Samuel Woodforde  (29 March 1763 – 27 July 1817) was a British painter.

Life
Woodforde was born at Castle Cary, Somerset. He was the second son of Heighes Woodforde, an accountant of Ansford, and his wife Anne. He was a lineal descendant of the painter Samuel Woodford, and nephew of the diarist, James Woodforde. He was supported by the banker Henry Hoare of Stourhead, Wiltshire and his family. On 8 March 1782, he became a student at the Royal Academy Schools and started exhibiting pictures in 1784. He contributed no less than 133 pictures to the Royal Academy  and 39 at the British Institution.

Richard Hoare granted Woodforde £100 a year, which allowed him to travel to Italy in 1786. He spent most of his time in Rome, studying the works of Raphael, Michelangelo, and Paolo Veronese. He also visited Venice and Florence before returning to London in 1791. Between 1792 and 1815, "he exhibited constantly, showing portraits, scenes of Italian life, historical pictures, and subjects from literature". Many of his literary pictures were engraved, such as a scene from Titus Andronicus by Anker Smith for the Boydell Shakespeare edition (1805) and several other scenes for Longmans Shakespeare (1805–7). Woodforde became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1800 and a full member in 1807.

On 7 October 1815 he married Jane Gardner; that year the couple left for Italy. Two years later, Woodforde died of fever at Bologna where he is buried in the cemetery of La Certosa.

Notes

References
Dodgson, Campbell and Tina Fiske. "Samuel Woodforde". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved on 8 February 2008.

External links

1763 births
1817 deaths
18th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English painters
People from South Somerset (district)
Royal Academicians
19th-century English male artists
18th-century English male artists


Walter J. Weber (February 27, 1903 – April 14, 1984) was an American football player and coach at the University of Michigan. He played halfback and fullback for the Wolverines in 1925 and 1926 on the same teams as Benny Friedman and Bennie Oosterbaan. He later became an assistant football coach at Michigan for 28 years from 1931 to 1958. He continued to work for the University of Michigan in recruiting and alumni relations and as an instructor of physical education until his retirement in 1972. He also provided color commentary on WPAG radio's broadcasts of Michigan football games with Bob Ufer. From 1927 to 1930, he was football coach at Benton Harbor High School, leading the Tigers to the state championship in 1929. He was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1981 as part of the fourth group of inductees. Only seven football players were inducted into the Hall of Honor before Weber.

Football player at Michigan
A native of Mount Clemens, Michigan, Weber played football at Michigan in 1925 and 1926 as a halfback and fullback in the same backfield with College and Pro Football Hall of Famer Benny Friedman and College Hall of Famer Bennie Oosterbaan. In 1927, Weber scored two touchdowns against Wisconsin in Fielding H. Yost's last game as Michigan's football coach (also the last Michigan football game played at Ferry Field). Michigan won the game, 37–0. The next week, Michigan played Ohio State in Columbus, and an anxious Weber was quoted as saying to Oosterbaan, "Ben, at this rate they're going to beat us 40-0." Oosterbaan reportedly replied, "Dammit, Wally, we haven't had the ball yet."

Having played with Friedman and Oosterbaan, Weber once modestly noted that "my sole function in the drama was to inflate the ball." Weber later recalled that the 1925 and 1926 teams with Oosterbaan and Friedman helped build the demand for Michigan football: "We were so good, we created the demand for the new stadium. Ferry Field had a capacity of 45,000 and that wasn't nearly big enough to handle the crowds who wanted to see us play. So they had to build the new stadium."

In 1925 or 1926, a rule change was instituted so that players did not need to pursue a fumble out-of-bounds attempting to gain possession. During a game after the rule change, Weber reportedly scrambled after a fumble out-of-bounds, across the track surrounding the gridiron at Ferry Field. Weber scraped his face, hands and arms with the cinders from the track. When he handed the ball to an official, the official said, “Weber, you dummy, don't you know the rule changed this year and the ball belonged to Michigan when it went out of bounds?” Weber replied, “Sure I knew, but I wasn't sure you did.” Asked in 1977 about how modern football players differed from his era, Weber conceded that modern players were bigger and stronger, yet noted: "But players had more stamina in the old football game. A Harmon played it all the way. An Oosterbaan played it all the way. A Weber played it all the way. Sixty minutes, no breaks."

Football coach at Benton Harbor
After graduating, Weber was a high school football coach for four years at Benton Harbor, Michigan from 1927 to 1930. His team lost only one game in 1928 and won the state football championship in 1929, as the "Weber machine swept through the entire campaign." Weber coached future All-American Chuck Bernard in high school at Benton Harbor and later coached him in college at Michigan. Another of Weber's players from Benton Harbor, Art Buss, went on to play at Michigan State and in the NFL from 1934 to 1937 for the Chicago Bears and Philadelphia Eagles. When he left in 1931 to accept a job at Michigan, the Benton Harbor newspaper ran an article with a banner headline paying tribute to his accomplishments. In part, it noted:

"Walter J. 'Wally' Weber, former football star at the University of Michigan, today ends his successful and brilliant four year term as head coach of the Benton Harbor football team. . . . Weber passes from Benton Harbor but his shouts of 'Run, Run, Run,' will always ring in the ears of his players and followers at Filstrup field.  Wally came to Benton Harbor as a rookie coach, but leaves today as one of the greatest in the brilliant history of the gridiron sport at the local high school. . . . Since coming here four years ago, Weber gave Benton Harbor its first state championship in 26 years . . . Weber is passing from Benton Harbor in body, but his loyal and winning spirit will never be forgotten here."

Another article noted: "Benton Harbor probably never has boasted a coach as popular as Coach Weber, who has really put Benton Harbor on the football map." On being invited to a reunion of his players in 1959, Weber recalled fondly his days as a high school football coach: "Your fine invitation to break bread with the athletes of yesteryear at Benton Harbor has fallen upon the ears of a grateful coach. Without some of those magnificent boys of '27-28-29-30 my life might have been entirely different. Those boys by their valiant deeds on the gridiron at Filstrup field encouraged me to take up coaching as a lifetime career."

Football coach and raconteur at Michigan
In 1931, Weber accepted a position as an assistant coach at Michigan and continued in that position for 28 years. Hercules Renda, a Michigan fullback in the late 1930s, said: “Wally Weber was the ideal freshman coach.  He would call you by the place you were from, and the state you were from.  Can you imagine?  Think of the memory that man had?  He would also use those big words.  That was Wally.  You were perfectly at ease with him at any time."

When Weber stepped down as an assistant coach in 1958, he became a full-time recruiter for Michigan. At the time, a Michigan sports columnist wrote of Weber: "For 23 years Wally has blown the whistle on freshman football players. . . . The polysyllabic Weber is Michigan's foremost representative on the banquet circuit.  In fact, he's about the only one of the staff to get out and stump the state . . ." His official position was public relations, which one paper said "in blunt terms means recruiting chief."

In the 1950s and 1960s, Weber was a popular banquet speaker renowned for his "polysyllabic fluency," "mind--boggling after-dinner speeches," and his often humorous talks about the history of Michigan football. It was noted that he would "regale with dubious rhetoric" audiences before whom he would thunderously and whimsically "expatiate upon" Michigan's storied history. Another described Weber's unusual speaking style this way: "He still sounds like an educated foghorn, and still flips that king's English around in a manner to amaze and apall old Noah Webster." Praising a piledriver spotted among a current crop of Wolverines, the coach would exclaim, "When he hits 'em, generations yet unborn feel the shock of the impact!" Jim Brandstatter wrote in his book Tales from Michigan Stadium that Weber was still a regular visitor at the football offices when he enrolled in 1968. He recalled Weber as a master story teller and a favorite among the students at pep rallies: “Who can forget Wally Weber rolling his pant legs up to his knees as the student body roared before he spoke so eloquently about his beloved Michigan?” Weber also held positions in the 1960s and early 1970s in alumni relations and the physical education department. Weber also provided color commentary on WPAG radio's broadcasts of Michigan football games with Bob Ufer for several years. He retired in 1972 at the same time as Oosterbaan. With the exception of four years at Benton Harbor, Weber had been a student or employee of U-M for 48 years at the time of his retirement.

Family and later years
Weber was married to Frances L. Enders of Benton Harbor. His wife died before him in July 1965. They had a son, Robert Weber, who was a football coach at Kimball High School in Royal Oak, Michigan.

Weber was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1981 as part of the fourth group of inductees. Only seven football players were inducted into the Hall of Honor before Weber. Weber was still living in 1981 at the time of his induction into the Hall of Honor.

References

1903 births
1984 deaths
American football fullbacks
American football halfbacks
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Michigan Wolverines football players
High school football coaches in Michigan
People from Benton Harbor, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
People from Mount Clemens, Michigan
Sportspeople from Macomb County, Michigan


The Nu Breed Music Group, commonly referred to as The Nu Breed Recording or just The Nu Breed, is a United States based hip-hop record label, owned by Anthony "Fate" Lynch.

Company history
The Nu Breed was founded by Anthony "Fate" Lynch during his first year at college. Keith "Tryfle" Hudson joined Fate shortly after when they were introduced to each other during a showcase performance. Hudson later signed on as the first Nu Breed Artist in 2004. The first release on the Nu Breed Music Group was Tryfle,' “Better Than You,” in 2004. The first full-length album released by the Nu Breed Music Group was Tryfle's "12/6/84" in December 2004. The following year The Nu Breed Roster increased by signing long-time friends Liam "Mozaliam" Taylor and Luis "Bux" Bodre. Since then The Nu Breed has signed high-profile acts Rob Frank, J.Columbo, 642 and I-Z.

In 2007, the Nu Breed Music Group Were Semi finalists in the disc makers Independent Music World Music Series. That year they were also featured on hiphopglobal.com. In January 2008, the Nu Breed was the first act featured on Ifyoulove.net. A music related website that showcases the talents emerging on the scene. In late 2008, the Nu Breed Music Group signed Harlem Entertainment Mogul Jayson "J-Didda" Butler and his Crezyrakk Records Imprint to a joint venture.

A Nu Breed compilation album titled The Nu Breed: Chapter 1, which showcases the talents of all the Nu Breed artists was planned for release in 2010. The Nu Breed Music Group created a website that keeps up to date with what is going on in the group.

Discography
 2004: Tryfle: 12/6/84
 2005: Tryfle: Problem Child
 2006: The Nu Breed: Problem Child 2.5: The Nu Breed Remix

The Nu Breed artists

 Tryfle
 Anthony "Fate" Lynch
 J-Didda a.k.a. The Bishop of Harlem
 Ultimate Bux
 Mozaliam
 642
 J.Columbo
 I-Z
 Chief Major
 Rob Frank

Awards
 Garageband Awards
 Track of the Day on 9Mar2008 in Hip Hop
 Best Programming in Hip Hop, week of 24Mar2008
 Best Production in Hip Hop, week of 3Mar2008
 Best Melody in Hip Hop, week of 25Feb2008
 Best Melody in Hip Hop, week of 3Mar2008
 Best Melody in Hip Hop, week of 24Mar2008
 Best Mood in Hip Hop, week of 25Feb2008
 Best Mood in Hip Hop, week of 3Mar2008
 Best Mood in Hip Hop, week of 24Mar2008

References

External links
 Official site
  spotlight article
  Hip Hop Global Article
 Garageband Award Page

American record labels
Hip hop record labels
Contemporary R&B record labels


Domnall mac Cathail (died 715) was a possible King of Connacht from the Uí Briúin branch of the Connachta. He was the son of Cathal mac Rogallaig (died 680) and grandson of a previous king Rogallach mac Uatach (died 649).

Though listed in king-lists he is omitted from the annals as king except for the Chronicum Scotorum which mention him as king of Connacht at his death obit in 715. He would have acceded to the throne in 707 upon the slaying of Indrechtach mac Dúnchado Muirisci (died 707) by the northern Ui Neill.

Notes

See also
Kings of Connacht

References

 Chronicum Scotorum
 Francis J.Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings
 Laud Synchronisms
 Book of Leinster, Section 30
 The Chronology of the Irish Annals, Daniel P. McCarthy

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

7th-century births
715 deaths
Kings of Connacht
Nobility from County Roscommon
8th-century Irish monarchs


David Thomas Denny (March 17, 1832 – November 25, 1903) was a member of the Denny Party, who are generally collectively credited as the founders of Seattle, Washington, USA. Though he ultimately underwent bankruptcy, he was a significant contributor to the shape of the city. Roger Sale, in his book Seattle, Past to Present, described him as having been "the pioneer to turn to if one had a plan that would be 'good for Seattle', and one needed a respectable tone and a willing investor."

Early life and journey to the Oregon Country
Denny was born in Putnam County, Illinois. With what would become known as the Denny Party—named after Denny's older brother Arthur Denny—he traveled west by covered wagon in 1851 to Oregon. Along with John Low and Lee Terry, he traveled by boat to the future site of Seattle, arriving September 25, 1851. As Low went to reconnoiter with the rest of the group, and Lee Terry headed south on Puget Sound in search of tools, David Denny—too young at this time to stake a land claim in his own right—was briefly left as the sole member of the group at Alki in what is now West Seattle.

Marriage to Louisa Boren

On January 23, 1853 he married his sister-in-law Louisa Boren, also a member of the Denny Party, in a civil ceremony performed by "Doc" Maynard, the city's first non-Indian wedding; they were to have eight children, including Emily Inez Denny. He proved to be adept at languages, and (unlike some of the settlers) maintained generally good relations with the natives of the area.

1853 land claim
The Dennys' 1853 land claim—, standard for a married couple—ran from what is now the Seattle Center grounds (the area where they first settled) east to South Lake Union; its south boundary was present-day Denny Way. In 1882, the Lake Union and Lumber Company established a sawmill (the city's largest) on this land near the southwest corner of Lake Union; Denny bought the mill in 1884, renaming it the Western Mill. The following year, he cut a weir from Portage Bay at the northeast corner of the lake to Lake Washington. This allowed logs to be floated from that larger lake to Lake Union, so that the entire area of Lake Washington became a catchment for his mill. Denny operated the Western Mill until 1895; his employees and their families were among the first settlers of the South Lake Union area.

Seattle's first cemetery (1861) was on Denny's land. In 1876, the bodies were relocated to Washelli Cemetery, which is off of Aurora Avenue North in north Seattle and part of the Evergreen-Washelli Cemetery. The Dennys donated what became Lake View Cemetery), on Seattle's Capitol Hill, and the Dennys donated the more central  tract as the site of the city's first park, now called Denny Park in their honor.
Another donation to the city became the site of the Civic Auditorium (later remodeled as the Opera House and now McCaw Hall) and several other buildings that now form part of Seattle Center.

Public offices
Active in public life, Denny served as probate judge, King County Commissioner, a member of the Seattle City Council, a director of the Seattle School District, and regent of the Territorial University of Washington, predecessor to the University of Washington. He was an advocate of woman suffrage (which was won in Washington the 1880s, though later rescinded) and the temperance movement, and opposed the Anti-Chinese movement in the mid-1880s.

Business success

In the early 1880s, Denny was one of Seattle's wealthiest citizens, his fortune estimated at US$3 million. His interests went well beyond his original land claim and Lake Union: he farmed in the Duwamish River valley and platted Seattle neighborhoods, including the Ravenna Park area. In 1890, he moved his family from an already large home at Dexter and Republican Streets to a mansion at the foot of Queen Anne Hill, and the next year he founded the Rainier Power and Railway Company, providing the first streetcar service from Downtown to the University District. The streetcar line ran from 3rd Avenue and Yesler Way in today's Pioneer Square neighborhood downtown to NE 55 Street and 22nd Avenue NE (northeast of the University), and included the purpose-built Latona Bridge, dedicated July 1, 1891, replaced in 1919 by the present day University Bridge.

Bankruptcy

But his fall was as dramatic as his rise: in the years from 1888 to 1895, two of David and Louisa Denny's children died, and they suffered such a major financial reversal in the Panic of 1893 that they lost everything, including their nearly new mansion. Adding insult to injury, among the creditors who forced him into bankruptcy was Dexter Horton and Company, the bank where his brother Arthur was senior vice president. Their only salvation was that in their years of wealth, they had given their daughter Emily a tract of land in Licton Springs (in what is now northern Seattle), to which they now retreated.

Last years
In 1899, at age 67, Denny took a job overseeing improvements on the Snoqualmie Pass road (the route now taken by Interstate 90), during which he sustained an injury when an inattentive worker cut his head with a careless backswing of his ax.  He bandaged his own wound and returned to work. The next year he was in the same area at Keechelus Lake helping a mining company look for gold. But he lived only a few years longer, and died at Licton Springs in 1903. His wife, Louisa Boren Denny, lived until 1916. They are both buried at what is now the Evergreen Washelli cemetery near Licton Springs, land that they once owned and lost in the bankruptcy.

Legacy
The named legacy of David Denny and Louisa Boren includes two schools in the Seattle Public Schools school district:  Denny International Middle School and K-5 STEM @ Boren (formerly Louisa Boren Middle School), both located in the West Seattle district.

Notes

References
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
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 .
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External links

 Photo of sisters Louisa Boren and Mary Boren, wives of Arthur A. Denny and his brother David Denny.

1832 births
1903 deaths
People from Putnam County, Illinois
Seattle City Council members
School board members in Washington (state)
Washington (state) state court judges
Businesspeople from Seattle
19th-century American businesspeople
History of Seattle
Regents of the University of Washington
Washington (state) pioneers
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges


The European Amateur Championship is an annual amateur golf tournament played at various locations throughout Europe. It is organized by the European Golf Association and was one of the "Elite" tournaments recognized by the World Amateur Golf Ranking. It was first held in 1986.

The winner receives an invitation to the next Open Championship, provided they maintain their amateur status prior to the Open. Before 2016, the European Amateur was played after the Open and the invitation was for the next year's Open. Since 2017, the European Amateur has been played before the Open and the invitation applies to the current year. Both 2016 and 2017 winners received entry to the 2017 Open.

Format
The top 144 amateur men golfers compete in a format consisting of four rounds of stroke play, with a cut after the third round, out of which the lowest 60 scores, including ties, qualify for the final round.

Winners

In 2017, Plant won with a birdie at the second hole of a sudden-death playoff after he and Cianchetti had earlier tied a three-hole playoff at level par, Scalise being eliminated at one-over-par. In 2016, Cianchetti won with a par at the fourth hole of a sudden-death playoff after he and Hovland had earlier tied a three-hole playoff. In 2010, Trappel won the three-hole playoff. In 1993, Backhausen won the three-hole playoff by two strokes.

External links
European Golf Association
Past results

Amateur golf tournaments
Golf tournaments in Europe
European Golf Association championships


Veerabayangaram is a village near Koogaiyur town in Chinnasalem block of Kallakurichi district, Tamil Nadu.

Location
It is located at a distance of 80 km from Salem, Tamil Nadu.

Demographics

Education
Primary school (Veerabayangaram)
Government higher secondary school (Koogaiyur)

References

 Police Policy Note
 Sacred Groves in Tamil Nadu

Villages in Kallakurichi district
Tourism in Tamil Nadu


Credit One Bank, N.A. is an American bank and financial services company specializing in credit cards, particularly for borrowers with low credit scores. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Credit One Financial, incorporated in Nevada. Credit One Financial is an S corporation that is affiliated with Sherman Financial Group through common beneficial ownership. Despite the similar names and "nearly identical" logos, Credit One is not affiliated with the much larger Capital One.

History
Credit One Bank began operations as a full-service bank under the name First National Bank of Marin (FNBM) in San Rafael, California, on July 30, 1984. FNBM maintained a wide range of products until 1995 when it began focusing primarily on two types of products, partially and fully secured credit cards. FNBM received a limited purpose designation from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), a bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury, in June 1996. Limited purpose banks offer only a narrow product line. The bank moved from San Rafael, California, to Las Vegas, Nevada, in November 1998. FNBM obtained its CEBA status in March 2005 and subsequently changed its name to Credit One Bank, N.A. on February 1, 2006, debuting a new logo. The Credit One Bank logo and the Capital One logo both have an arcing "swoosh" above their names, leading to some confusion among consumers. Capital One adopted its blue and red logo in 2008. Capital One's subsequent $13 billion marketing campaign led to a large number of new customers for both itself and Credit One, some of whom were unaware that the two were different companies.

In 2018, Credit One Bank moved its headquarters to a new facility.  In 2021, the bank expanded its headquarters.

In June 2022, a bankruptcy judge found Credit One Bank liable to roughly 288,000 credit card customers whose credit reports weren't corrected to reflect a filing of personal bankruptcy.

Sponsorships
Credit One Bank started sponsoring Chip Ganassi Racing in 2016. In 2017, Jamie McMurray drove a Credit One Bank No. 1 car for four races. The next year, the bank changed its sponsorship to Kyle Larson, who drove a sponsored No. 42 car in eight Monster Energy Cup events and two NASCAR Xfinity Series events. After Target’s departure from NASCAR after 2017, Credit One Bank became Larson's primary sponsor for the No. 42 Chevrolet starting the following season. Since 2016, Credit One Bank has been sponsoring the broadcast of the white flag lap of most NASCAR races.

In 2017, Credit One Bank became a sponsor of the National Hockey League's Vegas Golden Knights in their inaugural season.

In 2019, Credit One Bank became a founding partner with Minor League Baseball's Las Vegas Aviators, a Triple-A affiliate of the Oakland Athletics. Credit One Bank is also a sponsor of the Las Vegas Raiders.

Credit One Bank sponsored a 2020 women's tennis tournament, The Credit One Bank Invitational.

References

External links

 Better Business Bureau profile

Banks based in Nevada
Banks established in 1984
Companies based in Paradise, Nevada


Jade Leung (), born 23 November 1969 in Hong Kong as Leung Yuk-yin () is a Hong Kong actress known for starring in kung fu and action films.

She received the 1992 Best New Performer Award at the 11th Hong Kong Film Awards for her role in the 1991 film Black Cat.

Filmography
The following is a filmography of Jade Leung's work.

Film
 Black Cat (1991) - Erica Leung/Catherine
 Black Cat 2 (1992) - Catherine
 Satin Steel (1994) - Jade Leung
 Spider Woman (1995) - Kenny/Ken
 Green Hat (1995) - Pearl/Joyce
 Fox Hunter (1995) - Miss Yeung
 Enemy Shadow (1995) - Jade Wong
 Velvet Gloves (1996) - Feng Tin
 Killing Me Hardly (1997) - Sunny
 The Peeping Tom (1997) - Cheng Hsuen
 Raging Angels (1998)
 Leopard Hunting (1998)
 Phantom of Snake (2000)
 Money Laundry (2000)
 Black Cat in Jail (2000)
 Strangers Meet on the Way (2001)
 Could You Kill My Husband Please? (2001)
 U-Man (2002)
 Flying Dragon, Leaping Tiger (2002) - Liu Yun-long
 Brush up My Sisters (2003)
 Black Cat Agent Files (2003)
 The Marksman (2004)
 Kung Fu Tea (2004)
 Kung Fu Mahjong (2005) - Phoenix
 My Wife Can Fight (2006)
 Beautiful 2012 (2012)
 Special Female Force (2016)
 Line Walker (2016)
 The Fatal Raid (2019)

TV series
  Legend of YungChing  (1997)
 Burning Flame (1998)
 A Matter of Customs (2000)
 The Kung Fu Master (2000)
 Battle Against Evil (2002)
 War and Beauty (2004) - Naplan Fuk-ah
 ICAC Investigators 2014 (2014) Episode 5
 Tomorrow Is Another Day (2014) (TV series)
 Tiger Cubs II (2014) Episode 3
 Lady Sour (2014) (TV series)
 Eye in the Sky (2015) (TV series)
 Lord of Shanghai (2015) (TV series)
 Brother's Keeper II'' (2016) (TV series)

References

External links

1969 births
Hong Kong television actresses
Living people
Hong Kong film actresses
20th-century Hong Kong actresses
21st-century Hong Kong actresses


Erythronium helenae is a species of flowering plant in the lily family which is known by the common names Pacific fawn lily and St. Helena fawn lily. It is endemic to the coastal mountains north of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. It is named for the local peak Mount Saint Helena, forming the point where Napa, Sonoma and Lake Counties meet. It grows on the slopes of the mountain at elevations of 500–1200 m, often on serpentine soils.

Erythronium helenae grows from a bulb 3 to 5 centimeters wide and produces two wide leaves up to 20 centimeters long which are green mottled with brown or white. It produces erect stalks up to 30 centimeters tall, each bearing one to three flowers. The flower has white tepals with yellowish bases 3 or 4 centimeters long. The tepals develop pink or purple streaks or mottling as they age. The flower has yellow stamens with large yellow anthers.

References

External links
Erythronium helenae — Calphotos Photo gallery

helenae
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Plants described in 1933
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Peacekeeping by the United Nations is a role of the UN's Department of Peace Operations as an "instrument developed by the organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace". It is distinguished from peacebuilding, peacemaking, and peace enforcement although the United Nations does acknowledge that all activities are "mutually reinforcing" and that overlap between them is frequent in practice.

Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they may have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including separating former combatants, confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral assistance, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly, UN peacekeepers (often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.

Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security.
Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself, with troops obeying UN operational control. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent "UN army", as the UN does not have such a force. In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as NATO, the Economic Community of West African States, or coalitions of willing countries to perform peacekeeping or peace-enforcement tasks.

Jean-Pierre Lacroix is the Head of the Department of Peace Operations; he took over from the former Under-Secretary-General Hervé Ladsous on 1 April 2017. Since 1997, all directors have been French. DPKO's highest level doctrine document, entitled "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines" was issued in 2008.

Formation

Once a peace treaty has been negotiated, the parties involved might ask the United Nations for a peacekeeping force to supervise various elements of the agreed upon plan. This is often done because a group controlled by the United Nations is less likely to favor the interests of any one party since it itself is controlled by many groups namely the 15-member Security Council and the intentionally diverse United Nations Secretariat.

If the Security Council approves the creation of a mission, then the Department of Peacekeeping Operations begins planning for the necessary elements. At this time, the senior command team is selected. The department will then seek contributions from member nations. Since the UN has no standing force or supplies, it must form ad hoc coalitions for every task undertaken. Doing so results in both the possibility of failure to form a suitable force, and a general slowdown in procurement once the operation is in the field. Roméo Dallaire, force commander in Rwanda during the Rwandan genocide there, described the problems this poses by comparison to more traditional military deployments:

It has been shown that contributors deploy their troops with varying speed. While the peacekeeping force is being assembled, a variety of diplomatic activities are being undertaken by UN staff. The exact size and strength of the force must be agreed to by the government of the nation whose territory the conflict is on. The Rules of Engagement must be developed and approved by both the parties involved and the Security Council. These give the specific mandate and scope of the mission (e.g. when may the peacekeepers, if armed, use force, and where may they go within the host nation). Often, it will be mandated that peacekeepers have host government minders with them whenever they leave their base. This complexity has caused problems in the field. When all agreements have been completed, the required personnel are assembled, and final approval has been given by the Security Council, the peacekeepers are deployed to the region in question.

Financing

The financial resources of UN Peacekeeping operations are the collective responsibility of UN Member States. Decisions about the establishment, maintenance or expansion of peacekeeping operations are taken by the Security Council. According to UN Charter every Member State is obligated legally to pay their respective share for peacekeeping. Peacekeeping expenses are divided by the General Assembly based upon a formula established by Member States which takes into account the relative economic wealth of Member States among other factors. In 2017, the UN agreed to reduce the peacekeeping budget by $600 million after the US initially proposed a larger decrease of approximately $900 million.

The General Assembly approves resource expenditures for peacekeeping operations on a yearly basis.  Financing covers the period from 1 July to 30 June of the next year.

Structure

A United Nations peacekeeping mission has three power centers. The first is the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, the official leader of the mission. This person is responsible for all political and diplomatic activity, overseeing relations with both the parties to the peace treaty and the UN member-states in general. They are often a senior member of the Secretariat. The second is the Force Commander, who is responsible for the military forces deployed. They are a senior officer of their nation's armed services, and are often from the nation committing the highest number of troops to the project. Finally, the Chief Administrative Officer oversees supplies and logistics, and coordinates the procurement of any supplies needed.

Statistics

In 2007, a peacekeeper volunteer was required to be older than age 25 with no maximum age limit. Peacekeeping forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis. , there are 100,411 people serving in UN peacekeeping operations (86,145 uniformed, 12,932 civilian, and 1,334 volunteers). European nations contribute nearly 6,000 people to this total. Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh are among the largest individual contributors with about 8,000 people each. African nations contributed nearly half the total, almost 44,000 people. Every peacekeeping mission is authorized by the Security Council.

History

Cold War peacekeeping

United Nations peacekeeping was initially developed during the Cold War as a means of resolving conflicts between states by deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel from a number of countries, commanded by the UN, to areas where warring parties were in need of a neutral party to observe the peace process. Peacekeepers could be activated when the major international powers (the five permanent members of the Security Council) tasked the UN with helping to end conflicts threatening regional stability and international peace and security. These included a number of so-called "proxy wars" waged by client states of the superpowers. As of December 2019, there have been 72 UN peacekeeping operations since 1948, with seventeen operations ongoing. Suggestions for new missions are made every year.

The first peacekeeping mission was initiated in 1948. This mission, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), was sent to the newly created State of Israel, where a conflict between the Israelis and the Arab states concerning the creation of Israel had just reached a ceasefire. The UNTSO remains in operation to this day, although the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has certainly not abated. Almost a year later, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was authorized to monitor relations between the two nations, which were divided from each other after the United Kingdom's decolonization of the Indian subcontinent.

As the Korean War ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953, UN forces remained along the south side of demilitarized zone until 1967, when American and South Korean forces took over.

Returning its attention to the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the United Nations responded to Suez Crisis of 1956, a war between the alliance of the United Kingdom, France, and Israel, versus Egypt, which was supported by other Arab nations. When a ceasefire was declared in 1957, Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs (and future Prime Minister) Lester Bowles Pearson suggested that the United Nations station a peacekeeping force in the Suez in order to ensure that the ceasefire was honored by both sides. Pearson had initially suggested that the force consist of mainly Canadian soldiers, but the Egyptians were suspicious of having a Commonwealth nation defend them against the United Kingdom and its allies. In the end, a wide variety of national forces were drawn upon to ensure national diversity. Pearson would win the Nobel Peace Prize for this work.

In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations peacekeeping forces. The press release stated that the forces "represent the manifest will of the community of nations" and have "made a decisive contribution" to the resolution of conflict around the world.

Since 1991

The end of the Cold War precipitated a dramatic shift in UN and multilateral peacekeeping. In a new spirit of cooperation, the Security Council established larger and more complex UN peacekeeping missions, often to help implement comprehensive peace agreements between belligerents in intra-State conflicts and civil wars. Furthermore, peacekeeping came to involve more and more non-military elements that ensured the proper functioning of civic functions, such as elections. The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations was created in 1992 to assist this increased demand for such missions.

By and large, the new operations were successful. In El Salvador and Mozambique, for example, peacekeeping provided ways to achieve self-sustaining peace. Some efforts failed, perhaps as the result of an overly optimistic assessment of what UN peacekeeping could accomplish. While complex missions in Cambodia and Mozambique were ongoing, the Security Council dispatched peacekeepers to conflict zones like Somalia, where neither ceasefires nor the consent of all the parties in conflict had been secured. These operations did not have the manpower, nor were they supported by the required political will, to implement their mandates. The failures—most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1995 massacre in Srebrenica and Bosnia and Herzegovina—resulted in a period of retrenchment and self-examination in UN peacekeeping. As a result, the relatively small United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) transitional administration in Eastern Slavonia received a high degree of commitment and became a "proving ground for ideas, methods, and procedures". It turned out to be considered the most successful UN mission, and was followed by other more ambitious transitional administrations in Kosovo (United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, or UNMIK) and East Timor (United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, or UNTAET).

That period resulted, in part, in the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission, which works to implement stable peace through some of the same civic functions that peacekeepers also work on, such as elections. The commission currently works with six countries, all in Africa.

Participation

The UN Charter stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. Since 1948, almost 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations. While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available, it is estimated that as many as one million soldiers, police officers and civilians have served as UN peacekeepers during the last 56 years.

As of June 2013, 114 countries were contributing a total 91,216 military observers, police, and troops to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.

As of June 2022, 120 countries were contributing a total of 74,892 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations, with Bangladesh leading the tally (6,700), India (5,832), Nepal (5,794), Rwanda (5,283) and Pakistan (4,399). As of 28 February 2015, 120 countries were contributing a total of 104,928 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations, with Bangladesh leading the tally (9,446). As of March 2008, in addition to military and police personnel, 5,187 international civilian personnel, 2,031 UN Volunteers and 12,036 local civilian personnel worked in UN peacekeeping missions.  Bangladesh's role in UN peace missions, 9593 Bangladeshi peacekeepers were deployed in 10 countries.

Through October 2018, 3,767 people from more than 100 countries had been killed while serving on peacekeeping missions. Many of those came from India (163), Nigeria (153), Pakistan (150), Bangladesh (146), and Ghana (138). Thirty percent of the fatalities during the first 55 years of UN peacekeeping occurred in the years 1993–1995. About 4.5% of the troops and civilian police deployed in UN peacekeeping missions come from the European Union and less than one percent from the United States (US).

The rate of reimbursement by the UN for troop-contributing countries per peacekeeper per month include: $1,028 for pay and allowances; $303 supplementary pay for specialists; $68 for personal clothing, gear and equipment; and $5 for personal weaponry.

United States
In the United States, the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush administrations began with differing philosophies but came to adopt remarkably similar policies using peace operations to assist American foreign policy. Initial ideological concerns were replaced by pragmatic decisions about how to assist UN peace operations. Both administrations were reluctant to contribute large contingents of ground troops to UN-commanded operations, even as both administrations endorsed increases in the number and scale of UN missions.

The Clinton administration had significant operational challenges. Instead of a liability, this was the tactical price of strategic success. American peace operations help transform its NATO alliance.  The George W. Bush administration started with a negative ideological attitude toward peace operations. However European and Latin American governments emphasized peace operations as strategically positive, especially regarding the use of European forces in Afghanistan and Lebanon. However American allies sometimes needed to flout their autonomy, even to the point of sacrificing operational efficiency, much to the annoyance of Washington.

Results
According to scholar Page Fortna, there is strong evidence that the presence of peacekeepers significantly reduces the risk of renewed warfare; more peacekeeping troops results in fewer battlefield and civilian deaths. There is also evidence that the promise to deploy peacekeepers can help international organizations in bringing combatants to negotiate and increase the likelihood that they will agree to a cease-fire.

However, there have been several reports during UN peacekeeping missions of human rights abuse by UN soldiers, notably in the Central African Republic in 2015. The cost of these missions is also significant, with the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) costing $1 billion per year for 12,500 UN soldiers unable to prevent the country's civil war. Often missions require approval from local governments before deploying troops which can also limit the effectiveness of UN missions.

Nicholas Sambanis asserts that the presence of a UN peacekeeping mission is correlated with a positive effect on the achievement of peace, especially in the short-term. However, he notes that this effect is lessened over time. Thus, the longer that peacekeepers remain in a country, the greater the likelihood that peace will maintain.  Acknowledging the success that UN peacekeeping operations have achieved in increasing political participation, Sambanis claims that a greater emphasis on economic development would further increase the efficacy of peacekeeping efforts.

Another study suggests that doubling the peacekeeping operation budget, stronger peacekeeping operation mandates and a doubling of the PKO budget would reduce armed conflicts by as much as two thirds relative to a scenario without PKOs. An analysis of 47 peace operations by Virginia Page Fortna of Columbia University found that the involvement of UN personnel generally resulted in enduring peace. Political scientists Hanne Fjelde, Lisa Hultman and Desiree Nilsson of Uppsala University studied twenty years of data on peacekeeping missions, including in Lebanon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic, and concluded that they were more effective at reducing civilian casualties than counterterrorism operations by nation states.

A 2021 study in the American Political Science Review found that the presence of UN peacekeeping missions had a weak correlation with rule of law while conflict is ongoing, but a robust correlation during periods of peace. The study also found that "the relationship is stronger for civilian than uniformed personnel, and is strongest when UN missions engage host states in the process of reform". Likewise, Georgetown University professor Lise Howard argues that UN peacekeeping operations are more effective by virtue of their lack of compelling force; rather, their use of nonviolent methods such as "verbal persuasion, financial inducements and coercion short of offensive military force, including surveillance and arrest" are likelier to pacify warring parties.

A 2021 study in the American Journal of Political Science found that UN peacekeeping in South Sudan had a positive effect on the local economy.

According to a 2011 study, UN peacekeeping missions were most likely to be successful if they had assistance and consent from domestic actors in the host state.

Peacekeeping and cultural heritage
The UN Peacekeeping's commitment to protecting cultural heritage dates back to 2012, when there was extensive destruction in Mali. In this matter, the protection of a country's cultural heritage was included in the mandate of a United Nations mission (Resolution 2100) for the first time in history. In addition to many other advances, Italy signed an agreement with UNESCO in February 2016 to create the world's first emergency task force for culture, composed of civilian experts and the Italian Carabinieri. On the one hand, UN Peacekeeping trained its personnel with regard to the protection of cultural property and, on the other hand, there was intensive contact with other organizations concerned with it. The "Blue Helmet Forum 2019" was one of those events where the actors involved exchanged their previous experiences and tried to strengthen the cooperation. An outstanding mission was the deployment of the UN peace mission UNIFIL together with Blue Shield International in 2019 to protect the UNESCO World Heritage in Lebanon. It was shown that cultural property protection (performed by military and civil specialists) forms the basic basis for the future peaceful and economic development of a city, region or country in many conflict zones. The need for training and coordination of the military and civilian participants, including the increased involvement of the local population, became apparent. After the explosion in Beirut in 2020, the blue helmets were able to take extensive relief measures together with Blue Shield International and the Lebanese Army.

Crimes by peacekeepers

Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution

Reporters witnessed a rapid increase of prostitution in Cambodia and Mozambique after UN peacekeeping forces moved in. In the 1996 UN study "The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children", the former first lady of Mozambique Graça Machel documented: "In 6 out of 12 country studies on sexual exploitation of children in situations of armed conflict prepared for the present report, the arrival of peacekeeping troops has been associated with a rapid rise in child prostitution."

Gita Sahgal spoke out in 2004 about the fact that prostitution and sex abuse occurs wherever humanitarian intervention efforts are established. She observed: "The issue with the UN is that peacekeeping operations, unfortunately, seems to be doing the same thing that other militaries do. Even the guardians have to be guarded."

Human rights violations in United Nations missions

The following table chart illustrates confirmed accounts of crimes and human rights violations committed by United Nations soldiers, peacekeepers, and employees.

Proposed reform

Brahimi analysis
In response to criticism, particularly of the cases of sexual abuse by peacekeepers, the UN has taken steps toward reforming its operations. The Brahimi Report was the first of many steps to recap former peacekeeping missions, isolate flaws, and take steps to patch these mistakes to ensure the efficiency of future peacekeeping missions. The UN has vowed to continue to put these practices into effect when performing peacekeeping operations in the future. The technocratic aspects of the reform process have been continued and revitalised by the DPKO in its "Peace Operations 2010" reform agenda. This included an increase in personnel, the harmonization of the conditions of service of field and headquarters staff, the development of guidelines and standard operating procedures, and improving the partnership arrangement between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), African Union and European Union. 2008 capstone doctrine entitled "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines" incorporates and builds on the Brahimi analysis.

Rapid reaction force
One suggestion to account for delays such as the one in Rwanda is a rapid reaction force, a peacekeeping force similar to a standing army capable of quickly deploying to crises such as genocides, administered by the UN and deployed by the Security Council. The UN rapid reaction force would consist of military personnel from Security Council members or UN member states who would be stationed in their home countries, but would have the same training, equipment, and procedures, and would conduct joint exercises with other forces.

Restructuring of the UN secretariat
The UN peacekeeping capacity was enhanced in 2007 by augmenting the DPKO with the new Department of Field Support (DFS). Whereas the new entity serves as a key enabler by co-ordinating the administration and logistics in UN peacekeeping operations, DPKO concentrates on policy planning and providing strategic directions.

Partnership for Technology in Peacekeeping
The Partnership for Technology in Peacekeeping initiative was established in 2014 by the Information and Communications Technology Division of the former Department of Field Support (DFS) with an objective to bring greater involvement to peacekeeping through innovative approaches and technologies that have the potential to empower UN global operations.

The Partnership for Technology in Peacekeeping holds annual symposiums. The fifth International Partnership for Technology in Peacekeeping Symposium was held in Astana, Kazakhstan from 28 to 31 May 2019. It was the first time the Central Asian country held an event on peacekeeping. Jean-Pierre Lacroix, UN Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, and Atul Khare, UN Under-Secretary-General for Field Support, participated in the symposium.

See also

References

Further reading
 Blocq, Daniel. 2009. "Western Soldiers and the Protection of Local Civilians in UN Peacekeeping Operations: Is a Nationalist Orientation in the Armed Forces Hindering Our Preparedness to Fight?"  Armed Forces & Society,abstract
 Bridges, Donna and Debbie Horsfall. 2009. "Increasing Operational Effectiveness in UN Peacekeeping: Toward a Gender-Balanced Force." Armed Forces & Society, May 2009. abstract

 Holt, Victoria K., and Michael G. Mackinnon. (2008) "The origins and evolution of US policy towards peace operations." International peacekeeping 15.1 (2008): 18–34; regarding the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush administrations. online
 Howard, Lise Morjé. 2008. UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. (Cambridge University Press 2008) abstract
 Jenne, Nicole (2022). "Who leads peace operations? A new dataset on leadership positions in UN peace operations, 1948–2019". Journal of Peace Research:
 Powles, Anna, Negar Partow, Nelson (eds). (2015) United Nations Peacekeeping Challenge: The Importance of the Integrated Approach (Routledge, 2015)

External links

Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes


The Platonic Academy of Florence (Italian: Accademia Platonica di Firenze) was an informal discussion group which formed around Marsilio Ficino in the Florentine Renaissance of the fifteenth century.

History

In about 1462 Cosimo de' Medici established the young Marsilio Ficino at Montevecchio, a villa close to his own Villa di Careggi in the Florentine countryside. There Ficino, who was an ardent Neo-Platonist, was to study ancient Greek and work on translating the works of Plato into Latin.

Ficino became the central figure of an informal group of people interested in his work, who both corresponded and met for intellectual discussions at Montevecchio, at Careggi, or perhaps in Florence itself. It was never a formal body – it had no statutes and kept no records of membership – and there is no contemporary evidence that it was ever known as a "Platonic academy". Arnaldo della Torre identified about a hundred people as participants in the group, among them Alessandro Braccesi, Demetrius Chalcondylas, Cristoforo Landino, Angelo Poliziano, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and Lorenzo de' Medici. Among those who Ficino specifically stated had never been among his auditores ('listeners') are Benedetto Accolti, Leon Battista Alberti, Demetrius Chalcondylas, Cristoforo Landino, Poliziano,  and Pico della Mirandola.

According to some accounts, the group continued to meet after the death of Ficino in 1499, centred round Francesco Cattani da Diacceto. Meetings were no longer at Careggi but in the Orti Oricellari, the gardens of the Palazzo Rucellai, made available by Bernardo Rucellai. The group was dissolved in 1522 in the aftermath of the plot to assassinate Giulio de' Medici. Other accounts give an earlier date of 1492–1494 for the dissolution of the group, suggesting that the meetings in the Orti Oricellari were not directly connected, although many of the same people participated in them.

References

Further reading

 Arnaldo della Torre (1902). Storia dell'Accademia Platonica di Firenze. Firenze: Carnesecchi e Figli.

Neoplatonism
Christian philosophy
Renaissance humanism
Learned societies of Italy
Italian writers' organisations


The Yamaha SR250 is a single cylinder motorcycle made by Yamaha Motor Company initially from 1980 to 1984 and then 2001 to 2004 for a second generation. It shares styling with the larger Yamaha SR500. The first generation had a  displacement and the second generation was .

History
The SR250 was produced from 1980 to 1982 in the United States, as well as from 1982 to 2002 in Spain, in two versions. While it has stylistic similarities with its older brothers the SR500 and SR400, the SR250 is very much a commuter bike. In 1980 Cycle World's test of the SR250, called the Exciter I in the US with added high, cruiser style handlebars, found a standing  time of 16.36 seconds at , acceleration from  of 11.5 seconds, and a top speed of . Braking distance from  was , and tested fuel consumption was , giving a range of .

2001 model

In 2001, Yamaha released their most recent SR250 due to popular demand for reliable commuters. This model is modeled after the SR500. Despite sharing the SR designation, these bikes are very different.  The engines are different in the most fundamental sense and the frames are also very different - no seat or tank components are interchangeable without frame modification.

Notes

External links

SR250


"Something Borrowed" is the ninth episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Torchwood. It was first broadcast on BBC Three on 5 March 2008 and repeated on BBC Two one week later. The episode was written by Phil Ford, directed by Ashley Way and produced by Richard Stokes. The episode featured the five initial series regulars John Barrowman, Eve Myles, Burn Gorman, Naoko Mori and Gareth David Lloyd plus recurring actor Kai Owen in a central role.

The episode centres on the marriage of the alien hunter Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles) to the transport manager Rhys Williams (Kai Owen). The wedding is complicated by Gwen's sudden impregnation by an alien, though she resolves to see the day through. When the nuptials are interrupted by an attack from the biological mother of the alien fetus (played successively by Collette Brown, Nerys Hughes and John Barrowman), Rhys, Gwen, and Gwen's teammates at Torchwood must neutralise the threat. Gwen and Rhys ultimately marry, and the wedding guests have their memories wiped.

The episode was designed to be the most humorous of Torchwoods second series and incorporated elements of broad comedy and soap opera style storytelling to the monster of the week story. It was filmed largely on location in South Wales—prominent locations included the tourist attractions Margam Country Park and Dyffryn Gardens—and featured an ensemble of previously unseen Welsh characters. The episode was seen by an aggregated total of 4.76 million viewers across its three debut showings in the United Kingdom. Critical response was extremely mixed, with some reviewers praising the inclusion of a less serious episode and others expressing the view that the comedy was too overt.

Plot
The night before her wedding to Rhys, Gwen is impregnated through being bitten by a male shapeshifting alien called a Nostrovite, which carries the fertilised egg before planting them in Gwen as a host body. Jack shoots the Nostrovite dead. On the day of the wedding, Gwen is almost at full term with the Nostrovite foetus. Toshiko is sent to the wedding venue to keep an eye on Gwen and to deliver a new wedding dress to accommodate her alien pregnancy. The male Nostrovite's female partner arrives at the venue intending to kill the foetus' host, and birthing it.

As Gwen and Rhys prepare to say their wedding vows, Jack runs up the aisle and demands that the wedding be halted. The half-eaten corpse of the wedding DJ Mervyn is discovered by the bridesmaid Megan, who alerts the entire wedding party to the murder. The Nostrovite reveals herself and is chased away by Jack, escaping through a window. Gwen tries shooting the Nostrovite, now disguised as Rhys' mother, but the maternal instinct has made her unstoppable.

Owen suggests using the singularity scalpel to destroy the alien foetus, after having done work on it since the Mayfly incident with Martha Jones. He sends Gwen to her room and teaches Rhys how to use the scalpel; Owen cannot use it himself due to injuries sustained in his undead state. When the shapeshifter arrives in the room disguised as Jack, Owen shoots her whilst Gwen exits with Rhys. Rhys and Gwen find refuge in a barn. As the Nostrovite launches an assault on the door of the barn, Rhys succeeds in destroying the foetus. The Nostrovite enters, again impersonating Rhys' mother. She attacks Rhys, who attempts to protect himself with a chainsaw, which malfunctions. Jack arrives and kills the alien with a more powerful gun. Rhys and Gwen return to the wedding venue and are married. At the wedding reception, the guests all suddenly fall asleep. Jack reveals that he has drugged them all with amnesia pills mixed with sedative so that they will not remember the events of the day. Jack offers Gwen and Rhys the amnesia pill but Gwen declines as she does not want any secrets in her marriage to Rhys.

Production

Conception and writing

The original working title and given descriptor in the series breakdown for "Something Borrowed" was "The Wedding". Writer Phil Ford felt the episode to be reminiscent of a soap-opera as well as possessing science fiction elements. He describes the episode as "Coronation Street meets Torchwood". Ford was chosen to write this episode because of his own involvement as a writer on Coronation Street and executive producer Russell T Davies' view that this would enable him to handle a wedding with comedic elements. As the most humorous episode of the series it was deliberately scheduled alongside a series of darker episodes to provide a contrast.

Describing the tone of the episode Ford describes it as "an all out romp" and an "action, rollercoaster ride" with "a lot of comedy in it as much as thrills and nasty monsters". Davies stated that "the whole point of the episode is to have a right old laugh". Expanding on the comedic aspects, something Ford considered whilst writing the episode was that "the trick is to have the comedy come out of the characters" rather than the scenario itself. It was Eve Myles' idea to have Gwen compulsively eat gherkins after waking up pregnant; the script had only specified the character drinking a glass of water. The episode also plays on Gwen's conflicted feelings between Jack and Rhys. Davies felt it would be "irresistible" to have the wedding temporarily halted by "the one man Rhys doesn't want to see running down the aisle." Ford stated that whilst Jack is "the series hero" Rhys is "the hero of this episode". He compares a sequence where Rhys arms himself with a chainsaw to defend Gwen to the character being in "Evil Dead mode". Producer Richard Stokes commented that the episode illuminated that "even though [Gwen]'s put [Rhys] through some really difficult times, she really does love him and want to be with him." In an early draft of the script Gwen and Rhys had their memories wiped at the end of the episode in addition to the other guests and were convinced by Jack that the wedding had been problem free.

Casting
The episode featured an ensemble of family and friends of Gwen and Rhys previously unseen in the series. William Thomas and Sharon Morgan were cast as Gwen's parents Geraint and Mary Cooper. Davies re-introduced the characters during the fourth series of the show, considering Thomas and Morgan to be "two fine Welsh actors". Thomas had previously appeared as two different characters in the 1988 Doctor Who serial Remembrance of the Daleks and the 2005 Doctor Who episode "Boom Town". Upon appearing in "Something Borrowed" he became the first actor to have appeared in all three of the classic series, new series and Torchwood. Nerys Hughes played Rhys' mother Brenda Williams, in addition to a duplicate form of the alien Nostrovite. Like Thomas she had previously appeared in a Doctor Who serial (the 1982 story Kinda). Hughes enjoyed getting to play a "monster" for the first time in her career which involved having "fangs and claws and red eyes" and being wired up so "all this black blood can ooze out when I get shot". Despite the funny aspect of the script Hughes took the role seriously stating that "everyone plays it for real" and that "you can't camp it up". She believed that as an actor "you've got to believe what you're doing".

Kai Owen describes Thomas, Morgan and Hughes collectively with Robin Griffith (Barry Williams) as a "good old-fashioned Welsh cast who know what it's all about". Jonathan Lewis Owen was cast as Rhys' best man "Banana Boat" a character referred to sporadically since Torchwoods first series premiere "Everything Changes" (2006). In keeping with the character's name he was given a pair of banana patterned cuff links to complement his costume. As a joke, Eve Myles (who Jonathan Owen had previously worked with in other projects) left a banana skin on his car on his first day of filming. Collette Brown played "Carrie", the original human form of the mother Nostrovite. To transform her into the alien creature the actress was required to spend approximately an hour having make-up applied. Brown was surprised at the efficiency of the make-up artists as she had expected the transformation process to take longer. Originally, the human versions of the Nostrovite shapeshifter were intended to be more monstrous but Davies felt it was important that the audience would still be able to recognise the actor underneath once the make up had been applied.

Filming

The episode was filmed between October and November 2007 in the sixth production block of the series, alongside "Exit Wounds". The sequence of Jack, Ianto and Owen leaving for Gwen's wedding was recorded at Roald Dahl Plass on 25 October 2007. A number of locations were used for the wedding venue. Producer Richard Stokes notes that "it felt like we were organising a real wedding but one that was being shot in about five different venues". Director Ashley Way states that in directing the wedding scenes, the production team had to make sure that the colour scheme co-ordinated in regards to aspects like the bridesmaids costumes and the flower patterns. Costume designer Ray Holman experienced difficulty sourcing a maternity wedding dress to accommodate the nine-month baby bump worn by Eve Myles. He remarks that in trying to source three such dresses from bridal shops in Cardiff he was regarded "as if I was the biggest sinner in the world" and ended up designing the dress worn by Gwen himself.

The main location shoot for the episode was at Margam Country Park in Margam, Port Talbot in and around a converted Orangery which provided a location for the wedding and reception. Way states that one of the reasons Margam's Orangery was chosen for the shoot was because of the "fantastic windows" which provided a good visual opportunity in regards to a sequence involving the alien Carrie jumping out of them. However, due to its listed building status the production crew were not able to remove the window glass for filming and had to construct replica windows on separate scaffolding using resin glass. The hotel exteriors and sequences set in the gardens of the wedding venue were filmed at Dyffryn Gardens in St Nicholas, Vale of Glamorgan. The hotel interiors were partly recorded at Court Colman Manor in the village of Pen-y-fai, Bridgend, and partly in studio. The opening sequence of the episode where Gwen pursues the shape-shifter was recorded on 19 November in a men's public toilet in The Hayes, a shopping area in central Cardiff.

The episode featured a large amount of incidental music. During Gwen's hen night, the club she is in plays the tracks "Filthy/Gorgeous" and "Comfortably Numb" by the Scissor Sisters from their eponymous 2004 album and the single "Hole in the Head" from the Sugababes 2003 album Three. The song heard on Gwen's radio Alarm Clock when she wakes up heavily pregnant is "Fire in My Heart" from the Welsh rock band Super Furry Animals. At Gwen and Rhys' wedding reception, the records played include "You Do Something to Me" by Paul Weller and the song "Tainted Love" by Soft Cell. One of the black and white photos of Jack seen at the end of the episode is actually a promotional picture of John Barrowman from his role as Billy Flynn in the musical Chicago.

Broadcast and reception

"Something Borrowed" was first broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three on 5 March 2008 at 9:50 pm, straight after the BBC Two broadcast of the preceding episode "A Day in the Death" at 9:00 pm. The episode was first broadcast on BBC Two on 12 March at 9:00 pm, with a pre-watershed repeat airing on 13 March at 7:00 pm. According to consolidated figures the episode was viewed by 0.98 million viewers on BBC Three, 2.76 million viewers for its 12 March BBC Two showing and 1.02 million viewers for the pre-watershed repeat amounting to an aggregated 4.76 million viewers across its three initial showings. The episode was also available to watch on the online catch up service BBC iPlayer, where it was the 12th most viewed individual broadcast between 1 January and 31 March 2008.

Critical reception

The episode received critical response ranging from extremely positive to extremely negative. Ben Rawson-Jones of Digital Spy gave the episode five stars out of five, summarising it as an "energetic romp that oozed with body horror that would make David Cronenberg proud" which also "infused a type of family melodrama commonly seen on soaps". He praised the "stunningly bonkers" plot noting that "every potential dramatic and comedic moment that stemmed from Gwen's unconventional 'bun in the oven' scenario was fully maximised". He felt that in the central role "Eve Myles delivered an outstanding performance as Gwen" and also singled out the guest actors for praise, particularly Nerys Hughes. In an end of series review he listed "Something Borrowed" as his favourite episode of Torchwoods second series. Writing for The Stage, Mark Wright wrote that "it’s good to see Torchwood can get in touch with its lighter side and not lose any momentum" concluding "I think I really might love this show". Jon Beresford of TV Scoop felt the episode to be one of the strongest of the second series. Whilst he felt it to be "corny" in places he summarised the episode as an "exciting yarn with some really good performances from the team". He felt that Myles and Owen "stole the show" as Gwen and Rhys believing that "there's a definite spark between these two that sets their moments apart."

Joan O'Connell Hedman of Slant Magazine felt the episode to be the strongest of the second series. She praised the "uniformly fantastic" guest cast and the "drop dead gorgeous" exterior and interior locations. She singled out writer Phil Ford for considerable praise feeling that he wrote the episode true to the characters "while filling in backstory we had no way of imagining" and delivered "drama, action, and laughs". Brad Trechak of AOL TV felt the more comic episode was a welcome respite from darker episodes. He praised the episode for being "light and fluffy yet it furthered things along with regard to the Torchwood universe and its characters". Reviewing the episode Brigid Cherry of Total Sci-Fi felt that "contrary to expectation – it’s hilarious". She praised the comedy provided from Eve Myles, Gareth David-Lloyd and Nerys Hughes in particular as well as the "terrifying moments that threaten to tip over into gross-out horror-comedy." She felt overall the "offbeat self-parody" made a welcome change from the show's more serious episodes and rated it eight out of ten. Den of Geek's Jack Kibble-White found the episode to be a "surprise series highlight".

However, the episode attracted heavy criticism. In a review titled "Too Much Crying, Not Enough Shagging" io9's Charlie Jane Anders criticised the episode's reliance on "cheesy soap opera moments". Her major criticisms also encompassed the nonsensical aspects of the plot and the depiction of Torchwood as an incompetent team, particularly in allowing Gwen to progress with her wedding in the circumstance of her being pregnant. She felt that the episode had saving graces in a sequence which she felt acted as an homage to films Dead Alive and Evil Dead and the fact it made her believe "that Rhys and Gwen care about each other." Ian Berriman of SFX magazine wrote that the episode was one of the weakest of the second series and was hampered by "limp gags and thuddingly obvious characterisation". IGN's Travis Fickett rated the episode five out of ten and criticised it as "flat out bad television". He felt the comedic style to be at odds with Torchwoods science fiction and horror storytelling and criticised some of the character moments as "preposterous" and "insipid". Airlock Alpha's Alan Stanley Blair was more mixed stating that the "episode feels like a lot of ideas have been thrown into a pot and mixed with all the Torchwood goodness". He felt that the episode held together "by luck more than skill" but still "provided a lot of laughs and some wild fun". Den of Geek's Andrew Mickel felt that the episode exaggerated and stereotyped the Welsh characters in the overall scenario parodying them collectively as "the Welshest people on television". He also criticised the focus on Gwen and the ridiculousness of her plan to marry Rhys despite her being pregnant. He felt however, that the episode played out "like a fun episode of Buffy" and that Rhys continued to be "Gwen’s one redeeming feature", praising the scenes between him and his mother.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Torchwood episodes
2008 British television episodes
Television episodes about weddings
Fiction about shapeshifting
Pregnancy-themed television episodes


Erythronium multiscapideum is a California species of flowering plant in the lily family which is known by the common name Sierra fawn lily.

It is endemic to California, where it grows in the foothills of the southern Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada. Its primary range extends from Shasta County to Amador County with additional populations in Mariposa County.

Description
Erythronium multiscapideum produces a bulb two to five centimeters long, sometimes with associated bulblets. It has two oval-shaped leaves up to 15 centimeters long which are green and mottled with brown or white. Stalks about 10 to 20 centimeters tall hold one to four flowers each. The flower has white tepals with bright yellow bases. The stamens, anthers, and stigma are white or cream.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Erythronium multiscapoideum
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile: Erythronium multiscapoideum
Erythronium multiscapoideum - Calphotos Photo gallery

multiscapideum
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Plants described in 1855
Taxa named by Aven Nelson
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


The Journal of Environmental Economics and Management is a peer-reviewed academic journal of environmental economics published six times per year. It was the official journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists until 2014 and publishes theoretical and empirical papers concerned with the linkage between economic systems and environmental and natural resources. When it was the official journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, the journal was generally regarded as the top journal in natural resources and environmental economics. Ralph d'Arge and Allen V. Kneese were the founding editors. The current editors-in-chief are Roger von Haefen (North Carolina State University) and Andreas Lange (University of Hamburg). Previous editors include Till Requate, Daniel J. Phaneuf, Joseph Herriges, and Charles F. Mason.

Most-cited papers
According to the Web of Science, the following papers have been cited most often:
 Valuing public-goods - the purchase of moral satisfaction, Kahneman D, Knetsch JL, Vol. 22(1) 57–70, 1992
 Hedonic housing prices and demand for clean-air, Harrison D, Rubinfeld DL, Vol. 5(1) 81–102, 1978
 Environmental-quality and development - is there a kuznets curve for air-pollution emissions, Selden TM, Song DQ, Vol. 27(2) 147–162, 1994
 A new paradigm for valuing non-market goods using referendum data - maximum-likelihood estimation by censored logistic-regression, Cameron TA, Vol. 15(3) 355–379, 1988
 Combining revealed and stated preference methods for valuing environmental amenities, Adamowicz W, Louviere J, Williams M, Vol. 26(3) 271–292, 1994

See also
 Environmental resources management
 Environmental tariff
 Association of Environmental and Resource Economists

References

External links

Economics journals
Environmental economics
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 1974
English-language journals
Elsevier academic journals
Environmental social science journals


Cover Me Babe is a 1970 drama film about a young filmmaker who is hypercritical about everything including his own work. Almost really doesn't care to get a studio contract. The film was directed by Noel Black, and stars Robert Forster and Sondra Locke.
The title song was written by Fred Karlin and Randy Newman, and performed by Bread.  A second song by Bread (written by Karlin and band members James Griffin and Robb Royer, titled "So You Say") also appeared on the soundtrack.

Plot
Tony Hall is a film-school student who does not care to make conventional films.  His first avant-garde effort features Melisse, who becomes Tony's lover and moves in with him.

Seeking a grant, Tony is steered to Paul, who's a Hollywood agent, but he continues to reject the notion of making movies that conform to the norm. Tony shoots realistic footage of a couple making love in a car, a derelict, a prostitute, even an argument between Melisse and a young student that nearly turns violent. He alienates all eventually, and becomes alone in the end.

Cast
 Robert Forster as Tony
 Sondra Locke as Melisse
 Ken Kercheval as Jerry
 Sam Waterston as Cameraman
 Jeff Corey as Paul
 Susanne Benton as Sybil
 Robert Fields as Will

Production
It was based on an original script by George Wells.

Michael Sarrazin originally was sought for the lead role. Filming took place in spring 1969 under the working title Run Shadow Run.

Reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the film displayed "a compulsive need to ridicule itself, to deny its basic intelligence and to fail. It accomplishes all of these things with an idiocy that should warm the neurotic heart." He explained that it was "loaded with its own clichés of dialogue, attitude and style." He also pointed out the irony of the protagonist railing against the studio system in a movie financed by 20th Century Fox.

In the November 6, 1970 issue of Life, Richard Schickel called Forster's Tony Hall "a sullen creep" but added that "the writing is so bad and Mr. Black's direction so unpersuasive that he (Hall) deserves more to be pitied than censured, as does everyone else caught up in this foolishness."

Box office
According to Fox records, the film required $3,525,000 in rentals to break even, and by 11 December 1970, it had made $1,050,000, resulting in a loss to the studio.

See also
 List of American films of 1970

References

External links

1970 films
1970 drama films
20th Century Fox films
American drama films
Films about filmmaking
Films directed by Noel Black
Films scored by Fred Karlin
Films set in Los Angeles
Films with screenplays by George Wells
1970s English-language films
1970s American films


Flavia Pennetta won in the final 6–4, 5–4, after Klára Zakopalová retired due to a left ankle injury.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

Qualifying

Seeds

Qualifiers

Qualifying draw

First qualifier

Second qualifier

Third qualifier

Fourth qualifier

External links
 Main and Qualifying Draws

Cachantun Cup - Singles


Harry Charles Lamacraft (1911 – 3 May 1943) was an English motorcycle racer, most noted for successful exploits at the Brooklands racetrack and at the Isle of Man TT in the 1930s. He took tenth place in the 1934 Isle of Man Junior TT and tenth place in the 1935 Isle of Man Senior TT. In all, he rode in the TT 11 times, finishing above 19th place every time.

Lamacraft was most successful racing Velocette 350 cc KTT and Excelsior (Coventry) 500 cc motorcycles. His first KTT was later sold to Bert Perryman, who began his career at Brooklands with this machine. This machine is now property of Jeff Clew and can be seen in the Haynes International Motor Museum. His second Velocette, a KTT mk IV, raced at Brooklands and the Isle of Man (1933/34 TT's), won tenth place 1933 Junior TT. This machine was sold to David Vincent, who won his Gold Star at Brooklands for lapping at 100 mph during a race with Lamacraft's former motorcycle.  Lamacraft won a Gold Star at Brooklands in 1935, of a lap of over 100 mph during a race.  Period photographs show that he experimented with supercharging on his mkV Velocette, presumably for racing at Brooklands.

Lamacraft joined the Royal Air Force during World War II  and served as a flight sergeant navigator, flying a Lockheed Ventura bomber. He was killed in a mission to destroy a power plant on 3 May 1943 over the Netherlands, aged 32. He is buried in Amersfoort, the Netherlands.

Notes

Sources
 Commonwealth War Graves Commission website record
 A Clubman at Brooklands, AC Perryman, Foulis 1979
 Kieg Collection Volume 1, BMS 1981
 20 Squadron

 Reminiscences of David Vincent
 The Times, Monday, 20 March 1944; pg. 6; Issue 49809; col D
 UK Birth, Marriage and Death database

English motorcycle racers
1943 deaths
1911 births
Sportspeople from Chipping Barnet
Royal Air Force airmen
Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II


is a Japanese actor, stage actor and musician from Matsudo, Chiba Prefecture. He started his acting career after joining a theater company/talent agency, Otona Keikaku, in around 1992 and gained his popularity after the drama series Team Medical Dragon and as being the lead singer of the Japanese comedy rock band Group Tamashii.   His stage name is a pun on notorious geisha Sada Abe.

Abe was nominated for best actor in the 31st Japanese Academy Award for Maiko Haaaan!!!.

Discography

Filmography

Film
Naked Blood (1995) as Eiji Kure
Tokiwa: The Manga Apartment (1996) as Hiroshi Fujimoto
After Life (1998)
Uzumaki (2000) as Mitsuru Yamaguchi
Kamikaze Girls (2004) as Ryuji 'the Unicorn'/Doctor
The Great Yokai War (2005)
Yaji and Kita: The Midnight Pilgrims (2005)
Helen the Baby Fox (2006) as police officer
Ten Nights of Dream (segment - The 6th Night) (2006)
Kisarazu Cat's Eye: World Series (2006) as Kaoru Nekota
Maiko Haaaan!!! (2007) as Kimihiko Onizuka
Paco and the Magical Picture Book (2008) as Horigome
Yatterman (2009) as Dr. Kaieda
Friends: Mononoke Shima no Naki (2011) as Gōyan (voice)
Gothic Lolita Battle Bear (2013) as teddy bear (voice)
Parasyte: Part 1 (2014) as Migi (voice)
Parasyte: Part 2 (2015) as Migi (voice)
The Magnificent Nine (2016) as Juzaburo Kokudaya
Birds Without Names (2017) as Jinji
Louder!: Can't Hear What You're Singin', Wimp (2018) as Shin
The 47 Ronin in Debt (2019) as Asano "Takumi no Kami" Naganori
Mother (2020) as Ryo
Lesson in Murder (2022) as Yamato Haimura
I Am Makimoto (2022) as Sō Makimoto
Shylock's Children (2023) as Masahiro Nishiki
Revolver Lily (2023) as Isoroku Yamamoto

Television
Bayside Shakedown (1997) as Saeki
Ikebukuro West Gate Park (2000) as Hamaguchi
Summer Snow (2000)
Kisarazu Cat's Eye (2002) as Kaoru Nekota
Tiger & Dragon (2005) as Hayashiyatei Donta
Unfair (2006) as Kokubo Yuji
Dare Yorimo Mama wo Ai su (2006) as Pinko
Team Medical Dragon (2006) as Monji Arase
First Kiss (2007) as Masaru Nikaido
Team Medical Dragon 2 (2007) as Monji Arase
Fumō Chitai (2009) as Hideo Tahara
Marumo no Okite (2011) as Mamoru Takagi (Marumo)
Taira no Kiyomori (2012) as Shinzei
Keisei Saimin no Otoko Part 2 (2015) as Ichizō Kobayashi
Naotora: The Lady Warlord (2017) as Tokugawa Ieyasu
Anone (2018) as Kaji Mochimoto
Idaten (2019) as Masaji Tabata
Taiga Drama ga Umareta Hi (2023) - Kinji Kusuda

References

External links

Unofficial Sadao Abe homepage

1970 births
Japanese male television actors
Japanese male stage actors
Japanese male film actors
Living people
People from Matsudo
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors
Taiga drama lead actors


"From Out of the Rain" is the tenth episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Torchwood. It was broadcast on BBC Three on 12 March 2008, and repeated on BBC Two one week later. In the episode, the Ghostmaker (Julian Bleach), the leader of a travelling show, breaks out of the celluloid film he is trapped inside, and steals the last breaths of nearby residents in Cardiff to use as his audience.

Plot
The local Cardiff cinema the Electro plays old celluloid films to display its local history. A black-and-white film of a travelling company seems to take a life of its own, restarting itself in the film projector and preventing the projector from being turned off for a period of time. Two figures from the film, the troupe's leader the Ghostmaker and a woman called Pearl, step out of the projection screen and become real, disappearing into the streets of Cardiff. In the Hub, Torchwood review the footage. Ianto, who watched the screening, notices the absence of two performers. Jack recalls stories of the Night Travellers, who performed only at night, and usually when some local residents have gone missing. This story is corroborated by Christina, an old woman at a nursing home who witnessed the Night Travellers take her family away, and said that they came "from out of the rain".

Meanwhile, the Ghostmaker and Pearl prey on innocent victims, drawing their last breath into a silver flask, and leaving them with no saliva or tears, and close to death. The Ghostmaker releases more of his companions from the film to regain their audience and begin travelling again like the old days. Jack surmises that if they were released from the film, they could be captured by it as well using a home movie camera. Torchwood rush back to the theatre as the Ghostmaker is releasing the others from the film and is able to use a camera to confine the Night Travellers; Jack then rips open the camera and exposes the film to sunlight. In a last fit of revenge, the Ghostmaker opens the silver flask and throws it into the air. Ianto catches and closes it quickly, but is too late to save all but one victim. Torchwood restores the breath to the last victim, a young boy, and the silver flask is stowed away back at Torchwood. Though the rest of the team believe the threat is over, Jack surmises there may be more reels of the Night Travellers.

Production

Cast and credits notes
The episodic title credits were missing in the BBC HD broadcast of this episode.
Julian Bleach, who plays the Ghostmaker, was later cast as Davros, the creator of the Daleks, in the 2008 Doctor Who episodes "The Stolen Earth" and "Journey's End".
Gerard Carey received a closing credit as Greg, a character from the earlier episode, "Meat", but neither the actor nor his character appeared in this episode.

References

External links

Torchwood episodes
2008 British television episodes