The Internet in Chile has its roots in experimental tests conducted in 1986 between the Universidad de Chile and the Universidad de Santiago de Chile, the two main public universities in the country. Its commercialization began in the mid-1990s, and it experienced widespread adoption in the second half of the 2000s. Before this, Chile had previously attempted the Cybersyn project in 1971, which aimed to establish an almost real-time economic information transfer system with the government, but it did not succeed.

As of 2023, the Internet has become an essential part of Chilean society, with an estimated 17.69 million people, equivalent to 90.2% of the national population, having access to an Internet connection. These connections are provided entirely by the private sector and are available in various technologies such as hybrid fiber-coaxial, fiber to the home, mobile broadband, satellite Internet, and xDSL, offering a wide range of speeds and costs.

To facilitate international communication, Chile relies mainly on five submarine cables situated at different points along the national territory. These cables include the Pan-American (PanAm) cable through Arica, the South America-1 (SAm-1) cable through Arica and Valparaíso, the South American Crossing (SAC)/Latin American Nautilus (LAN) cable through Valparaíso, the Google Curie cable through Valparaíso, and the Cable Mistral through Arica and Valparaíso.

The technical regulation of the Internet in Chile falls under the purview of the Chilean Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications, which operates through the Undersecretariat of Telecommunications (Subtel). Additionally, the country code top-level domain for Chile is .cl, and its administration is managed by the Universidad de Chile through NIC Chile.

History

Initial attempts and Cybersyn

Prior to the introduction of the Internet in Chile, the country communicated abroad via Letters, the Correos de Chile service had been started by Chile in 1747 (when it was still part of the Spanish crown)  it was not until 1851 that a Telegraphy service began for communication with the outside world, initially in 1851 wired and officially wireless since 1904  (with a certain role being played by the Vía Trans Radio Chilena Compañía de Radiotelegrafía, which would become later in VTR), later communication with the outside arose via Telephone -whose implementation had begun in Valparaíso in 1878 by Compañía Chilena de Telefonos de Edison -which in 1930 would become the Compañía Telefónica de Chile-

Perhaps the closest previous experience to the contemporary internet was the development of Cybersyn, in 1970 the world was experiencing the Cold War and Chile was led by a government that sought to establish a Socialist State , After nationalizing and annexing various socially owned companies to the State, the Allende government's economic system faced the need to coordinate information on existing state-owned companies and those recently nationalized. To achieve this, it was necessary to create a dynamic and flexible information transfer system, a task carried out by a British scientist the architect of systems Stafford Beer.

Since there were 500 unused teletypes, all of them acquired during the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva, each one of the machines was installed in an expropriated factory. At the control center in Santiago, a computer daily processed the information received from the factories. By processing such information, short-term predictions and recommendations for improvements were obtained. There were four levels of control (company, branch, sector and total) that had algedonic feedback (if the lower level of control could not solve a problem in a given time interval, the higher level was notified about it). The results were discussed in the operating room and an overall plan was drawn up.

The network was built between November 1971 and the same month of 1972, although it was never fully completed. The system was used experimentally in October 1972, during the October 1972 strike, when 50 000 unemployed truckers blocked the streets of Santiago. Using teletype machines, the government was able to coordinate the transport of food to the city with the approximately 200 trucks loyal to Allende and who were not unemployed.

With the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, the control center was destroyed, documents and existing telephone and teletype infrastructure were destroyed, Cybersyn could never be applied and was irrevocably aborted, additionally with the change of Cold War bloc by the Government Junta of Chile (1973) -which advocated a Free Market- a network that running a Self-managed economy made no sense.

The university network

The Internet in Chile -as we know it- dates back to the ARPANET project, in 1972 the universities of the United States copied the ARPANET model and implemented it to exchange opinions among themselves and support themselves in their academic research, however, This development was not copied in Chile, only in 1986, from the Department of Computer Science of the University of Chile to the Department of Computer Engineering of the University of Santiago de Chile, through a UUCP platform, some tests were carried out. and mailings between said universities using 300-bit modems and the CTC telephone line (which at that time had national coverage), imitating a sort of Intranet model.

It was not until 1987 when Dr. Florencio Utreras (of the Universidad de Chile) connected the country with BITNET, which was an academic network of the City University of New York and Yale University, giving rise to the Internet. in Chile.

Subsequently, the University of Santiago abandoned the collaboration and joined the Pontificia Universidad Católica (PUC). In its beginnings, the Internet worked between local universities and with some universities abroad using modems and pre-existing telephone lines of the only telephone company in Chile -which had a monopoly-. The domain .cl was given in 1986 to the Department of Computer Sciences (DCC) of the University of Chile and later began to be managed by NIC Chile, beginning to be commercialized only in the year 1997.

The commercialization of 56k and ADSL

Only in 1993 did the commercialization of the Internet begin in Chile, the then CTC (Compañía de Telefonos de Chile) acquired the technology from the University of Chile, while the technology from the Catholic University of Chile passed by various private owners until today it became Claro Chile.

The then CTC (Compañía de Telefonos de Chile) using its existing telephone network, launched in 1993 the service of Dial-up Internet access -with maximum speeds of 56 Kilobit per second-, which had some peculiarities, it was not possible to use the telephone line and navigate at the same time, there was no local connection, so traffic between users of both networks had to navigate to USA and return and the service was billed per second of access and as international long distance, which made the service exclusive to a large part of the population.

Additionally, the majority of the population did not see the Internet as very useful, outside of the academic environment, there was no interest in the Internet in Chilean society.

During the 1990s, telephone companies and long-distance carriers began to offer Internet connection services to the mass public.

The massiveness of the Internet in Chile began in 1997 and is essentially due to the creation of NAP Chile and a decree of the Chilean Government, which changed the form of Internet billing, which allowed between 1998 and 1999 to increase both Internet users, which tripled; as well as the number of minutes they used per month.

In 1997 several Chilean ISPs associated to form a local traffic exchange point, called NAP Chile, which allowed us to improve both the traffic latency and the costs of its associated ISPs.

In May 1999, the Chilean government decreed a change in the rates for those who access the Internet using telephone connections, a charging formula called "Local Tranche" would be used. The impact on the cost of use is direct for users, having a 62% decrease compared to the previous year.

One of the main access barriers that the Internet service had in Chile was its charge per second of connection, it was towards the beginning of the year 2000, when Entel Chile and Telefónica Chile began to incorporate in their Existing telephone networks technology ADSL, fixed charge connections but at private prices for a large part of the population, with this Broadband was born, being able to have high speed was radically changing the impact of the Internet and its possible uses.

The development of the HFC network and 3G

Around 1996, almost all of the internet in Chile was by Dial-up Internet access, however, a cable television company -Metrópolis (Chile)- on October 17, 1996 put into operation a interactive video game channel called Sega Channel, which allowed the download of content by the company Sega, this being the first Internet experience on the infrastructure of cable television, in 1999, VTR (Chile) launched Internet commercialization under its existing cable television network via the DOCSIS 1.0 standard and under independent connections of the telephone network, at high speed and with differentiated payments not for the amount of time used, conditions that do not offered the Dial-up Internet access., and that today are the norm for all home internet providers.

However, the infrastructure and access to the Internet via cable modem, was rather modest in its early years, it was only after 2004 when Internet access via Hybrid fiber-coaxial began to become widespread, granting with a commercial strategy of VTR the launch of its best-known promotion: the Triple Pack -which lowered the cost of contracting telephony, television and internet as a whole- and the merger of VTR with Metrópolis Intercom S.A.

In 2002, the first third-generation networks began to be implemented thanks to the different agreements made abroad by SmartCom and Bellsouth, which allowed them to sell 1xRTT equipment capable of browsing at 150kbps, with which the debut of the Mobile broadband, which would only begin to spread in the 2010s, with the increase in the issuance of a contract (postpaid), to the detriment of communication through recharges (prepaid), in 2013 the 4G and in 2022, 5G.

The development of the FTTH and satellite network

The development of the Internet in Chile until 2006, was based on the conversion and reuse of two previously existing technologies in Chile, on the one hand, the Telephone line of the Compañía de Telefonos de Chile -which in some sectors it dated back to 1880-, via Digital subscriber line technology and on the other hand the cable television network of VTR -which in some sectors dating back to 1987-, via Hybrid fiber-coaxial technology, both had wide coverage in the national territory, but also had important technical limitations -especially the Telephone line- in terms of speed, latency and state of the cabling (causing the rapid decline of xDSL networks from 2015 to the present).

Although internet providers via cable television infrastructure began to incorporate new DOCSIS standards and internet providers via Telephone line infrastructure progressively implemented ADSL2 and VDSL2, it was not until 2006 that the company Gtd began the deployment of a new infrastructure to provide internet, based on fiber to the home, initially, the infrastructure was deployed in sectors residential upper class and with limited geographical coverage, later in 2012 Movistar began the deployment of its new infrastructure of fiber to the home -with special massiveness of deployment since 2020-, to which Mundo and Entel joined in 2020, WOM in 2019 and VTR in 2021, these last three, with limited geographical coverage.

Residential Satellite Internet in Chile is a rather limited phenomenon, most of its consumers are part of the economic development of the Rural area, the domestic Rural area uses mostly Mobile broadband, since 2014, Movistar markets Satellite Broadband, to which would be added the following year Claro Chile, in 2020 Hughes Communications would begin its commercialization, to which would be added the following year Starlink. As of December 2021, it reported more than 1,500 clients.

Contemporary Internet

Since 1999, the Government of Chile has incorporated a successive process of digitalization of its services. In 1999, the Servicio de Impuestos Internos, the government entity in charge of collecting taxes, received almost 90,000 declarations of income through the Internet, of the million total income statements for that year., since the 2010s, a significant number of government procedures have been digitized, in addition to a progressive adoption of the Online banking and Electronic Commerce, coinciding with an accelerated globalization process in Chile from the years 2000.

Analysts point out that a huge percentage of Chilean GDP has grown thanks to the Internet. Mining, agriculture and all traditional companies have been affected by their growth thanks to the Internet. The Internet has freed Chile from its isolated geography and has allowed Chile to insert itself into the world efficiently.

The main internet infrastructure test Chile has experienced was the 2010 Chile Earthquake, which left a massive internet outage and much network infrastructure destroyed -Including a flood of Global Crossing servers-

However, the main agent of change of the Contemporary Internet in Chile was the COVID-19 Pandemic, which caused an increase in Internet consumption in Chile that was reflected in the first months of the pandemic, where it was reported that the use of social networks increased by 53% compared to the same month of the previous year, above several other countries in the region.

Data consumption per user reached 335.5 GB on fixed internet in April 2020, 29.4% more than the previous year. Regarding mobile internet consumption, it increased 26% to 13 Gigabytes in the same period, a situation even more accentuated with the COVID-19 lockdowns, where the network was exposed to intensive use, forcing operators to strengthen their existing infrastructure and society and the Government of Chile to digitize many of its benefits, emerging massively Teleworking, Telemedicine, Distance Education, Online banking absolutely, the Judiciary of Chile remotely, the Streaming and other services that are maintained to date.

Legal regulation

The control and supervision in the exercise of telecommunications in the country -and of the Internet in Chile-, is in charge of the Undersecretary of Telecommunications of Chile (also known by its acronym Subtel) reports to the Chilean Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications (MTT).

The main Internet legislation in Chile is the Chilean General Telecommunications Law 18,168, enacted in 1982.
Internet service providers (ISPs) are defined as "any natural or legal person that provides commercial connectivity services between users or their networks and the Internet".
 The Internet service provider are free to deploy networks and maintain centers and servers that support their service, however, they must request permission from the municipalities for the deployment of networks that use public lighting.
 The Internet service provider must remove their disused infrastructure and their installation and operation must not mean environmental damage or public health.
 The Internet Service Provider may freely install antennas, with the only restriction being places where vulnerable people live and with the indicated maximum height and radiation standards.
 The prohibition of arbitrary blocking, interference, discrimination, obstruction and restriction of the activities of Internet users is established. ISPs may take the necessary measures for traffic management and network administration, and must take care of user privacy, virus protection and network security.
 The limitation of the incorporation or use of "any class of instruments, devices or devices in the network" is prohibited, as long as they are legal and do not damage the network.
 The obligation to offer parental controls is established.
 The obligation to "publish on your website, all the information related to the characteristics of the Internet access offered, its speed, quality of the link, differentiating between national and international connections, as well as the nature and guarantees of the service" is established. .
 The infrastructure of the Internet Service Provider is understood as critical infrastructure and has special protection by the Chilean Armed Forces
 Users own their phone number, being able to access Number portability
 Mobile companies must provide roaming service to other companies in remote areas, where many times not all Internet Service Providers have antennas.

In addition to Chile's General Telecommunications Law 18,168, there are various legal bodies that regulate specific aspects of Internet access:
 Resolution No. 1483 of October 1999. Establishes Procedure and Term to Establish and Accept Connections between ISPs
 Resolution No. 698 of June 2000. Sets quality indicators for connection links to carry national Internet traffic and their advertising system.
Resolution No. 3729 of July 2011. Approves the protocol for the measurement of indicators established in the regulation that regulates the characteristics and conditions of Net Neutrality in the Internet access service.
 Resolution No. 6267 of November 2011. Sets the meaning and scope of Decree No. 368, dated December 15, 2010, regulation that regulates the characteristics and conditions of Net Neutrality in the Internet access service, in the sense which indicates.
 Resolution No. 7268 of December 2011. Modifies the standard of quality indicators for connection links to carry Internet traffic and their advertising system.
 Decree No. 138 dated October 13, 2020 approving the Regulation on automatic roaming and Mobile virtual network operator.
 Law No. 21,398 establishes a series of new rights for consumers shopping online in different areas.
 Law No. 21,220, which modified the Labor Code regarding remote work and teleworking.

Network neutrality
On 13 June 2010, the National Congress of Chile, amended its telecommunications law in order to preserve network neutrality, becoming the first country in the world to do so. The law, published on 26 August 2010, added three articles to the General Law of Telecommunications, forbidding ISPs from arbitrarily blocking, interfering with, discriminating, hindering or restricting an Internet user's right to use, send, receive or offer any legal content, application, service or any other type of legal activity or use through the Internet. ISPs must offer Internet access in which content is not arbitrarily treated differently based on its source or ownership.

Indicators and use

Penetration
 Mobile Internet penetration (%): 136.9% (2022)
 Fixed Broadband Penetration by Households (%): 92.0% (2022)
 Secure servers (HTTPS) on the internet (servers/million pop): 127.6 (47 in the ranking).

Participation of web traffic by device
 Mobile Phones (%): 52.47%
 Computers (%): 46.40%
 Tablets (%): 1.06%
 Other devices (%): 0.06%

Consumption of goods through e-commerce
 People who buy on the internet: 12.05 Million
 Total annual spending (USD): $7.64 Billion

Most visited websites

Bandwidth
 International bandwidth (kbit/s per user): 73.1 (40 in the ranking)
Distribution of speeds with fixed connections:

Distribution of mobile accesses in the country by technology:

Malicious traffic
According to the State of the Internet report for the last quarter of 2018, Chile ranked 68th in generating the most attack traffic worldwide.

Technical aspects

At a technical level, the .cl domain allows some additional features: it allows internationalized domain names (IDN), IPv6 traffic and security authentication for the domain names (DNSSEC). In addition, there are currently 12 root servers mirrors in Chile: there are instances of servers D, E, F, J, K and L in Santiago, an instance of the server L in Concepción and copies of the roots B,D and E in Arica. The instance of B Root Server hosted in Arica is the first copy of this letter hosted outside the United States and currently (June 2019) serves IPv4 traffic and IPv6 for all countries in the world. Root servers B, D, E, J and K are hosted by PIT CHILE.

Internet infrastructure

International connection infrastructure

International submarine cables
The international submarine cables that are active in the first semester of 2021 are:
 Pan American (PanAm), Arica
 South America-1 (SAm-1), Arica and Valparaíso
 South American Crossing (SAC)/Latin American Nautilus (LAN), Valparaíso
 Curie by Google, Valparaiso
 Cable Mistral of Telxius, Arica, Valparaíso

Satellite teleports
In addition to the aforementioned cables, the connection abroad is complemented by Satellite Internet through the following teleports:

 Longovilo, from Entel Chile.
 Chacalluta, from Movistar Chile.
 Arica, from HughesNet.
 Caldera, Coquimbo, Pudahuel, San Clemente, Puerto Saavedra, Puerto Montt and Punta Arenas of Starlink

Local connection infrastructure

National submarine cables
There are also national submarine cables that provide connectivity between cities:
 Cable Prat (Arica - Puerto Montt and several intermediate cities)
 Cable Pargua - Chiloé
 Cable Quellón - Puerto Chacabuco (Aysén Region)
 Southern Optical Fiber (Puerto Montt - Punta Arenas)

In addition to these cables, the connection to the Magallanes Region was primarily through a mixed fiber optic and microwave connection that has operated throughout Argentina since 2005 until the entry into service of the Austral Fiber Optic.

Traffic exchange points
With the creation of NAP Chile, in 1997, the first traffic exchange point (PIT) was inaugurated in Chile, to which several small operators connect. Until that minute all traffic was going to the US.

In 1999, Subtel issues a circular detailing the technical requirements that PITs must have, seeking to promote local traffic exchange. As a result, multiple PITs are generated that are connected to several others, promoting the direct local exchange of traffic between operators and the reduction of cost and latency for users.

These PITs also begin to connect various content delivery networks which further improves the perception of users.

As of January 2022, Subtel recognizes 10 traffic exchange points.

Domestic infrastructure

Wired infrastructure
 Cable modem or HFC: in Chile it is the most extensive infrastructure in coverage (Started in 1996 using the previous cabling Cable television started in 1987) and the most widely used technology, with 47.1% of residential fixed connections. There are several companies that offer this type of access, the most massive are VTR, Claro Chile and CMET. The bandwidth fluctuates at a maximum of 940 Mbit/s download and 20 Mbps/s upload.
 FTTH (Fiber to the house): It is the newest infrastructure, started in 2006 by Gtd and in 2012 by Movistar, currently it is the second most used, becoming 40.9% of the country's fixed connections. There are several companies that offer this type of access, including WOM, Entel, Gtd, Telsur, Movistar, VTR and Mundo Pacífico., all with different geographical coverage, some quite limited. The bandwidth fluctuates at a maximum of 10 Gbit/s download and 10 Gbit/s upload, tending to be symmetrical.
 xDSL: It is the oldest infrastructure that uses the telephone wiring network, in many sectors it is in disuse by its operators. At the end of 2020, there were 240,540 accesses nationwide, 6.3% of residential fixed connections. depending on the technology used and the state of the cabling, bandwidth fluctuates at a maximum of 50 Mbit/s download and at 15 Mbps/s upload.

Wireless infrastructure

 Mobile Internet and mobile broadband: These represent a significant percentage of broadband connections in the country, especially in rural areas. The mobile phone infrastructures are WOM with 3G, 4G and 5G technology, Claro Chile with 2G, 3G and 4G, Entel Chile with technology 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G and Movistar Chile with 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G technology. With tremendously variable transfer rates from 114 kbit/s to 540 Mbit/s depending on the geography and the technology used. They also join the Mobile Internet infrastructure such as Mobile virtual network operator: Gtd, Virgin Mobile Chile, VTR, Mundo, Smobi and Plintron.
 Satellite Internet: Several companies offer satellite access service for companies. At the residential level, it is a rather small phenomenon, HughesNet and Starlink have coverage throughout Chile, Claro Chile only in 181 communes. As of December 2021, it reported more than 1,500 clients.
 WiMAX: The Will technology, was tested in Chile in the early 2000s; it did not work well due to Chile's geography. At the beginning of the 2000s it offered Entel Chile, Claro Chile and VTR (Chile) WiMAX, but currently none offer it or have an infrastructure, today only small ISP sell it in small areas.

References


Fouquebrune () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Fouqueure () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Foussignac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Garat () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Gardes-le-Pontaroux (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Genac () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Genac-Bignac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

External links

Official website

Former communes of Charente


Access to the Internet in Colombia shows a marked increase during the last few years. As of September 2009, the web connections surpassed two million, as compared with an estimated total of 900,000 Internet subscribers by the end of 2005. The current figure equated to 17 million Internet users, plus 3.8 million mobile internet users, or 38.5 percent of the 2009 population, as compared with 4,739,000 Internet users in 2005, or 11.5 percent of the 2005 population (10.9 per 100 inhabitants). Colombia had 581,877 Internet hosts in 2006. This represents an overall growth of 54 percent each year, the highest in Latin America. Although as many as 70 percent of Colombians accessed the Internet over their ordinary telephone lines, dial-up access is losing ground to broadband. In 2005 Colombia had 345,000 broadband subscriber lines, or one per 100 inhabitants. In 2006 the number of personal computers per 1,000 people increased to an estimated 87 per 1,000 inhabitants, a rate still below that in other large Latin American economies. As of 2009, Colombia duplicated the number of personal computers reaching 26.3 percent, as compared with the rest of Latin America which showed a decreasing trend (being Argentina and Mexico the only other country with positive growth, showing a 2.3 increase).

The internet country code is .co.

History
The first approximation to internet made by Colombia was in 1988 with the creation of RDUA, a local network, by University of the Andes, Colombia, then in 1994 the same university is entrusted by a group of other Colombian universities and some government agencies to become the first Internet Service Provider in the country, on June 4, 1994, the first signal coming from Homestead, FL was received, this signal was sent through "IMPSAT" satellite service to a hill in Bogotá (Cerro de Suba), then redirected to Bogotá's tallest building (Torre Colpatria) and finally to the university campus .

Broadband Internet access
Broadband Internet access has been available in Colombia since 1997. The service was originally charged in American dollars, remaining expensive. The pioneers in broadband access in Colombia were University of the Andes and Cable operator TV Cable S.A both based in Bogotá, Colombia.

From 1997 to 2001, only the cities of Bogotá and Bucaramanga had broadband Cable Internet access, although during that time, the service remained expensive and was only available in the richest neighbourhoods.

In the year 2001, ADSL Internet access appeared in Colombia. The appearance of ADSL Internet access meant a commercial war between the Telecom companies and the cable operators (mainly in Bogotá and Bucaramanga). For some strange reason, Bogotá, the largest city by size in Colombia, and Bucaramanga, the sixth city by size, have been the only cities where Cable and ADSL operators are available throughout the whole city at the same time. Nowadays the fiercest battles to attract broadband users are in Bogotá and Bucaramanga.

Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, and Cartagena the second, third, fourth and fifth cities by population in Colombia have only one ADSL operator that reaches the city as a whole. This means the ADSL operator and the cable operators are not competing directly in those cities so that tariffs are higher than in Bogotá or Bucaramanga.

With respect to all the cities below one million inhabitants, ADSL broadband access is available through Colombia-Telecom (50% owned by Colombian Government and 50% owned by Telefónica from Spain). Because in these cities and towns the only broadband provider is Colombia-Telecom the service remains expensive.
Note: As of late (2007) Telefónica Colombia has expanded DSL operations to all Capital and Major cities and all cities with a main office and a main satellite.

In Colombia there are three national ADSL and WiMax Broadband Providers. They hold monopoly positions in every city, with the notable exception of Bogotá.

With respect to Broadband Cable Providers, each one of them is available only in their native city, and constitutes a monopoly in its respective city.

National ISPs
 Telecom/Telefónica
Monopoly ADSL provider in all the cities and towns between 100,000 and 1,000,000 inhabitants.
It also has a minor share of ADSL Access in Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla
It has monopolistic ADSL and WIMAX Access in Bucaramanga.
 Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Bogotá  "ETB" (90% owned by the city of Bogotá, and 10% owned by private investors).
Near monopolistic ADSL provider in Bogotá
Near Monopolistic WIMAX provider Armenia, Medellín, Barranquilla, Palmira, Cartagena, Villavicencio, Neiva, Pereira, Ibague, Manizales, Montería, Bucaramanga, Tunja, Santa Marta, Valledupar, Popayán, Cúcuta, Cartago.
Small WIMAX share in Cali
 Empresas Públicas de Medellín "EPM" (100% owned by the city of Medellín)
Near monopolic ADSL and WIMAX provider in Medellín
Small ADSL Share in Bogotá
Near monopoly WIMAX share in Cali
 Coldecon
Small ADSL Share in Colombia
Near monopoly wifi share in Cali
Near monopoly wifi share in Barranquilla
 Telmex Colombia S.A.
In July switched to Claro with an association with Comcel Colombia S.A
Near monopoly ASDL and WIMAX share of 1MB, 5MB, 10MB, 20MB in almost all cities of Colombia
Monopoly fiber share of 50MB on Bogotá, Chía, Cajicá, Sopó, Soacha, Cali, Tuluá, Buga, Palmira, Medellín, Itagüí, Bello, Envigado, Barranquilla, Soledad, Cartagena, Cúcuta and Pereira.

Regional ISPs
 TV Cable SA
 It has a mayor share on the cable broadband access in Bogotá. This company focuses on the richest neighbourhoods of Bogotá, and has found its market niche in the wealthy parts of Bogotá, mainly the northern part. Although it is a local player, it is the most technologically advanced broadband provider in Colombia.
 It was bought by Telmex Colombia S.A. when it entered business in Colombia.
 CableCentro
 It has a minor share of CABLE broadband access in most of the cities above 100 000 in Colombia.
 It was bought by Telmex Colombia S.A. when it entered business in Colombia.
 Cable Union de Occidente
 It has nearly monopolistic share of CABLE Broadband Access in Cali
 TV Cable Promision SA (completely unrelated with TV Cable SA)
 It has nearly monopolistic share of CABLE Broadband Access in Bucaramanga
 Dinanet
 It has monopolistic share of CABLE Broadband Access in Barranquilla
 Telecom Occidente
 Colombia's largest fixed wireless dual-play provider. Regionally focused on Cundinamarca.

Censorship
There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups engage in the expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. However, journalists in Colombia have long been targets of a range of attempts to obstruct or limit speech, from government threats to withhold publication licenses to outright intimidation and physical violence. Journalists in Colombia are threatened, physically attacked, or murdered. For journalists working in Latin America, death threats are commonplace. Because of threats from local drug cartels or other gangs and individuals, many journalists practice self-censorship, including many in Colombia who avoid reporting on corruption, drug trafficking, or violence by armed groups because of such threats.

Colombia was classified as engaged in selective Internet filtering in the social area with little or no evidence of filtering in the political, conflict/security, or Internet tools areas by the OpenNet Initiative in 2011.

Colombian law requires ISPs to monitor their content and report any illegal activity to the government.  Colombia's “Internet Sano” (healthy Internet) campaign calls for public education on “decent” ways of using the Internet as well as penalties for improper use. Some websites are blocked as part of the Internet Sano program, including various large adult entertainment websites which don't contain any illegal child pornography. Child pornography is illegal in Colombia.

ONI testing on two Colombian ISPs revealed evidence of one blocked website; the government has also taken measures aimed at reducing children's exposure to online pornography. The government has passed laws addressing online privacy, electronic surveillance, and cybercrime, although Colombia's national intelligence service has reportedly engaged in extrajudicial surveillance. A pending law governing digital copyright, which was proposed as a measure of compliance with Colombia's free trade agreement with the United States, is currently being contested at the Supreme Court by advocates who assert that the law violates the country's constitution by limiting citizens’ rights to access information.

In December 2009, an internet user was sent to prison for threatening president Álvaro Uribe's sons.

See also
 List of countries by number of Internet users
 List of countries by number of broadband Internet users

References

External links
 Colombia:Internet Usage and Market Reports
 Historia de la conexión de Uniandes a Internet  (English translation)
 Mi.com.co - Registro de Dominios Colombia

Communications in Colombia


Genouillac (; ) is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Terres-de-Haute-Charente.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Gensac-la-Pallue () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Genté () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Mike Downey (born August 9, 1951, in Chicago Heights, Illinois, and raised in the nearby village of Steger, Illinois) is a retired American newspaper columnist.

From 2003 to 2008, Downey wrote the "In the Wake of the News" column for the Chicago Tribune originated by Ring Lardner in 1913, replacing Skip Bayless in that position at the Tribune. He has also been a columnist in news, entertainment and sports for the Los Angeles Times, Detroit Free Press, Chicago Sun-Times and Chicago Daily News. In retirement, he has written book reviews for the Times and columns for CNN.com.

Downey began a career in journalism at age 15 for a newspaper chain in the south suburbs of Chicago and graduated at 16 from Bloom Township High School in Chicago Heights, Illinois. He did not attend college. He has been a police reporter, entertainment writer, editor, critic and columnist and has covered national political conventions, murder trials and twelve Olympic Games. Among his assignments have been an America's Cup yacht race in Australia, tennis at Wimbledon, British Open golf in Scotland, the Tour de France bicycle race, Stanley Cup hockey finals in Montreal and World Cup soccer in Italy, as well as Pan-American Games competitions in Argentina and Cuba.

He also has been a columnist for The Sporting News and Sport Magazine and for 15 years wrote a humor column for Inside Sports magazine known as "The Good Doctor." He was a featured sports correspondent for KABC radio in Los Angeles and for WJR radio in Detroit and has often been a panelist on ESPN television's weekly talk show, The Sports Reporters. He is a voter for the Baseball Hall of Fame.

In statewide voting by peers, Downey has been selected National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association sportswriter of the year eleven times, in Illinois (twice), Michigan (twice) and California (seven times).

He was honored for his news column by the Los Angeles Press Club in 1998 and won the 1994 Eclipse Award, thoroughbred racing's highest honor. Downey's writing has appeared in a variety of national magazines including GQ, Parade, Entertainment Weekly, Disney Adventures, American Way, Reader's Digest and TV Guide.

He was included as a character in the Elmore Leonard novel Be Cool.

Downey resides in Rancho Mirage, California. He is married to singer Gail Martin, daughter of the entertainer Dean Martin.

References

1951 births
Living people
American columnists
Journalists from Chicago
Chicago Sun-Times people
Sportspeople from the Chicago metropolitan area
Detroit Free Press people
Chicago Daily News people
Los Angeles Times people
People from Chicago Heights, Illinois
People from Steger, Illinois
Sportswriters from Illinois


The 1879 season was the National League debut for the Cleveland Blues. They finished the season 27–55, sixth in the eight-team National League.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1879 Cleveland Blues season at Baseball Reference

Cleveland Blues (NL) seasons
Cleveland Blues season


Carlota de Godoy y Borbón, 2nd Duchess of Sueca, twice Grandee of Spain (in full, ; 7 October 1800 – 13 May 1886) was a Spanish aristocrat, daughter of Manuel de Godoy and his first wife, Doña María Teresa Carolina de Borbón y Vallabriga, Farnesio y Rozas.

She inherited her mother's titles and / or representations and all of her father's Spanish and Portuguese titles and / or representations, and was the 97th Noble Dame of the Royal Order of Queen María Luisa on 10 October 1800, 2nd Countess de Évora Monte in Portugal de Juro e Herdade with Honours of Relative, 2nd Duchess of Sueca (Letter of 18 July 1830), three times Grandee of Spain First Class (Royal Cedule of 14 March 1831), 16th Countess de Chinchón with a Coat of Arms of de Borbón (Letter of 1831), 2nd Marchioness of Boadilla del Monte (Confirmation of 22 October 1852 and Letter of 30 April 1853, which she had previously obtained already, through the cession of her mother, and which she gave to her son Luis), Señora de Chinchón and of the eleven villages of this State, of Boadilla del Monte and its jurisdictions, lady of numerous villages and jurisdictions, Dame of the Order of Saint Isabel Queen of Portugal.

Marriage and children
She wasn't authorized by the King of Spain to marry into a Royal House, but instead it was permitted that she married in Madrid on November 18/8, 1821, Don Camillo (Camilo) Ruspoli y Khevenhüller-Metsch, Marescotti-Capizucchi y Liechtenstein, dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, 30 March 1788 – Florence, 30 July 1864), Chief of Squadron of the Dragoon Regiment of Pope Leo XII, Knight of Justice of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Maestrante of Granada, Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, Gentleman of the Chamber of the Emperor of Austria, authorised by the Kings of Spain to use his wife's titles, third son of Francesco, Principe Ruspoli y Marescotti-Capizucchi, Cesi y Sacchetti and second wife H.Ill.H. Countess Leopoldina von Khevenhüller-Metsch y Liechtenstein, de Metsch y Dietrichstein-Weichselstädt zu Hollenburg und Finkenstein, and had issue, two sons, ancestor of the Line II of the Principi Ruspoli:

 Adolfo Ruspoli, 2nd Duke of Alcudia
 Luigi Ruspoli, 3rd Marquis of Boadilla del Monte

See also
 Ruspoli

References

 Affonso, Domingos de Araújo and Valdez, Rui Dique Travassos, Livro de Oiro da Nobreza (3 volumes), Volume 1, p. 491-98, Lisbon, 1938.
 Zúquete, Afonso Eduardo Martins, Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil (3 volumes), Volume Second, p. 569-71, Lisbon, 1960.
 Instituto de Salazar y Castro, Elenco de Grandezas y Titulos Nobiliarios Españoles, various (periodical publication).

External links

 Carlota de Godoy y Borbón on a genealogical site

|-

1800 births
1886 deaths
Counts of Chinchón
102
Grandees of Spain
Carlota
Carlota
Marquesses of Boadilla del Monte
Nobility from Madrid
Spanish countesses
Spanish duchesses


Amado Rigoberto Morales (born July 22, 1947) is a retired male javelin thrower from Puerto Rico, who competed for his native country during the 1970s and the 1980s.

International competitions

References
 1982 Year Ranking
 1976 Results

1947 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Puerto Rican male javelin throwers
Olympic track and field athletes for Puerto Rico
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1971 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Puerto Rico
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Puerto Rico
Competitors at the 1970 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games


Gimeux () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Gondeville () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Mainxe-Gondeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Giovanni Passiglia (born 28 August 1981 in Castelvetrano) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder.

Career
Passiglia started his career at Internazionale. In 2000, he joined Arezzo, along with Giuseppe Ticli, Nello Russo and Cristian Lizzori.

Except on loan to Serie B team Ancona in 2nd half of 2002–03 season, he was played in Serie C1 until followed Arezzo promoted to Serie B in summer 2004.

In summer 20065, he joined Pisa of Serie C1, and won promotion to Serie B again.

In January 2008, after lack of chance to play, he signed for league rival Vicenza.

In August 2009, he was loaned to Aurora Pro Patria 1919.

References

External links
gazzetta.it

1981 births
Living people
People from Castelvetrano
Italian men's footballers
Inter Milan players
SS Arezzo players
AC Ancona players
Pisa SC players
LR Vicenza players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Sicily
Sportspeople from the Province of Trapani


Gond-Pontouvre () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It is about 3 km north of the centre of Angoulême.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Charente


Les Gours () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Gourville () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Rouillac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Grassac (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) is a beta-defensin found in bovine internal epithelial tissue, in particular, that of the digestive tract. It has antimicrobial activity against many different pathogens. It was first isolated from an inflamed cattle tongue, hence its designation as lingual. Since then it has been found more extensively throughout the body; its presence has even been detected in bovine milk. Its expression is selective and increases in inflamed areas. LAP may have a closer relationship with immune response than simple antimicrobial activity, such as an association with growth factor activity.

References

Mouth


Graves-Saint-Amant () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


John Joe Flood (2 August 1899 – 3 July 1982), also referred to as Jonjo Flood or John Flood, was an Irish footballer who played as a forward for Shelbourne, Shamrock Rovers, Leeds United and Crystal Palace. As an international, he also played for and captained the Irish Free State yielding a return of 4 goals in 5 games. Flood was also part of the League of Ireland XI setup (1925–1933) which was viewed by fans of the day as an international team when playing against the likes of the Scottish/Welsh/IFA League XI sides. He played eight times and scored 3 goals.

Club career
Flood play for Shelbourne before joining Shamrock Rovers. After helping Rovers win their first ever League of Ireland title in 1923 he joined Leeds United, together with Bob Fullam. However neither of them managed to establish themselves at United and they both rejoined Rovers for the following season. Back with Rovers, together with Fullam, John Fagan and Billy Farrell he was an integral part of a legendary forward-line known as the Four F's. During the 1924–25 season they helped Rovers win a League of Ireland / League of Ireland Shield / FAI Cup treble. They won the FAI Cup after beating Shelbourne 2–1 at Dalymount Park before an attendance of 25,000. Flood and Fullam scored the two goals against their former club. During his career Flood also had a spell with Crystal Palace. In April 1932 he was awarded a benefit game which broke all previous attendance records and signified the impact that the popular Flood had on the game in the country at the time.

International career
Between 1926 and 1931 Flood made five appearances and scored four goals for the Irish Free State. He made his international debut in a 3–0 away defeat against Italy on 21 March 1926. He won his second cap on 20 April 1929 against Belgium at Dalymount Park. He marked the occasion by scoring Irelands' first international hat-trick and the Irish won 4–0. He scored his fourth international goal in a return game against Belgium on 11 May 1930. Jimmy Dunne scored the other two goals as the Irish won 3–1. On 26 April 1931, he captained the Irish Free State against Spain. Together with Tom Farquharson, Peter Kavanagh and Paddy Moore he was part of a team that gained a respectable 1–1 draw at the Montjuic Stadium in Barcelona. Flood laid on the pass for Moore to score on his debut. He made his last international appearance on 13 December 1931 in the return game against Spain which the Irish Free State lost 5–0. Flood captained the Irish team on that day.

Honours
Shamrock Rovers

 League of Ireland: 1922–23, 1924–25, 1926–27, 1930–31
 FAI Cup (6): 1925, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933
 League of Ireland Shield: 1924–25, 1926–27, 1931–32
 Leinster Senior Cup: 1923, 1927, 1929, 1930
 Leinster Senior League: 1921–22

References

Sources
The Hoops by Paul Doolan and Robert Goggins ()

External links
Remembering John Joe Flood

Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Irish Free State men's international footballers
League of Ireland players
Shamrock Rovers F.C. players
Shelbourne F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
League of Ireland XI players
Irish Free State men's association footballers
Leinster Senior League (association football) players
Men's association football forwards
1899 births
1982 deaths
Association footballers from Dublin (city)


Guimps () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Guizengeard () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Gurat (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Geography
The Lizonne forms the commune's southeastern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hiersac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

Personalities
Jean-André Valletaux, French general in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Peninsular War

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Use of the Internet in Venezuela has greatly expanded, but is mostly concentrated among younger, educated city residents, and centered on the capital, Caracas. According to several experts, the lack of quality Internet in Venezuela, which includes the slowest speed in Latin America and one of the slowest Internet speeds in the world, is due to the poor infrastructure of the country.

Facts and figures

 Top-level domain: .ve
 Internet users:
 12.4 million users, 36th in the world; 44.0% of the population, 100th in the world (2012).
 8.9 million users, 32nd in the world (2009).
 Internet speed: 1.61 megabits per second (2018), world average is 20 Mbit/s (2014)
 Fixed broadband: 1.9 million subscriptions, 42nd in the world; 6.7% of the population, 95th in the world (2012).
 Wireless broadband: 1.3 million subscriptions, 67th in the world; 4.8% of the population, 112th in the world (2012).
 Internet hosts: 1.0 million hosts, 46th in the world (2012).
 IPv4: 5.0 million addresses allocated, 0.1% of the world total, 179.9 addresses per 1000 people (2012).

History

Late 1990s and 2000s
Between 1998 and 2002, the number of Internet users in Venezuela grew from 207,000 to 1,585,000, but then decreased to 1,365,000 in 2003 for a current Internet penetration rate of 5.4 percent. As of 2001/2002, the vast majority of personal computers are not connected to the Internet. In 2000, Venezuela had approximately 240 dot-com businesses, mostly business-to-business rather than business-to-consumer. The Venezuelan government claimed to have been attempting to automate its processes and put its agencies and services online, assisted by a newly created agency for information technology, but these attempts were not been consistent or thorough. As of 2001, though there were sixty licensed ISPs, CANTV Servicios and Telcel controlled over 90 percent of the Internet market. Hotmail, Google, and Yahoo were by far the most popular sites as of 2003, followed by news sites and other search engines. In 2004, the Venezuelan government estimated that 50.4 percent of the population had never used the Internet and would not be interested in doing so, while 28.9 percent were possible future Internet users, primarily young, educated, middle-class individuals. During a 2004 survey, Internet use was strongly concentrated among young, educated city residents, with, 76 percent of users younger than thirty-five, 67 percent having schooling beyond high school, and more than 60 percent of users coming from Caracas as of the early 2000s.

In a 2007 survey, approximately 26.0 percent of Internet users log on daily. These users tend to be upper-class individuals using home connections for educational or work research and downloading. Over half of the population connects between once and five times per week, using cybercafés for e-mailing and chatting. This group is generally male and represents all socioeconomic levels with the exception of the lowest income segment. A smaller portion of users, 16.9 percent, connect between once every other week and once per month. These light users come again from all economic strata except the lowest class, and they almost exclusively use cybercafés for job search purposes.

2010s
As of 2012, statistical reports have shown Internet and broadband penetration in Venezuela as below average for Latin America and much lower than would be expected. State-owned incumbent CANTV has a monopoly in the provision of ADSL, with which it dominates the broadband sector. The only competition comes from cable modems, wireless broadband, and satellite. As a result, ADSL in Venezuela is slower and more expensive than in other Latin American countries. Inter occupies a distant second place after CANTV in the broadband market, with a triple-play package that includes cable TV, cable modem, and telephony. This report provides an overview of Venezuela's Internet, broadband, and pay-TV markets, accompanied by relevant statistics, analyses, and broadband scenario forecasts for the years 2010, 2015 and 2020. See report summary here.

The fastest growing telecom sector in Venezuela was pay TV after mobile broadband, and accounted for 15% of all telecom revenue in the country. The market leaders are DirecTV, Inter, SuperCable, NetUno, Movistar, and CANTV.

Mobile telephony in Venezuela in 2012 has been far more dynamic than the fixed-line market, so much so that mobile phones outnumber fixed lines in service by around 4.6 to one. Mobile penetration is among the highest in Latin America, trailing only Argentina, Uruguay, and a number of Caribbean islands. Venezuela is also a regional leader in terms of SMS traffic, the number of text messages surpassing the number of minutes an average Venezuelan talks on a mobile phone. The country remains one of the last bastions of CDMA in Latin America, but the two leading mobile operators, Movilnet and Movistar, are finally turning to GSM. The third operator, Digitel, offers only GSM services. This report provides an overview of Venezuela’s mobile market, accompanied by statistical data and brief profiles of the operators. See report summary here.

In 2014, Venezuela's Internet speed has been called one of the slowest in the world. Its Internet speed was rated at 1.7 Mbit/s, behind both the region average of 5 Mbit/s and the world average of 20 Mbit/s. The Venezuelan government stated that it started a project titled "WiFi for All", but when BBC tried to use the networks in Caracas they did not work at all. The lack of speed in Venezuela has been blamed on poor infrastructure according to several experts. The lack of US dollars due to the Venezuelan governments currency controls has also damaged Internet services because technological equipment must be imported into Venezuela.

In 2018, Venezuela's broadband speed was measured at 1.61 Mbit/s, even slower than in 2014. It was recognized as the slowest internet speed in Latin America.

Social media

Due to economic troubles and shortages in Venezuela, Venezuelans began using social media for everyday necessities, which is possibly one of the reasons Venezuela is one of the most active internet countries in Latin America. Venezuelans have used notice boards and Twitter feeds to find and barter for scarce products. Custom made apps have also been created to assist Venezuelans find goods and medicines affected by shortages in the country. Some have also turned toward social media to in order to find reliable news due to government censorship.

Key developments
The National Fibre-Optic Backbone project aims to build a 6,940 km network; Venezuela ranks third in the world for Facebook users as a percentage of Internet users; Venezuela’s pay TV market suffers from rampant signal theft; in 2011/2012, two more companies entered the Venezuelan satellite TV market: CANTV and Inter.

Movilnet, Movistar, and Digitel have been allocated additional spectrum; mobile operators are having to invest in their networks, which suffer from severe congestion; Digitel, Movistar, and MovilMax (a WiMAX provider) plan to deploy 4G/LTE networks in 2013/2014; more than one third of Venezuela’s mobile subscribers still use CDMA technology; Venezuela continues to have the region’s highest ARPU.

Legal and regulatory frameworks

Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez decreed the promotion of Internet use as essential to development. Correspondingly, the government promotes use of information and communication technologies (ICT) through a regulatory framework designed to promote competition among ICT businesses, but no special programs encourage such businesses directly.

In 2005, personal Internet use appeared to be largely unrestricted by law and regulation. The U.S. State Department Report on Human Rights in Venezuela for 2005 states that "there were no government restrictions on the Internet or academic freedom."

In December 2010, a new law "Social Responsibility in Radio, Television and Electronic Media" (Ley de Responsabilidad Social en Radio, Televisión y Medios Electrónicos) was adopted. The law was intended to exercise control over content that could "entice felonies", "create social distress", or "question the legitimate constituted authority". The law has been criticized because it may lead to government censorship and encourages self-censorship.

In 2012 tests conducted by the OpenNet Initiative found no evidence of Internet filtering in the political, social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas.

In November 2013 Venezuelan ISPs were ordered to block websites that provide the black market exchange rate. The order is based on Venezuela's 2004 media law which makes it illegal to disseminate information that could sow panic among the general public. Reporters Without Borders warned of the alleged "rising censorship in Venezuela's Internet service, including several websites and social networks facing shutdowns". They condemned actions performed by the National Telecommunications Commission (Conatel) after Conatel restricted access to websites with the unofficial market rate and allegedly "demanded social networks, particularly Twitter, to filter images related to protests taking place in Venezuela against the government".

In the Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2013, the Organization of American States' Inter-American Commission on Human Rights reported that users of the government-run CANTV were prohibited from seeing certain websites. The IACHR said that the websites of Diario de Cuba and Radionexx were unable to be visited.

The Venezuelan government allegedly blocked images on Twitter in Venezuela for 3 days (12–15 February 2014) which appeared to be an attempt to limit images of protests against shortages and the world's highest inflation rate. Twitter spokesman Nu Wexler stated that, "I can confirm that Twitter images are now blocked in Venezuela" adding that "[w]e believe it  the government that is blocking". During the same period of time, it was reported that Internet access was unavailable in San Cristóbal, Táchira for up to about half a million citizens from an alleged blockage of service by the government with multiple sources claiming that the Venezuelan government blocked Internet access. Internet access was reported to be available again one day and a half later.

See also

 Telecommunications in Venezuela

References

 This article was originally adapted from the OpenNet Initiative profile of Venezuela, 9 May 2007, which was published under a Creative Commons Attribution license.

Venezuela
Telecommunications in Venezuela


Hiesse (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Houlette () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


L'Isle-d'Espagnac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Charente


WLGZ-FM (102.7 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Webster, New York, and serving the Rochester metropolitan area.  It broadcasts an Oldies/Classic Hits radio format and is owned by DJRO Broadcasting LLC.  The radio studios and offices are in Rochester's east side.

WLGZ has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 6,000 watts.  The transmitter tower is on Ferrano Street in Rochester, near the Erie Canal.  WLGZ broadcasts using HD Radio technology.  Its digital subchannel broadcasts an Urban Contemporary format known as "105.5 The Beat."  The subchannel feeds a 250 watt FM translator, W288CS at 105.5 MHz.

History
On August 23, 1991, the station signed on the air.  The original call sign was WLMF.  On October 30, 1992, the station changed its call letters to WFUL, on February 3, 1993, to WDCZ, on August 1, 1997, to WDCZ-FM, on January 1, 2004, to WRCI.

On February 11, 2008, the station, then owned by Crawford Broadcasting, ended its Contemporary Christian format as WRCI "102.7 The Light" to make way for "Legends 102.7", an Oldies/Adult Standards hybrid. The "Legends" format was already featured on 990 AM WLGZ, which after simulcasting of the FM signal turned to a Christian talk and teaching format.  AM 990 now carries the call letters WDCX, along with much of the programming of Buffalo FM sister station WDCX-FM.

WLGZ was purchased by DJRA Broadcasting on January 1, 2010.  Following WLGZ's sale from Crawford to DJRA, most Adult Standards titles were dropped from the station's playlist and WLGZ morphed into a straightforward Oldies outlet featuring hits of the '50s, '60s and '70s.  The format change for WLGZ has succeeded in increasing the station's audience.

The station's license was assigned to DJRO Broadcasting LLC on June 1, 2012. A noteworthy fact is that this station has not completely discarded songs and artists from the 1960s and early 70s which are not commonly heard on commercial radio.  However, WLGZ has adapted its playlist to feature a greater proportion of songs from the 1980s, as are heard on classic hits outlets.

On September 21, 2017, at 6 p.m., WLGZ-FM launched an urban contemporary format branded as "105.5 The Beat" on its HD2 subchannel, fed on translator W288CS.

References

External links

LGZ-FM
Radio stations established in 1991
Classic hits radio stations in the United States


Jauldes () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Javrezac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Juignac (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Juillac-le-Coq () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Juillaguet () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Boisné-la-Tude.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Juillé () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Jurignac () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Val-des-Vignes.

Population

Sights
The commune contains the distillery of the cognac Andre Duclos, a building from the late nineteenth century which is now a music hall. It is the only listed building in the commune. St. Peter's Church is the main place of worship.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Lachaise () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Ladiville () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Lagarde-sur-le-Né (, literally Lagarde on the Né) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


WUUF (103.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Sodus, New York, United States, the station serves the Sodus area.  The station is currently owned by Waynco Radio and features programming from Westwood One's Mainstream Country format.

The station also carries radio coverage of NASCAR and the Indianapolis 500 from the three networks which provide it.

History
The station went on the air as a rock station, WNNR-FM on October 31, 1989. On May 30, 2002, the station changed its format to country and call sign to the current WUUF.

References

External links
BIG DOG 103.5 Country

UUF
Radio stations established in 1989
Country radio stations in the United States


Lamérac () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Montmérac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Football is the most popular sport in Niger, a nation of over 25 million.

International
Despite the sport's popularity in the country, Niger have so far been rather unsuccessful in international football, never winning a major tournament and failing to qualify for any FIFA World Cup finals, though they did reach the quarterfinals of qualifying for the 1982 World Cup, losing to Algeria. They either failed to qualify for or were forced to withdraw from every African Nations Cup between 1969 and 2010. Niger finally participated in the competition for the first time in 2012 after topping a qualifying group that included South Africa and Egypt. Later that year, they defeated Guinea over two legs to reach the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. On both occasions, Niger finished bottom of their group, gaining a solitary point in 2013. They have been unable to qualify for any subsequent edition of the tournament, despite the competition's expansion from 16 teams to 24 from 2019 onwards.

As of 2023, there are no Nigerien nationals playing with top level European clubs. In the 2000s, a handful of Nigerien internationals have played in Europe including Moussa Yahaya at Legia Warsaw in Poland and Ibrahim Tankary in Belgium's Jupiler League. Moussa Narry, a Nigerien citizen but a Ghana international, played in the Netherlands and with AJ Auxerre and Le Mans FC of France.

Domestic
Football in Niger is almost entirely amateur, with some of the ten teams in the Niger Premier League (begun in 1966) being semi-professional. The Niger Cup (begun in 1974) is open to amateur leagues throughout the nation. League play has been dominated by clubs from the capital city of Niamey, with Sahel SC Niamey and Olympic FC de Niamey capturing almost two thirds of the titles between them. Below this there are numerous local and national amateur leagues and competitions. Many sections of the Nigerien government, notably the police and armed forces, sponsor amateur clubs.

Football's popularity and the Nigerien people's passion for the international game were highlighted by former World Footballer of the Year Zinedine Zidane's visit to Niger in 2007.  Mobbed by fans at every stop, Zidane delivered funds and toured projects both football- and development-related.

Nigerien Football Topics
Nigerien Football Federation
Niger men's national football team
Niger women's national football team

Nigerien Football Stadiums

Nigerien Footballers
 Ismaël Alassane
 Kassaly Daouda
 Alhassane Issoufou
 Daouda Kamilou
 Moussa Maazou
 Abdoul Moumouni
 Mohammed Muyei
 Moussa Narry
 Ibrahim Tankary
 Moussa Yahaya

Nigerien International Referees
Lucien Bouchardeau

References

FIFA: Nigerien Football Federation News and background. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
FIFA: Goal Programme - Nigerien Football Federation - 2006. Retrieved 30 January 2008.

External links
 Le Republicain-Niger daily, Sports section.


Lésignac-Durand (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Geography
The commune is found within the Rochechouart impact structure.

Population

Personalities
 Antoine Thomas, Sieur de Lézignac, adviser to the king holding the Présidial seat of Angoumois.
 The Thomas family members were aldermen, mayors of Angoulême, and advisers to the Présidial of Angoulême in the seventeenth century. The family was ennobled in 1639, 1667 and 1736.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Lessac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. About three kilometers north of the town center is the Domaine de Boisbuchet with the Château de Boisbuchet, built in 1865 on a hill above the Vienne. The castle and the approximately 150 hectare estate were bought in 1989 by the German art collector Alexander von Vegesack, curator and director of the Vitra Design Museum in Weil am Rhein, to use it during the summer months for workshops for artists, designers, architects and students.

The Vienne forms most of the commune's eastern border.

Population

Domaine de Boisbuchet

In the Boisbuchet Architectural Park there are a number of experimental buildings, including:
The Japanese guest house / La maison d’hôtes japonaise (built in Japan in 1860 and newly assembled in Boisbuchet)
The paper pavilion / Le pavillon de papier (Shigeru Ban, Japan)
The dome made of bamboo and fiberglass / Le dôme en bambou et en fiber de verre (Jörg Schlaich)
The Manege / Le Manège (Markus Heinsdorff)
The log cabin / La cabane (Brückner & Brückner Architects
The Bamboo House and the Conference Pavilion (Simón Vélez, Colombia)
The pyramid / La Pyramide (Brückner & Brückner)

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Lesterps (; L'Esterp in Limousin, an Occitan dialect) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

The inhabitants are called Lesterrois and Lesterroises.

Geography

Lesterps is located in Charente Limousin, in the north-east of the Charente department and borders Haute-Vienne.
The village of Lesterps, 9 km east of Confolens, is a major market town. It is 16 km from Chabanais, 17 km from Saint-Junien, 42 km from Limoges and 63 km from Angoulême.

The town is well served by roads. The D30, from Confolens to Limoges via Saint-Junien, crosses it from west to east, and the D29, from Saulgond to Brillac, crosses it from south to north. The D82 east of the village goes to Limoges via Saint-Christophe.
The nearest train station is  Chabanais, served by TER to Angoulême and Limoges.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Lichères () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It straddles the river Charente comprising the villages of Lichéres, La Salle and Puychenin. The village of Lichéres is home to a 12th-century catholic church dedicated to Saint Denis. Although there is a conventional road bridge across the river Charente near La Salle there is also a very small ferry called a Barque. The Barque is guided by a steel wire with which users propel the boat.

Population

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Ligné () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Lignières-Sonneville () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2022, it was merged into the new commune of Lignières-Ambleville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente
Populated places disestablished in 2022


Linars () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Lindois () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


The Spy Who Loved Me may refer to:

 The Spy Who Loved Me (novel), the 1962 novel by Ian Fleming
 The Spy Who Loved Me (film), the 1977 film named after the novel
 James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me, the novelization of the film by Christopher Wood
 The Spy Who Loved Me (video game), the computer game based on the film
 The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the film composed by Marvin Hamlisch


Londigny () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Longré () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Lonnes () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Geography
The commune is located in the north of the Charente. It extends north from Fontenille and is bisected by Route 186 and RN 10 for .

It is south of Poitiers and  north of Angoulême. The surrounding communities are, in alphabetical order: Aunac, Chenon, Fontenille, Juillé, Salles-de-Villefagnan and Verteuil-sur-Charente. In addition to the town of Lonnes, the commune has several villages: les Maisons Rouges, les Essarts, le Petit Fayolle et le Grand Fayolle.

History
In the Middle Ages, the monks of Nanteuil Abbey were lords of individual communes. In 1172, they ceded some of their land to the abbey of Grosbot, to build a church. Towards the middle of the 17th-century the population had increased, and a parish was created. The Saint Bartholomew church, slightly larger, was damaged by the Protestants. It was the subject of renovation in 1888–1889.

Population

Administration

Mayors
1896 -1904 Pierre Bastier
1904 -1919 Jean Bastier
1919 -1925 Jean Marifat
1925 -1944 Jean Mathieu
1944 -1960 Louis Ravion
1960 -1965 Anselme Migaud
1965 -1971 Jean-Louis Delhoume
1971 - Pierre Chaussepied

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


On Her Majesty's Secret Service may refer to:

 On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel), a 1963 novel by Ian Fleming
 On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film), a 1969 film adaptation of the novel
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack), the soundtrack from the film, including the title theme


Louzac-Saint-André () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Lupsault () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Lussac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


WXXI-FM (105.9 FM) is a non-commercial radio station in Rochester, New York, United States. It broadcasts news, talk and informational programming as a member station of National Public Radio (NPR). WXXI-FM is owned by the WXXI Public Broadcasting Council, Rochester's primary public broadcaster. The station was founded as WJZR in January 1993 by North Coast Radio, Inc., and broadcast a smooth jazz format for 29 years before it was taken silent in July 2022 upon the owner's retirement. Since May 2023, WXXI-FM has carried WXXI's news/talk service, which originates from WXXI (1370 AM).

The transmitter is on Pinnacle Hill Road off Highland Avenue in Brighton. The studios and offices are on State Street in Rochester.

North Coast Radio
In November 1988, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated a series of 14 applications for comparative hearing in order to determine who should be awarded a construction permit to build a new radio station on 105.9 MHz in Rochester. The commission awarded the permit to R. B. Lee Rust in December 1991. Rust was a second-generation station owner in Rochester; his father, Bill, had owned WHAM.

WJZR began broadcasting on January 22, 1993, with an eclectic jazz format. It was the second station Rust had managed with such a format, having set WGMC in Greece into the format previously in the 1990s. Rust's own personal music collection set the tone for WJZR; he categorized songs by such factors as attitude and so-called "thump". Rust also took the name North Coast Radio—which had been initially intended to refer only to the licensee—and used it as the station's overall brand instead of a set of call letters, feeling that it "makes Rochester sound more attractive, not just a cold, nondescript place". The station also set itself apart by airing no prerecorded commercials; the station's air staff read commercials live, and there were only six such ads an hour. Rapid consolidation of Rochester commercial radio stations meant that WJZR and Black-owned WDKX were the only independent outlets in the city by 1998; Rust rebuffed offers to sell his station.

By 2013, WJZR was a completely automated operation, with Rust as chief engineer, programmer, and the station's imaging voice; its commercial status made it more unusual as the number of full-time jazz outlets dwindled yet Rochester still had two stations in the format. Rust's extensive involvement in multiple facets of station operations also kept costs low. After 29 years, Rust announced he would retire and take the station silent; the last song on WJZR, played on the evening of July 10, 2022, was "In a Silent Way" by Miles Davis.

Sale to WXXI
On October 7, 2022, the WXXI Public Broadcasting Council announced it would purchase WJZR from Rust. The $1.2 million deal is structured as a $675,000 payment as well as an additional $525,000 donation by Rust to WXXI; the acquisition was completed on January 24, 2023. WXXI pledged to return the station to service in 2023 on a noncommercial basis as an FM frequency for its news/talk programming, originating from WXXI (1370 AM), with a new call sign to be selected; on May 10, 2023, the station took on the WXXI-FM call sign, with the previous WXXI-FM (91.5) concurrently becoming WXXO. The new WXXI-FM soft launched on May 24, 2023.

WXXI-FM going live with a strong FM signal allowed WRUR-FM who was airing afternoon programming from WXXI due to a lack of a strong FM signal for the all news station to drop Connections with Evan Dawson and All Things Considered and go in a full time music direction.

References

External links

XXI-FM
NPR member stations
Radio stations established in 1993
1993 establishments in New York (state)


You Only Live Twice may refer to:

 You Only Live Twice (novel), a 1964 James Bond novel by Ian Fleming
 You Only Live Twice (film), a 1967 film based on the novel
 You Only Live Twice (soundtrack), the soundtrack album from the film
 "You Only Live Twice" (song), a 1967 Nancy Sinatra song from the James Bond film of the same name
 You Only Live Twice (Tim Brummett album), a 2005 album by Tim Brummett
 You Only Live Twice (Pain album), a 2011 album by Pain
 You Only Live Twice: The Audio Graphic Novel, a 2010 album by MF Grimm
 You Only Live 2wice, a 2017 album by Freddie Gibbs
 "You Only Live Twice", an episode of 2point4 children
 Chikara You Only Live Twice, a 2014 professional wrestling event

See also
You Only Die Twice (disambiguation)
You Only Live Once (disambiguation)


Luxé () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Magnac-Lavalette-Villars (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Magnac-sur-Touvre () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Charente


Maine-de-Boixe () is a commune in the Charente department in the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Mainfonds () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Val-des-Vignes.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Mainxe () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Mainxe-Gondeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Mainzac (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Malaville () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Bellevigne.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Manot (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Mansle () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It is about 20 km north of Angoulême on the main N10 road. On 1 January 2023, it was merged into the new commune of Mansle-les-Fontaines.

Population

Notable people
 Roger Erell

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente
Angoumois
Populated places disestablished in 2023


Seyed Jalal Rafkhaei (, born 24 April 1984) is an Iranian football player.

Club career statistics
He is a Malavan youth system product and played with the senior team for five years then transferred to Zob Ahan and after one season he returned to his hometown club. He became top scorer of 2012–13 season with 19 goals.

Last Update: 4 June 2019

 Assist Goals

International career
In 2008, he was called for the Iran national football team by the Iran's coach Ali Daei. Rafkhaei debuted for Iran versus Palestine on August 7, 2008.

International goals
Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first.

Honours
Country
WAFF Championship
Winner (1): 2008

Individual
 Iran Pro League Top Goalscorer (19 goals): 2012–13
Iran Pro League Golden Boot (1): 2012–13

References

 Iran Premier League Stats

External links

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Bandar-e Anzali
Iranian men's footballers
Malavan F.C. players
Zob Ahan Esfahan F.C. players
Machine Sazi F.C. players
F.C. Rayka Babol players
Aluminium Arak F.C. players
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Azadegan League players
Men's association football forwards


Marcillac-Lanville () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes the Charente department
 Canadian Prime Ministers Pierre and Justin Trudeau can trace their family roots to Marcillac-Lanville

References

Communes of Charente


Shripat Pimpri is a village located in Barshi taluka of the Solapur District of the state of Maharashtra in India. The population of the village is approximately 10000.  Bhoinje,  Aanjangaon, Gurpoli, Korphale  and  Wanewadi  are  the nearby  villages  of Shripat  Pimpri.

Economy
The economy of the village is based mainly on agriculture, milk production. The educational system offered in the village continues to 10th year classes. Primary school including lower and upper KG is located in village while the secondary school (Lokseva Vidyalaya)  is half kilometer away from the village. The completed education rate is approximately 85% (although this statistic is not recent). The students for higher education go to Barshi - the taluka (Tehsil) place.  There are many notable people from village who work as primary and secondary school teachers, state police/officers, engineers, computer scientists, microbiologists, researchers, medicine doctors, pharmacists, journalists etc.

Attractions
There is a famous temple of Hanuman near the bus stand of the village. There is big festival called Yatra on Chaitra Pornima (Hanuman Jayanti). The villagers are spread through Maharashtra and abroad for searching the better future. They gather for Yatra in the village. There are other temples also in the village such as Vithoba, Dattatreya, Dnyaneshwar, Mhasoba, a place for Snake worship and one masjid (Mosque) at the center of the village.  Thus making the small village with a multicultural hub.

Community
The villagers represent from diverse castes and communities. The Bara Balutedar system still exists in the village with the people from different servant groups follow their traditional businesses.  However, globalization and very unpredictable agriculture income is making these servants either to migrate to cities or to change the professions. Many People work in different areas of Maharashtra like Barshi, Mahad, Bangalore, Goa, Gujarat, New Delhi and Pune. Various villagers are working in western world as well. This makes the village being noticed as a part of resource-poor settings in India but with great potential.

Important members of society
Current Mayor (Sarpanch) of Shripat Pimpri is Balraje Patil who won 2010 elections to get back Sarpanch post to Patil Family from previous Sarpanch represented by Takbhate Family.
The healthcare system is basic with one Government dispensary with a part-time doctor. Few doctors do private practice in the village. But most of the villagers rely on hospitals located in Barshi where state-of-art healthcare system is available with a cancer hospital funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and linked with Tata Memorial Centre. In Barshi, apart from Civil Hospital, numerous private clinics and Hospitals are available.

Transportation
The best way to come to Shripat Pimpri is to take Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation buses form Barshi. The buses run approximately 10 times per day although timetable is extremely variable. Some buses further go to Madha, Maharashtra. There are few passenger trains also available from Shendri- railway station (4-5km away from village) which connect to Central Railway zone. There are other ways of private transport to the village such as Auto rickshaws, famously called tam tam. But they are also unpredictable and mostly overcrowded.

Villages in Solapur district


Mareuil () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


WDCX (990 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Rochester, New York. The station airs a brokered religious radio format. WDCX's license is held by Kimtron, Inc. which is owned by Crawford Broadcasting. WDCX was a sister station to 102.7 WLGZ-FM (which previously occupied the AM 990 frequency).

WDCX and former sister station WLGZ studios and offices are on Browncroft Boulevard in Rochester.  The transmitter is off Clarkson Parma Townline Road in Brockport, New York.

WDCX programming originates from co-owned 99.5 WDCX-FM in Buffalo, New York.  It is also simulcast on 970 WDCZ in Buffalo. As a brokered time station, nationally known religious leaders pay WDCX for their half hour segments on the station, and appeal to the listeners for contributions.  Hosts on WDCX include Dr. Charles Stanley, Jim Daly, Chuck Swindoll and Jay Sekulow.

History
The station now known as WDCX has its roots in an earlier radio station, on a different frequency. In 1947, WRNY signed on at 680 kHz. It was a low-power (250 watts) daytime-only station because it was on the same clear channel frequency as 25,000–watt CFTR—Toronto, which is only about 100 miles away from Rochester as the crow flies. (Today, CFTR runs 50,000 watts and can be heard in some areas of Rochester.)  WRNY added an FM sister station (FM 97.7, today 97.9 WPXY-FM) primarily to give the station a night signal, but in the 1950s, few listeners had FM radios.  WRNY-FM signed off by 1955.

From 1957 to 1965, WRNY ran a top 40 format, switching to the call sign WRVM ("Rochester's Voice of Music"). In 1965, the top 40 music was gone and in its place was a country music format under a new call sign, WNYR. Country music lasted 22 years on the channel. A new sister station, WNYR-FM (now WRMM-FM), signed on in 1966, this time becoming permanent. The AM station moved from 680 kHz to 990 kHz in early July 1979, allowing the station to broadcast 24 hours a day. In 1987, as country music became more popular on FM radio, 92.5 WBEE-FM was established. WNYR lost its advantage to WBEE and gave up on country music.

The station changed call signs, and formats, to adult standards WEZO on June 21, 1988. (That same year, Malrite Communications sold the station to Boston-based Atlantic Ventures.) On February 26, 1990, the station changed its call sign to WRMM, and began simulcasting the FM's adult contemporary format. Then on May 14, 1993, after Atlantic Ventures merged with two other broadcasting companies to form American Radio Systems, WRMM switched to WCMF, and switched to simulcasting their FM namesake's classic rock format; the following year, the AM adopted a sports talk format. On August 1, 1997, after the station was sold from American Radio Systems to its current owner Crawford Communications, it became religious-formatted WDCZ; on December 1, 1999, the call letters changed to WLGZ and the station returned to adult standards. On February 11, 2008, the station's "Legends" format was modified to incorporate more oldies and soft adult contemporary material, and officially moved to sister station WLGZ-FM 102.7 (formerly WRCI "The Light", a Contemporary Christian station).

On May 23, 2008, AM 990 began broadcasting religious programming under the call sign WRCI which was previously assigned to WLGZ-FM prior to February 11, 2008, effectively accomplishing a call sign swap between the AM and FM stations.

On September 1, 2008, the call sign was changed again to WDCX to match with sister station WDCX-FM in Buffalo.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for WDCX

Radio stations established in 1988
Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States
DCX (AM)


Marillac-le-Franc (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Marsac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


This is the episode guide of The X-Family (終極一家). It aired on GTV.

Click here to visit the episode guides of the first series KO One (終極一班) and the third series K.O.3an Guo (終極三國).

Episode list

Lists of Taiwanese television series episodes


Massignac (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Mazerolles (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Mazières () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Terres-de-Haute-Charente.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Médillac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Mérignac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Merpins () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Mesnac is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Les Métairies () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Mons is a commune in the Charente département in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


The Ordre du Croissant (Order of the Crescent; ) was a chivalric order founded by Charles I of Naples and Sicily in 1268. It was revived in 1448 or 1464 by René I, king of Jerusalem, Sicily and Aragon (including parts of Provence), to provide him with a rival to the English Order of the Garter. René was one of the champions of the medieval system of chivalry and knighthood, and this new order was (like its English rival) neo-Arthurian in character. Its insignia consisted of a golden crescent moon engraved in grey with the word LOZ, with a chain of 3 gold loops above the crescent.  On René's death, the Order lapsed.

Provence
The Order of the Crescent, also known as "Order of the Crescent in the Provence", a French chivalric order was founded on 11 August 1448 in Angers by King Rene of Provence as a court order. The order, which united itself, features from knighthood and spiritual orders, and counted up to 50 knights, of which can be dukes, princes, marquises, viscounts and knights with four quarters of nobility.

The Knights committed themselves to mutual assistance and loyalty to the order which, after the Provence became part of France in 1486, was soon forgotten.

Ackermann mentions this knighthood as a historical order of France.

In later culture
 René and his Order of the Crescent were adopted as "historical founders" by the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity in 1912, as exemplars of chivalry and Christian charity. Ceremonies of the Order of the Crescent were referenced in formulating ceremonies for the fraternity.
The Order was neo-Arthurian in character, and so has been used to link René with the Holy Grail and the fictitious Priory of Sion.

Sources

 Gustav Adolph Ackermann, " Ordensbuch, Sämtlicher in Europa blühender und erloschener Orden und Ehrenzeichen ". Annaberg, 1855, p 208 - Google Books (Former orders of France : p. 205-214)

External links
 Statutes of the Order of the Crescent in the Manuscripts of the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.
Coat of arms (V&A)

Croissant
Croissant
1448 establishments in Europe
1440s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire


Montboyer () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Montbron (; Limousin: Montberol) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France on the Tardoire river.

François Victor Alphonse Aulard (1849–1928) was born in Montbron. He was the first professional French historian of the French Revolution and of Napoleon.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Angoumois


Babak Pourgholami is an Iranian football player who plays for Aluminium in Azadegan League.

Club career

Club career statistics
Last updated: 30 April 2013

 Assist Goals

External links
Persian League Profile

Iranian men's footballers
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Bandar-e Anzali
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Fajr Sepasi Shiraz F.C. players
Malavan F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders


Montchaude () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Montmérac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Montembœuf (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Reinaldo Patterson (born February 7, 1956) is a retired javelin thrower from Cuba, who competed for his native country during the 1970s and the 1980s.

Achievements

References
 1982 Year Ranking

1956 births
Living people
Cuban male javelin throwers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Cuba
Place of birth missing (living people)
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Cuba
20th-century Cuban people
21st-century Cuban people