Tripura Institute of Technology (TIT), formerly Polytechnic Institute, Narsingarh, is an engineering college located at Narsingarh in the West Tripura district of Tripura, India, 12 km from Agartala. It offers diploma and degree courses in Engineering and Technology.

History
The institute started in 1958 as Polytechnic Institute, Narsingarh, with branches of Civil, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, affiliated to the West Bengal State Council of Technical Education. Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering was started in 1995.

The Ministry of Human Resource and World Bank began the Tech. Ed.-III project for student capacity increase and quality improvement, in the period 2001 to 2007. The project resulted in new branches in Computer Science and Technology, Food Processing Technology, Automobile Engineering, Interior Decoration Handicrafts and Furniture Designing and Modern Office Practice and Management.

With the introduction of the degree module from the academic session 2007-08 the entire academic control of both degree and diploma came under Tripura University. The diploma level students already registered under West Bengal State Council of Technical Education up to the academic session 2006-07 remained with WBSCTE. The curricula and other academic control of the Tripura Institute of Technology both of diploma and degree, came under the control of Tripura University from June 2007.

Departments

Architectural Assistant-ship
Automobile Engineering
Civil Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Food Processing Technology
Mechanical Engineering
Science and Humanities
Textile Technology

Campus
TIT is located at its own campus at Narsingarh, a suburb of Agartala.  The campus is situated 2 km from the Agartala Airport. As of now the institute runs two campus, one for the Diploma and the other for the Degree Module.

Events

Ishaanya
Ishaanya is an annual Techno-Cultural fest organised by the student body of Tripura Institute of Technology. Various cultural activities such as dances, music, dramas, etc are organised and participated by the students, apart from cultural activities, there are technical activities such as Quiz competition, designs, etc where students participate and compete at.

FreshTech
FreshTech is a freshers party organised by the student body of Tripura Institute of Technology for first year students. Various cultural activities such as dances, music, dramas, etc are organised and participated by the first year students

See also
Education in Tripura
List of institutions of higher education in Tripura

External links
Official website

All India Council for Technical Education
Engineering colleges in Tripura
Universities and colleges established in 1958
1958 establishments in Tripura
Colleges in Tripura


René Bégin (July 2, 1912 – November 18, 1981) was a Canadian politician and wholesaler. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1957 election as a Member of the Liberal Party for the riding of Quebec West. He lost the 1953 election as an Independent Liberal candidate and lost the elections of 1958 and 1962 as a Member of the Liberal Party. He was born in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.

External links

1912 births
1980 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Politicians from Quebec City


Robert Leiber, S.J. (10 April 1887 – 18 February 1967) was a close advisor to Pope Pius XII, a Jesuit priest from Germany, and Professor for Church History at the Gregorian University in Rome from 1930 to 1960. Leiber was, according to Pius's biographer Susan Zuccotti, "throughout his entire papacy his private secretary and closest advisor".

Biography
Before 1924, Leiber worked with Ludwig Pastor on the publication of his 20-volume Papal History. From 1924 to 1929, he was advisor to Eugenio Pacelli while he was Nuncio in Munich and in Berlin. While Professor at the Gregorian, he continued advising Pacelli, who was then Cardinal Secretary of State. After Pacelli was elected to the papacy as Pope Pius XII in 1939, Leiber helped and advised him until the Pope's death on 9 October 1958. Leiber is described as Pius XII's "most trusted aide". However he never was  a Vatican official. He was a respected and feared "unofficial official". Known in papal Rome as the "little asthmatic", some described him with a Latin quip: Timeo non Petrum sed secretarium eius - "I do not fear Peter [the Pope], but his secretary".

He assisted Pius XII in researching the topics for his speeches and radio messages. Leiber was one of an "impromptu band of willing Jesuits" whom Pius XII employed "checking and double-checking every reference" in his written works. Leiber, stationed at the Pontifical Gregorian University, three miles from the Vatican, complained after Pius XII's death that he was often expected to "drop whatever he was doing and hasten to the Vatican", taking public transportation.

As the Pope's trusted Private Secretary, Leiber acted at the intermediary between Pius XII and the German Resistance. He met with Joseph Müller, who visited Rome in 1939 and 1940 to obtain assistance from the Pope in acting as an intermediary between the Resistance and the Allies in the lead up to a planned coup against Hitler. Later in the war, Leiber remained the point of contact for communications from Colonel-General Ludwig Beck in the lead up to the 1944 July Plot. Through the German ambassador to the Vatican, Ernst von Weizsäcker, Leiber was informed that Nuncio Cesare Orsenigo's priest assistant was secretly a member of the Nazi party and an informer for the RSHA.

After World War II, Pius XII charged Leiber and Bea with investigating the activities of Gertrud Luckner (later declared Righteous among the Nations), the pioneer of a German Catholic philo-Semitic and pro-Israel movement. The Holy Office in 1948 issued a monitum (or warning) to the group, due to concerns that the group's pro-Zionist activities were "encouraging religious indifferentism (the belief that one religion is as good as the next)". Leiber concluded in April 1950 there was nothing theologically wrong with the work of Luckner; Bea went further, actually affirming it.

Last years/death
In an October 1958 meeting, Leiber turned down a position offered by new Pope John XXIII in light of his health, suggesting Augustin Bea instead. He authored several books and articles on Church history and on the Reichskonkordat. After suffering acute asthma attacks for many years, Leiber died in Rome in 1967, aged 79.

Ratline involvement

According to Michael Phayer, Leiber "sparked new life" into Austrian bishop Alois Hudal's plan to set up a "ratline" — an escape route from Europe for Nazis and fascists, including war criminals. Leiber wrote to Hudal around the time of Operation Barbarossa, telling the latter to "look at the [ratline] mission as a crusade".

According to a history professor at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Leiber had no direct authority to correspond with Hudal but "[his] role as one of Pius XII's closest confidantes allowed the German Jesuit to act as the pope's intermediary and messenger." Hudal maintained contact with Leiber and other Vatican officials during and after the war. Leiber destroyed all his personal papers before his death, rather than leave them for posterity, confirming to van Room that he had destroyed his papers because he feared they "would cast Pius in an unfavorable light".

Statements on Pius XII and the Holocaust

After the war, Leiber became actively involved in debates over the legacy of Pius XII during the Holocaust, frequently writing and speaking publicly, always as a staunch defender of Pius XII. Leiber wrote an article, published on 27 March 1963 in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the main claim of which was that Pius XII had limited and generally unreliable information about the Holocaust.

As Leiber related to Dutch historian Ger van Roon, Leiber believed that Pius XII chose not to speak out about the Holocaust because he "wanted to play the peacemaker during the war" by maintaining Vatican neutrality and independence. On this point, Leiber and British diplomat Francis d'Arcy Osborne, another contemporary close to Pius XII, were in agreement. During the war, Pius XII surrounded himself with German advisers including Leiber, but also Ludwig Kaas and Pasqualina Lehnert. This attracted the attention of United States Department of State historian George Kent and others, who questioned the pope's neutrality given this apparent Germanophilia.

In 1961, Leiber asserted that Pius personally ordered superiors of church properties to open their doors to Jews. If such orders were ever put into writing (which is unlikely, given the situation), no such written order has been found, prompting some historians to deny the orders. Michael Phayer argues that Catholic institutions in Italy and elsewhere that did admit or help Jews did so "independently, without the Vatican's instructions". For his statistics on the number of Jews he claimed Pius XII to have saved, Leiber relied on fellow Jesuit Beato Ambord; the original compilation of the numbers is unknown.

Above all, Leiber disputed that the disbanding of the German Catholic Centre Party had been a quid pro quo for the signing of the Reichskonkordat. Leiber wrote in 1958 that "[Pacelli] wished that [the party] could have postponed its dissolution until after the signing of the concordat. The mere fact of its existence, he said, might have been of use at the negotiating state".

Notes

References
 Cornwell, John. 1999. Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII. Viking;
 Phayer, Michael. 2000. The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press;
 Phayer, Michael. 2008. Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War, Indiana University Press;
 Riebling, Mark, 2015. Church of Spies: The Pope's Secret War Against Hitler, New York: Basic Books, .
 Zuccotti, Susan. 2000. Under his very Windows. The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy. New Haven and London: Yale University Press;

1887 births
1967 deaths
People from Bodenseekreis
20th-century German Catholic theologians
20th-century German Jesuits
Pope Pius XII advisers
Roman Catholic writers
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Deaths from asthma
Place of birth missing
Historians of the Catholic Church
German male non-fiction writers


All Stars Osvajači (trans. "All Stars Conquerors") is a Serbian rock/pop band. Because its founder was former Osvajači frontman Zvonko Pantović, the band was during the 1999 - 2003 period typically referred to as just "Osvajači", which caused confusion among fans.

Discography

Studio albums
Krv i led (1990)
Sam (1995)
Vino crveno (1999)
Nevera (2000)
Crno oko (2002)
Sad je na mene red (2015)

References
EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960-2006, Janjatović Petar;

See also
 Osvajači

Serbian pop music groups
Musical groups from Belgrade


The Loggia del Mercato Nuovo (), popularly known as the Loggia del Porcellino (), is a building in Florence, Italy.   It is so called to distinguish it from the  (; "old market") that used to be located in the area of today's Piazza della Repubblica.

History

The loggia was built around the middle of the 16th century in the heart of the city, just a few steps from the Ponte Vecchio.  Initially, it was intended for the sale of silk and luxury goods and then for the famous straw hats, but today mainly leather goods and souvenirs are sold.

In the corner niches statues of famous Florentines were intended to be placed, but only three were made at the end of the 19th century: Michele di Lando by Ippazio Antonio Bortone, Giovanni Villani by Gaetano Trentanove, and Bernardo Cennini by Emilio Mancini.

The focal point of the loggia is the Fontana del Porcellino (; "fountain of the piglet"), actually a copy of a bronze wild boar by Pietro Tacca from the sixteenth century marble. In 2008 the Pietro Tacca's masterpiece was replaced with a modern copy cast by Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry in 1998. The original marble of the Porcellino can be found at Museo Bardini.  Popular tradition has it that rubbing the nose brings fortune, so over time, the statue has acquired a certain shine in that spot. Visitors are encouraged to place a coin in the mouth of the boar after rubbing its nose, and superstition implies that the wish will be granted if the offering tumbles through the grate whence the water flows.  The slope of the grate is such that most coins do fall through, and are collected by the city. There is a copy of the Porcellino outside Sydney Hospital and passers-by drop coins and rub its nose in the same way.

Pietra dello scandalo
Another oddity of the place is the so-called pietra dello scandalo (; "stone of shame"), a round spot marked in bicoloured marble at the centre of the loggia, which is only visible when no sales stalls are there.  The design reproduces one of the wheels of a medieval Carroccio, symbol of the Florentine republic, on which the city's standard was hoisted daily.  The Carroccio was placed on this spot and Florentine troops met around it before every battle.

The spot was later chosen for another purpose, whence its alternative name pietra dell'acculata (; approximately "stone of the bum punishment").  During the Renaissance, the punishment of insolvent debtors included being chained to a post on this spot and then paddled repeatedly on the naked buttocks.  The popular expression  ("to have one's ass on the ground") and the word  (a dialectal word for "misfortune") may have originated from this practice.

Other images

See also

Arcade (architecture)
Mercato Centrale (Firenze)
Marketplace
Merchant
Retail

Sources

Buildings and structures completed in the 16th century
Loggias in Florence
Renaissance architecture in Florence
Tourist attractions in Florence
16th-century architecture in Italy


Rastriya Jana Ekta Party is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

References

Political parties in Nepal


Rastriya Jana Prajatantrik Party is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

References

Political parties in Nepal

ne:राष्ट्रिय जन प्रजातान्त्रिक पार्टी


The Football Conference season of 1996–97 was the eighteenth season of the Football Conference, also known as the Vauxhall Conference for sponsorship reasons.

Overview
Macclesfield Town won their second Conference title in three years, and this time earned a promotion to the Football League – thanks to their upgraded stadium – at the expense of Hereford United.

New teams in the league this season
 Hayes (promoted 1995–96)
 Rushden & Diamonds (promoted 1995–96)

Final  league table

Results

Promotion and relegation

Promoted
 Macclesfield Town (to the Football League Third Division)
 Cheltenham Town (from the Southern Premier League)
 Leek Town (from the Northern Premier League)
 Yeovil Town (from the Isthmian League)

Relegated
 Hereford United (from the Football League Third Division)
 Altrincham (to the Northern Premier League)
 Bath City (to the Southern Premier League)
 Bromsgrove Rovers (to the Southern Premier League)

Top scorers in order of league goals

References

External links
 1996–97 Conference National Results

National League (English football) seasons
5


Dragan Umičević (; born 9 October 1984) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player of Serbian descent. He is currently playing for Södertälje SK in the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv). Umicevic has represented the Sweden national ice hockey team in 2006 and 2007. With Södertälje SK he won the team's internal scoring league in the 2008–09 Elitserien season. Umičević was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers in the sixth round of the 2003 NHL Entry Draft, 184th overall.

Playing career
Aside from 9 games in Russia in 2007, Umicevic played in Sweden until 2012. He then moved to the Finnish SM-Liiga, where he was known as a playmaker.

At the end of the 2013–14 season he moved to the NLA in Switzerland and signed with EHC Biel for the playoffs. He scored 6 goals and 10 assists in 15 games, earning him a one-year contract with Biel for 2014-15.

For the 2015–16 season, Umicevic signed a one-year contract with the DEL team Kölner Haie. In August 2016, he inked a two-year deal with another German team, Krefeld Pinguine.

Following the 2017–18 season, Umicevic opted to leave as a free agent and sign a new two-year contract in the neighbouring EBEL with Austrian club Steinbach Black Wings Linz on May 1, 2018.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1984 births
Porin Ässät (men's ice hockey) players
IF Björklöven players
EHC Biel players
EHC Black Wings Linz players
Edmonton Oilers draft picks
Djurgårdens IF Hockey players
Färjestad BK players
Frölunda HC players
HC CSKA Moscow players
Kölner Haie players
Krefeld Pinguine players
Living people
Malmö Redhawks players
Södertälje SK players
Swedish ice hockey right wingers
Swedish people of Serbian descent
Tappara players


Carlos Quintana (born 11 February 1988, in Glew) is an Argentine football defender who plays for Rosario Central, on loan from Argentinos Juniors in the Argentine Primera División.

Career
After completing the youth setup of Lanús, Quintana made his breakthrough in the first team during 2007. He won with Lanús de 2007 Apertura, the first league title in the history of the club.

In 2010, Quintana was loaned to Huracán for a 50,000 US dollars fee and an option to buy.

Honours

References

External links
 Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI
Lanus Player Profile

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Club Atlético Huracán footballers
Club Atlético Douglas Haig players
Club Atlético Patronato footballers
Talleres de Córdoba footballers
Argentinos Juniors footballers
Rosario Central footballers


This is a complete list of the reported and confirmed tornadoes in the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak, which took place on February 5 and 6, 2008 across a large portion of the southern United States and the lower Ohio Valley. The event began on Super Tuesday, while 24 U.S. states were holding primary elections and caucuses to select the presidential candidates for the upcoming presidential election. During a 12-hour period, 87 tornadoes were produced in nine states. Five tornadoes were rated EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale and five others were rated EF3. There were 57 fatalities across four states, becoming the deadliest tornado outbreak in the United States since May 31, 1985.

Confirmed tornadoes

February 5 event

February 6 event

Notes

References

F4 tornadoes by date
Super Tuesday tornado outbreak
Tornado outbreak


Historia von D. Johann Fausten may refer to:

 Historia von D. Johann Fausten (chapbook), a 1587 chapbook of stories concerning the life of Johann Georg Faust
 Historia von D. Johann Fausten (opera), a 1995 opera by Alfred Schnittke, based on the book


Eduardo Fabián Ledesma Trinidad (born 7 August 1985) is a Paraguayan football midfielder.

Honours
Lanús
Argentine Primera División (1): 2007 Apertura

External links

 Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI

1985 births
Living people
Paraguayan men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Club Olimpia footballers
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Rosario Central footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Paraguayan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador
L.D.U. Quito footballers


General elections were held in the Gambia on 29 April 1992. The election date was announced on 14 February and the National Assembly was dissolved three days later. Although he had announced his retirement in December 1991, President Dawda Jawara changed his mind and ran for the position again. Both elections were won by the ruling People's Progressive Party (PPP), with Jawara remaining president, winning 58.5% of the vote. Voter turnout was around 55.8%.

Campaign
A total of 130 candidates ran for the 36 elected seats, although the PPP was the only one with a candidate in every seat. The opposition campaign centred on corruption and economic mismanagement, whilst the PPP promised it would boost the tourism industry and support groundnut farmers.

Results

President

National Assembly

References

Gambia
Parliamentary elections in the Gambia
Election
Presidential elections in the Gambia
April 1992 events in Africa
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results


Timberscombe is a village and civil parish on the River Avill  south-west of Dunster, and  south of Minehead within the Exmoor National Park in Somerset, England. The parish includes the hamlet of Bickham.

History

The parish was part of the hundred of Carhampton.

Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the non-metropolitan district of Somerset West and Taunton, which was established on 1 April 2019. It was previously in the district of West Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, and part of Williton Rural District before that. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Bridgwater and West Somerset county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Geography

The  Bickham Wood, which is run as a nature reserve by the Somerset Wildlife Trust, comprises very wet, ancient, semi-natural woodland on the edge of the Brendon Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Landmarks

Timberscombe has many attractions including an Iron Age Fort, the lost village of Clicket and Cowbridge Sawmill, which has been restored as a working vintage sawmill. The village is a popular tourist area and provides ample bed and breakfast accommodation and holiday lets. The beautiful countryside makes it particularly popular with walkers, horse riders and cyclists.

Religious sites

The church is dedicated to Saint Petroc, who probably visited the parish in the 6th century. The church has a 15th-century tower, the rest of the building dating from 1708. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building.

Notable residents
 J. P. Martin (1879–1966) Methodist minister and children's author
 T.C. Lethbridge (1901-1971) Anglo-Saxon archaeologist lived as a child in Knowle House
Lord Justice Farwell - Sir George Farwell (1845 –1915) was an English judge, noted for trying the Taff Vale case at the first instance.

References

External links

Village website

Exmoor
Civil parishes in Somerset
Villages in West Somerset


The North Star Bicycle Festival, is a ten-day series of cycling events that take place at sites around central Minnesota. The festival has gone by multiple names since its creation in 1999 as Tour de Wings. It was known as the Great River Energy Bicycle Festival for 2000–2008, the Minnesota Bicycle Festival in 2009, and the Nature Valley Bicycle Festival for 2010–2013..  It is currently known as the North Star Bicycle Festival.

The festival takes place in mid-June. In 2016, the Festival took place on June 10–19, beginning with the Minnesota Fixed Gear Classic, June 10–11. The event consisted of velodrome racing at the National Sports Center in Blaine, Minnesota.

The marquee event of the Festival is the North Star Grand Prix, a professional bicycle stage race. In 2016, races took place in the downtowns of Saint Paul, Cannon Falls, Minneapolis, North Mankato and Stillwater.

The North Star Grand Prix is one of only four stage races on the USA Cycling National Racing Calendar

The presenting sponsor is North Memorial Health Care

The North Star Bicycle Festival was cancelled in 2018, which would have been its 20th year.  An attempt to bring it back in 2019 failed since it had no cash sponsors and a GoFundMe campaign raised only 6% of the needed funds.

Charitable mission
The North Star Bicycle Festival is a volunteer-run 501(c)(3) charity whose missions are bicycle education and to support  Special Olympics Minnesota. All proceeds from the Festival are donated to Special Olympics Minnesota.

History
The North Star Bicycle Festival got its start in 1998, when the Lance Armstrong Foundation approached David LaPorte and asked for help to create a Twin Cities replica of the popular Austin, Texas-based Ride for the Roses. LaPorte launched the Tour de Wings in 1999. The two-day event featured a criterium in Saint Paul, around the grounds of the state Capitol, and a track race at the  National Sports Center Velodrome.

In 2000, Great River Energy became a major sponsor and the event was named the Touchstone Energy Bicycle Festival. Track racing at the NSC Velodrome featured a four-day EDS Cup and the criterium moved from the state Capitol to downtown Saint Paul.

 Nature Valley Granola Bars joined as a sponsor in 2001 and a new road race stage was added. Great River Energy sponsored the U.S. Track National Championships during the festival at the NSC Velodrome and the festival made its first charitable donation to Camp Heartland.

From 2002 to 2006, the festival grew into a major annual Minnesota sporting event. Renamed The Great River Energy Bicycle Festival and Nature Valley Grand Prix, new venues and communities got involved, ultimately making the festival a six-stage race over a five-day period.  Stillwater, Minn., became the marquis criterium of the event featuring an 18% climb up Chilkoot Hill. In 2003, a stage was added in Minneapolis, which made the Friday Night Minneapolis Downtown Classic the most widely attended stage of the five-day North Star Grand Prix.  This stage moved to Uptown, Minneapolis in 2009

The North Star Grand Prix attempts to be as equal as possible between men’s and women’s racing and has become an important women’s stage race in North America. The festival also named  Special Olympics Minnesota its sole charitable beneficiary of the proceeds created by the event.

In 2007, the North Star Grand Prix became the top level stage race on the USA Cycling National Racing Calendar. Organizers also launched a Women’s Collegiate All-Stars team, the first of its kind in the nation. Most recently, both the men’s and women’s races became invitation only events, topping out at 140 female and 140 male riders.

Event organizers attempted to extend the sponsorship contract for the event in the first half of 2013, but were unable to come to an agreement before the contract expired in June that year. The organization held an unsponsored event in 2014. For 2015, the primary sponsors were North Memorial Health Care and PreferredOne.  North Memorial Health Care continued its sponsorship in 2016

References

External links
Official Site
Past Charitable Mission & Founder Profile
Racing Coverage

Cycling in Wisconsin
Sports in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Cycle races in the United States
Women's road bicycle races
Festivals in Minnesota
Festivals in Wisconsin
Cycling in Minnesota


Sebastián Salomón (born 12 December 1978) is an Argentine football manager and former player who played as a midfielder. He is the current manager of Lanús' youth categories.

Playing career
Salomón began his professional playing career in 2000 with Los Andes, he made his debut in a 2–1 away win over Racing Club on 6 August 2000. After Los Andes were relegated he had a short stint with Club Almagro before joining Lanús in 2002 where he played until 2009, where he played 197 games for the club scoring 6 goals.

In 2005 Salomón had a short loan spell with Paraguayan side Olimpia. He was part of the Lanús squad that won the Apertura 2007 tournament, which was the club's first league championship.

In 2009, he joined Godoy Cruz. In 2010, he joined Aris Limassol and in the summer of 2010 the team released him. He played in Uruguay with Rampla Juniors and subsequently retired.

Honours
Lanús
Argentine Primera División: 2007 Apertura

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
People from General Roca
Footballers from Río Negro Province
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Argentine Primera División players
Cypriot First Division players
Club Atlético Los Andes footballers
Club Almagro players
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Rampla Juniors players
Club Olimpia footballers
Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba footballers
Aris Limassol FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Paraguay
Expatriate men's footballers in Uruguay
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Argentine football managers
Argentine Primera División managers
Club Atlético Los Andes managers
Club Atlético Lanús managers


The Theophilanthropists ("Friends of God and Man") were a Deistic sect, formed in France during the later part of the French Revolution.

Origins
Thomas Paine, together with other disciples of Rousseau and Robespierre, set up a deistic religion, in which Rousseau's Deism and Robespierre's civic virtue (rè de la vertu) would be combined. Jean-Baptiste Chemin wrote the Manuel des théopanthropophiles or, in English the Manual of the Thdoantropophiles [Theophilantropes], and Valentin Haüy offered his institute for the blind as a provisional place of meeting. The society did not set out to set up a new religion, but rather a universal religion. The Manual states, "We do not propose to the people, either a new religion, or a new worship. Our religion is the universal religion. We can trace back our worship to the first ages of the world."

When, later, the Convention turned over to them the little church of Sainte Catherine, in Paris, the nascent sect won a few followers and protectors; still its progress was slow till Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux, an influential member of the Directory, took up its cause.

But it was only after the Revolution of 18 Fructidor, which left La Révellière-Lépeaux master of the situation, that his sympathy bore fruit in the apogee of Theophilanthropism. Blended in a way with the culte décadaire, it came into possession of some of the great churches of Paris like Notre Dame de Paris, Saint-Jacques du Haut Pas, St-Médard etc.; it took a conspicuous part in all the national celebrations, and from the metropolis passed into the provinces, chiefly the Department of Yonne.

The movement, in spite of a strong opposition on the part of Catholics, was gradually taking hold among the masses when the Directory brought it to an abrupt end. Napoleon Bonaparte suppressed the movement.

Catholic reaction
The constitutional clergy, in the national council at Notre Dame in 1797, protested against the new religion, and Henri Grégoire wrote in his Annales de la Religion (VI, no 5.):

"Theophilanthropism is one of those derisive institutions which pretend to bring to God those very people whom they drive away from Him by estranging them from Christianity... Abhorred by Christians, it is spurned by philosophers who, though they may not feel the need of a religion for themselves, still want the people to cling to the faith of their fathers."

Pope Pius VI on 17 May 1800 placed an interdict on the churches that had been used by deists, and Cardinal Consalvi, in the course of the negotiations regarding the Concordat of 1801, demanded that a speedy end be put to their use of the Catholic churches.

Later history

Sporadic attempts at reviving Theophilanthropism were made in the course of the nineteenth century. In 1829, Henri Carle founded "L'alliance religieuse universelle", with La libre conscience as its organ, but both society and periodical disappeared during the Franco-Prussian war. In 1882, Décembre and Vallières, through La fraternité universelle and many similar publications, sought directly to reorganize the sect, but the attempt failed and, in 1890,  Décembre confessed the impossibility of arousing public interest. Camerlynck's voluminous book, "Théisme", published in Paris in 1900, had a similar aim and met a similar fate.

Beliefs and organisation

Theophilanthropism was described in the Manuel du théophilanthropie, of which there were new editions made as the work progressed. The governing body consisted of two committees, one called "comité de direction morale", in charge of the spiritual, the other styled "comité des administrateurs" in charge of the temporalities.

No dogmatic creed was imposed on the adherents of the new religion, the two fundamental tenets, viz. the existence of God and the immortality of the soul, being purely sentimental beliefs (croyances de sentiment) deemed necessary for the preservation of society and the welfare of individuals. The moral teaching, considered the principal feature of the movement, held a middle position between the severity of Stoicism and the laxity of Epicureanism. Its basic principle was good: good is all that tends to preserve and perfect the man; evil is all that tends to destroy or impair him. It is in light of that axiom and not of the Christian standard - in spite of the phraseology - that we should view the commandments concerning the adoration of God, the love of our neighbor, domestic virtues and patriotism.

Theophilanthropist worship was at first very simple and meant chiefly for the home: it consisted in a short invocation of God in the morning and a kind of examination of conscience at the end of the day. A plain altar on which were laid some flowers and fruits, a few inscriptions appended to the walls, a platform for the readers or speakers, were the only furnishings allowed. The founders were particularly anxious that this simplicity be strictly adhered to. Nevertheless, the progress of the sect led gradually to a more elaborate ceremonial. It is a far cry from the early meetings where the minister or père de famille, presided at prayer or mimicked Christian baptism, First Communion, marriages or funerals, to the gorgeous display of the so-called national festivals. There even was a Theophilanthropist Mass, which, however, came much nearer a Calvinist service than to the Catholic Liturgy.

Of the hymns adopted by the sect, some taken from the writings of J. B. Rousseau, Madame Deshoulières, or even Racine, breathe a noble spirit but, side by side with these, there are bombastic lucubrations like the "Hymne de la fondation de la ré" and the "Hymne a la souverainete du peuple". The same strange combination is found in the feasts where Socrates, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and St Vincent de Paul are equally honored and in the sermon where political harangues interlard moral exhortations. In Dubroca's funeral oration of George Washington the orator, under cover of the American hero, catered to the rising Napoleon Bonaparte.

The first idea of the sect really belongs to David Williams, a Welsh minister who exercised considerable influence in Paris during the Revolution. Chemin consulted the Calvinists before launching his Manuel.

Notes

References
 Joseph Brugerette, Les cré religieuses de la revolution (Paris 1904):
 Moncure Conway, The Centenary of Theophilanthropy.  The Open Court, (1897)
 Giambattista Ferrero, Disamina Filosofica de Dommi e della Morale Religiosa de Teofilantropi (Turin 1798).
 Albert Mathiez, La Théophilanthropie et le culte decadaire, 1796-1801 (Paris 1903);
 Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason
 William Hamilton Reid, The Rise and Dissolution of the Infidel Societies in this Metropolis (London, 1800):
 Maurice Tourneaux, Bibliographie de l'histoire de Paris pendant la Révolution (Paris 1890-1900).
 Maurice Tourneaux, Contributions à l'histoire religieuse de la révolution française (Paris 1907);

Deism
Religion and the French Revolution


Nicolás Francisco Ramírez (born 18 February 1988, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine footballer, who plays as a right winger for Deportivo Morón.

Career
On 10 April 2008, Ramírez scored his first goal in professional football with a goal described as unforgettable by Clarín to bring his team back to 3-3 after being 0-3 down to Racing Club.

In 2009, Ramírez joined newly promoted Chacarita Juniors, on loan.

References

External links
 Argentine Primera statistics at Futbol XXI
 Lanus Player Profile

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Chacarita Juniors footballers
Club Atlético Atlanta footballers
Peñarol players
Racing de Olavarría footballers
Unión de Mar del Plata footballers
Club Atlético Los Andes footballers
Deportivo Morón footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Ecuadorian Serie A players
Primera Nacional players
Uruguayan Primera División players
Primera B Metropolitana players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Ecuador
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador
Expatriate men's footballers in Uruguay


Diego Lagos (born 5 March 1986 in Mar del Plata) is an Argentine football midfielder. He currently plays for Colón in the Argentine Primera División.

Titles

External links
 Argentine Primera statistics
 Diego Lagos at Soccerway

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Mar del Plata
Argentine men's footballers
Argentina men's youth international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Argentine Primera División players
Liga MX players
Club Atlético Colón footballers
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba footballers
Rosario Central footballers
Club Universidad Nacional footballers
Club Atlético Aldosivi footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico


Charvet Place Vendôme (), or simply Charvet, is a French high-end shirt maker and tailor located at 28 Place Vendôme in Paris. It designs, produces and sells bespoke and ready-to-wear shirts, neckties, blouses, pyjamas and suits, in the Paris store and internationally through luxury retailers.

The world's first ever shirt shop, Charvet was founded in 1838. Since the 19th century, it has supplied bespoke shirts and haberdashery to kings, princes and heads of state. It has acquired an international reputation for the high quality of its products, the level of its service and the wide range of its designs and colors. Thanks to the renown of its ties, charvet has become a generic name for a certain type of silk fabric used for ties.

History

Foundation

The store was founded in 1836 or in 1838 by Joseph-Christophe Charvet, known as Christofle Charvet (1809–1870).

His father Jean-Pierre, native of Strasbourg, had been "curator of the wardrobe" for Napoleon Bonaparte, a position created at the beginning of the Empire. The curator assisted the chamberlain or "master of the wardrobe", who supervised all aspects of the emperor's wardrobe – updating the inventories, placing orders, paying bills, and establishing regulations. This position was initially held, between 1804 and 1811 by count Augustin de Rémusat. When it appeared in 1811 Rémusat was mismanaging the wardrobe, an inventory was requested to Jean-Pierre Charvet, and Rémusat was replaced by count Henri de Turenne d'Aynac. Christofle's uncle, Étienne Charvet, was the steward of the château de Malmaison and later of the château de Saint Cloud. Étienne Charvet's daughter Louise Caroline Catherine (1791–1861), Christofle's first cousin, married at the age of 14 Constant, Napoleon's head valet. The marriage was arranged by Napoleon himself, who signed the marriage contract. She became in 1813 a linen keeper at the château de Saint Cloud, therefore responsible for making the imperial shirts. Her portrait (Figure, right) was bequested to the Malmaison museum in 1929 by Édouard Charvet. Constant and his wife Louise did not to follow Napoleon in his exile to Elba, an "enormous mistake" according to Christofle's father.  Instead, they moved to Elbeuf and invested in a weaving factory, created by Louise's brother Jean-Pierre and specialized in novelty fabrics for trousers and lady coats.

Christofle Charvet created the first shirtmaker store in Paris, for which the new term chemisier (shirtmaker) was coined. Previously, shirts were generally made by linen keepers with fabric provided by the customer, but in this store of a new kind, clients were measured, fabric selected and shirts made on site. The development of this specialty trade was favored by a change in men's fashion, with more importance given to the waistcoat and the shirt collar, which called for more propositions for the shirt front and a technical change. Previously, shirts were cut by linen keepers entirely of rectangles and squares. There were no shaping seams and no need for shirt patterns. The new interest for a closer fitting shirt led to curving the armhole and neckline or adding a shoulder yoke, by application to the shirt of tailoring techniques. The new kind of shirt was called chemise à pièce (yoked shirt). Alan Flusser credits Christofle Charvet with the original design of a collar that could be turned down or folded, much in the manner of contemporary collars, and the concept of the detachable collar.

In 1839, Charvet already had some imitators, but still the "best supply". The same year, Charvet held the title of official shirtmaker to the Jockey Club, a very exclusive Parisian circle, then headed by Prince Napoléon Joseph Ney and inspired by Count Alfred d'Orsay, a famous French dandy. It had about 250 members, mostly aristocrats, who, despite the name of their club, were more interested in elegance than horses. Being a member was a necessary step in order to become a lion, the term used then for a dandy. In an advertisement of March 1839, Charvet, presenting himself as the Club's shirtmaker, claimed to offer "elegance,  perfection, moderate prices". Soon after, the claim to moderate prices was dropped (see images, right).

Joseph-Édouard Charvet, known as Édouard Charvet, (1842–1928) succeeded his father Christofle in 1868. He in turn was joined in the early 20th century by his three sons, Étienne, Raymond and Paul.

Location

The store was initially located on the rue de Richelieu, at n° 103 and later at n° 93.

It moved to n° 25, place Vendôme in 1877. This move reflected a shift in the center of the Parisian high society and the growing importance for fashion of both rue de la Paix, where the house of Worth had opened in 1858, and the palais Garnier against the Théâtre Italien, closer to Charvet's original location. Though Charvet began to offer women's blouses and men's suits in its new store, men's shirts remained the house's specialty. An American journalist, visiting the store in 1909, reported "there were shirts of every variety and almost every color [,] artistic enough to make one long for them all, and each and every one most beautifully made." The store was noted for its displays, compared in 1906 to Loie Fuller performances, and Charvet paid an "immense salary" to the window decorator, who displayed "each day a new series", producing "veritable works of art in his harmonious combinations of scarves and handkerchiefs and hosiery".

In 1921, the store moved to n° 8, place Vendôme.

In 1982, it moved to its current location, at n° 28.

Charvet remains the oldest shop on place Vendôme, which explains both the inclusion of the location into the firm's name, and the use as a logo of the sun device, designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart to ornate the handrails of the balconies of the Place, which was built in honor of Louis XIV, the Sun King.

International recognition

In 1855 Charvet exhibited shirts and drawers at the Paris World's fair. The jury noted that Parisian shirt makers had an "unquestionable supremacy". Again, at the next Paris World's fair, Charvet exhibited shirts, drawers, vests and handkerchieves and the Jury noted luxury shirts were a Parisian "monopoly". When the  king-to-be Edward VII visited the fair, he ordered Parisian shirts, as many other foreign visitors did,  and remained a loyal customer of Charvet, "honoring him during forty years with a special kindness" (See List of Charvet customers). Charvet created for the prince of Wales a certain style of shirt collar, the stand-up turn-down collar, also referred to as the H.R.H. collar, which became very popular at the end of the 19th century (Figure, right).

In 1863, Charvet was considered the first producer of fine shirts in Paris, claiming superiority "for taste and for elegance" on cuffs, bib and fit. Charvet's store was a "very important" destination for English visitors in Paris. In the following years, Charvet developed its specialization in royal trousseaux. In 1878, he won a silver medal at the World Fair and a gold medal at the 1889 Paris World's fair, for which the Eiffel tower was built. When it won the latter, the jury noted: "Fine shirts remain the property and glory of Paris. To be convinced of it, it is sufficient to give a look to the displays of the companies specialized in royal haberdashery". Other royal patrons confirmed this princely speciality of Charvet, such as Alfonso XII of Spain (1878), Antoine, duke of Montpensier (1879), Philippe, comte de Paris (1893), and sultan Abdul Hamid II (See List of Charvet customers).

The clientele of Charvet also included artists such as Charles Baudelaire, who gave a metaphysical dimension to dandyism, George Sand, whose lover Alfred de Musset never succeeded to become a member of the Jockey Club, Édouard Manet, nicknamed the "dandy of painting" or Jacques Offenbach, composer of La Vie Parisienne. In 1893, when he tried to enter the , Verlaine had himself photographed wearing a "very beautiful Charvet scarf" (Figure, left). Allegedly, a gift of 100,000 francs to "the greatest poet of our time, Verlaine", was the stake of a bet between Edmond de Polignac and Robert de Montesquiou. Having lost the bet, Montesquiou "naturally kept the 100,000 francs but gave Verlaine a very beautiful scarf". Upon hearing the story, Polignac cut all relations with Montesquiou. Nevertheless, some other writers consider this story as a legend circulated by Montesquiou himself, as no document establishes the existence of this bet and Montesquiou was almost the only one in the elegant and cultured world to care for Verlaine.

In 1894, an administrative report praised Charvet for constantly seeking high-novelty and setting the trend for other Parisian shirtmakers, having irreproachable manufacturing standards, and successfully enticing French factories to produce the raw materials traditionally supplied by England.

After his 1897 portrait by Giovanni Boldini, Montesquiou's dandyism became famous and made him a frequent subject of caricatures. In 1903, a French satirical magazine illustrated by a caricature from Sem to which Marcel Proust alluded in a letter to Montesquiou, had Montesquiou saying: "Nobody in the world ever saw such things! Pinks, blues, lilacs, in silk, and in cobweb! Charvet is the greatest artist in the Creation." In a letter to Montesquiou, alludes to the caricature by Sem of Montesquiou examining products at Charvet (Figure, right).

In 1905, Charvet, then also established in London, at 45 New Bond St, and "rumored" to be contemplating an establishment in New York,  was considered the "foremost haberdashery of Paris and London". Its customers included not only royalty, such as Alfonso XIII of Spain (warrant granted in 1913); Edward VIII, duke of Windsor; the French president Paul Deschanel, noted for his elegant Charvet cravats; but also members of the high society gravitating around dandies such as Robert de Montesquiou and Evander Berry Wall, or artists as Jean Cocteau, who called Charvet "magic" and wrote that it is "where the rainbow finds ideas", and his friend Sergei Diaghilev. According to Proust, whose shirts, ties and waistcoats were from Charvet, maybe by imitation of Montesquiou, the latter was "the sign of a certain world, of a certain elegance". Proust also spent long moments at Charvet in search of a perfect tone for his cravats, such as a "creamy pink". His tank tops (marcel in French) also came from Charvet. In his Remembrance of Things Past (1919), Marcel, the narrator, waiting for the appointed hour of his lunch engagement at Swann's house, whiles away his time "tightening from time to time the knot of [his] magnificent Charvet tie". In 1908, Charvet won a Grand Prix at the London Exhibition.

 In 1901, Charvet opened a laundry at 3, rue des Capucines, next to his store, considered by some to be the first established in Paris, a fact which later led some others to assume Charvet's laundry business had predated shirtmaking. It was advertised as applying Pasteur's and Grancher's principles. In 1903, Charvet moved his "model laundry", to the place du Marché Saint Honoré, on premises belonging to the city of Paris, which specially authorized him in view of an innovative ozone-based process, then licensed to the Parisian hospitals. The soiled clothes, picked up at the customer's house by "special cars", were disinfected and bleached with ozone, then placed in a revolving drum worked by electricity and soaked in a diastatic solution, in order to remove the starch and make the linen whiter, subsequently washed in soap and water, afterwards in a solution of ammonia to remove the soap, then whitened, starched, calendered and hand ironed. The process was considered a model both for the quality of the output and for the care taken of the health of the workers. A "surprising" amount of laundry was sent over by British customers. Like many other foreign customers, William Stewart Halsted and William H. Welch regularly sent their shirts to be laundered to Charvet in Paris. Promotional stamps were produced for this laundry business and became collectible. In 1906, a branch of the laundry was opened at 1, rue du Colisée, near the Champs-Élysées. During World War I, Charvet significantly reduced the price of its laundry services to keep sufficient work for all his employees. Towards the end of the war, the shortage of coal severely hit Charvet's laundry activity. The "model laundry" of place du marché Saint Honoré was discontinued in 1933 when the place was restructured.

Charvet shirts were imported into the United States as early as 1853 (See figure right). By 1860, Charvet's shirts turnover was equally divided between luxury bespoke shirts sold in the Paris store and ready made shirts for export, particularly to Russia, Great-Britain and Havana. Also, following the custom of the time, designs and models were sold to American stores, to be locally reproduced. In the 1920s, Charvet's name was associated in the United States with linen fabrics in "startingly floreated" patterns, used for shirt bibs and cuffs. Nevertheless, into the middle of the 20th century, Charvet was selling only bespoke shirts in the Paris store.

In 1908, Charvet was the first European company to import American suits hand tailored in Chicago.

The name Charvet was so well known that it became associated with a certain silk fabric for ties (See Charvet (fabric)). Charvet's notability also extended to other items of clothing, such as shirts, shirtings, ties, gloves, dress suits, waistcoats (see image, left), undergarments, pocketchieves, and women's waistbands or shirtwaists (See figures left), worn with special models of ties for ladies, such as one called le juge modeled after a judge's lappets. The Chicago Tribune reported in 1909 that Charvet was showing "scarf pins that match in color any scarf that may be bought and some have the same designs carried out in them done in enamel. There are also waistcoasts buttons to be worn with certain ties and there are sets of these, cufflinks, and pins, all of which exactly match". Charvet also supplied silk bed-sheets in colours such as black, green, mauve or violet.

In the early 20th century, Charvet launched a toilet water, in a rectangular beveled bottle. One of the customers for this perfume was Boy Capel, Coco Chanel's lover. In 1921, two years after his accidental death, the flacon of Chanel's famous Nº 5 perfume was produced in the image of the Charvet bottle.

Like many European companies, Charvet was greatly affected by World War I: "our looms have been destroyed, our collections pillaged, our printing blocks burned". Nevertheless, it continued to send representatives to the United States to show collections of novelties.

Art Deco period

After 1912, with the development of the Art Deco style, Charvet, along with fashion designer Paul Poiret, started to commission art work from the French painter Raoul Dufy, the "granddaddy of modem chic", through the French weaver Bianchini-Férier. Some of the first were related to the war, such as Les Alliés or the Victory Rooster (Figure, left). This was followed by more silk squares, woven silk fabrics for vests, and printed ramie fabrics for dressing gowns and shirts. Some famous customers of the period were fashion designer Coco Chanel and the Maharadjah of Patiala who once placed a single order of 86 dozen shirts.

In the late 1920s, Charvet was considered to produce "the finest cravats in the world", with either conservative designs or "decidedly original" patterns, such as postage-stamps (See below) or much more "modernist" patterns. At an exhibition called "L'art de la soie" held at the Musée Galliera in Paris in 1927, Charvet presented dressing gowns and neckties in matching patterns, together with pyjamas, shirts and handherchieves. The company developed a practice of sending merchandises to its customers for approval, allowing them to select some or none and return the rest, subsequently referred to as the Charvet method. It conceived a range of free-form bold printed tie patterns which gained wide popularity in the USA. "Its chic was in their unfussy, nonchalant bearing. To the delight of their many admirers, the Charvets' open settings facilitated blending with all kind of fancy suits ... The original Charvet prints became the first, and regrettably almost the last, bold figured necktie to symbolize upper-class taste". Some such bold Charvet Art Deco ties which had belonged to John Ringling are on display at the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art. These patterns, for which charvet became a generic name, "foreshadowed" the colorful designs which became popular after the war. The company also produced beach linen robes with patterns up to two feet in diameter.

In the 1930s, some window displays were made by painters as André Derain or Maurice de Vlaminck.

Colban's takeover

When in 1965 the Charvet heirs sought to sell the firm, they were contacted by an American buyer. The French government, knowing Charvet had been for a long time General de Gaulle's shirtmaker, grew concerned. The French Ministry of Industry instructed Denis Colban, Charvet's main supplier, to locate a French buyer. Rather than approaching investors he decided to purchase the company himself.

Until then, Charvet was operated in much the same way as it had been since its foundation: a customer was shown only what he requested, in most cases something fairly conservative. After Mr. Colban bought the firm, things changed. The change started when Baron Rothschild came into the store and asked to see some shirting fabrics, one of which was pink. When M. Colban, following previous Charvet practice, advised against the color, the Baron retorted, "If not for me, who is it for?" Some time later, Nelson Rockefeller requested some shirt swatches be sent to New York. Bold stripes and unusual colors were sent and eventually selected. Colban had changed Charvet's policies as well as its role in the design process with the customer. A wide range of products was put on display, transforming the store in a "veritable casbah" of colors and "almost edible" fabrics. Colban also brought significant changes to the aspect of the store, having all the venerable furniture varnished in black. He created new lines of products and started ready-to-wear finely made shirts for men and women. A few years after, he was one of the first of many famous European shops and designers to sell ready-to-wear shirts, ties and accessories to Bergdorf Goodman. However, even while developing these new pre-made lines of products, Colban always insisted on the bespoke aspect of the firm as its core identity. He emphasised that "the essential hardest of all to accomplish in today's world of quick and easy pseudo solutions, is an atmosphere of 'yes' to the customer and, even more, a respect for that commitment", re-iterating the focus of Charvet on its bespoke business.

Colban refused numerous offers to sell the company, maintaining the single store in Paris and continuing the house as a family business. After his death in 1994, the company has been managed by his two children, Anne-Marie and Jean-Claude.

Charvet today
Of the five most prominent French shirtmakers of the 20th century—Bouvin, Charvet, Poirier, Seelio, and Seymous—all but Charvet have closed. It is also the only remaining shirtmaker on Place Vendôme.

The goal of the company is to give its customers the option to custom order or customize everything it sells, from neckwear (including bow ties) to underwear, with "the idea that a garment that carries a personal stamp exceeds any other form of luxury".  Bolts of fabric on display throughout the store can be held against oneself to see how they really look. Charvet creates exclusive fabrics for all its collections and prides itself of going a long way to satisfy customers, remaking on request ties purchased years earlier or changing a shirt's frayed collar and cuffs.

Store

The store is located in one of the hôtels particuliers of Place Vendôme, Number 28. This building has a three-story Jules Hardouin Mansart facade, behind which Charvet occupies seven floors, each owner on the Place having built to his own needs. This is the only store directly operated by Charvet.

Per Denis Colban's merchandising ideas, the ground floor offers a contrast between the formality of the setting and the seemingly informal abundance of silk accessories, from ties to scarves to the "signature" silk passementerie-knot cufflinks invented here. Each necktie comes in at least two dozen colorways and new designs arrive each week.

Ready-to-wear shirts and at-home clothing are displayed on the fourth floor, ready-to-wear blouses on the second floor, and children's shirts on the first floor, but the third floor is dedicated to bespoke shirtmaking. This "centre of the universe for shirt aficionados" could be the largest selection of fine shirtings in the world, with over 6,000 different fabrics, including a "legendary" Mur des Blancs (Wall of Whites) of four hundred different white fabrics in 104 shades of white and another of two hundred solid blues. Customers can "debate not just the shade of white, not just the choice of cuff, not just the angle, depth and proportion of the collar, but also the infinitesimal differences in the weight of the interlining in collar and cuff and how this can and should be varied between formal, semi-formal and casual shirts". The richly colored and unique" fabrics are presented in full bolts, not on swatch cards. Most of them are designed in-house by Charvet, for its own exclusive use  and woven from specially chosen Gossypium barbadense cotton from the Nile delta. About a thousand new patterns are introduced each year, all of them registered. The Charvet stripes are often multicolored, asymmetric, thinner than English stripes, softer and subtler in the matching of shades.

Men's custom tailoring is on the sixth floor, which has the atmosphere of a men's club. Some 4,500 bolts of fabric are on display there, and the walls are hung with 1960s' fashion illustrations of Dean Martin look-alikes drawn by Jean Choiselat.

Products

Shirts

The "unique" care for precision and symmetry expresses French classicism and is, according to Marie-Claude Siccard, a paradigm of the care for quality in luxury products. In particular, a lot of attention is given to the regularity of stitches and the matching of patterns. On a typical striped ready-to-wear shirt and unlike most other makes, the placket is matched with the front, the face of the collar with the bottom, the collar stripes line up with the yoke stripes, the yoke stripes with the sleeve stripes, the sleeve stripes with the sleeve placket stripes, and finally the shade of yarn used for the buttonholes is matched to the stripe, the whole process creating the feeling the shirt is all one piece.  The yoke is one-piece and curved to follow the back. The left cuff is made one-quarter inch longer than the right to allow for the watch. The allowance is lower for made-to-order shirts. The cuff is made more or less wide, depending if the customer wants his watch to remain hidden under the cuff or to show. According to a Charvet representative, many customers have two different types of shirts: those for evening wear, intended to be worn with a flat watch, and the others for day wear, with a thicker watch. For men, shirt tails are square and vented for a clean look. For women, they are rounded, with a signature side-seam gusset. The collar is very clean-cut, made from six layers of unfused cloth for a dressy, yet not stiff, appearance.  Instead, a free floating stiffener aims to provide more comfort and a better shape. The stitching on a standard collar is four millimeters from the edge. The stitching of the top and the edges are precise and well-planned. The shirts are stitched with twin rows of single-needle tailoring, sewn one row at a time for minimum puckering and maximum fit. There are twenty stitches per inch. Buttons are made from Australian mother-of-pearl, cut from the surface of the oyster shell for added strength and greater color clarity. For formal shirts, bibs are hand pleated. Though its traditional ready-to-wear shirts are trim, the company has also introduced in 2009 a "slim fit" line.

The care involved in the process of making a bespoke shirt is, according to Lara Marlowe, an expression of French perfectionism. It requires a minimum of 28 measurements and an initial version made in basic cotton. The fit is "full and snug at the same time". The minimum order is one shirt. There are only fifty shirt-makers working in the Saint-Gaultier atelier and only one person works on a shirt at a time, whether custom or ready-to-wear,doing everything except for the buttonholes and pressing the shirt. Each shirt takes thirty days to complete.

Pyjamas

The jacket is made of 14 pieces and the pants of 5. As for the shirts, patterns are matched throughout; depending on the pattern complexity, the production time is between 7 and 9 hours. Charvet pyjamas are, according to François Simon, a cult object.

Neckwear

Charvet ties, ranked as the best designer's ties in the US, are handmade, generally from a thick multicolor brocade silk, of a high yarn count, often enhanced by the addition of a hidden color, producing a dense fabric which goes through a proprietary finishing to acquire lustre, fluidity and resilience and achieve the right knot. The company develops its own exclusive patterns and colors. It creates about 8,000 models per year, Jacquard woven on exclusive commission, with silk either alone or mixed with other precious yarns, such as cashmere,  camel hair, bamboo yarn or covered with laminated precious metals, such as silver, gold or platinum, with techniques dating back to the 14th century when the popes were based in Avignon, which were also used in the 1920s for vests. Further to a long history of brocade patterns, first used in the 19th century for vests and then for ties, Charvet offers, according to Bernhard Roetzel, the largest range of woven silk neckties in the world. The ties collection, sometime "unmistakably bold" or "witty [and] wicked", often noted for its shimmer and changing colors (Charvet ties' shimmer "has become so synonymous with the company that we call it the Charvet effect", says a retailer.)

Ties are made from three pieces of silk material cut at a 45-degree angle. They are sewn entirely by hand before being hand folded into shape. Sevenfold ties are available on order. Until the 1960s, nearly all Charvet ties were sevenfold. The company then decided an interlining could bring an improvement, helping protect the shape despite the pulling, and designed a proprietary interlining "which helps the silk keep its resilience and spring, but is not an obstruction when you tie a knot".

The company produced a range of political ties for the 2008 American presidential campaign.

During the 1950s, it invented a special style of bow tie, a cross between a batwing and a butterfly, for the Duke of Windsor, now referred to as the "Charvet cut".

The eponymous style n° 30 of the book on the 188 styles of tie knots is a three layered bow-tie worn by a woman, the constitutive ribbons being stitched together behind the neck.

Literary allusions and brand image

References to Charvet in modern British or North American fiction illustrate the brand's identity: they help describe socially a character by its external appearance, such as elegance, nobility, wealth or occupation. Examples of Charvet's "brand emotion" are literary allusions where the reference to the brand denotes a character's taste or some of his psychological traits such as cheerfulness, detachment, eccentricity, decadence or mischief.

Clients

Modern customers include French presidents François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac, American presidents John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan, French actors Catherine Deneuve and Philippe Noiret, American movie stars Sofia Coppola and Bruce Willis, fashion designers Yves Saint Laurent and Jasper Conran. (See also: List of Charvet customers.).

For various reasons, some customers, such as Charles Haughey or Bernard-Henri Lévy, "became synonymous with Charvet".

Notes

Sources

External links

 Ascot at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Robe at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Clothing companies of France
French fashion designers
Companies based in Paris
High fashion brands
Clothing brands of France
Fashion accessory brands
Companies established in 1838
Privately held companies of France
History of clothing (Western fashion)
1830s fashion
British royal warrant holders
Spanish Royal Warrant holders
French fashion
1838 establishments in France


L'Étoile (; Picard: L'Étoèle) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D216 road, on the banks of the river Somme, some  northwest of Amiens.

Population

Places of interest
The Benedictine abbey : Abbaye de Moreaucourt

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 L'Étoile on the Quid website
 Personal site about L’Étoile by Ghislain Lancel

Communes of Somme (department)


Roberto Marcos Dovetta (born 24 April 1988 in Santa Fe) is an Argentine football striker. He plays for Libertad.

Career
Dovetta made his professional debut for Lanús in a 5-0 home win against Olimpo de Bahía Blanca on 3 July 2005 aged 17. He made sporadic appearances for the team until 2010 when he was loaned out to 2nd division side Ferro Carril Oeste. However, due to the team's economic difficulties, the transfer did not go through. Dovetta ended up signing with CD Leganés in the Segunda División B of Spain.

References

External links
 Argentine Primera statistics at Futbol XXI

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Santa Fe, Argentina
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Ferro Carril Oeste footballers
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Unión de Mar del Plata footballers
Curicó Unido footballers
Primera B de Chile players
Argentine Primera División players
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain


Aeronautical Development Establishment is a laboratory of India's Defence Research and Development Organisation. Located in Bangalore, its primary function is research and development in the field of military aviation.

Recent successful projects include Lakshya (an aerial target), Nishant (a reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle), Nirbhay(a subsonic cruise missile), flight simulators for (LCA, Ajit, Kiran, Mig-21) and avionics packages for Tejas-LCA (display and FCC). It earlier worked on Sparrow (mini-uav) and Ulka (aerial target).

Shri Y Dilip, Outstanding Scientist is Director of Aeronautical Development Establishment since 01st January 2022.

History
Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) was established in January 1959 at High Grounds, Bangalore.

Technology divisions

References

External links

Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories
Research institutes in Bangalore
1959 establishments in Mysore State
Research institutes established in 1959


Carlos Arce (born 4 February 1985, in Lanús) is an Argentine football defender. He currently plays for Club Atlético Lanús in Argentina.

External links
 Argentine Primera statistics

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Lanús
Argentine people of Basque descent
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Argentine Primera División players
Club Atlético Lanús footballers


Monster of the Andes may refer to:

 Daniel Barbosa, a mass murderer (also known as "Beast of the Andes")
 Pedro López, a reputed mass murderer


The Yamaha FZ750 is a sports motorcycle produced by Yamaha Motor Corporation between 1985 and 1991. The FZ750 is notable for several reasons, perhaps the most radical being the 5-valve cylinder head with a radial arrangement. This became something of a Yamaha trademark. The FZ750 would be the first bike in the Genesis design concept.

The bikes were known for their linear power delivery, with a maximum speed around 140 mph. The engine has a forward-inclined cylinder block which effectively lowers the centre of gravity. This results in a relatively long wheelbase, which hampered it when used for short circuit racing, but lowered the centre of gravity and provided an almost 50/50 weight distribution. What was clear was that Yamaha had considered the engine design as part of the overall package. The FZ750 show-cased Yamaha's design skills.

Development
Yamaha began development in 1977 to replace the highly successful but then limited future two stroke motorcycles. Given a design brief that the engine (in race configuration) should develop at least the same power as the two stroke TZ750. The FZ750 would be the first motorcycle in what would become the Genesis concept where the advanced liquid-cooled multi-valve engine and perimeter type steel chassis would be designed to function together to provide enhanced power and handling. The Genesis concept would go on to form the basis for many future models by Yamaha.

The FZ750 was unveiled at the IFMA motorcycle show in Germany in the autumn of 1984. And 1991 would be the last year the machine would be listed.

Design

Engine
The FZ750 uses an all-aluminium, liquid-cooled, transverse-mounted, four-cylinder engine. The complex cylinder head is constructed in two halves, with dual chain-driven overhead camshafts operating 20 valves, 3 inlet and 2 exhaust valves per cylinder. Although disputed in recent years, it was argued that for a given lift, the 3 inlet valves flowed more effectively than conventional twin inlet valves. What was indisputable was that their light weight allowed for faster opening speeds, and softer valve springs, all contributing to theoretical increases in engine speed and thus power outputs. Valve clearances are adjusted with under-lifter shims.

The four 34 mm Mikuni constant-velocity downdraft carburettors are mounted in a bank behind and above the cylinders and feed each cylinder through short, straight and almost vertical inlet. The airbox is situated in what would conventionally be the forward part of the fuel tank. The fuel tank is situated behind and below the carburetors and fuel is lifted via an electric fuel pump. The four exhaust downpipes are crossover linked by cylinders 1-4 and 2-3 and exit through two silencers.

The crankshaft is geared directly to the clutch.  No counter balancer shaft is used. The engine width is minimised by placing the starter clutch, alternator, water and oil pump behind the engine and are driven via a secondary shaft. Starting is by electric and lubrication is wet sump using a trochoid pump.

Transmission
The FZ750 uses a six-speed sequential close ratio gearbox; the gear shafts are only removable by splitting the crankcase halves. The clutch is of the wet, multi-plate type and is hydraulically operated. Final drive is by O-ring chain and sprockets. A safety feature of the FZ750 is that the engine ignition is cut if first gear is selected with the sidestand down; this is commonplace on modern motorcycles.

Chassis
The chassis was designed to facilitate the unique engine configuration. The frame of the FZ750 is manufactured from box-section steel and is of a perimeter type, with removable engine downtubes. The engine forms a stressed member of the chassis. The front fairing and upper rear section use separate sub-frames. The rear shock absorber which is remote adjustable for damping and spring preload is placed vertically behind the engine and connects to an extruded aluminium alloy swinging arm to provide a rising-rate suspension via two forged aluminium link arms. The  front wheel  is suspended by air and oil damped forks.

Electrical system
The FZ750 features a 12 volt electrical system and had for the time featured advanced user features such a side stand cutout, oil level sensing and self cancelling indicators.

The FZ750 was also fitted with an AC Alternator (automotive) and not a fixed magnet Dynamo Generator and therefore does not need the separate regulator/rectifier which was common on other machines. The starter motor is mounted behind the cylinder block and drives the secondary shaft via a Sprag clutch.

A variable-resistance gauging system is used to monitor engine oil contents with an associated warning light. NippondensoTransistor Controlled Ignition is used in conjunction with two ignition coils.  An electrical tachometer, (along with a mechanical Speedometer) fuel and temperature gauges are provided. An electrical reserve fuel system simulates a conventional fuel reserve by cutting power to the fuel pump when fuel in the tank reaches a certain level, reserve fuel could then be engaged from a switch. In this way the fuel pump never runs dry.

Where markets allowed a dual single unit headlight of 35w each was fitted but other markets required a single 55w headlight, that did not fit as well in the large rectangular opening. Self-cancelling indicators where fitted, which are distance controlled by a reed switch within the speedometer.

FZ750 Models
FZ750 models can be split into three distinct model series in accordance with the first letter of the model suffix:

Series 1 1985–1987 (1AE, 1FN, 1FM, 1KT, 1FU, 1FT, 1FT)

The definitive FZ and with short half fairing panels which displayed the forward inclined engine but covered the radiator sides gave the bike a very distinct styling. Very early models had an older style removable filler cap, large square indicators and ventilated discs brakes. Machines were fitted with twin headlight unit where the local market allowed. Japanese home market (1FM) had adjustable damping telescopic forks.

The later machines were fitted with an optional single seat hump (replacing the seat strap), aircraft-style filler cap, slimmer indicators, grab rail, Non ventilated discs and bellypan or a combination of all.  An optional full fairing was also available.

Series 2 1987–1989 (2MG, 2KT, 2FM, 2FJ)

A considerable redesign saw a slight weight loss and a move to make the machine arguably more suitable for sports touring. Most noticeable was new full fairing panels, new sidepanels and a redesigned rear subframe that had integrated number plate/rear light. The front indicators were moved to exit through the bodywork.

Minor engine changes included slightly shorter pistons and longer connecting rods. A new digital ignition unit that required only a single pickup over the previous twin pickups and repositioned ignition coils. A push-pull throttle twin throttle cable system was installed. A 4-2 exhaust was replaced with a much lighter 4-1 system.

A side stand cutout was now provided on the redesigned sidestand. The rear suspension was altered to a forged steel 'dogbones' with an aluminum rocker, replacing the forged twin link type, this resulted in deletion of the centre stand. The remote adjuster for the rear shock was also deleted. The rear footpegs were now separate items with cast aluminum hangers and the machines now sported a red or blue 'speedblock' color scheme.

Series 3 1989–1995 (3BY, 3KS)
Only minor changes, which included a more subdued color schemes. New front brake discs up from 270mm to 300mm floating type, along with 4 piston calipers. The front wheel was now 17" and a slightly wider rear rim made the bike suitable for the latest radial tires and both wheels were a hollow spoke design.

In the United Kingdom and possibly other markets, some unsold 2MG bikes were brought up to series 3 standard, many were not registered until 1989 or later, but still carried the 2MG suffix.  The 3BY models destined for Switzerland where restricted to 100hp.

Other FZ750 Models

FZ700
This model was officially sold only in the United States. A slightly reduced stroke of 48mm gave the FZ700 2KU a capacity of 697cc in order to beat the United States 1983 motorcycle tariff on motorcycles over 700cc. Despite being outwardly similar to any other series 2 machine, the engine had more in common with the FZR750 with lightweight pistons and connecting rods.

FZX750
The sales success of the Yamaha VMAX led to a cruiser version of the FZ750 with a slightly detuned engine, as the Yamaha FZX750.

FZ750P
In 1987 Yamaha took advantage of the high performance and good stability of the FZ750 to release a police model FZ750P 2KW. Using a mixture of parts from previous Yamaha and FZ750 models the machine had a single seat and provision for police equipment, including a calibrated Speedometer. Some machines were imported to Taiwan to be used for escort duties after retirement from the Japanese Police Force.

FZ750 OU45 Factory Racer

Designed for competition in the AMA Superbike Championship  Daytona 200, this machine was based on the FZ750 production model. With the transfer of the AMA Daytona 200 title from the Formula 1 class to the Superbike class in 1985, this machine recorded its 14th win ridden by Eddie Lawson in the 1986 Daytona 200. The bike contained many exotic parts such as a cable operated clutch, performance camshafts, dry clutch and oil cooler. Many of these parts found their way into the sought after factory race kit and onto the later FZR750/1000. Maximum power was somewhere in the region 95.6kW (130PS).

FZ7R50 OW74 Full Factory Endurance Racer

An endurance race spec TT-F1 factory machine based on the FZ750 production sports model. The engine featured a modified forward inclination of the cylinders from 45° to 35° to accommodate the shortened wheelbase and the adoption of the ram air intake system. A specially designed aluminum Deltabox frame related to the Yamaha YZR500 was fitted. These features would soon appear on the 1987 Yamaha FZR750/1000. In the 1985 Suzuka 8 hours Endurance Race, Kenny Roberts and Tadahiko Taira came close to winning but retired because of mechanical trouble in the final phase of the race.

Museum examples
An example of a FZ750 1FN is preserved at the Barber Motorsports Park Museum. An example of a FZ750 1FN, the Daytona 200 winning works FZ750 OU45 and works endurance FZR750 OW74 are preserved at the Yamaha Communications Plaza.

Motorsport
The FZ750 had a successful racing career Unusually at all levels of the sport from Clubman racing to full works International series. The bike still remains popular in the hands of privateers and is eligible for the Superstock racing class around the world. A factory Race Kit containing performance engine parts was made available.

Placed third in the Isle of Man TT Formula 1 race in 1985.

Placed first in the Castrol Six Hour and Arai 500 Bathurst in 1985 and 1986.

Placed first in the Castrol Six Hour (New Zealand) and the Daytona 200 in 1986

Placed first in the Superstock class of the North West 200 in 1987.

The FZ750 engine mounted in a Bimota chassis as the Bimota SB4 placed first in the inaugural Superbike World Championship round in 1987.

Guinness World Records
In 1986 three Italian riders Norberto Naummi, Roberto Ghillani and Maurizio Foppiani attempted to break the non-stop endurance record which had been set by an Australian team nine years earlier. Ridden from 16th August to the 8th September the FZ750 was always in motion even during refueling, tyre and the rider changes; which were conducted by a special vehicle that had been set up with special side brackets to hold the bike. The first record at a mileage of 10,000 kilometers was broken on the 27th August beating the previous record comfortably, at more than double the previous average speed.

A blown main fuse on the 8th September put an end to the attempt to further the record after 560 hours and 30370km, at which point the FZ750 had run for continually for 23 days.

See also
List of Yamaha motorcycles

References

FZ750
Sport bikes
Motorcycles introduced in 1985


Don Carlo Emanuele Maria (Carlos Manuel María) Ruspoli, Duke of Morignano (born 29 October 1949) is a nobleman and architect. Firstborn son of Galeazzo Maria Alvise Emanuele Ruspoli, 2nd Duke of Morignano and first wife Doña María Elisa Soler y Borghi (San Salvador, 25 June 1926 – Madrid, 15 November 2016), of the Marquises of Rabell. He is Doctor of Architecture of the University of Rome, writer, anthropologist and researcher.

Marriage and child

He married at Church of Our Lady of Peace in La Puebla de Montalbán, near Toledo, Toledo Province, 11 October 1975 Doña María de Gracia de Solís-Beaumont y Téllez-Girón, Lasso de la Vega y Duque de Estrada (Madrid, 12 March 1957 – Madrid, 20 February 2021), Grandee of Spain, 19th Duchess of Plasencia (22 February 1974), of the Dukes of Osuna and Gandía also Spanish Red Cross nurse and restorer, by whom he had an only daughter:

 Donna María de Gracia Giacinta Ruspoli y Solís-Beaumont, Soler y Téllez-Girón dei Principi Ruspoli (Madrid, 16 June 1977 –), 16th Marquesa del Villar de Grajanejos (Order of 1 December 1995 by cedance of her mother and Letter of 25 December 1995), and Nobile di Viterbo. She married, 28 November 2009 Don Javier Isidro González de Gregorio y Molina (Madrid, 7 November 1971 –), of the Condes de La Puebla de Valverde. She is an MBA and her husband is a Doctor of Laws, Bachelor of Law and Executive MBA. They had two daughters, Doña María de Gracia y Doña Blanca Micaela González de Gregorio y Ruspoli.

Notable published works

 "Retratos. Anécdotas y secretos de los linajes Borja, Téllez-Girón, Marescotti y Ruspoli" (2011).
 "Asesinato en el Letrán (2012).  &
 "El Confaloniero" (2012).  &
 "El Profeso. Una epopeya de un héroe en la Edad Media" (2012).  &
 "El Profeso en Tíbet" (2012).  &
 "Muerte de Profesos" (2012).  &
 "Orientalia. Antropología, cultura, religión, historia y leyendas de Oriente" (2012).  &
 "El Profeso y la Monja" (2013). ASIN B00DVRJRBC
 "El Profeso y el Diablo" (2013). ASIN B00DWGUCPC
 "El Profeso y el Emperador" (2013). ASIN B00DW6NLPK
 "El Profeso y el Grial" (2013). ASIN B00DWH1B4C
 "La Hija del Profeso" (2013). Winner of the Sial Pigmalión International Literary Award (2013). ASIN B00DW6TADW
 "Los Bellegarde de Saint-Lary" (2013). ASIN B00DWWOO50
 "El Profeso y el Opio" (2014).
 "El Profeso y la Masonería" (2015).
 "El Profeso y la Parapsicología" (2015). Winner of the Rubén Darío International Literary Award (2015).
 "La Hija del Profeso" (2016).
 "La Duquesa de Plasencia. Historia de un gran amor" (2022).

Decorations

  Knight of Honour and Devotion in Obedience of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
  Knight Grand Cross Pro Merito Melitensi [Civilian Class] of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
  Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George (1990).
  Knight Commander of the Pontifical Equestrian Order of Saint Gregory the Great (04/06/2004).
  Officer's Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic.
  Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (14 March 2005).

Cultural and charitable interests

 Academic Numerary of the Spanish Melitense Academy of the Order of Malta.
 Contributor to the Matritense Royal Academy of Heraldry and Genealogy.
 National Association of the Order of Malta of El Salvador.
 Foundation for Sustainable Development.
 New Future Association.
 Religious brotherhoods and associations in Seville and Espejo.

Ancestry

Notes

External links

Carlo Emanuele Ruspoli on a genealogical site
Google Site of Carlo Emanuele Ruspoli
Blogspot of Carlo Emanuele Ruspoli
Books of Carlo Emanuele Ruspoli

See also

Ruspoli.

1949 births
Living people
Carlo
Dukes in Italy
Nobility from Rome
Italian Roman Catholics
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Knights Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great
20th-century Italian architects
21st-century Italian architects
21st-century Italian writers
21st-century Italian male writers
Architects from Rome


A multi-axle bus is a bus or coach that has more than the conventional two  axles (known as a twin-axle bus), usually three (known as a tri-axle bus), or more rarely, four (known as a quad-axle bus).  Extra axles are usually added for legal weight restriction reasons, or to accommodate different vehicle designs such as articulation, or rarely, to implement trailer buses.

History
An early example of a multi-axle bus was a one-off three-axle Crossley Condor, shown here, built for the 1932 Scottish Bus Show.

Reasons for multiple axles

Usually vehicle licensing authorities of different countries will set legal limits on the amount of weight that can be put on each axle.  In the UK, a recent  extension to the legal limit on the length of rigid buses and coaches has led to the increased use of three axles to accommodate the heavier chassis and passenger load.  Certain countries apply exceptions to vehicle rules for specific operations.

Extra axles may also be provided on shorter buses and coaches to accommodate extra equipment loads, such as passenger lifts, or comforts such as toilets, televisions, climate controls. In addition, in some cases the need is bus cargo transport, when large cargo compartments and heavy weight of cargo needs extra axles.

Adding axles to chassis designs is done for specific reasons such as weight or legalities, as having extra axles means extra costs for the operator in terms of tyre replacement, and to an extent, higher fuel consumption.

Rear axle steering
In some buses the rearmost axle is connected to the steering, with the rear most set steering in the opposite direction to the front axle.  This steering arrangement makes it possible for the longer triple axle buses to negotiate corners with greater ease than would otherwise be the case.

Rigid chassis

A bus with a single, rigid chassis, is known as a rigid bus, as opposed to an articulated or bi-articulated bus.

Tri-axle
Tri-axle rigid buses can either be tag-axle buses or twin steer buses.

A twin steer bus is a rare type of tri-axled bus; where the double axles are in the front and steer, as in the Bedford VAL or Bustech CDi.

By far the most common type of tri-axle rigid bus is the tag-axle bus with one axle at the front for steering, and two axles at the back; the main drive axle and a trailing non-drive axle.

Tri-axle double-decker buses are common in high capacity operating environments where articulated buses are not used, such as Hong Kong and Singapore.  Tri-axle buses also see high volume use in Dublin, Ireland.  Imported tri-axle buses were used initially by Megabus for high capacity low cost intercity travel in the UK.

Tri-axle double decker coaches have been used to accommodate the extra weight.  Models are also being introduced on high capacity inter-city routes, such as by the operator Megabus.

Quad-axle
The Neoplan Megaliner was the first quad axle double decker coach, and is used in Japan.  Further examples include the Scania K380IB 8x2.

Articulated chassis

Tri-axle is the standard arrangement of two part articulated buses.

Quad-axle arrangement is sometimes employed on articulated buses to accommodate the extra weight of coach bodies, such as in this quad axle articulated coach Volvo Articulated Coach, and the quad axle double deck articulated coach, the Neoplan Jumbocruiser.  Quad-axle arrangement is also the exclusive arrangement for three part bi-articulated buses.

A rare reason why a bus may have multiple axles is in the case of a trailer bus, where the bus passenger cabin is built as a body semi-trailer towed by a separate tractor unit.

See also

 BRTS
 Bus
 Coach (bus)
 List of buses
 Trailer bus

References

External links

Buses by type


Emir Faccioli (born 5 August 1989 in Margarita) is an Argentine footballer, who plays as a centre-back for Defensores de Belgrano in the Primera Nacional.

Career
He is known in South America as an up-and-coming player and has received positive comments from players such as Diego Maradona and Diego Simeone. He has also played for Argentine youth teams as a youngster.

In February 2010, Faccioli was strongly linked with Italian club Palermo, but in July he was loaned to Frosinone Calcio.

External links
 Argentine Primera statistics

1989 births
Living people
People from Vera Department
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Santa Fe Province
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Frosinone Calcio players
Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba footballers
Defensa y Justicia footballers
Club Atlético Colón footballers
Unión de Santa Fe footballers
All Boys footballers
Club Atlético Brown footballers
Club Deportivo Guabirá players
Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy footballers
Defensores de Belgrano footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Serie B players
Bolivian Primera División players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Bolivia
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Bolivia


Iván Macalik (born 14 September 1987) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a defender. He played in the Primera División for Lanús.

Career
Macalik began his playing career in 2005 with Ferro Carril Oeste of the Argentine 2nd division. In 2008, he was signed by Lanús but only made 4 first team appearances between 2008 and 2010. His only goal came in a 1-1 draw against Caracas F.C. in Copa Libertadores 2009.

References

External links
 Argentine Primera statistics

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Ferro Carril Oeste footballers
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
San Martín de San Juan footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile


Gueschart (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. It was the target of bombing raids during the Second World War aimed at destroying nearby V1 launch sites, whose foundations can still be seen on the south-west outskirts of the village, near the D938.

Geography
Gueschart is situated on the D938 road, a mile from the banks of the river Authie, the border with the Pas-de-Calais, some  northeast of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Manimal is a French death metal band from Toulouse, comprising members of Psykup, Leiden and Sailenth.  The band members define their music as a cross between Faith No More and Cannibal Corpse, and have subsequently called their musical style "Open Death", a more avant-garde and musically progressive subgenre when compared to the music of more classical death metal acts.

Biography
The band was formed in June 2003, and played together for a short time before recording their first demo, consisting of four tracks which would appear on their following album, Eros and Thanatos, which came out in 2004 and met with some success.  The band began their first national tour, returning to the studio after a year to record their second album, Succube, which was released at the end of 2005.

Both albums were recorded at Studio des Milans in Ondres, Landes the same recording studio used by Gojira. Joe from Gojira appeared as a guest vocalist on the track Dead Meat on Eros & Thanatos.

After seven years, the band came back with the Multiplicity album in 2012, which they announced would be their last: they plan to disband after their last shows of 2012 due to the departure of their guitarist and main composer David Castel. A fan page has been created to call him back in the band, called the Manimal Shepherd and referring to the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society association supported, among others, by the band Gojira.

Discography
 Eros & Thanatos (2004)
 Succube (2005)
 Multiplicity (2012)

References

External links
French-Metal.com review of all releases
Review of Eros & Thanatos and Succube

Musical groups from Occitania (administrative region)
Musical groups established in 2003


Yehezkel Lazarov (; born 8 February 1974) is an Israeli actor, director, and multidisciplinary artist. In 2022 he was elected to serve as the head of the school of Performing Arts at the Kibbutzim Seminary College.

Biography
As a child, Lazarov performed as a professional tap dancer in musicals. After graduating from the High School of Arts as a ballet dancer and serving as a singer in a military band, he danced with the Batsheva Dance Company for four years. He studied theater at the Actors’ Centre in London before joining the Gesher Theatre and the Cameri Theatre as an actor.

His leading roles include Tevye in the 2018 Broadway National Tour of Fiddler on the Roof, Mack the Knife in The Threepenny Opera at the Gesher Theatre (winning the Israeli Theatre Award for best actor), Lysander in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Figaro in The Marriage of Figaro, Avigdor in Yentl, Alexander Pen in Was It a Dream?, Rudi in The Aristocrats, the titular roles in Sholom Aleichem's Stempenyu and The Picture of Dorian Gray, and Zach in A Chorus Line. In addition to his work as an actor, Lazarov has served as the in-house choreographer at the Gesher Theatre and Cameri Theatre.

Lazarov has played leading roles in more than 40 films and television productions, including The Mentalist, Mama’s Angel (Series Mania – Official Competition, France), the Israeli films The Kindergarten Teacher and The Debt, Fragile, Russian episodic series Mata Hari, The Fifth Heaven, Waltz with Bashir (winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film), Three Mothers, A Touch Away, and The Dybbuk (nominated for best actor).

As a theater director, Lazarov has served as the adapter, set designer, and choreographer for all his projects, including Lolita / Joan of Arc, Fathers and Sons, Alice, Falling Out of Time (based on the David Grossman novel) at the Gesher Theater, The Picture of Dorian Gray at the Habima Theatre, and Igloo (written by Lazarov), which premiered at the Israel Festival and won the Best Director award.

Lazarov is the artistic director and founder of Studio Ankori Middle and High School for Creative Thinking and Entrepreneurship. He is the co-founder, artistic director, and curator of AZA13, an art venue in Tel Aviv. Among his multidisciplinary exhibitions are "Hope", "Censorship", "Demonstration", and "The Art to Survive".

As a visual artist, Lazarov's photography and video artworks have been shown in several gallery exhibitions. He has written and directed a number of short films, including Snow and Lashabiya, which have been screened in many international film festivals.

Filmography

Film/Television

Theater

Theatre Director

Short films

References

External links

Israeli male film actors
Male actors from Tel Aviv
Thelma Yellin High School of Arts alumni
1974 births
Living people
Israeli male television actors
Israeli male voice actors
Israeli male stage actors
Israeli male musical theatre actors
Israeli people of Bulgarian-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Uzbekistani-Jewish descent