Petronas Chemicals Fertiliser Kedah Sdn Bhd (PCF(K)SB) is a Malaysian urea production company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Petronas, located in Kuala Muda District, Kedah. The company is involved in petrochemical manufacturing, mainly producing granular urea for use in local and foreign agricultural industries.

Company background
As part of the Petrochemical Division of the Malaysian oil giant Petronas, PCF(K)SB's primary product is granular urea, with ammonia and methanol as secondary by-products of the manufacturing process. Currently, the plant has a rated urea output of 2100 MT per day. PCF(K)SB's urea product is also used in the manufacturing process of additional derivative petrochemicals such as plastics, glue, synthetic fibre, synthetic rubber and lubricants.

Most of PCF(K)SB's products are marketed by MITCO Sdn Bhd, the marketing arm for petrochemicals in Petronas, and is exported through a deep wharf export terminal located in Butterworth, Penang which is connected to the main production plant by railway.

Notes and references

External links
 Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) website
 PETRONAS MITCO Group of Companies

Fertilizer companies of Malaysia
Kuala Muda District
Petronas
Petrochemical companies
Privately held companies of Malaysia


"CHINA NOW" was the largest festival of Chinese culture ever in the UK. It launched in February 2008, with a series of high-profile events to mark the beginning of the Chinese New Year.

About the festival
Throughout the first half of 2008, until the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics, China Now coordinated over 1300 events, performances and activities.  It showcased of art, design, cuisine and culture, science, business and technology, education and sport – an inspirational celebration of vibrant, dynamic 21st-century China.

As a non-profit organisation, China Now aimed to build partnerships between artists, cultural leaders, schools, businesses and communities across the UK and China. Through an array of participatory events and activities, China Now offered insight into China’s heritage and brought the diversity of modern Chinese culture to life. The organizers hope that new connections and relationships developed over the course of the festival will cement partnerships between China and the UK that will last long into the future.

China Now was conceived by the business community and was chaired by Stephen Green, Group Chairman of HSBC Holdings plc. It was supported by the Premier of the People’s Republic of China, Wen Jiabao, the Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to the United Kingdom, Madame Fu Ying, and the British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, as well as that of all its founding partners and sponsors.

‘Between the Chinese New Year celebrations next February and the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics, the UK will be bringing together a festival of celebrations showcasing the very best of modern China.’ said Stephen Green, Group Chairman, HSBC Holdings plc in 2007.

Madame Fu Ying, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to the United Kingdom believes that ‘China Now has a very positive purpose as it seeks to advance the UK public’s understanding of contemporary China.’

Events of the festival (incl. other China-related events in London in 2008)
 Opening by Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London
 China-UK Women's Cultural Festival, incl. display of photographs
 The First Emperor, exhibition at the British Museum
 Chinese New Year events at the British Museum (9 Feb 2008) - incl "Monkey Suite" by Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett
 China Design Now, exhibition at the V&A
 Icons of Revolution, Mao badges then and now, exhibition at the British Museum
 Manhua! China Comics Now, exhibition.
 Poems by Bei Dao and Yang Lian displayed on the London underground
 Olympic torch relay in London (6 April 2008)
 China Media Festival, at SOAS (18-19 June 2008)
 China in London: Spotlight on Beijing - season of contemporary Chinese cinema and a special focus on the work of film-maker Tian Zhuangzhuang, at the ICA

References

External links
China Now
/ China in London 2008 Reception, speech by Madame Fu Ying
/ China Media Festival at SOAS
/ China-UK Women's Cultural Festival, London and Durham, February 2008
/ China Now at UCL

Cultural festivals in the United Kingdom


First West of England is a bus operator providing services in Bristol, Bath, Somerset, South Gloucestershire and Wiltshire. It is a subsidiary of FirstGroup.

History

In 1875 George White formed the Bristol Tramways Company and began a horse-drawn service from Upper Maudlin Street to Blackboy Hill. In 1887 the Bristol Tramways Company merged with the Bristol Cab Company to form the Bristol Tramways & Carriage Company, later the Bristol Omnibus Company.

In 1929 the White family sold out to the Great Western Railway who by 1932 had sold it to the Western National. In 1948 the company was nationalised, and in 1969 it became part of the National Bus Company.

In September 1983 the National Bus Company split the operation in two, with the Cheltenham and Gloucester Omnibus Company taking the services in Cheltenham, Gloucester, Stroud and Swindon. The remainder stayed with the existing Bristol Omnibus Company, divided into two business units: Citybus for services within Bristol, and Bristol Country Bus for services in Bath, Somerset and Wiltshire.

Badgerline was formed in 1985 as the business name of the Bristol Country Bus and in 1986 its assets were transferred to a separate legal entity and privatised in September 1986 in a management buyout.

In September 1987, City Line (formerly Citybus) was sold to Midland Red West which in April 1988 was purchased by Badgerline. After Badgerline merged with GRT Group to form FirstBus in April 1995. In 1996 Badgerline was merged back into City Line, the City Line operation was rebranded as First Bristol.

Southern National was formed in 1983 as the Somerset and Dorset operations of Western National (then part of the National Bus Company). It was privatised in 1988, acquired by FirstGroup in 1999 and rebranded as First Southern National.

In 2001 FirstGroup changed the legal structure of some of its bus operating subsidiaries. The legal entity which had been Badgerline Limited was renamed First City Line Limited and became the operator of Bristol city services (now First Bristol Limited). The legal entity which had been First Bristol Buses Limited (which had previously been Bristol Omnibus Company, incorporated in 1887) was renamed First Somerset & Avon Limited in May 2003 after merging with Somerset operations of First Southern National.

In 2013 buses started to be painted into the new First Bus livery and 'West of England' branding was applied on both sides beneath the windows (on some single-decks the branding is applied above the windows towards the front of the bus). First Somerset & Avon is still printed on some tickets, while other tickets are printed with First Bristol & Avon or just First Bristol.

In February 2014, First's Bridgwater and Taunton business was transferred to First South West and rebranded as The Buses of Somerset in an unprecedented break from the FirstGroup corporate style. The business instead now sports a two-tone green and cream livery with bespoke branding, website and social media profiles.

In December 2016 all services operated by First Bristol transferred to First Somerset & Avon, which was officially renamed First West of England in June 2017, meaning Bristol city services are once again operated by the same legal company as when they first started in 1875.

In August 2018, the Weston-super-Mare based operations were rebranded as Badgerline with the yellow and green livery of the former operator adopted.

Services
First West of England operate the majority of services in Bristol and an extensive network of services in and around Bath, Trowbridge, Wells and Weston-super-Mare.

Services in Bristol include the four routes of the Metrobus express network.

Fleet
As of June 2023, the fleet consisted of 502 buses and coaches. The fleet includes 99 Alexander Dennis Enviro400 City CBG natural gas-powered buses, which entered service in February 2020.

Depots
First West of England operate five depots: Marlborough Street, Lawrence Hill, Hengrove, Bath, Weston-super-Mare and Wells.

See also
Buses in Bristol
First South West
The Buses of Somerset

References

External links

First Somerset & Avon Flickr gallery
Flickr gallery

Bus operators in Somerset
Bus operators in Wiltshire
FirstGroup bus operators in England
Transport in South Gloucestershire District
Transport companies established in 1875
1875 establishments in England
Bus operators in Bristol


Diligence is a behavior or work ethic with a belief that work is good in itself; also considered a virtue.

Diligence may also refer to:

 Due diligence, a legal concept
 Diligence (Scots law), a legal process in Scots law
 Operational due diligence, review process for potential mergers and acquisitions
 Management due diligence, an evaluation of each individual's effectiveness in contributing to the organization's strategic objectives

Ships:
 RFA Diligence (A132), a fleet repair ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
 USCGC Diligence (WMEC-616), a U.S. Coast Guard medium endurance cutter
 USRC Diligence, one of the first ten cutters operated by the United States' Revenue Cutter Service
 ST Diligent, a tug operated by the Admiralty between 1947 and 1961.

See also
 Diligence (vehicle), a type of four-wheeled enclosed coach
 De Vlijt (disambiguation) (Dutch for "The Diligence"), a name given to some windmills in the Netherlands
 La Diligence (restaurant), a Michelin-starred restaurant in Beek, Netherlands
 La Diligence (comics), an album in the Lucky Luke comics series


Hum and Strum were a popular vaudevillian musical duo from the Boston, Massachusetts area. Their singing career began in the early 1920s and lasted through the late 1950s, on the stage, on radio, and then on television.

Early career

Max Zides (Hum) and Tom Currier (Strum) met at Boston's High School of Commerce; they were both Class of 1921. At Commerce, they were on the track team together, and they became friends. But it was not until a few years later that they became a vocal duo. Before that happened, Zides, who played the ukulele, was performing as a solo artist over WBZ radio. His day job was working in the advertising department of the Boston Globe, but he hoped to become a full-time radio performer. One day, at the offices of a music publisher, Zides ran into Currier, who would later play piano for Hum and Strum.  At the time, Currier was driving a truck, but he too hoped to get a break and work in the entertainment business. They decided to form a vocal duo, which became known as Hum and Strum. Zides and Currier first began performing together over greater Boston's pioneering radio station WGI at Medford Hillside in April 1924. They quickly became regulars on Boston radio, mostly performing on WBZ, but sometimes being heard on WEEI. They were hard-working musicians: in addition to singing on radio, they regularly performed in area clubs; their first series of performances was at the Loew's State Theater in Boston, where they were paid $100 a week. They were soon playing other key venues, like Boston's Keith-Albee Theatre, and The Palace in New York.  In one of their early vaudeville performances, they shared the bill with George Burns and Gracie Allen. Hum and Strum built a loyal following by developing a formula that served them well throughout their career: audiences liked their close vocal harmonies, and appreciated their humorous banter; critics noted that the two men were unpretentious, and genuinely enthusiastic about entertaining their listeners. In the late 1920s, Hum and Strum were being heard on stations outside of Boston, including performances on the NBC Blue Network. Beginning in early July 1929, they performed in Cleveland on station WHK as the Oxiton Joy Boys, sponsored by a company that made mouthwash. One 1929 listeners' poll ranked them in the top 3 nationally among all radio performers.

Later career

During 1933-34, Hum and Strum returned to Cleveland, where they had become very popular when they performed on the air in 1929. This time, they mostly sang over station WTAM. They then returned to Boston, resuming their regular performances over WBZ, and doing live performances throughout New England.  The duo were always well-received, wherever they played: a typical advertisement for one of their live shows referred to them as "radio's leading harmony team." In addition to continuing their regular performances on WBZ, and occasionally on WNAC, they played various night clubs, including a long engagement at the Cocoanut Grove in 1938.  By the early 1940s, the joined the USO; they had already been entertaining the troops at New England military bases, but in 1944, they went overseas with other performers as part of a USO tour. The tour took them to military bases in Italy and North Africa. Over the years, the duo also became known for their philanthropy, performing numerous benefit concerts for worthy causes. One of their favorite causes was promoting religious tolerance: Hum, who was Jewish, and Currier, a Catholic, received a number of awards, including an Achievement Award for promoting brotherhood, given by the Winthrop (MA) Council of Christians and Jews; and a citation of merit award from the Dorchester/Blue Hills chapter of B'Nai B'rith, during Brotherhood Week.

In 1947, Hum and Strum began to make some records, cutting eighteen songs for the Stellar Recording Company. Most were standards or popular songs of that era, and several became local hits in New England, thanks to radio and jukebox airplay. They also recorded an Irish novelty song that they had performed live (Tom Currier was of Irish ancestry); the song was issued on a Boston label, Copley Records, around the same time period at the Stellar sides.  Meanwhile, Hum and Strum discovered they had two unexpected fans:  radio comedy duo Bob and Ray. Bob Elliott and Ray Goulding enjoyed listening to them on Boston radio, and even did a parody of Hum and Strum during a "Matinee with Bob and Ray" program. (The parody, including a satirical version of the Hum and Strum theme song, aired on the Bob and Ray show of December 1, 1950.)

In the late 1940s, when television began to overtake radio, Hum and Strum were able to easily make the transition, getting their own program on WBZ-TV in 1949.  By 1953, the popular duo had been entertaining audiences for 29 years, and were on the air at WJAR-TV in Providence.  In 1955, more than three decades since their broadcasting career began, their program moved to WMUR-TV, Manchester NH.  When they announced in late 1958 that they would be retiring from show business after thirty-five years together, a reception and testimonial was held in their honor; 800 people attended, including John B. Hynes, the mayor of Boston; Big Brother Bob Emery, popular children's show host; and many other local dignitaries, including members of the clergy.  Although Zides and Currier ceased performing as a duo the following year, they did come out of retirement once in a while to perform at a special occasion, such as in 1963, when they sang for the Boston Herald-Traveler Quarter Century Club.  After their retirement, Zides became the public relations director for eight Boston-area bowling alleys, while Currier moved to Ft. Lauderdale, where he occasionally performed as a solo act.  Max Zides died in 1975. Thomas Currier died in 1986.

References

External links
WBZ "Radio History of the 40s"

Vaudeville performers
American radio programs
American radio personalities


The Foundation for Rational Economics and Education (FREE) is an American libertarian organization. It was founded in 1976 by U.S. Congressman Ron Paul, who led the organization.

Publications
At its inception, the foundation began publication of a monthly newsletter, Dr. Ron Paul's Freedom Report, which claimed 100,000 subscribers by 1984. It also publishes monographs, books, and (since 1997) a new series of the monthly newsletter, Ron Paul's Freedom Report (also called just The Freedom Report).

In 1989, FREE established the National Endowment for Liberty (NEFL) in order to develop programs that take advantage of electronic media. NEFL developed and produced the At Issue television series that was seen on the Discovery Network and CNBC, which examines American institutional interaction with Constitutional principles. The endowment has received three grants from the Rodney Fund, operated by Mackinac Center for Public Policy board member James Rodney. FREE also has continuously published 30-second radio spots for economic and social-issue education.

In 2006, the organization had Form 990 revenue of $632,396 and net assets of $458,996. It is categorized for tax-exempt purposes as "religious organization", "publishing activities", and "television" (National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities). Its publications are distributed by Partners Publishers Group. FREE obtains graphic design services for its newsletters from Mark Elam, as president of M&M Graphics and Advertising; Elam also printed more politically charged newsletters as an officer of the for-profit group Ron Paul & Associates (RP&A).

Ron Paul Institute for Peace and Prosperity
The Ron Paul Institute for Peace and Prosperity is a project of the foundation, named for Congressman Ron Paul. The institute advocates for a non-interventionist foreign policy and the protection of civil liberties at home.

Activism
The New York Times Magazine credited FREE as part of the nationwide free-market network which won "one of the stranger Congressional elections of modern times", when Paul defeated incumbent Congressman Greg Laughlin in 1996.

Media Transparency reported, without further elaboration, that the 9/11 Public Discourse Project was connected with FREE and NEFL. This project, a nonprofit organization of the ten 9/11 Commissioners, received a $25,000 grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation on December 31, 2004, to allow Commissioner Christopher A. Kojm to "lead an effort to educate the American public on the findings of the 9/11 Commission. He will organize a series of nationwide briefings by the members of the commission at which they will discuss the implications of their findings for U.S. national security."

In 2007, FREE published A Foreign Policy of Freedom, a collection of thirty years of Paul's statements on foreign policy. Paul and the book were featured on a crowded The Tonight Show on October 30, 2007, and host Jay Leno was able to get Paul to autograph his copy after the show.

On January 8, 2008, FREE was implicated by James Kirchick in the controversy surrounding several newsletters published in Paul's name, in that they contained language showing "obsession with conspiracies" and "deeply held bigotry". While most of the more serious newsletters were published by RP&A (the for-profit group) between 1987 and 1992, Kirchick also cited the original FREE newsletter's accusations of conspiracy, such as its statement that the Trilateral Commission "is no longer known only by those who are knowledgeable about international conspiracies, but is routinely mentioned in the daily news. Evidence of its influence on the Republican and Democratic administrations is all about us."

When Paul referred to the "winding down" of the GOP primaries on March 6, 2008, he referred listeners to the continuing fundraising work of FREE and that of his political action committee.

See also
 List of anti-war organizations

References

External links
 Foundation for Rational Economics and Education
 Organizational Profile – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute)
 Ron Paul Institute for Peace and Prosperity homepage

Nonpartisan organizations in the United States
Ron Paul
Political and economic think tanks in the United States
Libertarian think tanks
Libertarian organizations based in the United States
Political and economic research foundations in the United States


Nicolás Ruiz Espadero (February 15, 1832 – August 30, 1890) was a Cuban pianist, composer, piano teacher and editor of the posthumous works of American composer-pianist Louis Moreau Gottschalk.

Espadero was born and died in Havana.  In his time, he was the most famous Cuban composer, the only one published abroad, the only one who, at least in the eyes of his Cuban contemporaries, could compete with composers from Europe.

Yet of all the Cuban composers of the 19th and early 20th century he was the most parochial and idiosyncratic one. Without schooling and formal musical training, he grew into a chronically shy person, emotionally dependent on his mother. He composed and continually practised, but gave few concerts and had little contact with other people. Espadero never left Cuba, indeed he seldom ever left his own house, where he lived with seventeen cats, surrounded by stacks of European music scores. Universally described as a recluse, he died from accidental burns after his usual bath in alcohol.

Although brought up in a cosmopolitan atmosphere and surrounded by black Cuban music, he was the one Cuban composer who adopted but little of the local music tradition that inspired Manuel Saumell before and Ignacio Cervantes after him. He had numerous pupils, and some of them became prominent musicians themselves. Nothing of Espadero's music has remained in the repertoire, yet his later pieces – allegedly his best output, albeit never printed - remain to be investigated. A CD with a selection of his piano music came out in 2006.

Biography

Culture and society
Cuba was then still a Spanish colony and in all matters of administration, economy and interior and exterior policy dependent on Madrid. The island was a colonial backwater, infested by malaria and yellow fever. Cuba's society was sharply divided into a privileged class of landowners and Spanish colonial administrators – and black and mulatto slaves. Virtually no middle class existed. Of more than two millions blacks, less than 35,000 were free.

Descent and parents

Espadero was born in Havana. His mother was a pianist from Cadiz, Spain who distinguished herself in the Havana salons around 1810 performing Haydn and Mozart. His father, Don Nicolás Ruiz, was a civil servant in the colonial administration. As is often the case in well-to-do families, the father wanted his only son to become a lawyer, an officer or an administrator – but not a musician. Although proud of his wife's musical talents and flattered by his son's nascent artistic abilities, Espadero's father would only permit half an hour's piano lesson every day. But young Espadero's talent proved too strong. From an early age he showed exceptional ability at the piano. With his mother's complicity young Espadero would play the piano several hours every day.

Musical training: 1840–1853

Espadero never went to school and thus never enjoyed a structured formal education. What education he had received came from pieces and fragments from European, especially Spanish, culture, from selected and very mixed readings and from the surroundings of Cuban upper-class society. Havana had an opera house, the Teatro Colón, but the only operas, sung and acted by imported itinerant opera troupes, were mostly by Bellini, Donizetti and later Verdi.

On July 8, 1844, Polish pianist and composer Julian Fontana, a close friend of Frédéric Chopin, gave a series of concerts and recitals in Havana playing works by Liszt, Chopin, Thalberg and himself. This was the first time that music by Chopin was played in Cuba. Fontana stayed a year and a half (until November 1845) in Havana giving concerts, composing and teaching. Espadero was among Fontana's piano students.

By the time he was twenty, he had already traces of the withdrawn and unsociable character that would grow into in middle and later life. Alejo Carpentier characterizes him thus:

He did not have friends his own age, living exclusively with his family, under the constant vigilance of his mother. (...) He was sixteen when his father, without previous warning, dropped dead in his presence. This blow, the widowhood, the long mourning period, further reduced, if that were possible, Espadero's horizon. He would not go out, did not accept invitations, and would not frequent the promenades.  He spent his days reading, drawing, and composing. At twilight, he would go to a music store close to his house to play the piano until eight o'clock at night. He could not tolerate a presence at his side at those moments. His adolescent neurosis became more pronounced with the passing of time, making him appear unsociable, sullen or weird.

Later life and death: 1870-1890
Carpentier postulates that Espadero came to believe that in his youth he had been overly influenced by bravura piano music by composers such as Sigismond Thalberg, Émile Prudent, and Joseph Ascher, among others. He then turned to composing according to classical European musical forms. He wrote a piano trio, a scherzo, a sonata, and various longer études. None of it he saw in print. As soon as Espadero started to eschew the bravura pieces of the day, publishers were no longer interested in his music.

This rejection of his more serious efforts may have contributed his state of mind. The death of his mother in 1885 came as an almost devastating blow to him. Although he was now free to travel and leave Cuba, he did exactly the opposite – he became a total recluse. During his last years Espadero isolated himself almost totally from society, living only for his cats and his piano. Carpentier writes: He distanced himself from his colleagues, gruffly reproaching them for not having created a serious institution for the teaching of music. This anti-social behaviour may have been aggravated by obsessive-compulsive disorder. The most recent of Espadero's biographers writes that Espadero could not enter a house without having to rearrange the furniture to suit his orderliness.

Even his sudden and tragic death had its cause in Espadero's neurotic behaviour. For a long time he had had the habit of taking baths in alcohol. On August 22, 1890, he again took an alcohol bath. After the bath, however, he did not rub himself completely dry. When he tried to extinguish a gas light, he was suddenly engulfed by flames and suffered horrifying burns. He died eight days later. Considering the mental state of Espadero prior to his death and his long years of neurotic and increasingly bizarre behaviour, some of his biographers speculated that his death was actually a suicide.

Since Espadero died childless, his estate was scattered. Much of it, among them many unprinted manuscripts, is considered lost.

Notable students

Notable students include Carlos Alfredo Peyrellade, Haitian pianist and founder of the Carlos Alfredo Peyrellade Conservatories in Cuba.

Discography
 Cecilio Tieles, Piano: Espadero - Obras para piano (Works for Piano). EGREM CD 0787. 2006
 1. La Reina de Chipre (The Queen of Cyprus), Contradanza (1859) 1.34
 2. La Erminia. Contradanza (1858) 1.27
 3. Un Chubasco a Tiempo (A Downpour in Time). Contradanza (1859). 1.34
 4. La Rosalía Bustamante. Contradanza. (1859). 1.34
 5. Balada (Ballad). (1869) Op. 20. 8.08
 6. Scherzo, Op. 58 (1875) 8.04
 7. 2da Balada. Op. 57 (1874) 13.19
 8. Barcarola. Op. 18 (1867) 7.57
 9. La Sacerdotisa (The Woman Priest). Contradanza (1859). 1.41
10.Armando Linares,Cameraman,Producer and Director:Domador de Notas (documentary-2002,Tarragona)

Notes and references

Sources

 Carpentier, Alejo. Music in Cuba. Edited by Timothy Brennan. Translated by Alan West-Durán. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.
 Fetis, F.J. Biographie Universelle des Musiciens. Édité par M. Arthur Pougin. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Paris: Librairie de Firmin-Didot Et Cie., 1878.
Tieles, Cecilio. Espadero, lo hispánico musical en Cuba. Barcelona: Imprenta Agil Offset, S. A., 1994.
 Gottschalk, Louis Moreau. Notes of a Pianist. Reprint of 1964 edition. Ed. Jeanne Behrend. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
 Morelet, Arthur. Voyage dans L'Amerique Centrale L'Ile de Cuba et le Yucatan. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Paris: Gide et J. Baudry, 1857.

External links
Site of Cuban Pianist and Musicologist Cecilio Tieles
French dedicated page on a website about Gottschalk

1832 births
1890 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century male musicians
Romantic composers
Cuban composers
Male composers
Cuban classical pianists
Male classical composers
Male classical pianists
Cuban music educators
Contradanza
Cuban male musicians


The Eparchy of Košice is an eparchy (diocese) of the  Slovak Greek Catholic Church that is situated in south-eastern Slovakia. It's episcopal seat is the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Mother of God in the city of Košice. The eparchy is a suffragan of the metropolitan Archeparchy of Prešov. As an Eastern Catholic church, it uses the Byzantine Rite in the Slovak, Hungarian and Church Slavonic languages.

History
 Established on 27 January 1997 by Pope John Paul II as the Apostolic Exarchate of Košice, on territory that was split from the Eparchy of Prešov.
 Elevated on 30 January 2008 by Pope Benedict XVI to the Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Košice.

List of eparchs
 Milan Chautur (27 January 1997 – 24 June 2021)
named eparch 30 January 2008
 Cyril Vasiľ (24 June 2021 – present)
 apostolic administrator sede plena (20 January 2020 – 24 June 2021)

References

External links
 Official website (in Slovak)

Eastern Catholic dioceses in Slovakia
Košice


The Radio King is a 1922 American adventure film serial directed by Robert F. Hill and released by the Universal Film Manufacturing Co. The ten chapters began with "A Cry for Help" released October 22, 1922. The film is now considered to be a lost film.

Cast
 Roy Stewart as Bradley Lane
 Louise Lorraine as Ruth Leyden
 Sidney Bracey as Marnee
 Albert J. Smith as Renally (credited as Al Smith)
 Clark Comstock as John Leyden
 Ernest Butterworth Jr. as Jim Lawton
 Fontaine La Rue as Doria
 Slim Whitaker as The Mystery Man
 Lew Meehan
 Marion Feducha (credited as Marion Faducha)
 Helen Broneau
 Joseph North
 D. Mitsoras (credited as D.J. Mitsoras)
 Laddie Earle
 Charles Force

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio

References

External links

1922 films
1922 adventure films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Universal Pictures film serials
Films directed by Robert F. Hill
Lost American adventure films
Silent American adventure films
1922 lost films
1920s American films
1920s English-language films
English-language adventure films


The North Korean judicial system is based on the Soviet model. It includes the Central Court of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Provincial and special-city level Courts, local People's Courts, and Special Courts.

The Central Court is the highest court, with its judges appointed by the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA). According to the Constitution of North Korea, the Central Court is accountable to the SPA, and the Criminal Code subjects judges to criminal liability for handing down "unjust sentences".

Supreme Court

The Central Court is the highest court and court of appeal in North Korea.

The court is headed by a Chief Judge(판사) or President(소장), two Associate Chief Judges/Vice Presidents and unknown number of regular Justices.

The court's home was completed in 2010

Former Chief Judges and Associate Judges

 Pang Hak Se 1972–1992; Chief Judge
 Kim Pyong Ryul 1998–2012; died 2013
 Choe Yong-song - Associate Judge
 Hyon Hong-sam - Associate Judge

Lower Courts of North Korea

Below the high court are two other judicial levels:

 Provincial Court or Court of the Province - 9 courts
 People's Courts or Court of the County

Judicial independence

Article 157 of the Constitution states that "cases are heard in public, and the accused is guaranteed the right to a defense; hearings may be closed to the public as stipulated by law". The lack of judicial independence is also evidenced by Article 11 of the Prosecution Supervisory Law that stipulates "The prosecutor(s) shall supervise whether the trial or arbitration of a case is accurately deliberating and resolving the legal requirements and in a timely manner."

Organization
The Constitution states that justice is administered by the Central Court, Provincial or special-city level courts, the People's Court or Special Courts, and the courts are accountable to the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) or when it is not in session, its Presidium.

See also

 Law enforcement in North Korea
 Law of North Korea
 Judiciary of South Korea

References

Further reading

Politics of North Korea
Law of North Korea


Daix () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Dampierre-en-Montagne () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Dampierre-et-Flée () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Muhammad Roby (born, 12 September 1985) or usually called M. Roby, is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Liga 2 club Persiba Balikpapan. He competed in the 2007 Sea Games in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. In 2010, he played for the Indonesia national football team for AFC Asian Cup qualifying matches.

Club career
On 1 December 2014, he moved to PS Barito Putera.

Honours

Club
Persita Tangerang
 Liga 2 runner-up: 2019

International
Indonesia
Indonesian Independence Cup: 2008
AFF Championship runner-up: 2010

Individual
 Indonesian Inter Island Cup Best Player: 2012

International goals

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References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Jakarta
Indonesian men's footballers
Indonesia men's youth international footballers
Indonesia men's international footballers
Indonesian Premier Division players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Liga 2 (Indonesia) players
Persikad Depok players
Persija Jakarta players
Persik Kediri players
Putra Samarinda F.C. players
PS Barito Putera players
Sriwijaya F.C. players
PSMS Medan players
Persita Tangerang players
Persekat Tegal players
Arema F.C. players
Persiraja Banda Aceh players
Persiba Balikpapan players
Men's association football central defenders


Darcey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Further reading

Communes of Côte-d'Or


The Football Conference season of 1991–92 (known as the GM Vauxhall Conference for sponsorship reasons) was the thirteenth season of the Football Conference.

Overview
Colchester United, relegated from the Fourth Division two years earlier, regained their Football League status by winning the Conference title. However, as had happened a year earlier, there was no relegation from the Football League to the Conference due to an expansion of the Football League – which was ultimately never completed due to the bankruptcy of Aldershot late in the 1991–92 season and then Maidstone United (1897) at the start of the 1992–93 season.

New teams in the league this season
 Farnborough Town (promoted 1990–91)
 Redbridge Forest (promoted 1990–91)
 Witton Albion (promoted 1990–91)

Final league table

Results

Top scorers in order of league goals

Promotion and relegation

Promoted
 Colchester United (to the Football League Third Division)
 Bromsgrove Rovers (from the Southern Premier League)
 Stalybridge Celtic (from the Northern Premier League)
 Woking (from the Isthmian League)

Relegated
 Barrow (to the Northern Premier League)
 Cheltenham Town (to the Southern Premier League)

References

External links
 1991–92 Conference National Results

National League (English football) seasons
5


Darois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Economy
Dyn'Aéro has its headquarters in Darois.

See also

Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Détain-et-Bruant () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Geography

Climate
Détain-et-Bruant has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Détain-et-Bruant is . The average annual rainfall is  with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Détain-et-Bruant was  on 11 August 1998; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 12 January 1987.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


KKON (790 AM) was a radio station licensed to serve Kealakekua, Hawaii. The station was last owned by First Assembly King's Cathedral and Chapels.

History

KEKO/KONA

Although Federal Communications Commission (FCC) records list KKON as a separate station, functionally it was the direct successor to an earlier station on the same frequency.

The original station to operate at 790 kHz from Kealakekua was KEKO, owned by the Mauna Loa Broadcasting Company. KEKO signed on November 1, 1963 and was the first station on the Big Island outside of windward Hilo. The station was affiliated with Hilo's KHBC and KGMB in Honolulu. Its block programming format included a daily Filipino program and daily marlin report, as well as a variety of music and news on the hour. The tower sat behind Kona's police station in the foothills of Mount Hualalai. In November 1965, KEKO changed its network to the All Islands Radio Network, whose key station was KGU; new call letters of KONA were assigned to the station that month.

Two Oahu residents, Saul Gould and William Mullen, bought stock in Mauna Loa Broadcasting Company in September 1967. A month later, the company began to publish a weekly newspaper, the Kona Star, which it said was the area's first "full-sized" paper; at the same time, Robert Bowman was appointed KONA station director. By the launch of the Star, KONA was negotiating for studio space in the new Kona Hilton hotel, a power increase to 5,000 watts, and a relocation of its transmitter site to Thurston Point. Bowman lasted a month in the position before resigning, citing disagreements with station management. In June 1968, KONA altered its format to "all Hawaiian" with the exception of Japanese and Filipino newscasts.

Mauna Loa, however, ran into financial difficulties, and KONA went off the air for good on August 1, 1968. The station's property—but not its license—was put up for auction, with the winning bid of $85,000 being placed by Pacific Broadcasting, owners of KUAM on Guam. The Pacific bid, however, was contingent on the company obtaining the license; that did not occur and the auction was voided by a circuit court judge.

KKON
Instead, Richard and Thomas Jones of Detroit, owners of that city's WQTE, were issued a Construction Permit by the FCC on August 13, 1969 to build a replacement station. After originally stating they might not bid on KONA's "obsolete" facilities, they did so anyway, placing the lone bid for $37,101. Under the new  Kona Koast Broadcasting Company ownership, the station was issued the call letters KKON on September 16, 1969,  and made its debut broadcast twelve days later. (The KONA call sign was assigned to a station in Washington state on October 20, 1969.) KKON featured former KONA staff at the station manager and chief engineer positions, as well as a former KONA announcer on its air staff; it aired a "good music" format with no rock. When the station attempted to change to a rock-and-roll/country mix on May 20, 1974—allegedly as part of a ratings survey—an avalanche of nearly 120 calls of disapproval from local listeners (compared to just four in support of the new format) prompted the station to revert the change and restore its "beautiful and enchanting" sound the next day.

A sale of KKON to Dean Manley, who owned KHLO in Hilo, was announced in June 1975 but canceled two months later.

Ownership turmoil in the 1980s and 1990s
The 1980s and early 1990s brought with them turmoil and ownership turnover. In 1984, Kona Koast sold KKON and its newly built FM counterpart, KOAS FM, to Kona Radio Systems for $785,000; Kona Radio Systems was owned by Los Angeles sportscaster Gil Stratton. Two years later, Stratton sold the stations to Kona Broadcasting Systems for $859,000; Kona Broadcasting was owned by Bill Evans, who also owned the Clio Awards. A year later, Evans acquired Hilo television station KHBC-TV. That station shut down and was then sold to Honolulu's KHNL-TV after Evans settled with the National Labor Relations Board, in part to avoid jeopardizing the license renewals of his radio stations.

Thomas Jones reappeared in KKON's history in 1991, when he filed foreclosure proceedings against Evans to buy back the radio stations that he had originally owned and seeking an additional $700,000 in punitive damages. Jones alleged Evans was several months delinquent on his payments; at the time, Evans was dealing with the disastrous 1991 Clios, where the radio awards turned into a mad dash for trophies and the television ceremony was canceled the same day because he could not cover the deposit. Acting as receiver, Jones sold KKON-KOAS in 1992 to Visionary Related Entertainment, owners of KAOI-AM-FM on Maui.

Visionary's stations in Hilo and Kona were bought by Big Island Radio in 1997. KKON thereafter served as a simulcast of other stations for most of the rest of its life; it simulcast KAOE's oldies format in the 1990s before shifting to a simulcast of the Hawaiian/standards format of KIPA in 1999.

ESPN Hawaii and closure

Pacific Media Group acquired KKON in 2003 but was required to divest three stations, including the FM station (which had become KAOY). The sale united KKON with KHLO, as had originally been proposed in 1975. The two stations simulcast a sports format, affiliated with ESPN Radio. At the end of their life, the stations' local broadcast rights included athletic events of the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo and University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa, Big Island Interscholastic Federation high school sports, St. Louis Cardinals baseball featuring Hilo native Kolten Wong, and other national sports events.

KKON and KHLO ceased operations on July 1, 2017. In filings with the Federal Communications Commission, Pacific claimed that the two stations went silent rather than repoint the satellite dish that received their programming from satellite AMC-8, which was taken out of service at midnight on June 30, 2017. AMC-8 was replaced by AMC-18, which is at a different location in the sky, requiring repointing the station's dish. According to a post by former station personality Josh Pacheco, however, the decision to shutter the two stations was purely financial.

On August 15, 2017, Pacific filed to donate KKON to the First Assembly King's Cathedral and Chapels, owners of KUAU on Maui. KKON temporarily emerged from silence from June 11–13, 2018, before going silent again, with Kings Assembly citing a non-functioning transmitter. Its license was cancelled on September 19, 2019.

References

External links
FCC Station Search Details: DKKON (Facility ID: 70382)
FCC History Cards for KKON (covering 1968-1980)

KON
Radio stations established in 1969
1969 establishments in Hawaii
Radio stations disestablished in 2019
2019 disestablishments in Hawaii
Defunct radio stations in the United States
KON


The Osseo Marching Band Festival is an annual street marching competition in Osseo, Minnesota, featuring some of the finest high school bands in the northern midwestern United States. The competition, which begins at noon, and the post-competition awards ceremony are free for the public to attend.

How it works
High school bands march through the city streets on a predetermined route (called a performance route) past a warm-up area, a judging area, a television area and then the finale area. After all of the bands have performed, an awards ceremony is held in the Osseo High School Stadium. A trophy and prize money is awarded to each of the first three places in each competition class. Trophies are also awarded to the best overall colorguard, drumline, winds and the grand champion.

High school marching bands apply to compete each year. There is no cost to the bands and typically each band is provided with a travel stipend to help offset the cost of transportation.

History
The Osseo Marching Band Festival was created by the Osseo Band Boosters as a community event - to allow the local students of Independent School District 279 a place to perform in front of their hometown crowd and compete with other area bands. ISD 279 has three high schools within the district, Osseo Senior High School, Maple Grove Senior High School and Park Center Senior High School. All have a strong music department and a large marching band.

The first annual Osseo Marching Band Festival was held on June 24, 2007. Performances were by the 12 competing high school bands, the Osseo High School Marching Band (host band), the Osseo High School Alumni Band, and the 451st Army Band as the Honor Band. The Crystal VFW provided the color guard for the event.

Schedule
The Osseo Marching Band Festival is held at noon on Saturday of the last full weekend of June, which is typically the day before the Vikingland Band Festival in Alexandria, Minnesota. Upcoming dates for the Osseo Marching Band Festival include:
 June 28, 2008
 June 27, 2009
 June 26, 2010
 June 25, 2011
 June 23, 2012
 June 22, 2013

External links
Osseo Marching Band Festival Official Site
City of Osseo Official Site

Music education in the United States
Tourist attractions in Hennepin County, Minnesota
Music festivals in Minnesota


Diancey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Diénay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Olga Grushin (born June 1971) is a Russian-American novelist.

Biography
Born in Moscow to the family of Boris Grushin, a prominent Soviet sociologist, Olga Grushin spent most of her childhood in Prague, Czechoslovakia. She was educated at Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and Moscow State University before receiving a scholarship to Emory University in 1989. She graduated summa cum laude from Emory in 1993. She became a naturalized US citizen in 2002, but retains Russian citizenship. Grushin has worked as an interpreter for Jimmy Carter, as a cocktail waitress in a jazz bar, a translator at the World Bank, a research analyst at a Washington, DC law firm, and, most recently, an editor at Harvard University's Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.

Her first novel, The Dream Life of Sukhanov written in English, was a New York Times Notable Book of 2006, won the 2007 New York Public Library Young Lions Fiction Award, as well as a Top Ten Books of 2006 choice by the Washington Post. The novel is about an artist–turned–party official working for the communist media as an art critic named Sukhanov whose "past catches up with him during the last days of the Soviet Union", and reviewing it in the Chicago Tribune, poet Karl Kirchwey wrote:

Novels
 The Dream Life of Sukhanov, New York: Putnam's Sons, 2006.
 The Line (published in the United Kingdom as The Concert Ticket), New York: Putnam's Sons, 2010.
 Forty Rooms, New York: Marian Wood Books/Putnam's Sons, 2016.
 The Charmed Wife, New York: Putnam's Sons, 2021.

References

Sources
Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2006. PEN (Permanent Entry Number): 0000165313.

External links
 Author's website

1971 births
Living people
Emory University alumni
Russian emigrants to the United States
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
Russian women novelists
21st-century American women writers
People with acquired American citizenship


Dompierre-en-Morvan is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Drambon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Drée () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Duesme () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Ébaty () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Échalot () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Échannay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Échenon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Events from the year 1563 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Monarch: Elizabeth I

Events
April–September 11 – Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, based in Armagh, campaigns against Shane O'Neill.
May 18 – commission for administration of the Oath of Supremacy to all ecclesiastics and state servants.
After September (possible year) – introduction of the potato to Ireland by John Hawkins.

Births
May – Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, English administrator and soldier, Lord Deputy of Ireland (d. 1625)
Approximate date – Niall Ó Glacáin, physician (d. 1653)

Deaths
Diarmuid Mac Bruideadha, poet.

References

1560s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 16th century in Ireland


Échevannes () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Notable person
 Charles François Dupuis (1742–1809), polymath and theologian, died in Échevannes

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Échevronne () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Échigey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Écutigny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Lindley Macnaghten Fraser (14 August 1904 – 10 March 1963) was a Scottish academic, author, broadcaster and economist.

After an academic career, during which he successfully switched from classics to economics, holding university posts in America, England and Scotland, Fraser was recruited by the BBC to join, and later head, its German service, in which his broadcasts to listeners in Nazi Germany won him a large following.

Life and career

Early years
Fraser was born in Edinburgh, the son of Norman Fraser, a minister of the United Free Church of Scotland, and of his wife, Cecilia Craigie Fraser. He was educated first at George Watson's College, Edinburgh, and when the family moved to Liverpool in 1913 he went to the Liverpool Institute High School. From there he won a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class degree in classics.  In 1925 he was elected treasurer of the Oxford Union, becoming librarian and then president the following year. In 1926 and 1927 he was appointed to visiting fellowships at Princeton University and the Brookings School of Economics in Washington, D.C., receiving a doctorate from the latter.

Returning to Oxford in 1925, Fraser became fellow and praelector in economics at Queen's College.  Many of his pupils later distinguished themselves; among them was the future prime minister, Harold Wilson.  In 1932, Fraser married Elspet Mackenzie (b. 1907/8), daughter of Dr. Samuel Ridley Mackenzie of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. They had two daughters.

In 1935, Fraser was appointed Jaffrey professor of political economy at Aberdeen University. During his time at Aberdeen he wrote Economic Thought and Language (1937), which gave a systematic analysis of the terminology of economic analysis, and was translated into several languages.

Broadcaster
On the outbreak of the Second World War, Fraser was sought out by his friend and former Oxford colleague, Frederick Ogilvie, the Director General of the BBC, who persuaded him to join the BBC's German service. Aberdeen University reluctantly granted him leave of absence and he began broadcasting for the BBC in February 1940. He spoke German fluently and clearly but with a distinct Edinburgh accent which won him a large following among listeners in Nazi Germany. By the end of the war he had become "a national institution" to his German audience.

Believing that the BBC's German service could play a valuable part in the rebuilding of postwar Germany, Fraser resigned his chair at Aberdeen in 1945. In the same year his first marriage was dissolved. He was appointed director of the German service in 1947 and head of German programmes in February 1948. His biographer, Richard Hewlett, wrote that Fraser's frequent visits to the Federal Republic of Germany and his continued, regular broadcasts "made him widely known and respected throughout the German-speaking countries of Europe."

Fraser was appointed OBE in 1958. In March 1959 he married Elizabeth Scott, née Marks, a sculptor. He died of lung cancer in London in 1963 at the age of 58.

Bibliography
 1932, Protection and Free Trade
 1937, Economic Thought and Language: a Critique of Some Fundamental Economic Concepts, Hardcover Publisher: A. & C. Black
 1945, Germany Between Two Wars a Study of Propaganda and War-Guilt, Hard Cover Publisher: Oxford U.P.,
 1957, Propaganda, Publisher: Oxford University Press, London

Notes

1904 births
1963 deaths
People educated at George Watson's College
people educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys
Princeton University fellows
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
BBC newsreaders and journalists
Academics of the University of Aberdeen


Éguilly () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Épernay-sous-Gevrey (, literally Épernay under Gevrey) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Éringes () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Esbarres () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Essarois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Lingones


Essey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Étais () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Paul Watkins (born 1970) is a Welsh classical cellist and conductor.  His brother is the composer Huw Watkins.  Watkins studied cello with William Pleeth, Melissa Phelps and Johannes Goritzki.  In 1988, he won the BBC Young Musician of the Year in the string section. From 1990 to 1997, he was principal cellist of the BBC Symphony Orchestra.

Watkins joined the Emerson String Quartet in the 2013-14 season, replacing the departing cellist David Finckel. He was previously a cellist with the Nash Ensemble, with whom he has made several  commercial recordings.  He was the musician-in-residence at the 2005 Fishguard Festival.

Watkins has made five concerto appearances at The BBC Proms, including the 2007 First Night.  In March 2006 he premiered a new concerto by Richard Rodney Bennett with the Philharmonia at South Bank Centre, recording it two months later.  His commercial recordings include the first recording of the cello concerto of Cyril Scott.

Watkins developed an additional interest in conducting, and won first prize and audience prize at the 2002 Leeds Conductors' Competition.  His first conducting appearance with the London Philharmonic Orchestra was in February 2006.  As a conductor, he has recorded for the Warner Classics label.  He became Associate Conductor of the English Chamber Orchestra (ECO) in the 2007-2008 season.  In June 2009, the ECO named Paul Watkins its music director, effective with the 2009-2010 season, for an initial contract of 3 years.  Watkins became principal guest conductor of the Ulster Orchestra from 2009-2012. He has also served as guest conductor of the CityMusic Cleveland chamber orchestra.

Watkins plays on a cello made by Domenico Montagnana and Matteo Goffriller, c 1730.

References

External links
 IMG Artists agency page on Paul Watkins as cellist
 IMG Artists agency page on Paul Watkins as conductor
 Ulster Orchestra page on Paul Watkins
 Nash Ensemble individual artists page

Living people
1970 births
English classical cellists
Prize-winners of the Leeds Conductors Competition


Étalante () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


L'Étang-Vergy () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Étevaux () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Étormay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Francis Reynald Wewengkang (born 10 January 1971 in Manado) usually called Francis Wewengkang or Enal, is an Indonesian former footballer who played for the Indonesia national team. He last played for Pro Titan. Nowadays he is an assistant coach at Persita Tangerang.

References

1971 births
Living people
People from Manado
Indonesian men's footballers
Indonesia men's international footballers
1996 AFC Asian Cup players
Persma Manado players
Sriwijaya F.C. players
Persikota Tangerang players
Persija Jakarta players
Persibom Bolaang Mongondow players
Pro Duta FC players
Indonesian Premier Division players
Sportspeople from North Sulawesi
Men's association football midfielders


Kay's Tutor v. Ayrshire & Arran Health Board [1987] 2 All ER 417; 1987 S.C. 145; 1987 S.L.T. 577; is a Scots Delict Law case concerning causation in a medical negligence context. It was decided by the House of Lords, with Lord Keith of Kinkel, Lord Brandon of Oakbrook, Lord Griffiths, Lord Mackay of Clashfern and Lord Ackner sitting.

Facts
Kay's son was admitted to hospital with meningitis. By mistake, he was given a penicillin overdose. It was thirty times the norm. He went deaf. No case had ever been recorded where penicillin had caused deafness. Often, meningitis itself caused deafness. The first instance found in favour of the pursuer, but this was overturned by the Court of Appeal. In the House of Lords the pursuer argued, the overdose increased the risk of neurological damage. Deafness was damage of the same type, therefore the defenders should be liable. Lord Keith demonstrated grasp of medical knowledge by describing the facts somewhat more elaborately.

Judgment
It was held that where two competing causes of damage existed the law could not presume that the tortious cause was responsible. It needed to be proved that it was an accepted fact that the tortious cause was capable of aggravating the damage. The case was distinguished from McGhee v. National Coal Board.

Lord Ackner, who gave the final judgment, offered a good anecdotal account of the evidence at trial about the possible causes of the boy's deafness.

Lord Ackner agreed that this case was distinguishable from McGhee. In McGhee there was no problem about evidence that the failure to provide a shower could have caused Mr McGhee's dermatitis. The "could have" element simply reflected that it was uncertain which cause (the brick dust at work, or the lack of a shower) was the operating cause of dermatitis. But here, the idea that the penicillin overdose "could have" caused deafness was of a different quality. It was not just of lesser degree of possibility, but that there was no evidential basis for the assertion at all.

See also
Negligence

Notes

United Kingdom tort case law
House of Lords cases
1987 in Scotland
Medical lawsuits
Medical malpractice case law
Delict
Court of Session cases
Scottish case law
United Kingdom disability case law
1987 in United Kingdom case law


Charles Orbie "Slim" Whitaker (July 29, 1893 – June 27, 1960) was an American film actor. He appeared in more than 340 films between 1914 and 1949. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and died in Los Angeles, California, from a heart attack.

Partial filmography

 The Man from Bitter Roots (1916)
 Eyes of Youth (1919)
 The Radio King (1922)
 Full Speed (1925)
 On the Go (1925)
 A Streak of Luck (1925)
 Galloping On (1925)
 The Bandit Buster (1926)
 The Bonanza Buckaroo (1926)
 The Fighting Cheat (1926)
 Double Daring (1926)
 The Stolen Ranch (1926)
 The Ramblin' Galoot (1926)
 Crossed Signals (1926)
 Bucking the Truth (1926)
 Ace of Action (1926)
 The Twin Triggers (1926)
 Rawhide (1926)
 Vanishing Hoofs (1926)
 The Phantom Buster (1927)
 The Obligin' Buckaroo (1927)
 Soda Water Cowboy (1927)
 The Ridin' Rowdy (1927)
 The Desert of the Lost (1927)
 Manhattan Cowboy (1928)
 Desperate Courage (1928)
 The Flyin' Buckaroo (1928)
 Saddle Mates (1928)
 The Code of the Scarlet (1928)
 The Sunset Legion (1928)
 Cheyenne (1929)
 An Oklahoma Cowboy (1929)
 Headin' Westward (1929)
 Bad Men's Money (1929)
 Riders of the Storm (1929)
 Captain Cowboy (1929)
 Wyoming Tornado (1929)
 The Fighting Legion (1930)
 Oklahoma Cyclone (1930)
 The Dawn Trail (1930)
 Breed of the West (1930)
 Rider of the Plains (1931)
 Lightnin' Smith Returns (1931)
 Desert Vengeance (1931)
 The Cheyenne Cyclone (1931)
 Valley of Badmen (1931)
 The Hurricane Horseman (1931)
 Freighters of Destiny (1931)
 West of Cheyenne (1931)
 The Fighting Fool (1932)
 South of Santa Fe (1932)
 Outlaw Justice (1932)
 The Texas Tornado (1932)
 The Man from New Mexico (1932)
 Guns for Hire (1932)
 The Man from Monterey (1933)
 Trouble Busters (1933)
 War of the Range (1933)
 Unknown Valley (1933)
 Sagebrush Trail (1933)
 Fighting Through (1934)
 The Man from Hell (1934)
 The Law of the Wild (1934)
 Border Vengeance (1935)
 Arizona Bad Man (1935)
 Rustler's Paradise (1935)
 The Outlaw Tamer (1935)
 Blazing Guns (1935)
 Lawless Range (1935)
 The Last of the Clintons (1935)
 Desert Guns (1936)
 Ridin' On (1936)
 Everyman's Law (1936)
 Rio Grande Ranger (1936)
 Raw Timber (1937)
 Melody of the Plains (1937)
 Roaring Six Guns (1937)
 Pioneer Trail (1938)
 Lightning Carson Rides Again (1938)
 Phantom Gold (1938)
 The Fighting Gringo (1939)
 The Marshal of Mesa City (1939)
 Frontiers of '49 (1939)
 Billy the Kid in Texas (1940)
 Bullet Code (1940)
 Billy the Kid Wanted (1941)
 Billy the Kid's Round-Up (1941)
 The Lone Rider and the Bandit (1942)
 The Lone Rider in Texas Justice (1942)
 Arizona Stage Coach (1942)
 Billy the Kid's Smoking Guns (1942)
 The Mysterious Rider (1942)
 Death Rides the Plains (1943)
 The Kid Rides Again (1943)
 The Drifter (1944)
 Outlaws of the Plains (1946)
 Overland Riders (1946)
 Black Hills (1947)

References

External links

1893 births
1960 deaths
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from Kansas City, Missouri


Raimondo Feletti (1851-1927) was an Italian physician and zoologist.

Feletti worked at a clinic in Catania where a street is named for him "Via Raimondo Feletti".With Giovanni Batista Grassi he published several works on malarial parasites in birds. They described, and introduced the names Haemamoeba vivax (1890) and H. malariae (1889) for, two of the malaria parasites, soon revising the genus to Plasmodium. In 1889 Grassi and Feletti, as an honor to Laveran, proposed the genus name Laverania . It is now a subgenus of Plasmodium.

Works

With Grassi, B., 1889, 1890. Sui parassiti della malaria. Rif. Med. 6 : 62-64. (The 1889 paper was a preprint of the 1890 paper according to Hemming, 1954).
With Grassi, B., 1890. Parasites malariques chez les oiseaux. Arch. Ital. de Biologie 13 : 297-300.
With Grassi, B., 1892. Contribuzione allo studio die parassiti malarici. Atti Accad. Gioenia. Series 4,5 : 1-81.

References
Conci, C. & Poggi, R. 1996 Iconography of Italian Entomologists, with essential biographical data. Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital. 75 159-382, 418 Fig.
Howard, L. O. 1930 History of applied Entomology (Somewhat Anecdotal). Smiths. Miscell. Coll. 84 X+1-564, 51 plates
Roncalli, Amici R 2001 The history of Italian parasitology. Vet. Parasitol. 98(1-3):3-30.

External links
Plasmodium malariae Nomenclature history and account
All about Malaria

20th-century Italian zoologists
Italian entomologists
1850s births
1927 deaths
Italian physicians


Conway is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Emmet County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 204.

Geography
Conway is located in southeastern Emmet County, in southeastern Little Traverse Township. A portion of the CDP extends south into Bear Creek Township. The community is at the western end of Crooked Lake. U.S. Route 31 passes through the CDP, leading southwest  to Petoskey, the county seat, and northeast  to Alanson.

The community of Conway was listed as a newly-organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Conway CDP has a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics

References

Unincorporated communities in Michigan
Unincorporated communities in Emmet County, Michigan
Census-designated places in Emmet County, Michigan
Census-designated places in Michigan


Chakravakam may refer to:
 A kind of bird called ruddy goose or Brahmany duck
 Chakravakam (raga), a raga (musical scale) of South Indian classical music
 Chakravakam (1974 Telugu film), a 1974 Indian Telugu-language film based on the novel Chakravakam by Koduri Kausalya Devi
 Chakravakam (1974 Malayalam film), a 1974 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Thoppil Bhasi
 Chakravakam (TV series), an India Telugu-language soap opera


Dele Yampolsky (; born 28 July 1988 as/ Bamidele Ogunsanya) is a Nigerian-born Israeli footballer who plays as a midfielder for Maccabi Sha'arayim.

His first name "Bamidele" means "Follow me home" in Yoruba. His unique surname is the result of being adopted by his stepfather who is Israeli of Russian descent and moved him and his mother from Nigeria to Israel after getting married.

Biography
In 2004 Yampolsky moved to Maccabi Netanya there he played for two years in the youth team until he got promoted to the senior side there he became a permanent part of the team.

On June 20, 2011, after 7 years in Netanya he moved to Maccabi Haifa for a fee of $440,000. He rejected a move to TSV 1860 München and Hapoel Tel Aviv in order to get a chance to play in the Champions League with Haifa.

After two seasons with Maccabi Haifa he was released from his contract and on September 16, 2013, Yampolsky moved to play for the local rival Hapoel Haifa under a contract of $90,000 per season. He played in Hapoel for only one season.

On August 19, 2014, Yampolsky signed a one-year deal with Hapoel Ra'anana. After an unsuccessful season with Ra'anana, he moved to play in the Liga Leumit with Bnei Lod for the 2015–16 season. He was released from Bnei Lod in January 2016. On July 10, 2016, Yampolsky signed for one season with Sektzia Ness Ziona from Liga Alef.

In January 2019, Yampolsky joined Shimshon Kfar Qasem.

Club career statistics
(correct as of 28 August 2014)

Honours
Israeli Premier League:
Runner-up (3): 2006–07, 2007–08, 2012–13
Israel State Cup:
Runner-up (1): 2012

Personal life

Footnotes

External links
Profile and statistics of Dela Yampolsky at One

1988 births
Living people
Israeli men's footballers
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigerian emigrants to Israel
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Israeli people of Nigerian descent
Israeli people of Yoruba descent
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
Gadna Tel Aviv Yehuda F.C. players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
Hapoel Haifa F.C. players
Hapoel Ra'anana A.F.C. players
Hapoel Bnei Lod F.C. players
Sektzia Ness Ziona F.C. players
Hapoel Ironi Baqa al-Gharbiyye F.C. players
F.C. Kafr Qasim players
Shimshon Kafr Qasim F.C. players
Maccabi Sha'arayim F.C. players
Ironi Kuseife F.C. players
F.C. Tira players
Hapoel Ashkelon F.C. players
Hapoel Ironi Safed F.C. players
Israeli Premier League players
Liga Leumit players
Footballers from Tel Aviv
Yoruba sportspeople
Men's association football midfielders
Nigerian Jews


Teyran (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Population

Notable person
 René Lavocat (1909–2007], palaeontogist, died in Teyran

See also
Communes of the Hérault department

References

Communes of Hérault


Gerald Eckert (born 27 December 1960) is a German composer, cellist, and painter. He currently lives in Eckernförde.

Biography
Eckert, born in Nuremberg, studied mathematics at the University of Erlangen, violoncello and conducting at the conservatory of Nürnberg. Then he studied of composition with Nicolaus A. Huber and Walter Zimmermann and electroacoustic composition at the Folkwang-Hochschule Essen. Composition courses with James Dillon, Brian Ferneyhough and Jonathan Harvey.
1995 he received a scholarship of the Fondation Royaumont/France. 1996/97 work as visiting scholar at the CCRMA of the Stanford University/US. 1998 he was guest professor at Darmstadt and at Akiyoshidai/Japan. 1999 he received a scholarship of the Heinrich-Strobel-Fondation, 2000/02 he was lecturer at the TU Darmstadt.
2000 he realized a dance project with Dyane Neiman. 2006 he was composer in residence at the festival for contemporary music at Zurich/Switzerland. 2008 he realized together with the academy of the arts Berlin a project for choir, dancers, ensemble, video and electronics.

He received various prizes and awards: Gulbenkian Prize '93, NDR-Prize '94, Kranichsteiner Musikpreis '96, nomination for the ICMC '96 Hong-Kong and '03 Singapore, composition award of the "Biennale Hannover"  '97, "S. Martirano Competition" USA 2003, 1st prize of Bourges 2003, nomination for the world-music-days '95 and '04, 1st prize of Stuttgart 2005, a scholarship for Venice 2006 and for Los Angeles 2010.

As cello player various recordings on different broadcasting stations of works by John Cage, Morton Feldman, Hans Zender, a.o.

Since 1989 work on paintings. Exhibitions and installations.

External links

1960 births
Living people
Musicians from Nuremberg
German classical cellists


Jacou (; ) is a commune in the Hérault département in the Occitanie region in southern France.  Located on the outskirts of Montpellier, it is situated around 7 km (4.3 mi) north of the Montpellier city centre. In 2016, it had a population of 6,785.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hérault department

References

Communes of Hérault


Clapiers (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in southern France.

Population

Twin towns
Clapiers is twinned with:
 Celestynów, Poland
 Collelongo, Italy
 Toma, Burkina Faso

See also
Communes of the Hérault department

References

Communes of Hérault


Friends of Fiddler's Green is a Canadian folk music group based in Toronto founded in 1971 and still active as of 2018. The members of the group at the time of its first recording, 1981's This Side of the Ocean, were Alistair Brown, Tam Kearney, Grit Laskin, David Parry, Ian Robb, Laurence Stevenson, and Jim Strickland. Another half-dozen former members from the band's first 10 years are listed on the back of the album.

In all the years since, the lineup has stayed remarkably consistent, with only Jim Strickland having left the ensemble. David Parry remained performing with the group until his death in 1995, as did Tam Kearney until his death in 2013. Additions to the line up have included singer & musician Ian Bell, and also Jeff McClintock on keyboards. Jeff was later replaced by Cherie Whalen, only to rejoin the band after Cherie's departure for family reasons.

The name of the group is derived from Fiddler's Green, a mythical place of dancing and happiness. Tam Kearney and Jim Strickland, both Scottish immigrants living in Toronto in the 1960s, founded Fiddler's Green Folk Club on Eglinton Avenue, behind the YMCA. Gradually a nucleus of musicians developed, initially doing warm-ups at the club, and then performing as a group. Ian Robb arrived from England, in the early 1970s. The arrival of other singers gave the group a distinctly Scottish flavor. David Parry was an enthusiast for mumming and brought a dragon's costume to the mix.  At festival performances, the members may present English Mummers Plays, Morris Dancing or Scottish country dancing.  The Vancouver Folk Music Festival documented a reviewer who claimed that Friends of Fiddler's Green were among the best British bands touring North America

Although they are not typically a touring band, they have also performed in the United States.

In the folklore of folk music, they are known as the inspiration for the Stan Rogers' song, Barrett's Privateers.
In 2003 they were given the "Estelle Klein Achievement Award" at the Ontario Council of Folk Festivals.   The keyboardist for the group, Jeff McClintock, was arrested by the religious police in Saudi Arabia, probably in connection with his work with an otherwise all-female fiddle ensemble, the Frillyknickers.

Discography
 1981 This Side of the Ocean
 1994 Road to Mandalay
 1997 This Side of the Ocean (Expanded CD re-release)
 2015 Old Inventions
 2019 Live at The Flying Cloud Folk Club, Toronto: September 7th 2003
 2019 'E Liked it All! David Parry In Concert With The Friends Of Fiddler's Green

References

External links
 Bandcamp page
 Friends of Fiddler's Green (an explanation)
 Discography & Bio at Discogs
 Discography & Bio at Allmusic
 Stewart Cameron page

Canadian folk music groups


Guzargues (; ) is a commune in the Hérault département in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hérault department

References

Communes of Hérault


Saint-Vincent-de-Barbeyrargues (; Languedocien: Sant Vincenç de Barbairargues) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hérault department

References

Communes of Hérault


Leonard Tupamahu (born 9 July 1983 in Jakarta, Indonesia) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Liga 1 club PSS Sleman.

Club career
He has played for Persija from 2004 until 2009. In 2009, he also played futsal for Biangbola in Indonesian Futsal League. In 2010, he joined Arema Malang. On December 12, 2014, he joined Barito Putera.

Honours

Club
Bali United
 Liga 1: 2019, 2021–22

References

External links

 Leonard Tupamahu at Liga Indonesia

1983 births
Living people
Indonesian men's footballers
Footballers from Jakarta
Indonesian men's futsal players
Persija Jakarta players
Persipur Purwodadi players
Persikabo Bogor players
Arema F.C. players
Persema Malang players
Bandung Raya (football club) players
Persiram Raja Ampat players
PS Barito Putera players
Borneo F.C. Samarinda players
Bali United F.C. players
PSS Sleman players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Indonesian Premier League players
Indonesian Premier Division players
Indonesia men's youth international footballers
Men's association football defenders


Parliamentary elections were held in the breakaway republic of Transnistria on 10 December 2000. 42 Out of 43 seats were up for election, most of which were won by independent candidates. Women made up 4 of the 42 elected representatives. Grigore Mărăcuţă was elected for a third term as speaker, having the support of 39 out of 41 representatives present at his election.

Results

References

Elections in Transnistria
2000 elections in Moldova
2000 in Transnistria
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results


Ahmad Herman Abanda (born 20 February 1984 in Yaoundé) is a former Cameroonian footballer who played as a defender. He spent the majority of his career playing in Indonesia for PSM Makassar, Persija Jakarta, Persema Malang, Persib Bandung and Barito Putera.

In 2013, Abanda converted to Islam while playing for Persib.

Honours
Canon Yaoundé
Elite One: 2002

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Converts to Islam
Cameroonian Muslims
Cameroonian men's footballers
Elite One players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Canon Yaoundé players
PSM Makassar players
Persija Jakarta players
Persema Malang players
Persib Bandung players
PS Barito Putera players
Cameroonian expatriate men's footballers
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Expatriate men's footballers in Indonesia
Men's association football central defenders


Cordell may refer to:

 Cordell (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name and surname
 Cordell baronets, a title in the Baronetage of England
 Cordell, Kentucky, a community in the U.S.
 New Cordell, Oklahoma, commonly called Cordell, a community in the U.S.
 "Cordell", a song by The Cranberries from the 1996 album To the Faithful Departed
 Cordell Formation, a geologic formation in Michigan, U.S.

See also

 Cordell & Cordell, an American law firm
 Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, off the coast of California, U.S.
 Cordell–Lorenz Observatory, in Sewanee, Tennessee, U.S.
 Cordelle, a place in France


E24 Näringsliv was a Swedish online business newspaper based in Stockholm, Sweden. It was previously named Näringsliv24 (N24, Business24), but changed to E24 in 2006. It started as N24 on 4 October 2005, and was owned by Svenska Dagbladet (60%) and Aftonbladet (40%). One of the editors-in-chief was Per Lundsjö.

E24 Näringsliv exchanged material with SvD.se and Aftonbladet.se, and had a job recruitment site, Jobb24.se.

In 2006 a Norwegian version of the newspaper, E24 Næringsliv, was launched. E24.no was owned by Aftenposten (60%) and Verdens Gang (40%). Like the owners of E24.se, both Aftenposten and Verdens Gang are owned by the Norwegian media company Schibsted.

In 2012 E24 Näringsliv was replaced by Nliv.se.

References

External links
 Official site

2005 establishments in Sweden
2012 establishments in Sweden
Business newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Sweden
Newspapers established in 2005
Newspapers published in Stockholm
Publications disestablished in 2012
Swedish-language newspapers


was a Japanese samurai of the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

He was a tutor of the young Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

References

Samurai
1539 births
1604 deaths


With Stanley in Africa is a 1922 American adventure film serial directed by William James Craft and Edward A. Kull and released by Universal Film Manufacturing Co. This serial is considered to be a lost film.

Plot

Cast
 George Walsh as Jack Cameron
 Louise Lorraine as Nadia Elkins
 Charles Mason as Reynard Lake
 William Welsh as Henry Morton Stanley
 Gordon Sackville
 Jack Mower
 Fred Kohler
 Joe King as David Livingston

Chapter titles
 Jaws of the Jungle
 The Grip of the Slavers
 Paths of Peril
 Find Livingston
 The Flaming Spear
 Lost in the Jungle
 Trail of the Serpent
 Pool of Death
 Menace of the Jungle
 The Ordeal
 The Lion's Prey
 The Forest of Flame
 Buried Alive
 The Lair of Death
 The Good Samaritan
 The Slave's Secret
 The White Tribe
 Out of the Dark

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 List of lost films

References

External links

With Stanley in Africa at silentera.com

1922 films
American silent serial films
Lost American films
1922 adventure films
American black-and-white films
Universal Pictures film serials
Films directed by William James Craft
Films directed by Edward A. Kull
Films set in Africa
Cultural depictions of Henry Morton Stanley
1922 lost films
Films with screenplays by George H. Plympton
1920s American films
Silent adventure films


Muhammad Ilham (born 22 January 1981 in Majene), usually called M. Ilham is a retired Indonesian professional football player. He is famous for his stepovers and dribbling skills. He can play with both feet, and he currently plays the position of a winger.

Club career
On 1 December 2014, he signed with Persija Jakarta.

International career

|}

Honours
Indonesia
Winner
 Indonesian Independence Cup: 2008

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
People from Majene
Sportspeople from West Sulawesi
Indonesian men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Indonesia men's international footballers
Indonesian Premier Division players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
PSPS Riau players
Petrokimia Putra players
Persib Bandung players
Madura United F.C. players
Persikota Tangerang players
Persija Jakarta players
Bhayangkara Presisi Indonesia F.C. players


The murder of the Lawson family refers to a familicide which took place in Germanton, North Carolina, United States on December 25, 1929, in which sharecropper Charles Davis "Charlie" Lawson murdered his wife and six of his seven children.

Background
In 1911, Charles Lawson married Fannie Manring, with whom he had eight children. The third, William, born in 1914, died of an illness in 1920. In 1918, following the move of his younger brothers Marion and Elijah to the Germanton area, Lawson followed suit with his family. The Lawsons worked as tenant tobacco farmers, saving enough money by 1927 to buy their own farm on Brook Cove Road.

1929 murders
In 1929, days prior to Christmas, Lawson (age 43) took Fannie (his wife age 37) and their seven children, Arthur (age 19), Marie (age 17), Carrie (age 12), Maybell (age 7) James (age 4) Raymond, (age 2) and Mary Lou (age 4 months) into town to buy new clothes and to have a family portrait taken. This would have been an unusual occurrence for a working-class rural family of the era, which has led to speculations that Lawson's act was premeditated. Posthumously it was speculated that he had impregnated his eldest daughter (Marie, 17). Lawson, having purchased his own farm two years previous, however, together with the fact that an Associated Press wire that went out on the day after the murders characterized Lawson as a "well-to-do farmer", would make a pre-Christmas shopping spree appear reasonable.

On the afternoon of December 25, Lawson first shot his daughters, Carrie and Maybell, as they were setting out to their uncle and aunt's house. He waited for them by the tobacco barn until they were in range, shot them with a 12-gauge shotgun, then ensured that they were dead by bludgeoning them. He placed the bodies in the tobacco barn.

Afterwards, Lawson returned to the house and shot Fannie, who was on the porch. As soon as the gun was fired, Marie, who was inside, screamed, while the two small boys, James and Raymond, attempted to find a hiding place. Lawson shot Marie, and then found and killed the two boys. Lastly, he killed the baby, Mary Lou; it is thought that she was bludgeoned to death. After the murders, he went into the nearby woods and, several hours later, shot himself. The only survivor was his eldest son, 19-year-old Arthur, whom he had sent on an errand just before committing the crime.

The bodies of the family members were found with their arms crossed and rocks under their heads. The gunshot signaling Lawson's own suicide was heard by the many people who already had learned of the murders on the property and gathered there. A police officer who was with Arthur ran down to discover Lawson's body along with letters to his parents. As footprints encircled the tree, it was supposed that he had been pacing around the tree prior to taking his life.

Theories on motive

Charlie's head injury
Months before the event, Lawson had sustained a head injury; some family and friends theorized that it had altered his mental state and was related to the massacre. However, an autopsy and analysis of his brain at Johns Hopkins Hospital found no abnormalities.

Marie's rumored pregnancy by Charlie
It was not until the book White Christmas, Bloody Christmas was published in 1990 that a claim of Charlie sexually abusing Marie surfaced, beginning with an anonymous source who heard a rumor during a tour of the Lawson home shortly after the murders. The day before the book was to be published, the author received a phone call from Stella Lawson, a relative who had already been interviewed for the book. Stella said that she had overheard Fannie's sisters-in-law and aunts, including Stella's mother, Jettie Lawson, discussing how Fannie had confided in them that she had been concerned about an "incestuous relationship" between Charlie and Marie. Jettie died in early 1928, meaning Fannie had been suspicious of the incest at least that long before the murders in late 1929.

More support for this theory was revealed in The Meaning of our Tears, published by the same author in 2006. A close friend of Marie Lawson's, Ella May, came forward and disclosed that a few weeks before Christmas 1929, Marie confided in her that she was pregnant by her own father and that both he and Fannie knew about this.  Many thought that this is what also led to him massacring his family because he didn't want the secret to get out. Another close friend and neighbor to the Lawson family, Hill Hampton, stated that he knew of serious problems going on within the family, but declined to elaborate.

Aftermath
Shortly after the murders, Charlie's brother, Marion Lawson, opened the home on Brook Cove Road as a tourist attraction. A cake that Marie had baked on Christmas Day was displayed on the tour. Because visitors began to pick at the raisins on the cake to take as souvenirs, it was placed in a covered glass cakeserver for many years.

The event inspired a number of songs and other tributes including the murder ballad "The Murder of the Lawson Family", which was originally recorded by the Carolina Buddies for Columbia records in 1930 and covered by Stanley Brothers in March 1956.

The case was also featured in an episode of the PRX podcast Criminal.

The Lawsons were laid to rest in a private family graveyard.   The main tombstone features the symbol of the Square and Compass, suggesting that Charlie had been a Freemason. Arthur Lawson was killed in a 1945 motor accident (age 35), leaving a wife and four children.

The Netflix series 28 Days Haunted (2022) shows the place where the victims were embalmed and describes what happened.

See also

List of familicides in the United States
Murder ballad
 List of rampage killers (familicides in the United States)

Gallery

References

1929 in North Carolina
1929 murders in the United States
People from Germanton, North Carolina
Murder in North Carolina
Massacres in 1929
Murder–suicides in the United States
Deaths by firearm in North Carolina
Familicides
Murder ballads
December 1929 events


Class Struggle may refer to:

 Class struggle, or class conflict, political tension and economic antagonism among the social classes a society
 Class Struggle (board game)
 The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program), an 1892 book-length work by Karl Kautsky
 The Class Struggle (magazine), an American magazine 1917–1919
 The Class Struggle, journal of the Communist League of Struggle 1931–1937
 Class Struggle, the newspaper of Spark
 Klassekampen ('The Class Struggle'), a Norwegian newspaper

See also

 Class war (disambiguation)


Thangam () is a 2008 Tamil action film starring Sathyaraj and Goundamani about the life of a village do-gooder in Tamil Nadu.

Plot
Set in a small town near Coimbatore, 'Thangam' portrays tw families headed by Rajendranath and Mahadevan respectively. Thangam (Sathyaraj) is the son of Delhi Kumar and Aaruchami (Shanmugaraj) is the son of Mahadevan. Kaalai (Goundamani) is the uncle of Thangam.

Thangam and his sister Bhagyalakshmi (Jayashree) share a special attachment. The sister finds a suitable girl (Megha Nair) for the brother, who tries hard to arrange her marriage in a grand manner.

The two families turn foes because of the local MLA, who is corrupt. The MLA wants to get rid of Rajendranath, who commands respect in the constituency. He gets close to Aaruchami, who is jealous of the respect commanded by Thangam and his family.

The story has many twists and turns. Aaruchami, a compulsive womanizer, woo Thangam's sister and makes her pregnant. Thangam, who is mad of his sister, makes Aaruchami marry him. Aaruchami commits a murder but Thangam accepts the responsibility and go to the jail to save Aaruchami, to make the marriage of his sister possible.

Later, the relationship between the families is affected further with Mahadevan revolts against Rajendranath to make his son Aaruchami as MLA. In the process, he commits a murder and gets punished.

The battle gets worsened. Rajendranath and Bhagyalakshmi are killed. The rest of the story narrates how Thangam avenges for the murders.

Cast
Sathyaraj as Thangam
Meghna Nair
Goundamani as Kaalai
Jayasree as Bhagyalakshmi
Mahadevan
Delhi Kumar
Shanmugaraj as Aaruchami

Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by Srikanth Deva, with lyrics written by Yugabharathi.
"Othakathu" - Karthik, Saindhavi
"Rathathula" - Manikka Vinayagam
"Pattukara" - Chinmayi
"Chinna Chinna" - Senthildas, Surmukhi Raman
"Solran" - Priyadarshini

Reception
Sify wrote "The story is as old as the hills, presentation in mass masala format that works in B & C centers. Kicha makes no bones about it that he is playing to the galleries and uses the tested formula that was a winning factor in the 80's - Annan-Thankachi Pasum (brother-sister sentiments), comedy and action". Behindwoods wrote "Thangam proves that the old Kollywood formula of masala stirred together with those old, oppressive patriarchal sentiments doesn’t glitter anymore". Indiaglitz wrote "Overall, the movie has nothing new or novel to offer. But it does entertain with a good script and comedy element".

References

2008 films
Indian action drama films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Srikanth Deva
2008 action drama films


Iván Erőd ( ; 2 January 1936 – 24 June 2019; sometimes spelled Eröd) was a Hungarian-Austrian composer and pianist. Educated in Budapest, he emigrated to Austria in 1956, where he studied at the Vienna Music Academy. He was successful as a pianist and composer of operas, chamber music and much more, with elements from serialism, Hungarian folk music and jazz. He first was a professor of music theory and composition at the University of Music in Graz (1967–1989), then a professor of composition at the Vienna Music Academy from 1989.

Career
Born in Budapest, Erőd studied at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music with Pál Kadosa (piano) and Ferenc Szabó (composition). He emigrated to Austria in 1956 and studied there at the Vienna Music Academy, with Richard Hauser (piano) and Karl Schiske (composition). He received diplomas in piano and composition in 1961. He took several summer classes at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse, studying with Eduard Steuermann and Luigi Nono. In 1960 he launched a career as a pianist, playing in Europe and the Near East.

From 1962 to 1968 he was a solo répétiteur at the Wiener Staatsoper and the Wiener Festwochen. From 1967 to 1989 he taught music theory and composition at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Graz, and later taught at the Vienna Music Academy, first as a guest teaching Tonsatz (harmony and counterpoint), and from 1989 as a professor. His students included Georg Friedrich Haas,  Gerhard Präsent and Johannes Maria Staud.

Life
Erőd's brother and grandparents were murdered at Auschwitz in 1944. He fled Hungary after the events of 1956. He married in 1969 and had five children, among them Adrian, a baritone, and Leonard, a bassoonist at the Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra. He died of complications from a stroke in Vienna on 24 June 2019.

Works
Stylistically, Erőd's music was initially influenced by Hungarians such as Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály. Before his emigration and during his studies in Vienna, he was interested in the dodecaphony of the "Second Viennese School", and serialism. His wind trio, op. 4 (1957, revised 1987), and his Ricercare ed Aria, op. 11 for wind quartet (1965) are based on twelve-tone scales, as is his first opera, Das Mädchen, der Matrose und der Student (The Girl, the Sailor and the Student, 1960). He began composing his second opera Die Seidenraupen (The Silkworms) in 1964 and completed it in 1968, when it was successfully premiered during the Wiener Festwochen at the Theater an der Wien with singers Jeannette Pilou and Oskar Czerwenka.

The composer describes the work as being based on three scales, for the three main characters, which are derived from each other and sometimes combined in a way leading to tonality. His first violin sonata, op. 14 (1969/70), was a return to a "new tonality", incorporating Hungarian and "gypsy" elements. He dedicated Milchzahnlieder (Baby Tooth Songs) for soprano and chamber orchestra, op. 17 (1973), and Krokodilslieder (Crocodile Songs), for baritone and chamber orchestra, op. 28 (1979), to his five children. Erőd composed orchestral works, such as a violin concerto, op. 15 (1973), a viola concerto, op. 30 (1979/80), a cello concerto, op. 80, premiered 2005 at the festival styriarte, a clarinet concerto, op. 88 (2011), as well as a double concerto for clarinet and bassoon, op. 72 (1999), Soirées imaginaires, op. 38 (1981), the Symphonie "From the Old World", op. 67 (1995). and the 2nd Symphonie, op. 75 (2001).

His children's opera Pünktchen und Anton, based on a popular novel by Erich Kästner from 1931, was first given in 2010 at the Children's Opera Tent of the Vienna State Opera.  Oper Köln (Cologne Opera) presented the first performance in Germany in February, 2021, following COVID-19 protocols required at the time.  The Oper Köln performance was video-recorded and streamed.

His chamber music includes three string quartets, op. 18, 26 and 78, two string sextets, op. 45 and 68, and Bukolika for chamber ensemble, op. 64 (1994), on Hungarian rural life. His first piano trio, op. 21, was written in 1976, his second trio op. 42 in 1982; he wrote a trio for clarinet, violin and piano op. 59 – commissioned by the Verdehr Trio – in 1991, as well as a piano quartet op. 54 in 1987; the two sonatas for violin and piano op. 14 (1970) and op. 74 (2000) are among the most popular of his works. He composed lieder, such as Canti di Ungaretti (1988) and "Vier Gesänge" op. 44. The song cycle Über der Asche zu singen, op. 65 (1994) reflects his family's persecution when he was a child.

In the 1970s and 1980s he was influenced by Jazz and Blues, which shows in his piano concerto, op. 19, in the second piano trio, op. 42 (1981/82), and in the Minnesota Sinfonietta op. 51. Some of his vocal works are more serious, such as the Vier Gesänge, op. 44 (1983), the song cycle Schwarzerde (Black Soil) for baritone and orchestra, op. 49 (1984/85), and the cantata Vox Lucis (Voice of the Light), op. 56 (1988/89).

Awards
 1962: Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition, Third Prize
 1970: Staatspreis für Musik
 1981: Musikpreis des Landes Steiermark (Music Prize of Styria)
 1986:
 2001: Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria (= 7th Class)
 2006: Honorary member of the  (Austrian Composers Association)
 2019: Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts' Gold Medal in the Arts

References

Sources
 Christian Heindl, "Eröd, Iván". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians online.

External links

 Iván Eröd (in German) Steirischer Tonkünstlerbund
 Iván Eröd (in Hungarian) Budapest Music Center
 Holender singt bei Kinderopern-Uraufführung in Staatsoper premiere of children's opera at the Vienna State Opera, 2010

1936 births
2019 deaths
Austrian male composers
Austrian composers
Austrian pianists
Hungarian composers
Hungarian male composers
Hungarian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Composers for piano
Musicians from Budapest
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Hungarian male musicians
Hungarian people of Jewish descent
Austrian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent


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