22–20–18–16–14–12–10–8–6–4–2–1 basis to the top 15 eligible finishers in each race.

Note: Only the top five positions are shown.

See also
1997 Australian Touring Car season

References

External links
  Australian Titles, www.cams.com.au
 Official V8 Supercar site
 Natsoft Race Results

Australian Touring Car Championship seasons
Australian Touring Car Championship


The Academy of Citizenship and Empowerment (ACE) is a public high school in SeaTac, Washington. It is one of two small schools at the Tyee Educational Complex, along with Global Connections High School. It was founded in 2005 when Tyee High School converted into these two schools, and accredited individually in 2006. It is operated by the Highline School District.

The school's enrollment is 410, as required by the Coalition of Essential Schools in the conditions for the conversion grant. On the complex, ACE occupies the classroom portions of the 700 building, which excludes the gymnasiums and locker rooms.

ACE combines with the other two Tyee schools to compete in athletics.

References

External links
Academy of Citizenship and Empowerment on Highline School District site
Select The Deliberator issues

Educational institutions established in 2005
High schools in King County, Washington
Public high schools in Washington (state)
2005 establishments in Washington (state)


Ouvrage Ferme Chappy is a petit ouvrage of the Maginot Line in northeastern France. It is located at the western end of the Fortified Sector of the Crusnes near Longuyon in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département, facing Belgium. The gros ouvrage Fermont borders Ferme Chappy's artillery coverage to the east. A wide gap existed to the west in the direction of Longuyon, covered only by blockhouses and natural obstacles such as rivers. Ferme Chappy was assaulted by German forces during the Battle of France in June 1940, fending off the attack with artillery support from Fermont. Chappy surrendered with its neighbors on 27 June.  It was abandoned after the war and is now private property.

Design and construction
Ferme Chappy was approved for construction in April 1932. It was completed at a cost of 11 million francs. The ouvrage was named for the adjoining farm whose buildings sit nearly on top of the underground barracks and entry.

The ouvrage is immediately to the east of Longuyon and the valley of the Crusnes river, with a considerable space between Ferme Chappy and the next ouvrage to the west, Ouvrage Vélosnes. A gros ouvrage (Bois du Rafour) was planned immediately to the rear of Longuyon in the direction of Verdun, along with two casemates (Casemates de la Chaudronnerie) just to the south of Ferme Chappy, but were replaced by a dense series of blockhouses closer to Longuyon.

Description
Block 1: Entry block with two machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasures (JM/AC47), two machine gun embrasures (JM), two automatic rifle cloches (GFM) and one machine gun cloche (JM). The block also served as an observation post for Fermont.
Block 2: one machine gun turret, one GFM cloche and one JM cloche.

A combination personnel and ammunition entry was planned for a second phase of construction. The block was intended to be equipped with a GFM cloche, an AC47/JM embrasure and two automatic rifle embrasures.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Lieutenant Thibeau comprised 109 men and 3 officers of the 149th Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 152nd Position Artillery Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The Caserne Lamy provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Ferme Chappy and other fortifications in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of the Crusnes for a broader discussion of the events of 1940 in the Crusnes sector of the Maginot Line.
Ferme Chappy, lacking long-range artillery, played no part in the artillery fire of May 1940 between the larger ouvrages and opposing German forces in Belgium. After the Germans broke out behind the Maginot Line in June, Ferme Chappy was threatened from the rear. The ouvrage was attacked during the Battle of France on June 21 by the German 161st Infantry Division.  The attack was repelled with help from the nearby gros ouvrage Fermont. Firing continued until the armistice of 25 June, but no further assault was launched by the Germans. Chappy's garrison surrendered to the Germans on 27 June after negotiations with German forces that were undertaken by Commandant Pophillat of Ouvrage Latiremont. Once the area was occupied, Chappy's machine gun turret was removed by the Germans, along with all of the interior fittings. The position saw no fighting in the 1944 Lorraine Campaign and remained abandoned after the war.

Current condition
The ouvrage is the property of M. Peiffert who now owns the farm.  The interior, though bare, remains in good condition. It is not open to the public.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
Ferme Chappy (petit ouvrage A1 de la) at fortiff.be
Petit ouvrage de la Ferme Chappy at lignemaginot.com
Ouvrage de la Ferme Chappy at alsacemaginot.com
Ouvrage Ferme Chappy at wikimaginot.eu

Maginot Line
Fortified sector of the Crusnes


Casual employment or contract employment is an employment classification under employment law.

Australia
In Australian workplace law, there has been a statutory definition of casual employment since 2021 (which is retrospective). Under the Fair Work Act 2009, a person is a casual employee if:
 they are offered a job
 the offer does not include a "firm advance commitment" that the work will continue indefinitely with an agreed pattern of work
 they accept the offer knowing there is no firm advance commitment and become an employee.

The only four factors that can be considered in whether an employer's offer does not include a "firm advance commitment" are:
 whether the employer can choose to offer the employee work and whether the employee has the choice to work or not
 whether the employee will be offered work when the business needs them to work
 if the employment is described as casual
 if the employee is paid a casual loading (a higher pay rate for being a casual employee), or a specific pay rate for casual employees.

Under the National Employment Standards, certain casual employees (who have worked for at least 12 months and worked a regular pattern of hours for the last six months) have a right to be offered or request their employer to convert to permanent employment. There are some exceptions, for example for small businesses.

Approximately 28% of all Australian workers were employed on a casual basis in 2003. Employers often contact casual employees regularly from week to week to supplement their normal workforce as needed.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, casual employees are guaranteed either annual leave pro-rata, or 8% holiday pay on top of earnings. Casual employment contracts lack sick leave and guaranteed work hours.

In Jinkinson v Oceana Gold (NZ) Ltd, the Employment Court of New Zealand ruled that:

The distinction between casual employment and ongoing employment lies in the extent to which the parties have mutual employment related obligations between periods of work. If those obligations only exist during periods of work, the employment will be regarded as casual. If there are mutual obligations which continue between periods of work, there will be an ongoing employment relationship"

Under Lee v Minor Developments Ltd t/a Before Six Childcare Centre (2008), the Employment Court outlined the following characteristics as those the courts use to assess whether employment is casual:

Engagement for short periods of time for specific purposes;
A lack of regular work pattern or expectation of ongoing employment;
Employment is dependent on the availability of work demands;
No guarantee of work from one week to the next;
Employment as and when needed;
The lack of an obligation on the employer to offer employment, or on the employee to accept any other engagement; and
Employees are only engaged for the specific term of each period of employment.

In 2008, the Fourth Labour Government proposed the strengthening of casual employment rights. However, they were voted out of office later during the year.

United Kingdom
The UK Government defines casual employment as the following:
Employees occasionally do work for a specific business
The business does not have to offer employees work and employees do not have to accept it – employees only work when they want to
The contract with the business uses terms like 'casual', 'freelance', 'zero hours', 'as required' or something similar
Employees had to agree with the business's terms and conditions to get work – either verbally or in writing
Employees are under the supervision or control of a manager or director
Employees cannot send someone else to do their work
The business deducts tax and National Insurance contributions from their wages
The business provides materials, tools or equipment they need to do the work

See also
Contingent work
Employment
Informal sector
Zero-hour contract

References

Employment classifications
Employment in Australia


Clement Eaton (23 February 1898 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina – 12 August 1980) was an American historian who specialized in the American South.

He received his education from the University of North Carolina, where he was president of Phi Beta Kappa, and graduated in 1919. He also attended Harvard University. He was chair of the History Department at Lafayette College from 1931 to 1942 and then a faculty member of the University of Kentucky.

Selected writings
History of the Old South: The Emergence of a Reluctant Nation
A History of the Southern Confederacy
Freedom of Thought in the Old South (1940, revised and enlarged in 1964 under the title The Freedom-of-Thought Struggle in the Old South)
The Growth of Southern Civilization, 1790-1860 (1961)
Mind of the Old South
Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics
The Waning of the Old South Civilization 1860-1880, Univ. of Geo press, 1969

References

Further reading

External links
 Inventory of the Clement Eaton Recollections, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill

1898 births
1980 deaths
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Kentucky faculty
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Writers from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Lafayette College faculty
20th-century American male writers


Global Connections High School was a public high school in SeaTac, Washington. It was one of three small schools at the Tyee Educational Complex, along with the Academy of Citizenship and Empowerment and Odyssey-The Essential School. It was founded in 2005 when Tyee High School converted into three schools, and accredited individually in 2006. Global Connections High School merged with the Academy of Citizenship and Empowerment again after the 2016–2017 school year ended. They are now Tyee High School again. It is operated by the Highline School District.

The school's enrollment was 499, as required by the Coalition of Essential Schools in the conditions for the conversion grant. On the complex, Global Connections occupied the 300, 600 and 900 buildings on the east side of the complex.

Global Connections combined with the other two Tyee schools to compete in athletics. Though the students who wished to play football had to travel to another school to be a part of their team as they had not had their own football team for quite some time.

External links
Global Connections High School on Highline School District site

High schools in King County, Washington
Public high schools in Washington (state)


Utricularia cucullata is a small suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. cucullata is endemic to South America and can be found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad, and Venezuela.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Carnivorous plants of South America
Flora of Brazil
Flora of French Guiana
Flora of Guyana
Flora of Suriname
Flora of Trinidad and Tobago
Flora of Venezuela
cucullata


The Philadelphia Society is a membership organization the purpose of which is "to sponsor the interchange of ideas through discussion and writing, in the interest of deepening the intellectual foundation of a free and ordered society, and of broadening the understanding of its basic principles and traditions". The membership of the Society tends to be composed of persons holding conservative or libertarian political views, and many of those associated with the Society have exercised considerable influence over the development of the conservative movement in the United States.

History
The Philadelphia Society was founded in 1964 by Donald Lipsett in conjunction with William F. Buckley Jr., Milton Friedman, Frank Meyer, and Ed Feulner.

Former presidents of the Society include:
Henry Regnery, Edwin Feulner, Russell Kirk, Mel Bradford, Forrest McDonald, T. Kenneth Cribb,  M. Stanton Evans, Ellis Sandoz, Edwin Meese, Claes G. Ryn, Midge Decter, Roger Ream, Steven F. Hayward, Lee Edwards, and George H. Nash.

Former trustees of the Society include:
William F. Buckley Jr. (1966–1967 and 1971–1974), and Larry P. Arnn (1994–1997 and 2014–2017).

Notable speakers at past meetings of the Society have included:
Larry Arnhart, Andrew Bacevich, Wendell Berry, Robert Bork, Mel Bradford, Warren T. Brookes, William F. Buckley Jr., Vladimir Bukovsky, Ronald Coase, T. Kenneth Cribb, Midge Decter, M. Stanton Evans, Edwin Feulner, Milton Friedman, George Gilder, Victor Davis Hanson, William Hague, S. I. Hayakawa, Friedrich von Hayek, Henry Hazlitt, W.H. Hutt, Herman Kahn, Russell Kirk, Irving Kristol, Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Forrest McDonald, Edwin Meese, Frank Meyer, Charles Murray,  Robert Nisbet, Michael Novak, Richard Pipes, Norman Podhoretz, Henry Regnery, William A. Rusher, Paul Ryan, Ellis Sandoz,  Shelby Steele, George J. Stigler, Terry Teachout, Edward H. Teller, and Eric Voegelin.

Notable members
 Manuel Ayau
 Stephen Balch
 Richard Cornuelle
 Donald J. Devine
 Mark C. Henrie
 G. Philip Hughes
 Giancarlo Ibarguen
 Wilfred M. McClay
 William Murchison
 Jacqueline E. Schafer
 Jane S. Shaw
 Lowell C. Smith

References

External links

 Organizational Profile – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute)

Conservative organizations in the United States
Libertarian organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 1964
Political and economic think tanks in the United States


Ernest Hoschedé (18 December 1837 – 19 March 1891) was a department store magnate in Paris. Also during the successful period of his life, he was an art collector and critic. He lost his Impressionist art collection when he went bankrupt in 1877–1878. He moved his family into the home of Claude Monet in Vétheuil. He then lived in Paris and worked at Le Voltaire and then Magazine Français Illustré. His family continued to live with the Monets before and after his death. The year after his death, his wife Alice Hoschedé married Claude Monet, and was believed to have been Monet's mistress for years.

Early life

Ernest Hoschedé was the son of a wealthy merchant of shawls and fine lace.

Marriage
Hoschedé married a Belgian woman, Alice Raingo, who was also from a wealthy family. They lived in Paris at 64 Rue de Lisbonne and had a place at Montgeron, southeast of Paris, Château de Rottembourg. They entertained lavishly at the Château, including hiring a train from Paris to transport guests.

Career
Hoschedé was a Paris department store director, art critic, and art collector. He collected and sold the works of Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro and Alfred Sisley.
 He was best known as a patron of Claude Monet and other Impressionist painters. He also became good friends with Monet. In 1876, Hoschedé commissioned Monet to paint decorative panels for the Château de Rottembourg and several landscape paintings. According to the Nineteenth-century European Art: A Topical Dictionary, it may have been during this visit that Monet began a relationship with Alice Hoschedé and her youngest son, Jean-Pierre, may have been fathered by Monet.

Hoschedé lived an "extravagant lifestyle" and became bankrupt in 1877. For a period of time Hoschedé went to Belgium to escape his creditors. His art collection was auctioned off in June 1878 for a fraction of its value. This was a blow to the Impressionists, especially Monet. Although stunned by Hoschedé's financial failure, Monet was "swift to offer his support", inviting the Hoschedés to live with him and his family.

Life with the Monets
Hoschedé, his wife and their children moved into a house in Vétheuil with Monet, Monet's ailing first wife Camille, and the Monet's two sons Jean and Michel. Needing a bigger home for the 12 member Monet and Hoschedé families and the Monet's servants, they moved into a larger house on the road from Vétheuil to La Roche-Guyon.

Paris
Hoschedé spent most of his time in Paris, having found employment at Le Voltaire newspaper. He kept his family in Vétheuil where it was cheaper to live. After Camille Monet's death in 1879, Monet and Alice (along with the children from the two respective families) continued living together at Poissy and later at Giverny.

He worked then at the Magazine Français Illustré as an art editor. Hoschedé developed a severe case of gout in early 1891 after years of overeating and drinking. As his illness became more severe, Alice came to Paris to care for him.

Death
Ernest Hoschedé died in 1891 a poor man. His funeral and burial, which were held at Giverny at his children's request, were paid for by Monet.

The following year Alice married Claude Monet.

See also
Claude Monet
Blanche Hoschedé Monet

Notes and references

1891 deaths
Claude Monet
French art collectors
Businesspeople from Paris
1837 births
19th-century French businesspeople
French art patrons


Era Baru Sdn Bhd is a Malaysian property development and investment holding company based in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia. The company was incorporated on 8 September 1981 under the umbrella of Grand Linage Sdn Bhd. Since its incorporation, Era Baru together with its parent company and other subsidiaries have successfully completed more than 4,000 units of residential and commercial properties within Negeri Sembilan, with total sales revenue of more than RM146 million.

Company Activities

Completed residential and industrial projects
 Taman Indah, Seremban
 Taman Bukit Markisa, Seremban
 Taman Ampangan, Seremban
 Taman Jemapoh, Kuala Pilah
 Taman Ulu Bendol, Kuala Pilah
 Taman Sri Terachi, Kuala Pilah
 Taman Sri Mawar, Senawang
 Taman Seri Pagi, Senawang
 Taman Desa Dahlia, Senawang
 Sri Senawang Light Industrial Centre, Senawang
 Bukit Sri Senawang, Sungai Gadut
 Taman Serting Utama, Jempol
 Pusat Perniagaan Jempol (Phase 1 & 2), Jempol
 Taman Awana Indah, Bahau
 Taman Tasik Bahau
 Taman Temerloh Indah (Phase 1), Temerloh, Pahang

Completed leisure and entertainment projects
 Era Square, an  integrated development project consisting of commercial, leisure, shopping and bus terminal services in Seremban
 Era Hotel Bahau, the first 2-star hotel with dining, health care, entertainment and conference facilities in Bahau
 Era Golf & Country Resort, the first 18-hole golf course with full facilities including a Club House in Bahau

Completed properties designed for investment
Certain properties developed by the Group are held for investment purposes such as:
 A 4-storey shopping complex with a basement car park in Seremban Town, currently rented out to The Store (Seremban) Sdn Bhd
 A 4-storey shopping complex with a basement car park in Bahau Town, currently rented out to Hi Way Cash & Carry Sdn Bhd
 A single-storey restaurant at Era Square, currently rented out to Min Kok Restaurant Sdn Bhd

Under development
 Taman Ampangan, Seremban (Final phase)
 Pusat Perniagaan Jempol Jempol (Shopping Centre & Phase 3 onwards)
 Era Square, Seremban (Phase 2 onwards)

Gallery

1981 establishments in Malaysia
Real estate companies established in 1981
Privately held companies of Malaysia
Property companies of Malaysia


West Newton station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Newton, Massachusetts. It serves the Framingham/Worcester Line, and is located inside the Massachusetts Turnpike Exit 16 rotary in the village of West Newton. West Newton has had continuous rail service since 1834. The station consists of a single low side platform serving one of the line's two tracks, with small crossings to access trains on the far track. West Newton is not accessible; a renovation for accessibility is planned.

History

West Newton was the first terminus of the Boston and Worcester Railroad in April 1834, and one of the first locations in the world from which workers could commute to a city by rail for regular working hours. The Railroad Hotel originally served as the train station. By the late 1840s, a dedicated station building was located on the north side of the tracks just west of Chestnut Street. By the 1870s, West Newton had a larger station building on the south side of the tracks.

Service to West Newton and Auburndale stations was reduced to one daily round trip on January 30, 1981, as part of a series of service cuts due to a budget crisis. Normal service resumed to the two stations on March 16, 1981.

A 2011 village plan prepared for the city by MIT proposed a four-story development integrated with a rebuilt commuter rail station, with two high-level side platforms providing accessible boarding on both tracks.

Design for an accessible platform on the north side of the tracks reached 30% in November 2020 and was expected to be complete in spring 2022. The designs were later changed to have two platforms to reduce operational impacts. The new design reached 30% completion in early 2022. A ramp was added to the design scope at that time, delaying expected design completion to February 2024. Drilling for geotechnical surveying took place in October–November 2022. Design work was 75% complete by June 2023.

References

External links

MBTA – West Newton
 Washington Street (east) entrance from Google Maps Street View
 Washington Street (west) entrance from Google Maps Street View

Former Boston and Albany Railroad stations
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Newton, Massachusetts


Erigeron linearis is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name desert yellow fleabane or narrow leaved fleabane. It is native to western North America.

Description
Erigeron linearis is a small clumping perennial herb reaching a maximum height of 20 centimeters (8 inches), with a woody taproot. Its leaves are long and narrow, mostly clustered around the base of the stem, and are  long, pale green to green, and lightly covered with short white hairs. The erect lightly hairy flower stems are leafless or have a few reduced linear leaves and usually produce only one flower head (though occasionally 2 or 3) each about  wide. The flower has a center of many golden yellow disc florets and a fringe of as many as 38 pale to bright yellow or cream-colored ray florets. The fruit is an achene attached to a fluffy pappus with 10 to 20 bristles. Seeds are presumably wind dispersed.

Distribution and Habitat
Erigeron linearis is native to the mountains of western North America from British Columbia as far south as Wyoming, northern Nevada and Mono County in California. The species grows in open rocky slopes associated with the shrubs sagebrush, bitterbrush or juniper.

Uses
Some Plateau Indian tribes used desert yellow fleabane as a poultice for treating sores.

Gallery

References

External links

United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

linearis
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of Western Canada
Flora of California
Flora of the Great Basin
Plants described in 1834
Taxa named by William Jackson Hooker
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Brian Thomas may refer to:

Brian Thomas (church artist) (1912–1989), British mural artist
Brian Thomas (politician) (born 1939), American politician in Washington state
Brian Thomas (rugby union) (1940–2012), Wales international rugby union player

See also
Bryan Thomas (disambiguation)


Auburndale station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Auburndale, Massachusetts. It serves the Framingham/Worcester Line. It is located next to the Massachusetts Turnpike near Lasell College. The modern station platform, built around 1961, replaced a highly acclaimed 1881 depot building designed by H. H. Richardson. A full renovation of the station for accessibility is planned.

History

Opening
The Boston and Worcester Railroad opened the segment from West Newton to Wellesley Hills in July 1834.  A second track was added in 1839, and in 1843 the railroad began offering season fares for around $60, making it one of the first commuter rail systems. Due to the popularity of the other Newton stops, a station at Auburn Dale (soon Auburndale) was opened by the late 1840s. The depot was located on the south side of the tracks in a large open area at the intersection of Auburn Street, Lexington Street, and several other roads. In 1867, the Boston & Worcester joined with the Western Railroad to become the Boston & Albany Railroad.

H.H. Richardson depot

Beginning in 1881, the Boston & Albany began a massive improvement program that included the building of over 30 new stations along its main line as well as the Highland branch, which it bought in 1883. Acclaimed architect H. H. Richardson was hired to design several stations (eventually nine) along the line, starting with Auburndale. Although not as grand as some of his other B&A works like Framingham and Palmer stations, the Auburndale station's design was highly praised. Henry-Russell Hitchcock called it "the best he ever built" in The Architecture of H.H. Richardson and His Time, and a 1904 architecture journal claimed that Richardson's depots at Auburndale and Chestnut Hill "created a new standard of way-station construction."

The 1881 station was constructed in Richardson's signature Richardsonian Romanesque style, with influence from Japanese architecture as well as Romanesque Revival architecture. The one-story building was built from "red and light grey granite", with "heavy masonry and dominant roof." The interior was divided into a pair of waiting rooms for men and women, with a ticket counter between. The platform was shaded by a canopy, which wrapped around the east end of the building into a porte-cochère. Construction, by the Norcross Brothers firm, cost $16,290. As with a number of other stations on the line, Frederick Law Olmsted designed the landscaping, which included large trees, shrubs, and Japanese ivy. A replica of the station, still standing, was built by the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway in 1911 in Orchard Park, New York.

Demolition and modern era

Despite the accolades, H. H. Richardson's depot was torn down in 1961 after 80 years in service. The extension of the Massachusetts Turnpike from Route 128 to downtown Boston involved removing two of the line's four tracks from Auburndale to downtown. The historic stations at Auburndale, , , , and Brighton were demolished; only the Allston depot survived. Auburndale, West Newton, and Newtonville stayed in service, but with extremely diminished facilities – bare asphalt platforms with simple metal shelters. The single side platform provides access to only one of the line's two tracks; passengers use short asphalt strips to access trains on the other track. The 1961-built platform stretches from Woodland Street to Auburn Street, just west of the previous station locations.

Service to West Newton and Auburndale stations was reduced to one daily round trip on January 30, 1981, as part of a series of service cuts due to a budget crisis. Normal service resumed to the two stations on March 16, 1981.

Planned renovations

The bare platform and steep metal stairs make Auburndale station inaccessible. In the future, the station is planned to be rebuilt with a high-level platform and elevators or ramps to street level to meet ADA guidelines. In April 2004, the Boston Regional Metropolitan Planning Organization voted to add $368,000 (funded by a federal earmark) for planning Auburndale renovations to its 2004-2008 spending plan. However, the project was not pursued at that time.

Beginning in 2008, Representative Barney Frank secured $3 million in funding for design of the replacement station. 30% design plans were released in July 2013, at which point construction was estimated to cost $11.5 million. 100% design was completed in January 2017, with construction scheduled for April 2017.

The 100% design was unveiled at a public meeting in February 2017. It includes a full-length high-level platform on the north side of the tracks, with ramps to provide an accessible route to the village center. Because the platform would be on the opposite side of the tracks from the other Newton stations, a new interlocking would be added east of the station. Although the improved access to the village center was popular with residents, the new station design was criticized by transit advocates because it would likely degrade service on the line. Trains switching tracks to access Auburndale station would prevent trains from passing in the opposite direction, which could reduce the number of trains that could be operated on the line. The MBTA did not perform traffic modeling to determine whether the station design would cause operational issues.

The proposal was abandoned due to service impacts. A new set of accessibility plans, with all three Newton stations receiving identical new platforms on the north side, were announced in 2019. Design reached 30% in November 2020 and was expected to be complete in spring 2022. The designs were later changed to have two platforms to reduce operational impacts. The new design reached 30% completion in early 2022, with design completion expected in February 2024. Drilling for geotechnical surveying took place in October–December 2022. Design work was 75% complete by June 2023.

References

External links

MBTA – Auburndale
 Auburn Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
 Woodland Road entrance from Google Maps Street View

Former New York Central Railroad stations
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Newton, Massachusetts
Henry Hobson Richardson buildings
Richardsonian Romanesque architecture in Massachusetts


Tom Myers (born October 24, 1950) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Syracuse Orange, and was selected by the New Orleans Saints in the third round of 1972 NFL Draft.

Professional career
Myers played for the New Orleans Saints his entire career from 1972-1981 as the team's starting free safety for each of those seasons. In 1978, Myers recorded a 97-yard interception return for touchdown against the Minnesota Vikings, a Saints record. His best season was in 1979 when he was selected to the Pro Bowl and was named on the All-Pro team. As of the 2016 NFL season, Myers is still #2 on the All-Time New Orleans Saints Career Interceptions List.

He later played two seasons for the Houston Gamblers of the United States Football League

References

1950 births
Living people
American football safeties
Houston Gamblers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
New Orleans Saints players
People from Cohoes, New York
Players of American football from New York (state)
Syracuse Orange football players


is a former professional baseball player in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, and a politician. A right-handed pitcher, in  he was voted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame.

Baseball career

Horiuchi played for the Yomiuri Giants his whole career, from 1966–1983; he was an integral part of the team's ten Japan Series championships during that period (including nine in a row).

His first season he went 16-2 with a league-leading 1.39 earned run average, winning both the Eiji Sawamura Award and the Central League Rookie of the Year award. He led the league in winning percentage and also in most bases on balls allowed.

He led the league in winning percentage again in 1967, going 12-2 to post an amazing two-year stretch of 28-4. That year he also threw a no-hitter, against the Hiroshima Carp. The next three seasons were all successful. but he again led the league in walks all three years. (Horiuchi also gave up 31 home runs in 1968 to lead the league.)

1972 was Horiuchi's finest season, as he went 26-9 with a 2.91 ERA and 26 complete games, again winning the Eiji Sawamura Award (this despite the fact he led the league in hits and home runs allowed). That year he also won the Central League MVP.

In 1974 Horiuchi led the Central League in complete games with 21.

Horiuchi finished his career with 203 wins, earning him a spot in Meikyukai.

He managed the Yomiuri Giants in 2004–2005 (the team went 133-144 under his leadership). He has also acted as a TV analyst for Giants broadcasts.

Politics
Horiuchi stood as a candidate of the House of Councillors election, 2010 for the LDP but lost. Receiving 101,840 preference votes nationwide, he ranked 13th on the LDP list – the party received only twelve proportional seats – and was thus the top replacement candidate for a possible kuriage-tōsen, i.e. the first candidate to be elected without an additional vote if an LDP proportional seat in the 2010 class of Councillors fell vacant. As a result, he became a member of the House of Councillors in the proportional representation segment of the class of 2010 in August 2013 as the replacement for Hirohiko Nakamura, who died on July 31, 2013.

Statistics

References

External links

Living people
1948 births
People from Yamanashi Prefecture
Japanese baseball players
Yomiuri Giants players
Nippon Professional Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
Nippon Professional Baseball MVP Award winners
Managers of baseball teams in Japan
Yomiuri Giants managers
Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians
Japanese sportsperson-politicians
Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
People from Kōfu, Yamanashi


The Paris Bourse crash of 1882 was a stock market crash in France, and was the worst crisis in the French economy in the nineteenth century. The crash was triggered by the collapse of l'Union Générale in January.  Around a quarter of the brokers on the bourse were on the brink of collapse.  The closure of the exchange was prevented by a loan from the Banque de France which enabled sufficient liquidity to support settlement.

Causes

The stock price of l’Union Générale rose from 500 francs a share in 1879 to over 3,000 francs at its peak. Investors saw the booming market for new securities and jumped into the forward market. Speculators also printed counterfeit money; they renewed their forward contracts in hopes for a continuous rise in prices.

As the market grew, so did the demand for cash, and interest rates began to rise to the point where lenders began demanding a premium. This situation foretold that a collapse would occur when investors would repay their loans, not wanting to pay this premium or to incur refinancing debt at high interest rates. This could mean the bank would lose its primary revenue source, with the resultant stock overvaluation and share price decline. These events are very similar to the events leading up to the American 1929 boom. As this happened, the price of l'Union Générale began to deteriorate. The bank failed to repay it debts and to honor its clients’ accounts. It falsified public reports, to avoid the complete crash of its value and credit-worthiness. Between January 5, 1882 and January 14, 1882 the cash price of a share dropped from 3,040 to 800 francs.

During

The crash led to a recession which lasted until the end of the decade.
Immediately after the crash, the bank's founder attributed its downfall to conspiratorial aims of Jewish-German banks and Freemasons, intent on destroying banks which backed conservative, Catholic political agendas.

It is now generally accepted that there was no conspiracy to destroy the bank, but it remains unclear why the collapse of the bank was so devastating.

During the 1882 crash, 14 of 60 stock brokers appeared to be in imminent danger of failure and seven were completely bankrupt. The famous painter Paul Gauguin had been working as a stock broker until the crash; after that, he decided to dedicate himself to painting full-time.

References

Economic crises in Europe
1882
1882 in economics
1882 in France
Economic history of France
1880s in Paris


Magic Kingdom was a small amusement park located in Lansvale, New South Wales, Australia. It is now closed.

History and operation
The park operated in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. The park was closed not long after Wonderland Sydney opened.

The park was promoted on television with commercials featuring the song "Magic" by the band Pilot.

Some of the rides were sourced from Luna Park after Luna Park closed in 1979 following the Ghost Train tragedy.

Magic Kingdom was popular at its peak but due to size and location (it could only be accessed by a road which went through an industrial area and residential area) the park struggled to remain viable.

The land was sold to developers in 2017. Flooding issues with the nearby Prospect Creek have limited its potential for new construction.

Attractions
The park was small, covering about . Features included:

 Over 15 rides
 Slides (Two open water slides (95 metres long) plus a giant dry slide)
 Radio-controlled cars
 Picnic area with  barbecue facilities
 Big Shoe
 Petrol-powered mini-boats on a lake
 In the 1990s' bungy jumping was available at the park.

References

External links
 Video of the amusement park on YouTube

Defunct amusement parks in Australia
Amusement parks in New South Wales
1970s establishments in Australia
1970 establishments in Australia


The Remington Spartan 310 is a double-barreled shotgun.  It is an "over and under" gun, with one barrel above the other. There are several different models, each of them chambered in various gauges.

The Spartan 310 is marketed and distributed by Remington Arms, in Madison, North Carolina. It is a variant of a classical Russian shotgun IZh-27 manufactured by Izhevsk Mechanical Plant for export under trademark "Baikal", in Izhevsk, Russia.  The Spartan 310 is inexpensive compared to other double barreled shotguns.  It is most often used for hunting birds, and for clay target games such as trap and skeet.  Remington ceased importing the shotgun in 2009.

Features
The Spartan 310 has a walnut stock and fore-end, the shooter can select automatic ejectors or extractors, and a ventilated barrel rib. It uses screw-in SPR choke tubes.  By default, the bottom barrel fires first, but the shooter can select the top barrel to fire first by pushing the trigger blade forward when the gun is loaded and closed.  Opening the action automatically engages the manual safety, which is located on the tang behind the top lever.

The SPR310 is the standard model.  It has either a nickel-plated or blued receiver.  The barrels are 26 or 28 inches long.

The SPR310S is the sporting model.  It has ported barrels that are 29½ inches in length.

References

External links
Owners manual for Remington model SPR310 and SPR320 Over/Under Shotguns

Remington Arms firearms
Double-barreled shotguns of Russia


The 1925–26 Montreal Maroons season saw the team win their first Stanley Cup in only their second season.

Regular season
Rookie Nels Stewart led the league in goals, with 34, and points, 42, to win the Art Ross Trophy as the league's leading scorer. His accomplishments also won him the Hart Trophy as the league's most valuable player.

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Playoffs
The Maroons took on the first-year team Pittsburgh Pirates in a two-game, total-goals series. The Maroons won the first game 3–1 and tied the second to win the series six goals to four.

In the second round, the Maroons took on the first-place Ottawa Senators. At home in the first game, the Maroons tied the Senators 1–1. Former Senator Punch Broadbent scored at 8 minutes of the second period to put the Maroons ahead. The lead lasted until King Clancy tied the game with ten seconds left. In the second game, held at Ottawa, the Maroons took the series with a 1–0 shutout victory to win the NHL championship. Babe Siebert on an individual rush, scored off his own rebound at the six-minute mark of the second period. Cy Denneny appeared to tie the score a minute later, but the play was off-side. The Maroons held off the attack of the Senators the rest of the way in front of a record attendance of 10,525.

After the final game in Ottawa, an anonymous supporter gave a $1,000 cheque to team president James Strachan "to be divided up among the boys for their fighting victory."

Stanley Cup Finals

Nels Stewart was "Old Poison" to the Victoria Cougars, as he scored 6 goals in the 4 games and goaltender Clint Benedict shut out the westerners three times. All games were played at the Forum in Montreal.

Victoria Cougars vs. Montreal Maroons

Montreal Maroons win best-of-five series 3 games to 1 for the Stanley Cup

Schedule and results

Playoffs
Pittsburgh Pirates vs. Montreal Maroons

Montreal wins total goals series 6 goals to 4

Montreal Maroons vs. Ottawa Senators

Montreal wins total goals series 2 goals to 1

Player stats

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Goaltenders
GP = Games played, GA = Goals against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals against average

Awards and records
 Nels Stewart – Art Ross Trophy, Hart Trophy
 O'Brien Cup – for 1925–26 NHL champion.
 Prince of Wales Trophy – for 1925–26 NHL playoff champion.

Transactions

See also
 1925–26 NHL season

References

Montreal Maroons seasons
Montreal
Montreal
Stanley Cup championship seasons


Wellesley Hills station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States. It serves the Framingham/Worcester Line. It is located off Washington Street (MA-16) in Wellesley, Massachusetts. Wellesley Hills has two low platforms serving the line's two tracks; it is not accessible. Designed in 1885 and completed in 1886, the station was the last of nine stations that H.H. Richardson designed for the Boston and Albany Railroad. It replaced a previous station, built in 1834 with the completion of the Boston and Worcester Railroad.

History

The Boston & Worcester Railroad (B&W), extending outwards from Boston, reached through the West Parish of Needham in mid-1834. North Needham station was the terminus for a few months while construction continued towards Worcester. In 1839, the line was double tracked through the area.

The station was later renamed Grantvile, then briefly Nehoiden, and finally Wellesley Hills in 1881 when the West Parish was fully separated from Needham as the town of Wellesley.

Wellesley Hills station was designed by Henry Hobson Richardson in 1885 for the Boston & Albany Railroad, and was the last in a series of stations he designed, all featuring rough-cut light colored stone with dark stone trim around windows and doors, slate roofs, and varying amounts of decorative dark stone carvings. As a B&A station, it originally served both commuter trains in the Boston Metropolitan Area and long distance trains toward Albany, New York.

By 1962, the disused station building was converted to a dry cleaning shop, with large plate glass windows added to the façade. The previous station building, constructed in 1855, has been moved across the road and converted to a private residence.

In June 2021, the MBTA issued a $28 million design contract for a project to add a third track from Weston to Framingham, including reconstruction of the three Wellesley stations and West Natick station. The project was expected to cost around $400 million, of which rebuilding Wellesley Hills station would be $43–45 million, with completion in 2030.

References

External links

MBTA - Wellesley Hills
 Cliff Road entrance from Google Maps Street View
 Station from Google Maps Street View

Former Boston and Albany Railroad stations
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1885
Richardsonian Romanesque architecture in Massachusetts
Henry Hobson Richardson buildings
Wellesley, Massachusetts


, or S kankei, abbreviated either as S or , is an early twentieth-century Japanese wasei-eigo term used to refer to romantic friendships between girls. The term is also used to designate a genre of  which tells stories about the same, typically focused on senpai and kōhai relationships wherein one girl is senior in age or position to the other. The "S" is an abbreviation that can stand for "sister", , "sex", "" (German: beautiful), and "escape".

Although Class S can broadly be described as a form of love between girls, it is distinct from a romantic relationship or romance fiction in that it is used specifically to describe platonic relationships based on strong emotional bonds and very close friendship, rather than sex or sexual attraction.

History

Origins
The western novels Little Women and A Little Princess were translated into Japanese in 1906 and 1910, respectively, in order to educate the girls to become "good wives, wise mothers". These works also helped introduce the concepts of laotong, sisterhood, sentimentalism, and romance to young female audiences in Japan, with Jo of Little Women in particular becoming a prominent example of a tomboy character.

Class S was also influenced by the Takarazuka Revue, an all-women theater troupe established in 1914. The revue featured women actors playing male roles referred to as  who would romance female characters. Around this time, the term  was coined to describe butch and femme relationships, as well as relationships between two femmes, with femmes referred to as ome. It was suggested in popular media of the time that the Takarazuka otokoyaku caused women in Class S relationships to become ome and persist in homosexual relationships long after it was acceptable.  Jennifer Robertson argues that "many females are attracted to the Takarazuka otokoyaku because she represents an exemplary female who can negotiate successfully both genders and their attendant roles and domains."

The rapid creation of all-girls' schools during this period is also regarded as having contributed to Class S: by 1913, there were 213 such schools.

Decline and revival
In 1936, Class S literature was banned by the Japanese government. The ban was lifted after World War II, along with restrictions on depictions of male-female romance in girls' magazines. This, combined with the closure of girls' schools in favor of co-educational schools and the mainstreaming of the free love movement, led Class S to decline as both a literary genre and a social phenomenon.

Class S literature experienced a revival of popularity in the late 1990s. The 1998 yuri light novel series Maria-sama ga Miteru is credited with reviving the Class S genre, and is considered to be a modern equivalent to Nobuko Yoshiya's Hana Monogatari.

Influence and legacy

As a social phenomenon
A 1911 article in Fujin Kōron claimed that between seven and eight women out of ten had experienced Class S relationships.

Class S relationships were typically regarded as not a genuine expression of same-sex attraction. So long as these relationships remained confined to adolescence they were regarded as normal, even spiritual. This attitude would later inform contemporary perspectives on lesbianism in Japan: a tolerance towards non-sexual intimacy between girls, and the widespread belief that female homosexuality is a "phase".

As literary genre
Class S had a significant impact on the Japanese literary tradition of depicting friendship between girls, the development of Japanese lesbian literature, and the creation of the anime and manga genre yuri.

Notable figures
Nobuko Yoshiya, a lesbian Japanese novelist active in the Bluestocking feminist movement, is regarded as a pioneer of Class S literature.

See also
 Homosexuality in Japan
 Lesbian teen fiction
 LGBT culture in Japan
 Situational sexual behavior
 Romantic friendship

Notes

References

Anime and manga terminology
Japanese culture
Japanese literature
Japanese sex terms
Lesbian fiction
LGBT fiction
Literary genres
Yuri (genre)
Girls


Gordon Barker (6 July 1931 – 10 February 2006) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Essex. Born in Yorkshire, Barker was a right-handed opening batsman and made his Essex debut in 1954 against the touring Canadians, scoring a century.

Barker passed 1,000 runs in a season every year from 1955 to 1967 with a best of 1,741 runs in 1960. He finished his career with 21,893 runs for Essex.

Football career
Barker also played professional football, and made 57 league appearances for Southend United between 1954 and 1959.

References

External links

1931 births
2006 deaths
English cricketers
Essex cricketers
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
English Football League players
Bishop Auckland F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Players cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Place of birth missing


The Royal Commission on Indian Affairs (commonly known as the McKenna–McBride Commission; originally titled the Commission Respecting Indian Lands and Indian Affairs Generally in the Province of British Columbia) was a joint federal and provincial royal commission established in 1912 to resolve the "Indian reserve question" or "Indian land question" in British Columbia.

It is referred to as the McKenna–McBride Commission after the two men who signed the agreement that created it in 1912: federal commissioner Joseph McKenna and BC Premier Richard McBride. The Commission was chaired by Nathaniel Whitworth White, and, along with McKenna, included the following commissioners: James Andrew, Edward Ludlow Wetmore, Samurez Carmichael, James Pearson Shaw, and Day Hort MacDowall. The commissioners travelled throughout the province for 3 years gathering evidence from Indigenous and non-Indigenous people on the adequacy of reserves.

On July 19, 1924, an amended McKenna–McBride Commission was adopted and applied as the B.C. Indian Lands Settlement Act.

The McKenna-McBride Commission had a significant impact on Aboriginal reserve lands by adding to, reducing, and eliminating reserves throughout the province. In total, reserve land was removed in 35 places from 23 Bands.

History

Background
With encroachment on their traditional territories, First Nations in British Columbia continued to fight for a fair settlement of their land and title rights. In an attempt to conclusively resolve the so-called "Indian Question", the Royal Commission on Indian Affairs was established as a joint federal and provincial commission.

The primary goal of the Commission was "to adjust the acreage of Indian reserves in British Columbia." The governments believed that if additional reserves were set aside for them, First Nations bands would be satisfied.

Development
The commissioners travelled throughout the province for 3 years gathering evidence from Indigenous and non-Indigenous people on the adequacy of reserves. They visited nearly every band, asking them what little pieces of their traditional territories would they like included as reserves.

The Commission held hearings throughout the province from 1913 to June 1916, when it finished its work. In addition to adding reserves to most bands, it also removed land from previous reserves. These were usually in prime locations near urban settlements, and are known as "cut-off lands." The Commission recommended the removal of approximately  of land (with an assessed value between CA$1,347,912.72 and $1,533,704.72) from 54 reserves, and the addition of about  of land (with an assessed value of only $444,838.80). So, while the area of the added reserve lands was nearly double that of that withdrawn, the value of the land added was only about one-third the contemporary valuation of the land taken away.

The implementation of the report did not begin until 1923. On July 19, 1924, an amended McKenna–McBride Commission was adopted and applied as the B.C. Indian Lands Settlement Act.

Testimonies
Various Indigenous tribes provided testimony at Commission hearings. Among others, these tribes include:

 Spallumcheen Indian Band, on their reserve at Enderby (2 October 1913)
 Scowlitz First Nation, at New Westminster (4 September 1914)
 Too-sey First Nation (Chilcotin), at the Too-sey Reserve (21 July 1914)
 Pemberton First Nation, at Pemberton Meadows (15 August 1915)
 Cowtain First Nation, at Cheakamus (17 August 1916)

References

Further reading
 Klassen, P. E. 2016. "God Keep Our Land: The Legal Ritual of the McKenna–McBride Royal Commission, 1913–16." Pp. 79–94 in Religion and the Exercise of Public Authority, edited by B. L. Berger &  R. Moon. Oxford: Hart Publishing. . (See also .)
 Roy, Patricia E. 2011. "McBride of McKenna-McBride: Premier Richard McBride and the Indian Question in British Columbia". BC Studies 172(35). .
 Ware, Reuben. 1974. The Lands We Lost: A History of the Cut-Off Lands and Land Losses From Indian Reserves in British Columbia. Vancouver: Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs.

External links
McKenna-McBride Agency Testimonies, Union of BC Indian Chiefs.
McKenna-McBride Royal Commission General Report, Union of BC Indian Chiefs.
McKenna-McBride Royal Commission: Minutes of Decision 1913–1916, Union of BC Indian Chiefs.
Royal Commission on Indian Affairs, Report of the Royal Commission of Indian Affairs [Commission Respecting Indian Lands and Indian Affairs Generally in the Province of British Columbia], 1913-1916.

Royal commissions in Canada
First Nations history in British Columbia


Wellesley Square station is a commuter rail station on the MBTA Commuter Rail Framingham/Worcester Line, located just north of the MA 16-MA 135 intersection in downtown Wellesley, Massachusetts. It serves both walk-up and park-and-ride commuters, with a 224-space parking lot for the latter group. The station has low-level platforms and is not accessible.

History

The Boston & Worcester Railroad (B&W), extending outwards from Boston, reached through the West Parish of Needham in mid-1834. In 1839, the line was double tracked through the area. A station on the B&W opened at West Needham by 1850. It was renamed to Wellesley after the adjacent village in 1863, though the West Parish did not formerly separate from Needham to become Wellesley until 1881.  The wood-framed building was moved half a mile to the east in 1889 (where it still stands, in use as a restaurant), when H. H. Richardson's successors Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge designed a stone Richardsonian Romanesque station for the Boston & Albany Railroad (B&A), which had taken over the B&W.

The 1889-built depot was demolished around 1962 to make room for a post office; only bare asphalt platforms remained. Amtrak Inland Route service served it until 1975, and from 1984 to 1986. In 1977 or 1978, the station was renamed Wellesley Square to differentiate it from the other two stations in Wellesley.

In 2019, the MBTA listed Wellesley Square as a "Tier I" accessibility priority. In June 2021, the MBTA issued a $28 million design contract for a project to add a third track from Weston to Framingham, including reconstruction of the three Wellesley stations and West Natick station. The project was expected to cost around $400 million, of which rebuilding Wellesley Square station would be $31-35 million, with completion in 2030. , the MBTA plans to pilot a freestanding temporary accessible platform at Beverly Depot in late 2023. If successful, Wellesley Square would be one of the first four stations to receive a temporary platform while a full reconstruction is planned.

References

External links

MBTA – Wellesley Square
 HABS entry for Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge station

Former Boston and Albany Railroad stations
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Former Amtrak stations in Massachusetts
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1889
Romanesque Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Wellesley, Massachusetts


Battle or Battles are surnames that may refer to:

Albrey Battle (born 1976), American football player
Allen Battle (born 1968), American baseball player
Arnaz Battle (born 1980), American football player
Ashley Battle (born 1982), American basketball player
Cliff Battles (1910–1981), American football player
Cormac Battle (born 1972), Irish musician and radio presenter
Edgar Battle (1907–1977), American jazz performer, composer and arranger
Greg Battle (born 1964), Canadian football player
Helen Battle (1903–1994), Canadian marine biologist
Hinton Battle (born 1956), American actor, dancer, and dance instructor
Howard Battle (born 1972), American baseball player
Jackie Battle (born 1983), American football player
Jim Battle (baseball) (1901–1965), American baseball player
John Battle (basketball) (born 1962), American basketball player
John Battle (politician) (born 1951), British politician
John S. Battle (1890–1972), American politician and Governor of Virginia
Jordan Battle (born 2000), American football player
José Miguel Battle Sr. (1929–2007), American mobster
Joseph F. Battle Jr. (1937-2001), American politician and judge
Kathleen Battle (born 1948), American soprano
Kemp P. Battle (1831–1919), American politician and historian
Kenny Battle (born 1964), American basketball player
Lucius D. Battle (1918–2008), American diplomat
Mike Battle (born 1946), American football player
Pat Battle (born 1959), American television journalist
Ron Battle (born 1959), American football player
Simone Battle (1989–2014), American actress and singer
Tara Cross-Battle (born 1968), American volleyball player
Texas Battle (born 1980), American actor
Tyus Battle (born 1997), American basketball player
Vincent M. Battle (born 1940), American diplomat
William C. Battle (1920–2008), American diplomat

See also
Battle (disambiguation)
Batlle


Georgia Turner (1921-1969) (born Georgia Bell Turner), was an American folk singer. She is credited with an early recording of "Rising Sun Blues", produced by Alan Lomax in 1937, in Middlesboro, Kentucky.  Her adaptation of this American folk classic, better known as "House Of The Rising Sun," has become the standard, the ancestor of covers by hundreds of later performers, including Dave Van Ronk, Bob Dylan, The Animals, Joan Baez, Tracy Chapman, Muse, and even Andy Griffith.  (The lyrics later published by Lomax in Our Singing Country in 1941 incorporate some lines from a version performed by Bert Martin.)

Turner married twice, eventually settled in Michigan, and gave birth to eleven children, nine of whom survived infancy. Lomax arranged for her to receive a share of songwriter's royalties for some recordings of the song, which her family remembers being quite helpful during economic hardship in the last decade of her life, before her death in 1969 from emphysema.

Turner's performance of the song was rereleased in 2003 by Rounder Records, on the Alan Lomax Popular Songbook CD.

References

Ted Anthony, Chasing The Rising Sun: The Journey of an American Song, 2007
Alan Lomax, The Folk Songs of North America, in the English Language, 1960

External links
Alan Lomax's Popular Songbook

American folk singers
Folk musicians from Kentucky
1921 births
1969 deaths
Musicians from Appalachia
20th-century American singers
Singers from Kentucky
Kentucky women musicians
20th-century American women singers


Erigeron parishii is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names Parish's daisy and Parish's fleabane.

Distribution
Erigeron parishii is native to San Bernardino County and Riverside County in southern California. It is a federally-listed threatened species losing habitat to development and the limestone mining industry on the north slope of the San Bernardino Mountains.

Description
Erigeron parishii is a small perennial herb reaching a maximum height of about . The taproot can penetrate the carbonate soils to a depth of . Its stem and foliage are covered in silvery-white hairs and most of the leaves are basal and measure  long.

The erect stems have inflorescences of one to ten flower heads, each between one and two centimeters (0.4-0.8 inches) wide. The flower head has a center of golden yellow disc florets and a fringe of up to 55 lavender, pink, or white ray florets.

Ecology
Erigeron parishii usually grows on limestone substrates, or granite topped with a layer of limestone. It apparently requires very alkaline soils.

Conservation
The same rock that the plant favors is also sought after for human use and limestone mining is the most significant threat to its habitat.

Erigeron parishii has a relatively high genetic diversity for a narrow endemic, a measure that will decrease with the habitat fragmentation that currently threatens it.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment — Erigeron parishii
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile: Erigeron parishii
US Fish & Wildlife Service, Conserving the Nature of America, Local Rare Plants (1997)
Erigeron parishii — Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

parishii
Endemic flora of California
~
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Natural history of San Bernardino County, California
Plants described in 1884
Threatened flora of California


The General Synod of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui () exercises the metropolitical authority of the Anglican Province of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui. It is a tricameral synod which governs the Province and has the final authority in all matters affecting life, order and canonical discipline of the Church. Its chairperson is the Archbishop of Hong Kong.

Composition
The General Synod is composed of:

 the House of Bishops which shall consist of the Archbishop, Diocesan Bishops, Missionary Diocesan Bishop and Assistant Bishops;
 the House of Clergy which shall consist of six members from and elected by each Diocese; and one member from the Missionary Area of Macau; and
 the House of Laity which shall consist of fifteen lay delegates from and elected by each Diocese of the Province, and two lay delegates from and elected by the Missionary Area of Macau.

Recent Actions

The 4th General Synod of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui at its meeting on 15 October 2007 adopted a resolution. It is resolved that the Anglican Church in Hong Kong and Macau supports the recommendations contained in the Windsor Report so as to safeguard the unity of the Anglican Communion.

See also

 Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui

References

External links
 Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui

Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui


Fear of fish or ichthyophobia ranges from cultural phenomena such as fear of eating fish, fear of touching raw fish, or fear of dead fish, up to irrational fear (specific phobia). Selachophobia, or galeophobia, is the specific fear of sharks.

Etymology
The term ichthyophobia comes from the Greek ἰχθῦς - ichthus, meaning "fish" and φόβος - phobos, "fear". Galeophobia comes from the Greek γαλεός - galeos, "small shark".

Phobia
Ichthyophobia is described in Psychology: An International Perspective as an "unusual" specific phobia.  Both symptoms and remedies of ichthyophobia are common to most specific phobias.

American psychologist John B. Watson, a renowned name in behaviorism, describes an example, quoted in many books in psychology, of conditioned fear of a goldfish in an infant and a way of unconditioning of the fear by what is now called  graduated exposure therapy:

In contrast, radical exposure therapy was used successfully to cure a man with a "life affecting" fish phobia on the 2007 documentary series, The Panic Room.

Cultural phenomenon
Historically, the Navajo people were described as being ichthyophobic, due to their aversion to fish. However, this was later recognised as a cultural or mythic aversion to aquatic animals, and not a psychological condition.

Fear of eating fish
The Journal of the American Medical Association have published a research paper addressing the fears of eating fish among those who are concerned about contaminants, such as mercury, becoming accumulated in their food.

See also

List of phobias

References

Zoophobias
Fish and humans


Leon Byner (born 17 September 1948) was an Australian broadcaster who started his radio career in 1966 in Shepparton, Victoria, Australia. Leon has worked successfully in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Hobart. Byner had been at 5AA for over 2 decades hosting a top rating morning talk show on radio station 5AA Adelaide and 9 radio Macquarie affiliates in country SA.

Career
During his career Byner has worked on radio in every Australian state capital since.
Byner switched from music presentation to talk radio in 1996 and has even done a couple of stints on Los Angeles talk stations in California.
Byner has also presented segments for Adelaide, Brisbane local television and satellite TV Europe on Australian and international celebrities.
He has been nominated 13 times for ACRA awards (best talk and current affairs) and Australian of the Year three times. This is because his radio programme is known for helping many people in the community.

Byner retired from 5AA on 2 December 2022.

ACMA investigation
On 25 October 2011 ACMA found that on 1 October 2010 Byner's show had breached the Commercial Radio Codes by presenting a paid advertisement to promote water purifiers as a current affairs item regarding the "dangers" of water fluoridation. FIVEaa were also found to have breached the complaint handling provisions as directed by the code. During the investigation, was also acknowledged that Byner had no private arrangement with any party connected with the interview.

External links
Leon Byner Show on FIVEaa's website
comment

People from Adelaide
Living people
Australian talk radio hosts
1946 births
Place of birth missing (living people)


Seth Anderson may refer to:

 Seth Anderson, American musician with the group Love Arcade
 Seth Anderson (One Life to Live), character on the television soap opera One Life to Live
 Seth Anderson, character in the episode "I've Got You Under My Skin" of the series Angel


Mark Chesnutt is an American country music singer. His discography comprises eighteen studio albums, five compilation albums, and 48 singles. Although Chesnutt's first release was Doing My Country Thing in 1988 on Axbar Records, he did not break through until his second album, 1990's Too Cold at Home, on MCA Nashville. This album and the two that followed — Longnecks & Short Stories and Almost Goodbye, from 1992 and 1993, respectively — are all certified platinum by the RIAA, as is his 1996 Greatest Hits. 1994's What a Way to Live, the first of four albums that he released on Decca Records, is certified gold.

Chesnutt's first chart entry is "Too Cold at Home" from 1990, a #3 hit on the U.S. country singles charts. After this song came his first Number One, "Brother Jukebox", followed by a string of chart singles that lasted throughout the 1990s; they include the Number Ones "I'll Think of Something", "It Sure Is Monday", "Almost Goodbye", "I Just Wanted You to Know", "Gonna Get a Life", "It's a Little Too Late", and a cover of Aerosmith's "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". This cover is also his only Top 40 pop hit, reaching #17 on the Billboard Hot 100. He has sold more than ten million records worldwide.

Studio albums

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

Compilation albums

Live albums

EP's

Singles

1990-2000

A"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100.

2001-present

Featured singles

Other charted songs

Videography

Music videos

Guest appearances

References

Country music discographies
Discographies of American artists