Ballardvale station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station on the Haverhill Line, located in the Ballardvale village of Andover, Massachusetts. The station has a single side platform serving a single track.

History

The Andover and Haverhill Railroad opened through Ballardvale in 1836. In 1849, the Boston and Maine Railroad moved the line about  west to its present alignment as part of a lengthy relocation to serve the growing mill city of Lawrence. The original depot was converted to a residence.

A two-story Italianate depot was built in 1849 at the Andover Street crossing to serve as the new Ballardvale station. A baggage room was added around 1893. In 1950, it was cut in half, moved , and converted to a private residence. The baggage room was detached and served as the station shelter for some time.

In November 1974, North Andover and Andover declined to renew their subsidies. Service to North Andover station ended on November 15 that year. Days before, Andover commuters and businesses raised funds to continue service until April 1975. On April 7, 1975, town residents voted "overwhelmingly" to reimburse the commuters and subsidize service for an additional year. The town declined to subsidize further service, and the three Andover stops (Shawsheen, , and Ballardvale) were dropped effective April 2, 1976. The round trip, by then stopping just at Lawrence, Bradford and Haverhill, was ended in June 1976. The MBTA bought all B&M commuter equipment and lines on December 27, 1976, including the Western Route from Wilmington Junction to the New Hampshire border.

Service to Haverhill, including the stop at Ballardvale, resumed on December 17, 1979. A mini-high platform for accessibility was added around 1992. Ballardvale station was left as single track after the 2010–2017 double-tracking project. However, the MBTA plans to reconstruct the station and add a second track.

References

External links

MBTA – Ballardvale

Former Boston and Maine Railroad stations
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Essex County, Massachusetts
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1836
Buildings and structures in Andover, Massachusetts


The Diablo Grande AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Stanislaus County, California.  All
 in the AVA are owned by the Diablo Grande Resort Community, and Isom Ranch Winery is the only winery producing wines that carry the Diablo Grande AVA designation on their labels.  Vineyards in the AVA are planted between  and  above sea level.  The region is named after nearby Mount Diablo, the highest peak in the Pacific Coast Range.

References

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of California
Geography of Stanislaus County, California
1998 establishments in California


is a Japanese professional wrestler, currently wrestling for Pro Wrestling Zero1.

Career

Toryumon/Dragon Gate (2001–2004)
He debuted in the 9th term of Toryumon 2000 Project as Henry III Sugawara, an English prince character. He joined with and eventually with Anthony W. Mori and Phillip J. Fukumasa, forming the Royal Brothers unit in T2P. The gimmick was that all three wrestlers were royal princes. However, the Royal Brothers would never make much of an impact. Fukamasa retired almost immediately after T2P closed, and Sugawara spent most of his time back in Mexico while Mori wrestled in Toryumon.

When he finally came to Toryumon himself, he was courted by heel stable Aagan Iisou, led by Shuji Kondo. Although he initially refused the request to join, he would eventually betray Mori and ally with Aagan. He and Mori would feud, with the finish coming in a hair vs hair match. Sugawara lost the match, but escaped losing his hair. While a member of Aagan Iisou, he regularly teamed with Kondo and brother Yasshi. This team would continue for some time, but all the members of Aagan Iisou were fired from Dragon Gate on December 31, 2004, for controversial and mostly unexplained reasons.

Dragondoor and El Dorado Wrestling (2005–2008)
Sugawara was hit the hardest by the firing of Aagan Iisou, and he did not resurface in the wrestling world until Dragondoor was announced. In this promotion, Aagan Iisou was put in an feud against Taiji Ishimori and his home army, but Dragondoor's short lived existence impeded any development. After the promotion closed, Sugawara moved to Pro Wrestling Zero1, where he formed a tag team with Gamma. Around this time, Sugawara's allegiance to Aagan Iisou was tenuous, and Gamma capitalized on it to persuade him to join his Stoned stable, which acted mainly in Michinoku Pro Wrestling. Although Sugawara kept himself in Zero1, he accepted Gamma's offer and started teaming up there with another Stoned wrestler, Kagetora, who eventually took Gamma's place as the leader of the group.

When Dragondoor was reopened under the form of El Dorado Wrestling, Sugawara returned as well. However, he was now allied with two rival factions – his old friends in Aagan Iisou, and his new ally Kagetora in Stoned. Sugawara spent the first few months of El Dorado trying to play both sides, but heat between the three parties was impossible to avoid. At the end, he seemed to choose Stoned, but only for him to kick Kagetora out of the faction to take the leadership of it himself along with the Brahman Brothers. The stable was renamed Hell Demons, and it soon feuded with other stables created by the former members of Aagan Iisou to oppose it.

Sugawara and the Brahman Brothers won the UWA World Trios Championship and defended the Championships 2 times. He would lead Hell Demons for several months before being kicked out of the stable with little fanfare by the Brahman Brothers. The UWA World Trios Championship was then vacated, and Sugawara allied with Toru Owashi's faction "Animal Planets", although did not officially join them. His participation caused dissension within the Animal Planets, with Bear Fukuda in particular being distrustful of Sugawara. Sugawara won the vacant UWA World Trios Championship for the second time with Toru Owashi and Nobutaka Araya by defeating the Hell Demons Braman Shu, Brahman Kei, and Go.

In the summer of 2008, the entirety of Aagan Iisou left El Dorado. Suguwara and Owashi vacated the UWA World Trios Championship on their way out. Aagan Iisou initially planned to tour as a unit, but instead went their separate ways.

Pro Wrestling Zero1 (2006–present)
Although Sugawara had been wrestling for Pro Wrestling Zero1 since 2006, it was after El Dorado's closure that he joined full-time. He formed a tag team with Minoru Fujita, winning with him the NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Champions and NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Champions. Sugawara and Fujita hold the record for the longest NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship title reign of 399 days. On March 2 Sugawara and Tsuyoshi Kikuchi put their belts (Kikuchi's NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (Zero1 version) and Sugawara's Zero1 International Junior Heavyweight title) on the line in a match on 11th Anniversary show. Sugawara was victorious and became the double champion. Sugawara lost both titles to Jonathan Gresham on May 4, 2013. He regained them from Mineo Fujita on November 3, 2014, before losing them to local wrestler Jason Lee in Hong Kong on December 28, 2014.

Return to Dragon Gate (2009–2010)
Sugawara returned to Dragon Gate in late 2009, aligning with the stable Veteran-gun. He was at first considered a representative of Zero-One rather than a full member of the roster. He teased reuniting with Anthony W. Mori and reforming the Royal Brothers, but instead joined up with top heel stable Real Hazard.

On January 19, 2010, he won the company's Battle of Tokyo Tournament. Real Hazard was soon renamed Deep Drunkers, led by Kenichiro Arai. On October 13, 2010, the Deep Drunkers were forced to split up, after losing a match against World–1 (BxB Hulk, Masato Yoshino and Naruki Doi), but after the match Doi turned on his partners to form a new stable with Sugawara, Kzy, Naoki Tanisaki and Yasushi Kanda. On October 25 Sugawara, Tanisaki and Kanda defeated CIMA, Gamma and Genki Horiguchi to win the Open the Triangle Gate Championship. They would lose the title to CIMA, Dragon Kid and Ricochet on December 26, 2010.

Championships and accomplishments

Dragon Gate
Open the Triangle Gate Championship (2 times) – with Yasushi Kanda and Kzy (1), and Yasushi Kanda and Naoki Tanisaki (1)
Battle of Tokyo Tournament (2010)
El Dorado Wrestling
UWA World Trios Championship (2 times) – with Brahman Shu and Brahman Kei (1) and Nobutaka Araya and Toru Owashi (1)
Pro-Wrestling Basara
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time, current) – with Shuji Kondo and Toru Owashi
Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max/Pro Wrestling Zero1
International Junior Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Minoru Fujita (1) and Masato Tanaka (1)
NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Minoru Fujita (1), Kaijin Habu Otoko (1), Tsuyoshi Kikuchi (1), Mineo Fujita (1), "brother" Yasshi (2) and Ikuto Hidaka (1)
NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Fire Festival (2021)
Tenkaichi Junior (2016)

Lucha de Apuesta record

Footnotes

References

External links
Zero1 profile

Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
1983 births
Sportspeople from Akita Prefecture
21st-century professional wrestlers
UWA World Trios Champions
Open the Triangle Gate Champions


The Imperial Tramways Company Ltd (1878 to 1930) was created to bring under common management a number of street tramways. Originally based in London, its headquarters moved to Bristol in 1892 and from then on it shared its senior management with Bristol Tramways under the chairmanship of George White.

History

In 1878 Imperial acquired the street tramway systems in Middlesbrough, Dublin (Southern District), Gloucester and Reading, plus the Corris Railway in Wales. The Gloucester system was sold in 1881, the Dublin system in 1898, and Reading was taken over by the town council in 1901. The Darlington system was added in 1898 and taken over by its local council in 1902.

In 1894, Imperial formed London United Tramways to develop the moribund West Metropolitan system and, under the energetic leadership of Clifton Robinson, much of the system was electrified. Control of LUT passed from Imperial in the 1900s (it was later acquired by the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933), and thereafter Imperial served more as an investment vehicle for the White family than as a developer of tramway systems.

The system in Stockton-on-Tees was acquired in 1896, and was electrified as a part of the Middlesbrough, Stockton and Thornaby Electric Tramways Company, re-opening in 1898. This was taken over by the local council in 1921 and from 1926 buses began to replace it and the last tram ran on 9 June 1934. With the sale of the Corris Railway to the Great Western Railway in 1930 the Imperial company had outlived its purpose and was wound up.

Directors

 Rowland Blennerhassett, from 1878 to 1879
 John Marshall Gillies, from 1878 to 1881
 Joseph William Greig, from 1878 to 1881
 Thomas Miller Mackay, from 1878 to 1880
 Alfred James Lambert, from 1878 to 1891
 Walter Rathbone Bacon, from 1879 to 1883
 William Ward, from 1882 to 1892
 Edward Temperley Gourley, from 1883 to 1892
 George White, from 1892 to 1916
 Hugh Charles Godfray, from 1892 to 1918
 Clifton Robinson, from 1892 to 1910
 Samuel White, from 1902 to 1928
 Hugh Greenfield Doggett, from 1910 to 1915
 James Henry Howell, from 1915 to 1926
 William George Verdon Smith, from 1917 to 1930
 George Stanley White, from 1917 to 1930
 Sydney Ernest Smith, from 1926 to 1930
 Sidney Edgar Baker, from 1929 to 1930

References

 London United Tramways, Geoffrey Wilson 1971
 Corris Railway Society Journal, 1992 & 1993

Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Corris Railway
Transport companies established in 1878
Transport companies disestablished in 1930
1878 establishments in the United Kingdom


Francis Hammond may refer to:

Francis C. Hammond (1931–1953), U.S. Navy sailor during the Korean War and Medal of Honor recipient
, frigate named after Francis C. Hammond
Francis Hammond, Governor of Landguard Fort (1711–1719)

See also
Frank Hammond (1921–2005), author on Christian subjects


William Errington (1699 – 5 Mar 1739) was High Sheriff of Northumberland.

Errington was the only son of Francis Errington (1665–1699), a papist of the landed gentry branch of Walwick Grange, Northumberland. He married Mrs Isabel Bacon at Haydon Bridge on 17 Oct 1731  and was appointed High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1739 not long before his death.

He left one son John (1733–1768), gentleman of High Warden, Northumberland  and direct maternal ancestor of Sir William Errington Hume (1879–1960) physician and his son Cardinal George Basil Hume (1923–1999), Catholic Archbishop of Westminster.

References

History of Northumberland
1699 births
1739 deaths
High Sheriffs of Northumberland


Holbury is an Iron Age hill fort situated close to Holbeton in Devon, England. The fort is situated on a hilltop east of the Village approximately 95 metres above sea level overlooking the Erme Estuary.

References

Hill forts in Devon


Airborne Command & Control Squadron 113 (VAW-113), known as "Black Eagles", was established on 20 April 1967 flying the E-2A Hawkeye.

Squadron history

1960s–1970s

One week after its establishment, VAW-113 deployed to the Western Pacific (WESTPAC) aboard . VAW-113 served in the Vietnam War from 1967 to 1975. The culmination of these efforts occurred in April 1975, when VAW-113 played a vital role in Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of American personnel from Saigon.

1980s
In 1987, the squadron recognized for operational excellence in their support of Battle Group DELTA and tanker escort operations in the North Arabian Sea/Gulf of Oman. In December 1988, the squadron set sail again for the North Arabian Sea, monitoring tanker escort operations in support of Operation Earnest Will.

1990s
During their WESTPAC 1990 cruise, VAW-113 again deployed to the Gulf of Oman, providing both sea and air cover to Battle Group Delta and allied forces in the Persian Gulf as one of the first units deployed after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. The squadron spent over three months in the Gulf of Oman in support of Operation Desert Shield prior to their return to San Diego in December 1990.

In May 1992, the squadron and Carrier Air Wing Fourteen (CVW-14) took part in Roving Sands, the largest integrated air defense exercise in the continental United States. This was the first operational employment and successful test of the technology incorporated in the E-2C Group II. Significant improvements in this aircraft over its predecessors were its APS-145 radar, Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS), enhanced high-speed processor (EHSP) computer, and Allison T56-A-427 engines.

In August 1994, VAW-113 again deployed to WESTPAC/Persian Gulf, serving as an integral part of CVW-14 and Battle Group Charlie on board . While in the Persian Gulf supporting Operation Southern Watch, VAW-113 aircrews acted as Navy Command and Control liaison officers in Saudi Arabia to Joint Task Force Southwest Asia, U.S. Air Force Boeing E-3A Sentry AWACS, and RC-135 Rivet Joint aircraft. During the first operational deployment of the E-2C Group II "Hawkeye", the squadron provided direct support and demonstration flights, in addition to static displays, for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force, the Republic of Singapore Navy and Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force.

In 1995 the squadron making a two-month detachment to NS Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico supporting Joint Inter-Agency Task Force (JIATF) East's war against drugs. The squadron also became the first E-2C squadron to graduate a Weapons Tactics Instructor from the Marine Air Weapons Tactics Squadron course. Lessons learned helped to integrate the E-2C platform into roles of Direct Air Support Center-Airborne (DASC(A)), Tactical Air Control-Airborne (TAC(A)), and Airborne Battlefield Command, Control and Communications (ABCCC) platform. The squadron also made their second appearance at Roving Sands 1995. Deployed on USS Carl Vinson in August 1995, the squadron participated in the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the end of Worlds War II at Naval Base Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Fourteen WWII-era aircraft, including three North American B-25 Mitchells, two Vought F4U Corsairs, and a Grumman TBF Avenger were deck launched for the last time.

In May 1996, the squadron made their fifteenth WESTPAC deployment, aboard USS Carl Vinson participating in Operations Desert Strike and Southern Watch in the Persian Gulf. Port visits along the way included Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tasmania.

The squadron again deployed on WESTPAC in June 1998, aboard . The squadron's departure marked the end of its basing at NAS Miramar. While on station in the Persian Gulf, VAW-113 flew missions supporting Operation Southern Watch. Port visits were made at Hong Kong, Singapore, Jebel Ali, Perth, Hobart, and Hawaii. At the end of the cruise, the squadron launched from USS Abraham Lincoln, flying into their new home at NAS Point Mugu, California. VAW-113 received the Battle Efficiency "E" award for 1998.

2000s

The squadron began WESTPAC 2000–01 on August 20, 2000, aboard USS Abraham Lincoln. The main focus of the deployment was to conduct Operation Southern Watch (OSW) and to maintain economic sanctions against Iraq. The squadron received their fifth Battle Efficiency “E”, the CNO Aviation Safety Award for E-2 squadrons and the Rear Admiral Frank Akers award for Airborne Early Warning excellence as the outstanding E-2 squadron in the entire Navy. In 2003, VAW-113 redeployed to the Persian Gulf to support, for a second time, Operation Southern Watch. On the way home, the ship was turned around in Australia and sent back to the Gulf to participate in the opening phases of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In April, USS Abraham Lincoln group returned home.

In May 2004, VAW-113 deployed on board  for airborne command and control in the Gulf of Alaska and to participate in Operation Northern Edge. Operating jointly with Air Force and Navy assets, the Strike Group practiced Maritime Interdiction and Defensive Counter Air missions. In July, the squadron participated in RIMPAC 2004. Following this exercise, USS John C. Stennis joined up with  for a Joint Air and Sea Exercise (JASEX). This second annual joint exercise sprawled across the Pacific from the Sea of Japan to the South China Sea. The Carrier Strike Groups focused on round the clock flight operations and battlespace management. The JASEX had to be halted periodically so each CSG could maneuver away from seven storms and typhoons. In late October 2004, USS John C. Stennis Carrier Strike Group returned to its homeport in San Diego, California.In January 2006, the squadron, along with the CVW-14 and CSG-7 team, joined  on its maiden voyage out of San Diego, California. The Carrier Strike Group transited the Western Pacific to relieve the Carrier Strike Group Two, led by , in the Persian Gulf. In support of Operation Sea Dragon III, the squadron was the first squadron to employ the new ALQ-217 ESM system. In addition, VAW-113 flew over 100 sorties, with a 99% combat sortie completion rate, in support of convoys on the ground during Operation Iraqi Freedom. On the way home, USS Ronald Reagan met up with USS Abraham Lincoln and USS Kitty Hawk Strike Groups for Exercise Valiant Shield.

In January 2007, the squadron again deployed with the CVW-14 and CSG-7 team, on board USS Ronald Reagan on a Surge/Western Pacific (WESTPAC) deployment in which they took part in exercise Foal Eagle. The squadron returned home in April 2007.

In May 2008, the squadron, along with CVW-14 and CSG-7 embarked on board USS Ronald Reagan for a Western Pacific (WESTPAC) deployment. During the WESTPAC, the squadron provided support for Operation Enduring Freedom and following a typhoon, took part in humanitarian efforts for the Philippine Islands. In addition, VAW-113 flew over 400 sorties with a 98% completion rate, won the CVW-14 Golden Wrench award for maintenance excellence and earned another Battle Efficiency “E” award.

In May 2009, the squadron, along with CVW-14 and CSG-7 embarked on board USS Ronald Reagan for the SURGE 09 deployment. The squadron achieved a 99.6% mission completion rate and became back-to-back Battle Efficiency "E" award winners by winning the FY 09 award, as well as another CVW-14 Golden Wrench award for maintenance excellence.

2010s

In 2010 VAW-113 completed a work-up cycle which included the multinational RIMPAC 2010. In February 2011, the squadron deployed aboard the USS Ronald Reagan in support of Operation New Dawn in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. In March, during the transit across the Pacific, the squadron was called into action following the devastating 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan. The squadron provided the airborne command of the relief effort using their Hawkeye 2000s in Operation Tomodachi. Commander of Naval Air Forces awarded the squadron with their tenth Battle “E” Award for their efforts.

In 2020, the squadron was redesignated Airborne Command & Control Squadron from Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron.

See also
 History of the United States Navy
 List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons

References

External links
 Official Home Page

Early warning squadrons of the United States Navy


Trams and trolleybuses in North Korea are forms of public transportation for North Koreans to travel around in urban centres given the shortages on fuel and access to cars for average citizens.

Very few details are known about these trolleybuses and trams due to the closed society of North Korea. Pyongyang, Wonsan and Chongjin are the only cities known to have tramways.

For a full list of trolleybus systems in North Korea, see List of trolleybus systems in North Korea.

Trams

Trolleybuses
The Pyongyang trolleybus system has been operating since 1962, with a large fleet serving several routes. Due to the closed nature of North Korea, the existence of trolleybus networks in other North Korean cities was generally unknown outside the country for many years, but it is now known that around 12 to 15 other cities also possess trolleybus systems, among them Sariwon, Wonsan, Chongjin and Pyongsong. A few other places have very small (in some cases only one or two vehicles) systems for transporting workers from a housing area to a nearby coal mine or other industrial site—or at least did at some time within recent years, such as the city of Sangnong.  Trolleybuses include both imported and locally made vehicles but are mostly locally made, converted or rebuilt. There are a few local manufacturers of trolleybuses.

In 2020, NK News speculated that North Korea was likely to start a removal of its trolleybus systems; however, with the revival of the network in Wonsan during 2018–19, Sinuiju in 2020 and the opening of a new system in Manpo in 2019 directly contradicts this article, and most of currently not operating systems had its trolleybuses removed prior to 2011. It is also important to note, that according to The Pyongyang Times, new trolleybuses are still being constructed.

Pyongyang Trolleybus Factory

Chongjin Bus Factory

Others

See also

 Pyongyang Metro
 Pyongyang Tram
 Transport in North Korea
Trolleybus usage by country

Notes

References
The Pyongyang Metro: Trams

External links

Recording of KCTV 28 December 20:00 news showing new trolleybuses in Chongjin
Discussion on Chongnyonho

Tram
Korea, North


Vie au Grand Air du Médoc (VGAM) was a French football and sports club based in Mérignac, France. Apart from football, it organised cricket, hockey, tennis, cycling, basketball and swimming teams. The motto of the VGAM was "bien faire et laisser dire" ("well done and said").

The club moved to the Stade du Jard ("Stadium of the Jard") in Mérignac, commonly known as the Parc de la Vie au Grand Air, which was a thirteen hectare sports complex.

Awards
 Champion France (CFAF): 1912, 1913, 1914
 Finalist Trophée de France: 1913
 Champion DH Southwest: 1921, 1922

History
VGA Médoc reached the finals of the Trophée de France in 1913, after defeating FC Rouen 2–1 in the semi-finals on 12 May. On 18 May, VGA was defeated by CA Paris 2–1 at the Stade du Jard. In the following season, it reached the 1914 Trophée de France finals and lost to Olympique Lillois 4–1.

After the First World War, VGA shined in the Coupe de France, reaching the semi-finals in 1919 and 1920 and the quarter-finals in 1922. VGA won two championship titles in the Division d'Honneur du Sud-Ouest in 1921 and 1922, before leaving in the regional elite competition in 1925.

Defunct football clubs in France
Sports clubs and teams in France
Sport in Gironde
Football clubs in Nouvelle-Aquitaine


The Diocese of Avezzano () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in central Italy, whose name in Italian was changed in 1986. It was previously known as the Diocese of Marsi, as it still is in Latin. It has been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of L'Aquila since 1972.

History
The diocese of Marsi had its original seat at Pescina.

According to a local legend, the Gospel was preached to the Marsican region in Apostolic times by Saint Mark. Saint Rufinus, their bishop, was martyred about 240. The episcopal see was originally at Santa Sabina church in Marruvium, but, as this place was isolated and therefore insecure, Pope Gregory XIII permitted, in 1580, the removal of the bishop's residence to Pescina, where the cathedral was completed in 1596.

Among the bishops of the diocese was Berardo (c.1110–1130) of the family of the Counts of the Marsi. He was educated at Montecassino, and became papal governor of the Campagna. On account of his justice and of his severity in that office, he was imprisoned by Pietro Colonna, but Pope Paschal II made him a cardinal, and bishop of his native town.

Shortly after the beginning of the episcopate of Bishop Pandolfus in 1032, in the midst of intense civil strife, Pope Benedict IX divided the diocese of Marsi, leaving part to Bishop Pandolfus and giving the rest to Bishop Atto, a relative of the Theophylacts. Atto's cathedral was established at S. Maria di Carsoli, and he took possession both of the territory of Carsoli and the valley of the Nerfa river. At the general council held in the Lateran by Pope Victor II, on 18 April 1057, however, the decisions of Benedict IX were reversed, and the diocese of Marsi reunited in its original form. Pandulfus continued as its bishop, and Atto, at the insistence of the entire assembly, was transferred to the diocese of Chieti. On 9 December 1057, the new pope, Stephen IX, confirmed the decisions of the synod, and further confirmed Bishop Pandulf in the possession of the entire diocese of Marsi, including the church of Santa Sabina, of the ancient city of the Marsi, his episcopal seat.

On 25 February 1114, Pope Paschal II issued a bull, "Sicut iniusta poscentibus," confirming for Bishop Berardus all of the parish boundaries and enumerating all of his privileges and rights.

Pope Gregory XIII published the bull, "In suprema dignitatis" on 1 January 1580, in response to petitions from Bishop Matthew, leaders, and citizens of the civitas Marsorum, who pointed out that for more than forty years the city had been devastated, the victim of wars. He granted their requests, and transferred the episcopal seat, the canons, all the benefices, and other diocesan apparatus to the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Pescina.

The diocesan seminary was begun by Bishop Giambattista Milanese (1562–1577), but not put into use until Bishop Matteo Colli issued a bull on 17 August 1580, in which he redirected the income of 53 benefices established by the duchess of Amalfi, as well as all the benefices on the lands of the Colonna and the Savelli.

Bishop Bartolomeo Peretti 1597–1628) showed immediately upon his appointment that he was a friend of the poor and the average citizen. But he made a bad name for himself among the aristocracy, particularly the Tornese, as he mixed into their financial, political, and marital business. Like his predecessor, he was litigious. Complaints from powerful men reached Rome, and in January 1600 he was summoned to Rome by Pope Clement VIII to give an accounting of his activities. He was lodged in the Castel Sant'Angelo, and forbidden to exercise the administration of the diocese of Marsi. An apostolic administrator, Fr. Sebastiano Ghislieri, was appointed, until he was named bishop of Strongoli on 30 April 1601. He was succeeded by Fr. Paolo Pagano, who died in November 1601, and then Fr. Fulgenzio Tomassetti of Pescina until 1606. He was succeeded by Fr. Pompeo Gallosio, the Provost of Celano, for five months in 1606, until Bishop Peretti was finally released in the middle of the year.

On 1 August 1606, Bishop Bartolomeo Peretti consecrated the cathedral of S. Maria delle Grazie.

Bishop Benedetto Mattei (1760–1776) made frequent trips during his episcopate both to Rome and to Naples, where he had family and diocesan business. On his return to the diocese, he preferred to stay at the family palazzo in Celano rather than in the less congenial Pescina, where the episcopal palace was in a run-down condition. The absence of the bishop was inconvenient for the canons of the cathedral Chapter of S. Maria delle Grazie in Pescina, and when Bishop Mattei set up a throne in the church of S. Giovanni in Celano for his pontifical convenience, even designating the church a co-cathedral, the Chapter was outraged. The bishop announced that he would make the arrangement permanent, but, on 24 June 1776 he died.

Synods

A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.<ref name="XIV1842"> John Paul II, Constitutio Apostolica de Synodis Dioecesanis Agendis (March 19, 1997): Acta Apostolicae Sedis 89 (1997), pp. 706-727. Andrea Tilatti, "Sinodi diocesane e concili provinciali in italia nord-orientale fra Due e Trecento. Qualche riflessione," Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Moyen-Age, Temps modernes T. 112, N°1. 2000, pp. 273-304.</ref>

The first diocesan synod was held by Bishop Giambattista Milanese (1562–1577), shortly after his return from the Council of Trent.

Bishop Bartolomeo Perretti held a diocesan synod in the cathedral of S. Maria delle Grazie on 10 June 1612. Bishop Ascanio de Gasparis (1650–1664) held a diocesan synod on 21–22 April 1653 in Pescina. A diocesan synod was held by Bishop Diego Petra (1664–1680) at Pescina on 25–27 July 1673. Bishop Francesco Corradini presided at a diocesan synod on 25 April 1686. Bishop Camillo Giovanni Rossi (1805–1818) held a diocesan synod on 10–12 September 1815 in the cathedral of Santa Maria delle Grazie.

Reorganization in the 20th century

The 1915 Avezzano earthquake destroyed 96% of the city of Avezzano and severely damaged much of the province of Aquila; there were estimated to be 30,000 deaths directly caused by the tremors.

In 1922, Abbot Placido Nicolini of the monastery of Santissima Trinità de Cava petitioned Pope Pius XI to allow the place called Paterno in the diocese of Marsico, which belonged to the city of Tramutola, to be assigned to the jurisdiction of the part of Tramutola which belonged to his abbey. On 29 May 1922, the Consistorial Congregation in the papal Curia issued the appropriate document granting the request. The diocese of Marsi therefore lost territory, population, and income.

Following the Second Vatican Council, and in accordance with the norms laid out in the council's decree, Christus Dominus chapter 40, Pope Paul VI ordered a reorganization of the ecclesiastical provinces in southern Italy. On 15 August 1972, a new ecclesiastical province was created, with L'Aquila, which had previously been directly subject to the Holy See, as the new metropolitan archbishopric. The diocese of the Marsi (later renamed Avezzano) and the diocese of Valva e Sulmona were appointed suffragans.

In 1986, Pope John Paul II was carrying out a general reorganization of the ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses of Italy, in accordance with the directions of the Second Vatican Council, the new 1984 concordat with the Republic of Italy, and canon and civil law. In the case of the diocese of Marsi, it was decided that the papal Curia would continue to use the official name Dioecesis Marsorum, but that in the Italian vernacular it should be referred to as Diocesi di Avezzano.

Bishops of Marsi
to 1300

...
 Luminosus (attested 649)
...
 Leodrisius (attested 853)
...
 Albericus (attested 964–968)
 Ratherius (attested 969–970)
 Guinisius (c.970s)
...
Joannes (attested 1028)
...
Atto (attested 1050–1057)
Pandulfus (attested 1057–1071)
...

 Berardus (c.1110–1130)
...
Ingeamus
Thomas
Anselmus
Berardus
Thomas
Berardus (attested 1221–1223)
Joannes (attested 1230)
Oderisius (attested 1236–1241)
Caesarius (attested 1254)
Nicolaus
Stephanus (attested 1267–1273)
Jacobus de Venere (1286–1295)

1300 to 1600

Jacobus Bussa, O.P. (1295–1326)
 Petrus Ferri (1327–1336)
Tommaso Valignani (1336–1348)
Tommaso Pucci (1348–1363)
Giacomo Muti (1363–1365)
Berardus (1365–after 1371)
Petrus (1380) Avignon ObedienceGiuliano Tomasi, O.F.M. (1380–1418) Avignon ObedienceGiacomo (1384) Roman ObedienceGentile Maccafani (1385–1399) Roman ObediencePhilippus (1398–1418) Roman ObedienceSalvato Maccafani (1418–1419)
Tommaso (1419–1429)
Saba de Cartoni (1430–1446)
Angelo Maccafani (1446–1470)
 Francesco Maccafani (1470–1471) resigned
 Gabriele Maccafani (1471–1511)
 Giacomo Maccafani (1511–1530).
 Giovanni Dionisio Maccafani (1530–1533)
 Marcello Crescenzi (1534–1546) appointed Administrator of Conza
 Francesco Micheli (Franzino Micheli) (1546–1548) appointed Bishop of Casale Monferrato
 Nicola de Virgiliis (1548–1562) resigned
 Giambattista Milanese (1562–1577)
 Matteo Colli (1579–1596)

since 1600

 Bartolomeo Peretti 1597–1628)
 Baglione Carradoli (1628–1629)
 Muzio Colonna (1629–1632)
 Lorenzo Massimo (1632–1647)
 Giovanni Paolo Caccia (1648–1649)
 Ascanio de Gasparis (1650–1664)
 Diego Petra (1664–1680)
 Francesco Berardino Corradini (1680–1718)
 Muzio de' Vecchi (1719–1724)
 Giacinto Dragonetti, C.O. (1724–1730)
 Giuseppe Barone (1731–1741)
 Domenico Antonio Brizi (1741–1760)
 Benedetto Mattei (1760–1776)
 Francesco Vincenzo Lajezza 1776–1792)
 Giuseppe Bolognese (1797–1803)Sede Vacante (1803–1805)
 Camillo Giovanni Rossi (1805–1818)
 Francesco Saverio Durini, O.S.B. (1818–1823) confirmed Bishop of Aversa
 Giuseppe Segna (1824–1840) died
 Michel' Angelo Sorrentino (1843–1863) died
 Federico de Giacomo (1871–1884) died
 Enrico de Dominis (Dominicis) (1884–1894) appointed Archbishop of Amalfi
 Marino Russo (1895–1903) died
 Francesco Giacci (1904–1909) resigned
 Nicola Cola (1910–1910) resigned
 Pio Marcello Bagnoli, O.C.D. (1910–1945) died
 Domenico Valerii (1945–1973) retired
 Vittorio Ottaviani (1973–1977) resigned
 Biagio Vittorio Terrinoni, O.F.M. Cap. (1977–1990) retired

Bishops of AvezzanoItalian name changed: 30 September 1986Metropolitan: Archdiocese of L'Aquila Armando Dini (1990 –1998) appointed Archbishop of Campobasso-Boiano
 Lucio Angelo Renna, O. Carm. (1999–2006) appointed Bishop of San Severo
 Pietro Santoro (2007–2021)
 Giovanni Massaro (2021– )

References

Bibliography

Episcopal lists

Studies

Cercone, Franco (1975), "Le constitutiones synodales marsicanae," , in: Bullettino della deputazione abruzzese di Storia patria  LXV  (1975), pp. 621-627.
 [article by Canon Biagio d'Alessandro]
 Di Pietro, Andrea (1869). Sulle principali antichità marsicane. Cinque paragrafi. . Aquila: Tip. Aternina 1869.
 Di Pietro, Andrea (1872). Catalogo dei Vescovi della diocesi dei Marsi. . Avezzano: Tip. marsicana di V. Magagnini, 1872.
Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1908). Italia pontificia. vol. IV. Berlin 1909. pp. 239-251.
 Melchiorre, Angelo (1985). "La Diocesi dei Marsi dopo il Concilio di Trento," , in: Bullettino della Deputazione Abruzzese di Storia Patria 75 (1985), pp. 297- .
 Melchiorre, Angelo (1985b), Profilo storico della diocesi dei Marsi.  Roma 1985.
Schwartz, Gerhard (1907). Die Besetzung der Bistümer Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern: mit den Listen der Bischöfe, 951-1122.  Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 281-284.
Phoebonius, Mutius [Muzio Febonio] (1678), Historiae Marsorum libri tres: una cum eorundem episcoporum catalogo''. . Neapoli: apud Michaelem Monachum 1678.

Roman Catholic dioceses in Abruzzo
Dioceses established in the 9th century
Avezzano


Lufthavnen station (; The Airport Station) is a rapid transit station of the Copenhagen Metro, located at Copenhagen Airport on the island of Amager. The station is the terminus of the M2 line and is located in fare zone 4.

Trains approach the station by a bridge over the Øresund Motorway (E20). The platform area is constructed above the tracks of the Øresund Line adjoining a multi-storey car park. The station connects to the airport at the north end of Terminal 3 on level 2.

Intercity trains operate out of the Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup Station which is located beneath the airport terminal building, around  from the Lufthavnen Station.

External links

 Lufthavnen Station on www.m.dk
 Lufthavnen Station on www.m.dk

M2 (Copenhagen Metro) stations
Railway stations opened in 2007
Airport railway stations in Denmark
Railway stations in Denmark opened in the 2000s

de:Bahnhof Københavns Lufthavn, Kastrup
nl:Station Københavns Lufthavn, Kastrup
pl:Københavns Lufthavn (stacja kolejowa)


Bartrumella is a small genus of miniature sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pyramidellidae within the tribe Chrysallidini (sensu taxonomy by Bouchet & Roctroi, 2005).

Etymology
The genus is named after Professor and Mrs. John Arthur Bartrum (1885–1949), of Takapuna, Auckland.

Shell description
The shell of Bartrumella is high spired with a well-developed columellar lamella, which gives the appearance of a tooth in the aperture.

There are axial ribs and fine spiral sculpture in the form of raised intercostal threads which are only visible through a hand lens or microscope. The spiral sculpture is present on all whorls and on the base. This sculpture is stronger towards the apical side of the whorls, and in that area there are nodules where the spiral and axial sculpture cross. The axial sculpture evanesces gradually on the base. The protoconch is intorted (planorboid).

The original description of the genus and type species can be found at:  and at

Distribution
The genus has so far only been recorded from New Zealand and other surrounding minor islands and land masses.

Life history
Very little is known about the biology of the members of this genus. As is true of most members of the Pyramidellidae sensu lato, they are most likely to be ectoparasites.

Species
Species within the genus Bartrumella include:
 Bartrumella kaawaensis Laws, 1940 - type species
 Bartrumella waitakereensis

References

Further reading

External links
 Bartrumella kaawaensil illustration of type species

Pyramidellidae


Oklahoma has an extensive turnpike system, maintained by the state government through the Oklahoma Turnpike Authority. All of Oklahoma's turnpikes are controlled-access highways. The majority have at least four lanes, though the Chickasaw Turnpike is two lanes.

Tolls on Oklahoma's turnpikes are collected through several methods, particular to each turnpike, involving mainline and sidegate toll plazas. Tolls can be paid through cash (at either unstaffed exact-change bays or staffed booths, depending on the plaza) or through the Pikepass transponder system. In place of cash collection booths, PlatePay, a cashless pay-by-mail system, operates on many of the state's turnpikes, including the Kilpatrick Turnpike, Kickapoo Turnpike, and Creek Turnpike.

Turnpikes
The Cherokee Turnpike is part of U.S. Highway 412 (US-412) in eastern Oklahoma,
The Chickasaw Turnpike connects US-177 just north of Sulphur to State Highway 1 (SH-1) south of Ada. The turnpike is two lanes for its entire length.
The Cimarron Turnpike begins at Interstate 35 (I-35) in Noble County (east of Enid) and ends in the western suburbs of Tulsa. The turnpike is part of US-412. It  also has a spur to the southwest to US-177 north of Stillwater.
The Creek Turnpike runs around the outskirts of Tulsa, forming a southern bypass of Tulsa's core area. The Creek Turnpike terminates at I-44 on both ends, and acts as a bridge between the Turner and Will Rogers Turnpikes.
The Gilcrease Turnpike is a  tolled extension of the Gilcrease Expressway in Tulsa, completing the west side of the Tulsa loop in 2022.
The H. E. Bailey Turnpike serves southwestern Oklahoma and is part of I-44. The H.E. Bailey turnpike has two separate parts, with a free section running through eastern Lawton. This turnpike connects Wichita Falls, Texas to Lawton, Chickasha, and Oklahoma City. It has a spur to the east, the Norman Spur, towards Newcastle and Goldsby.
The Indian Nation Turnpike passes through southeast Oklahoma, beginning at Hugo and angling northwest to end at I-40 south of Henryetta.
The Kickapoo Turnpike runs through eastern Oklahoma County and connects Interstate 44 on the northeast side of Oklahoma City to Interstate 40 on the southeast side.
The Kilpatrick Turnpike runs through the north and west sides of the Oklahoma City metro, running from I-40 to I-35/I-44, where it becomes the Turner Turnpike. This route acts as one quarter of a pseudo-beltway, proving access to the suburbs of Yukon and Edmond. An extension to SH-152 was completed in 2020.
The Muskogee Turnpike begins at SH-51 in Broken Arrow and continues southeast to Muskogee. A second section of the turnpike connects Muskogee to I-40 at Webbers Falls. The two sections are connected by a freeway, carrying part of SH-165.
The Turner Turnpike was Oklahoma's first turnpike, connecting Oklahoma City and Tulsa. The Turner Turnpike parallels historic US-66 (now SH-66), and carries I-44.
The Will Rogers Turnpike connects Tulsa to the Missouri state line near Joplin. Like the Turner Turnpike, this turnpike serves as a parallel route to US-66 and carries I-44. The rest area near Vinita is promoted as containing the World's Largest McDonald's.

Surveyed but not built
Shortly after the Turner Turnpike was built in 1953, the Oklahoma Turnpike Authority proposed other toll roads including one to be built from Oklahoma City north to the Kansas border near Braman to tie in with the southern terminus of the Kansas Turnpike at the state line. That routing was included as part of the Federal Highway Act of 1956 which created the Interstate Highway System. As a result, the OTA could not obtain financing to build that proposed turnpike and turned the initial plans including surveys and blueprints over to the Oklahoma Department of Transportation in 1956 for the construction of I-35 as a freeway on that same alignment, which was completed in several stages between 1958 and 1962.

Also proposed but never built was a toll road roughly following what would later become I-35 between Oklahoma City and the Red River north of Gainesville, Texas that included a spur route veering from the main route north of Ardmore veering northeastward past Ada to tie in with the Turner Turnpike near Stroud, Oklahoma.

Also proposed in the 1990s but never built was an extension of the Muskogee Turnpike from its current southeastern terminus at I-40 southeastward toward Poteau.

Payment methods

Pikepass
Pikepass is the electronic toll collection system used by the Oklahoma Turnpike Authority. Created in 1990 and launched on January 1, 1991, Pikepass provides an alternative to paying cash tolls. Most customers pay an initial $40 in prepaid tolls, which they can refill at their own convenience or have funds automatically withdrawn to replenish the account if it falls below a threshold. Pikepass usage results in a 5% savings up front and customers with 20 or more uses of the Pikepass receive a credit of 5% of their toll charges for that month.

Interoperability
As of March 2023, Pikepass can be used on all turnpikes in Kansas, Texas and Most Turnpikes in Florida as well as Oklahoma.

PlatePay
On July 25, 2021, toll collection booths on the Kilpatrick Turnpike were closed and replaced with the new cashless pay-by-mail system known as PlatePay. Customers using PlatePay travel in the same lanes as customers when passing through a toll plaza. Instead of the toll being deducted from an account, drivers are mailed an invoice for their toll which is paid through an online portal or by check. Due to added costs with the new system, PlatePay toll rates are 75 percent higher on average than the previous cash rates. On January 25, 2022, the Kickapoo Turnpike closed its toll collection booths to begin PlatePay operations. On June 21, 2022, the H. E. Bailey Turnpike from Lawton to Oklahoma City and its spur to Norman went cashless. The remainder of the turnpike from Lawton to Texas was converted on July 27, 2022. On August 16, 2022, the Chicksaw Turnpike went cashless. The Oklahoma Turnpike Authority plans to implement cashless tolling through PlatePay on all turnpikes by 2025.

Criticism
The turnpike system has received criticism from many, most notably from Gary Richardson, former U.S. Attorney and candidate for Governor of Oklahoma in 2002 and 2018, who has called for the abolition of the Turnpike Authority. Critics have noted the lack of revenue from turnpikes that actually goes to the state of Oklahoma.  The OTA counters that it receives no tax money to maintain, operate, and pay off the turnpike system; and, if the state had to pay routine maintenance and capital rehabilitation on the turnpikes, the cost to the government would be an additional $105 million annually.

References

Freeways in the United States
Lists of roads in Oklahoma


The Madera AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Fresno County and Madera County, in central California.

Production
With a total area of ,  of which are planted to wine grapes, this region in the heart of the San Joaquin Valley region of the Central Valley produces 10% of all wine grapes grown in the state of California. Modern grape growing practices have shown that this region can produce very high quality wines.  The  region has seen tremendous growth and success due to the shift from high-volume production to high-quality production.

Uses
In years past, many of the grapes grown in Madera were used for the production of low-priced wines. Today, the grapes are shipped to producers of wines throughout the state, including Napa and Sonoma. The wineries located in the region produce wines from the large variety of grapes grown in the Madera AVA designation.

References

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of California
Geography of Fresno County, California
Geography of Madera County, California
San Joaquin Valley
1984 establishments in California


Shot Tower station is an underground Metro SubwayLink station in Baltimore, Maryland. It is in the central part of the city, in close proximity to many well-known landmarks, including the Shot Tower for which it is named, Port Discovery, Power Plant Live!, the Harbor campus of Baltimore City Community College, the National Aquarium, the Flag House, and Little Italy. The station has two street-level entrances, but unlike other Baltimore Metro stations that do, both these entrances share a common gate inside the station. The Shot Tower station is one of two stops in the third phase of the Baltimore Metro, having opened in 1995. Originally named Shot Tower/Market Place to showcase the proximity to the Market Place development, MTA Maryland dropped Market Place from its title with the 2017 rebranding of BaltimoreLink.

Four display cases of artifacts found when digging during the construction of the station may be seen on the west side of the upper level of the station, on the unpaid side of the faregates.

Station layout

Media
In Season 2, Episode 1 of House of Cards, U.S. Rep. Frank Underwood (D-S.C.) meets with reporter Zoe Barnes at the fictitious Cathedral Heights Metro station. The actual scene was filmed at Shot Tower station in Baltimore.

Gallery

Maryland MTA Bus Connections
7 to Mondawmin Metro Subway Station (WB)/ Canton (EB)
10 to Catonsville or Paradise (WB)/ Dundalk (EB)
11 to Towson (NB)/ Canton (SB)
20 to Security Square Mall or CMS (WB)/ C.C.B.C Dundalk (EB)
23 to Catonsville or Wildwood (WB)/ Fox Ridge (EB)
40 (QuickBus) to CMS (WB)/ Middle River (EB)
Charm City Circulator Green Route via City Hall (SB); Johns Hopkins Hospital (NB)
Charm City Circulator Orange Route via Hollins Market (WB); Broadway Market (EB)

References

External links

President Street entrance from Google Maps Street View

Metro SubwayLink stations
Downtown Baltimore
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1995
1995 establishments in Maryland
Railway stations in Baltimore
Railway stations located underground in Maryland


Jabrun () is a commune in the département of Cantal and Auvergne region in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Boeing Model 360 is an American experimental medium-lift tandem rotor cargo helicopter developed privately by Boeing to demonstrate advanced helicopter technology.  The aircraft was intended as a technology demonstrator, with no plans to put the type into production, and many of its design features were carried onto other programs including the RAH-66 Comanche and V-22 Osprey.  The sole prototype has been preserved and is a static exhibit at the American Helicopter Museum in West Chester, Pennsylvania.

Design and development

Boeing Vertol developed its Model 360 in the 1980s as a technology demonstrator with company funds.  It was a new design and made significant use of composites.

The Boeing Model 360 differed from its brethren CH-46 and CH-47 tandem rotor helicopters by incorporating extensive amounts of composite materials in structural and dynamic components, namely in advanced rotor heads composed of fiberglass and graphite composites, along with graphite fuselage frames and longerons.  The exterior of the craft integrated a Nomex core, surfaced by a Kevlar woven mesh with graphite-strengthened edges.  The two tandem four-bladed counter-rotating rotors were each driven by Avco Lycoming AL5512 turboshaft engines mounted on either side of the rear fuselage. In another departure from its military brethren, the Model 360 had no external sponsons containing the landing gear or fuel, the tricycle landing gear instead retracting into the main fuselage. Fuel was contained in three crashworthy cells below the cabin floor.

The Model 360 featured a glass cockpit with six multi-function displays (MFD).

Specifications

See also

References

External links
 Boeing 360 on Janes Aircraft
 Ground Shake Test of the Boeing Model 360 Helicopter Airframe, NASA, March 1989, Retrieved Dec 12, 2008
 N360BV Prototype on Airliners.net

360
1980s United States experimental aircraft
Tandem rotor helicopters
1980s United States helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1987


Yarrowbury is an Iron Age hill fort situated close to Bigbury in Devon, England. The fort is situated on Hilltop to the north east of the village at approximately 80 metres above sea level, overlooking the Avon Estuary.

References

Hill forts in Devon


Laurie (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


"Pushin Forward Back" is a song by the American rock band Temple of the Dog. Featuring lyrics written by vocalist Chris Cornell and music co-written by bassist Jeff Ament and guitarist Stone Gossard, "Pushin Forward Back" was released in 1991 as the third single from the band's sole studio album, Temple of the Dog (1991).

Origin and recording
"Pushin Forward Back" features lyrics written by vocalist Chris Cornell and music co-written by bassist Jeff Ament and guitarist Stone Gossard. It is one of four songs on the album for which vocalist Eddie Vedder provided backing vocals.

Release and reception
"Pushin Forward Back" was released on vinyl in 1991 to promote the album. David Fricke of Rolling Stone said, "'Pushin Forward Back' is good shovin' built from the black thunder of Led Zeppelin and the twin-guitar lightning of the original Alice Cooper band....When Vedder joins Cornell in the chorus of 'Pushin Forward Back', their harmonies virtually bleed with need."

Live performances
"Pushin Forward Back" was first performed live at the band's November 13, 1990, concert in Seattle, Washington, at the Off Ramp Café. Cornell added "Pushin Forward Back" to his solo live set in 2007.

Track listing
All songs written by Chris Cornell, except where noted:
"Pushin Forward Back" (Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, Cornell) – 3:44
"Hunger Strike" – 4:03
"Your Saviour" – 4:02

References

1991 singles
Temple of the Dog songs
Songs written by Chris Cornell
Songs written by Jeff Ament
Songs written by Stone Gossard
Song recordings produced by Matt Cameron
Song recordings produced by Jeff Ament
Song recordings produced by Stone Gossard
Song recordings produced by Mike McCready
Song recordings produced by Eddie Vedder
Song recordings produced by Chris Cornell
Song recordings produced by Rick Parashar


Loubaresse (; Auvergnat: Lobaressa) is a former municipality located in the Cantal department in Auvergne, southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Val-d'Arcomie.

Population

Geography
Municipality located in the Massif Central, in Margeride. It is one hour away from Clermont-Ferrand, and two hours away from Montpellier.

History
In old French, Loubaresse means: village where wolves are crossing (corresponds to the Occitan word “lobaressa”, which means “wolves’ haunted place”.)
The Chaliers “Lou Balax” ancient section is a part of Loubaresse, which can probably better explain the name's origin. The “Balax” means ditch, gorge, or ravine.

Places and monuments
♦ Longevialle Castle, 17th century.
Longevialle Castle was built around 1960 by Antoine Guerin Falcon de Longevialle, but it was probably inhabited from the 16th century. Until 1958, it was the fiefdom of the Falcon de Longevialle family. Over centuries, it was extended until he became the horseshoe-shaped building we know now, completed by two buildings which form an overhang on the principal line of the front of the castle. In 1958, because of the construction of the Grandval dam, the Longevialle family was expropriated, and those two buildings destroyed. So, some elements of decoration were removed with the owner's agreement. In 1961, the castle returned to the family because French national electricity company gave up the demolition of the principal building.
Unfortunately, uninhabitable and isolated, it would be damaged by the years and the looters robbed the last paneling, and floorboards. In 1979, the Farmer's House (which will become the Margeride eco museum) managed by Guy Brun, offered to buy, restore and bring to life the castle. It received the prize “Masterpiece in danger” in 1980 for the restoration of the North wing and obtained a ranking in the Extra Inventory of Historical Monuments for the elevations, the roof, and the wonderful granite stairs.
In 2000, the mixed federation Garabit-Grandval, the new owner, decided to sell the castle instead of setting up an important restoration campaign of the South wing of which roof was in danger of collapsing. Jean-Yves de Longevialle offered to buy the Castle in January 2001 and immediately took up the restoration program again. After the renovation of the frame and the roof, the owner is now looking for original pieces of decoration (Doors, paneling, chimneys) to restore the castle as it was in 1958, before the expropriation.

♦ The Garabit viaduct

♦ The Pierre Allegre farm, Margeride eco-museum

♦ The Pompignac dungeon

♦ The Torrette farm

Personalities linked with the commune
♦ Bertrand Duguesclin

♦ Gustave Eiffel

♦ Henri-Georges Clouzot

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Former communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


The Diocese of Legnica () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Legnica in the Ecclesiastical province of Wrocław in Poland. According to the Catholic Church statistics 30.1% of the population attended a church every Sunday and holy obligation day or more often in 2013.

History
 March 25, 1992: Established as Diocese of Legnica from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Wrocław
 December 25, 2013: An Eucharistic Miracles knowns as Eucharistic Miracles of Legnica happened. A consecrated host transformed into heart muscle human tissue in agony.This was confirmed by the University of Wrocław and University of Szczecin.

Special churches
Minor Basilicas:
 Bazylika św. Erazma i św. Pankracego w Jeleniej Górze
 Bazylika Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny, Krzeszów
 Bazylika Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny i św. Mikołaja w Bolesławcu

Leadership
 Bishops of Legnica (Roman rite)
 Bishop Tadeusz Rybak (1992.03.25 – 2005.03.19)
 Bishop Stefan Cichy (2005.03.19 – 2014.04.16)
 Bishop Zbigniew Kiernikowski (2014.04.16 – 2021.06.28)
 Bishop Andrzej Siemieniewski (since 2021.06.28)

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website

Christian organizations established in 1992
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century


Marcenat is a commune in the département of Cantal and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-central France.

Population

Sights
The Château d'Aubijou, which belonged to the Castellane family.
Orthodox monastery Russian architecture.

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Kissing Party is an indie rock band from Denver. The
band is composed of Deirdre Sage (vocals), Gregory Dolan (vocals, guitar), Joe Hansen (lead guitar), Lee Evans (bass) and Shane Reid (drums).

The band released The Hate Album in 2009 with Jason Heller of Denver's Westword referring to them as pure among "douchebags and fashion victims."

Discography

Albums
Hold Your Hour And Have Another  (CD; 2006)
Rediscover Lovers (CD; 2007)
The Hate Album  (CD; 2009)
 Waster's Wall (CD; Direct Download; 2011)
Winter In The Pub 2013
 Looking Back It Was Romantic But At The Time I Was Suffocating 2014
Mom and Dad 2019

External links
 The Kissing Party at MySpace
 The Kissing Party at Facebook
 The Denver Post ranks Kissing Party No. 3
 Westword on The Kissing Party

References

Indie rock musical groups from Colorado
Musical groups from Denver


Two for the Show is a musical revue with sketches and lyrics by Nancy Hamilton and music by Morgan Lewis.  The production was conceived by John Murray Anderson.

Production
The musical opened on Broadway at the Booth Theatre on February 8, 1940, and closed on May 25, 1940, after 124 performances.  It was produced by Gertrude Macy and Stanley Gilkey. Scenic design and costumes were made by Raoul Pène Du Bois; vocal arrangements were by Harold Cooke, with orchestrations by Hans Spialek and Don Walker. Directed by John Murray Anderson, the sketches were directed by Joshua Logan with musical staging by Robert Alton.

The original cast included William Archibald, Eve Arden, Virginia Bolen, Frances Comstock, Norton Dean, Alfred Drake, Brenda Forbes, Nadine Gae, Willard Gary, Richard Haydn, Eunice Healy, Betty Hutton, Kathryn Kimber, Dean Norton, Richard Smart, Robert Smith, Tommy Wonder, and Keenan Wynn.

The sketches "The Age of Innocence" and "Cookery" were written by Richard Haydn. The most notable song introduced in the show was "How High the Moon," which subsequently has been recorded by many pop and jazz artists, becoming a well-known standard.

There were two other revues in this series, all conceived and directed by John Murray Anderson: One for the Money (February 4, 1939 – May 27, 1939), and Three to Make Ready (March 7, 1946 – December 14, 1946).

Songs
Act 1
Calypso Joe
This 'Merry' Christmas
That Terrible Tune
Destry Has Ridden Again
How High The Moon - Alfred Drake, Virginia Bolen, Norton Dean, Eunice Healy, Kathryn Kimber, Richard Smart, Robert Smith, Tommy Wonder
That Terrible Tune
That Terrible Tune
A House With a Little Red Barn
The All-Girl Band
Act 2
Where Do You Get Your Greens?
At Last It's Love
Song of Spain
Fool for Luck
Goodnight, Mrs. Astor

Critical response
In his review for The New York Times, Brooks Atkinson called the successor to last year's revue a "very pleasant evening...little in size and breezily acted."  He felt that Nancy Hamilton's sketches were more clever than entertaining, but were more professional than in the previous revue. He praised Richard Haydn's "limp mannerisms and gasping speech." Especially noted was "fresh and antic" Betty Hutton, "who dances like a mad sprite and sings breathlessly as though she enjoys it."

References

External links
Two for the Show on the Internet Broadway Database
One for the Money, Internet Broadway database
Three to Make Ready, Internet Broadway database

1940 musicals
Broadway musicals
Revues


Marchastel (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Tim Maculan (born April 20, 1963) is an American film and television actor known for his recurring roles on Six Feet Under and Cybill.

Early life and education

Maculan was born in Rockford, Illinois. He started acting in high school productions as well as in local community and professional theaters. He worked at the Falmouth Playhouse with Van Johnson and William Shatner. Maculan studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and the Theatre School at DePaul University. He later left Chicago for New York City, where he began his professional acting career working in summer stock and regional theatre across the United States.

Career

Film and television
Maculan has guest starred in over thirty television shows, including Dexter, Grey’s Anatomy, Entourage, The Drew Carey Show, Friends, The Larry Sanders Show, Married... with Children, and Aaron Spelling’s Love Boat: The Next Wave. Maculan’s character on Cybill earned him a GLAAD media award nomination in 1997.

Some of Maculan's film work includes Spider-Man 3 (by director Sam Raimi), Inside Out (with Steven Weber), Matchstick Men (by director Ridley Scott), Duplex (with Ben Stiller and Drew Barrymore).

Theatre
A founding member of The Actors Space, Inc. in New York, Maculan appeared in their revival of A Hatful of Rain and an earned critical acclaim for his work in Found a Peanut – a show that would launch his career in television when it was remounted in Los Angeles. Maculan created the role of Ezra Twain in the world premiere of Diva at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego, California, worked in a national tour of Beauty and the Beast as Cogsworth, a production of South Pacific for the North Carolina Theatre of Raleigh, North Carolina. Maculan starred in Gary Garrison's collection of plays, Verticals and Horizontals at the Cherry Lane Theatre in New York City.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1963 births
Male actors from Illinois
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people


The 1st constituency of the Aisne is a French legislative constituency in the Aisne département.

Description

Aisne's 1st constituency stretches from the centre of the department to its eastern border, and includes the city of Laon. The seat was held by one man, René Dosière, from 1988 to 2017, with the exception of between 1993 and 1997, when it was captured the Gaullist RPR.

Unusually the second round at the 2012 election featured two candidates from the left René Dosière and Fawaz Karimet of the official Socialist Party.

The constituency was taken by Aude Bono-Vandorme as part of the En Marche! landslide victory in the 2017 election.

Historic Representation

Election results

2022

2017

2012

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Party
! colspan="2" | 1st round
! colspan="2" | 2nd round
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | René Dosiere
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Left
| DVG
|
| 29.11%
|
| 42.19%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Aude Bono
| style="text-align:left;" | New Centre-Presidential Majority
| NC
|
| 26.49%
|
| 38.60%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Fawaz Karimet
| style="text-align:left;" | Socialist Party
| PS
|
| 21.47%
|
| 19.21%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Louis Roux
| style="text-align:left;" | National Front
| FN
|
| 15.81%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Claudine Brunet
| style="text-align:left;" | Left Front
| FG
|
| 3.82%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Claire Bril
| style="text-align:left;" | Ecologist
| ECO
|
| 0.78%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Marie-Paule Gosset
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Right
| DVD
|
| 0.72%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Loup Pernelle
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 0.67%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Carole Philippot
| style="text-align:left;" | Ecologist
| ECO
|
| 0.62%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Damien Peiffer
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Right
| DVD
|
| 0.52%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Blank/Void ballots
|
| 1.18%
|
| 2.29%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Turnout
|
| 59.44%
|
| 58.33%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|
| 40.56%
|
| 41.67%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | Result
| colspan="2" style="background-color:" | DVG HOLD
|}

2007

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Party
! colspan="2" | 1st round
! colspan="2" | 2nd round
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | René Dosiere
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Left
| DVG
|
| 25.06%
|
| 56.28%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Gaëdic Blanchard-Douchain
| style="text-align:left;" | Union for a Popular Movement
| UMP
|
| 29.62%
|
| 43.72%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Fawz Karimet
| style="text-align:left;" | Socialist Party
| PS
|
| 20.17%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Louis Roux
| style="text-align:left;" | National Front
| FN
|
| 5.68%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Eric Delhaye
| style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Movement
| MoDem
|
| 4.50%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Nicolas Trevillot
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Right
| DVD
|
| 2.72%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Paul Henry Hansen-Catta
| style="text-align:left;" | Divers
| DIV
|
| 2.59%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Claudine Brunet
| style="text-align:left;" | Communist
| COM
|
| 2.11%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Marie-Claude Laffiac
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 2.01%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Catherine Arribas
| style="text-align:left;" | The Greens
| VEC
|
| 1.87%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Sylvie Legras
| style="text-align:left;" | Movement for France
| MPF
|
| 1.49%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Loup Pernelle
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 1.38%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Louisette Bibaut
| style="text-align:left;" | Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Traditions
| CPNT
|
| 0.61%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Pascal Matis
| style="text-align:left;" | Divers
| DIV
|
| 0.19%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Total
| VALID VOTES
| 100%
| VALID VOTES
| 100%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Blank/Void ballots
|
| 1.87%
|
| 3.16%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Turnout
|
| 61.35%
|
| 62.12%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|
| 38.65%
|
| 37.88%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | Result
| colspan="2" style="background-color:" | DVG GAIN
|}

References

Sources
 Official results of French elections from 1998:

1


Orectochilus orbisonorum is a species of whirligig beetle named in honor of Roy and Barbara Orbison. It's black on top and translucent white on the bottom. Its length is about 5 millimeters. It lives in India.

See also
List of organisms named after famous people (born 1900–1949)
List of organisms named after famous people (born 1950–present)

References
Original scientific paper

Gyrinidae
Roy Orbison
Beetles described in 2008


Elland railway station served the town of Elland in West Yorkshire, England until 1962.

History
The station was originally opened on 5 October 1840 by the Manchester and Leeds Railway. It was resited  east on 1 August 1865, by which time the line had become part of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway which had taken over the Manchester and Leeds on 9 July 1847. Upon the grouping in 1923, it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.

Elland station closed to passengers on 10 September 1962. Goods facilities were withdrawn on 28 June 1962.

Proposed reopening
Plans to reopen the station in 2000 (at the same time as Brighouse railway station) were cancelled due to lack of funds.

In 2006, Clayton Homes offered to build a station in return for planning permission for residential development. This did not materialise but Calderdale Council continued consulting on possible plans.

Reopening of the station is supported by the Halifax & District Rail Action Group and local campaign group "Give Elland a Rail Station". The New Stations Study undertaken for West Yorkshire Metro in 2014 found that Elland provided the strongest business case of a potential thirteen sites on the Calder Valley line, and was recommended for further study along with stations at Haxby, East Leeds/Thorpe Park, and Cross Hills, with a projected cost of reopening of £6 million.

In June 2017, the West Yorkshire Combined Authority allocated £20 million towards re-opening the station, with an estimated opening date of 2022.
In November 2017, the government announced Elland was one of four new stations proposed in the Government's ‘Connecting People: Strategic Vision for Rail’. In 2021, a planning application was submitted for two platforms, lifts, and a 116 space car park.

In March 2023, the planning application for the new station was approved and construction is expected to begin in 2024 for a potential opening date of December 2025.

References

Notes

Sources

External links
Proposed Elland Railway Station Development Brief on the Calderdale Council website
 Elland station, to the right, on navigable 1947 O. S. map

Disused railway stations in Calderdale
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Proposed railway stations in England
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1962
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1840
Elland


Johns Hopkins Hospital station is an underground Metro SubwayLink station in Baltimore, Maryland. It is located by Johns Hopkins Hospital, and is the final stop on the line.

The station is one of two stops in the third phase of the Baltimore Metro, having opened in 1995. The Johns Hopkins Hospital Metro Subway Station has two street-level entrances, and an entrance to the hospital that bypasses the street.

The station is the second largest in the Baltimore Metro system after Charles Center.

The station features "Lost in the Cosmos," a collage mural on porcelain on both walls of the subway platform designed by artist Peggy Fox. Fox won a commission from the MTA to create the art piece through an open competition in 1987, shortly after the start of work on the subway extension, and completed most of the production by 1992.

Interior shots of the 1997 Homicide: Life on the Street episode titled "Subway" were filmed here (exteriors were shot at the Shot Tower stop). The station signs were replaced with signs for a fictional "Inner Harbor" stop.

Station layout

References

External links

Broadway entrance from Google Maps Street View
 Monument Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
 Lost in the Cosmos: A Commission by Peggy Fox from the Maryland Transit Authority

Metro SubwayLink stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1995
Transportation at Johns Hopkins Hospital
1995 establishments in Maryland
Railway stations in Baltimore
Railway stations located underground in Maryland


Le Monteil (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Suffolk was a County constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1290 to 1707, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801, which returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons until 1832, when it was split into two divisions.

History

Boundaries and franchise
The constituency consisted of the historic county of Suffolk. (Although Suffolk contained a number of boroughs, each of which elected two MPs in its own right, these were not excluded from the county constituency, and owning property within the borough could confer a vote at the county election.)

As in other county constituencies the franchise between 1430 and 1832 was defined by the Forty Shilling Freeholder Act, which gave the right to vote to every man who possessed freehold property within the county valued at £2 or more per year for the purposes of land tax; it was not necessary for the freeholder to occupy his land, nor even in later years to be resident in the county at all.

Except during the period of the Commonwealth, Suffolk had two MPs elected by the bloc vote method, under which each voter had two votes. (In the nominated Barebones Parliament, five members represented Suffolk; in the First and Second Parliaments of Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, there was a general redistribution of seats and Suffolk elected ten members. The traditional arrangements were restored from 1659.)

Political character
Elections were held at a single polling place, Ipswich, and voters from the rest of the county had to travel to the county town to exercise their franchise, which made elections almost prohibitively expensive in a county as big as Suffolk. The inconvenience of holding the elections in Ipswich, situated in one corner of the county, is emphasised by the fact that for almost all other county purposes, including the Assizes, Suffolk was divided into two sections with proceedings held at Bury St Edmunds as well as Ipswich; the arrangement must certainly have worked to the benefit of candidates whose voting strength was in East Suffolk rather than West Suffolk. It was normal for voters to expect the candidates for whom they voted to meet their expenses in travelling to the poll, and to "entertain" them – in other words provide free food and alcoholic drink – when they arrived.

Peter Jupp includes in his collection of documents relating to elections round the turn of the 19th century a contemporary account of the Suffolk election of 1790, one of the rare contested elections, which well illustrates the arrangements for treating the voters on such occasions. A committee set up to support the candidacies of Sir Charles Bunbury and Sir John Rous, "for the better regulating of the expense of maintaining the freeholders upon the days of election" issued printed tickets with the names of public houses upon them, entitling the bearer to a fixed amount of provision and maintenance – black tickets worth five shillings for the day, and red tickets worth seven shillings and sixpence for a man and horse for the night. After the election, the innkeepers presented their bills for providing this hospitality, which amounted to £3,500 for a two-day election; and the committee, much dissatisfied by the scale of these charges, declined to pay in full so that several of the publicans afterwards sued the two candidates.

Partly as a result of the expense, contested elections were rare in Suffolk (there were contests at four of the nine general elections between 1701 and 1727, but at only three of the twenty remaining before the Reform Act in 1832), and even when they took place were often only token contests. There was no dominant aristocratic interest in Suffolk, though it would probably have been impossible to defy the county's wealthier peers (such as the Duke of Grafton, Marquess Cornwallis and the Earl of Bristol) had they stood together, since no competing interest could hope to match them in an out-and-out spending contest.

In practice, the choice of members usually lay with the country squires, with matters generally settled more or less amicably by a test of strength at the county meeting with no need for the expense of a formal poll; when there was a contest, in 1784 (when three candidates stood for two seats), the weakest of the three quickly withdrew when it was clear after the first day of voting that he could not win. Nevertheless, the freeholders were not necessarily entirely deferential and manipulable by the gentry: Cannon cites the work of Professor J H Plumb, who showed in his study of Suffolk pollbooks from the reign of Queen Anne that the voters could act independently in a seriously contested election, while their humiliating rejection of their long-standing MP Thomas Sherlock Gooch in favour of a Reform Bill supporter at the tumultuous election of 1830 demonstrates similar intractability more than a century later.

Abolition
By the time of the Great Reform Act in 1832, Suffolk had a population of approximately 300,000, It was assumed to have around 5,000 qualified voters, but since no full-blooded contest had taken place in living memory this could only be an estimate. (Before the Reform Act there was no permanent register of voters). The Great Reform Act raised Suffolk's entitlement from two to four county MPs, while abolishing three of its seven boroughs. The single county constituency was abolished, being split into two divisions, East Suffolk and West Suffolk. At the first election after Reform, with a somewhat extended franchise, the electorates of these two new divisions totalled about 7,500.

Members of Parliament

1290–1640

1640–1832

Notes

References
 Knights Of The Shire In Parliament For The County Of Suffolk.
D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
 John Cannon, Parliamentary Representation 1832 – England and Wales (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973)
 Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808)
F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
 Peter Jupp, British and Irish Elections 1784–1831 (Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1973)
 Lewis Namier & John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1754–1790 (London: HMSO, 1964)
 J E Neale, The Elizabethan House of Commons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)
 J Holladay Philbin, Parliamentary Reform 1640–1832  (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)

Parliamentary constituencies in Suffolk (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1290
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1832


Gaziosmanpaşa Stadium () is a multi-use stadium in Tokat, Turkey.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Tokatspor.  The stadium was opened in 1984 and holds 5,762 people.

References

External links

Stadium information

Sports venues completed in 1984
Football venues in Turkey
Sport in Tokat


The Diocese of Świdnica () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Świdnica in the Ecclesiastical province of Wrocław in Poland. In 2013 about 28.7% of the dioceses population attended a church on Sundays regularly according to the church statistics.

Its St. Stanislaus and St. Wenceslaus Cathedral in Świdnica is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.

History
The new diocese was created from the combination of 13 deaneries of the Archdiocese of Wroclaw and 8 deaneries of the Diocese of Legnica.

On February 24, 2004, John Paul II announced the election of Świdnica (from Nysa, Wałbrzych and Kłodzko) as the capital of the new diocese in Lower Silesia.

On March 19, 2008, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Adam Bałabuch, the first auxiliary bishop in the diocese.

On March 31, 2020 bishop Ignacy Dec retire and Pope Francis appointed Marek Mendyk as new diocesan bishop.

Leadership

 Bishops of Świdnica (Roman rite):
 Bishop Ignacy Dec (February 24, 2004 – March 31, 2020)
 Bishop Marek Mendyk (since April 24, 2020)
 Auxiliary bishop
 Adam Bałabuch (since March 19, 2008)

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland

References

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
 Diocese website

Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Roman Catholic Diocese of Swidnica
Christian organizations established in 2004
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century
Roman Catholic Diocese of Świdnica


Carl S. Bates (January 1, 1884 – August 27, 1956) was an aviation pioneer from Clear Lake, Iowa. He piloted gliders in 1899, and in 1906 he designed a gasoline-powered airplane that was equipped with an air-cooled engine, a metal propeller and metal wing rudders.

Biography
Bates was the first person in
Iowa to fly a heavier-than-air aircraft. He also built, flew and sold several aircraft and plans. Foundations of the modern hang gliding movement are traced in part to the popular Chanute style biplane that he spread with his articles to the public, as well as providing plans for homebuilders to build the biplane hang glider.

In 1898 at age 14, Bates built and flew a hang glider.

In April 1909, he authored a Popular Science how-to article on hang glider construction.

In 1911, Bates designed a built and monoplane with an engine of his own design.

In 1912, Bates sold his company, the Bates Aeroplane Co, to Edward Bayard Heath.

Bates died in 1956.

Legacy
In 2002 Carl S. Bates was inducted in the Iowa Aviation Hall of Fame.

References

External links
Carl Sterling Bates
Carl Bates See gravestone.
Bates' Popular Mechanics Glider plan as presented in a separate publication The Boy Mechanic.
How to Build a Glider
Biography
Aerofiles Article by Carl S. Bates, describing how to build a [hang glider].

See also
History of hang gliding
Ultralight aviation
Biplane

Hang gliding
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
1884 births
1956 deaths
People from Clear Lake, Iowa


Miscellaneous left (, DVG) in France refers to left-wing candidates who are not members of any party or a member of party that has no elected seats. They include either small left-wing parties or dissidents expelled from their parties for running against their party's candidate. Numerous  candidates are elected at a local level, and a smaller number at the national level.

See also
Miscellaneous centre
Miscellaneous right

References

Left-wing parties in France
Political parties of the French Fifth Republic
Independent politicians in France