Thailand's connection to the Internet began in 1987 via the Australian Research and Edcuation Network using UUCP and SUNIII which tranformed to full TCP/IP in 1992 to UUNET. This marked Thailand as an early participant in bringing the Internet to Asia.

As of 2021, Thailand has made significant progress, with an 85% internet penetration rate  and according to Ookla's insight in November 2022, Thailand ranked the forth in the world for the fastest fixed broadband internet, with the median download speed of 205.63 Mbps. This places Thailand right behind Chile, China, and Singapore.

The majority of broadband internet access uses Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and VDSL. Some areas are covered by cable modems (using Docsis), G.shdsl and fibre to the home (FTTH). Consumer broadband internet bandwidth ranges from 10 Mbit/s to 300 Mbit/s (Up to 1 Gbit/s in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Pattaya, Phuket). Medium and large businesses use leased lines or Ethernet Internet/MPLS where fiber optic cables link many office buildings in the central business district areas such as Bangkok's Sukhumvit, Silom, and Sathorn areas to the Thailand internet backbone.

A 3G UMTS/HSDPA network was launched in Bangkok and vicinity in December 2009 with speeds up to 7.2 Mbit/s on the 2100 MHz band. In late-2011, Telephone Organization of Thailand released 3G on HSPA+ technology covering all areas in Bangkok with speeds up to 42 Mbit/s. Major mobile network operators in Thailand also have released their 3G services at around the same time on the 850 MHz and 900 MHz bands with the same technology and connection speed.  FTTH with speeds up to 1 Gbit/s is available in limited areas in major cities, including Bangkok, Phuket, and Chiang Mai. 5G Cellular services were offered by AIS and True Move starting in 2020.

Thailand saw a rapid growth in the number of broadband users in 2005 with the initiation of unmetered broadband in 2004. There are 3,399,000 (2012) internet hosts in Thailand, the highest in Southeast Asia.

A 2013 study found that Thais spend an average of 16 hours on the internet per week.

Internet domain names
 Country code top-level Domain (ccTLD): .th
 Second Level Domains
 .ac for academic institutions
 .co for commercial companies
 .in for individuals or any others (from 2002)
 .go for governmental organizations
 .mi for military organizations
 .or for registered non-profit organizations
 .net for officially registered internet service providers

Internet backbones

International and domestic bandwidth

, Thailand had 12,317,648 Mbit/s international bandwidth and 8,666,005 Mbit/s domestic bandwidth.

Demand for international bandwidth has increased dramatically due to the popularity of social networking services such as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook and increased number of broadband internet subscribers.

International gateways (IP transit)
There are 10 international internet gateway operators in Thailand.

True Corporation and Shin Corporation were granted Type II International Internet Gateway and Internet Exchange Service Licenses from the NTC (National Telecommunication Committee) in 2005. CAT Telecom holds the largest share of the market.

Domestic Internet eXchange
There are 11 domestic Internet exchange points in Thailand.

 Advance Datanetwork Communication National Internet Exchange (ADC-NIX)
 BB Connect National Internet Exchange by BB Connect (BBConnect-NIX)
 CS Loxinfo National Internet Exchange (CSL-NIX)
 Symphony National Internet Exchange (Symphony-NIX)
 Super Broadband Network (SBN) Internet Exchange (SBN-NIX)
 TCCT National Internet Exchange by TCC Technology (TCCT-NIX)
 TOT National Internet Exchange by TOT (TOT-NIX)
 True Internet Gateway National Internet Exchange (TIG-NIX)
 JasTel National Internet Exchange (JASTEL-NIX)
 NECTEC IIR Public Internet Exchange (PIE, Research Only)

Internet eXchange point
Thailand Internet Exchange or Thailand IX (Also Known As: CAT-NIX)
 Symphony Internet Exchange (SYMC-IX)
Bangkok Neutral Internet eXchange (BKNIX)
BBIX Thailand
Before 2003, IIR Public Internet Exchange was the largest internet exchange point in Thailand. As of August 2003, it is mandatory for all ISPs to have a presence in the National Internet Exchange (CAT-NIX) operated by CAT Telecom. CAT-NIX, TIG-NIX, TOT-NIX and TTGN-NIX are primary internet exchanges used by commercial internet service providers. Later, CAT-NIX rebranded itself to Thailand IX and invited international internet players to join its IX. Currently, Thailand IX is the largest internet eXchange point in Thailand with more than 250 Gbit/s bandwidth. Links between different internet exchanges are now set up, reducing domestic bandwidth costs.

The IIR Public Internet Exchange is now maintained by NECTEC and is used only for academic and research purposes. The only commercial internet service provider connected to the IIR Public Internet Exchange is Internet Thailand.

Internet service providers
Rights to operate as an internet service provider in Thailand are granted by the NTC (National Telecommunications Council).

Most broadband internet access in Thailand is offered via ADSL technology. Before 2002, broadband internet access was offered at more than 25,000 baht per month for a typical speed of 256 kbit/s. In 2002, TOT sparked a low-cost broadband internet war that caused rapid growth in broadband internet demands and has changed the way all the ISPs operate. With a ground-breaking price for an unlimited 256 kbit/s, TOT gained popularity among online gamers in Thailand. However, TOT was unable to provide services to the majority of people in Bangkok due to the fact that half of the fixed line telephone system was operated by Telecom Asia Co.,Ltd (now known as True Corporation) under a concession. At the same time, Asia InfoNet started its own ADSL service with a "free online game airtime" strategy since they also operate Ragnarok Online, the most famous online game at that time. Outside of Bangkok, TT&T teamed up with CAT Telecom to provide unlimited 2 Mbit/s ADSL service after three months of operation.

It is commonly believed that the popularity of online gaming at that time sparked the demand for broadband internet in Thailand.

Most broadband internet users in Thailand complain about the ISPs not being able to provide the speeds they promised. Many internet service providers have high contention ratios on home ADSL packages, sometimes up to 1:50. There was also limited international bandwidth due to CAT Telecom being the sole provider of an international internet gateway, but this has improved since the liberalization of internet gateway operations in 2005. At that time, most ISPs focused on expanding their domestic connections to accommodate online gaming demands. This led to a comeback of premium ADSL packages at a higher price for premium home users and corporate customers. Many users still argue that these packages will still not improve the international bandwidth availability for home users. Internet service providers are usually also criticized for throttling BitTorrent traffic.

Recently, there were dramatic increases in international bandwidth after the NTC authorized more ISPs to set up their own international internet gateways to cope with the growth in demand for contents requiring higher bandwidth.

In early-2009, Jasmine International launched ADSL services under the "3BB" brand in major cities offering speeds up to 3 Mbit/s for 590 baht. This prompted True Internet to expand their services to 8 Mbit/s from 5 Mbit/s and match 3BB prices.

In mid-2009, 3BB offered minimum speed 4 Mbit/s for 590 baht and expanded their services from 8 Mbit/s to 10 Mbit/s 1,490 baht per month, prompting True Internet to temporarily offer free upgrades for current 8 Mbit/s users to 12 Mbit/s. All of Maxnet's customers were also transferred to 3BB as part of the TT&T debt rehabilitation plan proposed by the debt holders. As of October 2009, True offers speeds up to 16 Mbit/s.

TOT and ADC have a local loop unbundling agreement allowing for ADC to provide ADSL services on TOT phone lines. Since most telephone wires in major cities are still on poles and not underground, there is no limit to how many phone lines can enter a building. This has prompted many ISPs to offer DSL services without phone service. A new wire is simply run to the premises requiring the service, bypassing the need for any further local loop unbundling agreements.

Despite the improvement of the internet in Thailand, there are still network issues, mostly concerning network latency. The delay on the network itself proved to be deleterious to competitive online gaming. Players claimed to have network issues which lost them games.

Wired

Wireless

Note: For 3G, only CAT, Hutch, TOT and its MVNOs are considered as legally commercial service. In 2012, the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) held an auction and approved 2100 MHz licenses to three operators (Advanced Wireless Network of Advanced Info Service (AIS), DTAC Network of Total Access Communication (DTAC), and Real Future of True Corp) and 3G service under 2100 MHz is expected to operate by Q2 of 2013.

Internet data centers

This section lists the commercial internet data centers (IDC) in Thailand.

Internet censorship

Thailand is on Reporters Without Borders list of countries under surveillance in 2011. Thailand's Internet Freedom status is rated "Not Free" in the Freedom on the Net 2011 report by Freedom House, which cites substantial political censorship and the arrests of bloggers and other online users.

The national constitution provides for freedom of thought, speech and press "under many conditions" but the government seriously restricts these rights. The lèse-majesté law criminalizes expression insulting the Thai king, punishable by fifteen years' imprisonment.

Estimates put the number of websites blocked at over 110,000 and growing in 2010. It is estimated that the Thai government spends 1.7 million baht per day on digital surveillance.

Single Internet gateway
The cabinet under Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha, the junta leader and prime minister, on 30 June 2015 gave a green light to Thailand's Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT) and relevant agencies to move forward with plans to implement a Thai single gateway internet before the end of the 2015 fiscal budget. The plan to reduce internet gateways was initially proposed by Pol Gen Somyot Poompanmoung, the chief of the Royal Thai Police, as a single gateway system makes it easier for state authorities to monitor, filter, delete, and intercept information on the internet that the authorities deem inappropriate. Currently (2015), there are about 10 international internet gateway operators in Thailand. The MICT has been ordered to report the progress on the plan to the cabinet before the end of September 2015.

Critics point out that from a "...systems point of view, having a single gateway and a single point of failure is a bad idea." They go on to say that, "The people of Thailand can kiss a fast internet goodbye purely from technical incompetence, not to mention all the monitoring, censoring and deep packet inspection the military want. Would VPN and encryption be outlawed? That would be a logical next step."

On 30 September 2015, Thai netizens expressed their opposition to the single gateway plan by launching DDoS attacks against government websites, thereby bringing the websites down for hours. Those who joined the attacks referred to their action as a civil disobedience. But they were threatened with years in jail by Thai police. Hundreds of thousands of people have also signed a petition against the single gateway plan. Despite heavy opposition, Thai authorities said they still push ahead with the plan.

Internet surveillance
According to the NGO Privacy International in a September 2016 report, "The Thai military government has counted on its police force to monitor online speech in order to curb dissent. But beyond the police force itself, the ruling military government has empowered networks of citizens whom it encourages to denounce those who post online content considered contrary to government policies." Following the May 2014 coup led by General Prayut, there was a sharp increase in online surveillance carried out by the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), the ruling junta. An updated Computer Crime Act in 2014 gave police broad powers to monitor online commentary, particularly social networking applications such as Facebook. In the two years since the coup, 527 people have been arrested, 167 tried in military court, and 68 charged with lèse-majesté. Conviction on a charge of lèse-majesté can carry a jail sentence of up to 15 years. Of the 68 cases in which people have been charged, 21 involved content posted on Facebook.

The "Cyber Scout" program was originally established in 2010 by the Thai Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT)—since renamed the Ministry of Digital Economy and Society. The program became moribund shortly thereafter, but was revived by the NCPO following their coup d'etat. The aim of the Cyber Scouts is to encourage the "ethical and responsible use of information and communication technology" among youngsters and to create a network of young volunteers to monitor online content that could be deemed a threat to national security and the monarchy.

In December 2016, the junta-appointed Thai National Legislative Assembly (NLA) passed an amendment to the 2007 Computer Crime Act that has been called, "...a grab bag of the worst provisions of the worst internet laws in the world, bits of the UK's Snooper's Charter, America's Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, and the dregs of many other failed laws." Thai officials claim the changes  protect people's rights from being violated on social and digital media while enhancing the digital economy. In a Bangkok Post editorial urging that the NLA reject the amendment, it noted that, "When the government first set out to revise the Computer Crime Act last year, it pledged that the change will not violate people's rights and freedoms. The resulting draft amendment shows anything but an attempt to maintain the promise. The NLA must vote it down." It passed unanimously.

See also
 Internet censorship in Thailand
 Media of Thailand
 Telecommunications in Thailand
 Internet rush hour
 Thaimail

References

Further reading
 Pinkaew Laungaramsri. (2016). Mass surveillance and the militarization of cyberspace in post-coup Thailand. ASEAS – Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 9(2), 195–214.

External links

Telecommunications in Thailand


The 2003–04 season of the Dutch Eredivisie began in August 2003 and ended in May 2004. The title was won by Ajax.

League standings

Results

Promotion/relegation play-offs

Top scorers

See also
 2003–04 Eerste Divisie
 2003–04 KNVB Cup

References

 Eredivisie official website - info on all seasons
 RSSSF

Eredivisie seasons
Netherlands
1


The Kennan Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars was founded in 1974 to carry out studies of the Soviet Union (Sovietology), and subsequently of post-Soviet Russia and other post-Soviet states. The institute is widely regarded as the foremost institute for advanced Russia studies in the United States.

The institute is named after George Kennan, an American explorer of Russia and the twice removed older cousin of Ambassador George F. Kennan. George F. Kennan is best known as the author of The Long Telegram and the X Article, and by extension the author of America's containment policy toward the Soviet Union. Ambassador Kennan, together with Wilson Center Director James Billington and historian S. Frederick Starr, initiated the establishment of the Kennan Institute at the Woodrow Wilson Center.

In addition to its office in Washington, the Kennan Institute operates an office in Kyiv, Ukraine. Kennan's Kyiv office provides on-the-ground assistance to the Washington staff and a communication link with various Ukrainian organizations. The office also organizes publications, seminars, and conferences on major events of the day featuring Kennan Institute alumni.

Activities

The institute offers residential scholarships in the humanities and social sciences to academic scholars and specialists from government, the media, and the private sectors. Thanks to its location in Washington, D.C., scholars at the Kennan Institute have access to libraries, archives, research facilities, and human resources that are among the finest in the world.

The institute also administers an active program of public lectures and conferences featuring scholars and public figures from the United States, Ukraine, Russia, and other states from the region. The institute makes the results of its activities known through a variety of publications including Meeting Reports, Occasional Papers, Special Reports, and commercially published books.

Research areas
Most recent research topics include

 Religion in Post-Soviet Societies
 Migration in the Post-Soviet space

Cooperation
The Kennan Institute is a partner of the Russian and Eurasian Security Specialized Network (RES) of the international Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

The Kennan Institute cooperated with the ISE Center (Information. Scholarship. Education.), Moscow, in administering the Centers for Advanced Study and Education (CASE) program. The CASE program, launched with support from Carnegie Corporation of New York and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, established nine thematic research centers at regional Russian universities in order to foster scholarship in the social sciences and humanities.

Management

Director: William E. Pomeranz

References

Smithsonian Institution
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States
Soviet Union–United States relations
Realist think tanks
Russian studies


The Internet in Vietnam is growing rapidly. Between 2001 and 2005, the number of Internet users increased from 800,000 to 3 million. By 2007, Vietnam reported Internet penetration levels of 11.5%, rising to 22.4 percent in 2008 and 45.2% in 2010. By 2013, Vietnam officials reported Internet penetration levels of 75.2%, which is about 68 million users with Wifi signals that can be found anywhere in every commercial and residential area. As of January 2021, out of its population of over 96 million people, the number of internet users reached approximately 69 million. Internet usage in Vietnam is predominantly mobile-based, thanks to the high smartphone penetration rate. Using the internet has become a daily habit among many Vietnamese people, with multiple purposes including work, study, entertainment, and more.

History
A professor at the Australian National University, Rob Hurle, is considered to be the first person to connect Vietnam to the Internet. Hurle first presented his ideas about bringing Internet access to Vietnamese students studying in Australia. In 1991, Hurle took a modem to Vietnam to connect the country to the global Internet.

About 60% of Vietnam's internet traffic is through the Asia-America Gateway cable. A larger Asia Pacific Gateway cable was deployed in 2016.

Vietnam also has an emerging e-commerce sector with fast-growing market value. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Vietnamese consumers have shopped online more than ever, reinforcing the strong growth of the e-commerce sector. Before the pandemic, travel, mobility, and accommodation were the e-commerce category with the highest consumer spending. Since the first outbreak of COVID-19 in Vietnam, consumers have been more willing to shop for basic necessities and fresh products online, making food and personal care the e-commerce category with the highest growth in 2020. These new shopping habits are expected to remain even after the pandemic.

Development

Legal and regulatory frameworks

References


Flavio Enrique "Kike" Santander Lora is a Colombian-American composer, record producer, arranger and entrepreneur. He is considered to be one of the principal Latino composers of the day, having worked with artists such as David Bisbal, Cristian Castro, Thalía, Chayanne, Natalia Oreiro, Diego Torres, Davi Wornel, Alejandro Fernández, Olga Tañón, Bacilos, José Luis Rodríguez «El Puma» and Gloria Estefan among others. Santander has composed more than 710 songs and has sold over 25 million albums worldwide. His work as songwriter and producer includes themes such as Let's Get Loud by Jennifer Lopez, Abriendo puertas by Gloria Estefan, Me Estoy Enamorando by Alejandro Fernández, Mi Vida Sin Tu Amor by Cristian Castro, and Premonición by David Bisbal, as well as many songs recorded by artists such as Thalía, Natalia Oreiro, Gisselle, Edith Márquez, Luis Miguel, Soledad Pastorutti and the Spanish song for Eurovision Song Contest 2004, amongst others.

More than 25 of his songs have been in the coveted Top Ten, as reflected in the Latin Billboard charts since 1999. More than 15 of his songs are featured within the top 100 played songs by the BMI Association of Authors and Composers. His songs and productions have surpassed 25 million albums worldwide  and he has won prizes and awards that are given in the music industry on multiple occasions: Grammy Awards, Billboard, Lo Nuestro Awards, Premios TVyNovelas, El Heraldo, and BMI in which he has received the most awards in its Latin division, and many more. His brother is the composer Gustavo Santander.

Early years
Kike Santander was born in Santiago de Cali, Colombia, On May 11 1960 and he was raised in La Flora, a typical upper-middle-class neighborhood of Cali. His father was the dentist, poet and guitarist Flavio Santander and his mother's name is Judith. His brother is the composer Gustavo Santander. In Cali he spent his first years learning different rhythms and musical skills while studying at Colegio Berchmans from which he graduated in 1977. He began his musical studies at an early age, playing the accordion (his first instrument, which he played since age 8) and experimenting with instruments like acoustic guitar (to age 12), electric guitar (to age 13), lira, the electric bass (to age 16), piano and later devoted himself to the percussion (to age 18). His earliest musical influences came from a wide mix of genres that include indigenous artists of his native country. His main influences were bolero, rock and roll, Anglo-American pop, classical music and jazz. He studied music at the Cali Conservatory. In 1978, when he was 18, he began his medical studies at the University of Valle from which he graduated in Medicine and Surgery. He worked as a doctor for one year before deciding to dedicate himself completely to studying music and his musical career.

As a student, Santander tried his hand at a number of business ventures, such as starting a fish and seafood processing and distributing business, making toothpaste, plaster dolls and sausages. All of these failed and in the process his parents lost their house and savings.

Musical career

Beginning (1987–1993)
He moved to Bogotá in 1987 where he worked as a jazz bassist and wrote his first song, "El jardín de mis amores" (The garden of my loves), at age 33, that was dedicated to his parents. He met producer Bernardo Ossa, who introduced him to the "big leagues" of advertising agencies, where he devoted his time and effort to write and produce commercial jingles, learning to make melodies that could be remembered. This work earned him the credibility of the advertising agencies in which he became the leading figure in this genre. Santander wrote and produced over 1500 jingles in the 9 years in which he worked in commercial jingles.

Music career since 1993
In 1993, he met Colombian musician Estéfano, who offered to collaborate with him on an album for José Luis Rodríguez «El Puma», composing his hit "Diosito Santo" (Dear God Holy). Santander began his career as a composer and producer, working also for various Colombian artists such as Marcelo Cezan, for whom he wrote and produced the hits: " Una en un millón" (She is one in a million) and "Hierba Mojada" (Wet Grass) as well as for several local rock and pop bands. It was precisely in that year when Santander received his first award - the BMI award for the song "Boca Dulce Boca" (mouth, sweet mouth) a song he composed along with Stefano and José Luis Rodríguez, "El Puma". It was then, and due to his already recognized talent, that Santander joined forces with Emilio Estefan. This experience officially marked the beginning of his career as a composer and music producer on January 7, 1994.

In 1995 Santander received a call from Emilio Estefan, who proposed that he write some songs for a Christmas album that Gloria Estefan would record. He agreed, and ended up writing all the songs for the production. The album (Abriendo Puertas) became one of the most successful albums of Gloria Estefan. This was the start of an intense and extremely successful international career as a songwriter, producer and businessman in Miami, Fl. In 1997 Santander created Santander Music Group, a company that is principally engaged in musical production.

After Gloria Estefan's album Abriendo Puertas (in which he composed all the songs) he received the Latin Grammy for Best Tropical Album in 1997. During this year, he composed and produced six songs for the album "Me Estoy Enamorando" (I'm In Love) for Alejandro Fernández, who was nominated for a Grammy and sold more than three million copies worldwide, making the transition from Ranchero to the Pop music market. Santander also obtained his second Grammy Award for his song "Mi Verdad" (My Truth), performed by Alejandro Fernández, winner for "Best Regional Song" and, in 1999, he also won a second consecutive award BMI "Songwriter of the Year" for "Best Latin Song" with "Si Tú Supieras" (If You Knew). The following year (2000) he garnered the award "Songwriter of the Year" and four honorable mentions. In 2000, he was also honored with another Latin Grammy Awards, this time in the "Best Tropical Song" for "Swear" performed by Giselle. In 2002, Santander received the Latin Grammy Award for Producer of the Year for his work on the tracks "Perdidos En La Noche", "Por Ti Yo Iré", "Que No Me Pierda", "Quisiera", "Si Tu Te Vas" and "Soy De La Gente" by Diego Torres, and the albums Azul by Cristian Castro and Una Vez Mas by Jaime Camil.

During the same year, Santander also produced for artists such as Chayanne, Amaury Gutiérrez, Illegal, Jaime Camil and Cristian Castro, whose single "Azul" reached the top of the charts in USA and Latin America, and remained at number one in Billboards Hot Latin Songs for 11 consecutive weeks.

Santander's career continued to rise by producing and writing hit after hit. In 2002 he produced "Corazón Latino", the first album of Spanish singer David Bisbal, one of the most successful Latino singers. During this year, Santander also wrote the hit "Por mas que intento" (As much as I try) played by Gilberto Santa Rosa, a song nominated for the Latin Grammy Awards for "Best Tropical Song". The song "Tú no Podrás" (You won't be able to) for Olga Tañón, also successful on Billboard Magazine. In 2003, Santander produced the new album "Prohibido Olvidar" (No Forgetting) for Ricardo Montaner, "Natural" for Noelia, "As de Corazones" (Ace of Hearts) for the Spanish Raúl and "Caramelito" for Rocío Dúrcal. For the production of Luis Miguel # 33 wrote the songs "Devuélveme el amor" (Give me love) and "Y sigo" (And I keep). In 2004, he also produced the second album from David Bisbal, "Bulería".

In 2007, he was named the Best Songwriter of The Year by Billboard magazine.

In August 2010, he launched his label "Santander Records", primarily oriented towards regional Mexican music, and whose philosophy is to launch and develop different artists and position them.

On Thursday, March 10, 2011, Santander received in Las Vegas the President Award, the highest distinction of delivering the Latin BMI.

Other projects
After being one of the founding members and serving as Chairman of the Board of the Latin Grammy Academy for four consecutive years, Santander is currently their Chairman Emeritus. In 2002 he was named Chairman of the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences, Inc., and he is very involved with the talent show Operación Triunfo (a program of which he became director in 2005 and 2006).

In 2005 Santander moved to Barcelona, Spain where he created BATUKA, a group fitness workout method with original music he composed. BATUKA was launched on the Spanish market in July 2005 and became an instant phenomenon selling more than 1.5 million DVDs in the first 16 months in Spain only. BATUKA created a new trend in the way to do group fitness and started expanding to other European countries such as Italy, Germany and France. BATUKA is going through an aggressive expansion phase with the creation of six new fitness programs for the health club market as well as its own nutrition method created and developed by Miriam Nelson, one of the most respected authorities in nutrition in the US, as well as its own " Batuka Philosophy" created by Santander, which is a way to educate people about how to achieve a more balanced way of life and a more harmonious inner state. BATUKA was officially launched in North America in 2011 and the rest of Europe in 2012.

In 2007, Santander also partnered with the renowned musician, composer and producer Mark Portmann to start a company to create music for film and television. In 2008 he published an autobiography, Por amor a la música (For the love of music). The book comes with a CD with the "Cancionero de su vida" (in Spanish: song of his life) in which the composer sings the themes that more thrill him. The repertoire ranges from a lullaby his mother sang to him, to hits like "Quiero perderme en tu cuerpo" (I wanna get lost in your body) (David Bisbal). Also in 2008, he composed the music for the stage version of Como agua para chocolate (Like Water for Chocolate), based on the novel by Mexican writer Laura Esquivel, which premiered on Broadway in 2009.

Since late 2013, Kike Santander has been the advisor of the 2º season of contest "La Voz Colombia".

In February 2014, Santander launched the QiClub program, an online service online and via monthly subscription, with which people do fitness exercises from their phone or from their tablet. The program has videos of fitness trainers, fitness, a Colombian national, who teach these things. The videos were recorded in Los Angeles to present on television and offer this service through the platforms. Fitness has three programs, one dance; another hike and one more musical strengthening. All these initiatives have original music composed by Santander.

Musical influence
Santander was heavily influenced by the Colombian and international folklore that his parents listened to (especially the Mexican music that his father frequently listened to) during his childhood. Also, during his teens, he frequently listened to tropical music, pop and rock of the '70s, both jazz and classical music. All these styles would be influential in his understanding of music and would influence the way he wrote and composed his songs.

Personal life
In 2001 Santander sued Emilio Estefan for breach of contract, lack of benefit payments and for the title of Producer, where supposedly Estefan was not physically present, thus ending a successful business relationship which began in 1995.

Santander has married twice. With his first wife, Gloria Alvarez, he had a son named Sebastian Santander. Now he is married to Paraguayan Adriana López. The couple have two children: Andrea, Adriana's daughter from a previous relationship; and Alejandro, born to the couple in 2008. In 2004 Santander became a naturalized US citizen, and the family settled in Huntington Park, California in October 2010.

Awards and nominations

Billboard Latin Music Awards
Santander has received the following Billboard Latin Music Awards and nominations.

|-
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| 1999
|rowspan="7" scope="row"| Himself
|scope="row"|Songwriter of the Year
|
|-
|scope="row"| Producer of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| 2000
|scope="row"|Songwriter of the Year
|
|-
| Producer of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| 2001
|scope="row"|Songwriter of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| Producer of the Year
|
|-
|2004
|
|-

BMI Latin awards
Santander has won the following BMI awards.

|-
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| 1997
|scope="row"| "Abriendo Puertas"
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| Award-winning songs
|
|-
|scope="row"| "Piel Morena"
|
|-
|rowspan="7" scope="row"| 1999
|scope="row"| Himself
|Songwriter of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |"Si Tú Supieras"
|Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|Award-winning songs
|
|-
|"Corazon Prohibido"
|
|-
|"En El Jardin"
|
|-
| "No Sé Olvidar"
|
|-
|"Yo Naci Para Amarte"
|
|-
|rowspan="4" scope="row"| 2000
|scope="row"| Himself
|Songwriter of the Year
|
|-
|"Decir Adios"
|rowspan="3"|Award-winning songs
|
|-
| "Te Vas"
|
|-
| "Tu Amor"
|
|-
|rowspan="5" scope="row"| 2001
|scope="row"| Himself
|Songwriter of the Year
|
|-
|"Alguna Vez"
|rowspan="14" |Award-winning songs
|
|-
|"Da la Vuelta"
|
|-
|"Mi Vida Sin Tu Amor"
|
|-
|"Volver a Amar"
|
|-
|rowspan="3" scope="row"| 2002
|"Azul"
|
|-
| "Jurame"
|
|-
|"Si Te Vas"
|
|-
|rowspan="3" scope="row"| 2004
|"Con Ella"
|
|-
| "Entre el Delirio y la Locura"
|
|-
|"Por Mas Que Intento"
|
|-
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| 2005
|"No Podras"
|
|-
| "Quiero Perderme en Tu Cuerpo"
|
|-
| 2006
|"Buleria"
|
|-
| 2008
|"¿Quién Me Iba a Decir?"
|
|-
| 2011
|Himself
|BMI's President Award
|
|-

Latin Grammy Awards
Santander has received the following Latin Grammy Awards and nominations.

|-
|rowspan="2" scope="row"| 2000
|scope="row"| "Mi Verdad"
|Best Regional Song
|
|-
|"Da la Vuelta"
|rowspan="2" scope="row"|Best Tropical Song
|
|-
| 2001
|scope="row"| "Jurame"
|
|-
| 2002
|scope="row"| Himself
|Producer of the Year
|
|-

References

External links
 Kike Santander trivia

 Free pic
 Kike Santander fan site - news and discography of Kike Santander (in Spanish)
 Kike Santander: El cirujano de la música (In Spanish. Kike Santander: The surgeon of music)
 Beta Disc Affinity: Discos producidos por Kike Santander (in Spanish: albums produced by Kike Santander)

Living people
Colombian musicians
University of Valle alumni
Colombian record producers
Colombian emigrants to the United States
Record producers from California
Latin Grammy Award for Producer of the Year
People from Cali
Musicians from Los Angeles
Jingle composers
People with acquired American citizenship
Latin music record producers
Year of birth missing (living people)


In Māori tradition, Māmari was one of the great ocean-going, voyaging canoes that was used in the migrations that settled New Zealand.

Māmari was the third waka to arrive with the tangata Ruanui. The traditions of the Aotea, Horotua and Māmari waka mention that kiore (rats) were passengers on their voyages to New Zealand. Carvings on a window frame of Te Ohaki Marae in Ahipara depict the story of Ruanui's kiore. When he arrived into the Hokianga Harbour, he released them onto an island called Motukiore (rat island).

See also
List of Māori waka

References

Māori waka
Māori mythology


Mehdi Kamrani (, born June 1, 1982, in Ray, Iran) is an Iranian professional basketball player.

Career statistics

|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2014–15
|style="text-align:left;"|Jiangsu Monkey King
|35||34||37.1||.463||.339||.745||3.5||5.2||2.8||0.1||16.4
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2015–16
|style="text-align:left;"|Beikong Fly Dragons
|34||34||39.4||.447||.380||.675||4.6||6.5||2.8||0.1||19.3
|}

Honours

National team
Asian Championship
Gold medal: 2007, 2009, 2013
 Asian Games
Bronze medal: 2006, 2010
 Islamic Solidarity Games
Bronze medal: 2005
 Asian Indoor Games
Gold medal: 2009

Club
 Asian Championship
Gold medal: 2008 (Saba Battery), 2009, 2010 (Mahram)
 West Asian Championship
Gold medal: 2009, 2010, 2012 (Mahram)
 Iranian Basketball Super League
Champions: 2004 (Saba Battery), 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 (Mahram)

References

External links
 Kamrani profile at FIBA
 Kamarni at Basketball.Asia-Basket.com
Kamrani on Instagram
Kamrani on Facebook

1982 births
Living people
Asian Games silver medalists for Iran
Asian Games bronze medalists for Iran
Asian Games medalists in basketball
Basketball players at the 2006 Asian Games
Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2010 Asian Games
Basketball players at the 2014 Asian Games
Beijing Royal Fighters players
Iranian expatriate basketball people in China
Iranian men's basketball players
Nanjing Tongxi Monkey Kings players
Jilin Northeast Tigers players
Mahram Tehran BC players
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Olympic basketball players for Iran
Sportspeople from Tehran
Point guards
2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
2010 FIBA World Championship players
Islamic Solidarity Games competitors for Iran


WQEZ (1370 AM) is a radio station  broadcasting a soft adult contemporary format. Licensed to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, United States, the station serves the Clarksville-Hopkinsville area.  The station is owned by Saga Communications through licensee Saga Communications of Tuckessee, LLC, and operates as part of its Five Star Media Group.  Its tower and transmitter located on Stateline Road in Oak Grove, Kentucky immediately outside the main gates of the Ft. Campbell, Kentucky military installation.

History

The station went on the air as WABD in 1968 broadcasting a top-40 station appealing to soldiers and their families on Ft. Campbell.  In the late 1970s, album rock moved to WABD-FM and the AM became oldies.

The stations were sold in 1986 to Southern Broadcasting of Clarksville, Tennessee, with Tom Cassetty, president and general manager.  WABD-FM changed call letters to WCVQ-FM and was upgraded to 100,000 kilowatts with a 950-foot tower and became known as Q-108, a gold-based adult contemporary sound with the urban format moved to the AM. Southern sold the stations to Saga Communications, Inc., the current owner and operator.

Leo Wilson of Hopkinsville helped build the station and Gary L. Latham was president and general manager.  In addition to Latham, Shelby McCallum and Kentucky Governor Ned Breathitt were partners in the station, whose call letters stood for "Airborne Division", in honor of the 101st Airborne Division stationed at nearby Ft. Campbell, Kentucky.

Today the station's studios and offices are located in Clarksville, Tennessee co-located with WVVR FM 100.3, WCVQ-FM 107.9, WKFN AM 540, WZZP-FM 97.5 and WRND 94.3, a cluster of stations known as the 5 Star Radio Group owned by Saga Communications, Inc.

The station changed its format to all country gospel music on January 1, 2008.

On April 15, 2009, Saga dropped the all country gospel music format to simulcast WEGI-FM "Eagle 94.3 Classic Hits" and changed the call letters to WEGI. They broadcast a new top of the hour FCC ID check as "WEGI-AM 1370, FORT CAMPBELL ... WEGI-FM 94.3 OAK GROVE".

On December 26, 2013, WEGI (along with WEGI-FM) shifted their format to variety hits, branded as "Rewind 94.3". The stations changed their call signs to WRND and WRND-FM, respectively, on December 27, 2013.

On April 11, 2018, WRND split from its simulcast with WRND-FM and changed their format to soft adult contemporary, branded as "EZ 99.9" under new WQEZ calls. The 99.9 frequency in the branding is for FM translator W260DH 99.9 FM Fort Campbell.

References

External links

RND (AM)
Radio stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Kentucky
Soft adult contemporary radio stations in the United States


Internet in Estonia has one of the highest penetration rates in the world. In the first quarter of 2010, 75% out of 1.34 million people in the country used the Internet according to Statistics Estonia. In 2017, according to the World Bank came 13th in the world by the percentage of population using the Internet, with 88.1% people using it.

Facts and figures
 Top-level domain: .ee
 Internet users:
 1.0 million users, 119th in the world; 79.0% of the population, 34th in the world (2012);
 971,700 users, 102nd in the world (2009).
 Fixed broadband: 327,243 subscriptions, 78th in the world; 25.7% of the population, 31st in the world (2012).
 Wireless broadband: 924,699 subscriptions, 74th in the world; 72.5% of the population, 12th in the world (2012).
 Internet hosts: 865,494 hosts, 49th in the world (2012).
 IPv4: 1.3 million addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 945.8 addresses per 1000 people (2012).

History

In 1965 the first school computer in the USSR, Ural-1, was set up in the town of Nõo. Mass usage of computing networks first came with FidoNet, the first Estonian node of which appeared in 1989. The first Internet connections in the country were introduced in 1992 at academic facilities in Tallinn and Tartu. The national domain (.ee) was registered in the middle of 1992. By virtue of its geographical location, the country played important role in transporting Internet culture to neighbouring Russia. One of the first backbone links for Russia was built in 1991 by Relcom through Estonia to Finland. In 1996 Estonian president Lennart Meri started the four-year state program "Tiigrihüpe" to computerize and internetize all of the country's schools.

The first public Wi-Fi area was launched in 2001 and a system of mobile data networks that enable widespread wireless broadband access has developed. In 2011, the country had over 2,440 free, certified Wi-Fi areas meant for public use, including at cafes, hotels, hospitals, schools, and gas stations. A countrywide wireless internet service based on CDMA technology has been deployed. Three mobile operators offer mobile 3G and 3.5G services, and as of May 2013, 4G services covered over 95 percent of the territory.

Computerization and digital connection for people are encouraged and supported by the state. The country has a digital ID card system, and in 2005 local elections were held with the official possibility to vote online – the first case of its kind in the world.

In 2008, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established a joint cyberdefense center in Estonia to improve cyberdefense interoperability and provide security support for all NATO members.

In 2009, the Estonian Internet Foundation was established to manage Estonia's top level domain, ".ee". As a multi-stakeholder organization it represents the Estonian Internet community internationally with respect to various Internet governance issues.

In 2013 there were over 200 operators offering electronic communications services, including six mobile phone companies and numerous Internet service providers. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services are widely available. Estonia has the largest functioning public-key infrastructure in Europe. All radio channels and TV productions, including news, of Estonian Public Broadcasting are available over the Internet in real time and archives of its radio and television programs are available at no charge.

The country's most popular search engine in Estonia is Google, although a not so common, but still existing alternative is the local Neti.ee.

Internet surveillance and filtering

Estonia was rated as "Free" in the 2009, 2011 to 2015 Freedom on the Net reports from Freedom House with overall scores of 13, 10, 10, 9, 8 and 7 (top 2 in the world in 2015) on a scale where 0 is best and 100 is worst. Estonia has not been individually classified by the OpenNet Initiative (ONI), but is included in the ONI's regional overview for the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Freedom of speech and freedom of expression are protected by Estonia's constitution and by the country's obligations as an EU member state. Anonymity is unrestricted, and there have been extensive public discussions on anonymity and the respectful use of the Internet. Work is underway to bring Estonian law into compliance with the European Council Framework on "combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law".

Restrictions on Internet content and communications in Estonia are among the lightest in the world. ISPs and other communications companies are required to register with the Estonian Technical Surveillance Authority (ETSA), a branch of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications, though there is no registration fee. Electronic communications companies are required to preserve traffic and location data for one year, as defined by the EU Data Retention Directive. They may only provide this data to surveillance agencies or security authorities when presented with a court order. A 2008 court case made web service providers responsible for reader comments, but that ruling is being appealed at the European Court of Human Rights. There have been instances of content removal involving civil court orders to remove inappropriate or off-topic reader comments from online news, discussion forums, and other sites. In 2012, over 80,000 videos were removed from YouTube and other streaming services for possible copyright infringement. The Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) restricts the collection and public dissemination of an individual's personal data. No personal information that is considered sensitive—such as political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, ethnic or racial origin, sexual behavior, health, or criminal convictions—can be processed without the consent of the individual.

Prior to the blocking of remote gambling sites in 2010 the Internet in Estonia was free of censorship. Early in 2010 Estonia started DNS filtering of remote gambling sites that violate the renewed Gambling Act (2008). The Gambling Act requires that servers for legal remote gambling must be physically located in Estonia. In March 2010 the Tax and Customs Board had compiled a blocking list containing 175 sites which ISPs are to enforce. As of September 2013 the list had grown to include over 800 sites.

See also
 Communications in Estonia

References

Further reading

 Farivar, Cyrus. 2011. The Internet of Elsewhere: the Emergent Effects of a Wired World. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. 109–149. Covers the history of the Internet and public WiFi access in Estonia.

Estonia


Kike is an ethnic slur directed at Jewish people.

Kike may also refer to:

People

Nickname
Pronounced "kee-kay", it is a common diminutive of the given name Enrique. Notable people named Enrique and nicknamed Kike include:

Football (soccer)
Kike Barja (born 1997), Spanish football winger, full name Enrique Barja Afonso
Kike Boula (born 1993), Equatoguinean football forward, full name Enrique Boula Senobua
Kike Burgos (born 1971), Spanish retired football goalkeeper, full name Enrique Burgos Carrasco
Kike Carrasco (born 1998), Spanish football back and winger, full name Luis Enrique Carrasco Acosta
Kike Echávarri (born 1994), Spanish football central defender, full name Enrique Javier Montesinos Echávarri
Kike García (Spanish footballer) (born 1989), Spanish football striker, full name Enrique García Martínez
Kike García (Venezuelan footballer) (born 1982), Venezuelan football midfielder, full name Enrique García Feijoó
Kike Hermoso (born 1999), Spanish football central defender, full name Enrique Gómez Hermoso
Kike López (born 1988), Spanish football right winger or right back, full name Enrique López Delgado
Kike Márquez (born 1989), Spanish football left winger, full name Enrique Márquez Climent
Kike Mateo (born 1979), Spanish football manager and retired midfielder, full name Enrique Mateo Montoya
Kike Pérez (born 1997), Spanish football midfielder, full name Enrique Pérez Muñoz
Kike Rodríguez (born 1991), Peruvian football central defender, full name Enrique Rodríguez Castillo
Kike Saverio (born 1999), Italian-born football winger in Spain, full name Javier Enrique Delgado Saverio
Kike Sola (born 1986), Spanish retired football striker, full name Enrique Sola Clemente
Kike Tortosa (footballer, born 1983), Spanish football right back, full name Enrique Tortosa García
Kike Tortosa (footballer, born 1991), Spanish football forward, full name Enrique Tortosa Palma

Other sports
Kike (futsal player, born 1978), Spanish futsal player, full name Enrique Boned Guillot
Kike Hernández (born 1991), Puerto Rican professional baseball player, full name Enrique Javier Hernández
Ritva 'Kike' Elomaa (born 1955), Finnish female bodybuilder, singer, and politician, nicknamed "Kike"

Outside of sport
Kike Casanova (born 1980), Paraguayan TV presenter, announcer and lawyer
Kike Maíllo (born 1975), Spanish film director and screenwriter
Kike Oniwinde (born 1992), British entrepreneur and former javelin thrower
Kike Santander (born 1960), Colombian songwriter and producer

See also
 Ikey (disambiguation)
 Čaić, a village in the municipality of Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Kaike language, a Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal
 KEYK, former call sign of radio station KKRT in Wenatchee, Washington, United States
 Quique (disambiguation)


Sergio Gabriel Martínez (born 21 February 1975) is an Argentine professional boxer. He has held world championships in two weight classes, including the WBC super welterweight title from 2009 to 2010; and the unified WBC, WBO, Ring magazine and lineal middleweight titles between 2010 and 2014. With six successful defenses of the Ring and lineal middleweight titles, Martínez's 50-month reign as champion ranks as one of the longest in the history of that weight class.

In 2010 he was granted the Konex Award Merit Diploma as one of the five best boxers of the last decade in Argentina. In 2011, Martínez reached a career high ranking as the world's third best active boxer, pound for pound, behind Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao, as voted by most sporting news and boxing publications, including Sports Illustrated, ESPN, Yahoo! Sports, and The Ring. In 2010 he received Fighter of the Year awards by both The Ring and the Boxing Writers Association of America, as well as The Ring'''s Knockout of the Year for his rematch victory against Paul Williams. The WBC named him their Boxer of the Year in 2010 and 2012. A southpaw, Martínez was known as a fast and athletic fighter and his style has been described as "crowd-pleasing", partly because of his tendency to fight with his hands down when out of his opponents' range.

Outside the ring, Martínez has been an active spokesperson in the fight against bullying and domestic violence against women. He is the author of a book, Corazón de Rey ("Heart of a King"), and is said to be working on a second book.

Early life

Sergio Martínez was born on 21 February 1975 in Avellaneda to parents Hugo Alberto Martínez and Susana Griselda. Shortly afterwards the family relocated to the nearby city of Quilmes, which is also in the Buenos Aires Province. His father worked as a construction worker and metal worker, a trade which Sergio Martínez joined along with his two brothers, Sebastian and Hugo Jr. Martínez was bullied as a child in his "dirt-poor rural village." Before boxing, Martínez was a keen cyclist and football player and it was not until 1995 that he decided he would become a boxer. After being trained by his uncle, Ruben Paniagua, Martínez began boxing as an amateur and compiled a record of 39–2 (39 wins to 2 losses), the losses came by way of majority decision and knockout. His boxing career suffered a major setback in August 1996 when he broke his left hand, forcing him out of the sport for a year. Although he considered competing for Argentina at the 2000 Olympics, he decided that he was too old to wait the two and a half years and chose to turn professional in December 1997.

Professional career

Early years in Argentina
Martínez at the age of 22, had his first professional fight on 27 December 1997 in Ituzaingo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The opponent for his professional debut, Cristian Marcelo Vivas, was disqualified in the second round, giving Martínez his first win. Martínez fought the first 17 fights of his career in his native Argentina, compiling a record of 16–0–1. The only blemish on his record at this point occurred in his third fight, a draw against Mario Javier Nieva over four rounds. Martínez rematched Nieva four months later and won a six-round unanimous decision.

After facing a relatively low level of opposition for his first 17 fights in Argentina, Martínez fought abroad for the first time, travelling to the United States to face Antonio Margarito on the undercard to the first Érik Morales vs Marco Antonio Barrera bout. The fight took place on 19 February 2000 at the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas. The contest started badly for Martínez as Margarito scored a knockdown in the first round. Although Martínez recovered and had some success in the early rounds, he was hurt by a number of punches in round seven leading to a stoppage by the referee, thus handing Martínez his first loss. Following the Margarito fight, Martínez returned to Argentina and fought eight times, all victories, from April 2000 – February 2002. During this run of fights he won the Argentina welterweight title after outpointing Javier Alejandro Blanco. He successfully defended the title once, knocking out Sergio Ernesto Acuna in the seventh round, before being stripped of the title.

Relocation to Spain
After his final fight in Argentina, a February 2002 win over Francisco Mora, Martínez decided to relocate to Spain. It was there that he began his partnership with his current trainer Gabriel Sarmiento, who worked out of a gym in Azuqueca de Henares. During his time in Spain, Martínez also worked jobs such as; nightclub bouncer, dishwasher, construction worker and did modelling jobs for Adidas and Nike. From April 2002 – May 2003 he fought four times in Spain, all eight-round fights that he won against weak opposition, two of his opponents had lost their last six fights. This was to change in his next fight however, as he took on Richard Williams in England for the lightly regarded IBO light middleweight title. Martínez, who entered the ring as an underdog, having had only eight days preparation, won a unanimous decision. Although Williams scored knockdowns in the second and eleventh rounds, he was close to being stopped in the final round and the scorecards were heavily in Martínez's favour. He defended the IBO title twice in the United Kingdom; a twelfth round knock-out victory of Adrian Stone in Bristol was followed by a rematch against Williams in Belfast, on this occasion Williams was stopped in the ninth round. Over the next two and a half years, Martínez won seven fights in a row back in Spain, six of which were against boxers who had losing records. Soon thereafter, Martínez began to gain recognition and pursue fights in the United States, under the guidance of adviser Sampson Lewkowicz.

Light middleweight

Martínez vs. Cintron
Martínez claimed the Interim WBC light middleweight championship on 4 October 2008, beating Alex Bunema via an eighth round retirement. On 14 February 2009 Martínez fought to a majority draw against Puerto Rican Kermit Cintron. The fight was controversial for a number of reasons; during the seventh round Martínez knocked Cintron down with a clean left hand shot and the referee reached the count of ten and waved the fight off. However, this was disputed by Cintron, who claimed that the knockdown was a result of a headbutt but actually the headbutt which Cintron claimed to have happened was actually an extremely powerful and accurate cross from Sergio Martínez. Cintron's protestations led to the referee overturning his decision and the fight continued. The fight went the twelve round distance and the scorecards revealed a draw, many ringside observers felt that the decision was a robbery and that Martínez easily outboxed Cintron and should have gained the victory.

On 21 May 2009, WBC light middleweight champion Vernon Forrest was stripped of his title due to a rib injury that would leave him out of action indefinitely. Because of the injury and his inability to fight Sergio Martínez, Martínez's interim title was upgraded to full WBC title status. Although the organization also mandated that Martínez face Forrest, that bout would never happen. Less than a month later, Forrest was tragically murdered in Atlanta, GA.

Middleweight

Martínez vs. Williams I
On 5 December 2009 Martínez fought Paul Williams in a non-title middleweight bout at Atlantic City's Boardwalk Hall in a fight that was later described as a fight of the year candidate. In the first round Williams and Martínez would both knock each other down once. Martínez would then seem to control the next two rounds with effective power punching. Then Williams seemed to narrowly take control of the fight when he seemingly won rounds 4, 5, 6 and 7 by landing hard left hands to the side of Martínez's head. Rounds 8–10 then signified that the fight would be close on the score-cards when Martínez won those rounds by repeating what he did in rounds 2 and 3. Then in the final 2 rounds (11–12), both fighters began to fade although the exchanges remained very closely contested, although Williams was far more active and therefore would seemingly win those final 2 rounds based on the fact that he was far more active in the last 2 rounds of the fight. That would turn out to be the case as Williams would escape with a majority decision victory with scores of 114–114, 119–110 (for Williams) and 115–113 (for Williams).

Martínez vs. Pavlik
After an impressive performance against Paul Williams, Sergio Martínez stayed at middleweight and challenged WBC, WBO, The Ring and lineal middleweight champion Kelly Pavlik. The fight took place in Atlantic City's Boardwalk Hall on 17 April 2010. Martínez defeated Pavlik via unanimous decision in a bout which saw Martínez overcome a knockdown in the seventh round and go on to dominate a majority of the remaining rounds in the fight. Pavlik had cuts above both eyes for several rounds, which did not stop bleeding. He said they affected his vision and performance. Although there was a rematch clause in the contract, Pavlik chose not to enforce it, stating his desire to move up in weight. The victory over Pavlik earned Martínez the WBC, WBO, Ring and lineal middleweight championships.

With Martínez winning the middleweight championship, he was required to make some decisions regarding his conflicting WBC light middleweight title. The sanctioning organizations for boxing recognize that boxers may choose to move up or down in the weight categories, yet they also wish to make all championship belts available to challenge. As such, their rules prohibit a fighter from simultaneously holding belts in multiple divisions. This prohibition includes holding a title with one sanctioning organization while also holding a title in a different weight class with a different organization. Eight weeks after the Pavlik fight, when Martínez failed to announce a preference to be a light middleweight or a middleweight champion (the WBO rules allow ten days to decide), the WBO stripped him of their middleweight title. A week later, Martínez did inform the WBC that he was willing to vacate their Light Middleweight title and maintain his WBC Middleweight belt.

Martínez vs. Williams II

On 20 November 2010, Sergio got a chance to avenge his loss to Williams. Both fighters were ranked among the top six pound-for-pound fighters, and Williams came into the fight as the Ring No. 2 ranked Middleweight. Many speculated that this would be a fight of the year candidate. Approximately one minute into the second round, Martínez knocked Williams out with an over-the-top left hand to retain his title. The knockout was called by many as the knockout of the year.
Williams stated to Max Kellerman after the fight, "He caught me with a punch I did not see."

Martínez vs. Dzinziruk

Sergio Martínez's next fight was against undefeated Sergiy Dzindziruk on 12 March 2011 at the Foxwoods Resort Casino, Mashantucket, winning by TKO in 8 rounds. Dzindziruk, the WBO light middlweight champion, was knocked down five times in the fight.
Martinez was also awarded the WBC Diamond belt.

Martínez vs. Barker

Martínez then fought undefeated EBU middleweight champion Darren Barker on 1 October at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City. He knocked Barker out with an extremely powerful right hook and put Barker to his knees in the 11th round.

Many boxing analysts and experts said that Darren Barker has the skills and ring generalship to one day become a champion, but that his skills were not perfected enough to do anything against Martínez. The first few rounds showed that Barker was actually able to make Martínez uncomfortable in the ring and give him more trouble than expected. Throughout the fight, Barker consistently gave Martínez problems, while never hurting him or really ever winning any of the rounds, he gave Martínez a challenge by coming in but not giving much offence to let Martínez counter or land anything clean. He also managed to get Martínez's nose to bleed early in the rounds by an upper-cut. Martínez, however, fought through the difficulty and eventually found openings which led to a knock-out of Barker, in the 11th with a right hook.

Martínez vs. Macklin

Sergio successfully defended his The Ring title against the No. 3 Ring Middleweight Matthew Macklin of Ireland on 17 March 2012 at the Madison Square Garden in New York City. Macklin was coming off a very impressive performance against middleweight champion Felix Sturm prior his fight with Martínez, a fight that many felt Macklin won, but he lost a controversial decision to Sturm in Germany. Macklin unexpectedly threw vigorous hooks and jabs that left Martínez behind on the scorecards and left Martínez in a sense of urgency. The Madison Square Garden crowd was largely pro-Macklin. The fight was featured on BBC's boxing schedule for 2011:
"18: Madison Square Garden, New York City, Sergio Martinez beat Matthew Macklin by 11th-round KO (The Ring middleweight). ".

Martínez struggled in the first half of the fight, with Macklin able to time Martínez very well, which neutralized much of Sergio's offensive attack (and would even score a knock-down on Martínez in the seventh round). Martínez was able to turn the tide in the later rounds, finding his range with his left hand. After scoring two knockdowns in the 11th, Macklin's corner stopped the fight shortly before the 12th round.

Martínez vs. Chávez Jr.

This fight was notable in that the WBC did not initially want Chávez Jr. to fight Martinez. Chávez Jr.'s godfather was the head of WBC and refused to allow the fight, even after a unanimous vote to allow the unbeaten champion to fight the current title holder.

Martinez prepped for this fight against Chavez Jr. in Oxnard, California training under his career long coach, Gabriel Sarmiento. Martínez fought Julio César Chávez Jr. on 15 September 2012, at the Thomas & Mack Center in Paradise, Nevada for Chávez Jr.'s WBC Middleweight title. Martínez won by unanimous decision after surviving a 12th round knock down following a dominant performance over the first 11 rounds. ESPN, and The Los Angeles Times all gave round-by-round reports on the fight.

Martínez out worked and out landed Chávez throughout the first 11 rounds of the fight, in dominating fashion. Though Chávez had his moments trapping Martínez in the corner on the ropes, Martínez fought Chávez and used his fast lateral movement to avoid and neutralize Chávez' offensive attack. Chávez hurt Martinez in the 12th round, sending him to the canvas halfway through the round. Martínez got up with a little over one minute left in the fight, and rather than clinch or hold on to Chávez, Martínez continued to throw and trade blows with the Mexican. Despite being fatigued and clearly hurt, Sergio Martínez managed to survive the thrilling 12th round without holding. Martínez won the fight by unanimous decision, by the scores of 117–110, 118–109, and 118–109. After the fight, it was revealed that Martínez had broken his left hand (as early as the 4th round) and torn his right meniscus, the latter of which would require surgery.Rafael, Dan (17 October 2012). Sergio Martinez to Have Knee Surgery , ESPN.com. Retrieved 17 November 2012.

After the fight, Chávez tested positive for cannabis. As a result, he received a fine of $20,000 and was indefinitely suspended by the World Boxing Council.

Martínez vs. Murray
After his surgery, Martínez confirmed his next title defense would take place in his native Argentina, in what would be his first fight in his home country since leaving for Spain in 2002. News agency Reuters reported that Martínez could make his first title defense against British fighter Martin Murray on 27 April 2013 in Argentina. Martínez defeated Ring Top 10 Middleweight Martin Murray by a controversial unanimous decision. Many observers stated that there had been a clear deterioration in Martínez since the Chávez Jr. bout.

Martínez vs. Cotto
After a series of setbacks including further surgeries on his knees, Martínez fought again over a year after the Murray fight, losing his WBC, The Ring'' and lineal middleweight titles to three-division former world champion Miguel Cotto on 7 June 2014, at Madison Square Garden in New York City. It was evident straight away that Martinez's legs were not there, even with knee braces on and clearly visible, Cotto knocked Martínez down three times in the first round. After the first round however, he began to make the fight competitive with Cotto. He continued to fight back until round nine when Martínez went down once again. Following the ninth round, trainer Pablo Sarmiento decided to call off the fight prior to the tenth round while still in the corner, against the urging of Martínez. According to reports, Sarmiento told Martínez "Champion, your knees are not responding. Sergio, look at me ... I'm gonna stop this one. Sergio, you are the best for me. You'll always be the best champion, Sergio."

Following the bout, Martínez stated that he wanted to continue his boxing career, and expressed his desire to fight against Manny Pacquiao and Floyd Mayweather Jr. However, on 13 June 2015, Martínez announced his retirement from boxing at the age of 40, stating that both aging and knee injuries were the causes for his decision. Since 2020, Martinez has had a succession of comeback fights and is currently ranked in the top 10 at age 47.

Personal life
Martinez still resides in Madrid, Spain. He is divorced and once dated sports commentator Silvana Carsetti.

Activism
Martinez has been presented with an award for helping bullied children. He has also championed the cause of stopping domestic violence against women. He attended a news conference to support legislation involving the Violence Against Women Act. Martinez was quoted as saying: "With domestic violence, no one wanted to touch the subject with a 10-foot pole. I was interested in the issue that a boxer, who dishes out violence, could also be thoughtful and do something and people would listen to someone like me. I thought I could have the most impact by speaking out on the issue."

Professional boxing record

Pay-per-view bouts

See also
List of world light-middleweight boxing champions
List of world middleweight boxing champions

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Avellaneda
Boxers from Buenos Aires Province
Bailando por un Sueño (Argentine TV series) participants
People from Quilmes
Sportspeople from Oxnard, California
Argentine male boxers
Southpaw boxers
Argentine people of Spanish descent
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
World Boxing Council champions
World Boxing Organization champions
World middleweight boxing champions
The Ring (magazine) champions
Welterweight boxers
World light-middleweight boxing champions
International Boxing Organization champions


The 1989 World Judo Championships were the 16th edition of the World Judo Championships, and were held in the Pionir Hall in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia) from October 10–15, 1989.

Medal overview

Men

Women

Medal table

References

W
Judo
World Judo Championships
International sports competitions hosted by Yugoslavia
1989 in Serbia


Palmer's Drainage Windmill is located to the north of Upton Dyke close to the village of  Upton in the English county of Norfolk. Upton Dyke runs westerly from the River Bure in the civil parish of Upton with Fishley
. The Drainage mill can be found to the east of the village of Upton.

Description
Palmer's Drainage Windmill is of an interesting design being one of only two ‘Hollow Post’ drainage mills left on the broads, the other being Clayrack Drainage Mill. The mill has a miniature cap and sails  based on its more traditional big brother tower drainage mills which can be seen on other parts of the Norfolk Broads. It is winded by a pair of tail vanes.

History
Also like Clayrack drainage windmill, Palmer's drainage windmill is not on its original position. It was moved in 1976 from its previous site near Acle.

References

Windmills in Norfolk
Windmills of the Norfolk Broads
Post mills in the United Kingdom
Windpumps in the United Kingdom
Broadland
Windmills completed in 1976


The stone moroko (Pseudorasbora parva), also known as the topmouth gudgeon, is a fish belonging to the Cyprinid family, native to Asia, but introduced and now considered an invasive species in Europe and North America. The fish's size is rarely above 8 cm and usually 2 to 7.5 cm long.

Invasive species
In Europe, P. parva is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list). This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.

The fish was introduced in the 1960s into ponds in Nucet, Dâmbovița County, Romania and it made its way into Danube, then spreading throughout Europe.
These fish feed on eggs of locally valuable native fish species.

Four phylogenetic lineages of Pesudorasbora parva were identified within its native range, and three of them contributed to the dispersal within more western regions of Eurasia. One of these lineages was initially distributed in the north of China and the Far East of Russia, the second one was in southern China, the third one was in the Korean Peninsula and, probably, in the adjacent regions of China, the fourth - in the Taiwan. Geographical distribution of COI lineages suggests three donor regions of stone moroko invasions into more western regions of Eurasia: the basin of the Yangtze River, the northern (Russian) part of the Amur River basin, and the Sungari River basin (right tributary of the Amur in the territory of China).

The species has also been recently discovered in several lakes in the UK where it is believed to have been illegally stocked. This has called for a large scale eradication programme organised by the Environment Agency who kill the fish off with a piscicide called rotenone.

Parasites
Pseudorasbora parva poses danger to other species such as the sunbleaks (Leucaspius delineatus). These fish are the carrier of a parasite, the protist (Sphaerothecum destruens) that is not damaging to the topmouth gudgeon, but attacks other fishes like the sunbleaks, which are unable to spawn and have a higher mortality when infected.

A 2023 study showed co-introduction of three monogenean species, Dactylogyrus squameus, Bivaginogyrus obscurus, and Gyrodactylus pseudorasborae into Europe along with their fish host from East Asia. In addition to co-introduced parasites, the fish was infected with a local generalist, the monogenean Gyrodactylus prostae. Monogenean infections were generally lower in non-native host fish, potentially giving an advantage to this invading species.

References

Pseudorasbora
Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck
Taxa named by Hermann Schlegel
Fish described in 1846


Kristen Elizabeth Babb-Sprague (born July 29, 1968) is an American former synchronized swimmer.

Babb-Sprague was awarded a gold medal in the women's solo event at the 1992 Summer Olympics after a scoring scandal. In the technical figures routine, a Brazilian judge accidentally entered a score of 8.7 instead of 9.7 for the Canadian swimmer Sylvie Fréchette, allowing Babb-Sprague to win the competition. Fréchette's medal was afterwards upgraded to gold by the International Swimming Federation, but Babb-Sprague was allowed to retain hers.

Babb-Sprague is married to former Major League Baseball player Ed Sprague.

See also
 List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame

References

1968 births
American synchronized swimmers
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in synchronized swimming
Olympic medalists in synchronized swimming
Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California
Synchronized swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in synchronised swimming
Synchronized swimmers at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships

Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
20th-century American sportswomen


Samir Merzić (born 29 June 1984) is a Bosnian former professional footballer who played as a defender. He has played four times for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team. He played in the Gambrinus liga for FK Teplice.

International career
Merzić made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an October 2007 European Championship qualification match away against Greece and has earned a total of four caps. His final international was a January 2008 friendly match against Japan.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Mostar
Men's association football fullbacks
Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina men's international footballers
FK Velež Mostar players
FK Viagem Ústí nad Labem players
FK Teplice players
FK Senica players
FC Amkar Perm players
IL Stjørdals-Blink players
FK Sloboda Tuzla players
First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina players
Czech National Football League players
Czech First League players
Slovak First Football League players
Russian Premier League players
Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players
Norwegian Second Division players
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovakia
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Norway


Timocrates of Lampsacus () was a renegade Epicurean who made it his life's mission to spread slander about Epicurus' philosophy and way of life. He was the elder brother of Metrodorus, Epicurus' best friend and most loyal follower, who was born in Lampsacus in the late 4th century BC. He studied with his brother in the school of Epicurus, but some time c. 290 BC, he broke with the school, apparently because he refused to accept that pleasure was the supreme good of life. The dispute became quite bitter; Philodemus quotes Timocrates saying "that he both loved his brother as no one else did and hated him as no one else." In a much quoted letter, Metrodorus, in exaggerated fashion, took Timocrates to task for not making the stomach the standard in everything relating to the prime good. Metrodorus wrote at least one work against Timocrates; and Epicurus also wrote an Opinions on the Passions, against Timocrates. In response, Timocrates wrote a polemic against Epicurus, whereby he claimed that Epicurus was not a genuine Athenian citizen, and that he was slovenly, weak, ignorant, rude, and vomited twice a day from overindulgence. His book against Epicurus, published after his apostasy, was entitled Delights (euphranta).

Notes

Further reading
 Sedley, D.N. (1976), ‘Epicurus and his professional rivals’, in: Bollack J. & A. Laks (eds.), Études sur l'épicurisme antique (Cahiers de Philologie I), Lille, pp. 119–59.

External links
Diogenes Laërtius, The Lives and Opinions of Famous Philosophers, Book 10: The Life of Epicurus at Epicurus.info

Epicurean philosophers
People from Lampsacus
3rd-century BC Greek philosophers
4th-century BC births
3rd-century BC deaths


WTLA (1200 AM; "ESPN Radio 97.7") is a commercial radio station licensed to North Syracuse, New York, and serving the Syracuse metropolitan area.  The station is owned by Galaxy Communications and airs a sports radio format.  Programming is also simulcast on co-owned AM 1440 WSGO in Oswego, New York.

WTLA operates with 1,000 watts.  Because 1200 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A WOAI San Antonio, WTLA uses a directional antenna at night to avoid interference when radio waves travel farther.  WTLA's transmitter is off Davis Road North in Cicero, New York, near Interstate 481.  WTLA also is heard on 120-watt FM translator W249BC at 97.7 MHz in nearby Mattydale, New York.

Programming
WTLA and WSGO have several local weekday sports shows, in middays and afternoon drive time.  The rest of the schedule features programming from ESPN Radio, the Syracuse ISP Sports Network (carrying Syracuse University sports), the New York Giants Radio Network and the NFL on Westwood One.  WTLA/WSGO had previously carried New York Mets baseball games until the New York Mets Radio Network was discontinued in 2019 due to the high cost of satellite time.

History
The station signed on the air August 1, 1959.  Its call sign was WSOQ and it broadcast on 1220 AM.  On that frequency, WSOQ was a daytimer.  Due to longer established stations on 1220, WSOQ had to go off the air at sunset each day to avoid interference.   The station was owned by Sol Panitz and Harry Winton, and was a Mutual Broadcasting System network affiliate.

Over the years, the station used the call letters WEZG, WURS, and WXRA.

In 1991, the station moved to its current frequency.  It had attempted to move its spot on the dial since 1980, hoping to find a frequency where it could broadcast around the clock.  A few months later, the station was renamed WNSS.  It then became WKRL in 1993, and WTLA in 1995.

Until March 5, 2010, WTLA offered an adult standards format from the "Music of Your Life" network.  On that date, it affiliated with ESPN Radio.  A local afternoon show, "Disturbing The Peace" was added in May 2010, focusing on Syracuse and New York sports.  In January 2011, programs hosted by Mike Bristol (who had previously been heard on AM 620 WHEN) were picked up by WTLA.

Actor Daniel Baldwin began hosting a one-hour weekday sports program on WTLA/WSGO in 2017.  The show ended in April 2019.

Translators

References

External links

TLA
Radio stations established in 1959
ESPN Radio stations
Sports in Onondaga County, New York
Sports in Syracuse, New York


Shlomo Bar (1943- ) is an Israeli musician, composer, and social activist. He is a pioneer of ethnic music in Israel.

Biography
Shlomo Bar was born in Rabat, Morocco. His family immigrated to Israel when he was six. He learned how to play the darbuka and other ethnic percussion instruments, performing in various small lineups and as a backing musician for artists such as Matti Caspi on tours. In 1976 he played in Yehoshua Sobol and Noa Chelton's Kriza (Nerves), a play about social injustice and discrimination again Mizrahi Jews in Israel. Bar set to music and performed several of Sobol's songs, including "Yeladim Ze Simcha" (Children are joy).

Bar then formed his own group, "Habrera Hativeet" (literally, "Natural Selection," but they call themselves "Natural Gathering") with bassist and producer Yisrael Borochov. The original lineup was Samson Kehimkar, an Indian violin and sitar virtuoso, Miguel Herstein, an American guitarist, the bassist Yisrael Borochov, and Bar on percussion and vocals. Yisrael Borochov had a stark influence on the sound of the group, and before he left had arranged, recorded and produced the first two albums of the band. Disagreements over where the direction of the band was going led him to split from Bar and to form the East West Ensemble.

The first album, "Elei Shorashim" (Origins, or a Return to Roots), combined traditional Moroccan and Yiddish music, with Indian elements and motifs, as well as new renditions of songs by Israeli poets. The songs were long, some of them running for eight minutes, and the subject matter was unusual for the time.

The lineup went through several changes in the 1980s and 90s.

Bar's musical influences are broad, including Bob Dylan and Miles Davis on the one hand, and classical Indian music and Jewish liturgy on the other.

Discography
With Habrera Hativeet:

1979 - "Elei Shorashim" (Origins)
 Tfila - A Prayer
 Children Are Happiness - Yeladim Ze Simcha
 In The Village Of Todra - Ezleinu Bikfar Todra
 Dror Yikra
 Kotzim - Thorns
 A Moroccan Wedding - Hatuna Marokait

1980 - "Mechakim LeSamson" (Waiting for Samson)
 Hassidic Dialogue - Du siah Hassidi
 Spring - Aviv (Bhairavi)
 The Love Of Theresa Dimon - Ahavata Shel Theresa Dimon
 Walking to Caesarea - Halicha LeKeisaria
 The Dark Girl - Shecharhoret
 Be True - Heye Davek
 Alone - Levad

1982 - "Chut Shazur" (Woven Thread)
 The Market Song - Shir Hashuk
 Sultanas Lament - Kinat Sultana
 To God I Shall Hearken - El El Ashacher
 Who Knew - Mi Yada
 Bread and Garment - Lehem Beged
 Haji Baba
 My Field - Shdemati

1985 - "Mitoch Kelim Shvurim" (Out of Broken Vessels)
 Thou Art Land - At Adama
 Danino the Immigrant's Run - Ritzato Shel Haole Danino
 Or Haganuz
 Hama
 My Love Shall Come to His Garden - Yavo Dodi Legano
 A Song of Degrees - Shir Lamaalot

1988 - "Michutz LaChomot" (Outside the Walls)
 Who's There - Mi Shama
 When Shall Zion be Established - Matai Techonan Ir Tzion
 E'eroch Mahalal Nivi
 The Flute - Hehalil
 An Air - Neima
 Your Fingers - Et Etsbeoteicha

1991 - "Nedudim" (Wandering)
 A Seed Sleeps - Yashen Lo Garin
 Naked and Bare - Erom VeEria
 Walking to Caesarea - Halicha LeKeisaria
 I Am an Innocent Girl - Ani Tama
 Seven Sections - Shiv'a Medorim
 Wandering - Nedudim
 Three Were Founded - Shlosha Nosdu
 Honi The Circle Drawer - Honi Hameagel
 Reaching an Understanding - Hidavrut

1993 - "Peimot Shchorot" (Black Beats)
 Yafa Ahuvati - Beautiful is My Beloved
 My Land to The Redeemer - Artzi Lagoel
 The Desert Speaks - Hamidbar Medaber
 10/14 (a percussion piece)
 And Then As Stream Waters - Veaz Kemei Nahal
 Hamsa
 A Song For Peace - Shir Lashalom
 For Thou Art a Man - Ki Ata Adam
 Black Beats - Peimot Shhorot (a percussion piece)

1994 - "David U Shlomo" (David and Solomon) - with David D'Or
 Halleluijah - Haleluya
 A Voice From the Heavens - Kol Mehashamayim
 In the Village of Todra - Etzlenu Bikfar Todra
 In Your Heart - Belibech
 My Field - Shdemati
 Don't Cast Me Off - Al Tashlicheni
 Protect the World - Shmor Al Haolam
 The Mercy Gate - Shaar Harachamim
 A Song For Peace - Shir Lashalom
 The Sailor's Love - Ahuvat Hasapan
 Instrumental
 A Prayer - Tfila
 Comes From Love - Baa Me'ahava
 Tfila
 He Will Come - Hu Yavo

1996 - "Yachef" (Barefoot)
 My Heart - Libi
 The hope of God - Tikvat Hael
 Walking to the Palace (Instrumental) - Halicha Laarmon
 Neglected - Mezulzelet
 He is Great - Adir Hu
 The Immigrant Danino's Run - Ritsato Shel Haole Danino
 A close friend - Haver Karov
 Batash (Lit. meaning: A meeting between two elements)
 Reveal The Story - Saper Saper
 Lover of My Soul - Yedid Nefesh
 Barefoot - Yahef

2003 - "Maim Ne'emanim" (Faithful Waters) - A Collection

CD1
 Tfila
 Yeladim Ze Simcha
 Etzleinu Bikfar Todra
 Kinat Sultana
 Dror Ikra
 Hatuna Marokait
 Sheharhoret
 Ahavata Shel Teresa Dimon
 Shir Hashuk
 Hagi Baba
 Mi Yada
 Ritzato Shel Haole Danino
 At Adama
 El El Ashacher

CD2
 A Song of Yearning - Shir Kmiha
 A Japanese Legend - Agada Yapanit
 Et Etsbeoteicha
 Hahalil
 Halicha Lekeisaria
 Erom Veeria
 Hamidbar Medaber
 Shdemati
 Honi Hameagel
 Ani Tama
 Saper Saper
 Yedid Nefesh
 Mezulzelet
 Haver karov
 Zemer Nouge

2006 - "Ananim Nemuhim" (Low Clouds)
 Low Clouds - Ananim Nemuchim
 Genesis (Light) - Or (Bereshit)
 The Seagulls - HaSchafim
 And again - Veshuv
 Da-re
 Woman's poem - Shirat Isha
 The Noon-Land's song - Shir Admat Hatzehoraim
 Circles - Maagalim
 Formless and Void - Tohu Vavohu

2010 - "Besod Tfilat Arar" (In a Secret of Solitary Prayer)

References

External links

 The MOOMA database (Heb)
 A recent interview (Heb)
 Bar on his Biblical heroes. (Heb)

1943 births
Living people
Israeli male composers
Moroccan emigrants to Israel
Israeli people of Moroccan-Jewish descent
Jewish Israeli musicians
20th-century Israeli male musicians
21st-century Israeli male musicians
20th-century Israeli composers
21st-century Israeli composers
21st-century Moroccan Jews
Musicians from Rabat
People from Sderot


WOSW (1300 AM) is a radio station licensed to Fulton, New York, United States. The station serves the northern suburbs of the Syracuse area. WOSW is owned by Craig Fox's Wolf Radio, through licensee Foxfur Communications, LLC.

History
The station went on the air as WOSC on August 22, 1949. By the late 1960s, the station programmed a format of pop and easy rock music, local and Mutual network news, and popular local personalities such as Carl Dunn in the morning, Frank Dale, Bob Putnam, Pat Riley, and Dave Kramer throughout the day. Manager Robert Rooney kept the station glued to the local news events. During this time, the co-owned WOSC-FM became the first FM station to program rock and roll on FM in central New York. In 1972, recent SU graduate Peter McElvein took over the morning program and, later that year, attained the highest ratings in its history, fifth overall out of more than 15 Syracuse stations, although the station was 22 miles away from Syracuse. By the mid-1980s the station was briefly silent and then it returned to the air as WZZZ on June 19, 1988.  On August 16, 2002, the station changed its call sign to WAMF, and again to the current WOSW on June 1, 2012.

During the time as WAMF, the station broadcast as an affiliate of Radio Disney. The format changed to classic country in September 2012, branded as "Real Country 1300." During this time, it was unknown whether or not the Real Country satellite network was being used. WOSW also carried NASCAR races from the Motor Racing Network.

In 2015, the station began simulcasting the Sports format on WOLF.

In late June 2016, the station's format was temporarily changed to Country to facilitate a trade of sister station WOLF-FM with Family Life Network. This arrangement was required in order for the then-station owner to comply with the multiple ownership rule set forth by the Federal Communications Commission. Family Life temporarily simulcasted the station on its WOLF-FM until the consummation was completed in August 2017.

Effective August 21, 2017, Cram Communications sold WOSW to Pathway Community Radio, Inc. for $20,000. The transaction was largely a paper transaction as Craig Fox controls both companies; Sinan Mimaroglu, the other major stakeholder in the company, operates Armstrong Transmitter Corporation, which sells broadcasting equipment. The station went silent that day.

Effective February 21, 2020, Pathway Community Radio sold WOSW to Craig Fox's Foxfur Communications, LLC for $25,000.

WOSW has been listed as silent since July 15, 2021.

References

External links
WOSW Fox Sports 1300 Facebook

OSW
Radio stations established in 1949
1949 establishments in New York (state)


WSGO (1440 AM) is a commercial radio station, licensed to Oswego, New York, and serving the northern suburbs of the Syracuse metropolitan area.  The station is owned by Galaxy Communications and airs a sports radio format.

The station, like most of Galaxy Communications' Oswego cluster, is a direct repeater of a Syracuse sister station, in WSGO's case, AM 1200 WTLA.  Like WTLA, it simulcasts its programming full-time on a 220 watt FM translator, W261AC, at 100.1 MHz).

WSGO operates at 1,000 watts by day.  But at night, when radio waves travel farther, it reduces power to only 45 watts to avoid interfering with other stations on AM 1440.  It uses a non-directional antenna at all times, located on Dutch Ridge Road in Oswego, adjacent to Route 481.

Programming
WSGO and WTLA have two local weekday sports shows, in middays and afternoon drive time.  The rest of the schedule features programming from ESPN Radio, the Syracuse ISP Sports Network (carrying Syracuse University sports), the New York Giants Radio Network and the NFL on Westwood One.  They had previously carried New York Mets baseball games until the New York Mets Radio Network was discontinued in 2019 due to the high cost of satellite time.

History
WSGO signed on the air on March 6, 1961.  It was owned by Clifford C. Harris and the studios were in the Pontiac Hotel.  Originally WSGO was a daytimer, required to go off the air at sunset to avoid interfering with other radio stations on AM 1440 at night when radio waves travel farther.  In the 1990s, it got permission from the Federal Communications Commission to stay on the air at night, but at only 45 watts.

In 2000, it was acquired by Galaxy Communications.  The studios and offices were relocated to Syracuse and WSGO became a full time simulcast station to 1200 WTLA.  For a time, it aired an adult standards format, from the "Music of Your Life" network.  It switched to sports radio in 2010, affiliating with the ESPN Radio Network.

References

External links

SGO
Sports in Syracuse, New York


Sergio Martínez may refer to:

Sergio Martínez (boxer) (born 1975), Argentine boxer
Sergio Martínez (cyclist) (1943–1979), Cuban Olympic cyclist
Sergio Martínez (swimmer) (born 1936), Colombian Olympic swimmer
Sergio Martínez (footballer) (born 1969), Uruguayan footballer
Sergio Martínez Ballesteros (born 1975), Spanish footballer
Sergio Castro Martínez (born 1941), Mexican humanitarian


The Western International School of Shanghai (WISS) is an international school located in Xujing Town in the Qingpu district on the western side of the Huangpu River, Shanghai. WISS has more than 50 different nationalities represented in the school community.

WISS is an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School which educates students from preschool through high school. WISS offers the Primary Years Programme (PYP), Middle Years Programme (MYP), and Diploma Programme (DP).

The school campus is spread across a  site which was designed by Weimar Architects of the Bauhaus University in Weimar, Germany. The school facilities consists of a theatre, gymnasiums, swimming pools, large field, soccer turf pitch, outdoor basketball court, science labs, art studios, dance studios, tech labs, computers labs, open-plan library, cafeteria, fine arts wing, three playgrounds, and large classrooms.

History

WISS was granted approval by the Ministry of Education in Beijing in 2004 and opened its doors on September 6, 2006. WISS caters to expatriates in Shanghai who want an international education based on the full continuum of the IB, being the first International school in Shanghai to offer all three IB Programmes.

Languages

WISS has a second language programme in Mandarin and offers Spanish, French, and German in the Secondary School. Afterschool mother tongue programmes are offered on campus in Dutch, French, German, Spanish, Finnish, Slovakian and Swedish.

Activities and sports

WISS offers sports and activities for Nursery through to Grade 10 in conjunction with the school curriculum.

These include but are not limited to: Basketball, Volleyball, Swimming, Soccer, Rugby, Badminton, Ping Pong (Table Tennis), Gymnastics, Wushu, Dance, Piano, Multi Sports, Computer Club, Art & Craft, Jewellery Making, Cooking, Girl Scouts, Lego Engineering Workshop, Chinese Poetry, Ballet, Model Making, school newspaper.

The soccer program is done by Stoke City FC, with coaches from the Premier League-club in United Kingdom.

Affiliations

WISS is authorized and affiliated to many other groups:

IB – International Baccalaureate

WASC – Western Association of Schools and Colleges (Candidate School)

SISA – Shanghai International Schools’ Association

UCAS – University and College Admissions Service

CISSA – Chinese International Schools’ Sports Association

ACT – American College Testing (Approved Examination Center)

See also
 List of international schools in Shanghai
 List of international schools

References

External links
http://www.wiss.cn

International schools in Shanghai
International Baccalaureate schools in China
Educational institutions established in 2006
Private schools in Shanghai
2006 establishments in China


Living in the Present Future is the second studio album by Swedish rock singer-songwriter Eagle-Eye Cherry. It was released in 2000. Cherry worked with such producers as The Dust Brothers, John Kurzweg, and Rick Rubin.

Four songs from the album were released as singles: "Are You Still Having Fun?", "Long Way Around", "Promises Made" and "Feels So Right". The only single to experience success across multiple regions was "Are You Still Having Fun?", which reached the top 40 in France, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. "Long Way Around" became a minor hit in a few countries, but the following two singles did not make a commercial impact.

Track listing
All songs written by Eagle-Eye Cherry. Co-writers credited as noted.
 "Been Here Once Before" – 3:48 (Cherry, Klas Åhlund)
 "Are You Still Having Fun?" – 3:11
 "One Good Reason" – 3:26 (Cherry, Christopher Watkins)
 "Promises Made" – 3:36 (Cherry, Watkins)
 "Burning Up" – 5:02
 "Together" – 5:30 (Cherry, Torrell)
 "Long Way Around" featuring Neneh Cherry – 3:28 (Cherry, Watkins)
 "Lonely Days (Miles Away)" – 3:59
 "First to Fall" – 3:57
 "Miss Fortune" – 3:47
 "She Didn't Believe" – 3:41 (Cherry, Watkins)
 "Shades of Gray" – 3:22 (Cherry, Watkins, Eric Schermerhorn)
 "Wishing It Was" – 4:17 (Cherry, John King, Mike Simpson, M. Nishita. Bonus track not on European version; also appeared on Santana's 1999 release, Supernatural)

2001 re-release
On 30 October 2001 the album was re-released with the title Present/Future. The new version replaced three new tracks, and with some tracks reordered.

All songs written by Eagle-Eye Cherry. Co-writers credited as noted.
 "Been Here Once Before" – 3:48 (Cherry, Klas Åhlund)
 "Are You Still Having Fun?" – 3:11
 "One Good Reason" – 3:26 (Cherry, Christopher Watkins)
 "Promises Made" – 3:36 (Cherry, Watkins)
 "Feels So Right" – 4:20 (Cherry, Watkins, Mattias Torrell)
 "Crashing Down" – 5:21 (Cherry, Watkins)
 "Long Way Around" featuring Neneh Cherry – 3:28 (Cherry, Watkins)
 "Lonely Days (Miles Away)" – 3:59
 "Together" – 5:30 (Cherry, Torrell)
 "Burning Up" – 5:02
 "Shades of Gray" – 3:22 (Cherry, Watkins, Eric Schermerhorn)
 "Never Let You Down" – 5:45
 "Wishing It Was" – 4:17 (Cherry, John King, Mike Simpson, M. Nishita)

Personnel
Eagle-Eye Cherry - vocals, keyboards, piano
Mats Asplen - Fender Rhodes electric piano, organ, Moog synthesizer
Patrick Warren - Chamberlin
Klas Åhlund, Eric Schermerhorn, Mattias Torrell, Christopher Watkins - acoustic and electric guitars
Olav Gustaffson - pedal steel guitar
Spencer Campbell, Peter Fors, Benny Rietveld - bass guitar
Jim Bogios, Rodney Holmes, Magnus Persson - drums
Dominic Keyes, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow - percussion
Per "Texas" Johansson - saxophone
Goran Kajfes - trumpet
John Kurzweg - additional guitar

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

References

External links

Eagle-Eye Cherry albums
2000 albums
MCA Records albums
Albums produced by Rick Rubin


Gat () is a kibbutz in southern Israel. Located near Kiryat Gat, it falls under the jurisdiction of Yoav Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

History
Kibbutz Gat was founded in 1934 by Jewish immigrants from Poland, Yugoslavia and Austria. In 1949, after the inhabitants of the nearby  Palestinian village of Iraq al-Manshiyya had been expelled, some of their lands were transferred to Kibbutz Gat. Primor, one of Israel's largest juice manufacturers, is operated by the kibbutz. Citramed, another company located in Kibbutz Gat, has developed a method to squeeze out the antibacterial properties in the rind of citrus fruit for use as a natural preservative in health products and the food industry.

The name is derived from the Philistine town Gath, which at the time the kibbutz was founded was identified with the nearby site of Tel Erani. The town of Kiryat Gat (lit. Gath City) was named for the same reason. However, most scholars now consider Tell es-Safi, thirteen kilometres to the northeast, a more likely candidate.

Notable people
Yossi Dina

References

External links
Official website

Kibbutzim
Kibbutz Movement
Populated places established in 1934
Populated places in Southern District (Israel)
1934 establishments in Mandatory Palestine
Austrian-Jewish culture in Israel
Polish-Jewish culture in Israel
Yugoslav-Jewish culture in Israel


San Miguel Totocuitlapilco in nahuatl ("in the tail of the bird") is a village located inside the Municipality of Metepec. It has a population of 377 and is 2600 meters above sea level.

This place is situated near Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico, its geographical coordinates are 19° 13' 44" North, 99° 35' 39" West.

References
PueblosAmérica

External links
 Images

Populated places in the State of Mexico
Metepec, State of Mexico