"Terms of Endearment" is the seventh episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files, and originally aired on the Fox network on January 3, 1999. Written by David Amann and directed by Rob Bowman, "Terms of Endearment" is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. It earned a Nielsen rating of 10.5 and was watched by 18.7 million people on its initial broadcast. The performance given by guest actor Bruce Campbell attracted positive comments, but the plot was criticized.

The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In the installment, an unborn child is apparently abducted from its mother's womb by a demon after the prospective parents discover that their child has birth defects. After Agent Spender dismisses the assignment as irrelevant to the X-Files, Mulder and Scully steal the case and investigate the creature. While looking into the report, the duo discover that Wayne Weinsider (Campbell) is a child-abducting demon.

"Terms of Endearment", an inversion of the 1968 film Rosemary's Baby, was the first episode written by The X-Files executive story editor David Amann, a staff member who later became a regular contributor to the series. Campbell, already well known as a cult film actor in several Sam Raimi horror movies, was cast as Wayne Weinsider. Many of the episode's special effects were created without elaborate computer-generated effects. Critics have complimented the episode's unique representation of its antagonist, who has been classified as a sympathetic villain.

Plot
In Hollins, Virginia, Wayne Weinsider (Bruce Campbell) and his pregnant wife Laura (Lisa Jane Persky) learn via an ultrasound scan that their unborn child has bizarre physical abnormalities, such as horn-like protrusions. Wayne appears to be especially distraught after hearing the news. That night, Laura has a terrifying dream in which a demon-like figure snatches the baby from her womb. When she wakes up, the couple discover that Laura has seemingly miscarried.

Laura's brother, local deputy sheriff Arky Stevens, reports her story to the X-Files section at the FBI. Agent Jeffrey Spender (Chris Owens) discards the report, but Mulder (David Duchovny) fishes the shredded report out of Spender's trash can and travels to Virginia. After Mulder interviews the Weinsiders, the police, who suspect an illegal abortion according to Scully (Gillian Anderson), search the property. Meanwhile, Wayne confesses to Laura that he destroyed evidence, claiming she aborted the child while in a trance-like state. He convinces Laura that his story is true, and when the police find remains of the baby in the garden furnace, Laura turns herself in. When Wayne visits Laura in jail, she becomes suspicious of him and is horrified to see a bite wound she delivered to the demon that attacked her on Wayne's neck. To evade detection, Wayne sucks out Laura's soul, but the EMT is able to save her life, much to his surprise, although she is comatose.

Mulder discovers that Wayne has another wife, Betsy Monroe, who is also pregnant. A background check of Wayne finds that he is a Czech immigrant who originally went by the name of Ivan Veles and has been widowed several times. Mulder suspects that Wayne is a demon who is trying to have a normal baby, and terminates pregnancies when the fetus exhibits demonic traits. After Betsy tells Wayne that her recent sonogram uncovers some irregularities in the baby's bone structure, Wayne proceeds with his abortion plan. Betsy then has a dream similar to Laura's, but recognizes the dream-demon as her husband and confronts him. As Mulder and Scully are driving to Betsy's home, they are met by a distraught and bloody Betsy driving Wayne's car, apparently having just lost her baby. The agents seek out Wayne and catch him digging in Betsy's backyard. Confronted, Wayne claims that he is digging up evidence before he is shot by a deputy. Wayne is taken to the hospital and placed in a bed next to Laura. When he sees her next to him, Wayne opens his mouth and returns her soul to her body, allowing her to recover as he dies.

Mulder and Scully discover the skeletal remains of several human babies in Betsy's yard, none with deformities, leading Mulder to deduce that Betsy is also a demon who is unable to have demonic offspring unless impregnated by another demon. Unlike Wayne, she has been terminating pregnancies that resulted in non-demonic babies  the very kind Wayne has been so desperate to have. As a demon, Betsy recognized Wayne as a male of her kind, which enabled her to stop him from extracting her baby and then frame him for the deaths of the buried babies in her yard.

In the final scene, Betsy is seen driving away in Wayne's convertible with a car seat from which a baby's mottled, clawed hand protrudes. She smiles at her child, momentarily revealing her demonic eyes.

Production

Background

"Terms of Endearment" was written by The X-Files executive story editor David Amann, making it his first writing contribution to the series. The concept for "Terms of Endearment" was "about the fifth or sixth idea" Amann came up with for the show. Amann's original idea was to write what he described as "Rosemary's Baby in reverse". He explained, "I had this idea [for doing the episode] not from the point of view of the hapless woman unwittingly impregnated, but from the point of view of the devil". Amann pitched his idea to series creator Chris Carter, who gave him the commission to write the rest of the episode.

According to Amann, the initial draft was "heavier on pure shock value and lighter on humor and human interest". In this version, the demon was shown as removing a serpent from Laura's womb and not a demon baby. In addition, the story unraveled in a more "linear" fashion and showed a demon husband going from human wife to human wife, killing them if unsuccessful in delivering a human baby. The series' regular writers felt that this initial version of the story had a certain "inevitability" to it. Carter suggested that the second woman should be a demon. Amann later admitted that this addition made the story "work well". Kerry Fall from DVD Journal suggested that the plot revolved around "the wives and lives of a demon trying to have a normal child."

The score for "Terms of Endearment" was composed by series regular Mark Snow, who used Gregorian chants to give the atmosphere a "creepy" feel. The 1995 song "Only Happy When It Rains" by alternative rock group Garbage plays several times in the episode, most notably when Betsy Monroe drives away with her demon baby. The quote "Zazas, zazas, nasatanada zazas", supposedly uttered by Laura Weinsider while in trance, is what the occultist Aleister Crowley used to open the 10th Aethyr of the Thelemic demon Choronzon. "Terms of Endearment" is not the first occasion that the series drew influence from Crowley; a high school from the episode "Die Hand Die Verletzt" was named after him as well.

Casting

Rick Millikan selected Lisa Jane Persky, who was at the top of his casting "wish list", for the role of Laura. In the middle of filming, a cast member withdrew from the production for religious reasons. A mother withdrew her baby from the cast during the final run-through of the "cursed-birth" scene. Although a fan of the show, as a devout Catholic she was uncomfortable with her child representing a demon. Director Rob Bowman was sympathetic to her concerns, and the casting staff was able to find a replacement baby in less than 45 minutes. It was the first time during the filming of the series that a cast-member withdrew for religious reasons.

Bruce Campbell, known for taking leading roles in Sam Raimi horror movies such as The Evil Dead trilogy, was cast as the episode's antagonist Wayne Weinsider. Campbell had previously worked for the Fox network on his short-lived series The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr., which began as the lead-in show for The X-Files during the first season. Fox had initially assumed that Brisco County, Jr. was going to be the more successful series, while The X-Files was more unappreciatively referred to as "the other drama Fox ordered that spring". Several of the individuals who worked on the failed Brisco County, Jr. series later found a career working on The X-Files, which led Campbell to call the process a "coming home" experience.

Campbell first met both Duchovny and Anderson during the promotional campaigns for both series in 1993. He commented that, although Duchovny was known for playing a serious role on the show, in real life he was quite a funny person. During shooting, Campbell and Duchovny entertained themselves on set by pranking the crew members, eventually stopping it when crew members became upset. Although Campbell had a positive opinion of working on the show, he commented that the nature of the show did not allow for much improvisation, describing the production as a "well oiled machine".

Filming

The first five seasons of the series were mainly filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, and production of the show's sixth season was based in Los Angeles, California. The principal outdoor filming for "Terms of Endearment" took place around Pasadena, called "the most East Coast-like part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area" by Andy Meisler in his book The End and the Beginning. The car featured in the episode was a Chevrolet Camaro Z28 convertible. Meisler sardonically wrote that General Motors had "no qualms about seeing their vehicles driven onscreen by a relative of Satan".

Several of the special effects used in the episode were created in a "low-stress" manner that did not rely wholly on computer-generated imagery. During the childbirth scene, gas-burners were set a distance away from a fire-proof bed. The scene was then filmed with a long lens to give the effect that the fire was mere inches away from the bed. Producer John Shiban said that the film crew made "a big deal out of the eyes" to make the scene frightening. The devil sonogram was created by using the videotape of a real sonogram of a crew member's wife. The videotape was then edited to give it a demonic look.

The burnt baby skeleton was built from scratch. Originally, the crew had planned on renting a real fetal skeleton, but the $3,000 cost forced them to make their own. Office manager Donovan Brown noted that, "we got two or three of those adults skeleton models, cut a foot or so off a leg here and shortened an arm there, glued them together to a plaster model of a fetal skull we found, and put together something that worked wonderfully".

Themes

A main theme in the episode is the horror of child birth. Amann describes the episode as an inversion of the 1968 horror film Rosemary's Baby which is about a woman scared of giving birth to a demonic baby. As with many other episodes of the series, "Terms of Endearment" is heavily influenced by horror films, and features gothic imagery. In addition to Rosemary's Baby and other Roman Polanski films, the episode shows stylistic references to the 1972 film The Exorcist and the 1981 film The Evil Dead. The influence of the genre extends to the casting of Campbell, an actor unfamiliar to the mainstream public but with a prominent cult following among horror fans.

The main antagonist of "Terms of Endearment", Wayne Weinsider, is a child-murdering demon. However, the episode plays against genre archetypes by turning Wayne into a sympathetic villain. Critics have pointed out that the character's presentation was not entirely negative. Some have commented that Campbell humanized the character, portraying him in a manner that adds likability to a character who could have been more sinister. By the time Wayne is defeated, the audience is led to partially identify with him. He ultimately sacrifices himself to save the life of his wife, showcasing heroic qualities and subverting the way that villains are often portrayed in the genre.

Broadcast and reception

Initial ratings and reception
"Terms of Endearment" originally aired on the Fox network on January 3, 1999, with a tagline of "Born to raise hell. Tonight, something terrifying is about to be born".  It earned a Nielsen rating of 10.5, with a 15 share, meaning that roughly 10.5 percent of all television-equipped households, and 15 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode, which was viewed by 18.70 million viewers. It later aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on April 18, 1999, and received 0.62 million viewers, making it the eighth most watched television show that week.

Upon its first broadcast, the episode received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Michael Liedtke and George Avalos, in a review of the sixth season in The Charlotte Observer, called the episode "just plain bad." Sarah Stegall awarded the episode two stars out of five, positively comparing it to the work of Roman Polanski, but criticizing its failure to deliver truly scary material. Stegall mused that "Terms of Endearment" lacked the edgy writing of some of the best episodes of the series, though she did note that Campbell "turns in a good performance with mediocre material". She also criticized the depiction of religious material, comparing it negatively to other episodes with religious themes including "Revelations" and "Miracle Man".

Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four, calling it a disappointment. Vitaris heavily criticized Mulder's line: "I'm not a psychologist"—reportedly an ad lib from Duchovny himself—noting that it undermines established continuity within the series including the character's background in psychology. Tom Kessenich, in his 2002 book Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files, praises the installment, saying, "Place a devil in the plot and I'll follow you to see what you can cook up. ... I enjoyed this tale of a devil looking to be just a normal dad immensely." In his view the episode showed a return to the earlier horror-based narratives the series was known for; though he praises the casting of Campbell, he writes that moments between Mulder and Scully are lacking.

Later reception

In the years following "Terms of Endearment"'s original broadcast, critical reception improved. Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, gave three stars out of five, describing it as "a very brave story". Shearman and Pearson felt that the episode suffered from its attempt to balance comedy and horror, "not having enough comedy to explore the premise properly, and not enough suspense to provide much drama". However, both Persky and Campbell were praised for their acting, despite the perceived shallowness of the latter's character. David Wharton of Cinema Blend called Campbell's performance "lowkey" and subtle, commenting that he portrayed Wayne Weinsider "a bit less madcap than many of the roles that he's known for". Wharton praised the casting, describing it as "against type", which he claimed worked well because the material of the episode was more serious and dramatic than usual for the series.

Emily VanDerWerff from The A.V. Club gave the episode a positive review and awarded it a "B". She praised Campbell's acting, calling him "the best thing about" the installment, and complimented the entry's general concept. VanDerWerff stated that after several humorous stories in a row, "Terms of Endearment" was a "return to form" for the series, bringing the season back to the more straightforward monster-of-the-week format. VanDerWerff did, however, note that the episode's biggest weaknesses were its limited use of Scully and its over-the-top use of Spender as a villain. Another critic from The A.V. Club, Zack Handlen, commented that "Terms of Endearment" was notably more influenced by horror than the following week's "The Rain King". Edward Olivier of The Celebrity Cafe stated that the installment strayed away from regular X-Files formula, showcasing Campbell in a "major role".

Retrospective reviews of "Terms of Endearment" with regards to the series as a whole were mixed. In a run-down of The X-Files guest stars who left a lasting impression, Lana Berkowitz from the Houston Chronicle included Campbell, calling him the "demon who wants to be a father." Christine Seghers of IGN described the entry as a "creepy standout" from the sixth season, and named Campbell's guest appearance as the sixth best of the series. Campbell's performance was called "moving" by Seghers, who viewed that Campbell managed to deliver a performance that "completely shed his trademark snark". Cinefantastique later named the dream sequence from "Terms of Endearment" as the ninth scariest moment in The X-Files. Andrew Payne from Starpulse cited the episode as the second most disappointing of the series, calling the premise "lame". Payne stated that only "Chinga", an episode written by author Stephen King, wasted its potential more.

Impact
Following his involvement with this episode, Campbell was considered as a possible contender for the role of John Doggett, a character that would appear in the eighth season. Over a hundred actors auditioned for the role. Due to a contractual obligation, Campbell could not take any work during the filming of his series Jack of All Trades. On potentially being cast as the series regular, Campbell mused, "I had worked on an X-Files episode before, and I think they sort of remembered me from that. It was nice to be involved in that – even if you don't get it, it's nice to hang out at that party." The character was eventually portrayed by actor Robert Patrick. Later in Campbell's novel Make Love! The Bruce Campbell Way, he joked that Patrick "stiffed him out of the role".

"Terms of Endearment" was the first entry of the series written by Amann, who beforehand had unsuccessfully pitched several ideas for the show. Based on the success of this episode, Amann went on to write several more episodes for the series, such as "Agua Mala" later in the same season. During the ninth season, Amann became one of the main supervising producers and had writing involvement in several episodes, most notably "Release" and "Hellbound".

Chris Owens, who portrayed Jeffrey Spender on the show, was negatively affected by the episode. Following the premiere of "Terms of Endearment", he received "strange reactions" from people on the street who were displeased with his character. In the series, the character staunchly disbelieves in the paranormal, and tries to remove the initial report about child-abducting demons in the episode, only for it to be salvaged by Mulder and Scully. People were so annoyed by the nature of the character that Owens was pestered during his everyday life; during one incident, a person angrily called him a "paper shredder".

Footnotes

References

External links

1999 American television episodes
Television episodes about demons
The X-Files (season 6) episodes
Television episodes set in Virginia
Pregnancy-themed television episodes


Sin City is an American pornographic film studio. The company is owned by David Sturman, the son of Reuben Sturman. David Sturman's son Jared is the General Manager. In 2007 it signed a two-year exclusive contract with Tory Lane to perform in and direct films. In May 2008 it was announced that she had left her contract early.

Awards
1993 AVN Award – Best Packaging (Film) – Sin City – The Movie
1994 AVN Award – Best Packaging (Video) – Hungry
1996 AVN Award – Best Gang Bang Tape – 30 Men For Sandy
1999 AVN Award – Best Actor (Film) – Models (James Bonn)
1999 AVN Award – Best Supporting Actor (Film) – Models (Michael J. Cox)
2000 AVN Award – Best Actor (Film) – Chloe (James Bonn)
2000 AVN Award – Best Actress (Film) – Chloe (Chloe)
2001 AVN Award – Best Editing (Film) – Watchers (Michael Raven & Sammy Slater)
2001 AVN Award – Best Screenplay (Film) – Watchers (Michael Raven & George Kaplan)
2001 AVN Award – Best Supporting Actor (Film) – Watchers (Randy Spears)
2001 AVN Award – Best Actor (Film) – Adrenaline (Evan Stone)
2001 AVN Award – Best All-Sex Film – Erotica
2001 AVN Award – Best Film – Watchers
2002 AVN Award – Best Actor (Film) – Beast (Anthony Crane)
2003 AVN Award – Best Supporting Actor (Film) – Paradise Lost (Mr. Marcus)
2003 AVN Award – Best Overall Marketing Campaign (Individual Title or Series) – Paradise Lost
2003 NightMoves Award – Best Film/Video (Editor's Choice) – Riptide
2003 NightMoves Award – Best Film/Video Company
2006 AFW Award – Best Fetish Series – Dementia
2007 AFW Award – Most Outrageous Movie – Sodom 2
2007 AVN Award – Best Continuing Video Series – Dementia
2008 AFW Award – Most Outrageous Movie – The Hitchhiker

References

External links

American pornographic film studios
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Film production companies of the United States
Pornography in California
American companies established in 1987
American companies disestablished in 2013


Risa J. Lavizzo-Mourey (born September 25, 1954) is an American medical doctor and executive who served as president and CEO of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation from 2003 to 2017. She was the first woman and the first African-American to head the foundation, which has an endowment of about $8 billion and distributes more than $400 million a year. She has been named one of the 100 Most Powerful Women by Forbes several times, and one of The Grio's History Makers in the Making.
She was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2016.

Education and early career
Born in Seattle, Washington, in 1954, Risa Lavizzo-Mourey attended The Bush School and attended University of Washington and  State University of New York at Stony Brook but applied to medical school after her junior year her M.D. at Harvard Medical School and completed her internship and residency at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. In 1984, she was named a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania, and received her Master of Business Administration degree in health care administration from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School in 1986. She is master and former regent of the American College of Physicians, where she chaired its committees on ethics and human rights.

Career
Lavizzo-Mourey joined the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation in April 2001 as a senior vice president and director of its Health Care Group. Prior to joining the foundation, she served as director of the Institute on Aging, at the University of Pennsylvania; as well as chief of the division of geriatric medicine; Sylvan Eisman Professor of Medicine and Health Care Systems; and associate chief of staff for geriatrics and extended care for the Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center. She also served in the United States Department of Health and Human Services as deputy administrator of the Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research (now known as the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). Lavizzo-Mourey was a member of the White House Task Force on Health Care Reform and served as a consultant to the White House on issues of health policy.

Lavizzo-Mourey has served on several federal advisory committees, including the Task Force on Aging Research, the Office of Technology Assessment Panel on Preventive Services for Medicare Beneficiaries, the Institute of Medicine's Panel on Disease and Disability Prevention Among Older Adults, and the National Committee for Vital and Health Statistics (where she chaired the Subcommittee on Minority Populations). She joined an impressive list of council members following an executive order by President Barack Obama for the installment of the President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition to take on the childhood obesity epidemic. In 2014, Lavizzo-Mourey was appointed a member of the Smithsonian's board of regents. She also served on the President's Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry. She recently completed service as co-vice chair of a congressionally requested Institute of Medicine study on racial disparities in health care.

In January 2018, Lavizzo-Mourey joined the University of Pennsylvania as the institution's nineteenth Penn Integrates Knowledge University Professor. She is a member of the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Health Incentives & Behavioral Economics (CHIBE) External Advisory Board.

Awards and recognitions
As of 2016, Lavizzo-Mourey is listed as the 97th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes.

2019: Sedgwick Memorial Medal from the American Public Health Association.

Personal life
She is married to Robert Lavizzo-Mourey and has two adult children. Lavizzo-Mourey currently resides in Glenside, Pennsylvania.

References

External links
 Official profile at Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

1954 births
American nonprofit chief executives
American health care chief executives
American women chief executives
Harvard Medical School alumni
Living people
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Physicians from Seattle
Stony Brook University alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
21st-century American women physicians
21st-century American physicians
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
21st-century American businesswomen


Küzdelem a létért () is a 1918 Hungarian drama film directed by Alfréd Deésy. It is based on French writer Alphonse Daudet's 1889 play La lutte pour la vie. The film was advertised and discussed in Hungarian trade publications as A Leopard ().

Cast
Cast adapted from book Lugosi.

Production
Bela Lugosi was billed as Arisztid Olt in the film and it was his final film for Star Studios. The film is one of the few Hungarian films featuring actor Bela Lugosi known to exist in 2021. Only a fragment of the film is available.

Release
Küzdelem a létért was previewed on July 16, 1918 at the Mozgókép-Otthon in Budapest, before being released on September 22, 1918.

See also
 Béla Lugosi filmography

References

Sources

External links

1918 films
Hungarian black-and-white films
Hungarian silent films
Hungarian drama films
Films based on works by Alphonse Daudet
Films directed by Alfréd Deésy
Austro-Hungarian films


Fred A. Lennon (November 26, 1905 – July 23, 1998) was an American manufacturer and philanthropist. He was the founder and chairman of Swagelok Company.

Known for avoiding attention, Forbes magazine once described him as "the shiest billionaire".

Early life
Fred Lennon was born in Providence, Rhode Island, to Patrick and Catherine Lennon, as the youngest of their nine children. By the age of 42, he was living with his wife in an apartment in Cleveland, Ohio, when he borrowed US $500 from his wife's uncle to buy The Crawford Fitting Company later to be renamed Swagelok Company. Running the small business from the kitchen in his home, he bought out his partner, Cullen B. Crawford and the patent of the Swagelok Tube Fitting, a revolutionary two-ferrule compression-type fitting for fluid handling systems.

Business leadership
Moving the company to Solon, Ohio, it steadily expanded into a large, international manufacturing corporation. Under Lennon's leadership, Swagelok gradually became a Fortune 500 Privately Held Company, producing thousands of products, and holding over US$1 billion in assets and employing a staff of 3,000. In leading the company for over 50 years, Lennon never missed a day of work.

Personal life

Lennon was an enthusiastic supporter of private business interests and an active member of the Republican Party. He counted among his personal friends former President Ronald Reagan and former Ohio Governor George Voinovich (he helped both with their election campaigns). Though playing a public role, he preferred to stay a private man, generally preferring to stay out of the limelight whenever possible. He lived with his wife, Alice, and their two children in Hunting Valley, Ohio.

Philanthropy

Lennon was active in, and contributed much to, a variety of charitable and nonprofit organizations in Ohio. He was a founder and chairman of The Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University, and president of Gilmour Academy in Gates Mills. He created the Fred A. Lennon Foundation, which between its establishment in 1965 and its dissolution in 1995, donated millions to a variety of schools, nonprofit foundations and charities. Following his death in 1998, The Fred A. Lennon Charitable Trust was created to honor him posthumously, and has continued to fund and assist schools and charities in the region.

50th Anniversary

As part of Swagelok's 50th Anniversary in 1997, Lennon rented out the Rock n Roll Hall of Fame and Science Center for all Swagelok employees and their families.

References

Sources
 Fred Lennon (1905 – 1998). Swagelok Company. Retrieved on 2008-01-26.

 Keister, Lisa A. (2000) Wealth in America: Trends in Wealth Inequality

1905 births
1998 deaths
Ashland University people
American billionaires
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
Businesspeople from Providence, Rhode Island
20th-century American businesspeople


The Customs of Cambodia (), also translated as A Record of Cambodia: the Land and Its People, is a book written by the Yuan dynasty Chinese official Zhou Daguan who stayed in Angkor between 1296 and 1297. Zhou's account is of great historical significance because it is the only surviving first person written record of daily life in the Khmer Empire. The only other written information available is from the inscriptions on temple walls.

Chinese original work
The book is an account of Cambodia by Zhou Daguan, who visited the country as part of an official diplomatic delegation sent by Temür Khan (Emperor Chengzong of Yuan) in 1296 to deliver an imperial edict. It is not certain when it was completed, but it was written within 15 years of Zhou's return to China in 1297.  However, the work that survives today is believed to be a truncated version, perhaps representing only around a third of the original size.  A 17th-century bibliophile, Qian Zeng (錢曾), noted the existence of two versions of the work, one a Yuan dynasty edition, the other included in a Ming dynasty anthology called Sea of Stories Old and New (古今說海, Gu jin shuo hai).  The Ming version was described as "muddled and jumbled up, six or seven tenths of it missing, barely constituting a book at all".  The Yuan dynasty original is no longer extant, and the surviving versions appear to be largely based on the truncated Ming version.

Texts from the book were collected in various other anthologies.  Excerpts were given in a lengthy compilation Boundaries of Stories (說郛, Shuo fu), in a second version was published in early Qing dynasty. Truncated text was also given in Lost Histories Old and New (古今逸史, Gu jin yi shi) from the Ming dynasty, and this same text was used in other collections.  A major modern Chinese versions of the book is an annotated edition, which was compiled by Xia Nai from variants of the text found in 13 editions, completed in 1980 and published in 2000.

The work is written in classical Chinese; however, there are occasionally words and sentence structures that appear to have been influenced by Zhou's Wenzhou dialect.

Translations

Zhou's account was first translated into French in 1819 by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat but it did not have much impact.  The text of the book found in the anthology Sea of Stories Old and New was then retranslated into French by Paul Pelliot in 1902, and this translation was later partly revised by Pelliot and republished posthumously in 1951. Pelliot however died before he could complete the comprehensive notes he had planned for Zhou's work. Pelliot's translation is highly regarded and it formed the basis of many later translations into other languages, for example the English translations by J. Gilman d’Arcy Paul in 1967 and Michael Smithies in 2001.

In 1971, it was translated into Khmer by Ly Theam Teng. There is also a Thai translation of The Customs of Cambodia by Chaloem Yongbunkiat in 1967, which has been reprinted by Matichon Press in 2014.

In 2007, Sino-linguist Peter Harris, a Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic Studies New Zealand, completed the first direct translation from Chinese to modern English, correcting many errors in previous translated English versions, with a new title A Record of Cambodia: the Land and Its People. Harris worked in Cambodia for many years and included modern photographs and maps directly relating to Zhou's original account.

Content
The book gives descriptions of Yasodharapura, the capital city at the center of Angkor, and everyday palace life and protocols.  It describes the various customs and religious practices of the country, the role of women and slaves, trade and city life, agriculture, and other aspects of society in Angkor, as well as the presence of Chinese in Cambodia and the war with the Siamese. Also included are descriptions of the flora and fauna of the region, foodstuff, as well as unusual tales.

The descriptions in the book are generally considered to be accurate, but there are also mistakes, for example the local Hindu religious devotees were described erroneously by Zhou in Chinese terms as Confucians or Daoists, and the measurements of length and distance used are often less than exact.

On the Royal Palace:

On Khmer Homes:

On a royal procession of Indravarman III:

On the king's wardrobe:

On the dress:

On Silk production:

On judgment:

On the Army:

On the women of Angkor:

Calendar
Zhou's account is very useful for determining that the 1st month of the Khmer calendar was "kia-to", called Karttika. None of the Khmer inscriptions uses month numbering, but of the three systems used later in Thailand, Karttika was called month 1 in parts of Lanna and was also sometimes so numbered in Laos. The astronomical new year, on the other hand, began in what would have been numbered month 6 (Caitra). This equation is confirmed when Zhou Daguan says he does not understand why they intercalate only in (their) month 9. On the scale being used here the 9th month is Ashadha, the only intercalary month in Thailand and Laos. (Ashadha is better known as 'month 8' since that is its Southern (Bangkok) equivalence).

The use in Cambodia of Ashadha as the only intercalary month is not otherwise securely attested until the 1620s AD when a year (Saka 1539; IMA no. 9) is said to have a 2nd Ashadha when the old system did not have an extra month in that year. The inscription record between 1296 AD and 1617 AD is very patchy, but such records as survive from the first part of this interval appear to favour the older system of reckoning, suggesting that Zhou Daguan's informants were at the time of his visit in the minority.

Footnotes

External links

Book review by Cambodia Daily: A Record of Cambodia - The Land and its People, 2007 edition
Book review by Siam Society - A Record of Cambodia - The Land and its People, 2007 edition
Book review by New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies: A Record of Cambodia - The Land and its People, 2007 edition
Smithsonian Magazine - Passing Notes
Smithsonian Magazine - Jewel of the Jungle
“Trấn Tây phong thổ ký”: The Customs of Cambodia, Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies Volume 1, 2007

Chinese classic texts
Travel books
Books about Cambodia
13th-century Chinese books
Yuan dynasty literature
Chinese non-fiction books


Replica Sun Machine is the second album by The Shortwave Set.

Work began on the album shortly after the release of The Debt Collection. In an interview for Swedish television, singer and songwriter Andrew Pettitt said that by February 2007 the album was completed as far as they were concerned. However, around this time, Danger Mouse heard they were working on a new album, and offered to produce it for them. This led to The Shortwave Set delaying release of the album in order to accommodate Danger Mouse's busy schedule.

Production with Danger Mouse began in May 2007. The group kept in touch with their fan base during this time in Los Angeles via a series of posts on their myspace blog. Their return in July was followed by a long 'radio silence', during which time they left their then current record label Independiente Records, and signed with Wall of Sound to produce Replica Sun Machine.

Track listing
All songs written and performed by The Shortwave Set. Produced by Danger Mouse.

"Harmonia"
"Glitches 'N' Bugs"
"Replica"
"House of Lies"
"Now Til '69"
"Distant Daze"
"No Social"
"Yesterdays to Come"
"I Know"
"Sun Machine"
"The Downer Song"

Orchestration on tracks 3,4,8,9 arranged by Van Dyke Parks.
John Cale of The Velvet Underground is also credited for 'Viola, synths and atmospheres'.

From Deptford to Hollywood
The album was released with an exclusive bonus disc via Rough Trade. The disc included alternative versions of some songs, and a movie entitled The Shortwave Set Go To Hollywood. This, along with the title of the bonus disc, From Deptford to Hollywood, reference how the band, which began in Deptford, London, ended up working with Danger Mouse (of Gnarls Barkley fame) to produce Replica Sun Machine.

"Yesterdays To Come (Clothed Dog Remix)"
"House of Lies (Orchestral Version)"
"Replica (Orchestral Version)"
"I Know (Deptford Daze Remix)"

2008 albums
The Shortwave Set albums
Albums produced by Danger Mouse (musician)
Wall of Sound (record label) albums


Rustico may refer to:

 Rustico (pastry), Italian snack of Salento made with puff pastry and a stuffing
 Rustico Torrecampo (born 1972), Filipino boxer

See also
 North Rustico, town in Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada
 Rustico-Emerald, provincial electoral district in Prince Edward Island, Canada
 Rustico Farm & Cellars, heritage building in British Columbia, Canada


Sinjil () is a Palestinian town northeast of Ramallah in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate in the central West Bank.

Location
Sinjil is located   north-east of Ramallah. It is bordered by Turmus ayya to the east,  Al Lubban ash Sharqiya to the north, 'Abwein and Jilijliya  to the west, and Al Mazra'a ash Sharqiya to the south. Sinjil is located in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate of the West Bank.

History
Sherds from the  Intermediate Bronze Age, Bronze Age, Byzantine, Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk eras have been found. Tombs at Sinjil from the Middle Bronze Age have yielded an array of metal weapons.

The village is thought to have taken its name from the Crusader town of St. Gilles, being the home town of French Count Raymond VI of Toulouse who camped here on the First Crusade, before entering Jerusalem. The same man later built a castle in Sinjil to protect the passage of passing caravans.

Doubt over the Crusader origin of the name was raised by historian Levy-Rubin. A Samaritan chronicle, (ostensibly by Abu l-Fath), written in the 14th century but based on much older sources, twice refers to a location Sinḥil in the 8th or 9th century. The Arab geographer Zakariya al-Qazwini in his Athar al-bilad cited a 10th-century mention of Sinḥil, though this cannot be verified from extant manuscripts. Levy-Rubin proposes that Sinḥil was the original name of Sinjil, and that the Crusaders' association of the place with St Gilles was prompted by the Arab name rather than the reverse.

In the 1220s Yaqut al-Hamawi described Sinjil as "a small town of the province Filastin. Near it is the pit of Yasuf as Sadik (Joseph)".

Crusader church (present mosque)
The village paid ecclesiastical tithes to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem while a Frankish parish, until they were transferred in 1145 to the monastery on Mount Tabor.

Only thirty years later, in 1175, the parish church and tithes were sold back to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, as the distance (from Mount Tabor) and expenses were too high. A month later the sale was confirmed by Baldwin, lord of Sinjil.

Ottoman era
In 1517 the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. In 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 55 households, all Muslim, and paid  a fixed tax rate of 33,3%  on wheat, barley, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and beehives; a total of 9,900 akçe. The Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi visited Sinjil about 1650. He described it as a village of 200 houses in the district of Jerusalem, populated by rebellious Muslims.

During the early 19th century, Sinjil was a village of 206 taxable men, roughly 800 people. One-eighth of the population were conscripted into the Ottoman army, but were still taxed for 800 people.

French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1870, and described it as "quite crowded", with an estimated 1200 villagers. The village had two abundant springs, with a reservoir connected to the largest. Guérin further noted, "On the summit of the hill are observed the foundations of two strongholds, built of great blocks, evidently ancient, one of which is called the Kasr ("Fort"), and the other the Keniseh ("Church"). The latter is [] built east and west, and may have been a church. On the lower flanks of the hill I found several ancient tombs cut in the rock. One of the largest, preceded by a vestibule, contains two loculi." An Ottoman village list of about the same year, 1870, showed that "Sindschil" had 161 houses and a population of 513, though the population count included only men.

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine  described Sinjil as being of moderate size, with several houses of two storeys, on a hill side with fine fig gardens below.

The village mosque is laid out on the lines of the Frankish Crusader church. Other historical sites in the town include a well for Joseph and a holy site for Jacob. The Maqam (shrine) of a holy man, Abu Auf, is also there. Abu Auf is from the time period of the Caliph Umar Ibn al-Khattab.

In 1896 the population of Sinjil was estimated to be about 1,131 persons.

British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Sinjil (called: Senjel) had an entirely Muslim population of 934, while in the 1931 census, the village had 266 occupied houses and a population of 1071, still all Muslims.

In 1922, Tawfiq Canaan documented that some Muslims in the region held the belief that the tale of Joseph being thrown into a pit unfolded in the proximity of Sinjil. Locals attributed significance to a local well called Bir Sinjil, with some considering it as the abode of a saint named es-sheikh Saleh, while others connect it with the prophet Yusif.

In the 1945 statistics the population was 1,320 Muslims while the total land area was 14,186 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 4,169 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 4,213 for cereals, while 47 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.

Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Sinjil came under Jordanian rule. It was annexed by Jordan in 1950.

In 1961, the population of Sinjil was  1,778 persons.

post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Sinjil has been under Israeli occupation. The population of Singil in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,823, of whom 18 originated from the Israeli territory.

Under the Oslo Accords of 1995, 13.8% of village land was classified as Area A, 34.7% as Area B, while the remaining 51.5% is  Area C. Israel has confiscated 447 dunams of Sinjil land in order to construct the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Levona. In addition 4 outposts, including Givat Harel, have been established on Sinjil land.

On Wednesday 7 April 2015 a 32-year-old resident of Sinjil was shot dead carrying out a knife attack at Shiloh junction which left two army paramedics injured, one seriously.

On 26 March 2023, a group of Israeli settlers attacked a Palestinian home in the town with Molotov cocktails, which led to the burning down of the house. The family living in the house was able to escape, and there were no casualties.

Urban development
Since 2002, according to Amira Hass, Jewish settlers have hampered villagers' access to their traditional lands. In 2009, the Red Cross has helped the villagers to overcome the red-tape that blocks their return to their farms. An agreement was reached to allow them to access some of the land, some 100 hectares, in July 2012. Given problems with the nearby settlers, the villagers had to coordinate with the Israeli Civil Administration and the Israeli forces to have an escort. In January 2012, the United States Agency for International Development financed road work and renovations of the Abu Bakr as-Saddeeq boys' school in Sinjil.

Demography
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 5,742 in 2017. The gender makeup consisted of 2,668 males and 2,568 females. There were 1,029 housing units and the average household size was 5.4.

Literary references
In 2007, Aziz Shihab whose family was from Sinjil, wrote a memoir of his journey to the village Does the Land Remember Me? (2007)

His daughter, Naomi Shihab Nye, who stayed there in 1966, aged 14, and recalls her sojourn as having a formative influence on her poetics.

References

Bibliography

 p. 95

External links
 Welcome to Sinjil
 Sinjil, Welcome to Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Sinjil Town (Fact Sheet),   Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Sinjil Town Profile, ARIJ
Sinjil  aerial photo, ARIJ
Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Sinjil Town, ARIJ
Chopping 51 Olive Trees in Sinjil – Ramallah Governorate 25, June, 2011, ARIJ
Plowing in Sinjil

Towns in the West Bank
Municipalities of the State of Palestine


The Saddle Rock-Malibu AVA is an American Viticultural Area in the Santa Monica Mountains, within western Los Angeles County, California.

The region was once part of the  Saddle Rock Ranch, created from a 19th-century Spanish and Mexican land grant Rancho Las Virgenes.

The wine region is located high in the Santa Monica Mountains, west of Metropolitan Los Angeles in Southern California.

References

American Viticultural Areas of Southern California
Geography of Los Angeles County, California
Santa Monica Mountains
American Viticultural Areas of California
American Viticultural Areas
2006 establishments in California


Events from the year 1280 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Lord: Edward I

Events

 Alice Kyteler, alleged witch and the first recorded person condemned for witchcraft in Ireland (d. c 1325) marries first husband William Outlaw between 1280 and 1285.

Births

Deaths

References

1280s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 13th century in Ireland


The LaVilla Museum is a museum of African American history and culture located in the 1929 Ritz Theater in Jacksonville, Florida. The museum opened in 1999.

The museum documents the culture and history of people of African descent (most slaves, some free, and not all Americans) in northeast Florida prior to that territory's entry as a U.S. state in 1845, as well as LaVilla neighborhood of downtown Jacksonville (which was once a large and thriving African American community). LaVilla was home to so many poets, artists, musicians, authors, and playwrights that it was known as "the Harlem of the South". The Ritz Theatre is one of the few remaining buildings in the LaVilla neighborhood. Although most of the 600-seat theatre was razed in the 1990s, the northwest corner is original to the building.

The highlight of the museum tour are two animatronic representations of James Weldon Johnson and J. Rosamond Johnson, LaVilla natives who composed the famous song, "Lift Every Voice and Sing". Rooms in the building evoke African American life throughout the 20th century by recreating a typical home living room, a Christian church, a barber shop, and a school room.

See also
List of museums focused on African Americans

References

External links
 LaVilla Museum official Web site

Museums in Jacksonville, Florida
History of Jacksonville, Florida
African-American museums in Florida
History museums in Florida
LaVilla, Jacksonville
1999 establishments in Florida
Museums established in 1999


John Raymond Gaydos (born August 14, 1943) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.  He served as bishop of the Diocese of Jefferson City in Missouri from 1997 to 2017.

Biography

Early years
John Gaydos was born on August 14, 1943, in St. Louis, Missouri, to George and Carrie (née Lee) Gaydos. He graduated from St. Agnes School in 1957, then entered St. Louis Preparatory Seminary in St. Louis.  In 1961, Gaydos entered Cardinal Glennon College at Kenrick-Glennon Seminary in Shrewsbury, Missouri.

In 1965, Gaydos entered the Pontifical North American College and the Pontifical Gregorian University, both in Rome.  He obtained his Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree in dogmatic theology in 1969.

Priesthood
On December 20, 1968, Gaydos was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Saint Louis by Bishop Francis Reh in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

After returning to Missouri, Gaydos was assigned as associate pastor of St. Joseph Parish in Manchester, Missouri, until 1974.  He was then transferred to be associate pastor at St. Cecilia Parish in St. Louis, serving there until 1977. Gaydos was appointed as priest-secretary to Cardinal John  Carberry and as vice-chancellor of St. Louis from 1977 to 1981.  He then became secretary to Archbishop John May and full chancellor until 1990. Gaydos became pastor of St. Gerard Majella Parish in Kirkwood, Missouri in 1990, and vicar general of the archdiocese on February 14, 1996.

Bishop of Jefferson City
On June 25, 1997, Pope John Paul II appointed Gaydos as the third bishop of the Diocese of Jefferson City. He was consecrated on August 27, 1997, by Archbishop Justin Rigali, with Bishop Michael McAuliffe and Archbishop Oscar Lipscomb serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of Saint Joseph in Jefferson City.

Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). Gaydos served as chairman of the Committee on Priestly Life and Ministry, and was a member of the Ad Hoc Committee on Sexual Abuse, Administrative Committee, and Committee for Communications.

O'Connell sex abuse case
On March 19, 2001, Gaydos and the diocese were sued by a former student at St. Thomas Aquinas Preparatory Seminary in Hannibal, Missouri.  The plaintiff claimed that Bishop Anthony J. O'Connell, then rector at the seminary, had sexually exploited him. In May 2002, facing declining enrollment at the seminary and pending lawsuits, Gaydos closed it.

In March 2002, it was revealed that the diocese had made a secret settlement of $125,000 in 1996 to a former seminarian who claimed by have been sexually abused by O'Connell in 1969 at the seminary.  In 1988, O'Connell was named bishop of the Diocese of Palm Beach; it is unknown if Gaydos had informed Pope John Paul II about the O'Connell settlement before he appointed O'Connell as bishop.  In 2002, O'Connell admitting abusing two boys at the seminary and resigned as bishop of Palm Beach.

Other sexual abuse cases
In 2003, Gaydos and the diocese were named in a sexual abuse lawsuit by a Missouri man.  The plaintiff alleged that Gary Pool and Kevin Clohessy, two priests in the Diocese, had sexually abused him for most of his childhood.

On September 3, 2015, the diocese settled for $40,000 a long-standing sexual abuse claim by David Clohessy, the brother of Keven Clohessy, against John Whiteley, a diocese priest.  Clohessy had sued the diocese in 1991, claiming that Whitely, then a pastor at St. Pius X Parish in Moberly, Missouri, had sexually abused him.  Clohessy's case was dismissed in 1993 due to the Missouri statute of limitations.  However, Clohessy renewed his claim in 2015 and the diocese decided that it was credible.

Retirement
In 2017, Gaydos sent a letter of resignation to Pope Francis, asking for early retirement due to health reasons. These were later described as hypertension, arterial fibrillation, and the need for heart valve replacement.  The pope accepted his resignation on November 21, 2017.

References

External links

Roman Catholic Diocese of Jefferson City Official Site
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
Missouri Catholic Conference

Episcopal succession

1943 births
Living people
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Clergy from St. Louis
Kenrick–Glennon Seminary alumni
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis
Roman Catholic bishops of Jefferson City


Bodo Hombach (born 19 August 1952) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Early life and education
Bodo Hombach was born in Mülheim on the Ruhr, North Rhine-Westphalia. After training to become a telecommunications craftsman (apprenticeship from 1967 to 1970 with the Telephone Exchange in Duisburg), he studied Social Work at the Düsseldorf Polytechnic from 1973 to 1978.

Career

Career in state politics
In the run-up to the 1980 state elections, Hombach took over as secretary general of the SPD and helped run its chairman Johannes Rau's campaign to win an absolute majority in North Rhine-Westphalia for the first time since the federal state was established. Five years later, Hombach and team decided to fight the 1990 state election with a personalised campaign focused on the Rau himself, who had become deputy chairman of the national party in 1982. He himself became a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia for the SPD from 1990 to 1998. He was its State Party Chairman from 1979 to 1991 and Economic Spokesman of the SPD State Parliamentary Group and Chairman of the Enquiry Board from 1990 to 1998.

Apart from his political activity, Hombach was managing director of the private limited companies, Preussag Handel GmbH (Salzgitter) and Preussag (Salzgitter) International GmbH in Düsseldorf from 1991 to 1998.

In 1998, Hombach briefly joined Minister-President Wolfgang Clement's cabinet as State Minister for Economy and SME, Technology and Transport in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Hombach co-ordinated several election campaigns of the Social Democratic Party and the Federal Social Democratic Party of North Rhine-Westphalia. He was regarded as a brilliant election campaign strategist and creator of the slogan 'We in North Rhine-Westphalia'. Nelson Mandela chose him to be his personal adviser for his first election campaign.

Career in national politics
In October 1998, Gerhard Schröder appointed Hombach to his Cabinet as Federal Minister for Special Tasks and Head of the Federal Chancellery. Hombach ranked among the most powerful and influential politicians not just because of his charisma and high-profile. Within the Schröder government, he was widely seen as firm opponent of Finance Minister Oskar Lafontaine's policies.

Hombach showed his party the way to new groups of voters and was an advocate of the 'new centre ground', a reform-oriented policy to safeguard the country's future viability. Indicative of this policy was the 'Schröder-Blair Paper' published under the title 'The way ahead for Europe's Social Democrats' and written by Hombach and his British counterpart Peter Mandelson. 'Bodo Hombach, Germany's trouble-shooter' was The Economist'''s headline about the 'boy wonder from the Ruhr'. "The magazine was surprised that despite his wealth of power,  Hombach continued to be a 'lone fighter', an 'outsider', who was just as fiercely persecuted by the 'old school of the left wing' as by the 'apparatchiks at the party headquarters of the Social Democratic Party in Bonn', commented the German daily paper Die Welt at the time.

European politics
In 1999, Hombach moved to Brussels, where he took over the position of EU Special Coordinator for the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe.

"Who thinks for Schröder?", wrote today's Chairman of the Board of Directors of Axel Springer AG, Mathias Döpfner, in the 'Welt' newspaper in 1999 and stated: "However important Hombach's new job may be – it is as if a builder-owner swaps the architect just after the formwork for the foundation has been laid. Schröder left the thinking to others – namely Hombach. And the latter thought right most of the times. Inconvenient for Social Democrats but competent. Quickly mutated from a youth movement representative to a market-orientated deregulator, he became the most hated enemy of the reactionary left wing of the party."

Despite the over-bureaucratised Brussels environment, which Hombach characterised with 'My Balkan is Brussels', he collected about €4.6 billion for the Balkan countries in his capacity as Special Coordinator of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe during the first donor conference in 2000.

Publishing management
From 2002 until 2012, Hombach served as managing director of Funke Mediengruppe (formerly WAZ Media Group). Since then he is - among other things - consequently campaigning for freedom of press and emphasizes primarily its importance for democracy. In this capacity, he is responsible for the reorientation of the publishing company to a multimedia company through the establishment of future-viable structures in the WAZ Media Group based in Essen, Germany. He very strongly supported the creation of professional journalistic standards for the newspapers and magazines of the WAZ Media Group on the Balkan. In 2003, the WAZ Media Group and the Norwegian publishing company Orkla, were the only western publishing houses that had signed the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe guidelines on press freedom in South-East Europe. Hombach believes that freedom, political and economic independence and journalistic quality of the newspapers are the absolute prerequisites for the establishment of democratic structures in the former transformation countries of South-East Europe. Groundbreaking was the agreement on the promotion of freedom of the press, quality journalism and fair working conditions at the WAZ Media Group locations producing newspapers and magazines in South-East Europe signed by Bodo Hombach, managing director of the WAZ, and Aidan White, Secretary General of the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) in Essen, Germany, in July 2007.

Later career
In April 2008, Hombach was appointed by Minister-President Jürgen Rüttgers as Deputy Chairman of the Commission for the Future of the State Government of North Rhine-Westphalia, chaired by Ralf Dahrendorf.

Other activities
 Brost Foundation, Deputy Chairman of the Board
 Deloitte Germany, Member of the Advisory Board

Recognition
In July 2002, Hombach was given the 'European Bull' award by the Taxpayers Association of Europe (TAE) because as a Special Coordinator he set a very positive example in the sparing use of budgets. "The stability pact administration has been so well developed that it could take on the management of other EU Special Commissioners as well", is how Die Welt'' newspaper cited the Christian Social Union of Bavaria MP and Vice President of the European Parliament, Ingo Friedrich.

In 2006, Hombach was presented the Order of Merit of North Rhine-Westphalia by Minister-President Jürgen Rüttgers.

References

 Die Welt vom 18.4.2007: Brillanter Stratege und kluger Taktiker
 The Economist, 18 February 1999:  Bodo Hombach, Germany's trouble-shooter
 Die Welt vom 11.6.1999: Startschuss für den Modernisierungsprozeß
 Die Welt vom 25.6.1999:  Wer denkt für Schröder?
 Die Welt vom 9.7.2002:  Bodo Hombachs späte Ehre als "europäischer Stier"
 Welt am Sonntag vom 27.04.2008: Dahrendorf denkt für Rüttgers

1952 births
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Order of Merit of North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Mülheim
Living people
Heads of the German Chancellery
Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung people


Advanced Composites Solutions, commonly shortened to ACS is an engineering company specialized in composite materials technology, mainly their application to the development and construction of light aircraft.

History
Founded by professionals with vast accumulated experience in the international aeronautic industry, the company is located in the city of São José dos Campos in the Brazilian aeronautic cluster. Besides engineering services the main current activity of ACS is the production of the ACS-100 Sora, a two-seat light sport aircraft

ACS is also involved in the development and integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems through its subsidiary flight Solutions.

Aircraft

References

External links
 Company website

Aircraft manufacturers of Brazil
Defence companies of Brazil
Companies based in São Paulo (state)
Brazilian brands


French Sikhs are a growing but minority group in France. It is estimated there are about 30,000 Sikhs, most of whom are based in Paris, Bobigny and Île-de-France.

History

Sikh Empire

General Jean François Allard, a Frenchman served as the first foreign general under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last Sikh Maharaja of Punjab. General Allard issued commands in French but also learned Punjabi to communicate with his soldiers.

Saint-Tropez, a renowned coastal resort in France, is associated with this historical relationship. Within the town, a municipal park features a statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and General Allard. It was presented to the town by the Government of Punjab in 2016.

General Allard and Maharaja Ranjit Singh formed a close friendship, and Allard played a pivotal role in establishing the Fauj-i-Khas, a well-structured brigade inspired by Napoleon's army, which contributed to the Sikh triumph in the first Anglo-Sikh war. During battles against the Afghans at the Khyber Pass, the brigade's orders were conveyed in French, providing a tactical advantage.

The connection between Punjab and Saint-Tropez further encompasses the marriage of General Allard to Bannu Pan Deï, strategically arranged by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to strengthen Allard's ties with Punjab. Henri Prevost Allard, the great-grandson of General Allard and the deputy mayor of St Tropez, along with Ranjit Singh from the Sikh Council of France, had proposed the idea to celebrate this connection between the two communities.

Colonial Rule
The history of Sikhs in France dates back to the early 20th century. Sikhs first arrived in France during the colonial period when the country had overseas territories, particularly in Southeast Asia. Many Sikhs served as soldiers or laborers in the French colonies, including French Indochina (present-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia).

World War I
After World War I, some Sikh soldiers who had fought in the French army chose to settle in France. They formed a small community, primarily centered around the cities of Marseille and Paris. These early Sikh immigrants faced numerous challenges, including language barriers and cultural differences. However, they established places of worship and gradually integrated into French society.

In the mid-20th century, a significant influx of Sikhs arrived in France as a result of political and economic factors. The partition of India in 1947 and the subsequent creation of Pakistan led to communal tensions and violence. Many Sikhs migrated to various countries, including France. Additionally, in the 1960s and 1970s, economic opportunities in France attracted Sikh immigrants, from Punjab in northern India.

Demographics

 In 2004, according to The Guardian, there were estimated to be 8,000 Sikhs living in France with 5,000 of them living in Paris.
 In 2017, there were estimated to be 30,000 Sikhs in France.

Turban ban
French Sikhs have been in the limelight since the 2004 turban ban, banning Sikhs and other religions from sporting a headwear. This has met with anger and worldwide protest by the Sikhs. At least five Sikhs wearing turbans or cloth covers for their uncut hair were barred from classrooms near Paris. For three years, Sikhs petitioned the authorities to lift the ban on the turban.

List of French Sikhs
 Ranjit Singh Goraya – Deputy Mayor of Bobigny, first Sikh Deputy Mayor in France

Gurdwaras
Gurdwaras in France include:
Gurudwara Singh Sabha Culte Sikh France, Bobigny
Gurdwara Sahib, Bourget
Gurudwara Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib, Bondy
Gurdwara Sant Baba Prem Singh Ji, La Courneuve
Gurdwara Shri Guru Ravidass, Paris

Sikh organisations and associations
Singh Sabha Paris
Conseil Representatif des Sikhs de France
 Sikhs de France
 Sikh Council France
 Sikhs Unis
 Punjab Sports Club
 Chardikala Sewak Jatha France
 Nawjawan Sikh France
 International Sikh Charity France
 International Sikh Council France

Places with a significant Sikh population
Paris
Bobigny
Seine-Saint-Denis

References

Religion in France
France
Fra


A sacrificial part is a part of a machine or product that is intentionally engineered to fail under excess mechanical stress, electrical stress, or other unexpected and dangerous situations. The sacrificial part is engineered to fail first, thus breaking the serial connection and protecting other parts of the system downstream.

Examples
Examples of sacrificial parts include:
 Electrical fuses
 Over-pressure burst disks
 Mechanical shear pins
 Galvanic anodes
 Pyrotechnic fastener
 Fusible plug
 Some leader lines used in angling

See also

Mechanical engineering
Safety equipment

References


Summerside may refer to:

Culture
 Summer Side of Life

Geographic locations

Canada
 Summerside, Edmonton, a neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta
 Irishtown-Summerside, a town in Newfoundland and Labrador
 Summerside, Prince Edward Island

United States
 Summerside, Ohio

Military
 CFB Summerside
  (I), a Royal Canadian Navy vessel that served during the Battle of the Atlantic
  (II), a Canadian Forces vessel commissioned in 1999

Sport
 Summerside Storm
 Summerside Western Capitals

Transport
 Summerside Airport

See also
 Springside (disambiguation)


Natasa Theodoridou (Greek: Νατάσα Θεοδωρίδου) is the self-titled debut album by Greek singer Natasa Theodoridou. It was released on 3 October 1997 by Sony Music Greece and received platinum certification in Greece, selling 50,000 units. A majority of songs were composed by Triantaphillos in collaboration with Phoebus. It contains seven singles, including "Dihos Logo Ki Aformi", "Ena Spiti Kaigetai", "Mi Giriseis Xana" and "Ah! Kai Na 'Tane".

Track listing

Credits
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

Personnel
Hakan Bingolou: percussion (tracks: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12) || säz (tracks: 12)
Giannis Bithikotsis: baglama (tracks: 5, 7, 9, 13) || bouzouki (tracks: 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13) || cura (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 10) || mandolin (tracks: 11)
Charis Chalkitis: backing vocals (tracks: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12)
Nikos Chatzopoulos: violin (tracks: 4, 8)
Antonis Gounaris: cümbüş (tracks: 2, 3, 10) || guitar, orchestration, programming (all tracks)
Paola Komini: backing vocals (tracks: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12)
Fedon Lionoudakis: accordion (tracks: 1, 6, 9)
Elena Patroklou: backing vocals (tracks: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12)
Thanasis Vasilopoulos: clarinet (tracks: 11) || ney (tracks: 12)

Production
Takis Argiriou (111 studio): mix engineer, sound engineer
Giannis Doulamis: executive producer
Antonis Glikos: artwork
Giannis Ioannidis (D.P.H.): mastering
Dimitris Kilalous: photographer

References

Natasa Theodoridou albums
Greek-language albums
1997 albums
Sony Music Greece albums


Television in Syria was formed in 1960, when Syria and Egypt (which adopted television that same year) were part of the United Arab Republic. It broadcast in black and white until 1976. In 1985 a second channel was established and in 1995 Syrian television rented a channel on Arabsat and it started broadcasting eight hours daily via satellite in 1996. Syrian channels are mostly owned and controlled by the Syrian Arab Television and Radio Broadcasting Commission (SATRBC) which is connected to the Ministry of Information. It has 4,800 staff; both government employees and freelancers.

Since the start of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, the state has been engaging in a "media war" to combat the criticisms broadcast from other popular media outlets viewed in the Arab World and internationally, such as Al Arabiya and Al Jazeera. Syrian television coverage champions the government against Syrian opposition islamist rebel forces such as Al-Nusra Front, Free Syrian Army and the Islamic Front. According to BBC Arabic, it also tends to omit or downplay reports of civilian casualties in its coverage of confrontations with what the Government of Syria labels as terrorist groups. The Arab League officially asked the satellite operators Arabsat and Nilesat to stop broadcasting Syrian media in June 2012. On April 27, 2013, Al Jazeera Media Network announced that it was suspending indefinitely its activities throughout Syria because of alleged intimidation and threats against its staff.

List of channels

Satellite channels
Addounia TV (defunct)
Arrai TV (defunct)
Cham TV (defunct)
Lana TV
Lana Plus TV
El Khabar TV
Massaya TV
Sama TV
ORTAS
Noor Al-Sham
Syria TV
Syrian Drama TV
Syrian Education TV
Syrian Medical TV (defunct)
Syrian News Channel
Talaqie TV (defunct)
Spacetoon (shut down in Syria)

Regional channels
Rojava TV (Kurdish)
Ronahî TV (Kurdish)
Manbij Tv (Kurdish) (defunct)
 Nosor TV (defunct)
 Syria Baladna (defunct)

Terrestrial channels
Channel 1 (Arabic focus) (defunct)
Channel 2 (Sport, family and health focus including regional variants) (defunct)

Rebel media

Satellite channels
Orient TV, based in Istanbul, Turkey
Aleppo Today, based in Istanbul, Turkey
Syria TV (Private), based in Istanbul, Turkey
Syria al-shaab (defunct)
Suriya al-Ghad (defunct)
Al-Jisr TV (defunct)

References

Mass media in Syria
Arabic-language television stations


Pedro Ruimonte (or Rimonte, Ruymonte) (1565 – November 30, 1627) was a Spanish composer and musician who spent much of his career in the Low Countries.

Early years
He was born in Zaragoza, the son of Pedro Ruimonte and Gracia de Bolea y Latas, and was baptized in the Church of San Pablo in 1565. Pedro had three sisters, Justa, Gracia and Catalina. It is believed that he studied under Melchor Robledo, who gave public classes on music in La Seo, although he also could have studied with several other noted musicians who were in the city in the 16th century. Until his arrival in Brussels, nothing further is known of him.

Stay in Flanders
It is believed that Ruimonte arrived in Brussels in 1599 as a young man in the choir of the retinue of Archduke Albert of Austria and the Princess Isabel Clara Eugenia, new governors of the Low Countries.

On August 17, 1601, he wrote to his sister, stating that he was maestro de música en la capilla de Sus Altezas Serenísimas (master of music in the chapel of His Majesty). In 1604 he announced himself on the title page of Missae sex as Maestro de la Capilla y de la Cámara de Sus Excelencias (maestro di cappella and of the chamber of His Majesty). In 1614, the title page of Parnaso español de Madrigales y Villancicos reads Maestro de Música de la Cámara de los Serenísimos Príncipes Alberto y doña Isabel Clara Eugenia, Archiduques de Austria. It is probable that this difference in title is due to the arrival in 1605 of Géry de Ghersem, maestro of the Chapel Real of the Court of Madrid, who was to take charge of the chapel at the Court of Brussels. However, existing records show that Ruimonte was paid more than Ghersem, a measure of the esteem in which the Archduke held him.

As head of the musicians of the ducal court, aside from overseeing the boy singers, he had under his charge organists and composers of great stature, including the English Peter Philips and John Bull (then organist at the cathedral of Antwerp), and the Flemish Peeter Cornet and Philippe van der Meulen.

Works
During his time in Flanders, he published works through the publisher Petrus Phalesius the Elder.

The first was Missae Sex IV. V. et VI. Vocum, published in 1604, and consisted of six masses which display the full range of musical forms and styles of the era. Among the works are parody masses of works of Palestrina and Guerrero.

In 1607 he published Cantiones sex vocum. The collection contains four 4-voice motets for Advent and six more 5 and 6-voice pieces for Lent, an antiphon, Salve Regina for 5 voices, a psalm, De profundis, for 7 voices, and Lamentations for six voices for Holy Week. Except for the lamentations, which are preserved in the Colegiata de Albarracín, the rest has been lost.

His most important work is the Parnaso español de Madrigales y Villancicos a cuatro, cinco y seis, published in 1614. It consists of nine madrigals in Castilian for 4, 5, and 6 voices and twelve villancicos for 5 and 6 voices.

Return to Zaragoza
He returned to Zaragoza in 1614 and worked as a teacher. Among his students were Diego Pontac, and among his friends were Sebastián Aguilera de Heredia. He lived in the city until his death, living with his Catalan wife, the rich widow of Martín de Villanueva, a merchant and dyer.

Further reading
Palacios, José Ignacio (2000), Los compositores aragoneses. Zaragoza: Caja de Ahorros de la Inmaculada de Aragón. .
Calahorra, Pedro (1988), El maestro Pedro Ruimonte: una pica musical en Flandes (en Aragón en el Mundo). Zaragoza: Caja de Ahorros de la Inmaculada de Aragón. .

External links

1565 births
1627 deaths
Renaissance composers
Male classical composers


Waterford Junior Hurling Championship is the third-tier hurling competition organized by the Waterford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The competition is confined to clubs in Waterford in Ireland. The winners usually will play in the senior grade the following year for the Waterford Intermediate Hurling Championship. They will also represent Waterford GAA in the Munster Junior Club Hurling Championship.

Qualification for subsequent competitions

Munster Junior Club Hurling Championship
The Waterford JHC winners qualify for the Munster Junior Club Hurling Championship. It is the only team from County Waterford to qualify for this competition. The Waterford JHC winners enter the Munster Junior Club Hurling Championship at the __ stage. For example, 2013 winner Ballysaggart won the Munster JHC, as did 2014 winner Modeligo and 2017 winner Ardmore.

All-Ireland Junior Club Hurling Championship
The Waterford JHC winners — by winning the Munster Junior Club Hurling Championship — may qualify for the All-Ireland Junior Club Hurling Championship, at which they would enter at the __ stage. For example, 2013 Waterford JHC winner Ballysaggart contested the All-Ireland Championship Final at Croke Park (a game which went to replay), while 2017 winner Ardmore (featuring Séamus Prendergast) won the All-Ireland Championship title after extra-time, also at Croke Park.

Roll of honour

References

External links
Waterford on Hoganstand

3
Junior hurling county championships


The Sixth Form Bolton, formerly Bolton Sixth Form College, is a further education college for students aged 16-19 and is located in Bolton, Greater Manchester, England.

Overview
The Sixth Form Bolton is the largest further education college in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton. The college has around 1700 full-time students.

History
This college is the result of the merger of Bolton North and Bolton South Colleges in the late 1990s to form a single Sixth Form College. Today the college is located on Deane Road in Bolton. This campus opened in September 2010 and replaced the former North campus, which was situated on Smithills Dean Road. The college also previously had a second campus located on Queen Street in Farnworth. This campus opened in July 2008 and replaced the former South campus on Lever Edge Lane in Daubhill. However the college closed its Farnworth Campus in September 2014.

Notable alumni
 Sajid Mahmood, Lancashire and England cricketer
 Clive Myrie, BBC newsreader
 Rebecca Royle, Educating Greater Manchester Star
 Matthew Walton, Clarinet Virtuoso
 Chelci Hayes, Educating Greater Manchester Star
 Paris Hayes, Youngest Parliamentary Candidate in Bolton and Political Activist

References

Buildings and structures in Bolton
Education in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
Sixth form colleges in Greater Manchester


Lili () is a 1917 Hungarian comedy film directed by Cornelius Hintner. The film was first shown on 21 October 1917 at the Urania Theater in Budapest. Some sources list Bela Lugosi in the cast, but that is unverified.

Cast
In alphabetical order
 Ida Andorffy as Lili as a young woman
 Klára Peterdy as Lili as an older woman
 Sándor Góth
 Richard Kornay as Br. de la Grange
 Ila Lóth as Antoinin
 Cläre Lotto
 Charles Puffy (credited as Károly Huszár)
 Zoltán Szerémy
 Gusztáv Turán as René
 Károly Ujvári as Saint Hypothese
 Gusztáv Vándory

Production
The film is a comedy in four acts based on Hervé's operetta of the same name.

As late as September 1917, promotional material for the film claimed that Arisztid Olt (later known as Bela Lugosi) played Plinchard at both the younger and elder stage of his life. Advertisements and reviews of Lilis preview at the Uránia in Budapest in October 1917 have Gusztáv Vándory in the role of Plinchard/Tábornok. a 1918 issue of the Mozihét Kino-Woche published a series of pictures showing Vándory as Plinchard. Lugosi is not seen in any of the images. Gary Rhodes, a Lugosi biographer stated in 2020 that "there is no compelling evidence that Lugosi appeared in Lili."

Release and reception
Lili was screened for two weeks at Budapest's Coros Theater, an unprecedented amount of time.

References

Sources

External links

1917 films
1917 comedy films
Hungarian black-and-white films
Hungarian silent feature films
Hungarian films based on plays
Hungarian comedy films
Austro-Hungarian films
Silent comedy films


The Alliance Premier League season of 1983–84 was the fifth season of the Alliance Premier League.

New teams in the league this season
 Gateshead (promoted 1982–83)
 Kidderminster Harriers (promoted 1982–83)

Final table

Results

Top scorers

Promotion and relegation

Promoted

 Barrow (from the Northern Premier League)
 Dartford (from the Southern Premier League)

Relegated
 Bangor City (to the Northern Premier League)
 Trowbridge Town (to the Southern Premier League)

Election to the Football League

As winners of the Alliance Premier League, Maidstone United won the right (for the 2nd time) to apply for election to the Football League to replace one of the four bottom sides in the 1983–84 Football League Fourth Division. The vote went as follows:

As a result of this, Maidstone United did not gain membership of the Football League.

References

External links
 1983–84 Conference National Results
 Re-election Results – The Division Four final league table, including the results of the re-election vote.

National League (English football) seasons
5


Christmas Is Here Again is a 2007 American animated Christmas musical-comedy-fantasy-adventure film distributed by Screen Media Films, also known as Who Stole Santa's Sack?   The first feature production from the Renegade Animation studio, it was co-written, co-produced and directed by Robert Zappia.  Narrated by Jay Leno, the film features the voices of Edward Asner, Kathy Bates, Madison Davenport, Colin Ford, Brad Garrett, Andy Griffith, Shirley Jones, Norm Macdonald, and Daniel Roebuck, and marked Asner's fourth role in a Christmas-themed film after the 1977 film The Gathering, 1999 film Olive, the Other Reindeer and 2003 film Elf, though unlike the latter two films, he does not play Santa.

Synopsis
Sophiana, an orphan girl who carries a cane, due to being crippled from a car accident that killed her parents sets out to find Santa's toy sack (which is a magical source of toys since it was made from the baby Jesus' swaddling clothes), which was stolen thirty years previously by Krad ("dark" spelled backwards) in revenge after Santa stopped handing out Krad's coal to naughty children. She is helped in her quest by Paul Rocco, one of Santa's elves, Dart, a reindeer calf, Buster the fox, and his friend, Charlee the polar bear.

Cast
Madison Davenport as Sophiana, a disabled girl from an orphanage who's been bullied by Miss Dowdy and occasionally the other children. She was crippled due a car accident that took the lives of her biological parents, leading her to using a cane.
Daniel Roebuck as Paul Rocco/Jacque
Colin Ford as Dart
Norm Macdonald as Buster
Brad Garrett as Charlee
Ed Asner as Krad, the film's main villain. A former coal supplier who used to work for Santa Claus, until Santa decided to stop punishing children who were on his naughty list, leading Krad into stealing Santa's magic toy sack.
Michael Norris as the Selves
Kathy Bates as Miss Dowdy, the harsh assertive owner of the orphanage where Sophiana and other children live at, she has a more sympathetic personality near the end of the film.
Andy Griffith as Santa Claus, the husband of Victoria Claus/Mrs. Claus and later Sophiana's adoptive father
Shirley Jones as Victoria Claus, Santa's wife and later Sophiana's adoptive mother
Jay Leno as the Narrator
 Randy Crenshaw/Bob Joyce/Sally Stevens/Susie Stevens Logan/Gary Stockdale/Carmen Twillie/Lauren Wood as Chorus

Production
Renegade Animation, an animation company located in Glendale, California and known for the TV series Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi and The Mr. Men Show, teamed up with Easy to Dream Entertainment to create Christmas Is Here Again. A small crew spent nine months on the principal animation, which was completed in mid-2006.

One of the songs in the film's soundtrack (as well as the film's working title) was "Who Stole Santa's Sack?"

Awards and release
Christmas Is Here Again premiered on October 20, 2007, as an official selection at the Heartland Film Festival. The following year, it received an Annie Award nomination for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production (Madison Davenport as Sophiana). Additionally, in 2009, Christmas is Here Again was nominated for the Annie Award for Best Animated Home Entertainment Production. Colin Ford, the voice of Dart, was also nominated for a Young Artist Award in 2009 for Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role - Young Actor.

The film received its DVD debut in the U.S. on November 4, 2008. The disc contains a behind-the-scenes featurette, cast interviews and "Name the Reindeer", as extras.

Originally, the reindeer on the DVD cover had a red nose akin to Rudolph's. On the final version of the cover, it is black.

Reception
Richard Propes of The Independent Critic website gave it an A and 3.5 stars, calling it "an ideal choice for families, children and for Scrooges like myself who, somewhere deep inside, still want to believe". However Common Sense Media gave the film a 2 out of 5 saying "Small children might like this holiday musical, but they may also lose patience at the 73-minute length".

Stage version
The Pacific Conservatory Theatre presented the premiere of a stage adaptation of Christmas Is Here Again by Brad Carroll and Jeremy Mann in November and December 2014.

See also
List of animated feature-length films
List of Christmas films
Santa Claus in film

References

External links

2007 films
American adventure films
American flash animated films
American children's animated adventure films
American children's animated fantasy films
American children's animated musical films
American Christmas films
American fantasy films
American fantasy adventure films
American fantasy comedy films
American musical films
American musical comedy films
Direct-to-video animated films
2000s American animated films
Animated Christmas films
Animated films about polar bears
Animated films about foxes
Animated films about orphans
2007 animated films
2000s fantasy adventure films
2000s musical comedy films
2000s Christmas films
2007 comedy films
2000s English-language films
Screen Media films
Animated films about deer and moose


There have been a number of named passenger trains in Mexico.  The named trains that are operating include:

Former named trains include:

See also
 List of Mexican railroads
 Rail transport in Mexico

References

Mexico


Iancu Jianu (; 1787 – 14 December 1842), also Ioniță Jianu, was a Wallachian Romanian hajduk.

Biography
Born in Caracal, Oltenia, Wallachia, in 1787, to the Jianu boyar family, as the youngest of four brothers. His father, Costache Jianu, was a paharnic and an ispravnic of Romanați County.

Despite being rather wealthy, owning parts of four estates and 14 gypsy slaves, he chose to become an outlaw, opposing the idea that the leadership of the country was given to Phanariotes instead of the local boyars. According to Petre V. Nasturel, what made him become a hajduk was a tax collector (zapciu) who enforced the collection of due taxes while Iancu was away. On his return, Iancu killed the tax collector and became a runaway.

He organized a band of outlaws, which numbered 20–25 people, but usually used smaller groups of 10–12 people in his interventions. In 1821, he brought to the army of Tudor Vladimirescu just 21 people. The first known document mentioning Jianu as a hajduk is from 6 May 1812, when a report of the Great Spătar mentioned two groups of outlaws in Romanați County, among them being the one of Jianu.

In the following months Jianu and a part of his hajduks were caught, and on 30 December 1812 the new voivode of Wallachia, Ioan Gheorghe Caragea, ordered to the ispravnics of Romanați to hand them over to Bucharest where he was sent to prison, but following his relatives' intervention he was pardoned. Iancu continued his robberies in Romanați and Dolj counties, and his brother, Amza Jianu, had to deposit at the treasury a sum of 1833 thalers which were supposed to compensate those robbed by his brother.

On 10 April 1817, Caragea wrote a letter to the Caimacam of Craiova which said that he is pardoned for all his misdeeds, but if he ever repeats his acts, he would be hanged as soon as he is caught. Nevertheless, Iancu returned to his life as an outlaw, he was caught and sentenced to death by hanging. Iancu was saved by an old custom, according to which a man sentenced to death is pardoned if a noble woman asks him to become her husband and he accepts. Sultana Gălășescu, a young woman from the retinue of princess Ralu, wanted him to become her husband. After the marriage with Sultana, Iancu gave up being an outlaw and retired to his estate from Fălcoi.

During the 1821 Wallachian Revolution, he and his old hajduk band enrolled in Tudor Vladimirescu's Pandur army. Being named pandur captain, in April 1821, together with Stolnic Borănescu, he was sent to Silistra, to try to convince the Mehmed Selim Pasha to give up the intervention against Tudor. However, he was arrested, being freed only in August 1821, after Tudor's army was repressed.

Returning to Wallachia, Jianu settled in Chilii, a hamlet near Caracal. He was briefly arrested in 1823 under the accusation of trying to conspire against the authorities, but he was freed soon. In 1837, he was an underruler of Olteț plasă. Iancu had two children: Marița, born 10 August 1830, and Zinca, born 24 May 1835. He died on 14 December 1842 and was buried the next day at the cemetery of the Biserica Maica Domnului (Church of the Lord's Mother) from Caracal, but in 1910, his remains were moved to the Caracal Cemetery, being buried next to his wife, who died in 1869.

Legacy
Iancu Jianu is remembered in many folk stories and ballads, such as Jianul, a folk balad written down by Vasile Alecsandri.

His house in Fălcoi was restored by architect R. Mariani, being transformed in 1959 in a museum under the name Memorial House Iancu Jianu. The commune of Cepturoaia in Olt County was renamed in 1953 in his memory Iancu Jianu, Olt.

There were three Romanian movies inspired by his life:
 IMDb: Iancu Jianu (1928)
 IMDb: Iancu Jianu, zapciul (1980)
 IMDb: Iancu Jianu, haiducul (1981)

References

1787 births
1842 deaths
Romanian nobility
Romanian outlaws
Soldiers in Tudor Vladimirescu's army
People from Caracal, Romania
Pardon recipients


The Fiat 510 is a passenger car produced by Fiat between 1920 and 1925. It was of a similar design than the smaller 501 and 505 models. Starting from 1920, a sports version 510 S with a more powerful engine and shorter chassis was made. Around 14,000 examples were produced.

Engines

References
Fiat Personenwagen, by Fred Steiningen, 1994.

510
Cars introduced in 1920


James Powderly (born 1976 in Chattanooga, Tennessee) is an American artist, designer and engineer whose work has focused on creating tools for graffiti artists and political activists, designing robots and augmented reality platforms, and promoting open source culture.

Biography
Powderly studied music composition at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. After college, he received a master's degree from New York University's Interactive Telecommunications Program. James worked at Honeybee Robotics and was part of the team that worked on the Mars Exploration Rovers Rock Abrasion Tool. As the collaborative team Robot Clothes, Powderly and artist Michelle Kempner, received an artist residency at Eyebeam for its project, Automated Biography. The project used small robots to tell the "personal story about a sick person and their partner".

In 2005, Powderly became a Research and Development Fellow at Eyebeam where he began collaborating with Evan Roth. Working as the Graffiti Research Lab, Roth and Powderly developed open source tools for graffiti writers and activists, such as LED Throwies and L.A.S.E.R. Tag. Together, they also founded the Free Art and Technology Lab (F.A.T. Lab). Most recently, Powderly has won awards for his work on the EyeWriter project, including the 2009 Design of the Year in Interactive Art from the Design Museum, London, the 2010 Prix Ars Electronica, the 2010 FutureEverything Award and featured on NPR and TED.

Exhibitions
Selected exhibitions, screenings and performances include:
 2004 ArtBots, Harlem, New York
 2005 Eyebeam with Michelle Kempner, New York
 2006 Ars Electronica, Goodbye Privacy, Linz, Austria
 2007 Sundance Film Festival, New Frontiers, Park City, Utah
 2007 2nd Digital Arts Festival, OpenPlay, Taipei City, Taiwan
 2007 Microwave Festival, Luminous Echo, Hong Kong
 2007 Ars Electronica, Second City, Linz, Austria
 2007 Esther M Klein Gallery, "Artbots", Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 2007 Eyebeam, Open City, New York City, New York
 2008 Elizabeth Foundation for the Arts, Beyond a Memorable Fancy, New York City
 2008 Museum of Modern Art, Rough Cut: Design Takes a Sharp Edge, New York City
 2008 Museum of Modern Art, Design and the Elastic Mind, New York City
 2008 Tate Modern, Street Art, London, UK
 2009 Platoon Kunsthalle, Showcase, Seoul, South Korea
 2009 Street Art Dealer Interactive Exhibition, Bristol, UK
 2010 Design Museum, Brit. Insurance Design of the Year 2010, London, UK
 2011 Museum of Modern Art, Talk to Me, New York City
 2012 Ljudmila, "The Lickers", Ljublana, Slovenia, 2012
 2013 Eyebeam, FAT GOLD, New York, NY

Detention in China
In June 2008, before the 2008 Summer Olympics, Powderly was contacted by Students for a Free Tibet who wanted to use his laser stencil invention, which can laser project simple stencils up to 2 km away, to project the words "Free Tibet" on a Beijing landmark, without acquiring any permission from the local authority. He said, "My understanding of the Tibetan issue was not in depth," but that he wanted to make "a general statement about freedom of speech". After practicing his message projection out of an apartment, he and two other protesters were arrested, interrogated, and detained at Chongwen Detention Center and given 10 days for "disrupting public order", which is unusual for American activists detained in China. He was released on the closing day of the Olympics, on August 24.

See also
Graffiti Research Lab

References

External links

Free Art and Technology Lab
Robot Clothes project website robotclothes.com
Eyebeam Openlab

1976 births
Living people
American conceptual artists
American digital artists
Artists from New York (state)
American graffiti artists
American expatriates in South Korea
Academic staff of Hongik University


Futsal World Cup may refer to:

 FIFA Futsal World Cup
 AMF Futsal World Cup


Az élet királya () is a 1918 Hungarian film directed by Alfréd Deésy. It is an adaptation of The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde.

The film premiered in Budapest January 21, 1918 and was described as an "almost unprecedented success" in local Budapest press. It received a positive review in Pesti Napló.

Plot summary

Cast
Cast adapted from the books Lugosi : His Life in Films, on Stage, and in the Hearts of Horror Lovers and Becoming Dracula: Volume 1.

Production
Az élet királya was based on Oscar Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891). In the film, Norbert Dán plays Dorian Gray while Bela Lugosi portrayed Lord Harry Watton, known in the novel as Lord Henry Wotton.

Release
Az élet királya was previewed at the Uránia in Budapest on October 23, 1917. It was officially released on January 21, 1918, at Budapest's Corso Theater. The film was described as an "almost unprecedented success" in local Budapest press.

In some ads, the film was referred to as simple Élet királya. The film was released in Germany as Die Spur seiner Sünden. Outside of Hungary it was also known as Dorian Gray Arckepe. As of 2022, as with nearly all of Lugosi's Hungarian film productions, no copy of the film is known to exist.

Reception
In the Hungarian newspaper Pesti Napló, a critic declared the film "a great psychological drama" and declared it an interesting comparison with the German film Das Bildnis des Dorian Gray by Richard Oswald. Other reviews praised the work of Bela Lugosi, who performed in the film under the name Arisztid Olt. A critic in Mozihét Kino-Woche stated Lugis played Lord Watton "with an artfulness of the highest quality" while another called his acting "most noble."

See also
 Bela Lugosi filmography
 Adaptations of The Picture of Dorian Gray

References

Sources

External links

1918 films
1918 drama films
Hungarian black-and-white films
Hungarian silent feature films
Hungarian drama films
Films directed by Alfréd Deésy
Films based on The Picture of Dorian Gray
Silent drama films
Lost Hungarian films
1918 lost films
Lost drama films


The following article presents a summary of the 1927 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 26th season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

In 1927 there were two different editions of the Campeonato Paulista. One was organized by the Associação Paulista de Esportes Atléticos (APEA) while the other one was organized by the Liga de Amadores de Futebol (LAF).

APEA's Campeonato Paulista

Final Stage

Palestra Itália-SP was declared APEA's Campeonato Paulista champion.

LAF's Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Paulistano was declared LAF's Campeonato Paulista champion.

State championship champions

Other competition champions

Brazil national team
The Brazil national football team did not play any matches in 1927.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF
 1923-1932 Brazil national team matches at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


This article contains lists of named passenger trains in Italy.

Italy

Named passenger trains


Tha Miliso Me T' Asteria (Greek: Θα Μιλήσω Με Τ' Αστέρια; English: I'll Talk With Stars) is the third album by Greek singer Natasa Theodoridou. It was released on 17 March 2000 by Sony Music Greece and received platinum certification in Greece, selling 50,000 units. The album was written by several artists and frequent partners of Theodoridou, including Triantaphillos, Natalia Germanou and Eleni Giannatsoulia, and contains five singles, including some of timeless hits "Na Grapseis Lathos", "An Iparhei Paradeisos", "Diplo Paihnidi" and "Proti Fora Tha Kano Kati Sosto".

Tracklist

Singles
Five songs becoming official singles to radio stations with music videos and gained airplay.

 "Na Grapseis Lathos" (Write Wrong)
 "Akouste Ti Mou Eipane" (Listen To What They Told Me)
 "Proti Fora Tha Kano Kati Sosto" (First Time I'll Do Something Right)
 "Diplo Paihnidi" (Double Game)
 "An Iparhei Paradeisos" (If There Is Heaven)

Credits
Credits adapted from liner notes.

Personnel
Hakan Bingolou – säz (2)
Yiannis Bithikotsis – bouzouki (3, 6, 12, 13, 15) / cura (7, 8, 13, 14, 15) / baglama (3, 6, 12, 13)
Akis Diximos – second vocal (2, 6, 8, 12, 13, 15)
Nikos Georgountzos – keyboards (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
Stelios Goulielmos – backing vocals (1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14)
Antonis Gounaris – orchestration, programming (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) / guitar (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15) / cümbüş (4)
Anna Ioannidou – backing vocals (1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14)
Katerina Kiriakou – backing vocals (1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14)
George Kostoglou – bass (3, 9, 12)
Antonis Koulouris – drums (3, 6, 9, 12)
Phedon Lionoudakis – accordion (8)
Andreas Mouzakis – drums (1, 4, 7)
Konstantinos Pantzis – orchestration, programming, keyboards (4, 7)
Stavros Pazarentzis – clarinet (7) / zurna (4)
George Roilos – percussion (4, 7)
Nikos Sakellarakis – trumpet (1)
Philippos Tseberoulis – saxophone (1, 5)
Nikos Vardis – bass (4, 7)

Production
Takis Argiriou – sound engineer, mix engineer (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
Vasilis Bouloubasis – hair styling
Doukas Chatzidoukas – styling
Thodoris Chrisanthopoulos (Fabelsound) – mastering
Yiannis Doulamis – production manager
Iakovos Kalaitzakis – make up
Lefteris Neromiliotis – sound engineer, mix engineer (4, 7)
Dimitris Rekouniotis – artwork
Katerina Sideridou – art direction
Konstantinos Tsiliakos – photographer

References

Natasa Theodoridou albums
Greek-language albums
2000 albums
Sony Music Greece albums