Philip Oscar Selwyn Skoglund  (14 June 1899 – 2 November 1975) was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party who served as a cabinet minister.

Biography

Early life and career
Skoglund was born in Greymouth in 1899, and educated at Stratford District High School. He then attended the University of Canterbury. He attained a law degree and then managed a Christchurch legal office. In 1923 he became a teacher at Palmerston North Boys' High School. He was also a careers adviser and in charge of the school's commercial department. In 1930 he married Olive Kathleen Smith.

Sporting involvement
When living in Stratford he became an enthusiastic lawn bowls player. After moving to Palmerston North he joined the Palmerston North Bowling Club and won the senior singles title in 1930. He then joined the Northern Palmerston North Bowling Club. For the next 20 years he was the most successful player in the Manawatu area winning the Manawatu Bowling Championship five times in 1938, 1940, 1944, 1945 and 1949. He also won 14 centre titles and reached the final four in national tournament on four occasions. In the early 1950s he was the secretary and then president of the Manawatu Bowling Centre and organised the 1952 Easter tournament. He was also a bowling correspondent for The Evening Post for several years.

His brother Pete Skoglund and son Phil Skoglund were also champion lawn bowls players.

Skoglund's sporting interests were not confined to bowls. He was vice-president of the Manawatu Rugby Union as well as a selector for the Manawatu rugby team. He was also on the Manawatu Cricket Association, vice-chairman of the New Zealand Turf Institute, and involved in the administration of Manawatu Athletics.

Political career

He stood in the  in the  electorate for the Labour Party, but was beaten by the incumbent, William Polson.

Skoglund was elected a member of the Palmerston North City Council, where he became chairman of the council's engineers' committee. Later he was deputy mayor of Palmerston North.

At the 1956 local elections he was elected to the Wellington Harbour Board as a representative for Manawatu. He did not serve his full term and resigned in 1958.

He represented the  electorate from  to 1960. Skoglund was Minister of Education, Minister for State Insurance and Minister in charge of Earthquake and War Damage Commission in the Second Labour Government from 1957 to 1960. As Minister of Education he introduced free school textbooks for secondary school pupils, raised teacher salaries and commissioned the Hughes Parry report (prepared by Professor David Hughes Parry, a former vice-chancellor of the University of London), which made recommendations for expansions in New Zealand universities. He also held a national conference on technical education which in 1960 led to the establishment of New Zealand's  first ever technical institute located in Petone.

Skoglund was defeated by National's Bill Brown in 1960. Skoglund was ahead in the count election night, but lost after special votes were counted. Some, such as Walter Nash and Fintan Patrick Walsh, felt that Roman Catholic voters had turned against Labour at the election because it did not give full support to state aid for private schools although others such as Nash's biographer, Keith Sinclair, doubt whether it was a significant factor.

After his exit from parliament, Skoglund became a secretary to Walter Nash in 1961 while the latter was Leader of the Opposition. He was also a contender for the Labour nomination at the 1962 Buller by-election. He was defeated again in , attempting to regain the Palmerston North seat.

Later life and death
He was a guest of honour at the first meeting of caucus following Labour's victory in the 1972 election and oversaw the election of the cabinet.

Skoglund died on 2 November 1975, aged 76, survived by his wife and children.

Notes

References

1899 births
1975 deaths
People educated at Stratford High School, New Zealand
Palmerston North City Councillors
Deputy mayors of places in New Zealand
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
Sportspeople from Greymouth
New Zealand male bowls players
New Zealand schoolteachers
New Zealand education ministers
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1960 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1935 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1963 New Zealand general election
Wellington Harbour Board members


Sidi Yahya may refer to:

People
Arabic name of John the Baptist, who is a prophet in Islam.
Sidi Yaya Keita, Malian footballer

Places

Morocco
Sidi Yahya El Gharb, town in Kénitra Province
Sidi Yahya Ou Youssef, commune in Khénifra Province
Sidi Yahya Ou Saad, commune in Sefrou Province
Sidi Yahya Bni Zeroual, commune in Taounate Province

Algeria
Sidi Yahia, Algeria

Mali
Sidi Yahya Mosque in Mali


Guernsey participates in its own right in the Commonwealth Games.

Guernsey participates in the bi-annual Island Games, which it hosted in 1987 and 2003. In sporting events in which Guernsey does not have international representation, when the British Home Nations are competing separately, islanders that do have high athletic skill may choose to compete for any of the Home Nations – there are, however, restrictions on subsequent transfers to represent another Home Nation. The football player Matt Le Tissier for example, tried out for the Scotland national football team but ended up playing for England.

Major individual sports include athletics, shooting, swimming, football and fencing. Guernsey's home football team, Guernsey F.C. competes in the Isthmian League Division One South and Guernsey has received a number of Commonwealth games medals for shooting. Fencing is a sport that is rapidly increasing in popularity with GB fencers such as Fraser Ward originating from the island.

Sport in Guernsey is governed by the Guernsey Sports Commission with another association, Sport Guernsey developing elite athletes.

The island's sporting county is Hampshire.

The island's traditional colour (e.g. for sporting events) is green.

Aikido

The Japanese martial art showing 'the way of spiritual harmony'

Archery
Bowmen of Guernsey http://www.roversac.net/Archery.htm

Gold medals won at the Island Games

Artistic Roller Skating

Islanders compete in the Guernsey Eisteddfod

Association Football
The Guernsey Football Association runs Guernsey football.  The top tier of Guernsey football is the FNB Priaulx League where there are 9 teams (Belgrave Wanderers, Northerners, Sylvans, St Martin's, Rovers, Guernsey Rangers, Vale Recreation, Mazur and Alderney). The current champions are Rovers.  The second tier is the Jackson League which is a mixture of top league players, lower players and youth players.  The third tier is the Railway League.

Guernsey teams can compete for the Guernsey FA Cup.

The Corbet Football Field donated by Jurat Wilfred Corbet OBE in 1932 has fostered the sport greatly over the years. Although more recently the island has upgraded to a larger, better quality stadium, called Footes Lane.

The annual Muratti match between the Channel Islands gives an airing to the traditional rivalry between Guernsey and Jersey, Alderney also play either Guernsey or Jersey in the semi-final in Alderney.

In 2011, Guernsey F.C. was founded and became a member of the English Combined Counties Football League Division One, winning it in its inaugural season. earning promotion to the Combined Counties Football League Premier Division in 2012–13 and then promotion to the Isthmian League Division One South in 2013–14 which also gave entitlement to compete in the FA Cup.

 Gold medals won at the Island Games

 Men 2001, 2003, 2015

see: Guernsey FA Guernsey FC

Athletics
Using the all-weather track at Footes Lane, Guernsey athletes compete in a number of disciplines in Island Games and the Commonwealth Games.

Guernsey has produced several Olympians, Guernsey-born Percy Hodge competed for Great Britain at the 1920 Antwerp Olympics, winning gold in the 3000m Steeplechase. Dale Garland was a member of the Team GB 4x400m relay team at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, while Lee Merrien competed for Team GB in the Marathon at the 2012 London Olympics.

Gold Medals won at the Island Games include:

see http://www.guernseyathletics.org.gg

Badminton
Popular in Guernsey with players competing in the Commonwealth Games

Gold medals won at the Island Games:

see http://www.guernseybadminton.co.uk/

Bar Billiards

A popular sport in Guernsey, the local association holds an annual Guernsey Open event

see: http://www.guernseybarbilliards.org.uk/

Basketball
Islanders compete in and has won medals at Basketball at the Island Games

 Gold medals won at the Island Games

 Women 2003

see http://guernseybasketball.co.uk

Bell Ringing (Campanology)

With four ringable towers in Guernsey the Islanders form part of the Channel Islands district of Winchester and Portsmouth Diocesan Guild of Church Bell Ringers.

Bowls

Indoor

Guernsey competes in the World Indoor Bowls Championships

 Winning World Indoor Women's Singles Champion in 1990 Fleur Bougard, 2009Alison Merrien MBE, 2011 Alison Merrien MBE
 Winning World Indoor Mixed Pairs Championship 2011 Alison Merrien MBE and Simon Skelton

and at the British Isles Indoor Bowls Championship
 Winning British Isles Indoor Women's Singles Championship 2002, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2015 Alison Merrien MBE
 Winning British Isles Indoor Women's Pairs Championship 2005, 2013, 2014, 2015 Alison Merrien MBE with Carol Ingrouille then Shirley Petit
 Winning British Isles Indoor Men's Triples Championship 2006
 Winning British Isles Indoor Women's Fours Championship 2001
 Winning British Isles Indoor Men's Fours Championship 2010

and the WIBC Championships
 Winning WIBC Indoor Ladies champion - Alison Merrien MBE 2009, 2015
 Winning WIBC Indoor Mixed Pairs Championship - Alison Merrien MBE 2001, 2004

Gold medals won at the Island Games include::

Lawn

Medals won at the Commonwealth Games
  Silver 1986 Lawn Bowls Women's Doubles - Jennifer "Jennie" Nicolle and Marie Smith

Boxing

Organised by the Amalgamated Boys Club since 1936, the sport has been strong in Guernsey for over 100 years.

Ladies are also training and competing in competitions.

Canoeing and Sea Kayaking

A sport that has been increasing in popularity over recent years as equipment quality has increased.

see: http://guernseycanoeclub.com/file/Home.html

Chess

With divisions, knock-out competitions, an annual open international chess festival and with teams representing the Island at International competitions and the Chess Olympiad, you could say chess is a popular sport in the island.

See: http://www.guernseychessclub.org.gg/

Cheerleaders

For 4- to 27-year-old boys and girls, they perform at special local Guernsey events and UK competitions.

Cricket
Guernsey was declared an affiliate member by the International Cricket Council (ICC) in 2005. Competing in the World Cricket League, having won promotion to 2016 ICC World Cricket League Division Five

There is a Channel Islands League in which Guernsey teams participate as well as an annual Inter-insular match against Jersey

Guernsey cricket team competing in the 2015 ICC Europe Division One of Twenty20 having won promotion from Division Two in 2010

From 2016, Guernsey is playing limited matches in Division 2 of the Sussex Cricket League after Sussex clubs voted unanimously to allow the island to join the competition.

According to the ICC, "Guernsey is believed to have the highest cricket participation rate per capita with around 3,000 (circa 5%) of the island's entire population playing the game either as adults in league cricket or as youngsters in the school system".

see http://www.guernseycricket.com/

Cycling

Cycling is very popular in Guernsey with Velo Club races throughout the year, including an annual inter insular event.

Guernsey cyclists compete in GHS UK events, the Island Games and the Commonwealth Games

Gold medals won at the Island Games include:

see http://www.gvc.gg/

For more relaxed cycling, there are regular charity cycling events, such as "Rock To Rocque", and the States of Guernsey promote cycle routes through the country parishes.

Dance

Many types of dance are undertaken, including:

 Argentine Tango
 Ballet
 Ballroom
 Burlesque
 Charleston
 Guernsey traditional
 Irish
 Latin American
 Modern
 Morris
 Pole
 Salsa
 Scottish
 Street
 Tap
 Zumba

With dance festivals and competitions organised by dance schools.

See: - Dance

Darts

It is a popular sport in Guernsey for men and women, with several leagues and inter-island competitions organised.

See: http://www.guernseydarts.com/

Disability sports

Guernsey Sports Association for the Disabled offer general sports aimed at people with a variety of abilities across different ages with an annual participation in a UK Disability Games competition.

Equestrian

Including:
 Show jumping
 Pony club
 Horse driving
 Riding and hunting

with some events held at the annual West Show.

See: http://www.bsguernsey.co.uk/

Euchre

With divisions, leagues and knock out competitions, this card game is played by many in Guernsey locations.

see: http://guernseyeuchre.com

Fencing

Guernsey is renowned for its strong fencing ability. The island competes at a number of levels, competing in national competitions all the way up to the Commonwealths. Guernsey has won two medals at Commonwealth Junior level. GB Fencers such as Fraser Ward are from Guernsey.

see: http://www.guernseyfencing.com/

Fishing

Sea fishing from the shore and boats is very popular, with a number of British records being held with fish caught in Bailiwick waters.

Five-a-Side football

It is regularly played at Beau Sejour.

6-a-side football

Guernsey has a Wednesday league.

see: Wednesday League

Futsal football

The Brazilian game is proving popular in Guernsey, where soccer skills can be improved with this indoor 5-a-side team sport.

see: http://www.icg.gg/sports/futsal-football

Gaelic Football
The Guernsey Gaels was founded in 1996 and competes in the European Gaelic football leagues. The island hosts its own tournament each year, with teams from all over Europe visiting the island.

Guernsey became European Gaelic Football Champions in 2011.

see: https://www.facebook.com/groups/78377631839/

Geocaching

A fairly new world sport, with lots of objects to find in Guernsey

see: http://www.geocaching.com/

Golf

There are two 18-hole courses and one 9-hole course in the island, with a nine-hole course in Alderney.

Juniors are encouraged with competitions and cups to play for.

Islanders and clubs compete in inter Island competitions in both Jersey and Alderney, in the Island Games and in Hampshire and other English competitions.

Gold medals in the Island Games include:

Hockey

Actively played by men and women, who compete in English knockout competitions. There are also annual inter-island games.

The men's team won the England Hockey Trophy in 2008–09, and were runners-up in 2011–12 and 2012–13 before winning again in 2013–14.

The women's team won the England Hockey Vase in 2012–13, having been runners-up in 2010–11.

see http://www.guernseyhockey.com/

Horse racing

The racecourse on L'Ancresse Common was re-established in 2004, and races are held on most Bank Holidays, with competitors from Guernsey as well as Jersey, France and the UK participating.

Judo

Guernsey competes in the Island Games

 Gold medals won in Island Games include:

 Men's 73 kg - Roberto Mascherucci 2007

Mitch Agnelli won the World Veterans Judo Championship in Amsterdam in the over 75-80 under 81 kg category, in 2015.

In 2016 Louis Plevin won gold in the under 81 kg English Junior Open.

see http://guernseyjudo.com/

Modern Pentathlon

Modern Pentathlon is a relatively new sport for Guernsey however the island is extremely strong in all of its individual disciplines.

see https://web.archive.org/web/20160422035310/http://www.pentathlon.org.gg/

Motor Sports
Guernsey also enjoys various motor sports covering production cars, sports cars, racing cars, motor cycles, motorcycles with sidecars, quad bikes, karts and historic cars and bikes

 Off Road
 Motor Cycle Trials
 Sprints
 Hill climbs

In season, regular races take place on the sands on Vazon beach on the west coast including the British Sand Ace Championship

Le Val des Terres, a steeply winding road rising south from St Peter Port to Fort George, is often the focus of both local and international hill-climb races.

Zef Eisenberg set the ACU British Land Speed Record in 2012 and with the Mad Max racing team set the World Turbine Bike Record with a speed of 233.7 mph in 2015.

The 2005, 2006, and 2007 World Touring Car Champion Andy Priaulx is a Guernseyman, whilst his son Seb currently competes in Formula 4.

see:
 Guernsey Motor Cycle & Car Club LBG
 Guernsey Kart & Motor Club

Mountaineering
An unusual sport for Guernsey, but Andrew May made it to the top of Everest in May 2013.

Netball
With three divisions of teams, netball has been a popular sport in the Island for over 70 years.

Guernsey Panthers pay in England in Division Two South.

An annual competition against Jersey is played towards the end of the season.

see Guernsey Netball

Petanque

The traditional French game is also popular in Guernsey.

With an annual Guernsey Open competition held at the Petanque centre.

see: Guernsey Petanque

Power Boating
Guernsey has had World Offshore Power Boating competitors. Local power boating races for rigid hulls and ribs are regularly held

UIM 2014 class 3A and 3B World Powerboat Championships will be held in Guernsey

Guernsey power boater Peter Wilson has held British Water Speed records for IIIB 1.3 litre

see: Guernsey Powerboat Association

Rowing

Since 1894 Men's and Women's teams have been competing in local open sea races, with singles, pairs and fours.

Inter Island races, including the popular Sark to Jersey race and international coastal races and regattas.

In 1997 Jon Van Katwyk and Geoff Gavey completed the inaugural Atlantic Rowing Race.

In 2005-6 Lois Rawlins-Duquemin, Sarah Day, Kathy Tracey and Paula Van Katwyk was the first all female crew to row an ocean, crossing the atlantic in 67-7-20

In 2008, Sam De Kooker and Simon Johns established a Guinness World Record for rowing non-stop on an indoor rowing machine in support of Multiple Sclerosis. They achieved a distance of over 300,000 metres.

In 2009 Margi Jorgensen won a silver medal in the ladies single in the World Coastal Rowing Championships.

In 2013 James Plumley was part of the "Islanders" rowing team who broke the world record for rowing 2,000 miles around the British coast in a time of 26-9-9-58.

see: Guernsey Rowing Club

Rugby Union

Guernsey RFC was founded in 1928 (GRUFC) and competes in the English leagues.
Guernsey players are eligible for inclusion in the Hampshire Rugby Football Union County team who compete for the County Championship Shield

Guernsey RFC 2nd XV and the only one other senior team in Guernsey, St. Jacques RUFC, which was founded in 1978, compete in the Jersey League.

Guernsey competes for the Siam Cup annually against Jersey. The trophy awarded its winner is the second oldest rugby honour contested in the world after the Calcutta Cup.

Guernsey Ladies Rugby have competed in the English non-contact leagues since the 2014–15 season.

see: GRFC

Running

Marathons have been run in the island for over 100 years, there is an annual marathon together with a number of half marathons and shorter runs organised annually. There is an annual ultramarathon which follows the coast of the island for 36 miles. The Easter running festival is also popular with its cross-country course.

Athletes also compete within and for Hampshire County. Charity running events are well represented.

Hash House Harriers, Hash House Harriets, and Guernsey Full Moon HHH events add to the fun of the sport. A weekly 5 km Parkrun event takes place on Saturday mornings at Pembroke Bay.

Mike Meinke completed the 156 mile Marathon des Sables across the Sahara in 2013, starting a trend with three local runners completing the course in the 2014 race and three more in the 2015 race. A Guernsey woman, Ali Moullin competing in 2017.

see: Guernsey hhharriettes
see: parkrun

Sailing
Dingy and yacht racing are popular in Guernsey. Sailors compete in Island Games

Gold Medals won at the Island Games include:

see: http://www.gyc.org.gg/ Sailing Trust

Shooting
Shooters regularly compete at National Rifle Association of the United Kingdom ranges at Bisley and in the Island Games and the Commonwealth Games and have represented Great Britain at the Olympics.

Gold medals won at the Island Games include:

Medals won at the Commonwealth Games
  Gold 1990 Rapid Fire Pistol - Men - Adrian Breton
  Silver 1982 Shooting Men's Air Rifle - Matthew Guille
  Silver 1986 Shooting Men's Rapid Fire Pistol - Adrian Breton
  Bronze 1982 Shooting Fullbore Rifle Queen's Prize Open - Charles Trotter
  Bronze 1994 Shooting Men's Rapid Fire Pistol Team - Adrian Breton and Graham le Maitre

National Rifle Association

 QUEENS Prize Gold Badge for first place 1899 - Private William A Priaulx
 QUEENS Prize Gold Badge for first place 1975 - Charles MY Trotter
 Grand Aggregate Silver Cross for second place 2008 - Nicholas C Mace

Skateboarding

Introduced to Guernsey in the 1960s, a new park built in 2013 at Beau Sejour attracts many new participants

Guernsey Extreme Sports Association organises pro riders and skaters events

Skittles

With three divisions of leagues, it has been a popular sport in Guernsey for many years, played at the Hampshire Lodge.

see: Sarnia Skittles

Snooker & Billiards

Guernsey Snooker run four team leagues, three individual leagues, knockouts and annual Open Competitions for both Snooker and Billiards.

Inter-insular competitions also take place.

see: Guernsey Snooker

Softball

Two divisions of teams with an Inter Island competition at the end of each season.

Guernsey Softball Association see Guernsey Softball

Squash
Guernsey holds a Guernsey Open Championship annually.

Guernsey's Chris Simpson is a world ranked squash player.

Guernsey players compete in the Island Games, the Commonwealth Games and from 2017 in the European Team Championships Div 3

 Gold medals won in Island Games include
 Men Singles - Chris Simpson 2005
 Women's Doubles - 2005

Surfing

Surfing at Vazon beach on Guernsey's west coast has been a popular sport for many years.

Johnny Wallbridge coming first in the seniors division of 2015 Magic Seaweed British National Surf Championships.

see: http://www.guernseysurfclub.com/

Swimming
Water based sports, both sea and pool based are popular, with many Islanders competing in the annual Charity Swimarathon and competitively in the Island Games and Commonwealth Games

Gold Medals won at the Island Games include:

see http://www.gasa.org.gg/

Table Tennis
Member of the European Table Tennis Union

The GTTA centre, located next to the Hougue du Pommier, is equipped with 12 match tables, 6 training tables, a bar and a small café area.

Guernsey teams compete in UK leagues and in Island Games and the Commonwealth Games

Gold medals won in the Island Games include:

see http://www.gtta.org.uk/

Tag Rugby

This non contact sport is played by men and women of all ages, with all primary schools participating in the sport.

see: http://www.tryrugby.gg/index.php/tag_rugby/

Tennis

As Guernsey has the second oldest tennis club in the world, at Kings, with courts built in 1875, you would be quite correct in saying that Tennis is a sport Guernsey loves.

With six indoor and outdoor facilities at a number of locations, clubs are associated to the Lawn Tennis Association

Guernsey's Heather Watson is a world ranked tennis player and WTA title holder. Competing for Team GB in the 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games, and winning Wimbledon Mixed Doubles in 2016

Guernsey players compete in the Island Games and Commonwealth Games as well as playing Inter Island games against Jersey and competing in Channel Island Teams in Aegon County Cup summer and winter events.

Gold medals won in the Island Games include:

Tenpin Bowling

With leagues for men and women, organised by the Guernsey Tenpin Bowling Association

Guernsey has competed tenpin bowling at the Island Games

Touch Football (Rugby league)

Men's Women's and Mixed teams competing in leagues, an annual Inter Island competition, and the Island competes in Touch Europe and the Touch Football World Cup

In 2011 Guernsey won the World Cup Mixed Open Bowl Trophy having beaten the US in the final.

see: http://guernseytouch.org.gg/

Triathlon
Guernsey participants compete in a number of events including the Island Games and Commonwealth Games

 Gold medals won in the Island Games include:

 Women's Tournament - Sam Herridge 2007
 Women's Team 2007

see http://www.guernseytriathlon.com/

Volleyball

With leagues for Men and Women and a Mixed League, as well as an annual Guernsey Open Competition and inter-insular against Jersey.

see: http://volleyballguernsey.com/

Walking

Sarnia Walking Club hold events throughout the year for men and women covering many different distances.

The annual church-to-church competition, where competitors have to touch each parish church in a 19.4 mile race is a special Guernsey event attracting world class competitors. This race has been walked for well over 70 years, although if you believe the Guppy 'Stone de Croze' cartoons, its more like 7,000 years.

Guernsey competitors also compete in English Race Walking Association events and the 20 km walk in the Commonwealth Games.

Annual charity walks also take place including a round the Island race.

Water Polo

Used to be played in Saint Peter Port harbour, but nowadays in pools, such as at St Sampson's school.

Inter insular matches are held regularly.

Windsurfing/Sailboarding
Guernsey's west coast provides good facilities for keen windsurfers. Island competitors have entered International Formula Windsurfing Class events.

Gold medals won at the Island Games include:

see http://www.gbsa.org.gg/

See also

Guernsey at the Commonwealth Games
Island Games
Sport in the United Kingdom
Sport in Jersey
Sport in Alderney
Guernsey Sports

References


Osama bin Laden has been depicted or parodied in a variety of media. Notable examples include:

Books and comics
 Osama, a novel by Lavie Tidhar, in which Osama bin Laden is the "hero" of pulp novels – the Osama bin Laden: Vigilante series – in an alternate universe where international terrorism never took place. The novel won the 2012 World Fantasy Award for Best Novel.
 Pearls Before Swine In the week of June 27, 2005. Rat and Goat are discussing where Osama bin Laden is while bin Laden visits "The Family Circus" characters as an exchange student, ending grace with "Death to America" instead of "Amen" and teaching Billy, Jeffy and Dolly to call their father "The Great Satan". Bin Laden also forces Thel, the mom, to wear a burqa. Then Billy leads the police to catch bin Laden at "The Family Circus" house, and the whole family is thrown in the Guantanamo Bay prison for harboring a terrorist. These comic strips caused controversy among readers.
 The Boondocks November 22, 2001. Huey says a prayer at Thanksgiving dinner, mentioning Osama bin Laden with an implied comparison between bin Laden and George W. Bush. This is one of the comic strips that caused controversy among readers.
 Dead or Alive, a novel by Tom Clancy, focuses on the hunt for terrorist Saif Rahman Yasin, known as "the Emir" and based on bin Laden. Yasin is the leader of the Umayyad Revolutionary Council (URC), a terrorist organization similar to al Qaeda.
 No Easy Day: The Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama bin Laden, a 2012 memoir written by a pseudonymous retired member of SEAL Team Six, which details the mission that killed bin Laden.
 "Bedfellows",  a humorous prose sketch by Harry Turtledove, first published in Fantasy & Science Fiction magazine (June 2005), and reprinted in all-Turtledove hardcover collection Atlantis and Other Places (December 2010). Osama bin Laden and George W. Bush go to Massachusetts, which was one of very few US states legalizing same sex marriage at the time, to tie the knot.
 The Dark Forest, a science fiction novel by Liu Cixin, features an ailing Osama Bin Laden (unnamed) being visited by one of the Wallfacers, after hostilities between al-Qaeda and the international community have ceased in anticipation of an invasion of aliens from a nearby star system in our own galaxy.

Film and television
 Dispatches: The Saudi Tapes – a 1997 TV documentary that features an interview with Bin Laden. Director: Gwynne Roberts. Production company: Roberts and Wykeham Films.
 Bin Laden: The Early Years – a 2001 TV documentary. Director: Jon Blair. Production company: 3BM Television.
 The World's Most Wanted Man – a 2001 British documentary. Director: Rob Carey. Production company: Uden Associates.
 Dispatches: Bin Laden's Plan Of Terror – a 2001 TV documentary. Director: Eamonn Matthews. Production company: MBC Midlands.
 The Chaser's War on Everything – earlier episodes of this Australian comedy series parody Osama bin Laden's videos with altered, humorous subtitles.
 The comedy show South Park parodies bin Laden in the episodes "Osama bin Laden Has Farty Pants", "Krazy Kripples", "Cartoon Wars Part II", "200", "201" and "It's a Jersey Thing".
 Osama Bin Laden: Behind the Madness – a 2002 comedy.
 Panorama: The Hunt For Bin Laden – a 2002 TV documentary. Producer: Aidan Laverty. Production company: BBC TV.
 Meeting Osama Bin Laden – a 2004 documentary.
 Targeted: Osama Bin Laden – a 2004 documentary.
 Bin Laden: The Failings of a Manhunt – a documentary film alleging that French soldiers could have killed Osama bin Laden twice but didn't because no orders came from US commanders.
 Postal – a 2007 comedy film based on the 2003 video game. In the film, bin Laden (played by Seinfeld'''s Larry Thomas), who inexplicably speaks with an American accent, is portrayed as a priss who has been hiding out in Arizona since 2001, and has become tiresome with his anti-American threats, feeling that "nobody's listening anymore". He is also played as being a close friend and possible lover of George W. Bush, who has been helping him stay hidden. The final shot of the film features bin Laden and Bush skipping hand-in-hand in a field while dozens of nuclear bombs go off in the distance.
 Grindhouse, the 2007 film's feature segment Planet Terror, features a scene where antagonist Lt. Muldoon (Bruce Willis) reveals the origin of a mutation that has affected him and his renegade squad. Muldoon and his men were infected by a deadly biochemical agent being harbored by bin Laden, whom Muldoon admits to executing.
 Where in the World is Osama Bin Laden? – a 2008 documentary.
 The American TV show Family Guy has shown bin Laden several times. In the original version of "Road to Rhode Island", broadcast in 2000, bin Laden is seen attempting to evade airport security by singing a show tune, as Stewie has just successfully done. In "PTV", bin Laden is seen cracking up while attempting to record a threatening video message to the U.S. After considerable dialogue and banter among the co-conspirators, Stewie is revealed to be present and he proceeds successfully to attack all the al-Qaeda operatives, including bin Laden. Osama bin Laden is also briefly referenced in "Peter's Daughter". "The Big Bang Theory" briefly references his death.
 In the American Dad! episode "Bush Comes To Dinner", Steve and Roger try to coax the truth from George W. Bush as to Osama bin Laden's whereabouts, but their scheme ends in failure when they get him drunk. At the end of the episode, he is seen in an office building.
 Devil's Advocate – a Dutch reality television show where the world's worst criminals are "tried". The April 8, 2009 show featured bin Laden and created controversy when the "jury" acquitted him.
 Tere Bin Laden () – 2010 Indian comedy film by Abhishek Sharma, about a fake video of Osama bin Laden which is mistaken for the real thing. Pradhuman Singh portrays the in-film bin Laden lookalike. It was followed by a sequel Tere Bin Laden: Dead or Alive also by Sharma, with Singh reprising his role as bin Laden, where the US government hires an Indian film director to make fake footage for proving the death of bin Laden.
 The 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty depicts the hunt and capture of bin Laden, directed by Kathryn Bigelow. A similar TV film, Seal Team Six: The Raid on Osama Bin Laden, was also released in 2012.
 The 2013 Indian spy thriller film, Vishwaroopam, directed by Kamal Haasan, shows Osama bin Laden greeting the Al Qaeda chieftains in a cave.
 The 2017 Indian Malayalam-language film Comrade in America shows a character named Laden illegally trying to enter the United States.
 In the 2019 second season finale of Future Man, "Ultra-Max", Susan Saint Jackalope (portrayed by Seth Rogen) informs Josh Futturman (portrayed by Josh Hutcherson) that one of the parallel timeline versions of him created in "The Brain Job", J-1, had given Osama bin Laden his TTD (Time Travel Device), and that "time travelling bin Laden" was out there "blowing up buildings that haven't even been built yet". In the 2020 third season premiere, "The Precipice of Yesterday", in the captivity of the DieCathalon, Josh begins hearing a voice (whom he believes to be God) who guides him to escape from the death game to the past, eventually learning at the end of "Trapper's Delight" that the source of the voice is "OBL" bin Laden (portrayed by Fajer Al-Kaisi), learning further in "The Outlaw Wild Sam Bladden" that OBL is an atheist version of bin Laden (whom Susan had spoken of) from an alternate timeline where he was recruited by J-1 at university and prevented from becoming radicalised and founding al Qaeda, becoming "BFFs" with him before he had accidentally killed J-1 and been kicked out of Haven, a utopia the duo had fled to within outside of reality, after J-1 had begun bringing celebrities and public figures (whom bin Laden saw as "infidels") to Haven from before their otherwise would have died. After bin Laden gives Josh the TTD coordinates to get to Haven, Susan shows up, Josh learns of J-1's fate, and on attempting to threaten bin Laden with a warning shot, Josh accidentally kills him with the gun's ricochet.
 The 2022 South Korean drama Twenty-Five Twenty-One, starring Kim Tae-ri and Nam Joo-hyuk, features the fictional South Korean news coverage of the real-life September 11 attacks and made references to Osama bin Laden in the show's 15th episode.

Internet
In the now terminated Brazilian flash animation website Mundo Canibal, Bin Laden is featured as a main character in a number of animations. He also appears as suicidal enemy in the site's beat-em-up videogame, Mundo Canibal Apocalypse.

Music
 Osama—Yo' Mama: The Album, by Ray Stevens
 Industrial metal band Ministry's included the song "Khyber Pass", which takes its name from the mountain pass linking the countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan, in their 2006 album Rio Grande Blood. The track poses the debate that bin Laden would've been, in fact, a Bush administration ally, specifically on the verses: "Some say he's livin' at the Khyber Pass; others say he's at the Bushes' ranch".
 Brazilian funk singer calls himself MC Bin Laden and in his song "Bin Laden não morreu", says that bin Laden is not dead.
 Immortal Technique - Bin Laden
 Three 6 Mafia, an American hardcore hip-hop group, released the track "Bin Laden" on the album Da Unbreakables in 2003.
 Comedy music group The Lonely Island created "Finest Girl (Bin Laden Song)", which had its music video debut in May 2016, in connection with the satirical film Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping.
 In American metal band System of a Down's 2002 album Steal This Album!, the second single "Boom!" was released together with a videoclip about the War in Iraq. Directed by Michael Moore, it features a cartoon animation with Osama bin Laden, Saddam Hussein, George W. Bush and Tony Blair sitting in underwear on missiles, representing the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.
 Eminem appears in an Osama bin Laden costume in the video for his 2002 single Without Me.

Video games
Osama bin Laden is an opponent (or boss) in many games released during the 2000s:. He is the main antagonist in most of these games.
 America's 10 Most Wanted (October 24, 2001)
 Bin Laden Liquors (March 21, 2002)
 Kill Osama bin Laden (February 9, 2006)
 The Great Apocalypse (April 21, 2009)
 Kuma\War: 107th Mission (July 16, 2008)
 Mujahedin (January 26, 2004)
 Muslim Massacre (January 2008)
 Postal III (December 21, 2011)
 Postal 2 (April 13, 2003)
 Spec Ops: War on Terrorism (January 1, 2010)
 Command and Conquer: Generals and Command and Conquer: Generals Zero Hour'' (Bin laden was the inspiration for the GLA Toxin General, Dr. Thrax. As Bin Laden reportedly used Biological Weapons against America and elsewhere, so too the character was created and modeled in his likeness). (March 10, 2007)

See also
 Osama bin Laden (elephant)  a ubiquitous name for rogue elephants in India
 Devil Eyes

References

Osama bin Laden


Beaumetz (Picard: Bieumé) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Beaumetz is situated at the junction of the D185 and D925 roads, some  east of Abbeville. It is surrounded by the communes Ribeaucourt, Prouville and Domesmont.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The Serie B 1954–55 was the twenty-third tournament of this competition played in Italy since its creation.

Teams
Parma and Taranto had been promoted from Serie C, while Palermo and Legnano had been relegated from Serie A.

Final classification

Results

References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005

Serie B seasons
2
Italy


Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) is an initiative by the ISO TC 204/Working Group 16 to define a set of wireless communication protocols and air interfaces for a variety of communication scenarios spanning multiple modes of communications and multiple methods of transmissions in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The CALM architecture is based on an IPv6 convergence layer that decouples applications from the communication infrastructure. A standardized set of air interface protocols is provided for the best use of resources available for short, medium and long-range, safety critical communications, using one or more of several media, with multipoint (mesh) transfer.

Since 2007 CALM stands for Communication Access for Land Mobile, before that year, CALM stood for Communications, Air-interface, Long and Medium range.

Communication Modes
CALM enables the following communication modes:

 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I): communication initiated by either roadside or vehicle (e.g. petrol forecourt or toll booth)
 Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V): peer to peer ad hoc networking amongst fast moving objects following the idea of MANET's/VANET's.
 Infrastructure-to-Infrastructure (I2I): point-to-point connection where conventional cabling is undesirable (e.g. using lamp posts or street signs to relay signals)

Methods of transmission used by CALM may be based on one or more of the following communication media:

 Infrared
 GSM (2G, 3G cellular telephone communication technology)
 DSRC 5.8-5.9 GHz (legacy systems)
 Various evolutions of the IEEE 802.11 standard including WAVE (IEEE P1609.3/D23), M5 (ISO 21215)
 WiMAX, IEEE 802.16e
 MM-wave (63 GHz)
 Satellite
 Bluetooth
 RFID

The CALM architecture provides an abstraction layer for vehicle applications, managing communication for multiple concurrent sessions spanning all communications modes, and all methods of transmission.

Applications
Applications for CALM are likely to include in-vehicle internet access, dynamic navigation, safety warnings, collision avoidance, and ad hoc networks linking multiple vehicles.

Security
The CALM architecture protects critical in-vehicle communication using a firewall controlled by the vehicle.
Parental controls are also being considered as a component of the architecture.

Implementations
The CALM standard is still work in progress. Therefore, large scale implementations of the standard do not yet exist. CVIS  is a project funded by the EC in the sixth framework program (FP6). The aim of the project is to develop and implement a communication infrastructure based on the CALM architecture. CVIS will implement CALM M5, 2G/3G and IR as communication media. The implementation will be tested at several test locations across Europe with a wide range of ITS applications.

External links
 http://www.safespot-eu.org/ SAFESPOT EU Integrated Project on Cooperative Vehicular Systems for Road Safety
 http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00419466/fr/ Architecture Pour Communication Véhicules-Infrastructure

References

Intelligent transportation systems


In theoretical physics, the Born–Infeld model is a particular example of what is usually known as a nonlinear electrodynamics. It was historically introduced in the 1930s to remove the divergence of the electron's self-energy in classical electrodynamics by introducing an upper bound of the electric field at the origin.

Overview
Born–Infeld electrodynamics is named after physicists Max Born and Leopold Infeld, who first proposed it. The model possesses a whole series of physically interesting properties.

In analogy to a relativistic limit on velocity, Born–Infeld theory proposes a limiting force via limited electric field strength. A maximum electric field strength produces a finite electric field self-energy, which when attributed entirely to electron mass-produces maximum field

Born–Infeld electrodynamics displays good physical properties concerning wave propagation, such as the absence of shock waves and birefringence. A field theory showing this property is usually called completely exceptional, and Born–Infeld theory is the only  completely exceptional regular nonlinear electrodynamics.

This theory can be seen as a covariant generalization of Mie's theory and very close to Albert Einstein's idea of introducing a nonsymmetric metric tensor with the symmetric part corresponding to the usual metric tensor and the antisymmetric to the electromagnetic field tensor.

The compatibility of Born–Infeld theory with high-precision atomic experimental data requires a value of a limiting field some 200 times higher than that introduced in the original formulation of the theory.

Since 1985  there was a revival of interest on Born–Infeld theory and its nonabelian extensions, as they were found in some limits of string theory. It  was  discovered by  E.S. Fradkin and A.A. Tseytlin that the Born–Infeld action is the leading term in the low-energy effective action of the open string theory expanded in powers of derivatives of gauge field strength.

Equations

We will use the relativistic notation here, as this theory is fully relativistic.

The Lagrangian density is

where η is the Minkowski metric, F is the Faraday tensor (both are treated as square matrices, so that we can take the determinant of their sum), and b is a scale parameter. The maximal possible value of the electric field in this theory is b, and the self-energy of point charges is finite. For electric and magnetic fields much smaller than b, the theory reduces to Maxwell electrodynamics.

In 4-dimensional spacetime the Lagrangian can be written as

where E is the electric field, and B is the magnetic field.

In string theory, gauge fields on a D-brane (that arise from attached open strings) are described by the same type of Lagrangian:

where T is the tension of the D-brane and  is the invert of the string tension.

References

Quantum field theory
Quantum electrodynamics
String theory
Max Born


The Cais do Sodré Railway Station () is an intermodal railway station in the civil parish of Misericórdia, in the municipality of Lisbon, serving as the terminus of the suburban route to the resort town Cascais.

History

In 1925, the company Sociedade Estoril elaborated a project for a station along the margin of the civil parish of São Paulo.

The station was completed and inaugurated on 18 August 1928.

A new roof was built over the platforms in 1960, but on 28 May 1963 this collapsed while one train was loading and another was unloading.  About 50 people were killed and many more injured.

In 1993,  metro station was opened to link the railway station, a project of Nuno Teotónio Pereira, who was contracted in 1998 to remodel the site. He was brought back in 2000, in order to construct the river terminal along the northern margin of the Tagus.

On 4 August 1995, there was a proposal to classify the railway station by URBE. A dispatch to begin the classification process was instituted on 20 OCtober 2004, by the vice-president of IPPAR, which was later amended on 24 August 2007 (to status of Imóvel de Interesse Público), and later, on 23 November 2011, Conselho Nacional de Cultura (National Council of Culture) proposed its classification as a Monumento de Interesse Público (Monument of Public Interest). It was on 30 January 2012, when the project was descively classified and its area of protection designated (Announcement 1216/2012, Diário da República, Série 2, 15).

Architecture

It is an inter-modal exchange connecting the Lisbon Metro, rail-lines and river terminal centre, a complex situated at the Duque de Terceirasquare. The station is adjacent to the Lisbon Metro station (which is the terminus for the Metro's Green Line) and isolated along the northern margin of Tagus River, with ferry service to Cacilhas, Seixal and Montijo (the Transtejo & Soflusa service).

The station comprises a building with three bodies juxtapositioned in an "U" design, with the steel and tiled central hall covering the rail-lines that parallel the Tagus River and Avenida 24 de Julho. The main hall, that includes the vestibule ticket offices, is a rectangular body with terrace oriented to the northeast. Its main facade is divided into three sections with the identical lateral bodies of smaller dimensions, with the central composed of five ample bodies on the first floor, decorated by extensive rectangular flaps supported by four corbels. To the second floor, is an ample surface topped by depressed arch, decorated by small geometric elements in triangular forms. The lateral bodies, that include one per floor are demarcated and separated by a panel of rectangular mosaics. Flanking the pans, are striated bronze columns that extend down to the bas-relief of the same material that finishes the span of the second floor. To finish off the facade, there is a paltibanda with cornice in a collapsed arch.

Attached to the main building are two similar annex bodies with identical facades, consisting of two floors of simple rectangular spans decorated in intervals by geometric mosaic panels. The northern rectangular body, covered in tile, has an extensive facade that parallels the public roadway. The eastern annex is an "L"-shape building with lateral facade oriented to the south that correspond to administrative services. Juxtapositioned to the main body on either side are triangular spans with curved apex that resembles the decorative discourse of the main facades.

The Art Deco design was by Porfírio Pardal Monteiro (1897–1957) and the Metro station is decorated with works by abstract artist António Dacosta, in addition to an underground waterfall.

References

Notes

Sources

Railway stations in Lisbon
Railway stations opened in 1895
Art Deco architecture in Portugal
Art Deco railway stations
Misericórdia
1895 establishments in Europe
Railway stations in Portugal opened in the 19th century


William Thomas (also known as William Huw-Thomas) is a Welsh actor, who has appeared in many TV episodes and films. He made his first appearance on TV in 1974, and his work, as an actor, is still ongoing. He is known for his roles in two Doctor Who episodes, along with roles in other major TV programmes, including Only Fools and Horses and Midsomer Murders in 2007.

In 2011 he appeared as a regular in Torchwood: Miracle Day as Geraint Cooper; having previously played the character on a one-off occasion in 2008.

Filmography

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Welsh male television actors
Welsh male film actors


Samuel Teresi (born 1960) is an American politician. He was the 24th Mayor of the City of Jamestown, New York, serving from 2000 to 2020. Running for the Democratic Party, he defeated incumbent Republican mayor Richard Kimball Jr. to become mayor of Jamestown in 2000. Teresi earned a BA in Political Science, from State University of New York, Buffalo in 1982 and an MA in Public Affairs/Administration from State University of New York, Albany in 1984.

On February 4, 2019, he announced that he would not seek re-election. He was succeeded by Eddie Sundquist.

References

1960 births
Living people
Politicians from Jamestown, New York
New York (state) Democrats
University at Buffalo alumni


Alfons Jēgers (1919–1999) was a Latvian football and hockey player. He is recognized as one of the greatest in the history of both of these sports in Latvia.

Biography

Jēgers came from a poor family and in the first years he played football barefoot with a "ball" made from papers and old clothes in the street. At the age of 16 he caught the attention of the trade-union football team. He soon emerged as a very talented footballer and his popularity was on the rise as he scored the single late goal in the victory for his team against the renowned Rīgas FK. In 1939 Jēgers played his single international football match for Latvia.

In 1940 when Latvian sports life was reorganized according to Soviet standards Jēgers played for Dinamo Riga with which he went on a tourney to Moscow, Kiev and Tbilisi. After German occupation Nazis sent him to Stutthof concentration camp where Jēgers caught typhus and was close to death. However, he survived and after the end of World War II he returned to both football and ice-hockey. From 1946 to 1948 he played football with Dinamo Riga, when it was merged with Daugava Rīga he became a player of Daugava. From 1950 to 1952 he was the captain of Daugava, in 1951 - the best goalscorer for the club in the Soviet Top League. Jēgers had to retire from football when after the 1952 season Daugava got relegated from the top league and in the whole season Jēgers as a forward hadn't scored a single goal.

In ice hockey Jēgers made a career only after World War II when he became a player with Dinamo Rīga. He played hockey on a professional level until 1957. Later he worked in coaching.

Latvian men's footballers
Latvia men's international footballers
Latvian ice hockey players
Soviet men's footballers
Soviet ice hockey players
1919 births
1999 deaths
FC Daugava Riga players
Dinamo Riga players
Men's association football players not categorized by position
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR


Pacific Division may refer to:
Pacific Division (NBA)
Pacific Division (NHL)
Pacific Division (hip hop group)
Pacific Division (U. S. Army)
Pacific States or Pacific Division, Division 9 of United States Census Bureau's Region 4: West


Valbona is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 212 inhabitants.

References

Municipalities in the Province of Teruel


The 2007 Rally Japan was the 14th round of the 2007 World Rally Championship. It took place between 26 and 28 October 2007.

Report
Ford Mikko Hirvonen took the lead on Friday afternoon after overtaking Jari-Matti Latvala. Hirvonen then led the rally to the end. After team-mate Marcus Grönholm had already retired on Friday morning, the task was to keep Sébastien Loeb behind and thereby take points from him in the Drivers' World Championship. Hirvonen did that with success, he put the three-time world champion under pressure and fought an exciting battle for the top with him.

The situation changed on Saturday afternoon. Loeb was also eliminated after his co-driver Daniel Elena misread a pace note. Third-placed Latvala, who had led the rally at the start, also had to retire after an accident. Both later started again under the Rallye 2 regulations. So Hirvonen had a new pursuer Daniel Sordo. However, Hirvonen's lead was already large enough for him to control the rally. In the end, Hirvonen had a 37.4 second lead over Sordo. Loeb won four special stages on Sunday, after which he finally had to retire due to oil pressure problems.

Results

Retirements
  Marcus Grönholm - went off the road (SS4);
  Chris Atkinson - crashed his car (SS6);
  Fumio Nutahara - mechanical (SS14);
  Sébastien Loeb - mechanical (SS26);
  Armindo Araujo - excluded after post-rally technical check;

Special Stages
All dates and times are JST (UTC+9).

Championship standings after the event

Drivers' championship

Manufacturers' championship

References

External links

 Results on the official site: WRC.com
 Results on eWRC.com
 Results at Jonkka's World Rally Archive

Japan
2007
Rally


The term class council is derived from the classroom assembly ("Réunion coopérative", "Conseil") of Freinet pedagogy.
Freinet did organize the class like an (agricultural) cooperative society.
Much like the farmers organize cultivation and marketing of their products together in a cooperative the pupils plan and organize learning themselves.
The class council is an agency of self-determination in which all pupils participate with equal rights.

An alternative model of the class council is based on work of Rudolf Dreikurs, a pupil of Alfred Adler.
Dreikurs developed the class council based on individual psychology and without reference to Freinet pedagogy as an instrument of problem solving and mediation but not as an agency of self-determination.

In Freinet pedagogy

Tasks and fields of activity
The class council can:

 deliberate on excursions.
 deliberate on teaching methods.
 deliberate on subject matter.

 The intent is to promote a sense of community, community spirit and a democratic attitude. Communicative competencies and independent study skills are also meant to benefit.

In the class council pupils can

 present self-determined learning projects and tasks which are useful to run a democratic class council.
 decide on cooperations.
 formulate missions and requests to working groups.
 present and discuss learning results.
 plan the social life of the class.
 plan the expenses of the class.
 discuss relations and problems with other classes.
 discuss issues of self-determination.

Valuable class institution

The class council is a means to promote citizenship education. The individual learning goals and the social interests of the pupils are the focus of the class council. The self-determination of the class includes economic experience as excursions, common property and consumption items require funding.

Differences between curricular educational objectives and individual learning goals of the pupils may lead to a conflict of interests for the teacher and the class. Experiences in class councils have shown that pupils are eager to follow extra-curricular learning objectives.

Administration of a class council

During the introduction stage the class teacher can perform the necessary administrative tasks.
In a later stage the pupils can rotate the offices of chairman, keeper of the minutes, rule monitor, time monitor and other tasks.
The pupils can also determine the agenda.

Agenda

The agenda for a meeting of the class council can be prepared by pupils. A useful means is a bulletin board/wall newspaper that is used to collect contributions in different categories (e.g. criticism, appreciation, proposals). All pupils in a class can make contributions to the bulletin board.

Role of the teacher during the class council

The teacher is meant to actively reduce his influence and to allow for democratic and social processes in the group.
A class left to its own devices may run the risk of encouraging oligarchs.
A successful instrument of self-determination supposedly develops best with the support of the teacher in the role of an advisor.

Rules

The self-given rules of the class council should  suffice as long as they are not in contradiction with school policy or the law.
Prearranged rules may be helpful but undermine the self-determination of the pupils.
The view what constitutes an orderly class council may be quite different for pupils and for teachers.
Pupils need scope for development and the chance to make their own experiences by experimenting with and inventing their own democratic behaviors and rules.

Criticism on contemporary class councils from the perspective of Freinet pedagogy

The class council today is often removed from its pedagogical context in Freinet pedagogy and is modified and reduced. Freinet pedagogues criticize that the class council loses its democratic and emancipatory aspects and becomes an extension of class teacher and school administration.
Even in the democratic toolkit building blocks of the BLK the class council is primarily a means for problem solving.

References

See also

 Student council

Education reform
School terminology
Pedagogy
Student politics


Heramba Lal Gupta( C.1884-1950) was an Indian nationalist linked to the Berlin Committee and the Ghadar Party extensively involved in the Hindu–German Conspiracy, who later became a British Intelligence mole inside Mahendra Pratap's Provisional Government of India. He was the son of Umesh Chandradasgupta of Kolkata. He left in 1911 to London for studies, and became involved in revolutionary activities. Janice Mc Kinnon and Stephen Mc Kinnon in their book, Agnes Smedley:The Life and Times of An American Radical, accused Gupta of raping the American journalist and revolutionary, Agnes Smedley. The rape is described in her autobiographical novel, Daughter of Earth.

At the outbreak of World War I, Gupta was in Germany as member of the Berlin Committee, which within a short time established contacts with the Ghadar Party in the United States in what came to be called the Hindu–German Conspiracy. Efforts had begun as early as 1911 to procure arms and smuggle them into India. When a clear idea of the conspiracy emerged, more earnest and elaborate plans were made to obtain arms and to enlist international support. After the failure of the SS Korea mission, Herambalal Gupta took over the leadership of American wing of the Ghadar Party and began efforts to obtain both men and arms. While the former resource was in plentiful supply with more and more Indians coming forward to join the Ghadarite cause, obtaining arms for the uprising proved to be more difficult.

The revolutionaries started negotiations with the Chinese government through James Dietrich, who held Sun Yat-sen's power of attorney, to buy a million rifles. However, the deal fell through when it was realised that the weapons offered were obsolete flintlocks and muzzle loaders. From China, Gupta went to Japan to try to procure arms and to enlist Japanese support for the Indian independence movement. However, he was forced into hiding within 48 hours when he discovered that the Japanese had planned to hand him over to the British. Later reports indicated he was protected at this time by Tōyama Mitsuru.

The ascent of Li Yuanhong to the Chinese Presidency in 1916 led to the negotiations reopening through his former private secretary who resided in the United States at the time. In exchange for allowing arms shipments to India via China's borders, China was offered German military assistance and the rights to 10% of any material shipped to India via China. The negotiations were ultimately unsuccessful due to Sun Yat Sen's opposition to an alliance with Germany.

Gupta is believed to have later met with Mahendra Pratap's Provisional Government of India in Kabul, but he defected in 1918 and turned over his intelligence to British Indian police. He was arrested in the US and imprisoned for 18 months. He jumped bail and escaped to Mexico, where he became a teacher at Universidad Autonoma. He translated Tagore's Chitra into Spanish in 1919. He died on April 28, 1950, in Mexico.

Notes

References
 Celebrated Spies and Famous Mysteries of the Great War By George Barton.1919. Page company.
 Political Thinkers of Modern India. By Verinder Grover. 1992. Deep & Deep Publications.
Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905-1922. By Arun Bose . 1971. Bharati Bhawan
 .
.
.
 .
.
 .

Double agents
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
Indian people of World War I
World War I spies for the United Kingdom
World War I spies for Germany
Indian independence activists from West Bengal
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government


Ramanuja Kavirayar (1780, Ramanathapuram – 1853, Madras)  was a Tamil savant and poet. Living in Madras, he dominated the world of Tamil letters and had several eminent Tamil scholars as his students.

Ramanuja Kavirayar pioneered the work of bringing Tamil classics into print for the first time, and wrote commentaries on some of them. He was also a poet. His greatest service, however, like that of Minakshisundaram Pillai, was as a teacher of Tamil. He trained a band of fine native Tamil scholars and was guru or munshi (the term then current to denote language teachers) to many of the European Tamil scholars in Madras between 1820 and 1853.

Early life
Few details of Ramanuja Kavirayar's early life are known. His father was one Rangien as stated in a verse at the end of a Tamil translation of a Sanskrit work called Atmabodham. Ramanujam was a contemporary of Ashtavadhanam Peria Saravanaperumal Kavirayar of Ramanathapuram. Both of them learnt Tamil from Somasundaram Pillai, who was a well-learned and religious man and was one of the 12 personal disciples of the celebrated Sivagnana Swamigal.

After a thorough study of Tamil literature and grammar, Ramanuja Kavirayar came to Madras in 1820 and settled down as a teacher and man of letters working with single-minded devotion and enthusiasm, till his death in 1853, for the cause of Tamil learning and Tamil culture. He taught Tamil to many students and also published several books of his own and others, for which, it is stated, he had the control of a printing press. He soon gained fame for his scholarship and came to be referred to as Ilakkanakkadal and lyarramilasiriyar.

Among his many eminent pupils were Visakhaperumal Aiyar and his half-brother Saravanaperumal Aiyar. Vishakaperumal Aiyar attained fame as an editor and commentator and was for several years the head of Tamil Department of the Madras University. Saravanaperumal Aiyar was also an equally well-known scholar, blessed with a philosophical bent of mind and such catholicity of outlook that he sang a brilliant Nanmanimalai on the great Muslim-mystic and Tamil poet Gunangudi Masthan.

Of Ramanuja Kavirayar's European Tamil students, the most prominent were George Uglow Pope, Miron Winslow, William Hoyles Drew and C. T. E. Rhenius. All were Christian missionaries devoted to the cause of Tamil studies. He not only taught them Tamil literature and grammar, but also collaborated with them in some of their important works. Ramanuja Kavirayar's role in the preparation of Winslow's (1862) English-Tamil dictionary is acknowledged in Winslow's preface: "In the preparation of this work, the compiler has been aided at different times by competent natives. Of these the first was Ramanuja Kavirayar." Ramanuja Kavirayar helped William Henry Drew in his English translation of the first two books of the Thirukkural, which Kavirayar himself brought out with his own special notes and Parimelalhagar's gloss. G. U. Pope has given currency to an interesting story relating to Ramanuja Kavirayar, which throws some light on his early life.

This story of Pope explains in some measure the background for Ramanuja Kavirayar's consciousness of his high mission as a dedicated teacher endowed with a domineering even aggressive nature, which evoked a natural reaction among his compeers.

For more than 30 years, Ramanuja Kavirayar was in the forefront of an illustrious band of Tamil scholars of Madras like Thandavaraya Mudaliar, Kanchipuram Sabhapathy Mudaliar, Kazhathur Vedagiri Mudaliar, Purasai Ashtavadhanam Sabhapathy Mudaliar, Ashtavadhanam Veeraswami Chettiar, Thiruvengatachala Mudaliar of Egmore, Visakhaperumal Aiyar and his brother, Mazhavai Mahalingam Aiyar and a host of others, who were the early pioneers in the great and formidable task of bringing the treasures of Tamil language, literature and grammar into print in the modern sense.

Ramanuja Kavirayar was greatly admired by his pupils, and respected by the most distinguished of his scholastic and intellectual opponents. Ironically, he occupied no recognisable official position and founded no school. Perhaps this was so because he simply said and wrote what seemed to him to be exact and true, in his own unemphatic, careful prose, with all the qualifications that the truth seemed to demand.

He did not modify or shape his thought to make it fit into a system. He did not exaggerate or over-schematise in order to obtain or attract attention for his ideas. He had an acute, ironical humour, was obstinate under attack, and could not be either snubbed or bullied. Yet he was courteous, serious and charming, and his movements and words possessed a dignity and humanity wholly unrelated to the popular image of him in the last 30 years of his life.

Ramanuja Kavirayar’s commentaries
Pride of place amongst Ramanuja Kavirayar's commentaries should go to that on Nannool, known as Ramanuja Kandigai. Nannool was a grammatical masterpiece written by Pavanandi Munivar, a Jain ascetic, around the late 12th or early 13th century AD which has been held in high esteem by Tamil poets and scholars ever since. Nannool still continues to hold its own as a major work despite the attempts of some purists recently to discredit it. By writing an excellent commentary on it, and making its knowledge easily available in an intelligible manner to Tamil students, Ramanuja Kavirayar rendered a rare and distinct service, especially when we bear in mind the fact that the two earlier Commentaries on the Nannool, one by Mylainathar in the 14th century and the other by Sankaranamasivaya Pulavar in the 18th century had not then seen the light of day.

The story goes that Ramanajua Kavirayar's disciple Visakhaperumal Aiyar forestalled his master by publishing an elaborate gloss on Nannool earlier and this somewhat estranged their relationship. In his life of Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai, Dr U. V. Swaminatha Iyer says that Ramanuja Kavirayar often used to make slighting remarks about Visakhaperumal Aiyar and that at one stage Visakhaperumal Aiyar's student Mazhavai Mahalinga Aiyar had to begin a campaign of retaliation against Ramanuja Kavirayar in order to defend his guru. This anecdote only reveals the human element in great men, who are sometimes not free from minor foibles.

Ramanuja Kavirayar also wrote commentaries on the minor ethical works of Aathichoodi and Konraivendan of Avvaiyar. Though the maxims of Avvaiyar are short, yet some of them, on account of their extreme brevity and enigmatic expression are like Sutras requiring elaborate elucidation which was done with great force and clarity by Kavirayar.

Poetry
Valuable as his commentaries have been, Ramanuja Kavirayar will be best remembered by his poems. He wrote three devotional poems: Thiruvengadavar Anubhuthi on Lord Venkatesa of Tirupati, Parthasarathy Padampunai Pamalai on God Parthasarathy of Triplicane, and Varadarajar Padirrupa-thanthadi on the Lord of the famous temple of Kanchipuram.

The resonating echoes of the hymns of the great Alwars can be heard in all these poems. They are in simple and beautiful language, expressing fervent ‘Bhakti’ in a mood of self-surrender to the Lord. If only he had devoted more time to poetry and composed more works of this kind, he would have been among the notable poets of that age. Some stray poems including a Pancharatnamala on Pachaiyappa Mudaliar, the great philanthropist, also stand to the credit of Kavirayar.

See also
 Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition

References
Kamil V. Zvelebil, Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, 1992, pp. 160–61

1780 births
1853 deaths
Tamil scholars
Tamil poets
Tirukkural commentators


Mahmoud Mestiri (25 December 1929 in Tunis – 28 June 2006) was a Tunisian diplomat and politician, who served as the minister of foreign affairs from 1987 to 1988. He was serving as the ambassador of Tunisia when he was appointed to the post. In both posts he replaced Hédi Mabrouk. Mestiri was former president of the Tunisian football team Club Africain.

References

1929 births
2006 deaths
People from Tunis
Foreign ministers of Tunisia
Ambassadors of Tunisia to France
20th-century diplomats


The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Holland, a client state of Napoleon Bonaparte's French Empire which encompassed most of the modern-day state of the Netherlands, was instituted in 1806.

When the Emperor Napoleon proposed that his younger brother Louis Napoleon Bonaparte should become the king of a new kingdom, a state that would replace and succeed the age-old Dutch republic, at that time called the "Batavian Republic". He chose the name "Holland", after the most important province, as "Hollande" was much used in France as a name for the Netherlands.

The statute described the royal arms and mentioned a royal crown. On 20 May 1807 a precise drawing of the royal coat of arms was approved by the king. The crown was topped with an orb with a cross.

In practice crowns without a cross became part of the crosses of Louis' Order of Knighthood, the Order of the Union, and the new coins. The second coat of arms, approved on 6 February 1806, showed no cross.

As the country was ruined by the Napoleonic wars and the resulting lack of trade there was no opportunity for a coronation. The crown existed on paper alone until the French annexed the country in 1810. In 1813 the Dutch "chose" a new sovereign ruler, later king, William I who had a new crown, the crown of the Netherlands designed and wrought in gilded silver.

See also
Circlet
Coronet
Diadem
Helmet
Tiara
Papal tiara
Crown jewels
List of royal crowns

References
 Hubert de Vries, "Wapens van de Nederlanden", Amsterdam 1995

Symbols introduced in 1813
Holland
Dutch monarchy
Holland
Holland
Kingdom of Holland


Virtual Storage Personal Computing (VSPC) was a service offered by IBM in the late 1970s and early 1980s. From a data terminal, users could run both interactive processes and batch jobs on remote computing hardware (located in IBM service centres) to which they were connected e.g. by telephone lines using modems. Among the programming languages offered were VSPC variants of BASIC, FORTRAN, APL and PL/I. VSPC became obsolete following the invention of the Personal Computer as computing power became available to the individual user locally.

In a campus setting, VSPC offered users the ability to create and submit programs to an IBM (or compatible) mainframe without using punched cards, though the programs were still submitted as card images, and programs so submitted needed all the usual IBM Job Control Language (JCL) statements to access the mainframe batch submission and resource allocation processes.  Output from a job submitted through VSPC could be routed to a printer, or back to the user's VSPC account, though in general the output would be too wide to be viewed easily on a VSPC terminal.

Although IBM Selectric terminals were supported (with special typeballs for APL programming), most VSPC interaction was through half-duplex IBM 3270 (and compatible) terminals.  Using VSPC for APL programming required a special terminal which implemented APL symbols in addition to the usual EBCDIC characters.

References

IBM services


Defence of India act may refer to
Defence of India Act 1915, an emergency criminal law enacted in British India in 1915 as measures against the threat of Indian revolutionary nationalism during World War I.
Defence of India Act, 1939, enacted in British India in September 1939 effectively declaring martial law at the onset of World War II.
Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962, enacted in independent India during the Sino-Indian war of 1962.
Defence of India Act, 1971, enacted in independent India in December 1971 at the onset of the 1971 Indo-Pak war.


The Prix Mohamed Brahim Bouallou de la nouvelle très courte is a Moroccan literary prize awarded to very short stories.  In 2007 the first prize went to short story writer Malika Chajai, the second prize to Loubna El Yazidi and the third to Sami Dekkaki.

Moroccan literary awards


Beauquesne () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. The name comes from the Picard for the oak tree, "quesne".

Geography
Situated at the junction of the D23 and the D31 roads, 17 miles to the north of Amiens

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The Battle of Cape Santa Maria was a naval engagement that took place off the southern Portuguese coast, in which a British squadron under the command of Commodore Graham Moore attacked and defeated a Spanish squadron commanded by Brigadier Don José de Bustamante y Guerra.

Background
Under the terms of a secret convention Spain had to pay 72 million francs annually to France until it declared war on Britain. The British had learned of the treaty, and knew it was likely that Spain would declare war soon after the arrival of the treasure ships. Since the British also knew that by law the fleet could only land at Cádiz, as well as its place and approximate time of departure from South America, it was not difficult to position a squadron to intercept it.

Bustamante had set sail from Montevideo on 9 August 1804 with four frigates loaded with gold and silver, as well as much other valuable cargo. On 22 September Admiral Cornwallis ordered Captain Graham Moore, commanding the 44-gun razee frigate , to intercept and detain the Spanish ships, peacefully, if possible.

Moore's ship arrived off Cadiz on 29 September and was joined on 2 October by , and by  and  the day after. In line abreast they patrolled the approaches to Cádiz.

Battle

At dawn on 5 October, the Spanish frigates sighted the coast of Portugal. At 7 a.m. they sighted the four British frigates. Bustamante ordered his ships into line of battle, and within an hour the British came up in line, to windward of the Spaniards and "within pistol-shot".

Moore, the British Commodore, sent Lieutenant Ascott to the Spanish flagship Medea, to explain his orders. Bustamante naturally refused to surrender and, impatient of delays, at 10 a.m. Moore ordered a shot be fired ahead over the bows of Medea. Almost immediately a general exchange of fire broke out. Within ten minutes the magazine of the Mercedes exploded destroying the ship, and killing all but 40 of her 240 crew, including almost the entire family of the future Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Carlos María de Alvear, who (being 16 years old at the time) witnessed the explosion alongside his father from the Medea. Within half an hour the Santa Clara and the Medea had surrendered. Fama broke away and tried to flee; Medusa quickly followed. Moore ordered the faster Lively to pursue, capturing Fama a few hours later. The three frigates were taken to Gibraltar, and then to Gosport, England.

Aftermath

In practical terms, the British interception of the four Real Armada frigates represented the end of an era for Bourbon Spain and regular specie shipments from the Spanish Empire's New World mines and mints. The squadron to which Mercedes belonged was the last of its kind that the world would see: a Spanish treasure fleet moving bullion from the New World Viceroyalties to the Iberian kingdoms.

Under the terms of the Cruizers and Convoys Act of 1708 ships captured at sea were "Droits of the Crown" and became the property of their captors, who received the full value of the ships and cargo in prize money. Technically Britain and Spain were not at war at the time of the action, so the seizure of the ships and their cargo was an act of piracy and the Admiralty Court ruled that the three ships were "Droits of the Admiralty", and all revenues would revert to them. The four Spanish ships carried a total of 4,286,508 Spanish dollars in silver and gold coin, as well as 150,000 gold ingots, 75 sacks of wool, 1,666 bars of tin, 571 pigs of copper, seal skins and oil, although 1.2 million in silver, half the copper and a quarter of the tin went down with the Mercedes. Still, the remaining ships and cargo were assessed at a value of £900,000 (equivalent to £ in ). After much legal argument an ex gratia payment was made amounting to £160,000, of which the four Captains would have received £15,000 each (equivalent to £ in ).  Captain Gore had previously received an even greater sum as captain of  in the similar Action of 16 October 1799.

Medea was taken into the Royal Navy as  (later renamed HMS Imperieuse),  Santa Clara as  and Fama as .

Spain declared war on Great Britain on 14 December 1804, but suffered a catastrophic defeat less than a year later at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805. Napoleon, having crowned himself Emperor on 2 December, gained Spain as an ally in his war against Britain.

Legacy

In March 2007 the Florida-based company Odyssey Marine Exploration recovered 17 tons of gold and silver from the Mercedes, insisting that it had been found in international waters and therefore beyond the legal jurisdiction of any one country. The Spanish government branded the Odyssey team "21st century pirates" and in May 2007 launched legal proceedings arguing that the wreck was protected by "sovereign immunity" which prohibits the unauthorized disturbance or commercial exploitation of state-owned naval vessels. In June 2009 the Federal Court in Tampa found against Odyssey and ordered the treasure to be returned to Spain as has been done on 25 February 2012.

Order of battle

Spain
 Medea 40 gun frigate, Flagship carrying Admiral Bustamante, commanded by Capitán Francisco de Piedrola y Verdugo
 Fama 34 gun frigate, Capitán Miguel Zapiain y Valladares
 Mercedes 36 gun frigate, Capitán Jose Manuel De Goicoa y Labart
 Santa Clara 34 gun frigate, Capitán Aleson y Bueno

Britain
  44 gun frigate, Flagship, Commodore Graham Moore
  38 gun frigate, Captain Graham Eden Hamond
  32 gun frigate, Captain Samuel Sutton
  32 gun frigate, Captain John Gore

In popular fiction
 The action is portrayed in C. S. Forester's Hornblower and the Hotspur in which his hero Horatio Hornblower is attached to the squadron, but misses out on the captures while fending off a French ship.
 In Patrick O'Brian's novel Post Captain, Stephen Maturin provides the intelligence permitting the interception, and Captain Aubrey, in temporary command of the Lively, captures the Santa Clara and the Fama.
 In Showell Styles's Midshipman Quinn and Denise the Spy the hero, Septimus Quinn, participates in the battle (which is brought about when Denise de St-Aulaye brings documents to William Pitt and Admiral John Jervis, who organize the battle fleet) concerning the aid given France by Spain.
 A fictionalised comic book version of the recovery of the treasure, The Treasure of the Black Swan, written by a Spanish diplomat involved in the legal battle, Guillermo Corral, and Spanish graphic novelist Paco Roca was produced in 2018.

References

External links
 Seizing the Gold of Spain
 Account of the action
 HMS Lively
 HMS Indefatigable

Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)
1804
1804
1804
Conflicts in 1804
October 1804 events


Clare Junior Hurling Championship is the third-tier hurling competition organized by the Clare County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The competition is confined to clubs organised by Clare GAA. The winners usually will play in the intermediate grade the following year for the Clare Intermediate Hurling Championship. They will also represent Clare GAA in the Munster Junior Club Hurling Championship.

The 2023 Junior Champions are Broadford who defeated Clooney-Quin by 5 points in Clarecastle.

Roll of honour

See also
 Clare Senior Hurling Championship
 Clare Intermediate Hurling Championship
 Clare Under-21 A Hurling Championship

References

External links
Official Clare Website
Clare on Hoganstand

3
Junior hurling county championships


WBTS-CD (channel 15) is a Class A television station licensed to Nashua, New Hampshire, United States, serving as the NBC outlet for the Boston area. It is owned and operated by the network's NBC Owned Television Stations division alongside Merrimack, New Hampshire–licensed Telemundo station WNEU (channel 60); it is also sister to regional cable news channel New England Cable News (NECN) and regional sports network NBC Sports Boston. The four outlets share studios at the NBCU Boston Media Center on B Street in Needham, Massachusetts.

Under a channel sharing arrangement, WBTS-CD shares transmitter facilities with Boston-licensed PBS member station WGBX-TV (channel 44) on Cedar Street, also in Needham, on a tower also used by several other TV and radio stations. Despite WBTS-CD legally holding a low-power Class A license, it transmits using WGBX-TV's full-power spectrum. This ensures complete reception across the Boston television market.

WBTS-CD is carried on channel 10 by most local cable television providers; hence the station's on-air branding (since 2018) as NBC 10 Boston.

History

TV13 Nashua
The station came to the air at 8p.m. on January 29, 1988, as W13BG on VHF channel 13 in Nashua; its license was granted on July 29. Founded by Robert Rines and owned by Center Broadcasting Corporation of New Hampshire, a non-profit partnership between the Concord–based Franklin Pierce Law Center and the Boston–based Academy of Law Sciences, the station aired local community programming for the Nashua area, along with programming that was already being sold to cable stations though the Yankee Communications Network. Channel 13 changed its callsign to WYCN-LP on April 8, 1996. Its analog-era tower was located on the Rivier University campus between two above-ground reservoirs and Brassard Hall, with studios located in Memorial Hall on the same campus.

WYCN-LP was nearly dropped by Harron Cable on its Nashua-area systems in October 1999 to accommodate a must-carry request by WMFP (channel 62), a move that could have led to the closure of channel 13 even though its carriage on MediaOne in Nashua itself was not affected. Its carriage was ultimately continued by Adelphia Communications following its purchase of Harron, though the station was dropped for a time in 2000 after an additional must-carry request, from WYDN (channel 48), while Adelphia rebuilt the systems. By August 11, 2000, WYCN-LP had been authorized to carry programming from FamilyNet.

WYCN-LP, along with three co-owned translators in Nashua, Manchester, and Concord, was sold by Center Broadcasting Corporation of New Hampshire to New Hampshire 1 Network, a company controlled by William H. Binnie, in 2010; by this point, control of the stations had passed to longtime WYCN staffers Gordon Jackson and Carolyn Choate following the death of Robert Rines. The deal was completed January 3, 2012; in the meantime, Binnie would also acquire WBIN-TV (channel 50, now WWJE-DT) in Derry. As a result of the sale, much of WYCN's community programming, including aldermatic debates, was discontinued. In December 2012, the station's studios moved from Rivier University to a location shared with sister station WFNQ (106.3 FM).

New Hampshire 1 Network filed to sell WYCN-LP to OTA Broadcasting, a company controlled by Michael Dell's MSD Capital, on January 14, 2013; the three translators were not included in the deal, and began to simulcast WBIN-TV. Operation of WYCN continued to be handled by New Hampshire 1. At the time of the sale, WYCN was affiliated with My Family TV. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the sale on March 22, and it was completed on May 20.

WYCN-LP resumed producing local programming soon after the sale to OTA Broadcasting, rehiring Gordon Jackson and Carolyn Choate as station managers; however, in June 2013, Comcast (successor to both Harron/Adelphia and MediaOne) informed the station that it would be dropped from its lineup as of August 15 due to the earlier cessation of local programming, as well as its limited broadcast reach and continued analog broadcasting, even though WYCN had a construction permit to convert to digital operations and increase its broadcast range. Comcast subsequently pushed back the date of the removal to September 3, despite protests from viewers, politicians, and Nashua's public access station.

Due to its low power, WYCN's analog signal reached only portions of Nashua, its city of license. In contrast, its digital signal was expected to reach Manchester and Boston. The digital facility was planned to sign on by December 2013; construction was held up by the need to use a helicopter to remove a former antenna for WNDS (now WWJE-DT) from the tower on Merrill Hill in Hudson that WYCN planned to use, an operation that was delayed to May 2014 by winter weather. The conversion to digital was licensed by the FCC on October 23, 2014; concurrent with the launch of the digital signal, the analog channel 13 signal was shut down.

Until January 2018, WYCN-CD's original digital transmitter was located  off Trigate Road in rural Hudson, southeast of Nashua. The station's pre-auction digital signal broadcast on UHF channel 36. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers displayed the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 13.

As WBTS-CD
WYCN-CD sold its frequency rights as part of the FCC's spectrum auction for $80.4 million. OTA Broadcasting entered into a channel sharing agreement with WGBX-TV (channel 44) for the station; NBC agreed to purchase the channel share agreement and the WYCN-CD license in October 2017. In December 2017, the station announced on its website that it would "cease broadcasting on its current frequency on January 16, 2018 and begin broadcasting NBC Boston on a new frequency." As WYCN's signal overlaps with WGME-TV in Portland, Maine, which also uses virtual channel 13, WYCN began using virtual channel 15 following the commencement of channel sharing, as WGME's post-auction physical channel is 15 (WGME's pre-auction channel, 38, was not available to WYCN as virtual channel 38 is assigned to WSBK-TV).

The sale to NBC was completed on January 18, 2018; the station began channel sharing with WGBX the same day. Prior to this transition, WYCN-CD was affiliated with Heroes & Icons (H&I), which also maintained a full-market affiliation on the second subchannel of WSBK-TV; that station continues to carry H&I, though the network lost the low channel number cable carriage it held with WYCN-CD.

On August 8, 2019, WBTS-LD (channel 8) and WYCN-CD swapped call signs, with channel 8 becoming WYCN-LD and channel 15 changing to WBTS-CD. On August 31, 2019, WYCN-LD left the air in advance of its October 2019 transmitter move to Norton, Massachusetts, and city of license change to Providence, Rhode Island; WYCN-LD now serves as a Telemundo station for Providence, leaving WBTS-CD as the sole NBC station for the Boston area.

News operation
WBTS-CD broadcasts 43 hours, 55 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week (with 7 hours, 5 minutes each weekday, 3½ hours on Saturdays and five hours on Sundays); in addition, the station produces the half-hour lifestyle program The Hub Today, which airs weekday afternoons, and the weekly half-hour public affairs program This is New England, which airs Sunday mornings. It also utilizes a news helicopter (SkyRanger), a storm-chaser satellite truck (Weather Warrior), mobile weather radar vehicles (StormRanger), a consumer affairs unit (NBC 10 Boston Responds) and an investigative reporting unit (The Investigators).

Notable current on-air staff
 JC Monahan – anchor
 Pete Bouchard – meteorologist

Technical information

Subchannels

The station's digital signal is multiplexed via sharing of WGBX's spectrum:

Coverage in Canada
WBTS-CD is one of several Boston television stations uplinked to provide U.S. network programming to television providers in Canada, particularly in Atlantic Canada. On November 11, 2016, Canadian telecommunications company Bell Canada, which distributes Boston's broadcast network affiliates on its satellite, IPTV, and cable TV services in much of eastern Canada and via satellite uplink to other providers, filed a request with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to add WBTS' main feed to the CRTC's list of foreign television channels authorized for distribution in Canada, which was additionally supported by Rogers Cable for their systems in Atlantic Canada. The request was approved by the CRTC on December 20, 2016; television providers who carried WHDH, including Bell, Eastlink, TELUS Optik TV, Nor-Del Cablevision, Rogers, and CommStream among others, replaced the station with WBTS on January 1, 2017, coinciding with the launch of "NBC Boston" and the end of WHDH's NBC affiliation. On January 1, 2019, Bell MTS' cable television systems in Altona, Carman, Morden, Morris, and Winkler, Manitoba, replaced Detroit's WDIV-TV with WBTS entirely.

See also
 Media in Boston
 Channel 15 virtual TV stations in the United States
 Channel 10 branded TV stations in the United States
 Channel 32 digital TV stations in the United States
 Channel 32 low-power TV stations in the United States

References

External links

 FAQ on NBC Boston, Government of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts

BTS-CD
Nashua, New Hampshire
1988 establishments in New Hampshire
Television channels and stations established in 1988
BTS-CD
NBC Owned Television Stations
NBC network affiliates
Cozi TV affiliates
Companies based in Norfolk County, Massachusetts


Ján Langoš (2 August 1946, in Banská Bystrica – 15 June 2006, in Drienovec) was a Slovak politician associated with the Democratic Party.

He was one of the key dissidents during the era of Communist Czechoslovakia. He served as a minister at Department of Home Affairs (1990–1992) of former Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, appointed by president Václav Havel. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia he was a member of Parliament and established the Democratic Party. After many years of conviction he succeeded in establishing the National Memory Institute. After finding documentations of crimes of several influential people and trying to open these to public, he died in a car accident.

The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet was awarded the Ján Langoš Human Rights award in Bratislava, Slovakia by Jan Langos Foundation on 9 September 2009. The Foundation was established by his wife, Gabriela Langošová and his two daughters, Nina and Bipula.

References

External links
 Article about Ján Langoš at radio.cz
 Ján Langoš Foundation homepage

1946 births
2006 deaths
Politicians from Banská Bystrica
Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1989) politicians
Interior ministers
Government ministers of Czechoslovakia
Road incident deaths in Slovakia
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 1994-1998
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 1998-2002


Disha (English: Direction) was a 1990 Hindi film directed by Sai Paranjpye, based on the plight of immigrant workers in urban India, starring Shabana Azmi, Nana Patekar and Om Puri in lead roles.

The film was a part of the Indian Panorama at the International Film Festival of India. It was awarded the Best Jury and Most Popular film award at Rencontres Cinematographiques.

Cast
 Shabana Azmi
 Nana Patekar
 Rizwan Shaikh
 Om Puri
 Raghuvir Yadav
 Nilu Phule
 Sayaji Shinde
 Rajshree Sawant
 Achyut Potdar
 Prashant Subhedar
 Jayamala Inamdar
 Datta Rane
 Jairaj Nayar
 Vijay Parulkar
 Riju Bajaj
 Anil Bhagwat

References

Further reading
  Bombay and the Village in 1990s Women's Cinema, Rashmi Sawhney, Journal: Film Studies, , Volume 11, 2007.

External links

1990 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films directed by Sai Paranjpye
Films scored by Anand Modak


The Meadows Marathon is a non-profit annual charity marathon, half marathon, 10K and 5K. It is held annually on the first Sunday of March at The Meadows in Edinburgh. It is the largest event organised by the Edinburgh Students' Charities Appeal.

History

The Meadows Marathon is an annual running event founded in 2007 by two enterprising students from the University of Edinburgh. With only 250 runners and an impressive £10,000 raised in its first year, the marathon has grown considerably in popularity and fundraising since its inception. At the last event, over £35,000 was raised through the participation of 850 runners.

Originally, the Meadows Marathon only offered a half marathon and a fun run, but in 2012 the event was expanded to include a full marathon. Although the event is organised entirely by university students, it has attracted participants from a wide range of backgrounds over the years. The marathon is open to anyone who wishes to take part, regardless of their running experience or background.

Course

The Meadows Marathon is a unique event in the world of running because the course consists of several laps rather than a linear route. The route of the marathon varies from year to year but usually involves between two and eighteen laps of the Meadows, a park in the center of Edinburgh. The multi-lap course allows access to a single water station, which can be easily reached by runners on each lap. Various university clubs contribute to the festive atmosphere of the marathon by providing entertainment along the route for participants and spectators alike. In recent years, the Meadows Marathon route has also been extended to include a section that passes through two other central Edinburgh squares, Bristo Square and George Square.

Fundraising

The Meadows Marathon is a charitable running event where the funds raised by participants are more important than the number of registrations. In addition, the Meadows Marathon promotes a wide range of charitable causes, both locally and internationally. The event encourages participants to raise money for a variety of charities and nonprofits to positively impact the lives of those in need.

References

External links
 Meadows Marathon - Event Website

University of Edinburgh
Half marathons in the United Kingdom
Sport in Edinburgh
Athletics competitions in Scotland
Marathons in Scotland
Road running in Scotland
Spring (season) events in Scotland


The 2007 Wales Rally GB (formally known as 63rd Wales Rally of Great Britain) was the 16th round of the 2007 World Rally Championship. The race was held over three days between 30 November and 2 December 2007.

Report
Sébastien Loeb became world champion for the fourth time in a row. He had thus equaled Tommi Mäkinen's record. Third place at the season finale in Wales was enough for the Citroën driver. Loeb started the last world championship race of the season six points ahead of his rival Marcus Grönholm. Grönholm was able to make up two points with second place, and in the end Loeb had a four-point lead in the drivers' standings.

Rally won Grönholm teammate Mikko Hirvonen. He took the lead with four special stage best times on Friday. Hirvonen was 15.2 seconds clear of second-placed Gronholm to secure his fourth WRC win of his career.

Subaru driver Petter Solberg came fourth behind the leading trio. He was able to conclude such a season with moderate success in a reasonably forgiving manner. Fourth place and his teammate Chris Atkinson's seventh place secured Subaru third place in the Manufacturers' Championship ahead of the Stobart team. Days two and three were dominated by young M-Sport driver Jari-Matti Latvala, who had already been confirmed as a driver for Ford for next year. However, since he had lost almost ten minutes on the first day due to a broken windshield wiper, he was only able to finish tenth.

Results

Retirements
  Gabriel Pozzo - retired (SS6);
  Michał Sołowow - retired (SS6);
  Claudiu David - mechanical (SS7);
  Conrad Rautenbach - went off the road (SS8);
  Andreas Mikkelsen - went off the road (SS9);
  Stuart Jones - crashed (SS12);
  Leszek Kuzaj - did not start leg 3 (SS13/14);
  Hayden Paddon - did not start leg 3 (SS13/14);
  Spyros Pavlides - mechanical (SS14);
  Yevgeni Vertunov - mechanical (SS14);
  Luís Pérez Companc - went off the road (SS14/15);
  Patrik Flodin - mechanical (SS6);

Special Stages
All dates and times are GMT (UTC).

Final championship standings

Drivers' championship

Manufacturers' championship

External links

 Results on the official site: WRC.com
 Results on eWRC.com
 Results at Jonkka's World Rally Archive

Wales
Rally GB
Wales Rally
Wales Rally GB
Wales Rally GB