Ettington is a village and civil parish about  south-east of Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 1,171. The present village is on the A422 main road linking Stratford and Banbury. The A429 main road linking Warwick and Cirencester used to run through the village, and now uses a bypass just west of it. The Fosse Way Roman road (B4455 road) crosses the A422  east of the village.

Toponym
The toponym "Ettington" is derived from the Old English words ea for water and don for ascending ground or meadow. The name has evolved through several forms including Eatenden and Eatington. The latter is still used sometimes by locals. There used to be a Lower and Upper Ettington. Lower Ettington was beside the River Stour but was demolished in the 18th century. The present village is what used to be called Upper Ettington, and is on higher ground about  to the northeast.

Manors
The Domesday Book of 1086 records two manors. Lower Ettington was an estate of 17 hides whose Norman overlord was Henry de Ferrers. Ferrers' tenant was one Saswalo, whose grandson Sewallis moved to Shirley and took "Shirley" as his surname. The Shirley family has been a major landowner in Ettington ever since. Its present manor house, now known as Ettington Park Hotel, was probably built in the 17th century and extended in the 18th century. In 1824 it was remodelled to designs by the architects Thomas Rickman and Henry Hutchinson. In 1858–62 it was remodelled again to Gothic Revival designs by John Prichard and JP Seddon. It is a Grade I listed building and is now a hotel operated by Hand Picked Hotels. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer used it as a location in the 1963 horror film The Haunting.

Upper Ettington was an estate of three hides, held by one Turchil of Warwick. Upper Ettington's present manor house is in the village and is 17th century. In the parish  north of Upper Ettington was the manor and village of Thornton. Its manor house was built in the 16th century, altered in 1658 and is a Grade II* listed building. The village is now deserted and its site is a scheduled monument. Parliament passed an Inclosure Acts for Ettington in 1795 and its award was made in July 1797. Evelyn Shirley had Lower Ettington village demolished and the medieval preaching cross removed to clear his deer park for landscaping. Its water mill was demolished in 1798.

Churches

Church of England
Ettington has had three successive parish churches on different sites: the first at Lower Ettington and the second and third at Upper Ettington. In the Middle Ages there was also a chantry chapel at Upper Ettington. The original parish church of the Holy Trinity was in Lower Ettington. It is a 12th-century Norman building with later additions. Early in the 13th century Henry Shirley had an altar to St Nicholas erected in the church. As a result, the church is also known as St Nicholas'. A north aisle with a three-bay arcade was added in the 14th century. The windows on the south side of the nave were replaced in the 17th century. In the 16th-century Dissolution of the Monasteries the chantry at Upper Ettington was dissolved. Its chapel was converted into three almshouses, which were still in use in 1730. The building is now a thatched cottage, Rose Cottage.

In 1794 a parish vestry meeting decided to replace the ancient church in Lower Ettington with a new one in Upper Ettington, which had become the centre of population even before Evelyn Shirley had the old village demolished. In 1795 Parliament passed an act authorising this and in 1798 the new church of St Thomas of Canterbury was consecrated. The 12th-century church was abandoned, but in 1823 its south transept was restored as a mortuary chapel for the Shirleys. The rest of the original church, including its broad and distinctive tower, survives as a roofless ruin. It is a scheduled monument and a Grade I listed building. Its poor state means that it's on Historic England's Heritage at Risk Register . St Thomas' parish church was reputed to be the ugliest in Warwickshire.

A new Gothic Revival church to replace it was begun in 1902 and completed in 1903. The 18th-century church was demolished in 1913, except for the tower and west wall of the nave, which survive as a mortuary chapel. The tower of the present Holy Trinity parish church has a ring of four bells. Edward Newcombe, who had bell foundries at Leicester and Bedford, cast the treble and second bell for the original parish church in 1595. Richard I Purdue, who had bellfoundries in Somerset at Glastonbury and Berwick, cast the third bell in 1624. John Briant of Hertford cast the tenor bell in 1803, five years after St Thomas' church was built. Holy Trinity parish is part of the Stourdene Benefice, which includes also the parishes of Alderminster, Butlers Marston, Halford, Newbold on Stour and Pillerton Hersey.

Society of Friends
The Society of Friends had members in Ettington by 1664 and their founder George Fox preached at Lambcote farm in the parish in 1678. The Friends' burial ground was established in 1681. The meeting house was completed in 1684 and is a Grade II* listed building.

Chapels
A Congregational chapel was built in 1804 and enlarged in 1846. It is now a private house. A Methodist chapel was built in 1836 and was still being used for worship in 1949.

Economic and social history
The composer and organist Dr William Croft (1678–1727) was born in Ettington and baptised in the 13th-century parish church. The East and West Junction Railway from  to  was built through the area and opened on 1 July 1873. Ettington railway station was at Thornton,  north of the village. Under The Reshaping of British Railways the station was closed in 1963 followed by the line in 1965.

Amenities
Ettington  has one  pub, the Chequers. The parish has a Church of England primary school. There is a village shop and post office. Ettington Rovers is an amateur football club that plays in the Leamington Spa and District Sunday League.

References

Sources

External links

Ettington Parish Community Website
The Stourdene Benefice
Photos of Ettington and surrounding area on Geograph

Civil parishes in Warwickshire
Villages in Warwickshire


Ralph Ray Wallace III (July 27, 1949 – February 1, 2008) was a Houston, Texas, legislator who represented neighborhoods around Hobby Airport for 15 years in the Texas House of Representatives. Wallace was a lifelong Democrat and he served from 1977 to 1992. After retiring, Wallace held several different jobs including driving a tractor-trailer rig.

Wallace died on February 1, 2008, in Livingston, Texas. His sister, Kathy Wallace Hunt said that he had been in ill health from accidents he suffered while working as a truck driver. She said the cause of his death was unknown.

References

1949 births
2008 deaths
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Politicians from Houston
20th-century American politicians


The Crazy Nights World Tour was a concert tour by American hard rock band Kiss in support of their fourteenth studio album Crazy Nights.

Background
Based on how successful the single "Crazy Crazy Nights" was in the United Kingdom, the group had performed on the Monsters of Rock Festival at Castle Donington in England, performing alongside Guns N' Roses, David Lee Roth, Iron Maiden and Megadeth. Simmons was set to audition as a villain in the 1989 film Licence to Kill but had dropped out from auditioning, citing commitments to the band touring in Europe.

In the tour program for the band's final tour, Stanley reflected on the tour:

Reception
Garth Trimble, a reporter from the Spokane Daily Chronicle who had attended the performance in Spokane, had opened his review with a headline that the band had 'staged a circus, but lacked excitement'. He noted on the set design being simple as well as the members performing well, but not outstanding. He however, noted that the show had lacked an explosive energy, and had noted on the awful sound of the Coliseum, which he stated was typical. In a closing statement, he said that the group's music wasn't strong enough to carry a show on its own, stating that it was perhaps time for the members to grow up.

Aaron Roberts, a staff writer from the Observer-Reporter, had attended the Pittsburgh performance, gave the show a positive review. He opened by stating that the band had thrilled the audience with a blend of both classic and new songs. He praised Kulick on his speed and skill during his guitar solo as well as stating how equally impressed he was on Carr's drum solo. He noted on the audience being a blend of teenagers and young adults, who previously got into Kiss as teens - citing their reactions that it didn't matter that 'only half of the original group' was performing the classic songs, as well as the cheers and the 'glow of hundreds of lighters' to bring the band back on stage for an encore.

Setlist
These are example setlists for what was played at a show, and may not represent the majority of shows on the tour.

1987 North American Setlist
"Love Gun"
"Cold Gin"
"Bang Bang You"
"Fits Like a Glove"
"Crazy Crazy Nights"
"No, No, No"
"War Machine"
"Reason to Live"
"Heaven's on Fire"
"I Love It Loud"
"Lick It Up"
"Rock and Roll All Nite"
Encore
"Tears Are Falling"
"Detroit Rock City"

1988 North American Setlist
"Love Gun"
"Cold Gin"
"Bang Bang You"
"Fits Like a Glove"
"Crazy Crazy Nights"
"War Machine"
"Reason to Live"
"Heaven's on Fire"
"I Love It Loud"
"Lick It Up"
"Shout It Out Loud"
Encore
"Rock and Roll All Nite"
"Tears Are Falling"
"Detroit Rock City"

Japanese Setlist
"Love Gun"
"Cold Gin"
"Bang Bang You"
"Calling Dr. Love"
"Fits Like a Glove"
"Crazy Crazy Nights"
"No, No, No"
"Reason to Live"
"Heaven's on Fire"
"War Machine"
"Tears Are Falling"
"I Love It Loud"
"Lick It Up"
"Black Diamond"
"I Was Made for Lovin' You"
"Shout It Out Loud"
Encore
"Strutter"
"Rock and Roll All Nite"
"Detroit Rock City"

European Setlist
"Love Gun"
"Fits Like a Glove"
"Heaven's on Fire"
"Cold Gin"
"Black Diamond"
"Bang Bang You"
"No, No, No"
"Firehouse"
"Crazy Crazy Nights"
"I Was Made for Lovin' You"
"Deuce"
"Reason to Live"
"Tears Are Falling"
"I Love It Loud"
"Strutter"
"Shout It Out Loud"
Encore
"Lick It Up"
"Rock and Roll All Nite"
"Detroit Rock City"

Tour dates

Cancelled dates

Box office score data

Personnel
 Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar
 Gene Simmons – vocals, bass
 Eric Carr – drums, vocals
 Bruce Kulick – lead guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
Additional musician
 Gary Corbett – keyboards

References

Sources

1987 concert tours
1988 concert tours
Kiss (band) concert tours


Cantus Arcticus, Op. 61, is a 1972 orchestral composition by the Finnish composer Einojuhani Rautavaara. It is one of his best-known works.

Subtitled Concerto for Birds and Orchestra, it incorporates tape recordings of birdsong recorded near the Arctic Circle, and on the bogs of Liminka, in northern Finland.

The work is in three movements: The bog opens with a flute duet, after which the birds join in, followed by the other woodwinds. The second movement, Melancholy, features a slowed-down recording of the song of the shore lark. The final movement, Swans migrating, takes the form of a long crescendo for orchestra, with the sounds of whooper swans. At the end both birdsong and orchestra fade, as if into the distance.

Cantus Arcticus was commissioned by the University of Oulu for its first doctoral degree ceremony and premièred on 18 October 1972 with Stephen Portman conducting.

References

External links
Fennica Gehrman home page (Publisher)

Compositions by Einojuhani Rautavaara
1972 compositions
Concertos
University of Oulu
Culture of the Arctic
Commissioned music


"The Missing Shade of Blue" is an example introduced by the Scottish philosopher David Hume to show that it is at least conceivable that the mind can generate an idea without first being exposed to the relevant sensory experience. It is regarded as a problem by philosophers because it appears to stand in direct contradiction to what Hume had just written.

The source of the problem
In both A Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, philosopher David Hume argues that all perceptions of the mind can be classed as either 'Impressions' or 'Ideas'. He further argues that:

The problem of the missing shade of blue arises because just two paragraphs later Hume seems to provide just such an idea. He says:

Responses to the problem
Some philosophers take Hume to task for presenting such a clear counter-example and then dismissing it as insignificant. Pritchard says:

Other philosophers take a more generous view of Hume's position. Jenkins says:

It is sometimes said that the problem is even more severe than Hume thinks. Hume claims that this instance is 'singular', but Alexander Broadie writes:

However, as Williams points out, Hume's own words imply that he was fully aware of this. Hume begins the relevant paragraph by talking about both sounds and colours. In addition, when first introducing the missing shade of blue he says, "except one particular shade of blue, for instance". The words "for instance" show that he could easily have chosen a different example. When he later says, "this instance is so singular, that it is scarcely worth our observing" he cannot be referring to this particular example, but rather to the type of exception that it represents.

When Hume says, "Let all the different shades of that colour, except that single one, be placed before him," he is assuming that colours are composed of a set of distinct independent hues, when in reality they form a continuum.  However, Fogelin suggests, "Perhaps the reason that Hume does not see this is that he is thinking about the ideas of objects and not about objects themselves. In particular, he may hold that the notion of an indistinguishable difference between ideas make no sense. There is nothing more to an idea than that which can be discerned within it. If this is Hume's position, then the notion that two ideas can be different without being discernibly different would be a contradiction in terms."

Suggested solutions
A fully adequate solution to the problem will have the following features. It will:

 Recognise that Hume believed the problem to be a genuine counter-example;
 Recognise that Hume included the example for a purpose;
 Provide an explanation that harmonizes well with other features of Hume's epistemology.

The problem has been tackled in various ways:

Mental mixing
Mental mixing is the solution proposed by Morris.  The idea here is that just as paints are mixed to produce the range of colour swatches found in a hardware store, so it should be possible for colours to be mixed in the mind in some kind of analogous way. However, without further argument it is not obvious that we are endowed with any such ability and, if we were, it is not clear why it would be limited to the mixing of closely related impressions; yet, if this were not the case, then, contrary to what Morris says, it would open the floodgates to a range of philosophically suspect ideas.

Colours as complex ideas
Another way of dissolving the problem has been to suggest that colours might also be regarded as complex ideas. This is tempting since Hume has only spoken of "the faculty of compounding, transposing, augmenting, or diminishing the materials afforded us by the senses." That 'augmenting' and 'diminishing' do not apply only to physical size is clear from the way Hume suggests that our idea of God "arises from reflecting on the operations of our own mind, and augmenting, without limit, those qualities of goodness and wisdom." However, this fails our third criterion, for Hume clearly distinguishes between complex ideas and simple ideas in a way that excludes the possibility of colours being complex. In the treatise (Book1, Part1, Section1), Hume writes:

It does not undermine Hume's main concern
Hume's lack of concern might be explained by the fact that, although it contradicts the claim that all simple ideas are preceded by simple impressions, this is not a problem because it is not Hume's primary concern.  This answer draws attention to what Hume says at the end of Section 2 of the Enquiries:

The fact that this contradicts Hume's explicitly stated purpose is explained by arguing that the Treatise has to be understood as a gradual unfolding of his views. The problem is that Hume never makes this clear, and if this is the way it is meant to be read then, as Williams says, "The narrative character of the Treatise is...disguised...by the superficial resemblance of the former to Locke's Essay...  Also, there is the fact that he drops the problem in the same way in the Enquiry, which arguably lacks the narrative character of the Treatise."

The exception really is singular
Fogelin argues  that the reason this exception is a genuine exception that can be safely ignored is because despite being simple ideas, colours and shades can be organised into a highly organised colour space, (and that sounds and tastes, etc., can be similarly organised.) Hume allows that some simple ideas can be seen to be similar to one another without them sharing anything in common. The proviso that they do not share anything in common is important because otherwise this feature might be separated off and this would show that the original idea was in fact complex. In a note added to the Treatise commenting on abstract ideas Hume says:

It is this very ability to recognize similarity that enables us to arrange the shades of blue in order and to notice that two adjoining shades differ more than any two other adjoining shades. If it be allowed that the notion of hue can arise through abstraction even though it cannot in any instance be separated from a given example, then it may be fairly argued that the ability to fill a gap in the colour space is quite a different matter to coming up with an isolated idea without any prior impression. It would certainly still be the case that the ability to conjure up the idea of the missing shade of blue is dependent on at least some prior impressions.

The problem with this claim is that there needs to be some way of showing that the exception really is limited and will not affect the important general claim that ideas depend on impressions. Suppose, therefore, a person to have enjoyed his sight for thirty years, and to have become perfectly acquainted with regular polygons of all kinds except the one having five sides...

Hume needs an exception
By whatever means the idea of the missing shade is to be created, there is still the question of why Hume takes such pains to present the example to his readers. Of course, it may just be that Hume was aware of it as an exception and was being open and honest. On the other hand, Nelson  suggests the intriguing possibility that far from being an oversight or an embarrassment to his wider project, the missing shade of blue example turns out to be crucial. Later Hume will divide all objects of human reason into 'Relations of Ideas' and 'Matters of Fact'. The former are certain and do not necessarily say anything about what actually exists in the world; the latter do make claims about the world, but "the contrary of every matter of fact is still possible". With this in mind it can be asked what status holds for the claim that "all our ideas or more feeble perceptions are copies of our impressions or more lively ones". If this is a Relation of Ideas, then it does not necessarily say anything true about the world, and this will not suit Hume's purpose at all; if it is a Matter of Fact, then the contrary must be possible. The inconsequential hypothetical possibility that we are able to raise up to ourselves the idea of the missing shade of blue, even if in practice this does not ever happen, will ensure that Hume's description of the origin of ideas is grounded in fact.

However, what is required of matters of fact is the logical possibility that they could be other than they are, not the practical possibility. This being the case, it is not necessary to construct an elaborately worked out example; it would be sufficient to say that we might have been constituted differently.

A singular exception doesn't really change the probability of Hume's thesis
Hume states that the model of rationality that humans use and must use with regard to reasonings concerning matters of fact is not classical logic, but rather some kind of probabilistic logic where we associate a probability to factual statements (indeed, recalling Locke, Hume calls reasoning about matters of fact as merely probable, and contrasts it with the demonstrative kind of reasoning that instead concerns relations of ideas). This is  especially clear in Hume's treatment of miracles in Section X of the Enquiry, in which he claims that the probability of a certain factual thesis (in this case the thesis that "miracles do occur") is and must be evaluated by weighting all the evidences in favour of it with all the contrary evidences.

Since Hume's thesis that "all simple ideas come from simple impressions" is a matter of fact (ie. a factual statement), we can associate a probability to it. And the only way of evaluating the probability of this thesis is by weighting all the evidences. Since, except the "missing shade of blue", all the countless other direct evidences favour it, the influence (via Bayes theorem) of this singular contrary evidence on the probability of Hume's thesis can reasonably be expected to be minimal. And that's why Hume can reasonably say that this contrary evidence can be disregarded
or, as he puts it, that «it is scarcely worth our observing, and does not merit, that for it alone we should alter our general maxim».

Against such interpretation is the fact that Hume himself in Section II calls the "missing shade of blue" as a «proof, that the simple ideas are not always, in every instance, derived from the correspondent impressions», where in Section VI he defines "proof" as not a demonstrative argument but as an argument from experience that «leaves no room for doubt or opposition». If Hume is using his terminology consistently across sections, then his use of the term "proof" in reference to the "missing shade of blue" would imply that its effect on the probability of the thesis would not at all be minimal, but rather that it would enormously decrease it to the point of "leaving no room" in favour of the thesis itself.

See also
 Color vision
 Mary's room
 New riddle of induction

References

External links

Nelson, J.O. "Hume's Missing Shade of Blue Re-viewed", Hume Studies Volume XV Number 2(November 1989
An Interactive Exploration of Hume's Missing Shade of Blue

Cognitive science literature
David Hume
Thought experiments in philosophy of mind


Rob Brzezinski is an American football executive who is the executive vice president of football operations for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). Brzezinski has previously held various roles with the Vikings since 1999.

Early life and education

Brzezinski earned degrees from Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, a Juris Doctor in 1995 and a Bachelor of Science in education in 1992. In addition, Brzezinski is a member of the Florida Bar.

Executive career

Miami Dolphins
In 1993, Brzezinski was hired by the Miami Dolphins as a staff counsel and salary cap manager. He would go on to serve in this role for six seasons (1993–1998).

Minnesota Vikings
In 1999, Brzezinski was hired by the Minnesota Vikings as their director of football administration. In 2001, he was promoted to vice president of football administration. Brzezinski was promoted to executive vice president of football operations.

Personal life
Brzezinski is married to Leah, who has earned a doctoral degree in education. They have 6 children: Ki, Grace, Lydia, Jae, Anna, and Rose. The Brzezinski family founded Arete Academy (www.areteacademymn.org) in 2014, a school in Minnesota dedicated to educating students who are twice exceptional and are active in the community raising awareness for adoption-related causes..

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Miami Dolphins executives
Minnesota Vikings executives
Nova Southeastern University alumni


Yakawlang (also romanized as Yakaolang) () was a city of 65,000 people (est. 2000) in Yakawlang District, Bamyan Province, Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Yakawlang District with an altitude of . It was significantly destroyed by military forces in 2000–2001.

History
Yakawlang was captured from the Taliban by the United Front forces (Hezbe Wahdat and Harakat Islami) on 28 December 2000, but was recaptured by the Taliban in early January 2001. Following its recapture, there were reports of mass arrests and summary executions carried out from 8–12 January 2001. A number of aid agency personnel and a United Nations staff member were among those who were killed.

Climate

Yakawlang experiences a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dsb) under the Köppen climate classification, with warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.

See also
 Yakawlang District
 Bamyan Province

Notes

Populated places in Bamyan Province
Bamyan Province
Hazarajat


The Ruger LCP (Lightweight Compact Pistol) is a subcompact .380 ACP pocket pistol manufactured by Sturm, Ruger & Co. It was introduced at the 2008 SHOT Show.

Overview
With an overall length of  and weighing only , this is Ruger's first entry into the field of tiny, ultra-light defensive pistols. The LCP, which stands for "Lightweight Compact Pistol", was designed in direct response to customer requests for a compact firearm for use by police as a back-up, and a defensive handgun for civilian concealed carry needs.

The pistol has a glass-filled nylon frame, a two-finger grip, and a through-hardened blued steel slide. It is similar in appearance to the Kel-Tec P-3AT, which weighs , and features a similar tension spring for the lightweight hammer, an identical locked breech mechanism, and a similar takedown method. The main differences are the Glock style extractor and the incorporation of an external slide stop on the LCP. It is also possible to tell if there is a round chambered by looking at the "view hole" next to the extractor.

In 2013, a seven-round extended magazine was released for the LCP.

Restrictions
The pistol lacks certain features required for sale in California or Massachusetts.

Recall
On October 29, 2008, Ruger announced a recall of some of the LCP pistols with serial number prefixes less than "371-xxxxx" due to the possibility of some of the guns discharging if dropped onto a hard surface. The recall announcement stated that Ruger would upgrade the hammer system, make other unspecified improvements, and compensate the owner by providing a grip extension, which may be attached to the provided magazine.

Variants

Coyote Special edition
In April 2010, Texas Governor Rick Perry brought further spotlight to the weapon when he used it to shoot a coyote that was menacing him and his daughter's Labrador retriever during a morning jog near Austin. Neither Perry, his daughter, or his dog were injured, and the governor claims to have left the dead coyote where it fell, stating that "he became mulch". Ruger has since released a "Coyote Special" edition of the gun to commemorate Perry's encounter.

Second Generation
In 2013, Ruger modified the original LCP to include more prominent sights and a shortened trigger pull. The second generation LCP pistols can be identified by serial numbers which lack the hyphen that was present in the serials of first generation LCPs.

LCP Custom

In 2015, Ruger introduced the LCP Custom model. It is easily distinguishable by its red hard anodized aluminum trigger which features a shorter improved geometry pull. The LCP Custom also features improved higher profile sights. The replaceable front sight is attached in the same manner as a Glock front sight, and is compatible with the Glock sight removal tool. The rear sight is also replaceable and is affixed with a dove tail slot. The front sight of the LCP Custom is phosphorescent "glow in the dark", while the rear sight is plain black. This model was discontinued with the introduction of the LCP II.

LCP II

Introduced on October 6, 2016, the slightly larger LCP II features a number of updates, including locking the slide back when empty. The LCP II is compatible with the original 6-round LCP magazines (but not the extended 7-round magazines), however, it will not lock the slide back when using original LCP magazines, as the original LCP lacked the feature.

LCP Max
In June 2021, Ruger introduced a new double stack model, the LCP Max. It weighs , is  wide, and is capable of holding 10 rounds (12 rounds in an extended magazine). It also features improved magazine feed lips, feed ramp, extractor, barrel cam geometries, slide serrations, a Tritium "night sight" on the front, and a reversible magazine release.

See also
 Ruger LCR
 Ruger LC9
 Ruger LC380

References

External links
LCP at Ruger official website
Video review of LCP

.380 ACP semi-automatic pistols
Ruger semi-automatic pistols
Semi-automatic pistols of the United States
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2008


Zahira Zahir is a Washington barber and cosmetologist.
Zahira's salon is in the Watergate hotel.  She is known for cutting the hair of
United States President George W. Bush.  The President's nickname for her is Z.

Early life
Zahira is the daughter of
Abdul Zahir, who was the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1971 to 1972. An ethnic Pashtun, she is also the older sister of Ahmad Zahir, called the "Afghan Elvis". Zahira is a graduate of, and later a teacher at, Zarghuna High School, reported to have been the leading school for girls in Kabul.

Life in the United States
Zahira moved to the United States in 1975, when her husband was Afghanistan's envoy to the United Nations.

After the Communist coup in 1978 her brother was murdered, her father put under house arrest, and all her family's assets were seized.

Around the time of the Communist coup in Afghanistan she and her husband separated.

Zahira described working for Milton Pitts, President Ronald Reagan's barber, accompanying him to the White House to give the President a manicure while he got his hair cut, and being asked whether Reagan should authorize giving the Afghan resistance stinger missiles.

Zahira also started cutting George H. W. Bush's hair, as well as Barbara Bush, Reagan, Margaret Thatcher and other dignitaries.  She described feeling hurt by the number of customers she lost following al Qaeda's attacks on September 11, 2001, and being brought to tears by George H.W. Bush's thoughtfulness.  He contacted her personally, following the attacks, telling her:

When he learned of the prejudice she was experiencing he sent her an autographed photo, and organized autographed photos from several other Presidents who knew her.

Legacy

In 2003, Zahira raised funds to restore schools for girls in Kabul.

References

External links
www.zahiraschools.org

Pashtun women
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Afghan emigrants to the United States
People from Washington, D.C.
Barbers
Pashtun people


Zhang Hongfan () (1238–1280) was a Chinese military general of the Mongol Empire. As commander of the Mongol army and navy, he annihilated the Southern Song by crushing the last Song resistance at the Battle of Yamen in 1279, where he is said to have captured 8000 enemy vessels. He is also known for capturing the Song loyalist Wen Tianxiang (1236–1283).

Zhang was born in Dingxing, in present-day Hebei province. Dingxing had been part of the Liao empire and Jin empire and was part of the Mongol empire at the time of his birth. His father, Zhang Rou, led local forces defending against the Mongols in the dying days of the Jin Dynasty, but switched his allegiance to the Mongols in 1218 and was later ennobled by the Yuan Dynasty.

Although some later books and retellings claim that Zhang was a traitor who turned against the Song Dynasty, this is not historically accurate, since Zhang's place of birth had not been part of the Song empire and his family had served the Jin, then the Mongols. Some historians claim  that Zhang was related to Zhang Shijie, the Song general who lost the Battle of Yamen against the Mongols before dying in a storm, as Zhang Shijie's family was also from present day Hebei under Jin rule.

Deng Guangjian, a fellow townsman of Wen Tianxiang, was tutor to Zhang Hongfan's family after he was rescued from attempting to drown himself at the Battle of Yamen. In his biography of Wen Tianxiang, Deng Guangjian describes Zhang Hongfan as courteous and friendly towards Wen after his capture. On his deathbed, Zhang had also pleaded with the Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan to spare the life of Wen Tianxiang. Aside from these descriptions in Wen's biography, Deng also wrote a preface to Zhang's various collected writings.

References

1238 births
1280 deaths
Generals from Hebei
Song dynasty generals
Yuan dynasty generals


Wendy Quirk (born May 29, 1959) is a former competition swimmer who represented Canada in international swimming events during the 1970s.  Quirk won eleven medals in major international swimming championships, spanning the FINA World Championships, Pan American Games and Commonwealth Games.

International career

In her international debut as a 16-year-old, Quirk represented Canada at the 1975 Pan American Games in Mexico City, where she won a bronze medal for her third-place finish in the 100-metre butterfly.  The following year at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Quirk placed fifth overall in the 200-metre butterfly, sixth overall in the 100-metre butterfly, and ninth overall in the 400-metre and 800-metre freestyle events.

At the 1978 Commonwealth Games held in Edmonton, Alberta, Quirk won three gold medals in the 100-metre butterfly, 4x100-metre freestyle relay, and the 4x100-metre medley relay, a silver medal in the 200-metre butterfly, and a bronze medal in the 100-metre freestyle.  Later that same year, she won bronze medals for her performances in the 100-metre butterfly and 4x100-metre freestyle relay in the 1978 World Aquatics Championships.  In her final international appearance at the 1979 Pan American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico, she won a pair of silver medals as a member of the Canadian relay teams in the 4x100-metre freestyle and 4x100-metre medley events, together with two bronze medals in individual events, the 100-metre butterfly and 400-metre freestyle.

College career

Quirk attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where she swam for the Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition under coach Randy Reese in 1977 and 1978.  During her two-year American college career, she received five All-American honors.  She also attended and graduated from the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta.

See also

 List of University of Alberta alumni
 List of University of Florida Olympians
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)

References

External links

 Official Results for Wendy Quirk

1959 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian female butterfly swimmers
Canadian female freestyle swimmers
Florida Gators women's swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Canada
Swimmers from Montreal
Swimmers at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1979 Pan American Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
20th-century Canadian women
Medallists at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1978 Commonwealth Games


Erioneuron is a genus of New World plants in the grass family native to southern North America and southern South America. They are sometimes called by the common name woollygrass. These are tufty grasses with hairy spikelets.

 Species
 Erioneuron avenaceum (Kunth) Tateoka - shortleaf woollygrass -  United States (AZ NM TX), Mexico (from Chihuahua to Oaxaca)
 Erioneuron pilosum (Buckley) Nash - hairy woollygrass -  United States (AZ NM TX OK KS CO UT NV CA), Mexico (from Chihuahua to Oaxaca), Argentina, Bolivia

 formerly included
 Erioneuron pulchellum - Dasyochloa pulchella

References

Chloridoideae
Poaceae genera


Wales International Film Festival (WalesIFF) is a film festival held in Gwyn Hall in Neath, Wales. It was founded in 2017 by Euros Jones-Evans and Samira Mohamed Ali.

References

External links
Official Website

Film festivals in Wales
British film awards
Awards established in 2017
2017 establishments in Wales
Annual events in Wales
Film festivals established in 2017


WYA may refer to:
Earl Lindo or Wya, Jamaican reggae musician
Whyalla Airport in Whyalla, South Australia
Where You At (disambiguation)

See also
WYAS (disambiguation)


Thakkar is a Hindu Indian family name under the Hindu. Alternative spellings of the name include Thakker, Thaker, Thakkar, Thakrar and Thacker.  The surname is widely used in the state of Gujarat.

Society and culture

Thakkars are mainly situated in the state of Gujarat in India. There are also thousands of Thakkars that reside in South Africa and East African countries, which migrated to the continent in the 19th and 20th centuries. Many Thakkar were also expelled from Uganda under Idi Amin's regime and moved back to India or the United Kingdom.

Notable people
Ashish Thakkar (born 1981), British businessman
Bhavin Thakkar (born 1982), Indian cricketer
C. K. Thakker (born 1943), Indian judge
Fagun Thakrar (born 1991), British actress
Jayaben Thakkar (born 1952), Indian politician
Natwar Thakkar (1932-2018), Indian social worker
Pankit Thakker (born 1981), Indian actor
Praful Thakkar (born 1940), Indian collector and writer
Rajesh Thakker (born 1954), British doctor
Rakhee Thakrar (born 1984]), British actress
Samay Raj Thakkar (born 1966), Indian actor
Shital Thakkar (born 1962), Indian television actress
Tanvi Thakkar (born 1985), Indian actress
Vaishali Thakkar (born 1964), Indian actress
Vinita Joshi Thakkar (born 1989), Indian actress
 Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, known as Thakkar Bapa (born 1869), Indian social worker
Amitkumar Prakashbhai  Thakkar (born 1988), Indian Techie

References

Surnames of Indian origin
Gujarati-language surnames
Surnames of Hindu origin
Vaishya community


The following is a list of ecoregions in Kenya, as identified by the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).

Terrestrial ecoregions
by major habitat type

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

 East African montane forests
 Albertine Rift montane forests

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

 East Sudanian savanna
 Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets
 Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic
 Victoria Basin forest–savanna mosaic

Flooded grasslands and savannas

 East African halophytics
 Zambezian flooded grasslands

Montane grasslands and shrublands

 East African montane moorlands
 Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands

Freshwater ecoregions
by bioregion

Nilo-Sudan

 Upper Nile

Great Lakes

 Lakes Kivu, Edward, George, and Victoria

References
 Burgess, Neil, Jennifer D’Amico Hales, Emma Underwood (2004). Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.
 Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.

Uganda
Ecoregions


Ompah is a village in eastern Ontario, Canada, located in the township of North Frontenac, approximately  southwest of Ottawa. The village is situated close to many lakes including Palmerston Lake, Canonto Lake, Sunday Lake, and Mosque Lake.

Ompah is located along a traditional Native portage between Palmerston Lake and the Mississippi River, roughly along what is now River Road. Ompah is located on Highway 509 between Plevna and Snow Road Station along the original  "Snow Road".

Ompah's claim to fame was the Ompah Stomp, a weekend long party held every Labour Day weekend from 1978 to 1999. It would typically feature popular country music stars. The stomp was shut down after interest declined due to the rising popularity of the Havelock Country Jamboree in nearby Havelock, Ontario.

An old fire tower once stood south of the village and was known as Ompah Tower back in the 1950s.

Etymology

The community name derives from Algonquian for "long step" or "long portage."

Amenities

Amenities include a fire station, library, helipad, marina.

There was once a motel, tavern and a general store, but they have all been closed for various reasons.

References

Communities in Frontenac County


Habari  was a free and open source blog engine written in PHP and currently supports MySQL, SQLite and PostgreSQL for the database backend. It got its name from the Swahili greeting habari, which means "(what's the) news".

The last release was on September 16, 2014. The Habari website is no longer working, but the source code is still available on the project's GitHub page.

Features
 Modular, object-oriented core for easy extensibility
 Supports multiple database backends
 Uses prepared statements throughout to protect against SQL injection attacks
 Media silos to directly access various ways of media storage, like Flickr, or the server's file system
 Atom Publishing Protocol support
 Multiple users (authors) supported
 Multiple sites on one installation supported (such as blog1.example.com and blog2.example.com) (note, however, that Habari does not yet support multiple blogs on one domain such as http://example.com/blog1 and http://example.com/blog2
 Support for static content ("pages")
 Plugin support
 Tag support
 WordPress importer

History
The Habari project was started in October 2006 to develop a modern blogging platform. The focus is on utilizing current technology, such as PHP 5, PHP Data Objects, and object-oriented programming, and the support of modern standards, such as the Atom Publishing Protocol.

The first "developer release" was released on April 3, 2007. Habari 0.2 followed on August 4, version 0.3 on November 5, version 0.4 on February 22, version 0.5 on July 27, 2008, version 0.6 on April 6, 2009, version 0.7 on April 1, 2011, version 0.8 on 13 December 2011, version 0.9 on 20 November 2012, version 0.9.1 on April 3, 2013, version 0.9.2 on September 16, 2014.

Habari was a finalist in the 2008 SourceForge Community Choice Awards in the category of Best New Project.

Release history
This table contains the release history of Habari.

References

External links
 Announcement at chrisjdavis.org
 BloggingPro: Habari, A New Blogging Tool
 Mention by Matt Mullenweg, WordPress head developer
 Smashing Magazine: 10 Weblog Engines Reviewed Honorable Mention

Blog software
Free software programmed in PHP
Free content management systems
Content management systems
Website management


Eriophorum gracile is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family, Cyperaceae. It is known by the common name slender cottongrass, or slender cottonsedge. Eriophorum gracile is a plant with circumboreal distribution, extending south into mountain ranges of the Northern Hemisphere. It grows in wet areas such as bogs.

Eriophorum gracile is a thin, tall perennial herb with a slender, rounded, solid, mostly naked stem reaching 30 to 60 centimeters in height. It produces a fluffy inflorescence atop its stem with a wispy, cottony white flower. The plants grow in colonies, often spreading vegetatively by rhizome.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment

gracile
Plants described in 1799
Flora of Asia
Flora of Northern America
Flora of Europe


Theatre New Brunswick is the only English language professional theatre company in New Brunswick, Canada. It began operation in 1968, and has been successfully operating since that time.

Artistic directors
Walter Learning (1968-1978)
Malcolm Black (1978-1984)
Janet Amos (1984-1988)
Sharon Pollock (1988-1990)
Michael Shamata (1990-1995)
Walter Learning (1995-1999)
David Sherrin (1999-2003)
Scott Burke (2003-2005)
Claude Giroux (2005-2006)
Leigh Rivenbark (2006-2009)
Caleb Marshall (2009–2014)
Thomas Morgan Jones (2015-2018)
Natasha MacLellan (2018–present)

2023-2024 Repertoire

 Wood Buffalo - by Len Frankenstein
 All I Want for Christmas - by Rebecca Northan
 Becca - by Melanie Léger
 Sidewalk Chalk - by Cliff Cardinal
 Beneath Springhill - by Beau Dixon, with music and lyrics provided by Rob Fortan and Susan Newman

References

External links

Theatre companies in New Brunswick
Theatre festivals in Canada
1968 establishments in New Brunswick


Cullivoe (Old Norse: Kollavágr - Bay of Kolli),  is a village on Yell in the Shetland Islands. It is in the north east of the island, near Bluemull Sound, not far from Unst.

Cullivoe is a fishing port, and was formerly the ferry terminal for Unst, before ro-ro ferries - the terminal is now at Gutcher. However the harbour, built in 1991, remains the most active on the island and one of the largest UK fishing ports by UK vessels. Strawberries are also grown, at Cullivoe, in polythene tunnels.

The ruined church of St Olaf and cemetery give the place an historical air. The Sands of Breckon composed of crushed shells are near here.

Cullivoe holds an annual Up Helly Aa, on the last Friday in February. Cullivoe also has its own dance band, once fronted by the late Willie Hunter, as well as the Cullivoe Fiddlers, highlighting traditional Shetland music.

References

External links

Undiscovered Scotland - Cullivoe

Villages in Yell, Shetland
Fishing communities in Scotland


The Public Academy for Performing Arts (PAPA) is a charter school is located in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

PAPA offers many courses to its students in grades six through twelve. PAPA offers ballet, jazz, flamenco, hip-hop, and contemporary dance, choir, band, orchestra, theater, visual arts, film making and photography. They used to offer fencing and cheerleading, as well as karate, but those courses were dropped due to budget cuts.  One can go on to their website and donate.

Governing Council
Although it is part of the Albuquerque Public Schools District, PAPA is a charter school, and as such is responsible for its own operation, including preparation of a budget, contracting for services and personnel matters. We fear the day. To this point, PAPA is governed by a Governing Council which sets policies for the school in accordance with its charter. PAPA's Governing Council currently consists of parents and community members with faculty and staff as advisory, non-voting members.  The Governing Council meets monthly, with dates, times and location bring posted on the PAPA notice board and web site.

Admission to PAPA
Admission to PAPA is by lottery, and participation in the lottery system is open to all students throughout New Mexico. Current PAPA students are automatically entitled to enroll the following year, without participation in the lottery. Siblings or current students (who have attended PAPA at least one year) will have priority for admission in future years, subject purely to space availability. We fear the day.

Performing Arts at PAPA
- PAPA hosts an annual Spring Dance Show every school year and one to two musicals every school year

- Senior Showcase is a production that allows seniors to show what they did during their years at PAPA

- Dance - Including Hip-Hop, Jazz, Contemporary, Ballet, and Flamenco.
- Film And Media - Yearbook, Broadcasting
- Theatre - Drama, Productions, Musical Theatre
- Music - Choir, Guitar, Band, Orchestra, Music Technology, and Music Theory, and Piano.
- Visual Arts

References

External links
 Official school website

High schools in Albuquerque, New Mexico
Charter schools in New Mexico
Public high schools in New Mexico
Public middle schools in New Mexico


Ryan Dacko (born 1978) is an independent filmmaker based in Syracuse, New York. Dacko served in the United States Coast Guard and used his free time while on a tour of duty at Antarctica to create the screenplay of And I Lived, a melodrama about high school lovers threatened by peer pressure and class warfare.
And I Lived debuted at the B-Movie Film Festival in 2005 and won two awards.

In 2007, Dacko premiered Plan 9 from Syracuse, a documentary that followed his attempt to gain attention from a prominent film producer by staging a cross-country run from Syracuse to Hollywood. The film received screenings on the U.S. film festival circuit and won awards for Best Picture and Best Director at the 2008 New Haven Underground Film Festival. Plan 9 from Syracuse was released in August 2008 on DVD by SRS Cinema.

The Jaws Obsession & The Book of Quint
On the December 8th 2021, Ryan released the first episode of "The Jaws Obsession" podcast was released. The podcast focuses on exploring every aspect of the 1975 classic blockbuster "Jaws", both the on-set and in-universe. On May 7, 2022, in episode 20 it was revealed that Ryan had completed the writing on his novel "The Book of Quint" based on the character portrayed on screen by Robert Shaw. On the same episode it was revealed that an Indiegogo campaign was launched. On June 27, Ryan revealed that the campaign grossed 3,000$, officially granting a limited run in October of the same year. Later that year, Ryan revealed that 300 books were printed.

On October 3, 2022, in "The Jaws Obsession" Episode 41, titled "Premission Granted!", Ryan revelaed that he was granted permission by Benchley IP, LLC to move the novel into publication.

On February 24, 2023, Ryan revealed via Instagram that "The Book of Quint" is represented by William Pettit Literary Agency.

To share with you, prove to you, convince you, or remind you, that JAWS is the greatest movie of all time.

- The Jaws Obsession

References

External links

 WCNY-TV interview
 Plan 9 from Syracuse website

Living people
Artists from Syracuse, New York
1978 births


Leopold Trebitsch Memorial Tournament was a chess competition organized by the family of Austrian silk manufacturer Leopold Trebitsch. Twenty tournaments were played in Vienna between 1907 and 1938.

Wealthy industrialist Leopold Trebitsch (1842–1906) was a lover of chess and a patron of chess competitions. His family advanced the considerable sum of 100,000 kronen to the Vienna Chess Club (Wiener Schachklub) to organize a series of tournaments. Since Trebitsch died one month before the start of the first tournament, the competitions were named in his memory. Six of the first nine events (1907–18) were won by Carl Schlechter, but his death in December 1918, along with the loss of the Club's Trebitsch fund in the aftermath of Austria's debacle in World War I, put a temporary halt to the tournament. In 1926, Leopold Trebitsch's son, Oskar, made more funds available, enabling eleven additional competitions to be held until 1938, when Germany's annexation of Austria ended the event.

Winners
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! # !!Year !! Winner
|-
| 1 || 1907 ||  /
|-
| 2 || 1909/10 ||  /
|-
| 3 || 1910/11 ||  /
|-
| 4 || 1911/12 ||  /
|-
| 5 || 1913 ||  /
|-
| 6 || 1914 ||  /
|-
| 7 || 1915 ||  /
|-
| 8 || 1916/17 ||  /
|-
| 9 || 1917/18 ||  /
|-
| 10 || 1926 ||
|-
| 11 || 1927 ||
|-
| 12 || 1928 ||
|-
| 13 || 1929/30 ||
|-
| 14 || 1931 ||
|-
| 15 || 1932 ||
|-
| 16 || 1933 ||
|-
| 17 || 1934/35 ||
|-
| 18 || 1935 ||
|-
| 19 || 1936 ||
|-
| 20 || 1937/38 ||
|}

References

Chess memorial tournaments
Chess in Austria
Sport in Vienna
1907 in chess
1907 establishments in Austria
1938 disestablishments in Austria
Recurring events established in 1907
Recurring events disestablished in 1938


The World Mind Sports Games (WMSG) was a multi-sport event created by the International Mind Sports Association (IMSA) as a "stepping stone on the path of introducing a third kind of Olympic Games" after the Summer and the Winter Olympics".

The inaugural 2008 World Mind Sports Games were held in Beijing from October 3 to 18, about two months after the Summer Olympics and one month after the Paralympics. Five mind sports participated in the first Games: bridge, chess, draughts (checkers), go (weiqi), and xiangqi (Chinese chess). Thirty-five gold medals were contested by 2,763 competitors from 143 countries, using the Olympic Village in Beijing.

The sophomore 2012 World Mind Sports Games were held in Lille, France, from August 9 to August 23, 2012, with 30 events. It starting during the 2012 Summer Olympics held in London, England, and ended shortly before the 2012 Summer Paralympics. At the closing ceremony of the 2012 games, Rio de Janeiro was announced as hosts for the 2016 event, but that did not happen and no further games have been held.

Sports
At the first two WMSG events, medals were contested in five different mind sports: bridge, chess, draughts (checkers), go (weiqi), and xiangqi (Chinese chess). The International Federation of Poker (IFP) is an observer member of IMSA, so poker has been mentioned as a possible future sport at the WMSG. Mathematical games are also planned to be present at 2012 WMSG, in the form of a contest between national teams. The Mahjong International League was accepted as the sixth member of IMSA in 2017.

 Provisional

Continuing competitions
More than half of the 2008 participants were bridge players, partly because the World Bridge Federation transferred some important quadrennial competitions to the WMSG, especially the Open and Women flights of its World Team Olympiad. In 2004 there had been in the main continuing events 72 Open and 43 Women "Olympiad" entries (national  with six players on most squads). Under the Minds Sports rubric in Beijing there were 71 and 54 entries, about 700 players. The one-time, similar tournament with a 28 years age limit attracted another 400 players.

See also
 Mind sport
 Mind Sports Olympiad
 SportAccord World Mind Games
 World Team Olympiad
 World Bridge Games

Notes

References

External links

Multi-sport events
Mind sports competitions
Contract bridge world competitions
Chess competitions


Theatre New Brunswick is the only professional theatre company in New Brunswick, Canada. It began operation in 1968, and has been successfully operating since that time. TNB celebrated its 50th Anniversary in 2018.

The following is a chronological list of the productions that have been staged since its inception.

1968
Little Hut – by André Roussin
Any Wednesday – by Muriel Resnik
Springtime for Henry – by Benn W. Levy
Barefoot in the Park – by Neil Simon

1969
The Marriage-Go-Round – by Leslie Stevens
Inadmissible Evidence – by John Osborne
Boeing Boeing – by Marc Camoletti
The Glass Menagerie – by Tennessee Williams
The Importance of Being Earnest – by Oscar Wilde
Gaslight – by Patrick Hamilton
Star Spangled Girl – by Neil Simon
See How They Run – by Philip King
Dick Whittington – by Nicholas Pegg

1970
Two for the Seesaw – by William Gibson
There's a Girl in My Soup – by Terence Frisby
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? – by Edward Albee
Black Comedy – by Peter Shaffer
A Resounding Tinkle – by N. F. Simpson
Private Lives – by Noël Coward
Mary, Mary – by Jean Kerr
Dial M for Murder – by Frederick Knott
Critic's Choice – by Ira Levin
Please Don't Sneeze

1971
A Man for All Seasons – by Robert Bolt
The Mousetrap – by Agatha Christie
The Playboy of the Western World – by J. M. Synge
Plaza Suite – by Neil Simon

1972
Butterflies Are Free – by Leonard Gershe
The Country Girl – by Clifford Odets
Philadelphia, Here I Come! – by Brian Friel
The King and I – by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II
The Lion in Winter – by James Goldman
Present Laughter – by Noël Coward
The Secretary Bird – by William Douglas-Home

1973
How the Other Half Loves – by Alan Ayckbourn
Leaving Home – by David French
The Caretaker – by Harold Pinter
Dracula – by Hamilton Deane
The Patrick Pearse Motel – by Hugh Leonard
Jacques Brel Is Alive and Well and Living in Paris – by Jacques Brel
Othello – by William Shakespeare

1974
Death of a Salesman – by Arthur Miller
Who Killed Santa Claus? – by Terence Feely
Born Yesterday – by Garson Kanin
The Fantasticks – music by Harvey Schmidt, lyrics by Tom Jones
Frankenstein – The Man Who Would Be God
The Fourposter – by Jan de Hartog
Head, Guts and Soundbone Dance – by Michael Cook

1975
The School for Scandal – by Richard Brinsley Sheridan
Godspell – by Stephen Schwartz and John-Michael Tebelak
Sleuth – by Anthony Shaffer
The Man Most Likely To
The Innocents – by William Archibald
A Flea in Her Ear – by Georges Feydeau
Frankenstein – adapted by Alden Nowlan and Walter Learning
No Name
The Island – by Athol Fugard, John Kani, and Winston Ntshona
Radisson
The Secret in the Woods or Oedipus Overcome

1976
The Servant of Two Masters – by Carlo Goldoni
The Diary of Anne Frank – by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett
Godspell – by Stephen Schwartz and John-Michael Tebelak
Relatively Speaking – by Alan Ayckbourn
Wait Until Dark – by Frederick Knott
Last of the Red Hot Lovers – by Neil Simon
Daughter-in-law – by D. H. Lawrence
The Mysterious Stranger
Gilgamesh
Dr. Mildew's Marvelous Magical Musical Medicine Show

1977
The Dollar Woman – by Alden Nowlan and Walter Learning
The Taming of the Shrew – by William Shakespeare
The Price – by Arthur Miller
Made in Heaven – by Georges Feydeau
One Night Stand
Equus – by Peter Shaffer
The Vanishing Village
Dr. Mildew's Marvellous Magical Musical Medicine Show
Dash Leaves the Theatre

1978
The Incredible Murder of Cardinal Tosca – by Alden Nowlan and Walter Learning
Vanities – by Jack Heifner
Sizwe Banzi Is Dead – by Athol Fugard
The Norman Conquests – by Alan Ayckbourn
Man of La Mancha – book by Dale Wasserman, lyrics by Joe Darion, music by Mitch Leigh
John Gyles: an Indian Experience by Ilkay Silk
A Peaceable People
All-new Dr. Mildew's Marvelous Magical Musical Medicine Show
The Drunkard (or the Dipsomaniac Ameliorated)

1979
The Au Pair Man – by Hugh Leonard
Waiting for Godot – by Samuel Beckett
Macbeth – by William Shakespeare
The Return of A. J. Raffles – by Graham Greene
The Subject Was Roses – by F. D. Gilroy
Same Time, Next Year – by Bernard Slade
18 Wheels – by John MacLachlan Gray
The Clam Made a Face – by Eric Nicol
A Marriage Proposal – by Anton Chekhov
Box and Cox – by John Maddison Morton

1980
Hansel and Gretel – by the Brothers Grimm
On Golden Pond – by Ernest Thompson
Free at Last
Twelfth Night – by William Shakespeare
The Glass Menagerie – by Tennessee Williams
Eight to the Bar – by Stephen Witkin
Alexander's Birthday
Winners (play)
Prejudiced ... Who Me?
A Clean Bill or How to Settle Accounts with a Laundress
The Grandiosos

1980–1981
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
Billy Bishop Goes to War – by John MacLachlan Gray and Eric Peterson
Chapter Two – by Neil Simon
The Miracle Worker – by William Gibson
The Clown Test
Players
The Area Belle – by William Brough and Andrew Halliday

1981–1982
Talley's Folly – by Lanford Wilson
You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown – music and lyrics by Clark Gesner, book by John Gordon
Murder Game – by Dan Ross
Side by Side by Sondheim
Wuthering Heights – by Emily Brontë
An Astral Voyage
The Home Children
Punch and Judy Show

1982–1983
Memoir
Life with Father – by Lindsay and Crouse, adapted from the book by Clarence Day, Jr.
Mass Appeal – by Bill C. Davis
The Impresario / The Diary of Adam and Eve from the Apple Tree
Arms and the Man – by George Bernard Shaw
The Wheel (play)
Saturday Morning Special
TNB Magic Show

1983–1984
Sinners – by Norm Foster
The Little Sweep
Count Dracula
Duet for One – by Tom Kempinski
Candida – by George Bernard Shaw
New Canadian Kid – by Dennis Foon
The Dark Lady of the Sonnets – by George Bernard Shaw
Bagatelle

1984–1985
The Melville Boys – by Norm Foster
I'll Be Back Before Midnight
Scrooge
A Taste of Honey – by Shelagh Delaney
Country Hearts – by Ted Johns and John Roby
Little Victories / Les Petits Pouvoirs
Maritime Mixed Grill
Freshet

1985–1986
Garrison's Garage
Can't Pay? Won't Pay!
Female Transport
The Mystery of the Oak Island Treasure – by Jim Betts
The Tomorrow Box – by Anne Chislett
The White Dogs of Texas
Family Trappings
Lucien – by Marshall Button
Don Messer's Jubilee
Buzzed
The Boogeyman Blues

1986–1987
Jitters – by David French
The Best of Tap
Zero Hour! – by Arthur Hailey
The Little Foxes – by Lillian Hellman
Educating Rita – by Willy Russell
A Child Is Crying on the Stairs
The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon – by W. O. Mitchell
Peacemaker
How I Wonder What You Are
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – by C. S. Lewis

1987–1988
My Darling Judith – by Norm Foster
Guys and Dolls – music and lyrics by Frank Loesser, book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows
McClure
Lucien – by Marshall Button
The Corn Is Green – by Emlyn Williams
Corpse!
My Memories of You
Lockhartville
The Late Great Date
I Am a Bear!

1988–1989
Blood Relations – by Sharon Pollock
Scapino!
The Road to Mecca – by Athol Fugard
Agnes of God – by John Pielmeier
The Kite
The Faith Healer
You Strike the Woman, You Strike the Rock
Getting it Straight
Judge Prouse Presiding
The Second City
The Odyssey – by Derek Walcott
Skin

1989–1990
Crimes of the Heart – by Beth Henley
Salt-Water Moon – by David French
A Moon for the Misbegotten – by Eugene O'Neill
Loot – by Joe Orton
Memories of You
Four the Moment
The Second City
Mainline / Lifeline
Journeys

1990–1991
The Affections of May – by Norm Foster
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
Bordertown Café – by Kelly Rebar
Ghosts – by Henrik Ibsen
Letter from Wingfield Farm – by Dan Needles
Holy Ozone Trashman
Blue Days at Sea

1991–1992
The Motor Trade
Dracula – by Hamilton Deane
Gunmetal Blues – by Marion Adler and Scott Wentworth
The Secret Rapture
Wingfield's Progress
Coming Around

1992–1993
Wrong for Each Other
The Winter's Tale – by William Shakespeare
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof – by Tennessee Williams
Italian American Reconciliation
Wingfield's Folly
Night Light
Best All Around

1993–1994
Lucien 2
The Secret Garden
A Streetcar Named Desire – by Tennessee Williams
Safe Haven – by Mary-Colin Chisholm
Shirley Valentine – by Willy Russell
Head a Tête
How I Wonder What You Are

1994–1995
Yard Sale
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
If We Are Women – by Joanna McClelland Glass
The Importance of Being Earnest – by Oscar Wilde
The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe
Letter from Wingfield Farm – by Dan Needles
Alligator Pie
Lovers & Clowns

1995–1996
I'll Be Back Before Midnight
Steel Magnolias – by Robert Harling
A Gift to Last – by Gordon Pinsent, adapted by Alden Nowlan and Walter Learning
The Gin Game – by D. L. Coburn
Rock and Roll – by John MacLachlan Gray
Lend Me a Tenor – by Ken Ludwig
Charlotte's Web – by E. B. White
A Marriage Proposal – by Anton Chekhov

1996–1997
Office Hours
Kringle's Window
Misery
The Americans Are Coming
Billy Bishop Goes to War – by John MacLachlan Gray and Eric Peterson
The Velveteen Rabbit – by Margery Williams
The Bishop's Candlesticks

1997–1998
Beauty and the Beast – by Warren Graves
Thirteen Hands – by Carol Shields
The Wild Guys
Sleuth – by Anthony Shaffer
The Short Tree and the Bird That Could Not Sing
The Late Great Date

1998–1999
Driving Miss Daisy – by Alfred Uhry
Peter Pan – by J. M. Barrie
The Foursome
Skylight – by David Hare
The Last Tasmanian
The Assignments are Murder
The Hullabaloo Bugaboo Day

1999–2000
The Woman in Black – by Susan Hill
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
Drinking Alone
The Passion of Narcisse Mondoux – by Gratien Gélinas
I Do! I Do! – book and lyrics by Tom Jones, music by Harvey Schmidt
Beo's Bedroom
Closer to Home
Big

2000–2001
Song for a New World
Ethan Clamore
The Attic, the Pearls and Three Fine Girls
The Drawer Boy – by Michael Healey
Wingfield Unbound – by Dan Needles
The Princess and the Handmaiden
The Compleat Wrks of Wllm Shkspr – by Jess Borgeson, Adam Long and Daniel Singer
Grease – by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey

2001–2002
Picasso at the Lapin Agile – by Steve Martin
Anne – adapted for the stage by Paul Ledoux
The Prisoner of Second Avenue – by Neil Simon
Late Shift
A Time for Magic

2002–2003
The Secret Garden – by Frances Hodgson Burnett
'Art' – by Yasmina Reza
Jasper Station – book and lyrics by Norm Foster, music and lyrics by Steve Thomas
Danny King of the Basement
Mirror Game
Hello, Dolly! – lyrics and music by Jerry Herman, book by Michael Stewart
A Midsummer Night's Dream – by William Shakespeare

2003–2004
The Hobbit – by J. R. R. Tolkien
Dear Santa
Vinci – by Maureen Hunter
Wingfield on Ice – by Dan Needles
Zak and the Magic Blue Stones
I Met a Bully on the Hill
Secrets
Chicago

2004–2005
Chairmaker
The Cricket on the Hearth – by Charles Dickens
Mary's Wedding
Oh, Coward!
Lucien Snowbird
Lig and Bittle
Two Weeks Twice a Year
Wrecked
A Chorus Line – by Michael Bennett

2005–2006
Here on the Flight Path
Pinocchio – by Brian Way
I Love You, You're Perfect, Now Change
For the Pleasure of Seeing Her Again
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – by C. S. Lewis
Passing Through
Cats – by Andrew Lloyd Webber, poems by T. S. Eliot

2006–2007
The Graduate – by Charles Webb
For Art's Sake
Smokescreen
The Sound of Music – by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II
Aladdin Jr.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow – by Washington Irving

2007–2008
Forever Plaid – by Stuart Ross
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
The Love List
Chasing the Money
The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Beauty and the Beast – by Linda Woolverton
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory – by Roald Dahl
Oklahoma! – by Oscar Hammerstein II and Richard Rodgers

2008–2009
The Rocky Horror Show – by Richard O'Brien
Narnia – by C. S. Lewis
Tuesdays with Morrie – by Mitch Albom
Guys and Dolls – by Abe Burrows and Jo Swerling
Oliver Twist – by Charles Dickens
The Secret Garden – by Frances Hodgson Burnett

2009–2010
Doubt A Parable – by John Patrick Shanley
It's A Wonderful Life – by Philip Grecian
Skin Flick – by Norm Foster
The Bricklin: An Automotive Fantasy
Annie – by Thomas Meehan
Dear Edwina – by Marcy Heisler
Alice in Wonderland – by Lewis Carroll

2010–2011
Feelgood
Treasure Island – by Robert Louis Stevenson
Hockey Dreams – by David Adams Richards
The Bricklin: An Automotive Fantasy
Les Misérables – by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil
Our Town – by Thornton Wilder
Bugsy Malone – by Alan Parker and Paul Williams

2011–2012
A Doll's House – by Henrik Ibsen
The 39 Steps – by Alfred Hitchcock
The Gifts of the Magi – by O. Henry
The Dollar Woman – by Norm Foster and Alden Nowlan
The Musical of Musicals (The Musical!) – by Joanne Bogart and Eric Rockwell
The Wizard of Oz – by L. Frank Baum
The Pirates of Penzance – by Sir Arthur Sullivan
The Chocolate War – by Robert Cormier

2012–2013
Oleanna – by David Mamet
Hilda's Yard – by Norm Foster
It's a Wonderful Life – by Philip Grecian
Little Shop of Horrors – by Howard Ashman
West Side Story – by Arthur Laurents
The Little Mermaid – by Doug Wright
Peter Pan – by J. M. Barrie

2013–2014
RED – by John Logan
The Net, a Tragedy of the Sea – by Marcel-Romain Theriault
Private Lives – by Noël Coward
The Last Five Years – by Jason Robert Brown
Guys and Dolls – by Abe Burrows and Jo Swerling
Thoroughly Modern Millie Jr. – by Jeanine Tesori
Lilly Alta. – by Ken Dylba

2014–2015
Frankenstein, The Man Who Became God – by Walter Learning and Alden Nowlan
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens, adapted by Caleb Marshall, Michael Doherty, and Tania Breen
On a First Name Basis – by Norm Foster
Beaverbrook – by David Adams Richards
The Indigenous Peoples Project
Somme Letters Home – Letters of Private John Bapst Cronin
The Drowsy Chaperone – by Don McKellar and Bob Martin
The Sound of Music – by Oscar Hammerstein II and Richard Rodgers

2015-2016

 You Play Beautifully - by Thomas Morgan Jones
 Life, Death and the Blues - by Raoul Bhaneja
 Vigil - by Morris Panych
 Watching Glory Die - by Judith Thompson
 Little Women, The Musical - book by Allan Knee, lyrics by Mindi Dickstein, and music by Jason Howland
 The Space Between - by Thomas Morgan Jones
 Returning Fire - by Ryan Griffith
 Marion Bridge - by Daniel MacIvor
 Mary Poppins - music and lyrics by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (aka the Sherman Brothers), with additional music and lyrics by George Stiles and Anthony Drewe, and a script by Julian Fellowes.

2016-2017

 A Sunday Affair - by Gabrielle Houle, Thomas Morgan Jones and Richard Lee.
 Ghost Light - by Shawn Wright
 The Snow Queen - by Hans Christian Andresen | Adapted by Thomas Morgan Jones
 The Damsel In Distress Who Saved Herself - by Kira Smith
 The Boat - Ryan Griffith
 Shrek, The Musical - Music by Jeanni Tesori | Book and Lyrics by David Lindsay-Abaire

2017-2018

 Fortune of Wolves - by Ryan Griffith
 A Christmas Carol - by Charles Dickens | Adapted by Thomas Morgan Jones
 A Herman Tale - by Paul McAllister, adapted by Tania Breen
 Goodbye Marianne - by Irene Kirstein Watts
 Finding Wolastoq Voice -  by Natalie Sappier
 Beauty and the Beast - Music by Alan Menken, Lyrics by Howard Ashman & Tim Rice, Book by Linda Woolverton

2018-2019

 Any Given Moment - Kim Parkhill
 Come Down From Up River - by Norm Foster (a production from The Foster Festival)
 The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe - C. S. Lewis
 Gretel & Hansel - Written by Brothers Grimm | Adapted by Thomas Morgan Jones
 Sania The Destroyer - by Mona'a Malik
 A Brief History of the Maritimes and Everywhere Else - by Ryan Griffith
 The Wizard of Oz - By L. Frank Baum, with Music and Lyrics, by Harold Arlen and E. Y. Harburg, Background Music by Herbert Stothart, Dance and Vocal Arrangements by Peter Howard, Orchestration by Larry Wilcox, Adapted by John Kane for the Royal Shakespeare Company, Based upon the Classic Motion Picture owned by Turner Entertainment Co. and distributed in all media by Warner Bros.

2023-2024

 Wood Buffalo - by Len Frankenstein
 All I Want for Christmas - by Rebecca Northan
 Becca - by Melanie Léger
 Sidewalk Chalk - by Cliff Cardinal
 Beneath Springhill - by Beau Dixon, with music and lyrics provided by Rob Fortan and Susan Newman

References

External links
Theatre New Brunswick

Canadian theatre company production histories
Theatre in New Brunswick


Korean border may refer to:
China–North Korea border, terrestrial and maritime border
North Korea–Russia border, terrestrial and maritime border
Japan–South Korea border, maritime border; see :Category:Japan–South Korea border
Korean Demilitarized Zone, terrestrial boundary between North and South Korea
Northern Limit Line, disputed maritime demarcation line between North and South Korea


Casuarina cunninghamiana, commonly known as river oak, river sheoak or creek oak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is native to Australia and New Guinea. It is a tree with fissured and scaly bark, sometimes drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 6 to 10, the fruit  long containing winged seeds (samaras)  long.

Description
Casuarina cunninghamiana is a dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of , has a
DBH of . Its bark is finely fissured, scaly and greyish brown. The branchlets are often drooping,  long, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth  long, arranged in whorls of 6 to 10 around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the "articles") are  long and  wide. The flowers on male trees are arranged in spikes  long, the anthers  long. The female cones are on a peduncle  long and sparsely covered with soft hairs. Mature cones are usually  long and  in diameter, the samaras  long.

Taxonomy
Casuarina cunninghamiana was first formally described in 1848 by Friedrich Miquel in his book Revisio critica Casuarinarum from specimens collected by Allan Cunningham near Moreton Bay. The specific epithet (cunninghamiana) honours the collector of the type specimens.

In 1989, Lawrie Johnson and Alex George described subsp. miodon in the Flora of Australia, and the name, and that of the autonym are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:

Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. subsp. cunninghamiana is a tree to , the articles  long with 8 to 10 teeth.
Casuarina cunninghamiana subsp. miodon L.A.S.Johnson is a tree to , the articles  long with 6 or 7 teeth.

Distribution and habitat
This casuarina mainly grows in pure stands in open forest on the banks of freshwater rivers and streams in Australia and New Guinea.

Subspecies cunninghamiana occurs from Laura, Chillagoe and Augathella in Queensland to Condobolin and Narrandera in New South Wales, and the Australian Capital Territory. Subspecies miodon occurs between the Daly River in the north of the Northern Territory to the Gulf of Carpentaria in Queensland.

Uses
River oak is widely recognised as an important tree for stabilising riverbanks and for soil erosion prevention accepting wet and dry soils. The foliage is quite palatable to stock.

Invasive species
Casuarina cunninghamiana is an invasive species in the Everglades in Florida and in South Africa.

References

cunninghamiana
Trees of Australia
Fagales of Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of the Australian Capital Territory
Drought-tolerant trees
Taxa named by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel
Plants described in 1848


The following is a list of ecoregions in Namibia, according to the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).

Terrestrial ecoregions
by major habitat type

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

 Angolan mopane woodlands
 Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands
 Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands
 Zambezian and mopane woodlands

Flooded grasslands and savannas

 Etosha Pan halophytics
 Zambezian flooded grasslands

Deserts and xeric shrublands

 Kalahari xeric savanna
 Kaokoveld desert
 Nama Karoo
 Namib desert
 Namibian savanna woodlands
 Succulent Karoo

Freshwater ecoregions
by bioregion

Zambezi

 Etosha
 Kalahari
 Karstveld Sink Holes
 Namib Coastal
 Zambezi
 Upper Zambezi Floodplains
 Okavango Floodplains

Marine ecoregions
 Namaqua
 Namib

References
 Burgess, Neil, Jennifer D’Amico Hales, Emma Underwood (2004). Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.
 Spalding, Mark D., Helen E. Fox, Gerald R. Allen, Nick Davidson et al. "Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas". Bioscience Vol. 57 No. 7, July/August 2007, pp. 573-583.
 Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.

Namibia
Ecoregions


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La Garçonne () may refer to:

La Garçonne (novel), a French 1920s novel by Victor Margueritte
one of four film adaptations of this novel
, censored and even banned by the French authorities; see
La Garçonne (1936 film)
, with René Lefèvre
La Garçonne (1988 television film)
Garçonne (magazine), a defunct German magazine for lesbians

See also
 Garonne, a river in France and Spain
 Garçon (disambiguation)


The Jeffries Range is a mountain range on Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is one of the northernmost mountain ranges in the world which in turn form part of the Arctic Cordillera mountain system.

See also
List of mountain ranges

References

Arctic Cordillera
Mountain ranges of Qikiqtaaluk Region


Itahar is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Raiganj subdivision of Uttar Dinajpur district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

History
Historically the western frontier of ancient Pundravardhana kingdom, bordering ancient Anga of Mahabharat fame, the Dinajpur area remained somewhat obscure in the major empires that held sway over the region and beyond till the rise of the Dinajpur Raj during the Mughal period. Some areas later forming a part of Uttar Dinajpur were parts of kingdoms in Nepal. Dinajpur district was constituted by the British in 1786, with a portion of the estate of Dinajpur Raj. Subsequent to the Permanent Settlement in 1793, the semi-independent Dinajpur Raj was further broken down and some of its tracts were transferred to the neighbouring British districts of Purnea, Malda, Rajshahi and Bogra. In 1947, the Radcliffe Line placed the Sadar and Thakurgaon subdivisions of Dinajpur district in East Pakistan. The Balurghat subdivision of Dinajpur district was reconstituted as West Dinajpur district in West Bengal.  Raiganj subdivision was formed in 1948.

In order to restore territorial links between northern and southern parts of West Bengal which had been snapped during the partition of Bengal, and on the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission a portion of the erstwhile Kishanganj subdivision comprising Goalpokhar, Islampur and Chopra thanas (police stations) and parts of Thakurganj thana, along with the adjacent parts of the erstwhile Gopalpur thana in Katihar subdivision were transferred from Purnea district in Bihar to West Bengal in 1956, and were formally incorporated into Raiganj subdivision in West Dinajpur. The township of Kishanganj and its entire municipal boundary remained within Bihar. Islampur subdivision was formed in March 1959. At the same time, the portion of Chopra PS lying to the north of the Mahananda river covering an area that now comprises Bidhannagar-1 gram panchayat, Bidhannagar-2 GP, Chathat-Bansgaon GP and the southern half of Phansidewa-Bansgaon Kismat GP in Darjeeling district, was transferred from West Dinajpur to the jurisdiction of Phansidewa PS in Darjeling district. With the introduction of the Community Development Programme in 1960-61, community development blocks were set up in West Dinajpur district.

In 1992, West Dinajpur district was bifurcated and Uttar Dinajpur district was established.

Geography
Itahar is located at .

Uttar Dinajpur district has a flat topography and slopes gently from north to south. All rivers flow in that direction. Except for the eastern fringes of Chopra CD Block, most of the district is a part of the catchment area of the Mahanada and also a part of the larger Barind Tract. The soil is composed of different varieties of alluvium.  The main rivers are: Nagar, Mahananda, Kulik, Gamari, Chhiramati (Srimati) and Tangon. The rivers have little water in the dry season but with heavy rains, during monsoon, overflow the banks. The Mahananda river flows along the western boundary of Itahar CD Block. The Chhiramati river covers a portion of the eastern boundary  and the Gamari river flows through Itahar CD Block.

Itahar CD Block is bounded by Raiganj and Kaliaganj CD Blocks on the north, Harirampur CD Block, in Dakshin Dinajpur district, on the east, Gazole CD Block, in Malda district, on the south, Chanchal II, Chanchal I CD Blocks in Malda district and Barsoi CD Block in Katihar district of Bihar on the west.

Approximately 206 km of the India-Bangladesh border is in Uttar Dinajpur district. It covers the eastern boundary of the district. On the western side Uttar Dinajpur district has 227 km boundary with Bihar.

Itahar CD Block has an area of 362.40 km2.It has 1 panchayat samity, 12 gram panchayats, 194 gram sansads (village councils), 217 mouzas and 219 inhabited villages. Itahar police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Itahar.

Uttar Dinajpur district is one of the smaller districts in the state and stands 15th in terms of area (3,140.00 km2) in the state.

Gram panchayats of Itahar block/ panchayat samiti are: Chhayghara, Durgapur, Durlovpur, Gulandar I, Gulandar II, Itahar, Jayhat, Kapasia, Marnai, Patirajpur, Sarun I and Sarun II.

Demographics

Population
As per the 2011 Census of India, Itahar CD Block had a total population of 303,678, of which 297,656 were rural and 6,022 were urban. There were 155,777 (51%) males and 147,901 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 43,549. Scheduled Castes numbered 78.177 (25.74%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 25,134 (8.28%).

As per the 2001 census, Itahar block had a total population of 249,500, out of which 127,332 were males and 122,168 were females. Itahar block registered a population growth of 26.58 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 28.72 per cent.

The only census town in Itahar CD Block was (2011 population in brackets): Itahar (6,022).

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Itahar CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): Gorahar (4,823), Keotal (4,655), Dhulahar (5,681), Gulandar (4,105), Kapsia (10,159), Barot (4,394), Bangar (4,512) and Khesra (5,617).

Other villages in Itahar CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Jayhat (3,957), Chhayghara (2001) and Durgapur (2,191).

Decadal Population Growth Rate (%)

Note: The CD Block data for 1971-1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for Itahar PS covering the block

The decadal growth of population in Itahar CD Block in 2001-2011 was 19.28%. The decadal growth of population in Itahar PS  in 1991-2001 was 10.03%, in 1981-91 was 24.63% and in 1971-81 was 27.39%. The decadal growth rate of population in Uttar Dinajpur district was as follows:  30.2% in 1971-81, 34.0% in 1981-91, 28.7% in 1991-2001 and 23.2% in 2001-11. The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93% in 2001-2011, 17.77% in 1991-2001. 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.

Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal population growth rate in West Bengal with a figure of 23.2% for the decade 2001-2011 and is much higher than the state average of 13.8%.

According to the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district, population growth in the area that later became Uttar Dinajpur district was low in the pre-independence era and started picking up with the waves of East Bengali refugees coming in from erstwhile East Pakistan. "A spurt in population growth rates first became evident between 1951-1961, and was further magnified between 1971-81 after the creation of Bangladesh when population growth in most districts bordering the Bangladesh-West Bengal frontier showed similar escalation. However, after 1981, when population growth in most other West Bengal districts had tapered off, growth rates in Uttar Dinajpur again showed a fresh spurt. Thus, no deceleration in population growth rates occurred in the district until after 1991… In addition to Hindu and tribal migrants from across the international border, a sizeable number of migrant Muslims have also settled in the district, mainly driven by economic reasons… migrants from other states comprised 23% of the total migrants residing in Uttar Dinajpur." The large number of migrants from other states is mainly from the neighbouring areas in Bihar.

A study by North Bengal University has observed that "Immigrants from East Pakistan/Bangladesh have arrived in Uttar Dinajpur in almost equal numbers before and after 1971." The Human Development Report opines, "The overall post-Partition impact on the rates of demographic growth has been particularly strong in all North Bengal districts. Despite its smaller relative size, the region has received more migration in pro rata terms than the West Bengal districts lying south of the Ganga."

Literacy
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Itahar CD Block was 153,345 (58.95% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 86,345 (64.68% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 67,000 (52.90% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.78%.

The literacy rate in Uttar Dinajpur district at 60.13% in 2011, up from 47.89% in 2001, was the lowest amongst all districts of West Bengal. The highest literacy rate amongst the districts of West Bengal was that of Purba Medinipur district at 87.66% in 2011.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

Language and religion

In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 157,855 and formed 51.98% of the population in Itahar CD Block. Hindus numbered 144,049 and formed 47.43% of the population. Christians numbered 1,295 and formed 0.43% of the population. Others numbered 479 and formed 0.16% of the population. In Itahar CD Block, as per the District Statistical Handbook for Uttar Dinajpur, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 47.17% in 1991 to 48.18% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 52.61% in 1991 to 50.04% in 2001.

In the 2011 census, Uttar Dinajpur district had 1,501,170 Muslims who formed 49.92% of the population, 1,482,943 Hindus who formed 49.31% of the population, 16,702 Christians who formed 0.56% of the population and 6,319 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.23% of the population. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 45.3% in 1991 to 49.9% in 2011, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 54.2% in 1991 to 49.2% in 2011.

At the time of the 2011 census, 90.85% of the population spoke Bengali and 6.35% Santali as their first language. 0.99% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Bengali in the census.

Rural poverty
As per the Rural Household Survey conducted in 2002, 64.9% of the rural families in Itahar CD Block belonged to the BPL category, against 46.7% of rural families in Uttar Dinajpur district being in the BPL category.  As per the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district, poverty and exclusion levels are very high in Itahar, which ranks fifth in terms of Human Development Index (HDI) but ascends to the second rank in terms of Human Poverty Index (HPI).

Economy

Livelihood

In Itahar CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 35,419 and formed 30.52%, agricultural labourers numbered 60,512 and formed  52.14%, household industry workers numbered 2,187 and formed  1.88% and other workers numbered  17,930 and formed 15.45%. Total workers numbered 116,048 and formed 38.21% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 187,630 and formed 61.79% of the population.

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers.  It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.

Infrastructure
There are 219 inhabited villages in Itahar CD Block. All 219 villages (100%) have power supply. 218 villages (99.54%) have drinking water supply. 21 villages (9.59%) have post offices. 213 villages (97.26%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 106 (48.4%) villages have a pucca (paved) approach road and 92 villages (42.01%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 13 villages (5.94%) have agricultural credit societies. 5 villages (2.28%) have banks.

Agriculture
"With its distinctive physiographic and agroclimatic features, the Dinajpur region has been a bread-basket area of Bengal for many centuries, growing multiple varieties of fine and coarse rice in vast quantities, along with major economic crops like jute. The livelihood profile of Uttar Dinajpur district has evolved in association with these old agricultural patterns, and more than two-thirds of its active workforce still draws livelihoods directly from agriculture and related occupations."

Agricultural potential has been uneven across Uttar Dinajpur based on soil conditions and irrigation potential. This has generated considerable internal migration within the district, as areas with higher agricultural potential and higher labour demand has attracted large number of people. The impact of land reforms has also varied. As the Islampur subdivision blocks evolved initially under the Bihar administration, the land estates were larger in size and the extent of land acquired under ceiling laws were higher. The cultivator population in Islampur subdivision was also thinner. Such conditions have been favourable for migrants. The movement of people from agricultural activities to non-agricultural activities has been low in Uttar Dinajpur district except for some pockets.

Itahar CD Block had 360 fertiliser depots, 14 seed stores and 60 fair price shops in 2013-14.

In 2013-14, Itahar CD Block produced 69,331 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop from 24,672 hectares, 32,654 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 13,655 hectares, 13,912 tonnes of wheat from 5,412 hectares, 70,949 tonnes of jute from 5,517 hectares, 36,083 tonnes of potatoes from 857 hectares, 26,978 tonnes of sugar cane from 258 hectares. It also produced maskalai and oilseeds.

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Itahar CD Block was 934 hectares, out of which 345 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 589 hectares by deep tube wells.

Craft based activities
"More than eleven hundred rural households across the district are engaged in traditional crafts based industries, among which dhokra, mat making, terracotta, village pottery and bamboo craft in the Goalpokhar-1 and Kaliaganj regions are notable."

Banking
In 2012-13, Itahar CD Block had offices of 3 commercial banks and 5 gramin banks.

Backward Regions Grant Fund
Uttar Dinajpur district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund.  The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.

Transport
Itahar CD Block has 8 ferry services, 7 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 22 km from the block headquarters.

New broad gauge lines – Gazole-Itahar (27.20 km), Itahar-Raiganj (22.16 km) and Itahar-Buniadpur (27.095 km) – as a material modification of the Eklakhi-Balurghat project (commissioned in 2004) was included in the budget 1983-84. Initial work for the lines has been taken up by Northeast Frontier Railway. 431.973 ha of land is to be acquired. Land acquisition has commenced in the Gazole-Itahar sector with initial fund sanctions. As of August 2018, further sanctions are awaited. The Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line was taken up in 1983-84.

National Highway 12 (old number NH 34) passes through Itahar town and Itahar CD Block.

Construction of a bridge on the Mahananda connecting Itahar in Uttar Dinajpur district with Chanchal in Malda was taken up in 1999 but has been delayed.

Education
In 2012-13, Itahar CD Block had 174 primary schools with 25,417 students, 24 middle schools with 1,737 students, 4 high schools with 3,312 students and 28 higher secondary schools with 31,321 students. Kaliaganj CD Block had 1 general degree college with 2,799 students,1 technical /professional institutions with 100 students and 562 institutions for special and non-formal education with 36,786 students.

As per the 2011 census, in Itahar CD Block, amongst the 219 inhabited villages, 30 villages did not have a school, 147 villages had 1 or more  primary schools, 42 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 18 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.

The mid-day meal programme for rural school children was launched in 2005 in Uttar Dinajpur district. As on 30 April 2015, 602,557 children in 3,006 schools were covered under this programme.

College
Dr. Meghnad Saha College was established in 2000 at Village: Ranipur, PO Tilna, PS Itahar.
 Durgapur Womens College, (affiliated to Raiganj University). Durgapur, Itahar
 Itahar Government Polytechnic College, near Porsha, Itahar.
 Itahar Government ITI, near Durgapur, Itahar.
 Itahar Ideal Teachers Training (Dl.Ed. & B.Ed.) College.
 Moulana Abul Kalam Azad B.Ed. College was established in 2005 at Village: Bagbari, PO Itahar.

Healthcare
During the 2008 bird flu outbreak in West Bengal, 16,000 birds were destroyed in Gualadar and Surun gram panchayats, which fall under the jurisdiction of Itahar police station. Some villagers refused to kill their birds and health workers had to retreat from those villages.

In 2013, Itahar CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 primary health centres, with total 52 beds and 3 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 42 family welfare subcentres. 3,038 patients were treated indoor and 308,871 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.

Itahar rural hospital at Itahar (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Itahar CD block. There are primary health centres at Marani (with 10 beds), Churaman (with 6 beds), Paraharipur (Surun PHC) (with 6 beds).

External links

References

Community development blocks in Uttar Dinajpur district


Cum non solum was a letter written by Pope Innocent IV to the Mongols on March 13, 1245. In it, Pope Innocent appeals to the Mongols to desist from attacking Christians and other nations, and inquires as to the Mongols' future intentions. Innocent also expresses a desire for peace (possibly unaware that in the Mongol vocabulary, "peace" is a synonym for "subjection").

This message was carried by the Franciscan John of Plano Carpini, who successfully reached the Mongol capital of Karakorum, where he attended the election of the new Khan Güyük on August 24, 1246.

Güyük, who had little understanding of faraway Europe or the Pope's significance in it, other than that the Pope was sending a message from an area that the Mongols had not yet conquered, replied to the Pope's letter with a fairly typical Mongol demand for the Pope's submission, and a visit from the rulers of the West in homage to Mongol power:

Naming
Papal letters are generally named by modern scholars, according to their incipit, or beginning. This letter, Cum non solum starts with similar language to the two other letters, Viam agnoscere veritatis and Dei patris immensa. The letter starts, "...regi et populo  Tartarorum viam agnoscere veritatis. Cum non solum homines verum etiam animalia irrationalia nec non ipsa mundialis elementa machine quadam nativi federis..."

See also
 Franco-Mongol alliance

References

Bibliography
 Brand-Pierach, Sandra, Ungläubige im Kirchenrecht, Text of the letter p. 174
 , English translation of text of the letter

 Roux, Jean-Paul, Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, 1993, Fayard,
 Setton, Kenneth Meyer,  A History of the Crusades
 MGH Epp. Saec. XIII, Volume 2, pp. 72–75 (original source documents)
 Grousset, René, Histoire des Croisades, III, Tempus, 2006 edition,
 Rachewiltz, I, Papal Envoys to the Great Khans, Stanford University Press, 1971.
 Runciman, Steven, History of the Crusades, III, Penguin Books, 2002 edition,

1245
Documents of Pope Innocent IV
Letters (message)
Holy See–Mongolia relations


Dei patris immensa was a letter written by Pope Innocent IV to the Mongols (the Pope also wrote other letters to the Mongols, which are known as Cum non solum and Viam agnoscere veritatis). It was written on March 5, 1245, was an exposition of the Christian faith, and urged Mongols to accept baptism.  It was intended to be carried by the Franciscan friar and papal envoy Laurentius of Portugal. However, nothing more is known about Laurentius' embassy, and it is possible that he never actually left.

Naming
Ecclesiastical letters are generally named by modern scholars, according to their incipit, or beginning.  This letter starts with similar language to the two other letters, Viam agnoscere veritatis and Cum non solum. The letter starts, "...regi et populo Tartarorum viam agnoscere veritatis. Dei patris inmensa benignitas humani generis casum, quod primi hominis culpa corruerat, ineffabili respiciens pietate..."  It has been referred to by different names, such as "Dei patris inmensa", "Dei patris immensa", and "Verbum agnoscere" from different scholars choosing different parts of the incipit to refer to it.

See also
Viam agnoscere veritatis (disambiguation)

Notes

References
 Sandra Brand-Pierach, Ungläubige im Kirchenrecht, Text of the letter p.174
 , English translation of text of the letter

 Roux, Jean-Paul, Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, 1993, Fayard,

 MGH Epp. Saec. XIII, Volume 2, pp. 72-75 (original source documents)
 Grousset, Rene, Histoire des Croisades, III, Tempus, 2006 edition,
 Rachewiltz, I, Papal Envoys to the Great Khans, Stanford University Press, 1971.
 Runciman, Steven, History of the Crusades, III, Penguin Books, 2002 edition,

1245
Documents of Pope Innocent IV
Letters (message)
Holy See–Mongolia relations