Cambron () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Cambron is situated on the D3 road, some  west of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Digital Shades Vol. 1 is the fourth studio album by French electronic group M83. The album was released on September 3, 2007, and features only founding member Anthony Gonzalez. The album consists of tracks that are more of an ambient texture and quality; some songs have light vocals while the album is mostly instrumental. Some tracks even dip into drone music as well which differs vastly from Gonzalez's earlier explorations of dream pop and shoegaze guitar-influenced song structures.

A sequel to the album was released on September 20, 2019, titled DSVII.

Track listing

Personnel
 Written, composed, and performed by Anthony Gonzalez.
 Mixed and mastered by Antoine Gaillet.
 Excerpt in track 8 from the movie soundtrack By the Kiss directed by Yann Gonzalez.
 Artwork and illustration by Laurent Fetis.

References

2007 albums
M83 (band) albums
Mute Records albums
Ambient albums by French artists


A “one-on-one tackle” is a play and term in rugby league football in which a single defender attempts to tackle the ball carrier. It is the only situation in which the defending player is permitted to attempt to dispossess the ball carrier. If the tackler completes the tackle (i.e., the ball carrier is successfully brought to ground or forward progress is halted) or a defending team-mate joins the tackle attempt, the ball may no longer be legally stolen from the ball carrier's grasp, and a defender attempting to do so is liable to be penalised.
The Note for Law 11, Section 9 states:
Where a player steals the ball from a player on whom he is effecting a tackle, play will be allowed to continue. Where two or more players are effecting the same tackle - irrespective of whether all but one “drops off” the tackle, and the ball is subsequently taken from the tackled player, a penalty will be awarded against the player or players effecting the tackle.

The term “one-on-one tackle” is not used in the Laws of the Game; rather, it is a colloquial means of referring to the above situation.

See also

Tackle (football move)

References

Rugby league terminology


Over 30 years ago a renowned Hamlet scholar expressed his astonishment that some 400 works a year dealing with the play were being received at the Shakespeare Quarterly. The rate of Hamlet studies has
increased quite considerably since then. To make any headway in the study of any aspect of Hamlet, the use of bibliographies—annotated, if at all possible—is often necessary.
The most up-to-date resource is the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C.; their publication, the Shakespeare Quarterly, has one issue per year devoted entirely to bibliography. As to their on-line searching, a search of the keyword "Hamlet" in Folger's web-based catalog, Hamnet (accessed 1/25/2008) returned 2245 entries; the result does not include the number of entries in the library's card-catalog.

Printed bibliographies
In one sense textual and critical analyses of Hamlet appear in the earliest editions onwards, as they are interpreted in the performances themselves, or unearthed by subsequent scholars, performers, and directors.
The first modern attempt at a collation of analyses was in 1877, with Furness's variorum edition of Hamlet. It has been reprinted as:
Hamlet: The New Variorum Edition, Horace Howard Furness, ed. New York:Dover, 2000. Vol. I: . Vol. II:
The following list of subsequent bibliographies is ordered chronologically:
A Hamlet Bibliography and Reference Guide, 1877–1935 (orig. pub. date 1936). Anton Adolph Raven. New York: Russell & Russell, 1966.
Hamlet in the 1940s: An Annotated Bibliography. Janet Herzbach, ed. New York: Garland, 1985. New York: Garland.
Hamlet in the 1950s: An Annotated Bibliography. Randal F. Robinson, ed. New York: Garland, 1984.
Readings on the Character of Hamlet: 1661–1947. Claude C. H. Williamson. (1950). London: Routledge, 2007.
Hamlet in the 1960s: An Annotated Bibliography. Julia Dietrich, ed. New York: Garland, 1992.
Aspects of Hamlet: Articles Reprinted from Shakespeare Survey. Kenneth Muir and Stanley Wells, eds. New York; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Hamlet in the 1980s: An Annotated Bibliography. London: Routledge William L. Godshalk and Marsha Robinson, eds.
The Essential Shakespeare: An Annotated Bibliography of Major Modern Studies (2nd ed.). 1993. Larry S. Champion, ed. New York: G.K. Hall.
Hamlet: An Annotated Bibliography of Shakespeare Studies, 1604–1998. Mooney, Michael E. Asheville, North Carolina: Pegasus Press, 1999.

Online bibliographies
Hamlet bibliography is flourishing online.
HyperHamlet is a growing database that links to each word of the text, where possible, critical and intertextual annotated citations ("text" including cinema, plays, illustration etc.), linguistic notes, texts that "happen to" quote, and additional on-line sources.
hamletworks is another project with encyclopedic aims. As in HyperHamlet, the database contains entries detailing the textual and critical history of every line of the play. Currently on the website is commentary from some 40 editions of Hamlet collated for every line of the play. The site also has facsimiles of promptbooks and editions from the 17th century on. Also available are the complete texts of Hamlet Studies (vols. I–XXV, 1979–2003).
Hamlet on the Ramparts is devoted only to two scenes of the play, I:4–5. It has numerous sections on what goes into analysis, facsimiles of some 18th-century editions, and a viewer with which two sets of material can be viewed on the same screen. For example, a modern text can be split-screened with a Quarto, or two Quartos can be compared, or any of these texts can be coordinated with illustrations or screen clips of the respective lines.
Hamlet Haven covers in detail material published between 1991 and 2001, with sections that focus on the major characters; popular subjects e.g., music, law, friendship; and theoretical approaches (e.g. reception theory, new historicism, queer theory).
Hamlet Online is a relatively small (relative to the above three) and eclectic site with Web links on the play.
A bibliography of studies on Ophelia is available (accessed 2 February 2008)

See also
 Critical approaches to Hamlet

References

Dramatist and playwright bibliographies


Macajalar Bay is a deep water bay of the Bohol Sea, located north of the province of Misamis Oriental on Mindanao Island, in the southern part of the Philippines. Cagayan de Oro, being the regional center of Northern Mindanao, is located in one of its deep-water harbors. Twelve of the municipalities of Misamis Oriental share a coastline with the bay.

Environmental degradation

Towards the end of the 1980s, the Northern Mindanao region experienced rapid economic growth due to a confluence of factors: infrastructure growth, in-migration due to rising conflict in other parts of Mindanao and increased speculative capital investments due to development plans for establishment of a new Cagayan de Oro-Iligan Industrial Corridor. With these, the environment and livelihoods of local or traditional farming and fishing communities came under massive threat and dis-location.

In the mid-1980s, Northern Mindanao emerged to become one of the three major growth centers in southern Philippines, with Cagayan de Oro as its commercial and industrial hub. The coastal city of Cagayan de Oro, fronting Macajalar Bay, became a major industrial port and an entry point for new migrants and settlers. From a 3rd Class City in the 1970s, Cagayan de Oro's population burgeoned to nearly half of million by the late 1990s. But rapid economic growth also spawned increased land speculation, illegal logging, sea piracy, destructive fishing and mining practices, shipping and industrial pollution.

Today, the presence of many industrial projects in and around Cagayan de Oro, continue to spew large amount of pollutants into the bay.

References

External links
 Task Force Macajalar
 Cagayan de Oro-Macajalar Bay Lion's Club

Bays of the Philippines
Landforms of Misamis Oriental


The first School of Naval Architecture opened in 1811 in Portsmouth. The school was principally established to offer a deeper study of the principles of ship design than had traditionally been retained through the apprenticeship model. To this end, students were taught mathematics, science, drawing, history, geography and literature. In 1816, it joined the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth to become the Royal Naval College and the School for Naval Architecture. Political lobbying forced its closure in 1837.  Divisions within the Navy had long been felt between those who saw educational pathways as key to progression within the Royal Navy and those who regarded family connections and patronage as the best means of advancement. Of the first School's closure, Reverend Joseph Woolley observed "that establishment produced men of accomplished skill and power in the application of sound theoretical principals to their professional work; but because they were treated with suspicion and dislike by the uneducated members of the profession, who unfortunately had too much influence at head quarters: the old cry of want of experience was raised  against them, and the value of their services, were for many years--the best years of their lives--lost to the country."

This position changed shortly after Woolley made his remarks in March 1862, when in 1864, the Royal School of Naval Architecture or Royal School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering was founded in South Kensington to train naval architects.  It was founded by Woolley, who had been Principal of the short-lived School of Mathematics and Naval Construction in Portsmouth (1848–1853). In 1873 the School moved to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, then in 1967 to University College London.  Many of its graduates entered the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors.

The title FRSNA is an abbreviation for Fellow of the Royal School of Naval Architecture.

References

1864 establishments in England
Naval architecture
Training establishments of the Royal Navy
Marine engineering organizations


The theology of Ulrich Zwingli was based on an interpretation of the Bible, taking scripture as the inspired word of God and placing its authority higher than what he saw as human sources such as the ecumenical councils and the church fathers. He also recognised the human element within the inspiration, noting the differences in the canonical gospels. Zwinglianism is the Reformed confession based on the Second Helvetic Confession promulgated by Zwingli's successor Heinrich Bullinger in the 1560s.

Zwingli's views on baptism were largely a response to Anabaptism, a movement which attacked the practice of infant baptism. He defended the baptism of children by describing it as a sign of a Christian's covenant with disciples and God just as God made a covenant with Abraham.

He denied the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and following Cornelius Henrici Hoen, he agreed that the bread and wine of the institution signify and do not literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ. Zwingli's differences of opinion on this with Martin Luther resulted in the failure of the Marburg Colloquy to bring unity between the two Protestant leaders.

Zwingli believed that the state governed with divine sanction. He believed that both the church and the state are placed under the sovereign rule of God. Christians were obliged to obey the government, but civil disobedience was allowed if the authorities acted against the will of God. He described a preference for an aristocracy over monarchic or democratic rule.

Scripture
The Bible is central in Zwingli's work as a reformer and is crucial in the development of his theology. Zwingli appealed to scripture constantly in his writings. This is strongly evident in his early writings such as Archeteles (1522) and The Clarity and Certainty of the Word of God (1522). He believed that man is a liar and only God is the truth. For him scripture, as God's word, brings light when there is only darkness of error.

Zwingli initially appealed to scripture against Catholic opponents in order to counter their appeal to the church—which included the councils, the church fathers, the schoolmen, and the popes. To him, these authorities were based on man and liable to error. He noted that "the fathers must yield to the word of God and not the word of God to the fathers". His insistence of using the word of God did not preclude him from using the councils or the church fathers in his arguments. He gave them no independent authority, but he used them to show that the views he held were not simply his own.

The inspiration of scripture, the concept that God or the Holy Spirit is the author, was taken for granted by Zwingli. His view of inspiration was not mechanical and he recognized the human element in his commentaries as he noted the differences in the canonical gospels. He did not recognize the apocryphal books as canonical. Like Martin Luther, Zwingli did not regard the Revelation of St John highly, and also did not accept a "canon within the canon", but he did accept scripture as a whole.

Baptism
Zwingli's views on baptism are largely rooted in his conflict with the Anabaptists, a group whose beliefs included the rejection of infant baptism and centered on the leadership of Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz. In October 1523, the controversy over the issue broke out during the second Zürich disputation and Zwingli vigorously defended the need for infant baptism and his belief that rebaptism was unnecessary. His major works on the subject include Baptism, Rebaptism, and Infant Baptism (1525), A Reply to Hubmaier (1525), A Refutation (1527), and Questions Concerning the Sacrament of Baptism (1530).

In Baptism, Rebaptism, and Infant Baptism, Zwingli outlined his disagreements with both the Catholic and the Anabaptist positions. He accused the Anabaptists of adding to the word of God and noted that there is no law forbidding infant baptism. He challenged Catholics by denying that the water of baptism can have the power to wash away sin. Zwingli understood baptism to be a pledge or a promise, but he disputed the Anabaptist position that it is a pledge to live without sin, noting that such a pledge brings back the hypocrisy of legalism. He argued against their view that those that received the Spirit and were able to live without sin were the only persons qualified to partake in baptism. At the same time he asserted that rebaptism had no support in scripture. The Anabaptists raised the objection that Christ did not baptise children, and so Christians, likewise, should not baptise their children. Zwingli responded by noting that kind of argument would imply women should not participate in communion because there were no women at the last supper. Although there was no commandment to baptise children specifically, the need for baptism was clearly stated in scripture. In a separate discussion on original sin, Zwingli denies original guilt. He refers to I Corinthians 7:12–14 which states that the children of one Christian parent are holy and thus they are counted among the sons of God. Infants should be baptised because there is only one church and one baptism, not a partial church and partial baptism.

The first part of the document, A Reply to Hubmaier, is an attack on Balthasar Hubmaier's position on baptism. The second part where Zwingli defends his own views demonstrates further development in his doctrine of baptism. Rather than baptism being simply a pledge, he describes baptism as a sign of our covenant with God. Furthermore, he associates this covenant with the covenant that God made with Abraham. As circumcision was the sign of God's covenant with Abraham, baptism was the sign of his covenant with Christians. In A Refutation, he states,

The children of Christians are no less sons of God than the parents, just as in the Old Testament. Hence, since they are sons of God, who will forbid this baptism? Circumcision among the ancients ... was the same as baptism with us.

His later writings show no change in his fundamental positions. Other elements in Zwingli's theology would lead him to deny that baptism is a means of grace or that it is necessary for salvation. His defence of infant baptism was not only a matter of church politics, but was clearly related to the whole of his theology and his profound sense of unity of the church.

Eucharist

The Eucharist was a key center of controversy in the Reformation as it not only focused differences between the reformers and the church but also between themselves. For Zwingli it was a matter of attacking a doctrine that imperiled the understanding and reception of God's gift of salvation, while for Luther it was a matter of defending a doctrine that embodied that gift. It is not known what Zwingli's eucharistic theology was before he became a reformer and there is disagreement among scholars about his views during his first few years as a priest. In the eighteenth article of The Sixty-seven Articles (1523) which concerns the sacrifice of the mass, he states that it is a memorial of the sacrifice. He expounds on this in An Exposition of the Articles (1523).

Zwingli credited the Dutch humanist, Cornelius Henrici Hoen (Honius), for first suggesting the "is" in the institution words "This is my body" meant "signifies". Hoen sent a letter to Zwingli in 1524 with this interpretation along with biblical examples to support it. It is impossible to say how the letter affected Zwingli's theology although Zwingli claimed that he already held the symbolic view when he read the letter. He first mentioned the "signifies" interpretation in a letter to Matthäus Alber, an associate of Luther. Zwingli denies transubstantiation using John 6:63, "It is the Spirit who gives life, the flesh is of no avail", as support. He commended Andreas Karlstadt's understanding of the significance of faith, but rejected Karlstadt's view that the word "this" refers to Christ's body rather than the bread. Using other biblical passages and patristic sources, he defended the "signifies" interpretation. In The Eucharist (1525), following the introduction of his communion liturgy, he laid out the details of his theology where he argues against the view that the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ and that they are eaten bodily.

The conflict between Zwingli and Luther began in 1525, but it was not until 1527 that Zwingli engaged directly with Luther. The culmination of the controversy was the Marburg Colloquy in 1529. He wrote four responses leading up to the meeting: A Friendly Exegesis (1527), A Friendly Answer (1527), Zwingli's Christian Reply (1527), and Two Replies to Luther's Book (1528). They examined Luther's point-of-view rather than systematically presenting Zwingli's own. Some of his comments were sharp and critical, although they were never as harsh and dismissive as some of Luther's on him. However, Zwingli also called Luther "one of the first champions of the Gospel", a David against Goliath, a Hercules who slew the Roman boar. Martin Bucer and Johannes Oecolampadius most likely influenced Zwingli as they were concerned with reconciliation of the eucharistic views.

The main issue for Zwingli is that Luther puts "the chief point of salvation in the bodily eating of the body of Christ". Luther saw the action as strengthening faith and remitting sins. This, however, conflicted with Zwingli's view of faith. The bodily presence of Christ could not produce faith as faith is from God, for those whom God has chosen. Zwingli also appealed to several passages of scripture with John 6:63 in particular. He saw Luther's view as denying Christ's humanity and asserted that Christ's body is only at one place and that is at the right hand of God. The Marburg Colloquy did not produce anything new in the debate between the two reformers. Neither changed his position, but it did produce some further developments in Zwingli's views. For example, he noted that the bread was not mere bread and affirmed terms such as "presence", "true", and "sacramental". However, it was Zwingli's and Luther's differences in their understanding of faith, their Christology, their approach and use of scripture that ultimately made any agreement impossible.

Near the end of his life Zwingli summarized his understanding of the Eucharist in a confession sent to King Francis I, saying:

"We believe that Christ is truly present in the Lord’s Supper; yea, we believe that there is no communion without the presence of Christ. This is the proof: 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them' (Matt. 18:20). How much more is he present where the whole congregation is assembled to his honor! But that his body is literally eaten is far from the truth and the nature of faith. It is contrary to the truth, because he himself says: 'I am no more in the world' (John 17:11), and 'The flesh profiteth nothing' (John 6:63), that is to eat, as the Jews then believed and the Papists still believe. It is contrary to the nature of faith (I mean the holy and true faith), because faith embraces love, fear of God, and reverence, which abhor such carnal and gross eating, as much as any one would shrink from eating his beloved son.… We believe that the true body of Christ is eaten in the communion in a sacramental and spiritual manner by the religious, believing, and pious heart (as also St. Chrysostom taught). And this is in brief the substance of what we maintain in this controversy, and what not we, but the truth itself teaches."

State
 For him, the church and state are one under the sovereign rule of God. The development of the complex relationship between church and state in Zwingli's view can only be understood by examining the context of his life, the city of Zürich, and the wider Swiss Confederation. His earliest writings before he became a reformer, such as The Ox (1510) and The Labyrinth (1516), reveal a patriotic love of his land, a longing for liberty, and opposition to the mercenary service where young Swiss citizens were sent to fight in foreign wars for the financial benefit of the state government. His life as a parish priest and an army chaplain helped to develop his concern for morality and justice. He saw his ministry not limited to a private sphere, but to the people as a whole.

The Zürich council played an essential role at each stage of the Reformation. Even before the Reformation, the council operated relatively independently on church matters although the areas of doctrine and worship were left to the authority of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. As Zwingli was convinced that doctrinal matters had to conform to the word of God rather than the hierarchy, he recognised the role of the council as the only body with power to act if the religious authorities refused to undertake reform. His theocratic views are best expressed in Divine and Human Righteousness (1523) and An Exposition of the Articles (1523) in that both preacher and prince were servants under the rule of God. The context surrounding these two publications was a period of considerable tension. Zwingli was banned by the Swiss Diet from travelling into any other canton. The work of the Reformation was endangered by the potential outbreak of religious and social disorder. Zwingli saw the need to present the government in a positive light to safeguard the continued preaching of the Gospel. He stated,

The relationship between preacher and magistrate was demonstrated by two forms of righteousness, human and divine. Human righteousness (or the "outward man") was the domain of the magistrate or government. Government could secure human righteousness, but it could not make man righteous before God. That was the domain of the preacher where the "inward man" is called to account for divine righteousness.

As government was ordained by God, Christians were obliged to obey in Zwingli's view. This requirement applied equally to a good or an evil government because both came from God. However, it is because rulers are to be servants of God and that Christians obey the rulers as they are to obey God, that the situation could arise when Christians may disobey. When the authorities act against the will of God then Zwingli noted, "We must obey God rather than men." God's commands took precedence over man's.

In his Commentary on Isaiah (1529), Zwingli noted that there were three kinds of governments: monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. He expressed his preference for aristocracy which is not surprising given his experience with the Zürich council. In the publication, rather than comparing the three forms of government, he gave a defence of aristocracy against a monarchy. He argued that a monarchy would invariably descend to tyranny. A monarchy had inherent weaknesses in that a good ruler could be easily replaced by a bad one or a single ruler could be easily corrupted. An aristocracy with more people involved did not have these disadvantages.

See also
 Calvinism
 Lutheranism
 Theology of Anabaptism
 Swiss Reformed Church
 Consensus Tigurinus
 Helvetic Consensus
 Affair of the Sausages

Notes

References
.
.
.
.

Older German / Latin editions of Zwingli's works available online include:
 Huldreich Zwinglis sämtliche Werke, vol. 1, Corpus Reformatorum vol. 88, ed. Emil Egli. Berlin: Schwetschke, 1905.
 Analecta Reformatoria: Dokumente und Abhandlungen zur Geschichte Zwinglis und seiner Zeit, vol. 1, ed. Emil Egli. Zürich: Züricher and Furrer, 1899.
 Huldreich Zwingli's Werke, ed. Melchior Schuler and Johannes Schulthess, 1824ff.: vol. I; vol. II;vol. III; vol. IV; vol. V; vol. VI, 1;  vol. VI, 2; vol. VII; vol. XIII.
 Der evangelische Glaube nach den Hauptschriften der Reformatoren, vol. II: Zwingli,ed. Paul Wernle. Tübingen: Mohr, 1918.
 Von Freiheit der Speisen, eine Reformationsschrift, 1522, ed. Otto Walther. Halle: Niemeyer, 1900.

See also the following English translations of selected works by Zwingli:
 The Latin Works and the Correspondence of Huldreich Zwingli, Together with Selections from his German Works.
 Vol. 1, 1510–1522, New York: G.P. Putnam and Sons, 1912.
 Vol. 2, Philadelphia: Heidelberg Press, 1922.
 Vol. 3, Philadelphia: Heidelberg Press, 1929.
 Selected Works of Huldreich Zwingli (1484–1531). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1901.
 The Christian Education of Youth. Collegeville: Thompson Bros., 1899.

Further reading
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

External links
 Zwingliana (since 1897, since 1993 annually), Zürich, .

Biblical exegesis
Huldrych Zwingli
Zwingli


Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Ibn al-Kattani al-Madhiji () (951–1029), sometimes nicknamed "al-Mutatabbib" (the physician), was a well-known Arab scholar, philosopher, physician, astrologer, man of letters, and poet.

Born in Córdoba in the Caliphate of Cordoba, he wrote books on logic, inference and deduction.

For some time he was the personal physician of Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, sultan of al-Andalus, and wrote The Treatment of Dangerous Diseases Appearing Superficially on the Body (Mu`alajat al-amrad al-khatirah al-badiyah `ala al-badan min kharij). It was cited by later writers, but thought to be now lost, until a copy of it was discovered among the manuscripts now at the National Library of Medicine. Much of the treatise is on the subject of poisonous bites.

Al-Kattani also wrote an anthology of Andalusian poetry, and became especially famous by his book on metaphor in Andalusian poetry.

He died in Saragossa in 1029.

References

Bibliography
By Ibn al-Kittani:
Kitab al-Tashbihat (translated by Wilhelm Hoenerbach 1973)
Secondary literature in Spanish:
 Bosch Vilá, J.: El Oriente Árabe en el desarrollo de la cultura de la Marca Superior; Madrid, 1954.
Tomeo Lacrué, M.: Biografía Cientifica de la Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza, 1962.
Martínez Loscos, C.: Los orígenes de la Medicina en Aragón, Cuadernos de Historia J. Zurita, n.° 6–7, Zaragoza, 1958.
In German:
 Dichterische Vergleiche der Andalus-Araber. I und II by Wilhelm Hoenerbach
Review:
  Farida Abu-Haidar, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 37, No. 2 (1974), p. 460

External sources
Ibn Hazm of Cordova on Logic

11th-century writers from al-Andalus
Scholars from al-Andalus
Physicians from al-Andalus
951 births
1029 deaths
10th-century Arab people
11th-century Arab people
11th-century physicians
10th-century Spanish philosophers


Camon (; Picard: Canmon) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune lies on the right bank of the river Somme, adjacent to the east of Amiens.

Population

Places of interest
 The sixteenth century church

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = Shrimant| name                = Vishwas Rao
| honorific_suffix    =
| image               = File:Vishwasrao Ballal Peshwa.jpg
| caption             = Potrait of Vishwasrao Bhat at Peshwa memorial, Pune
| office1             = Heir apparent to the throne of the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire
| monarch1            =
| term_start1         = 1751
| term_end1           = 14 January 1761
| birth_date          = 22 July 1742
| death_date          = 14 January 1761 (aged 18)
| birth_place         = Shaniwarwada, Pune, Maratha Empire
| death_place         = Panipat, Maratha Empire
| allegiance          = Maratha Empire
| battles             = Third Battle of Panipat
| spouse              = Lakshmibai (Maiden Name Durgabai Dikshit-Patwardhan)
| parents             = Balaji Baji Rao (father)Gopikabai (Mother)
| relations           = Madhavrao I (Brother)Narayan Rao (Brother)Sadashivrao Bhau  (Uncle)Raghunathrao  (Uncle)Shamsher Bahadur I  (Uncle)
Baji Rao I(Grandfather)
Kashibai(Grandmother)
| leader              = Sadashivrao Bhau
| monarch             = Rajaram II
| primeminister       = Balaji Baji Rao
| residence           = Shaniwar wada, Poona
}}Vishwasrao Bhat' (22 July 1742 – 14 January 1761) was the eldest son of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao of the Maratha Empire and the heir to the title of Peshwa.

Vishwasrao had received training in administration and warfare from the 8 years old. He had impressed the Maratha infantry. His specialties were swordsmanship and archery. Although he looked exactly like the younger version of his grandfather Baji Rao I, Vishwasrao had blue eyes. As per Marathi historian Sardesai, and a few other writers wrote in their respective books,  he was the most handsome among the Peshwa men. Vishwasrao used to follow a strenuous gym routine and performed Kawaiti (Eng: Exercises). Writer Kaustubh Kasture states in his book, Sakalraj Karya Dhurandar Sadashivrao Bhausaheb that Sadashivrao Bhau, his paternal uncle, made sure that Vishwasrao took military training. According to some sources, it seems that Nanasaheb Peshwa introduced regular army training and added the best armour to the Maratha army.

Vishwasrao led the Maratha Empire army during the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. However, his uncle Sadashivrao Bhau was the main leader and Vishwasrao was the nominal leader. Vishwasrao got hit in the head by a bullet fired by a Pashtun officer during the period of the most intense fighting (Approx. between 01:00 PM and 02:30 PM) at this battle.  He died fighting on the front lines. Marathas were winning the battle, but some contingents charged ahead of their cue and obstructed the cannon lines, creating a problem for Ibrahim Khan Gardi in aiming for the enemies. As per Grant Duff, upon hearing about Shrimant Vishwasrao's death Malharrao Holkar retreated from the field with at least 10,000 soldiers and sardars. He also took men of significance like Damaji Gaekwad with him. He went to Delhi and asked people of significance like Vinchurkar to vacate Delhi.

Although Vishwas Rao Bhat was first exposed to actual warfare at Sindkheda near Hyderabad, against Nizam in 1756, he was the nominal Commander of Maratha Forces and the Peshwa's representative during the Third Battle of Panipat under the guidance of his uncle Sadashivrao Bhau.

At the time of the battle, the Maratha Empire was in control of about two-thirds of the Indian subcontinent (including areas of the modern Republic of India and Pakistan).

 Early life

Vishwasrao was born as the eldest son of Balaji Baji Rao at Supe near Pune (Supe was the Jagir of Shahaji near Pune). He was trained in Administrative matters and was exposed to Military training early in his life. Viswasrao had inherited his grandfather Bajirao's looks and even exceeded his charm. G. S. Sardesai writes that none was there with more handsome looks in Peshwa lineage than this Viswas Rao. Raghunath Yadav, author of one of the Panipat Bakhar had stated, "पुरुषात देखणा विश्वासराव" ("The one most handsome among all men Vishwasrao.")

Marriage
Vishwasrao was married to Lakshmibai on 2 May 1750, the daughter of Hari Balkrushn Dikshit-Patwardhan.

 Death
Shrimant Vishwasrao had sensed that there could be a debacle on the final day of battle, although Abdali was receding. There was no food, and Sadashivrao, Parvatibai, and Vishwasrao were pretending to be on a fast taking the moral responsibility. Meanwhile, they were trying to make food available to the soldiers. Shrimant Jankoji Shinde urged him to write a letter to Nanasaheb Peshwa asking for help. Worrying that he wouldn't let his ever victorious and righteous uncle Sadashivrao lose his streak in front of the gilchas, Vishwasrao wrote a letter to Nanasaheb. In that letter he urged Nanasaheb to bring in more soldiers, money, and food to help Bhausaheb. Shrimant Vishwasrao wrote that his life was unimportant as Nanasaheb had two more sons. However, if he were to lose a brother and the nation a patriotic leader like Bhausaheb, that loss would be irreparable. His fears came out to be true as, due to some deceit, Najib Khan, Abdali's friend and Malharrao Holkar's foster son, was able to murder Mehendale while he was returning victorious from a skirmish before the battle. Bhausaheb was at a personal loss and without a commander.  During the battle of Udgir, Shrimant Vishwasrao established himself as the rising valorous Maratha leader. He successfully led the troops and fought alongside Shrimant Jankoji Shinde. The two were very close friends. Even the valorous Tukoji and Mahadji Shinde had faith in their captain, Bhausaheb. They had vowed to fight till their last breath. Trusting his fiercely loyal and able young team, he made Vishwasrao a commander in the Third Battle of Panipat. On the final day, Shrimant Vishwasrao went to the battlefield with no morsel of food, relying only on sugared water like the other Maratha warriors. While fiercely fighting on the front lines, he was hit by an arrow on his shoulder, injured a shot hit his head while lying down.

In popular culture
 In the 1994 Hindi TV series The Great Maratha, Vishwasrao's character was portrayed by Sanjay Sharma.
 In the 2019 film, Panipat, Vishwasrao's character was portrayed by Abhishek Nigam.
 In the 2019 Marathi TV series Swamini'',  Vishwasrao's character was portrayed by Sujit Deshpande.

See also
 Maratha Empire
 Bhat family
 Maratha emperors
 18th century

References

External links
https://mafiadoc.com/hindu-pad-padashahi_5a1cac031723dd4f437b5e76.html
http://www.smartyoungsters.com/2019/09/mee-radhika-book-3the-starry-night-at.html?

1741 births
1761 deaths
People from the Maratha Empire


Love Lies Bleeding is a detective novel by Edmund Crispin, first published in 1948. Set in the post-war period in and around a public school in the vicinity of Stratford-upon-Avon, it is about the accidental discovery of old manuscripts which contain Shakespeare's long-lost play, Love's Labour's Won, and the subsequent hunt for those manuscripts, in the course of which several people are murdered. Collaborating with the local police, Oxford don Gervase Fen, a professor of English who happens to be the guest of honour at the school's Speech Day, can solve the case at the same weekend.

See also
 School and university in literature

References

Barry Forshaw: The Rough Guide to Crime Fiction (London, 2007) 24f., where Love Lies Bleeding is mentioned as a prime example of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction ("generally felt to be a key outing for the detective [...] handled in prose of quiet and unspectacular skill, with a brilliantly created cloistered world at its centre").

Bibliography
 Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015.
 Whittle, David. Bruce Montgomery/Edmund Crispin: A Life in Music and Books. Routledge, 2017.

External links
Love Lies Bleeding at the Golden Age of Detection Wiki

1948 British novels
British detective novels
British mystery novels
Novels by Edmund Crispin
Novels set in Warwickshire
J. B. Lippincott & Co. books
Campus novels
Victor Gollancz Ltd books


Heinz Schmidt (20 April 1920 – 5 September 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 173 enemy aircraft shot down in 712 combat missions. All of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front.

Born in Bad Homburg, Schmidt volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1938. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in 1940. He flew his first combat missions in the Battle of Britain and claimed his first aerial victory in the opening phase of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Following his 51st aerial victory he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 23 August 1942 and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 16 September 1942 after 102 victories.

In July 1943, Schmidt was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of JG 52. Schmidt was posted as missing in action after aerial combat near Markor on 5 September 1943. It is believed that he was mistakenly shot down by Hungarian fighters operating in the same area. He was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) posthumously.

Early life and career
Schmidt was born on 20 April 1920 in Bad Homburg, the son of metal worker Adolf Schmidt. His friends called him Johnny. From Easter 1930, he attended the Realgymnasium—a secondary school built on the mid-level Realschule to achieve the Abitur (university entry qualification)—in Bad Homburg and graduated in March 1938. Aged 13, Schmidt joined the Hitlerjugend (HJ—Hitler Youth) where he attained the rank of Kameradschaftsführer (Comrade Unit Leader) and learned to fly glider aircraft.

After Schmidt completed his compulsory Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD—Reich Labor Service) with RAD department 6/225 in Heubach/Schlüchtern, he joined the military service of the Luftwaffe with 3./Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung 14 (3rd Company of Flier Replacement Unit 14) in Detmold on 10 November 1938. There he completed his recruit training and on 12 April 1939 began his pilot training. From 9 October 1939 to 15 May 1940, Schmidt attended the Flugzeugführerschule A/B (flight school for the pilot license) at Plauen, Saxony. There he was promoted to Gefreiter (lance corporal) on 1 December 1939. Upon completion, Schmidt attended the Jagdfliegerschule 3 (3rd Fighter Pilot School). He began his training on 17 May 1940 with 2. Staffel (2nd squadron). After completing these training courses, he was assigned to the 2. Staffel of the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Merseburg on 17 July 1940 for final fighter-pilot preparation.

World War II
World War II in Europe had begun on 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. On 12 August 1940, Schmidt was transferred to 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), commanded by Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant) Johannes Steinhoff. His II. Gruppe of JG 52 was, at that time, engaged in the Battle of Britain and was commanded by Hauptmann (Captain) Erich Woitke. During 12–18 August, Schmidt flew his first combat missions against England and then from 19 August to 23 September, defense of the Reich missions over the German Bight. For a short time (13–26 September), Schmidt served as a pilot in 5./JG 52 (5th squadron) before returning to 4. Staffel on 27 September. There, he was promoted to Obergefreiter (senior lance corporal) on 1 October and received the Iron Cross 2nd Class () on 22 October and the Iron Cross 1st Class () on 9 November.

In early November, JG 52 was withdrawn from combat operations and relocated to Germany to recuperate and replenish their aircraft. There, Schmidt was promoted to Unteroffizier (subordinate officer or lance sergeant) on 1 December. The Geschwader returned to active service where Schmidt flew further defense of the Reich missions over the Netherlands from 27 December 1940 to 8 February 1941. He then again flew missions against England from 9–24 February, and again defensive missions, now over Belgium, from 25 February to 6 June. On 1 April, Schmidt was promoted to Feldwebel (sergeant) and became a Fähnrich (officer candidate).

Operation Barbarossa
On 9 June 1941, II. Gruppe of JG 52 was recalled from Western Europe in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. 4. Staffel flew to an airfield at Suwałki, close to the German-Soviet demarcation line. For the invasion, II. Gruppe of JG 52 was subordinated to the Stab (headquarters unit) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). The Geschwader was part of the  VIII. Fliegerkorps commanded by Generaloberst Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen which supported the northern wing of Army Group Centre.
Schmidt claimed his first victory on 26 June, an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber shot down near Varėna.

On 12 August, Schmidt crash landed his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 near Saklinja, approximately  into enemy territory, and spent six days evading capture until he was able to get back to the friendly territory, and his unit. He received the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold on 22 August. Schmidt claimed his fifth aerial victory on 25 August, on his 116th combat mission of the war. The next day, he claimed a Polikarpov I-17 fighter and on 27 August, he was promoted to Oberfeldwebel (warrant officer second class). On 2 September, II. Gruppe moved to Lyuban, staying there until end-September. From there, the Gruppe flew missions against Shlisselburg, Mga and Leningrad. II. Gruppes subordination to JG 27 ended on 20 October and they came under the command of the Stab of JG 52. On 4 November, the Gruppe was moved to an airfield at Ruza, approximately  west of Moscow and participated in the Battle of Moscow. Schmidt claimed his last two aerial victories of 1941 in late November, a DB-3, followed by a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter, also referred to as a I-301 by the Germans.

Eastern Front
On 22 December, JG 52 was withdrawn from combat operations for a period of recuperation and replenishment and was moved to Jesau near Königsberg, arriving on 16 January 1942. Following the relocation, Schmidt was posted to the infantry on 19 January. This assignment ended on 27 February and he was then sent to Germany (28 February – 7 May 1942). During this period, Schmidt was commissioned, attaining the rank of Leutnant (second lieutenant). The infantry Kampfgruppe to which Schmidt had been assigned, consisted predominantly of ground personnel and a few pilots of II./JG 52. The unit was deployed in ground fighting at Dugino, approximately  west of Moscow, where it suffered heavy casualties.

At Jesau, the Gruppe began upgrading their aircraft to the Bf 109 F-4. On 14 April, II. Gruppe was ordered to Pilsen, where they finished the conversion. The unit then moved to Wien-Schwechat on 24 April before flying to Zürichtal, present-day Solote Pole, a village near the urban settlement Kirovske in the Crimea. There II. Gruppe participated in Operation Trappenjagd, a German counterattack during the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, launched on 8 May.

On the second day of the operation, Schmidt claimed his 16th victory, a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighter. By 4 July his score increased to 45 victories  and he was presentated the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe  () two days later. On 1 July, he temporarily led 5. Staffel of JG 52 after its commander, Oberleutnant Siegfried Simsch had been wounded in combat on 29 May. Initially, Leutnant Waldemar Semelka had let the Staffel until his transfer on 30 June. By the end of July, his tally of aerial victories had reached 64. Schmidt was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 August. As JG 52 continued to fight in the air battles in the advance toward Stalingrad, Schmidt was awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 20 August. Three days later, he was also honored with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross ().

Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad began on 23 August when German forces began breaking out from the bridgehead across the Don River. The next day, Schmidt became an "ace-in-a-day" when he shot down seven LaGG-3s in combat over the outskirts of Stalingrad, taking his total to 82 aerial victories. On 9 September, Schmidt shot down two Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft, taking his number of aerial victories to 100. He was the 21st Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century-mark and he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 16 September in Germany for 102 aerial victories claimed. He was the 124th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.

Returning in late November, he was assigned to 6. Staffel, near Stalingrad, after the Soviets had launched Operation Uranus that encircled Axis forces fighting in and near the city. As the Germans were retreating back to Taganrog and Rostov, he scored his 125th victory on 7 January 1943. Eight days later, his Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 14556—factory number) fighter crashed after suffering engine problems. He was shot down again behind Russian lines in mid-February, returning to friendly territory after a two-day trek across the frozen Sea of Azov minus one fur-lined flying boot and with a smashed shoulder and dislocated right arm. Schmidt then spent five days at the field hospital before he was transferred to the Luftwaffen-Lazarett (military hospital) in Berlin, and was then sent to his hometown Reserve-Lazarett (reserve military hospital) in Bad Homburg.

Kuban, Kharkov and death

Following his convalescence, Schmidt returned to the Eastern Front and was briefly assigned to 4. Staffel before he was transferred to 6. Staffel on 23 July. At the time of his return, II. Gruppe was based at Mariupol, and fighting in the Kuban bridgehead as part of the Battle of the Caucasus. On 27 July, Schmidt was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 6. Staffel, replacing Oberleutnant Helmut Lipfert who had temporarily held this position following the death of Oberleutnant Karl Ritzenberger on 24 May. The next day, he claimed his 131st victory, a Bell P-39 Airacobra fighter. The military situation of Army Group South resulted in splitting the forces of II. Gruppe. All of 6. Staffel and parts of 5. Staffel were relocated to Kutejnykowe, approximately  west of Amvrosiivka, on 1 August. This task force was put under the command of Oberleutnant Gerhard Barkhorn. Two days later, Soviet forced launched the Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation resulting in another redeployment of JG 52. Now based at the Kharkov-Rogan airfield, southeast of Kharkov, Schmidt became an "ace-in-a-day" again. That day, he was credited with five aerial victories, an Il-2, three Yakovlev Yak-1 fighters and a Lavochkin La-5 fighter. On 11 August, the task force was ordered from Charkow-Rogan to Lebedyn. Here it provided fighter protection over the areas of operation between the 8th Army and 4th Panzer Army. This transfer detached the task force from the command of I. Gruppe, to which it had been assigned. Barkhorn, who at the time also served as acting Gruppenkommandeur (group commander), stayed with I. Gruppe. Command of the task force subsequently went to Schmidt. He achieved his 150th aerial victory the next day after claiming a pair of Yak-1s.

On 1 September, II. Gruppe was made complete again, reuniting with all three Staffeln at a makeshift airfield named Karlowka located located approximately  east of Poltava. On 5 September, Schmidt claimed his 172nd and 173rd victories, a La-5 and an Il-2. These were his final claims before he was posted as missing in action after aerial combat near Markor, near Kotelva, that day. His Bf 109 G-6 aircraft 'Yellow 7' (Werknummer 15903—factory number) was possibly shot down in error by Hungarian fighters operating in the same area. At the time of his death, he was the highest-scoring fighter pilot of II. Gruppe. Authors Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock state that the circumstances about his death remain unanswered. They further speculate that the story about him having been shot down by friendly fighters could be a myth, created to uphold the illusion that he was killed undefeated by the enemy. Schmidt was posthumously promoted to Hauptmann. Command of 6. Staffel again went to Lipfert.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Schmidt was credited with 173 aerial victories. Obermaier also lists Schmidt with 173 aerial victories claimed in over 700 combat missions. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 173 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 49241". The Luftwaffe grid map covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area  in size.

Awards
 Flugzeugführerabzeichen (Pilots Badge)
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (22 October 1940)
 1st Class (9 November 1940)
 Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe
 in Gold (22 August 1941)
 in Gold with pennant (12 December 1942)
 Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 6 July 1942 as Leutnant and pilot
 German Cross in Gold on 13 August 1942 as Leutnant in the 4./Jagdgeschwader 52
 Medaille "Winterschlacht Im Osten 1941/42" (30 August 1942)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 23 August 1942 as Leutnant and pilot in the 6./Jagdgeschwader 52
 124th Oak Leaves on 16 September 1942 as Leutnant and pilot in the 6./Jagdgeschwader 52

Dates of rank

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1920 births
1943 deaths
People from Bad Homburg vor der Höhe
Military personnel from Hesse-Nassau
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Luftwaffe personnel killed in World War II
Missing in action of World War II
Aviators killed by being shot down
Reich Labour Service members
Aerial disappearances of military personnel in action
Hitler Youth members
Military personnel from Hesse


Eublepharis angramainyu, also known as the Iranian fat-tailed gecko or Iraqi eyelid gecko, is a nocturnal ground dwelling lizard native to Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Its diet is insectivorous but may eat smaller vertebrates. Like most lizards it has the ability to shed its tail (autotomy).

References

External links

 http://sci.ege.edu.tr/~bgocmen/eangramainyu.html

Eublepharis
Geckos of Iran
Reptiles described in 1966


An Affair of the Skin is a 1963 drama film written and directed by Ben Maddow. It is a complex story of the romantic entanglements of its several characters as seen through the eyes of a black woman photographer. Shortly after its release, the film was harshly reviewed in Time and The New York Times. Woody Haut's more recent characterization is more sympathetic:

Maddow is reported as feeling that the initial release of An Affair of the Skin had been rushed for financial reasons. In 1973, 10 years after its initial release, Maddow re-edited and released it again under the title Love As Disorder. As described by John Hagan, "An offscreen narration by the photographer was added to establish her as an observer: a participant in the action, but also a caustic chronicler of it. As in much of Maddow's work, inner disorder is seen against a background of social unrest as described in a highly imagistic manner by a person who has both emotional involvement and critical detachment."

Premise
Set in New York, the drama describes the sexual relations of the three main characters, Victoria, Allen, and his wife Katherine, including the problems they encounter as told in three intertwined stories. Victoria is an aging fashion model who is afraid to let go of her young male lover because she thinks she is too old to ever get another man to love her. Allen and Katherine are an unhappily married neurotic couple with problems of their own.

Cast

Victoria - Viveca Lindfors
Allen McCleod - Kevin McCarthy
Katherine McCleod - Lee Grant
Janice - Diana Sands
Max - Herbert Berghof
Claire - Nancy Malone
Mrs. Cluny - Osceola Archer
Waiter - Will Lee

See also
List of American films of 1963

References

External links

1963 films
1963 drama films
American drama films
American independent films
American black-and-white films
1960s English-language films
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
1963 independent films
1960s American films


KCAP (950 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to serve Helena, Montana. The station is owned by Kevin Terry, through licensee The Montana Radio Company, LLC.  It airs a news/talk format.

The station went on the air November 1, 1976 as KMTX. Until 2014, the station broadcast an adult standards format as "Classy 950." In October 2014, Cherry Creek Radio announced that it would purchase KMTX from The Montana Radio Company and move its news/talk programming to KMTX from the original KCAP (1340 AM) and KBLL (1240 AM); those stations went off the air on November 5, the date that KMTX changed formats. The station was assigned the KCAP call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on November 6. Cherry Creek Radio's purchase of KCAP and translator K240EM was consummated on November 12, 2015, at a price of $250,004.

On April 5, 2017, Montana Radio Company announced that it would acquire Cherry Creek Media's Helena stations KCAP, KZMT, and KBLL-FM. To comply with ownership limits, KKRK's license will be divested to Yellowstone Public Radio, and KKRK's format and programming will be re-located. The purchase was consummated on July 28, 2017.

Awards
In June 2007, Paul Stark of KMTX was presented an E.B. Craney Broadcasting Award for excellence in Radio Station Promotion at the annual meeting of the Montana Broadcasters Association. Kevin Skaalure of KTMX won a Craney for best Radio Public Service Campaign at the same ceremony.

References

External links

CAP
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1976
1976 establishments in Montana