The Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Program is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defence system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks. It was launched in 2000 after Kargil War by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government. Testing was carried out and continuing , and the system was expected to be operational four years from then according to the head of the country's missiles development programme, Vijay Kumar Saraswat.

Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan and China, it is a double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for High Altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched from 5,000 kilometres away. The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts.

The PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by the AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an anti-ballistic missile system, after United States, Russia, and Israel. The system has undergone several tests but system is yet to be officially commissioned.

As per reports emerged in January 2020, the first phase of BMD program is now complete. The Indian Air Force (IAF) and Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) are awaiting for Government of India approval to install the missile shield around national capital which will take three to four years time for installation post approval.

Background

Since the early 90s, India has faced the threat of ballistic missile attacks from Pakistan against which it has fought multiple wars in the past and also from China. With the heightening of tensions in the region, and in response to Pakistan's deployment of M-11 missiles bought from China, the Indian Government in August 1995 procured six batteries of S-300 Surface-to-air missiles to protect New Delhi and other cities.  In May 1998, India for the second time (since its first test in 1974) tested nuclear weapons (see Pokhran-II), followed by Pakistan (see Chagai-I) with its first-ever nuclear test. With Pakistan's testing of nuclear weapons and missile delivery systems, this threat intensified. India has also developed and tested missile delivery systems during Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).

In 1999, the Kargil War between India and Pakistan became the first direct conflict between two declared nuclear powers. As the war progressed, the first hint of the possible use of a nuclear weapon was on 31 May, when Pakistani foreign secretary Shamshad Ahmad made a statement warning that an escalation of the limited conflict could lead Pakistan to use "any weapon" in its arsenal. This was immediately interpreted as an obvious threat of a nuclear retaliation by Pakistan in the event of an extended war. The leader of Pakistan's senate noted that "the purpose of developing weapons becomes meaningless if they are not used when they are needed." Some experts believe that following nuclear tests in 1998, Pakistani military was emboldened by its nuclear deterrent cover to markedly increase coercion against India.

Development of an anti-ballistic missile system began in late 1999, suggesting that India initiated the programme in light of Pakistan's eschewing of a nuclear No first use policy and heightened tensions during the Kargil War including a possibility of full-scale nuclear war. Development accelerated after Washington vetoed a bid by India to acquire the Israeli Arrow-2 interceptor in 2002.

Phase-I of the system will enable interception of missiles up to a 2,000-km range, which will be extended to 5,000-km range in Phase-II.

Development

Phase 1
Development of the anti-ballistic missile system began in 1999. Around 40 public and private companies were involved in the development of the systems. They include Ordnance Factory Board, Bharat Electronics Limited and Bharat Dynamics among others.

Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) developed the mission control software for the AAD missile. Research Centre Imarat (RCI) developed navigation, electromechanical actuation systems and the active radar seeker. Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL) provided the motors, jet vanes and structures for the AAD and PAD. High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) supplied the propellants for the missile. Research Centre Imarat and Programme Air Defence (PGAD) at Hyderabad are spearheading the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme.

As of April 2019, the Phase-1 of the program has been completed.

Phase 2

Two new anti ballistic missiles that can intercept IRBMs are being developed. These high speed missiles (AD-1 and AD-2) are being developed to intercept ballistic missiles with a range of around . The test trials of these two systems were expected to take place in 2011. The new missile will be similar to the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile deployed by US. These missiles will travel at hypersonic speeds and will require radars with scan capability of over  to successfully intercept the target.
On 6 May 2012, Dr. V. K. Saraswat confirmed the completion of Phase-I and added that Phase-II was planned to be completed by 2016 to protect against missiles having range up to 5,000 km, and intercept missiles which are capable of hypersonic speeds above Mach 5.

India is also planning to develop a laser based weapon system as part of its defence to intercept and destroy missiles soon after they are launched towards the country. DRDO's Air Defence Programme Director V. K. Saraswat says its ideal to destroy a ballistic missile carrying nuclear or conventional warheads in its boost phase. Saraswat further added that it will take another 10–15 years for the premier defence research institute to make it usable on the ground.

Sea-based interception

The DRDO Floating Test Range is expected to assist in the development of the Phase 2. This vessel INS Anvesh (A41) was set to undergo sea trials in September 2021. The first successful flight of AD-1 missile was carried out on 2 November 2022. It was designed for endo-atmospheric and low exo-atmospheric interception against missile and, airborne early warning and control aircraft. Propelled by two-stage solid rocket motor and equipped with advanced control system, navigation and guidance algorithm in AD-1 increased the kill altitude bracket. Initially under Phase 2 program, AD-1 was designed to neutralize medium-range ballistic missile at 1,000-3,000 km range, whereas AD-2 was for intercepting intermediate-range ballistic missile at 3,000-5,500 km range. But according to Samir V. Kamat, AD-1 can now intercept incoming missile fired from a distance of 5,000 km.

On 21 April 2023, DRDO and Indian Navy conducted maiden flight trial of sea based interceptor missile for naval ballistic missile defence capability.

Components
The two-tiered BMD System consists of the PAD, which will intercept missiles at exo-atmospheric altitudes of  and the AAD missile for interception at endo-atmospheric altitudes of up to . The deployed system would consist of many launch vehicles, radars, Launch Control Centres (LCC) and the Mission Control Centre (MCC). All these are geographically distributed and connected by a secure communication network.

The MCC is the software intensive component of the ballistic missile defence system. It receives information from various sources such as radars and satellites which is then processed by ten computers which run simultaneously. The MCC is connected to all other elements of the defence through a WAN. MCC performs target classification, target assignment and kill assessment. It also acts as a decision support system for the commander. It can also decide the number of interceptors required for the target for an assured kill probability. After performing all these functions, the MCC assigns the target to the LCC of a launch battery. The LCC starts computing the time to launch the interceptor based upon information received from a radar based on the speed, altitude and flight path of the target. LCC prepares the missile for launch in real time and carries out ground guidance computation.

After the interceptor is launched, it is provided target information from the radar through a datalink. When the interceptors close onto the target missile, it activates the radar seeker to search for the target missile and guides itself to intercept the target. Multiple PAD and AAD interceptors can be launched against a target for high kill probability.

Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) / Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor

The Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) is an anti-ballistic missile developed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles outside the atmosphere (exo-atmospheric). Based on the Prithvi missile, PAD is a two-stage missile with a maximum interception altitude of . The first stage is a Solid fuelled motor while the second stage is Liquid fuelled. It has manoeuvre thrusters which can generate a lateral acceleration of more than 5 gs at  altitude. Guidance is provided by an internal navigation system with mid-course updates from LRTR and active radar homing in the terminal phase. PAD has capability to engage the  class of ballistic missiles at a speed of Mach 5. PAD is fast enough to hit medium-range ballistic missiles and intermediate-range ballistic missiles.

LRTR is the target acquisition and fire control radar for the PAD missile. It is an active phased array radar having capability to track 200 targets at a range of . The PAD missile has also been called Pradyumna.

Further development led to the improvement of the interception range from . The improved missile will utilise a gimbaled directional warhead, a technology also used by Israel, the US and Russia. This technology allows for a smaller warhead to destroy the target missile.

The second stage of the PAD uses liquid rocket propellant, which corrodes fuel tanks when stored for long, the PAD could not be on standby 24/7. Instead, it would need to be filled up during a period of crisis in anticipation of trouble. This is less than optimal for a weapon intended to defend against an attack at any moment.

Prithvi Air Defence Exercise
The PADE (Prithvi Air Defence Exercise) was conducted in November 2006 in which a PAD missile successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi-II Missile at an altitude of . The Prithvi-II ballistic missile was modified successfully to mimic the trajectory of M-11 missiles.

DRDO plans to test the anti-ballistic shield against missiles with a range of . The test will be conducted with a modified Prithvi missile launched from a naval ship and the anti-ballistic missile launched from Wheeler Island. The interception of the target missile will take place at approximately  altitude.

On 6 March 2009 the DRDO carried out a second successful test of the PAD interceptor missile. The target used was ship launched Dhanush missile which followed the trajectory of a missile with range of a . The target was tracked by Swordfish (LRTR) radar and destroyed by the PAD at  altitude.

On 6 March 2011 DRDO successfully test-fired interceptor missile from Advanced Air Defence (AAD) which destroyed a 'hostile' target ballistic missile, a modified Prithvi, at an altitude of 16 km over the Bay of Bengal. Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile positioned at Wheeler Island, about 70 km across sea from Chandipur, received signals from tracking radars installed along the coastline and travelled through the sky at a speed of Mach 4.5 to destroy it.

Advanced Air Defence (AAD) / Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor

Advanced Air Defence (AAD) is an anti-ballistic missile designed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles in the endo-atmosphere at an altitude of . AAD is a single-stage, solid-fuelled missile with siliconised carbon jet vanes. Guidance is similar to that of PAD with indigenous radio frequency seeker. It supports inertial navigation system (INS), mid-course updates from ground-based radar and active radar homing in the terminal phase. It is  tall, weighs around  and a diameter of less than .On 6 December 2007, AAD successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi-II missile acting as an incoming ballistic missile enemy target. The endo-atmospheric interception was carried out at an altitude of . The interceptor and all the elements performed in a copy book fashion validating the endo-atmospheric layer of the defence system. The launch was also shown through a video link at a control room of DRDO Bhawan, at Delhi.
The sequence of events of the test was as follows. At 11 am the Prithvi (missile) lifted off from Launch Complex III at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur, Odisha. Radars at Konark, Paradip detected the missile and were continuously tracking it. The target information was sent to MCC for further processing. MCC classified the target, calculated the trajectory of the missile and assigned the target to a AAD battery located on Abdul Kalam Island (Wheeler Island),  across the sea from Chandipur. The AAD was launched when the Prithvi reached an apogee of . The AAD with the help of midcourse updates and its terminal seeker manoeuvres itself towards the target. AAD makes a direct hit at an altitude of  and at a speed of Mach 4. Radars detected formation of a large number of tracks, signifying that the target had broken into multiple pieces. The thermal cameras located on Wheeler Island also picked up the direct hit through thermal images.

Due to two successful interceptor missile tests carried out by India, the scientists have said that the AAD missile could be modified into a new extended range (up to ) surface-to-air missile that could be possibly named as 'Ashwin'.

On 26 July 2010, AAD was successfully test-fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Wheeler Island off the Odisha's east coast.

On 6 March 2011, India launched its indigenously developed interceptor missile from the Odisha coast. India successfully test-fired its interceptor missile which destroyed a 'hostile' target ballistic missile, a modified Prithvi, at an altitude of 16 km over the Bay of Bengal. The interceptor, Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile positioned at Wheeler Island, about 70 km across sea from Chandipur, received signals from tracking radars installed along the coastline and travelled through the sky at a speed of Mach 5 to destroy it. As the trial was aimed at achieving the desired result with precision, the interceptor missile had its own mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and homing capabilities and sophisticated radars.

"It was a fantastic launch. The trial, conducted from two launch sites of ITR off Orissa coast for developing a full fledged multi-layer Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) system, was fully successful", he said. On 10 February 2012, AAD was again successfully test-fired from Wheeler Island off the state coast near Dhamra in Bhadrak district, about 170 km from Bhubaneswar.

On 23 November 2012, India again successfully testfired its home-made supersonic Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptor missile from a defence base off the coast of the eastern state of Odisha. "The test-firing was part of India's efforts to create a missile defence shield against incoming enemy missiles. The AAD interceptor missile, which was fired from the Wheeler Island off the Odishan coast, successfully destroyed mid-air an incoming ballistic missile launched from the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur, about 70 km from the Wheeler Island."

On 6 April 2015 an improved AAD was tested. The missile was launched from a canister for the first time and the composite rocket motor fired successfully. The missile had improvements over the previous version in terms of bigger warhead, improved maneuverability and reduced mis-distance. As the missile was in the air one of the sub systems malfunctioned making it veer away from the flight path resulting in the failure of the mission. Another test is supposed to take place within 30–45 days after detecting and resolving the problem.

On 22 November 2015 an upgraded version of AAD (Advanced Air Defence) was successfully tested. The anti-ballistic missile took off at 9.40 a.m. from the A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (Wheeler) Island soon after it received the command to waylay and destroy an incoming electronically simulated target missile. Conditions similar to the launch of a target missile from Balasore were simulated electronically and upon receiving its coordinates, the interceptor missile, travelling at supersonic speed, engaged and destroyed the "virtual target" in mid-flight.

On 15 May 2016, DRDO officially reported that AAD intercepted and destroyed a Prithvi ballistic missile fired from a ship.

On 28 December 2017, DRDO successfully carried out AAD missile test in which an incoming modified Prithvi ballistic missile was intercepted and destroyed with a direct hit.

On 3 August 2018, a successful test was carried out from Abdul Kalam Island where one of multiple incoming targets simulating 1,500 km class ballistic missiles was destroyed.

Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV)

In 2009, reports emerged of a new exo-atmospheric interceptor missile named the Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) interceptor missile. The DRDO is developing a new Prithvi interceptor missile codenamed PDV. It will be a two-stage missile and both the stages will be powered by solid propellants. It will have an innovative system for controlling the vehicle at an altitude of more than 180 km. The PDV is intended to replace the existing PAD in the PAD/AAD combination. It will have an IIR seeker for its kill vehicle as well. The PDV will replace the PAD with a far more capable missile and will complete the Phase 1 of the BMD system, allowing it to be operational by 2013. Whereupon Phase 2 development will take over for protection against missiles of the  range class. The first test flight of the missile was expected in 2010. The PDV is designed to take out the target missile at altitudes above .

On 27 April 2014 first PDV was successfully test conducted by DRDO. On 11 February 2017, DRDO successfully conducted second test for PDV missile. The third test was conducted on 12 February 2019.

Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2

In March 2019, India conducted an ASAT test. India officially confirmed that this missile was a Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor. PDV Mk.2 is a 13 m tall, 18.87 tons, three stage missile. Solid rocket motors with flexible nozzles constituted the first two stages, with the Kill Vehicle being the third stage. According to a report published on the official DRDO website, the missile has the capability to shoot down targets moving at 10 km per second in orbits as high as 1,200 km.

It has been suggested that this missile may have the capability of exo-atmospheric interception of Intercontinental ballistic missiles. A report published on the official DRDO website suggests the same. On DefExpo 2020, DRDO confirmed that PDV Mk.2 is ready for limited series production. The solid rocket booster used is a derivative of the technology first developed for Sagarika missile.

Swordfish RADAR

Swordfish is the target acquisition and fire control radar for the BMD system. The Long Range Tracking Radar (LRTR) currently has a range of  to  and can spot objects as small as a cricket ball. The DRDO plans to upgrade the capacity of Swordfish to 1,500 km by 2017.

The 1,500 km range upgraded variant called Super Swordfish or Very Long Range Tracking Radar (VLRTR) was raised in 2017 for Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme and is now operational.

Deployment
According to scientist V K Saraswat of DRDO the missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 percent. On 6 May 2012, Dr V K Saraswat confirmed that Phase-I is complete and can be deployed to protect two Indian cities at a short notice. He also added that Phase-I is comparable to PAC-3 system.
New Delhi, the national capital, and Mumbai were selected for the ballistic missile defence shield. After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai, the system will be used to cover other major cities in the country. This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles launched from as far as  away. When the Phase II is completed and PDV is developed, the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets from up to  both at exo and endo-atmospheric (inside the atmosphere) regions.

In August 2017, the government cleared the allocation of 850 hectares of land in Alwar district and 350 hectares in Pali district of Rajasthan for setting up radars to track missiles to the DRDO.

Cruise missile defence
Defending against an attack by a cruise missile on the other hand is similar to tackling low-flying manned aircraft and hence most methods of aircraft defence can be used for a cruise missile defence system.

In order to ward off the threats of nuke-tipped cruise missile attack India has a new missile defence programme which will be focused solely on intercepting cruise missiles. The technological breakthrough has been created with an Advanced Air Defence missile (AAD).
DRDO Chief, Dr V K Saraswat stated in an Interview "Our studies have indicated that this AAD will be able to handle a cruise missile intercept".

Furthermore, India is acquiring airborne radars like EL/W-2090 AWACS to ensure detection of cruise missiles in order to stay on top of the threat.

Barak-8 is a long-range anti-air and anti-missile naval defence system developed jointly by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. The Indian Army inducted a variant of Barak 8 missile to meet its requirement for a medium-range surface-to-air air defence missile. The naval version of this missile has the capability to intercept incoming enemy cruise missiles and combat jets targeting its warships at sea. It would also be inducted into the Indian Air Force, followed by the Army. India has a joint venture for this missile with Israel. Recently developed, India's Akash missile defence system also has the capability to "neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and air-to-surface missiles".

XRSAM (eXtra-long Range Surface to Air Missile) is an Indian long-range mobile surface to air missile defence system under development by Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO). The missile system will have a range of 250 km against fighter jets, 350 km against cruise missiles, sea skimming anti-ship missiles, AWACS and mid air refuelers and will be capable of bringing down ballistic missiles and stealth fighters in the terminal stage. The naval version of the missile might be also developed to supplement the LR-SAM missile in the Indian Navy.

On 17 November 2010, in an interview Rafael's Vice President Lova Drori confirmed that the David's Sling system has been offered to the Indian Armed Forces.

Reactions to testing

International
 – Following the successful test on 15 May 2016, Pakistan on 20 May 2016 voiced concerns over India's test-fire of supersonic interceptor missile and said it would "take all necessary measures to augment the country’s defense capabilities".
In 2017, Pakistan tested the MIRV, nuclear-capable ballistic missile, Ababeel, in response to the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence system.
 – According to US Deputy Defence Secretary Ashton Carter, there is a potential for co-operation with India to develop a Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) shield.
"That is an important potential area for our future cooperation", Carter said while on his visit to India in July 2012.

See also

 Anti-ballistic missile
 Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
 National Missile Defence
 Defence Research and Development Organisation, the organisation involved in the development of the ABM systems.
 Anti-satellite weapon
 Defence Space Agency

References

External links
 Bharat-Rakshak Missile Page
 India to have Ballistic Missile Defence system in place by 2010

  – A detailed, but somewhat dated analysis.
 Pradyumna-Ballistic-Missile-Interceptor
 Hat-trick of hits
 DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets

Videos

 Same Video from Youtube
 , News report about the AAD test and comments from Dr. M. Natrajan.

  – News Report in Hindi.
 , DD News interview with Dr. V.K. Saraswat

Defence Research and Development Organisation
Missile defense
21st-century surface-to-air missiles
Surface-to-air missiles of India
Anti-ballistic missiles of India


Philip Gray (1821 – 28 February 1857) was an Irish republican, revolutionary and a member of the Irish Confederation. He took part in the Risings of 1848 and 1849 along with James Fintan Lalor and both James Stephens and John O'Mahony, who would go on to establish the Irish Republican Brotherhood in Ireland and the Fenian Brotherhood in the United States.

Early life
Philip Gray was born in Dublin, Ireland; a former mechanic, clerk and part-time medical student, he along with Thomas Clarke Luby, according to Owen McGee, constituted the remnants of the Irish revolutionary conspiracy started in 1849.

Young Irelanders
He joined the Swift Confederate Club in 1847, and became its secretary and leading inspiration. Under his influence the Club became one of the most militant and active of the Dublin clubs.

Gray studied military texts every evening in the Club premises in Queen's Street. The members of the Club also tried recruiting from English regiments, stationed in Ireland. The Swift Confederate Club was very frustrated when the Confederate leaders came to the decision not to attempt the rescue of John Mitchel before his transportation.

1848 Rebellion
While William Smith O'Brien attempted to arouse a Rebellion in the South of Ireland, Gray tried to instigate an insurrection in County Meath, and failing, left his position in the Railway office in Drogheda and made his way to County Tipperary. After the failure at Ballingarry on 29 July 1848, he joined up with John O'Mahony, who entrusted the command of the County Waterford insurgents to John Savage and Gray. He was involved in an attack on the Portlaw police barracks. O'Mahony described Gray years later as the most indomitable man he met in 1848.

Gray underwent many hardships while eluding capture by both the police and military in County Waterford for four months in the autumn and early winter of 1848. Hiding out in the Knockmealdown and Comeragh Mountains. He worked to form a secret society pledged to Irish independence in the valley of the Suir. He then returned to Dublin, where he put a lot of his old friends from the Swift Confederate Club under oath, and was reputed to have had a thousand members in Dublin alone after which he escaped to France. While in France he met up again with O'Mahony and Stephens.

Returns to Ireland
He returned in 1849 and was again an active agent in organising another out-break in the autumn of that year in the company of James Fintan Lalor, having established a secret military society. They were then joined by Luby, Joseph Brennan and a dozen other members who had been active in the Swift Confederate Club, who met with Gray near Rathmines' church, Dublin, and joined the Society. Lalor had attempted in a letter to persuade Charles Gavan Duffy to join with them, but Gavan Duffy informed him that he would have no hand, act or part in any secret society, and attempted to dissuade Lalor from participation in such societies.

1849 Rising
The attack on the police barracks at Cappoquin took place that September, and was to signal the end of that Insurrectionary movement.

The Tribune
Gray returned to Dublin, and secured a clerkship at an office in Smithfield, and afterwards held a position in the office of The Tribune, which was established by John Edward Pigot, the son of David Richard Pigot, the Roman Catholic Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer Rev. John Kenyon, Prof. Sullivan, Thomas Mason Jones, Denny Lane, John O'Donnell, Ryan of Bruree, and others, with Thomas Wallis and John Fisher Murray as contributors, with Thomas Clarke Luby as sub-editor. This account is somewhat contradicted by Robert Kee, who suggests that the paper belonged to Philip Gray.

James Stephens returned to Ireland in 1856, an Ireland in which, suggests Robert Kee, virtually the only nationalist thinking was in the new newspaper, The Tribune. The paper was the only one which was analysing the demand for Tenant Rights, and maintained that the real demand was for something much more fundamental than that. The paper, Kee writes, "that a landlord had a right to do what he would with his own but asked whether the land really was the landlord's own." Quoting from the paper he continues "The truth is" (it declared in italics), "that all the land of Ireland belongs to the people of Ireland, in the aggregate, to be distributed and made use of just so as best may serve the happiness, prosperity, peace and security of the People of Ireland."

It published another leader headed "No True Idea of Nationality in Ireland". In this it deplored "Irishmen’s existing incapability of comprehending the large idea of an Irish Nation. It is true they talk of their country very plausibly, and in the most high flown terms; but behind all this there is no clear and comprehensive idea of the universal Irish nation, taking in the entire population. All notions of country in the popular mind are vague and confused . . ." The paper ceased publication in 1856.

Death
Philip Gray died in Dublin on 28 February 1857, in his 36th year, and was laid to rest in the family burial ground at Kilglass, County Meath. James Stephens and Thomas Clarke Luby attended the service, at which Stephens spoke.

Sources
The IRB: The Irish Republican Brotherhood from The Land League to Sinn Féin, Owen McGee, Four Courts Press, 2005,
Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945.
James Fintan Lalor, Thomas, P. O'Neill, Golden Publications 2003.
Irish Political Prisoners, 1848–1922: Theatres of War, Seán McConville, Routledge, 2003,
Vol two of The Green Flag: The Bold Fenian Men, Robert Kee, Quartet Books, 1972,

Further reading
N. A. Leonard, Philip Gray, Ríocht na Midhe (2001), cited by Owen McGee
Philip Gray, An Irish Revolutionist, T. C. Luby, Irish News (New York), 17 March 1857, cited by Owen McGee

References

1821 births
1857 deaths
Irish rebels
Irish revolutionaries
People from Dublin (city)
Young Irelanders
Date of birth missing


Yannick Rott (born 27 September 1974 in Schiltigheim, Bas-Rhin) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defender. Whilst at Strasbourg he won the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup and the Coupe de la Ligue in 1997, playing in the final.

References

External links

Statistics at racingstub.com

1974 births
Living people
People from Schiltigheim
Footballers from Bas-Rhin
French men's footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
French people of German descent
Men's association football defenders
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
Toulouse FC players
US Créteil-Lusitanos players
Gazélec Ajaccio players
Gap HAFC players
AS Muret players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players


Henry Rutgers Marshall  (July, 22 1852 – May 3, 1927) was an American architect and psychologist.

Early life

Henry Rutgers Marshall was born July 22, 1852, in New York City to Henry Perry Marshall and Cornelia Eliza Conrad. His mother was descendant of Everardus Bogardus. Related to the famous Rutgers family of New York City and New Jersey, Marshall had a privileged upbringing. He attended the finest New York private schools as a child, and studied architecture as both an undergrad and graduate student at Columbia. He graduated from Columbia College with a Bachelor of Arts in 1873 and from Columbia University with a Master of Arts degree in architecture in 1875. At this time in Marshall's life, psychology wasn't a concern to him.

He began practicing architecture, his lifelong career, two years after graduating in 1878. His most famous designs include Rudyard Kipling's house Naulakha in Dummerston, Vermont, the First Congregational Church in Colorado Springs, Colorado, and the Old Buildings of Brearley School in New York City. He was most known for his designs of country houses. Marshall's accomplishments in the world of architecture did not go unnoticed. He was elected to be a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, and was eventually given the honor of becoming president of the Institute's New York chapter. Marshall was also active with the New York City Art Commission, where he served as the executive secretary.

Contributions to psychology

Aside from his devoted career in architecture, Marshall became fascinated by psychology and philosophy, and began studying paths where the two subjects intersected. Marshall pursued these subjects without any formal training in psychology or philosophy, whatsoever; rather, they were merely interests to him. He developed a wide range of interests in topics including intelligence, sensation, consciousness, emotion, religion, instinct, synesthesia, and dreams. Marshall began writing about these topics but they largely went unnoticed until the publishing of his first book.

His first major appearance came with the publishing of his book Pain, Pleasure, and Aesthetics in 1894, known as his most famous and influential work. In this book, Marshall rejected the structuralist ideals of physiological and anatomical evidence pointing to pleasure and pain sensations. He further criticized the work of Goldsheider, who discovered pressure spots, cold spots, and heat spots on the surfaces of skin. Marshall believed that Goldsheider was too quick to cite physiology for his findings.

In Pain, Pleasure, and Aesthetics, Marshall further went on to argue that beauty is a matter of the hedonic effect, characterized by pleasure. He believed that no single characteristic was common among all beautiful things except for the ability to please. William James, now known as one of the most influential American philosophers, praised Rutgers’ book endlessly. James described the work as "epoch-making" and "full of shrewd and original psychology." James and many others believed that Marshall had made a great contribution to psychology in this book.

Soon after the publishing of this famous book, he wrote a series of lectures on aesthetics, which he delivered as an honorary lecturer at Columbia University, his alma mater. Rutgers also lectured at Harvard University, the Nineteenth Century Club of New York City, the Contemporary Club of Philadelphia, and Yale Art School. In 1904, he gave a principle address on aesthetics before the St. Louis International Congress of Arts and Sciences.

Marshall's views on aesthetics were a combination of sensational aspects, proposed by Hermann Lotze, emotional aspects, discussed by James and Mill, and intellectual factures, focused on by Immanuel Kant and Ladd. Marshall combined all of these aspects into his own system that held pain and pleasure as the basis for all esthetic experiences and judgments.

He wrote on topics including the nature of emotion, desire, pleasure, pain, and evolution. His published articles and books in addition to Pain, Pleasure, and Aesthetics are Aesthetic Principles, in 1895, Instinct and Reason, in 1898, The Relation of Aesthetics to Psychology and Philosophy, in 1905, Human and Other Types of Consciousness, in 1905, War and the Ideal of Peace, in 1915, Mind and Conduct, in 1919, and The Beautiful, in 1924.

Though Marshall never held an academic position in the field of psychology, he became a figure that many psychologists looked to. He was influential of Alexander Bain, Mary Calkins, Josiah Royce, and Edward Titchener. At the height of his fame in the field of psychology, he was elected the 16th president of the American Psychological Association in 1907. Marshall began sharing his opinions and concerns more heavily once he had a larger audience.

In 1909, Marshall wrote a paper in response to Titchener's book Lectures on the Elementary Psychology of Feeling and Attention. Titchener and Marshall shared views in psychology, however disagreed about the nature of psychology and the importance of sensations. In Marshall's paper, he argued against Titchener's idea that pains and pleasures are sensational. Marshall believed that they are instead a mental quality. He felt as though Titchener was far too focused on sensations and emotional states resulting from pain and pleasure.

While many admired Marshall, he was highly critical and argumentative about others’ views. He repeatedly argued with psychologists who sough physiological explanations for psychological events, pegging these individuals as too dependent on natural sciences. Marshall was also critical of behaviorists. He claimed that behaviorists were truly confused in believing that behavior should have been the target of psychology. Marshall repeatedly chastised behaviorists claiming to be the only real psychologists. Understandably, many individuals who viewed psychology from a physiological or behaviorist perspective grew to dislike him. Marshall went on to attack functional psychology and claim that it wasn't a real branch of psychology.

Marshall was bold and firm in his opinions. This led to him having many admirers but also many who disliked him greatly. As time passed, his popularity decreased significantly. American psychology was undergoing rapid changes. In 1913, Marshall wrote an article "Is Psychology Evaporating?" in which he angrily blamed other psychologists for losing sight of the purpose of psychology. Many were tired of hearing Marshall's complaints and attacks. His ideas were losing interest rapidly and he refused to change his conceptions of psychology. Despite his great interests in theories on education and music, Marshall ignored any advancement on the subjects.

He published his last book, The Beautiful, in 1924. This was a continuation on his initial book Pain, Pleasure, and Aesthetics and Aesthetic Principles, that had brought him so much fame 30 years before. Many psychologists saw this book as a sad attempt by Marshall to come back to fame. D. W. Prall accused Marshall of having little understanding of the realities of aesthetics in The Beautiful. He described it as unwelcome and an unfortunate ending to what began as a promising contribution to psychological theory. In many ways, Marshall was the cause of his own demise in the world of psychology.

Marshall continued to restrict psychology to his own specific views and argued with anyone who disagreed with him. The world of psychology lost interest in him. He death went unnoticed by the world of psychology, so much so that the American Psychological Association did not even publish an obituary for its past president.

Family and death
In 1881, Marshall married Julia Robbins Gillman, who died in 1888. He had one daughter with Gillman, who also predeceased him. Marshall was largely a loner. His lack of familial contact led him to focus greatly on his work in architecture and his other interests. He died and was buried in Woodbury, Connecticut, in 1927.

Marshall's views on war

Marshall's discussion on war fell during the First World War. Rutgers absolutely hated war. He was deeply fearful of a German victory. When America finally entered war, he became extremely patriotic. Amidst his fear and concerns of war, Marshall began writing on how a pacifist might fit into a world at war in his article The Pacifist at War, published in The Atlantic Monthly in May, 1918.

In this article, Marshall described war as the greatest of all evils. He explained his confliction in being a patriotic pacifist. Against his prior beliefs, Marshall stated that pacifists needed to lay aside the thought of peace and instead devote all energies to anything that might yield victory. Though it was against his original pacifistic beliefs, he encouraged other pacifists to make a sacrifice in going against their beliefs in an effort to take a step towards long-term peace. Marshall believed that once this massive war came to an end, true peace would be obtained. Until that point, pacifists must join in support of their country.

Contributions to psychology after death

The awareness of Marshall's contributions is reflective of the end of his life. His work has almost completely vanished from today's psychological systems. Theories on pain were debated years after Marshall's death, however his pleasure-pain theory on pain was completely forgotten. Benjamin (1984) views Marshall's legacy to psychology as his system and theories on aesthetics, which proved to be no legacy at all. Though the study of aesthetics is still popular today, it is primarily from an arts and philosophy perspective, with no attention paid to Marshall's work. Marshall is now known as the forgotten APA president.

Stout, Bain, Titchener, Angell, and Calkins took great interest in Marshall's theories, even incorporating it into their own theories on physiology. However, Marshall's refusal to accept the role of nerves in pain resulted in his views becoming outdated and irrelevant. New scientific discoveries pushed his ideas further into history. As these theorists continued in their careers, the influence of Marshall decreased to a point of vanishing.

Works
 Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics (1894)
 Æsthetic Principles (1895)
 Instinct and Reason (1898)
 The Relation of Aesthetics to Psychology and Philosophy (1905)
 Human and Other Types of Consciousness (1905)
 Consciousness (1909)
 War and the Ideal of Peace (1915)

References

External links

1852 births
1927 deaths
American non-fiction writers
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Architects from New York City
Presidents of the American Psychological Association


Wings Neck is a peninsula that juts out into Buzzards Bay on the south side of the Cape Cod Canal, in Bourne, Massachusetts, USA.

The southwestern tip of the neck is the site of the Wing's Neck Lighthouse, which operated from 1889 to 1945, and is now a private residence.

References

External links
Map:

Bourne, Massachusetts
Peninsulas of Massachusetts
Landforms of Barnstable County, Massachusetts


Faisal bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud ( Fayṣal bin 'Abd ar Raḥman Āl Su'ūd) is a Saudi prince who was the 8th president of Al-Nassr Club. He was the head of Al-Nassr from 1997 to 2000, where he led the club to the FIFA Club World Cup in Brazil, and from 2006 onward.

He is a grandson of King Saud and the son of Prince Abdul Rahman bin Saud Al Saud, the godfather of Al-Nassr Club. In addition, he is the nephew of Prince Sultan bin Saud, the 6th President of Al-Nassr, and the half-brother of Mamdouh bin Abdul Rahman bin Saud, the 10th President of the club.

References

Faisal
Faisal
Al Nassr FC
Faisal
Living people
Faisal
Sports owners
Year of birth missing (living people)


Gricourt () is a commune in the Aisne department and Hauts-de-France region, northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lobation is a characteristic of the cell nucleus of certain granulocytes, which are types of white blood cells, where the nucleus is segmented into two or more connected lobes. Of the four types of granulocyte only the mast cell is not lobated.

Lobation is also a characteristic of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

References

Cell nucleus


Gronard () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Its 16th century fortified church is a classified monument historique.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lode Craeybeckx (24 November 1897 – 25 July 1976) served as mayor of Antwerp, Belgium from 1947 until his death in 1976, becoming the longest-serving mayor of the city in its history.

Biography
François Ferdinand Louis Craeybeckx, better known as Lode, was born in Antwerp in 1897. His father was a policeman from Limburg, while his mother came from Liège. He studied at the Athenaeum of Antwerp before going to the new University of Ghent in 1917. For collaborating with the German occupiers during the First World War, he was sent to prison for five years, but he was released after two years.

Lode Craeybeckx married Irma Lauwers in 1921. They had two children, Hilda and Herman. From 1925 until 1931, he worked as a journalist for the newspaper .

In 1932, Craeybeckx started to work as a lawyer and entered the world of politics. He became a councillor in Deurne for the Belgian Socialist Party. The same year, he entered the Belgian Parliament, where he would stay until 1968. He was the successor of  as mayor of Antwerp in 1947, and remained in that position for nearly thirty years, a record for the city.

When Lode Craeybeckx died in 1976, the first Alderman , Christian democrat and collaborationist mayor of Antwerp under Nazi occupation, took over ad interim, until a new mayor was sworn in. Frans Detiège Alderman for Social Affairs, socialist, and longtime companion of Craeybeckx, fulfilled the position until the end of term. At the 1976 municipal election, the sitting coalition of socialists and Christian democrats were re-elected and Mathilde Schroyens took office as Mayor of Antwerp in 1977.

Achievements
During his run as mayor, Antwerp was massively changed. The  (RUCA) university (1965) and the UIA university (1971) were founded (both were merged with the older UFSIA in the University of Antwerp in 2003). The Middelheim, an open-air museum for modern sculptures, was created in 1951. The city got improved traffic infrastructure and the city and Port of Antwerp were massively expanded.

During this period, many of the older buildings of the city, ranging from the Middle Ages to the 19th century, were replaced by modern high-rise buildings, of which many have been criticized for being bland or ugly.

The "Craeybeckx Incident"
In April 1964, Craeybeckx was reported to allegedly have had a drunken row with a group of Jews in a bar on the Grote Markt. He was reported to have publicly shouted that "it is a pity that the German crematoria did not make more disappear of their sort". There was widespread controversy, but he was nonetheless placed at the top of the Socialist list at the next municipal elections as other party members argued that "someone with so many services given to the movement" could not just be put aside. According to his biographers, he benefited from support during this serious controversy from the Antwerp Catholic press and of the conservative satirical weekly, 't Pallieterke, which had an anti-resistance position and opposed the purging of collaborators after World War II.

Notes

External links

1897 births
1976 deaths
Belgian Socialist Party politicians
Mayors of Antwerp, Belgium
Ghent University alumni
Government ministers of Belgium
Members of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


Grougis is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Grugies () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Guignicourt () is a former commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Villeneuve-sur-Aisne.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Former communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Guivry () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Guny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

History
In 858, Guny's village is given to the abbey of Notre-Dame of Soissons by Charles the Bold.

In 1368, Enguerrand VII of Coucy grants the collectivity franchise to Guny and twenty-two other churches.

1914–1918, World War I devastated the village. From August 27 until September 28, the 11th and 20th infantry fight Battle of Ailette around Guny's quarries.

Saint Georges' church is destroyed. It was restored in 1923.

A new bell was inaugurated in November 1923, in a temporary church.

Geography
The river Ailette forms all of the commune's northeastern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Guyencourt is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hannapes () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Happencourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Haramont () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

Sights
Haramont has 17 historical monuments listed in the French Ministry of Culture database. Most notable are:

Saint-Clément parish church The church contains pictures noted for their workmanship. The church was classified as a monument historique in 1919.
The priory of Longpré, whose origins date back to the 12th century, classified since 1995.
Le Manoir des Fossés, in the route de la vallée de Baudrimont, dates back to the 16th century, classified since 2003.
The menhir called La Pierre-Clouise in the Forest of Retz, classified since 1889.

Personalities linked to the commune

Alexandre Dumas, lived in the Manoir des Fossés during his youth. His novels Ange Pitou and Le Meneur de loups (The Wolf Leader) are set partly in the commune.

In the introduction to Le Meneur de loups, he writes:
« Du plus loin qu’il me souvienne, c’est-à-dire de l’âge de trois ans, nous habitions, mon père, ma mère et moi, un petit château nommé les Fossés, situé sur les limites des départements de l’Aisne et de l’Oise, entre Haramont et Longpré. »

("As far back as I remember, that is to say from the age of three years, we lived, my father, my mother and me, in a small château called les Fossés, situated on the border of the départements of l’Aisne and l’Oise, between Haramont and Longpré.")

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Harcigny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Harly () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography

The commune is located in the valley of the Homblières, it is bathed by the Somme and its marshes and Streaming of Harly.

History
 Latin name: Harcliacum
 Carved flints were found in the town.
 Village of former Vermandois, the stewardship of Amiens, bailages and election of Saint-Quentin, Diocese of Noyon.

By the end of the tenth century, 943, mention is made of super Harli Harly Somenam fluvium in the relationship miracles relics of Saint Quentin.

In the 17th century, Harly, possession of the Chapter of St. Quentin at the outset, is Seigneurerie de l'Abbaye de Vermand.

The municipality had a bunker that belonged to the Hindenburg Line (WWI).

Population

Administration
List of successive mayors :

 René Lamy - Party : PS
 René Horb - Party : PS
 Bernard Destombes

Places of interest
 Saint-Martin church, dated from the 17th century, destroyed during the First World War and rebuilt around 1926.
 Monument to deaths in the First and Second world wars.
 Calvary located on rue Quentin-de-la Tour.
 Daltroff factory and worker accommodation next to the factory, built in 1875.
 Château d'Harly (important bourgeois house), destroyed during the First World War.
 A Merovingian cemetery, containing around 700 graves.

Notable people
Lords of the town (Source Genealogy Aisne)

 1218  Adam Harly
 1241-1248 Godard of Harly
 14?? Jean de Fosseux
 14?? Philippe de Fosseux, often used the last name Borgne
 1734-1811 Joseph Dufermont, parish priest and member of the National Assembly.
 192?-2019 André Triou, historian
 Jean-Marie Lefèvre (born 1953), modernist and minimalist poet

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hartennes-et-Taux () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


USS Bronx (APA-236) was a  in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1949. She was scrapped in 1979.

History
Bronx was named after the Bronx, New York. She was launched 14 July 1945 by Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation of Portland, Oregon, under a Maritime Commission contract; sponsored by Mrs. John W. Greenslade, wife of Vice Admiral John W. Greenslade; acquired by the Navy 27 August 1945; and commissioned the same day.

Bronx got underway from San Pedro, Los Angeles, for Manila, Philippine Islands, 30 October 1945. At Manila she embarked Army personnel for the return trip to San Francisco. She returned to the Philippines in January and brought Naval personnel back to the West Coast. On 4 April 1946 she stood out for Shanghai, China. From here she steamed to Qingdao and Taku, China, where she embarked Marine and Naval personnel for transportation to San Francisco.

Bronx sailed to Buckner Bay, Okinawa, 7 June and received on board military personnel en route to San Francisco. During August she took part in training maneuvers near San Diego. On 28 September and again on 24 October, she departed carrying troops to Olympia, Washington.

She continued these coastwise operations until 9 January 1947 when she got underway for Pearl Harbor with troops. From there she proceeded to Okinawa, China, and Guam carrying passengers and cargo. The ship weighed anchor for San Francisco 22 May 1947. She then operated at various ports in California until January 1948.

On 5 January 1948 she set sail for Qingdao, China, via Pearl Harbor, transporting cargo. After stopping at Shanghai, she proceeded to Guam and then back to Qingdao.

Bronx got underway for San Francisco 4 May laden with cargo. She operated along the West Coast transporting men and supplies until 18 January 1949 when she steamed to Kodiak Island, Alaska, for landing exercises.

Decommissioning
On 18 February she departed for San Francisco with personnel and equipment. Upon arrival at San Francisco she commenced her pre-inactivation overhaul. Bronx was placed out of commission in reserve 30 June 1949. On 15 August 1958, she was transferred to the Maritime Administration and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Suisun Bay. She was later redesignated an Amphibious Transport (LPA-236), on 1 January 1969. On 7 November 1979, she was withdrawn from the Reserve Fleet in exchange for the .  Nominally delivered to States SS Co., Bronx was simultaneously transferred to Nissho-Iwai American Corp. for scrapping in Korea.  , MARAD does not list any artifacts for the Bronx.

References

APA-236 Bronx, Navsource Online

Haskell-class attack transports
The Bronx
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Troop ships
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
1945 ships


Hary () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hautevesnes () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Haution is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Hérie () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Hérie-la-Viéville () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hinacourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Holnon () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Yoann Bigné (born 23 August 1977 in Rennes, France) is a retired French football player that last played for Stade Brestois.

References

1977 births
Living people
French men's footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
Stade Rennais F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
OGC Nice players
Stade Brestois 29 players
Ligue 2 players
France men's youth international footballers
Footballers from Rennes
Men's association football midfielders


Homblières () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

History

According to Abbot Berner (Bernerus Humolariensis Abbas) who wrote the Vita of Hunegund (Vita Sanctae Hunegundis Virginis Humolariensis) in the 10th century, a monastic community was founded around 650 near the site of present-day Homblières by a young noblewoman named Hunegund (d. ca. 690), a native of Lambay in the Vermandois.

The monastery of Homblières (Latin: Humolarias, from humulus = hop field) is first mentioned in the 940s as a community of nuns in need of reform because of lapsed morals. The archbishop of Reims assigned Bertha, an old nun from the abbey of Saint-Pierre of Reims, to restore the community, but without much success. After Bertha’s death in 948 or 949, King Louis IV authorized the expulsion of the nuns and their replacement by monks from Saint-Remi of Reims who were required to live at Homblières under the Benedictine Rule. It was their first abbot, Berner, who wrote the Vita of Hunegund from stories that he had heard locally.
Eilbert of Florennes, a direct descendant of Emperor Lothair’s vassal Ebro, was responsible for refounding the abbey at Homblières.

During the later stages of the Hundred Years War, the relics of Saint Hunegund were sent for safety to Saint-Quentin.
With the Concordat of 1516, Homblières passed under royal control. In 1607, the abbey church collapsed and Homblières was abandoned, but in 1666, a monk from Saint-Remi became prior of Homblières and undertook its restoration. He rebuilt the abbey church and reestablished a community by 1679, when the remains of Hunegund were returned.

During the French Revolution, on 13 february 1790, the constituent assembly
dissolved all religious orders in France. In 1792, the last eight Benedictine monks left the abbey, which subsequently was sold and turned into a stone quarry.

Population

Notable people

Hunegund of France (died 690), French saint, nun and convent founder

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Houry () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Housset () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Itancourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Iviers () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jaulgonne () is a commune in the Aisne department and Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jeancourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


FK Apgaismes tehnika (also known as ESR Rīga and Enerģija Rīga) was a Soviet Latvian football club from Riga, a four-time winner of the Latvian league. It went bankrupt together with the factory that supported it in the early 1990s.

History

ESR Rīga made its debut in the Latvian league in 1966 and already in the first season won it. One of the club's leaders Nikolajs Jermakovs after the season was signed by Soviet first league club Daugava Rīga. Still the club managed by E.Tantiba won the second league title in 1967. In 1968 the club was renamed as Enerģija Rīga. In the years that followed Enerģija was always among the top teams in the Latvian league but the next title was won only in 1976. The Enerģija was coached by Boriss Reinholds who later with good success worked with Zvejnieks Liepāja. In 1977 Enerģija won its fourth and final title, as the club's forward former Daugava Rīga player Anatoli Kondratenko was the best goalscorer in the Latvian league. Another former Daugava player Ronalds Žagars was the club's goalkeeper in 1977.

After 1977 Enerģija failed to win any more league titles but in 1982 it won its first and final Latvian Cup by beating Torpedo Rīga 2:1 in the final match. In 1987 the club was renamed to FK Apgaismes tehnika. The last relatively successful season for the club came in 1990 as it finished fourth in the Latvian league and reached the Latvian Cup final. After the 1991 season the club went bankrupt, some of its players played with Decemviri II in 1. līga in 1992 but the history of one of the best Riga clubs of the 1970s was finished. In 1992 Decemviri II also became defunct.

Honours
 Latvian SSR League winners: 4 (1966, 1967, 1976, 1977)
Latvian Cup winners (1982)

References

Defunct football clubs in Latvia
E
1992 disestablishments in Latvia


Jeantes () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

History
It has been concluded that the area was occupied during the Gallic and Gallo-Roman times due to remains found nearby. The names "Jantha" or "Janta-Curtis" were used during the 12th century.  In the 17th century, under the lordship of the Clairfontaine Abbey, the village (at the time named "Jeante-la-Ville") belonged to the Counts of Apremont until the French Revolution.

Population

Places
The village contains the Church of St. Martin, a fortified church that has been classified as a Monument Historique since 1987. The church is visited by many tourists, but particularly Dutch people.

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jouaignes () is a commune in the Aisne department and Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jumencourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette forms all of the commune's southern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jumigny () is a commune in the Aisne department and Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Juvincourt-et-Damary () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Juvincourt Airfield
Built prior to World War II as a French Air Force facility.  It was seized by the Germans in June 1940 during the Battle of France, and was used as a major Luftwaffe military airfield during the occupation.

The airfield was attacked on several occasions by United States Army Air Forces Eighth Air Force heavy bombers and later by IX Bomber Command B-26 Marauder medium bombers, the airfield was liberated by Allied Forces in early September 1944.    Once in American hands, combat engineers of the IX Engineering Command 820th Engineer Aviation Regiment repaired the damaged airfield and declared it operationally ready for combat units on 7 September, only a few days after its capture from German forces, being designated  as "A-68"

The airfield was used by numerous Ninth Air Force combat units until May 1945.  Afterward, the airfield was used for transport and as a maintenance base until being closed in July 1945, and was returned to French Air Force Control.

After the war, the French Air Force began building a new facility, with a new taxiway and modern dispersal pads.   However, it appears that construction was never completed and the airfield was abandoned.  Today the remains of Juvincourt Airfield consist of several abandoned World War II-era runways, along with the unfinished modern airfield in a vacant area.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Laffaux () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sir Sebag Shaw,  (28 December 1906 – 27 December 1982) was a British barrister and judge.

Early life and career
Sebag Sochaczewski (later Shaw) was born in East London to Chaim Sochaczewski (later naturalised as 'Henry Shaw'; of Polish origin), owner of a photographic studio, and Marie (née Baumgart), and educated at Central Foundation Boys' School and University College London (LL.B). In his youth he had suffered a severe attack of polio, which left him with a pronounced limp, nevertheless becoming a skilled swimmer, rower and horseman. He was called 'Sib' by family and friends. In 1928, he married Sally, daughter of Oscar Baumgart. He was called to the Bar from Gray's Inn in 1931, appointed Q.C. in 1967, and Bencher of Gray's Inn that same year, being later Leader of the South Eastern Circuit. Shaw served from 1958 to 1968 as Honorary Recorder of Ipswich, succeeding Sir Stephen Gerald Howard, QC, MP (1947–1958). Shaw was succeeded by the Hon. William McLaren Howard, QC.

In 1955 Shaw was junior counsel to Aubrey Melford Stevenson for the defence in the trial of Ruth Ellis; she was the last woman hanged in the United Kingdom.

Legal career
Knighted in 1968, Shaw was appointed a High Court judge and promoted to be a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1975; he served in this capacity until his retirement in 1981. He chaired the Justice Annual members conference in 1973. Shaw was a Member of the Bar Council from 1964 to 1968, and of the Parole Board from 1971 to 1974 (Vice-Chairman 1973–4).

Along with Judge Dennis Smith, Shaw wrote the seminal text The Law of Meetings, which went through five editions over thirty years.

References

1906 births
1982 deaths
English barristers
English Jews
Lords Justices of Appeal
Members of Gray's Inn
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Ipswich
20th-century King's Counsel
English King's Counsel
Queen's Bench Division judges
20th-century English lawyers


Laigny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Bravos de Margarita (Margarita Braves) are a professional baseball team who plays in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League since the 2007-08 season.

The team was founded in 1991 as the Petroleros de Cabimas (Cabimas Oilers), and played through the 1994-95 season. Later was renamed as Pastora de Occidente (Shepherds of the West) from 1995-96 to 1996-97, being also known as Pastora de los Llanos (Shepherds of the Plains) from 1997-98 to 2006-07.

The Bravos de Margarita played at Estadio Nueva Esparta located in Margarita Island, until 2019. They have since used other stadiums in the LVBP as temporary home fields.

Current roster

Team's yearly record
14 seasons total

2007–2015 playoff format

2015–2019 playoff format

2020– playoff format

References

External links
Official site

Baseball teams in Venezuela
Baseball teams established in 2007
2007 establishments in Venezuela
Margarita Island


Lanchy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Landifay-et-Bertaignemont is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Landouzy-la-Cour () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Landouzy-la-Ville () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


With God in Russia is a memoir by Walter Ciszek (1904–1984), a Polish-American Jesuit priest known for his clandestine missionary work in the Soviet Union between 1941 and 1963. It was originally published in 1964 by McGraw-Hill.

Since 1990, the life of Fr. Ciszek has been considered by the Roman Catholic Church for possible beatification or canonization. His current title is a Servant of God.

Overview
The book begins in 1938 as Father Ciszek, who has been ordained in the Byzantine Rite, serves in a mission in a part of Poland occupied by the Soviets. He volunteers to go incognito, using the alias "Wladimir Lypinski", as a worker with Polish laborers and families enticed into Russia's interior to work in the Ural Mountains. On the way he stops in Lviv, Ukraine and gets permission for his new mission from the elderly Andrey Sheptytsky, Metropolitan Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.

In 1940 he reaches his destination, a lumber camp near Chusovoy, Perm Krai, Russia. After the onset of World War II, however, the secret police (NKVD) identify Ciszek as a priest and arrest him under a charge of "agitation with intent to subvert".

For the next five years Ciszek is confined to Moscow prisons, including the notorious Lubyanka, and then, without trial, is sentenced to ten more years as "a spy of the Vatican". He is then sent to labor camps north of the Arctic Circle in Dudinka and Norilsk, where he works in the mines and in construction gangs. He also takes part in Norilsk uprising in 1953.

Long presumed dead by his family and his superiors in the United States, in October 1963 Father Ciszek is exchanged along with another American for two convicted Soviet secret agents.

References

Memoirs about Soviet repression
American memoirs
Books about Christianity
Gulag memoirs
1964 non-fiction books
McGraw-Hill books
Norillag detainees


Laniscourt is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lappion () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Largny-sur-Automne is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

Places of interest

The garden of Les Charmettes, dedicated to the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, was created by Auguste Castellant from 1891. The garden and the buildings and statues in it have been a listed monument since 2008.

The village church was built in the 12th and 13th centuries.

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Latilly is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Demographics

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Laval-en-Laonnois is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lavaqueresse () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Laversine () is a commune in the Aisne department and Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lehaucourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lemé () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The UNIVAC Athena computer calculated ground commands to transmit to the HGM-25A Titan I intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) as part of Western Electric's missile guidance system.  The Athena was the "first transistorized digital computer to be produced in numbers." Athena, consisting of ten cabinets plus console on a 13.5 by 20 foot (4.1 by 6 m) floor plan. It used radar tracking of the missile to compute Titan flight data to the necessary burn-out point to start a ballistic trajectory toward the target. On-board Titan attitude control rolled the missile to maintain the missile antenna aligned to the ground antenna.  Computer commands were transmitted to the missile from a ground transmitter a "quarter mile out" ().  Completed in 1957, the Athena weighed .

Design and history
The Athena used a Harvard architecture design with separate data and instruction memories by Seymour Cray at Sperry Rand Corporation and cost about $1,800,000.  Used with the computer were the:
AN/GSK-1 Computer Set Console (OA-2654)
Friden, Inc. terminal with paper tape equipment
"massive motor-generator set with 440 volt 3 phase AC input [that] weighed over 2 tons" at remote locations
input from one of two large AN/GRW-5 Western Electric radars in silos each with "20 foot (6 m) tall antenna" raised prior to launch and locked to the raised Titan's "missileborne antenna".
The "battleshort" mode ("melt-before-fail") prevented fail-safe circuits such as fuses from deactivating the machine e.g., during a missile launch. The last Athena-controlled launch was a Thor-Agena missile launched in 1972 from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, the last of over 400 missile flights using the Athena. The 26 Athena computers, when declared surplus by the federal government, went to various United States universities. The one at Carnegie was used as an undergraduate project until 1971, when the former electrical engineering undergraduate students (Athena Systems Development Group) orchestrated its donation to the Smithsonian Institution.

References

Aerial warfare ground equipment
Cold War military computer systems of the United States
Equipment of Strategic Air Command
UNIVAC mainframe computers
Guidance computers


Lempire () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lerzy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Khaldoun Baghdadi is a prominent Palestinian-American attorney and former chairman of the San Francisco Human Rights Commission. He was born in Amman, Jordan, but grew up in Orange County, California.

Baghdadi received his undergraduate degree from the University of California Irvine, and also received a fellowship to study at Bir Zeit University, in Ramallah, West Bank. He later earned his law degree from UC Hastings College of the Law, in 1997.

He is currently a partner with Walkup, Melodia, Kelly, and Schoenberger in San Francisco, California. In 2003, he was appointed to the San Francisco Human Rights Commission, and in 2006 was elected its chairman, becoming the first Palestinian-American to hold the post.

References
 Profile of Khaldoun Baghdadi at the Institute for Middle East Understanding

Living people
American people of Palestinian descent
1973 births
Birzeit University alumni
University of California, Irvine alumni
University of California College of the Law, San Francisco alumni
People from Amman


Leschelle () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lesdins () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mehdi Leroy (born 18 April 1978) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Leroy helped Troyes become one of the winners of the 2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup. In the final Troyes beat Newcastle United on away goals after the second leg finished 4–4 at St James' Park; Leroy scored one of Troyes' goals. He also played as a substitute when Nantes won the 1999 Trophée des Champions.

Honours
Nantes
Trophée des Champions: 1999

Troyes
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001

References

External links

 Profile at foot-national.com

1978 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Saint-Nazaire
Men's association football midfielders
French men's footballers
France men's youth international footballers
FC Nantes players
Ligue 1 players
ES Troyes AC players
Amiens SC players
Ligue 2 players
Stade Lavallois players
Paris FC players
Vannes OC players
SO Cholet players
Footballers from Loire-Atlantique


Lesges () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lesquielles-Saint-Germain is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Leuilly-sous-Coucy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette forms all of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Leury () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Levergies () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lhuys is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Licy-Clignon () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lierval () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Liesse-Notre-Dame () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. In the Middle Ages, the village near Laon developed around the cult of the Black Virgin, known as Notre-Dame de Liesse (Our Lady of Joy/or Jubilation). Pope Pius IX granted the Marian image a decree of canonical coronation on 18 August 1857.

Basilica of Notre-Dame de Liesse
Ever since the twelfth century Liesse Notre Dame (Our Lady of Joy) has been a center of Marian pilgrimage.

The basilica was built during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries and probably replaced an earlier chapel. According to ancient documents, the first shrine of Liesse was built by the pious Bartholomew of Vir, with the stones left over from the construction of Laon Cathedral. The portal and façade were constructed in the fifteenth century by Bishop of Laon, Charles of Luxembourg (1473-1519), son of the Count of Saint Pol, Constable of France under Louis XI. Formerly one of the portal stones were engraved with the inscription:
As a monument of their piety and their gratitude to the Virgin Mary, this holy temple was built in 1134 by the knights of Eppes. It was rebuilt in 1384 and enlarged in 1480."

In November 1568, the troops of the Protestant Prince of Orange looted the village and its church, and having broken the statues and removed the bells, set fire to the church, reducing the bell tower to ashes. Restoration commenced nine years later.

At a young age, Madame Acarie was brought to Liesse in 1572 by her parents and consecrated to Our Lady, as was the child Henri Boudon. It was a favorite shrine of Princess Henrietta Maria of France. Jean-Jacques Olier visited in 1632. In 1686, after Trinity Sunday, 1686, after Jean-Baptiste de La Salle and the Brothers took their first vows, they made a pilgrimage to Liesse, walking all through the night, and again pronounced the vows before at the statue of Our Lady of Joy above the main altar). The church is now a minor basilica. Benedict Labre made a pilgrimage to Liesse in 1770.

Prior to the Revolution, pilgrimages supported the economy of the village. There were a number of hostelries to provide accommodations for pilgrims. The manufacture and sale of religious souvenirs was a dominant activity. Destroyed during the revolution, the shrine was later rebuilt.

Notre-Dame de Liesse

Liesse was a favorite destination for royal pilgrimages, visited by Louis VII, Charles VI, Charles VII, and others. Devotion to Our Lady of Joy spread throughout France, particularly to Normandy where there are a number of churches dedicated to Mary under this title. An annual pilgrimage used to be held in Aude to a is in Fleury sanctuary refounded  in the seventeenth century by an archbishop of Narbonne named Louis Vervins. Our Lady of Liesse is also honored in Belgium, Canada, and Malta. Jesuits spread their devotion to Africa.

Notre-Dame de Liesse is the patroness of the Diocese of Soissons.

The present site contains a pilgrim shelter that is intended primarily to accommodate pilgrims and gatherings of parishes in the diocese of Soissons, but it is open also to families and associations.

Legends
The statue is said to have been brought to Liesse by three Knights Hospitaller. The three were brothers and members of the noble house of Eppes in Picardya. Sometime in the twelfth century, while protecting the fortress of Bersabee, near Ascalon, they were captured in a Saracene ambush and taken to the Sultan of Egypt. The knights refused to convert to Islam, despite theological arguments and promises of gold and honor. Angels brought the three imprisoned knights a small statue of Our Lady for consolation. The Sultan decided to send his daughter Ismeria to the dungeon to convert the three knights. But the knights preferred to talk about what unites people of different religions. She learns about the Christian god and is prompted to assist in the brothers' escape. During their flight all four fall asleep, and during their sleep are miraculously transported to Northern France. Awakening close to the Eppes’ castle in Picardy, their joy and that of their family is immense. Ismeria receives baptism in the cathedral of Laon. The knights preserved the statue of the Madonna, and built a handsome church to receive Our Lady of Liesse. According to a sixteenth century tradition, the knights were the sons of William, sire of Eppes. Their names were Jean, Hector, and Henri.

A second story recounts how in 1139 a thief had recourse to Notre-Dame de Liesse and she saved him from hanging.

Grand Marais
The Grand Marais consists of about twenty hectares of marshland with mainly bog ponds, wet wood and reed beds.In the eighteenth century, the march was mainly used for grazing and for cutting peat for heating. The Great Swamp is home to over 232 species of plants, birds and dragonflies native to Picardy. The local municipal council works with the Conservatory of Natural Sites of Picardie to preserve the site.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Limé () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lislet is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lizy () is a former commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Anizy-le-Grand.

Geography
The river Ailette forms all of the commune's southern border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Former communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Logny-lès-Aubenton is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Longpont () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. It is around 13 km southwest of Soissons, and around 75 km northeast of Paris. As at 2018 it has a population of 255. The former Longpont Abbey is situated in the commune.

On 8 January 2015 the town was locked down in the search for the suspects in the Charlie Hebdo shooting.

Population

See also
 List of medieval bridges in France
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Longueval-Barbonval () is a former commune in the department of Aisne in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Les Septvallons.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Former communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Louâtre () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Loupeigne () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


SS Yucatan may refer to one of the following ships of the Ward Line:
 , in service 1890–1898; chartered to U.S. Army as transport (1898–1906); during Spanish–American War; carried Theodore Roosevelt’s "Rough Riders" to Cuba; sold to Northwestern Steamship Co., 1906, for operation between Seattle and Alaska; scrapped 1929
 , in service under this named from 1921 to 1925; the former North German Lloyd liner Prinz Waldemar (1903–1917); renamed Wacouta after seizure by the USSB in 1917; Wacouta for Ward Line (1919–1921); scrapped 1925
 , in service under this name from 1936 to 1941; Ward liner Havana (1906–1917, 1927–1936); hospital ship Comfort (AH-3) for U.S. Navy (1917–1925); Agwileon as freighter for Atlantic, Gulf, & West Indies Steamship Lines (AGWI Lines) (1941–1942) and as U.S. Army transport (1942–1943); hospital ship Shamrock for U.S. Army (1943–1946); scrapped 1948

or to:
 , built by Harland and Wolff for West India Shipping Co and completed in 1882


Colonel Osmond Barnes  (23 December 1834 – 20 May 1930) was a British officer of the Indian Army and Chief Herald of India.

Early life
The son of John Barnes, of Portland Place, London, and Chorleywood House, Hertfordshire, Barnes was born in Bryanston Square, London, on 23 December 1834, and educated at Rugby School.

His parents, John Barnes and Sarah Medley, were married on 21 July 1824, and had eleven children, Edmund John, Augusta, Sarah,
Lucy Antoinette, Charles Augustus, Edward Medley, John Henry, Osmond, Harold, Ada Mary, and Jocelyn.

In 1831, in reporting the early death of Barnes's sister Augusta at the age of five, The Gentleman's Magazine described their father as "John Barnes, esq., banker, Faringdon, and of Chorley Wood House".

An obituary of Osmond Barnes states that at the time of his birth, his father, John Barnes, was a High Sheriff. However, according to The Gentleman's Magazine and the Annual Register, John Barnes of Chorley Wood House was appointed High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in the year 1844. Chorleywood, although in Hertfordshire, is close to its boundary with Buckinghamshire.

Career

Military service
Barnes joined the Indian Army in 1855 and served through the Indian Mutiny of 1857 to 1859.

At the time of his marriage in August 1862, he was described as "Lieut. Bombay Staff Corps and Commandant of the Lahore Light Horse"

Barnes was gazetted a Lieutenant of the 13th Native Infantry in 1863 and saw active service in Abyssinia in 1868 and in the Afghan War of 1878–1879, where he was mentioned in despatches. He was promoted Captain on 5 March 1867, gazetted a Captain of the Bengal Staff Corps on 14 November 1871, promoted Major on 5 March 1875 and ranked as Major from 4 March 1875. He was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel in the Bengal Staff Corps on 4 March 1881. He served in the Zhob Valley Campaign of 1884, being again mentioned in despatches. He was promoted Colonel in the Bengal Staff Corps on 4 March 1885.

He commanded the 10th Bengal Lancers.

Barnes retired the service on 4 March 1893, announced in the Gazette as "INDIAN STAFF CORPS Colonel Osmond Barnes is transferred to the Unemployed Supernumerary List. Dated 4 March 1893". When appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in June 1893, he was described as "Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Osmond Barnes, Indian Staff Corps".

Herald
Barnes became Chief Herald of India. In this role, in 1877, he had the task of proclaiming Queen Victoria as Empress of India at Delhi.

A wood-engraving of Barnes appeared in The Graphic newspaper for 10 March 1877, showing him in a tabard as Chief Herald of India. He was described as 'Major Osmond Barnes (Tenth Bengal Cavalry)".

Private life
Osmond Barnes married Emily Mainwaring, they had six children - Harold, Percy, Osmond Mainwaring, Charles, Mabel, and Irene.

The marriage was announced in The Gentleman's Magazine for November 1862 -

Barnes retired to England and lived to be ninety-five, although his wife had died in 1912.

Honours
Abyssinia campaign medal, 1868
Mentioned in despatches, 1868 and 1884
Companion of the Order of the Bath, 1893 Queen's Birthday Honours

References

1834 births
1930 deaths
People educated at Rugby School
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Officers of arms
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War
British military personnel of the Abyssinian War
Military personnel from Marylebone
Bengal Staff Corps officers
Indian Staff Corps officers
Bombay Staff Corps officers
British people in colonial India


Lucy-le-Bocage () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Progress Notes are the part of a medical record where healthcare professionals record details to document a patient's clinical status or achievements during the course of a hospitalization or over the course of outpatient care. Reassessment data may be recorded in the Progress Notes, Master Treatment Plan (MTP) and/or MTP review. Progress notes are written in a variety of formats and detail, depending on the clinical situation at hand and the information the clinician wishes to record. One example is the  SOAP note, where the note is organized into Subjective,
Objective, Assessment, and Plan sections. Another example is the DART system, organized into Description, Assessment, Response, and Treatment.
Documentation of care and treatment is an extremely important part of the treatment process.  Progress notes are written by both physicians and nurses to document patient care on a regular interval during a patient's hospitalization.

Progress notes serve as a record of events during a patient's care, allow clinicians to compare past status to current status, serve to communicate findings, opinions and plans between physicians and other members of the medical care team, and allow retrospective review of case details for a variety of interested parties.  They are the repository of medical facts and clinical thinking, and are intended to be a concise vehicle of communication about a patient’s condition to those who access the health record. The majority of the medical record consists of progress notes documenting the care delivered and the clinical events relevant to diagnosis and treatment for a patient. They should be readable, easily understood, complete, accurate, and concise. They must also be flexible enough to logically convey to others what happened during an encounter, e.g., the chain of events during the visit, as well as guaranteeing full accountability for documented material, e.g., who recorded the information and when it was recorded.

Physicians are generally required to generate at least one progress note for each patient encounter. Physician documentation is then usually included in the patient's chart and used for medical, legal, and billing purposes. Nurses are required to generate progress notes on a more frequent basis, depending on the level of care and may be required anywhere from several times an hour to several times a day.

Noise in Progress Notes

The urge amongst clinicians for faster text entry while attempting to retain semantic clarity has contributed to the noisy structure of progress notes. A progress note is considered as containing noise when there is difference between the surface form of the entered text and the intended content. For instance, when a clinician enters "bp" instead of "blood pressure", or an acronym such as "ARF" that could mean "Acute Renal Failure" or "Acute Rheumatic Fever". The more noise clinicians introduce in their progress notes, the less intelligible the notes will become. Some of the common types of noise are abbreviation, misspelling and punctuation errors.

References

External links

Health care


Luzoir () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ly-Fontaine () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Maast-et-Violaine is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mâchecourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia