The nephelauxetic effect is a term used in the inorganic chemistry of transition metals. It refers to a decrease in the Racah interelectronic repulsion parameter, given the symbol B, that occurs when a transition-metal free ion forms a complex with ligands. The name "nephelauxetic" comes from the Greek for cloud-expanding and was proposed by the Danish inorganic chemist C. K. Jorgensen. The presence of this effect highlights the disadvantages of crystal field theory, which treats metal-ligand interactions as purely electrostatic, since the nephelauxetic effect reveals the covalent character in the metal-ligand interaction.

Racah parameter
The decrease in the Racah parameter B indicates that in a complex there is less repulsion between the two electrons in a given doubly occupied metal d-orbital than there is in the respective Mn+ gaseous metal ion, which in turn implies that the size of the orbital is larger in the complex. This electron cloud expansion effect may occur for one (or both) of two reasons. One is that the effective positive charge on the metal has decreased. Because the positive charge of the metal is reduced by any negative charge on the ligands, the d-orbitals can expand slightly. The second is the act of overlapping with ligand orbitals and forming covalent bonds increases orbital size, because the resulting molecular orbital is formed from two atomic orbitals.

The reduction of B from its free ion value is normally reported in terms of the nephelauxetic parameter β:

Experimentally, it is observed that size of the nephelauxetic parameter always follows a certain trend with respect to the nature of the ligands present.

Ligands
The list shown below enlists some common ligands (showing increasing nephelauxetic effect):

F− < H2O < NH3 < en < [NCS - N]− < Cl− <  [CN]− < Br− < N3− < I−

Although parts of this series may seem quite similar to the spectrochemical series of ligands - for example, cyanide, ethylenediamine, and fluoride seem to occupy similar positions in the two - others such as chloride, iodide and bromide (amongst others), occupy very different positions. The ordering roughly reflects the ability of the ligands to form good covalent bonds with metals - those that have a small effect are at the start of the series, whereas those that have a large effect are at the end of the series.

Central metal ion
The nephelauxetic effect does not only depend upon the ligand type, but also upon the central metal ion. These too can be arranged in order of increasing nephelauxetic effect as follows:

Mn(II) < Ni(II) ≈ Co(II) < Mo(II) < Re(IV) < Fe(III) < Ir(III) < Co(III) < Mn(IV)

See also
 Spectrochemical series
 Complex (chemistry)

References

Further reading
 Housecroft C.E. and Sharpe A.G., Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, England, Pearson Education Limited, 2005. p. 578.
 Shriver D.F and Atkins P.W, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition, England, Oxford University Press, 2006. p. 483.

Coordination chemistry
Spectroscopy


Torma may refer to:

Torma, Tibetan Buddhist ritual offering cake

Places
Torma, Estonia, small borough in Jõgeva Parish, Jõgeva County, Estonia
Torma Parish, former municipality in Jõgeva County, Estonia
Tõrma (disambiguation), name of several places in Estonia
Törmä, village in Keminmaa, Lapland, Finland

People
Anna Torma (born 1952), Hungarian-Canadian fibre artist
August Torma (1895–1971), Estonian military officer, minister and diplomat
Gábor Torma (born 1976), Hungarian football player
Julien Torma (1902–1933), French writer, playwright and poet
Július Torma (1922–1991), Czechoslovakian boxer
Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archaeologist, anthropologist and paleontologist

Hungarian-language surnames


Chef-Boutonne () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. On 1 January 2019, the former communes La Bataille, Crézières and Tillou were merged into Chef-Boutonne.

Geography
The Boutonne has its source in the commune, hence its name, Chef-Boutonne meaning head of the Boutonne.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Ardilleux is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Valdelaume.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Sven Vanthourenhout (born 14 January 1981 in Bruges) is a Belgian cycling coach and former professional racing cyclist, primarily riding cyclo-cross. Since 2017, Vanthourenhout has been the coach of the Belgian national cyclo-cross team, and in 2020 became the coach of the national road cycling team as well.

Career highlights

1997
 3rd in National Championship, Road, Novices, Belgium (BEL)
 1st in National Championship, Cyclo-cross, Debutants, Belgium, Mol (BEL)
 1st in Praha, Cyclo-cross, Juniors (CZE)
1998
 2nd in Ledegem – Kemmel – Ledegem, Juniors (BEL)
 1st in National Championship, Cyclo-cross, Juniors, Belgium, Ruddervoorde (BEL)
1999
 2nd in World Championship, Cyclo-cross, Juniors, Poprad
 1st in National Championship, Cyclo-cross, Juniors, Belgium, Soumagne (BEL)
 2nd in Eernegem Cyclocross (BEL)
2000
 3rd in National Championship, Cyclo-cross, U23, Belgium, Gent(Blaarmeersen) (BEL)
 3rd in Langemark, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Oostende, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Bredene, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Dudzele, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Eernegem Cyclocross (BEL)
 3rd in Oelegem, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
2001
 1st in World Championship, Cyclo-cross, U23
 1st in National Championship, Cyclo-cross, U23, Belgium, Mol (BEL)
 1st in Langemark, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Oostmalle, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Oostende, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Ardooie, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Middelkerke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Bredene, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in La Cerisaie-Ballan, Cyclo-cross (FRA)
 3rd in Zonnebeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Wielsbeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Veldegem, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
2002
 3rd in Ardooie, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Eernegem Cyclocross (BEL)
 1st in GP Briek Schotte (a) (BEL)
 1st in Beuvry, Cyclo-cross (FRA)
 3rd in National Championship, Cyclo-cross, Elite, Belgium, Koksijde (BEL)
 2nd in Pijnacker-Nootdorp, Cyclo-cross (NED)
 3rd in Harnes, Cyclo-cross (FRA)
 3rd in Eeklo, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Dottignies, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Tabor, Cyclo-cross (CZE)
 2nd in Veldegem, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
2003
 1st in Dudzele, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Oostende, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Zonnebeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in National Championship, Road, Elite, Belgium, Vilvoorde (BEL)
 3rd in Ruddervoorde, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Sint-Michielsgestel, Cyclo-cross (NED)
 2nd in Eernegem Cyclocross (BEL)
 1st in Veldegem, Cyclo-cross, Veldegem (BEL)
2004
 1st in Raismes, Cyclo-cross (FRA)
 1st in Otegem, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in World Championship, Cyclo-cross, Elite, Pont-Château (FRA)
 1st in Harnes, Cyclo-cross, Harnes (FRA)
 2nd in Eeklo, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in GP de Eecloonaar, Eeklo (BEL)
 3rd in Oostmalle, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Dudzele, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Genk, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Aalter, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Wortegem-Petegem, Cyclo-cross, Wortegem-Petegem (BEL)
 1st in Ardooie, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Middelkerke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Hamme-Zogge, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Tabor, Cyclo-cross (CZE)
 3rd in Dottignies, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Sint-Michielsgestel, Cyclo-cross (NED)
 1st in Eernegem Cyclocross (BEL)
 3rd in Niel, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Pijnacker-Nootdorp, Cyclo-cross (NED)
 3rd in Lebbeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Overijse, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Diegem, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Loenhout, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
2005
 3rd in Baal, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Aigle, Cyclo-cross (SUI)
 1st in Otegem, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Nommay, Cyclo-cross (FRA)
 1st in Zonnebeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Hoogerheide, Cyclo-cross (NED)
 3rd in World Championship, Cyclo-cross, Elite, Sankt-Wendel
 3rd in Lille (-B-), Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Hoogstraten, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Eeklo, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in General Classification Superprestige, Cyclo-cross
 2nd in General Classification Gazet van Antwerpen Trofee (BEL)
 3rd in Oostmalle, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Waregem (BEL)
 3rd in Trofee Jong Maar Moedig I.W.T. (BEL)
 1st in Dudzele, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Erpe-Mere , Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Dottignies, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Ardooie, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Lebbeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Eernegem Cyclocross (BEL)
 3rd in Koksijde, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Wachtebeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Middelkerke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
2006
 1st in Otegem, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Antwerpen, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Zonnebeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Hoogstraten, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Vorselaar, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Württemberg Strasse (GER)
 3rd in General Classification OZ Wielerweekend (NED)
 1st in Dudzele, Cyclo-cross, Dudzele (BEL)
 2nd in Aalter, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Eernegem Cyclocross (BEL)
 3rd in Zonhoven, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Ruddervoorde, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Lebbeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Knokke-Heist, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Koksijde, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Milano, Cyclo-cross (ITA)
 2nd in Overijse, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Wachtebeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Torhout-Wijnendale, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
2007
 2nd in Otegem, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 3rd in Indoorcross Mechelen, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 1st in Zonnebeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Ardooie, Cyclo-cross (BEL)
 2nd in Eernegem Cyclocross (BEL)
 2nd in Asteasu, Cyclo-cross (ESP)
2008
 2nd in Zonnebeke, Cyclo-cross (BEL)

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Cyclists from Bruges
Belgian male cyclists
Cyclo-cross cyclists


The Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) is a centralized national-level entrance test for admissions to the 25 out of 26 National Law Universities (NLU) except NLU Delhi and NLU Meghalaya NLU Delhi takes admissions through its own test known as All India Law Entrance Test (AILET). Whereas, NLU Meghalaya was established recently and conducts its own entrance exam. AILET is anticipated to be merged into CLAT in the coming years. CLAT was first introduced in 2008 as a centralized entrance examination for admission to the National Law Schools/Universities in India. A few private and self-financed law schools in India also use these scores for law admissions. Public sector undertakings in India like ONGC, Coal India, BHEL, Steel Authority of India, Oil India , Indian Army [For the recruitment of JAG officers] etc use CLAT Post Graduation (CLAT PG) scores . It is ranked one among the top five hardest entrance exam in India

The test is taken after the Higher Secondary Examination or the 12th grade for admission to integrated undergraduate degree in Law (BA/BBA/B.COM/B.SC/BSW LLB) and after Graduation in Law for Master of Laws (LL.M) programs offered by these law schools. It is considered as one of the toughest entrance examinations in India with the acceptance rate being as low as 3 percent.

Background

Before the introduction of Common Law Admission Test, the National Law Universities conducted their own separate entrance tests, requiring the candidates to prepare and appear separately for each of these tests. The schedule of the administration of these tests sometimes conflicted with the other or with other major entrance tests such as the Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination and the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test. This caused students to miss tests and experience much stress.

There are 26 NLUs in India out of which 1 NLU is an off-centre campus of GNLU known as GNLUS, the first NLU in the country is National Law School of India University / NLU Bangalore, which admitted its first batch of students in 1988. Out of 26 NLU,  National Law University, Delhi conducts its own separate entrance test known as All India Law Entrance Test. With the emergence of other law schools, which also sought to conduct their admission tests at around the same time, students faced a hard time preparing for them. From time to time this issue to conduct a common entrance exam to reduce the burden of the students to give multiple test was raised, but given the autonomous status of each law school, there was no nodal agency to co-ordinate action to this regard.

The matter drew national attention when a Public Interest Litigation was filed by Varun Bhagat against the Union of India and various National Law Universities in the Supreme Court of India in 2006. The Chief Justice of India directed the Union of India to consult with the National Law Universities to formulate a common test. The move was strongly supported by the Bar Council of India.

Given the lack of a central nodal authority to bring forth a consensus on the issue, the Ministry of Human Resources Development, (Government of India) and the University Grants Commission of India organised a meeting of the Vice-Chancellors of seven National Law Universities along with the Chairman of the Bar Council of India. After a few such meetings, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by the Vice-Chancellors of the seven National Law Universities on 23 November 2007 to conduct a common admission test. The Common Law Admission Test was to be conducted each year by each of the law colleges and the responsibility of conducting the exam was to be rotated and given on the basis of seniority in the establishment. Nonetheless, the matter has not been resolved completely as there are other national law universities that were not taking part in CLAT. However, finally in 2015, a fresh MoU was signed by the sixteen National Law Universities, except for National Law University, Delhi for the CLAT 2015 being conducted by Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow whereby all the National Law Universities are now part of the centralized admission process without anyone being left out.

The Consortium of National Law Universities was established on 19 August 2017 with the aim of improving the standard of legal education in the country and justice system through legal education with Prof. R. Venkata Rao, erstwhile Vice-Chancellor, NLSIU as President and Prof. Faizan Mustafa, Vice-Chancellor, NALSAR, as Vice-President.

Eligibility
Only Indian nationals and NRIs can appear in the test. The foreign nationals desirous of taking admission to any course in any of the participating Law Universities may directly contact the concerned University having seats for foreign nationals. The Consortium of National Law Universities (NLUs) releases the CLAT eligibility criteria mentions details regarding the minimum educational qualification, minimum marks and age limit.

The eligibility requirements are as follows:

Under-graduate courses
Senior Secondary School/Intermediate (10+2) or its equivalent certificate from a recognized Board with not less than 45% marks in aggregate (40% in case of SC and ST candidates). There is no upper age restriction for the test.

Post-graduate courses
LL. B/B. L. Degree or an equivalent degree from a recognized University with not less than 50% marks in aggregate (45% in case of SC and ST candidates).
The candidates who have passed the qualifying degree examination through supplementary/ compartment and repeat attempts are also eligible for appearing in the test and taking Admission provided that such candidates will have to produce the proof of having passed the qualifying examination with fifty-five/fifty percent marks, as the case may be, on the date of their admission or within the time allowed by the respective universities.

Exam pattern
This law entrance exam is of two hours duration. The CLAT question paper consists of 120 multiple-choice questions. There are five sections in CLAT exam paper which are:
 English including Comprehension
 Current affairs including General Knowledge
 Legal Reasoning
 Logical Reasoning
 Quantitative Techniques (Maths)

All the questions will be paragraph-based starting from CLAT 2020. One paragraph will be followed by 5-6 questions.
The break up of marks is generally as follows :

Marking Scheme: For every correct answer, aspirants are given one mark and for each wrong answer 0.25 marks are deducted from their total score.

List of National Law Universities
 National Law School of India University, Bangalore
 NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad
 National Law Institute University, Bhopal
 The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata
 National Law University,  Jodhpur
 Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur
 Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar along with it off-centre campus GNLU SILVASSA estd. from the academic year 2023-24
 Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow
National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kochi
 Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala
Chanakya National Law University, Patna
National Law University Odisha, Cuttack
 Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Vishakhapatnam
National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi
 National Law School and Judicial Academy, Guwahati
 Tamil Nadu National Law University, Trichy
 Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai
 Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur
 Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad
 Himachal Pradesh National Law University, Shimla
 Dharmashastra National Law University, Jabalpur
 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Law University, Sonipat
 National Law University Tripura, Agartala
 National Law University Meghalaya, Shillong
Note: NLU DELHI has a separate exam known as AILET

Method of allocation
The CLAT form provides the students with a preference list. Each student fills the preference list, according to the colleges they desire. On the basis of these preferences and ranks obtained, students are allocated colleges. As the NLUs are established by the respective state governments, therefore most NLUs also have reservations for their domiciled candidates.

Conducting organisation
The first CLAT Core Committee consisting of Vice-Chancellors of the seven participating NLUs at that time decided that the test should be conducted by rotation in the order of their establishment. Accordingly, the first CLAT was conducted in 2008 by the National Law School of India University.  Subsequently, CLAT-2009, CLAT-2010, CLAT-2011, CLAT-2012, CLAT-2013, CLAT-2014, CLAT-2015, CLAT-2016, CLAT-2017, CLAT-2018 CLAT-2019 and CLAT-2020 have been conducted by NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad, National Law Institute University, The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences,  National Law University, Jodhpur, Hidayatullah National Law University, Gujarat National Law University, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Chanakya National Law University, National University of Advanced Legal Studies and National Law University Odisha respectively. However, from 2019 , CLAT  is conducted by Consortium of NLUs, a body consisting of Vice-chancellors of all the NLU's except NLU DELHI , which was formed in March, 2019.

Controversies
CLAT-2009, which was scheduled to be held on 17 May 2009 was rescheduled to 31 May 2009 due to leak of question papers.

CLAT-2011 candidates were disappointed with the standard of exam, as up to 12 questions in the various sections had underlined answers due to the oversight of the organisers and students also found the paper lengthy in comparison to the time limit provided (i.e. 2 hours).

CLAT-2012 was marred by a number of controversies, which includes allegations of setting questions out of syllabus and out of the pre-declared pattern. The declared rank list also contained an error, due to which the first list was taken down and a fresh list was put up. The declared question-answer keys contained several errors, which resulted in petitions being filed by the aggrieved students in different High Courts.

CLAT-2014 was conducted by GNLU, Gandhinagar and was also  heavily criticized for being poorly conducted with results being withdrawn and declared again. Even lawsuits had been filed for re-examination. The uploaded OMRs were then allowed to be physically verified in the GNLU Campus after students demanded the same.

CLAT-2017 the English paper had several errors.

CLAT-2018 students approached the Supreme Court since there were server problems during the examination. However, the Court refused to order a re-examination.

In 2020, NLSIU announced that it would be withdrawing from CLAT, and conducting its own entrance test, the National Law Aptitude Test (NLAT). However, the Supreme Court of India struck down the separate entrance test conducted by NLSIU and ordered it to re-join CLAT.

See also

References

Standardised tests in India
Legal profession exams
Legal education in India
Year of establishment missing


Jan Soetens (born 7 January 1984) is a Belgian former professional racing cyclist.

Major results
2001–2002
 3rd National Junior Championships
2004–2005
 1st  National Under-23 Championships
 Under-23 Superprestige
2nd Vorselaar
2005–2006
 2nd  UEC European Under-23 Championships
2006–2007
 1st Grand Prix Julien Cajot
2007–2008
 1st  National Amateur Championships
 2nd Grand Prix Julien Cajot
 3rd Kasteelcross Zonnebeke
2009–2010
 2nd Steinmaur

External links

1984 births
Living people
People from Geraardsbergen
Belgian male cyclists
Cyclo-cross cyclists
Cyclists from East Flanders


Chéri Hérouard (1881, Rocroi – 1961) was a French illustrator who was most famously known for his forty-five-year work for French society magazine, La Vie Parisienne. Born as Chéri-Louis-Marie-Aime Haumé in Rocroi on 6 January 1881, Hérouard's father died in a hunting accident just before his birth. His mother remarried to a Hérouard, who was a descendant of the doctor of Louis XIII, and Chéri took the new name. Hérouard married Henriette Tabillon on 17 August 1903. Chéri Herouard's first printed artwork appeared in Le Journal de la Jeunesse in 1902. Upon stepping into the Publishing House of Calmann-Lévy, he met Anatole France, who encouraged him to continue his work.

Hérouard often worked with fairy tale characters and was also a pioneer in the comics format. He submitted work to La Semaine de Suzette before being approached by Charles Saglio, who had just purchased La Vie Parisienne, to become an illustrator for the magazine. At first he resisted, saying he didn't think he was skilled enough. Two years later, Hérouard's first illustration for La Vie Parisienne was published on 9 November 1907. The cover illustrations for the magazine were divided among several illustrators, with Hérouard contributing most frequently between 1916 through 1930. He continued his work with the magazine until 1952. He often created illustrations for books such as Dangerous Liaisons in 1945. For Pierrot, he drew Gil Blas de Santillane (1949), Tambour Battant (1950) and Le Capitaine Eclair (1951). Under the pseudonym of Herric, he also created erotic and sadomasochistic illustrations for various books including the Kama Sutra. He died on 2 June 1961.

In 2019 the National Leather Association International established an award named after Hérouard for creators of realistic erotic art.

References

External links

1881 births
1961 deaths
People from Rocroi
Artists from Grand Est
French comics artists
French erotic artists
French illustrators


Cours is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Coulon () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. The bibliographer Louis Perceau (1883–1942) was born in the village.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


La Coudre () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Argentonnay.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Victor Niño Corredor (born 4 June 1973 in Paipa, Boyacá) is a Colombian professional racing cyclist. He was nicknamed "La Chicharra" during his career.

Major results

1998
 1st Stage 5 Vuelta a Guatemala
 2nd Overall Vuelta Ciclista a Costa Rica
1999
 9th Overall Vuelta a Colombia
2001
 1st Mountains classification Vuelta a Colombia
 7th Overall Clásico RCN
2002
 1st Stage 2 Vuelta al Tolima
 5th Overall Clásico RCN
2003
 3rd Overall Vuelta al Tolima
2004
 1st Overall Vuelta a Boyacá
 1st Overall Clásica de la Consolación
 1st Stage 4 Vuelta al Tolima
 1st Stage 2 Vuelta a Antioquia
 6th Overall Vuelta a Venezuela
 9th Overall Vuelta Ciclista a Costa Rica
1st Stage 11
2005
 1st Overall Clasica del Meta
 1st Stage 12 Vuelta a Colombia
 6th Overall Doble Copacabana Grand Prix Fides
1st Stage 3 (TTT)
 6th Overall Clásico RCN
2006
 1st Stage 2 Doble Sucre Potosí GP Cemento Fancesa
 3rd Overall Clásica Nacional Ciudad de Anapoima
 8th Overall Doble Copacabana Grand Prix Fides
2007
 1st Stage 4 Doble Sucre Potosí GP Cemento Fancesa
 3rd Overall Clásica Ciudad de Girardot
 4th Overall Doble Copacabana Grand Prix Fides
 8th Overall Vuelta a Colombia
2008
 2nd Overall Clasica Alcaldía de Pasca
1st Prologue
 2nd Overall Vuelta a Boyacà
1st Stage 6
 4th Overall Clásico RCN
 6th Overall Vuelta a Colombia
2009
 3rd Overall Doble Sucre Potosí GP Cemento Fancesa
 3rd Overall Vuelta Ciclista Chiapas
 5th Overall Vuelta a Bolivia
 6th Overall Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional
1st Stage 4
 9th Overall Clásico RCN
2010
 4th Overall Vuelta Mexico Telmex
 5th Overall Clásica Ciudad de Girardot
 6th Overall Doble Sucre Potosí GP Cemento Fancesa
 9th Overall Clásico RCN
2011
 1st Overall Vuelta a Boyacà
1st Stage 4
 3rd Overall Vuelta a Cundinamarca
 4th Overall Vuelta a Bolivia
 5th Overall Clásica Club Deportivo Boyacá
 6th Overall Vuelta a Colombia
 6th Overall Vuelta Ciclista Chiapas
1st Stage 4
2012
 3rd Overall Tour de Langkawi
 5th Overall Vuelta a Colombia
 8th Overall Tour de Taiwan
1st Stage 6
2014
 1st  Mountains classification Tour of China I
 10th Overall Tour of Fuzhou
2015
 9th Overall Vuelta a Guatemala
2016
 10th Overall Tour of Fuzhou
2017
 2nd Overall Jelajah Malaysia
 3rd Overall Tour de Ijen
 8th Overall Tour de Singkarak
2018
 8th Overall Tour de Lombok Mandalika

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
People from Paipa
Colombian male cyclists
Cyclists from Boyacá Department
21st-century Colombian people


Goldfields Highway is a generally northwest–southeast highway in central Western Australia which links the Great Northern Highway at Meekatharra with Coolgardie-Esperance Highway south of Kalgoorlie. The highway is approximately  in length, and is designated as Alternate National Route 94 from Kalgoorlie to Coolgardie–Esperance Highway.

A large  section of the highway, from Meekatharra to Wiluna, is not a sealed road . A project to upgrade Goldfields Highway by sealing this portion, over a three-year period, was scheduled to start in the 2017/18 financial year with $60 million of funding through Royalties for Regions. As of 2020, a small  section is being sealed.

See also

 Highways in Australia
 List of highways in Western Australia

References

Highways in rural Western Australia
Goldfields-Esperance


Bougon () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

Etymology
The origin of the name comes from the ancient Gaul Bullicone

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


A medicine show is a traveling act that uses entertainment to sell patent medicines.

Other uses of the term include:

Comedy
"The Medicine Show", a 1933 Krazy Kat cartoon
"The Pink Medicine Show", a 1978 sketch comedy program featuring Rob Buckman

Fiction
InterGalactic Medicine Show, an online science fiction magazine
Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show , an anthology of material originally published in it
Medicine Show, a 1994 novel by Jody Lynn Nye

Drama
"Medicine Show", a 1952 episode of The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok
"Medicine Show", a 1958 episode of Union Pacific
"The Great American Medicine Show", a 1993 episode of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman

Music
Medicine Show, a 1984 album by The Dream Syndicate
The Medicine Show, a 2019 album by Melissa Etheridge
Madlib Medicine Show, a series of albums by Madlib
Medicine Show Man, a 1964 album by Pink Anderson
"Medicine Show", a 1985 song by Big Audio Dynamite
"The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show, a 1970 song by Robbie Robertson
"The Incredible Medicine Show", a song by Moxy Früvous from their 1997 album You Will Go to the Moon
Old Crow Medicine Show, a string band
Old Crow Medicine Show (album), their 2004 album
Dr. West's Medicine Show and Junk Band, a psychedelic rock band
Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show, a rock band
MV & EE, a neo-psychedelic band who also recorded under the name "MV & EE Medicine Show"


La Mothe-Saint-Héray () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

External links

site on la mothe saint héray

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


is an airport in Minamidaitō, Shimajiri District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.

The prefecture operates the airport, which is classified as a third class airport.

Only a round flight from Naha, to Minami-Daito and Kitadaitō, back to Naha is operated every day. The route differs on the day of the week. Flight from Kitadaito to Minamidaitō is the shortest flight in Japan, costs JPY¥7,600, and is only  long, takes 3 minutes in the air.

History
The original Minamidaito Airport began as an air base for the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1934. The first civilian operations began in March 1961. The runway was repaired in June 1963 and expanded to 1,200 meters in December 1968 in order to accommodate NAMC YS-11 aircraft. However, with the reversion of the island to Japanese control in 1972, it was found that the approach way was not in conformance with Japanese Aviation Law, so the runway needed to be treated as shorter than its actual length. A new 800 meter runway was completed in August 1974.

The airport was relocated to its present location and upgraded to accommodate larger flights in July 1997 with the present 1500 meter runway.

Airlines and destinations

References

External links

 Minami-Daito Airport
 Minamidaito Airport Guide from Japan Airlines

Airports in Okinawa
Daitō Islands


Iván Mauricio Casas Buitrago (born 12 June 1980) is a Colombian former professional racing cyclist.

Major results

2005
 2nd Overall
1st Stage 4
 2nd Overall Doble Copacabana GP Fides
1st Stage 3 (TTT)
2006
 1st Stage 1 Doble Copacabana GP Fides
 1st Stage 2
 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 9th Overall Vuelta por un Chile Líder
2007
 1st Overall Vuelta a Boyacà
1st Stages 3 & 5 (ITT)
 1st Stage 3 Giro del Friuli-Venezia Giulia
2008
 1st Overall
1st Stage 1
 1st Stage 1 Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional
 3rd Overall Vuelta al Tolima
2009
 4th Road race, National Road Championships
2010
 1st  Time trial, Pan American Road Championships
 1st Overall Vuelta a Boyacá
 1st Stage 4 (ITT) Vuelta a Venezuela
 1st Stage 1 (ITT) Vuelta a Chiapas
 1st Stage 2 Clásico RCN
2011
 1st  Time trial, National Road Championships
 1st  Overall Vuelta al Uruguay
1st Stage 7a (ITT)
 1st Overall Vuelta a Chiapas
 Pan American Road Championships
2nd  Time trial
7th Road race
 7th Time trial, Pan American Games
2012
 1st  Time trial, National Road Championships
 1st Stages 1 & 8
 1st Stage 1 Vuelta a Boyacá
 5th Overall Vuelta al Uruguay
2013
 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
 2nd Overall Vuelta al Valle del Cauca

References

1980 births
Living people
People from Tunja
Colombian male cyclists
Cyclists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Colombia
Cyclists from Boyacá Department
20th-century Colombian people
21st-century Colombian people
Competitors at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games


Pamproux () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres département, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Exoudun is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

During the Middle Ages, Lordship of Exoudun was held in succession by several noble families, including the Lusignans. Lord of Exoudun was titled: Seigneur d′Exoudun.

See also
 Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department
 Raoul I of Exoudun
 Raoul II of Exoudun

References

Sources

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Seekonk Public Schools is a school district that serves Seekonk, Massachusetts. It currently operates four schools, and serves Pre-K to 12th grade. The superintendent of schools is Dr. Richard "Rich" Drolet.

History
One of the school district's oldest schools was Anne C. Greene Elementary school, which opened in the late 19th or early 20th century. This school served the town's southern student population. North Elementary School was opened in 1916, and served the North section of town. Also around this time, Pleasant Street Elementary School was opened in the South end. In the 1930s, the district opened Monroe Corners school in the south end.  Newman Avenue school was in operation prior to 1923. The Seekonk Intermediate School opened in 1952. A second building was opened at the Newman Avenue School in 1959. Some time after, it was named after its longtime principal, Mildred H. Aitken. In the mid 1960s, the high school students who attended school at East Providence High School in nearby East Providence, Rhode Island were moved to the newly opened Seekonk High School.

By 1968, the elementary schools in the south end were crowded, and the students were incorporated into George R. Martin Elementary school. An addition to Martin School was added soon after construction, along with small expansions to the junior high school and North School. The school administration was moved to the closed Monroe Corners school.

By the 1990s, the district's schools had fallen into disrepair and a district-wide renovation project was started, with North School the first to be completed in 1992. In 1997, the Intermediate School (then renamed Seekonk Middle School) and Aitken School were renovated and expanded. To make room for Aitken School's addition, the original 1930s annex building was torn down. Martin School and the High School were the last to be completed, in 2001.

In 2004, the district's longtime assistant superintendent, Dr. Kevin Hurley, died from cancer at age 52. The Middle School was renamed in his honor. In 2006, the town of Seekonk ran into a budget crisis and, after a town vote, the school department laid off many staff and was forced to close North Elementary School and the Administration Building. Superintendent Buchanan then left, and was temporarily replaced with former Middle School principal, Dr. Peter Andreozzi and then the High School's disciplinarian, Dr. Emile Chevrette. However, in August 2009, Cheverette retired and was succeeded by Ms. Madeline Meyer of New Jersey.

Schools

Elementary schools
George R. Martin Elementary School (Grades K-5)
Mildred H. Aitken Elementary School (Grades K-5)

Middle schools
Dr. Kevin M. Hurley Middle School (Grades 6-8)

High schools
Seekonk High School (Grades 9-12)

Former schools
Anne C. Greene Elementary School (closed 1980)
Pleasant Street Elementary School (closed)
Monroe Corners Elementary School (closed 1968)
North Elementary School (closed 2006)

Transportation

The Seekonk Public School department operates a fleet of 22 buses, currently 14 of these are 77 passenger (full-size). Starting in the 1980s, mini passenger buses were used to transport special education students out of the district. Buses equipped with wheel chair lifts are also used. From the 2004 to 2006 school years, transportation fees were required, however in 2007, extra money was allocated to provide free transportation again; most sports fees were also dropped. Starting with the 2011-2012 school year, transportation for the school district is provided by Tremblay's Bus Co. LLC.

See also
List of school districts in Massachusetts

External links
 District Website

School districts in Bristol County, Massachusetts
Seekonk, Massachusetts


UEO may refer to:

Katsuhiro Ueo (born 1972), Japanese professional drifting driver
Kumejima Airport (IATA: UEO), Okinawa, Japan
United Earth Oceans Organization, an organization in the television series SeaQuest DSV
the abbreviation for Union de l'Europe Occidentale on the flag of the Western European Union


Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. It is the birthplace of explorer René Caillié.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres
Aunis


Dana Albert Larsen (born 1971) is a Canadian author, businessman, philanthropist and activist for cannabis and drug policy reform. Larsen currently operates businesses and non-profit societies in Vancouver including The Medicinal Cannabis Dispensary, The Medicinal Mushroom Dispensary, The Coca Leaf Cafe, Pothead Books, and the Get Your Drugs Tested centre.

Businesses and non-profits
In 2006, Larsen co-founded the Vancouver Seed Bank, a business which sold many seed varieties from their storefront and also across Canada by mail-order, including those for banned and controversial psychoactive plants such as marijuana, poppies, peyote and coca.

In November 2008, Larsen announced the opening of The Medicinal Cannabis Dispensary, located almost next door to the Vancouver Seed Bank, on East Hastings Street in Vancouver. The cannabis dispensary is operated by a non-profit society of which Larsen is a Director. In July 2010, the cannabis dispensary opened a second location, in Vancouver's West End.

In June 2019, Larsen closed the Hastings location of the dispensary due to a court order after a long legal battle with the city. In October 2019, the West End dispensary location was raided by the BC "Community Safety Unit" who confiscated all the cannabis in the shop. The dispensary location re-opened three hours later.

In May 2019, Larsen opened a community service called Get Your Drugs Tested, offering free analysis of any street drug using a FTIR spectrometer, fentanyl test strips and other tools. Larsen moved the service into the empty dispensary location on Hastings a few weeks after it had been forced to close. In February 2021, Larsen announced they had analyzed 10,000 samples so far.

In June 2019, Larsen announced the opening of The Medicinal Mushroom Dispensary online, providing microdoses of psilocybe mushrooms for medical purposes across Canada by mail. A Vancouver city councillor cited concerns about people injecting mushrooms and the involvement of drug gangs, and introduced a motion to ban mushroom dispensaries in Vancouver. The motion was defeated.

In October 2020, Larsen opened The Coca Leaf Cafe in Vancouver, with a focus on coca tea drinks made with imported Peruvian coca leaf. The location also sells herbs and plants including peyote, kratom, san pedro and psychedelic microdoses. In February 2021, Larsen added The Medicinal Mushroom Dispensary storefront into the cafe.

Get Your Drugs Tested
Get Your Drugs Tested is a free public drug checking service located in Vancouver, Canada. It was founded by Dana Larsen in May 2019, accepting samples in person at their storefront and by mail from all across Canada. It is well aware it is unlawful to Canada to mail illegal drugs in the mail, yet encourages people to do so anyways.

Get Your Drugs Tested receives no public funding, and is entirely supported by The Medicinal Cannabis Dispensary.

They use FTIR Spectrometers and fentanyl test strips to offer free analysis of any drug or substance at their storefront or by mail.

In January 2021 they announced they had analyzed over 10,000 samples.

Political parties and candidacies
Larsen was a founding member of both the Marijuana Party of Canada and the BC Marijuana Party. In the 2000 Canadian federal election, Larsen ran as the Marijuana Party candidate for the riding of West Vancouver-Sunshine Coast, receiving 3% of the vote. In the 2001 British Columbia provincial election, Larsen ran as a BC Marijuana Party candidate in the Powell River-Sunshine Coast riding, receiving 3.5% of the vote.

After the 2001 election, Larsen became the Leader of the BC Marijuana Party. In 2003, Larsen resigned from both Marijuana parties and joined Canada's New Democratic Party.

In 2005, Larsen founded a group called "End Prohibition: NDP Against the Drug War." Larsen has since claimed that End Prohibition was instrumental in passing progressive drug-policy resolutions through the provincial NDP in British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Ontario.

Larsen was the federal New Democratic Party candidate for the riding of West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country for the 2008 federal election. However, he resigned on September 17, after videos he had filmed for Pot-TV in 1999 were released to the media, which showed him taking LSD and smoking marijuana.

On December 29, 2010, Larsen announced his candidacy for the leadership of the British Columbia NDP, running against Adrian Dix, John Horgan, Mike Farnworth and Nicholas Simons. Larsen came in fourth, with 2.7% of the vote.

Sensible BC campaign
In September 2012, Larsen launched the Sensible BC campaign to decriminalize cannabis possession in BC through a ballot initiative petition. Larsen toured the province extensively before launching the campaign, at one point visiting 32 towns in 12 days. The campaign featured a decorated "Cannabus" which toured the province,

In 2013, Sensible BC had about 4000 volunteers gather over 202,000 signatures from all across the province in 90 days, from September 9 to December 9.  Although not enough signatures were gathered to qualify for a referendum, it was the second-highest total ever gathered in BC for a referendum effort.

Overgrow Canada campaign
In 2016 Larsen launched a cannabis seed giveaway campaign called Overgrow Canada. He offered free cannabis seeds by mail and started a 16-city national tour, ultimately claiming to have given away two million seeds that year to over 25,000 people. During the tour he was arrested in Calgary and charged with trafficking because of the seed give-away, spending the night in jail. He continued the tour after the arrest and was not charged or interfered with again.

In 2017, Larsen repeated his national tour and gave away five million seeds to over 50,000 people. During the tour Larsen returned to Calgary to give away more seeds, even though he was still on bail from the first arrest. Police declined to interfere with the second seed giveaway.

In November 2017, Larsen's seed giveaway case went to court and the judge dismissed all charges. Prosecutors dropped initial plans for an appeal.

In 2018 and 2019 Larsen continued the seed giveaway by mail only, and claims to have given away over 10 million cannabis seeds in total. After four years Larsen ended the Overgrow Canada campaign in 2019. There were many instances of cannabis plants growing openly in public places across Canada during the campaign.

420 protest and other activism
Larsen acted as a spokesperson and organizer for the Vancouver 4/20 Protest Festival for several years, including transitioning the protest from the Vancouver Art Gallery to the larger venue of Sunset Beach Park in 2016. In 2019, the 4/20 festival featured a performance by Cypress Hill. Larsen is the only person to have attended every 4/20 protest from 1996 to 2019.

In July 2013, Larsen travelled to the city of Prince Rupert to mock the local police by presenting them with a "Most Wasted Time Award" trophy for their investigation and raid of a local bong shop.

Books and writings
Larsen was the editor of Cannabis Culture magazine from its creation as "Cannabis Canada" in 1994 until he left the publication in 2005, after producing 54 issues with publisher Marc Emery.

Larsen is the author of The Pot Puzzle Fun Book, released in 2000, the editor of Grow Like a Pro, a marijuana growing guide released in 2004, and the creator of The Tokers Bowl Board Game.

In 2007, Larsen released Hairy Pothead and the Marijuana Stone, a cannabis-laden Harry Potter parody novel which received international media coverage.

In July 2015, Larsen released an illustrated, cannabis-themed Dr Seuss parody book called Green Buds and Hash, which produced some controversy.

In December 2015, Larsen released a book called The Illustrated History of Cannabis in Canada. To promote the book he sent a gram of marijuana and a free copy of the book to every Liberal member of Parliament, including Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. He included a letter wishing the elected officials "A Merry-Juana Christmas and a Hashy New Year."

Larsen's other books include The Pie-Eyed Piper, and most recently Sinbad the Strain Hunter: Voyage to Noweedia.

In 2021, Larsen began writing articles for Cracked.com.

Awards and recognition
In 2013 and 2017, Vancouver Magazine included Larsen on their list of the city's 50 most powerful people.

In 2017, High Times Magazine recognized Larsen's Overgrow Canada cannabis seed giveaway as one of the "10 Most Memorable Marijuana Stunts" of all time.

In May 2022, Larsen was included on a list of 657 Canadian politicians, businessmen, journalists and activists sanctioned and banned from entering Russia.

External links
 Dana Larsen's website

References

1971 births
Living people
British Columbia candidates for Member of Parliament
British Columbia Marijuana Party politicians
Businesspeople from Vancouver
Canadian humorists
Canadian cannabis activists
Canadian magazine editors
Canadian people of Norwegian descent
Candidates in British Columbia provincial elections
Cannabis political party politicians
Marijuana Party (Canada) candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
New Democratic Party candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Politicians from Vancouver
Canadian psychedelic drug advocates
Writers from Vancouver


Flyaway is a first person narrative thriller novel by English author Desmond Bagley, first published in 1978. It introduces Max Stafford as protagonist, who would later appear in Bagley's novel, Windfall.

Plot introduction
Max Stafford is owner and president of a security consultation company based in London, which specializes in corporate security and anti-industrial espionage. Although his company is successful, his marriage has collapsed, and work is starting to lose its luster.

More on a whim, he decides to investigate the disappearance of minor accountant Paul Billson from one of his client firms. Billson's father, a famous aviator, had vanished in the 1930s on an air race from London to South Africa somewhere over the Sahara desert, and Billson had been obsessed for years with the desire to find out what had happened, and to dispel lingering slander that the disappearance had been staged as an insurance fraud.

Soon after Stafford starts to investigate, he is assaulted by men who attempt to “discourage” further investigation. Stafford’s search takes him to Algiers, then the deep desert area around Tamanrasset in southern Algeria, and across the border into Niger. But he finds that he is not the only person looking for Billson and the missing Northrop Gamma. Other people, with tremendous resources are also searching – and will kill to prevent the truth of a 40 year old incident to emerge.

References
Crime Time review of Desmond Bagley
Fantastic Fiction site with publication history

1978 British novels
British thriller novels
Novels by Desmond Bagley
Novels set in Algeria
William Collins, Sons books


Artur Albeiro García Rincón (born 26 January 1984 in San Juan de Colón, Táchira) is a Venezuelan racing cyclist.

Major results

2004
 10th Overall Vuelta a Venezuela
1st Stages 10 & 12
2005
 1st Clásica de la Consolación
 1st Stage 5 Vuelta a Cuba
 2nd Overall Vuelta a Venezuela
2006
 1st Stage 6 Vuelta Ciclista de Chile
 1st Stage 5 Vuelta Internacional al Estado Trujillo
 1st Stage 4 Vuelta al Oriente
 3rd  Road race, Central American and Caribbean Games
 3rd  Road race, South American Games
2007
 1st Stage 2 Clásico Ciclístico Banfoandes
2008
 Vuelta a Colombia
1st  Sprints classification
1st Stages 1 & 14
 1st Stage 1 Vuelta al Táchira
 1st Stage 1 Vuelta a Venezuela
 1st Stage 9 Clásico Ciclístico Banfoandes
2009
 Vuelta al Táchira
1st Stages 2 & 5
 1st Stage 6 Vuelta a Colombia
 3rd Road race, National Road Championships
2010
 1st Stage 3 Vuelta a Venezuela
 1st Stage 1 Vuelta a Guatemala
2011
 1st Stage 6 Vuelta al Táchira
2012
 2nd Overall Vuelta a Venezuela
1st Stage 2
2013
 Vuelta a Bolivia
1st Stages 5 & 10b
2015
 1st Stage 1 Vuelta al Táchira
2017
 6th Overall Vuelta a Venezuela
1st Stage 7
2018
 1st Stage 7 Vuelta del Uruguay
 2nd Road race, National Road Championships

External links

1984 births
Living people
Cyclists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Venezuelan male cyclists
Vuelta a Colombia stage winners
Vuelta Ciclista de Chile stage winners
Vuelta a Venezuela stage winners
Sportspeople from Táchira
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Venezuela
South American Games bronze medalists for Venezuela
South American Games medalists in cycling
Competitors at the 2006 South American Games
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in cycling
Pan American Games competitors for Venezuela


Arçais () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is the only village which is located in the centre of the Marais Mouillé, the so-called "wet marsh" which forms the eastern half of the Marais Poitevin (the Poitou Marshes),  near the city of Niort. It is a popular centre for tourism, with several embarcadères which hire out punts and other boats for use on the network of canals that surrounds the village. There are also several shops, bars and other facilities, including bike hire.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

External links

 The interregional park Marais Poitevin

Communes of Deux-Sèvres
Aunis


Amuré () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Amailloux () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is situated about  northwest of the town of Parthenay.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Allonne () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is situated some 5 km southeast of Secondigny and 14 km southwest of the town of Parthenay.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Aigonnay () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Aigondigné.

Population

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Aiffres () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a southeastern suburb of Niort.

Population

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Hornos Railroad (Ferrocarril de Hornos) was a  narrow gauge railway owned by Hacienda de Hornos in Mexico.  Hacienda de Hornos was a large grain and cattle ranch in southwestern Coahuila near Torreón.

The line extended  from an interchange with the Mexican International Railway at Hornos through Hacienda de Hornos to Alamito with a  branch to interchange with the Ferrocarril Coahuila y Pacifico at Viesca.

Construction began at Hornos in 1902, and the line began common-carrier freight and passenger service in 1904 with two daily trains in each direction between Hornos and Viesca.  Twenty-ton locomotive #4 was the only  narrow gauge 2-8-2 ever built for North American service.

The railroad was damaged by the Mexican Revolution in 1914; and the last public timetable was published in 1930 for a single daily mixed train with no service to Alamito.

The line disappeared from government records after 1945.

Locomotives

References

Defunct railway companies of Mexico
2 ft gauge railways in Mexico
History of Coahuila
Transportation in Coahuila
Railway companies established in 1902
1902 establishments in Mexico
Railway lines opened in 1904


Adilly is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is situated about  northwest of the town of Parthenay.

The commune of Adilly has joined together with 38 neighbouring communes to establish the Communauté de communes de Parthenay-Gâtine which provides a framework within which local tasks are carried out together.

Population

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


L'Absie () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

L'Absie is centred on the remains of a medieval abbey patronised by Eleanor of Aquitaine. L'Absie is also near the Vendée border, about an hour's drive from the sunny sandy beaches of the Atlantic coast.

Population

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Paul-en-Gâtine () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
 Gâtine Vendéenne
 Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


New York State Route 126 is an east–west state highway in Jefferson and Lewis Counties in New York, United States, that was established in the late 1970s.

New York State Route 126 may also refer to:
New York State Route 126 (1930–1936) in Westchester County
New York State Route 126 (1940–1972) in Oswego County


Anthony José Brea Salazar (born February 3, 1983) is a Venezuelan professional racing cyclist.

Major results

2006
 1st Stage 13 Vuelta a Venezuela
 1st Points classification Clásico Ciclístico Banfoandes
2007
 1st Stages 2, 9 & 13 Vuelta a Cuba
 1st Stage 10 Vuelta Ciclista Lider al Sur
 1st Stage 3 Volta do Rio de Janeiro
 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
2008
 1st Stage 2 Vuelta al Táchira
 3rd Clasico Ciudad de Caracas

External links

1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Valencia, Venezuela
Venezuelan male cyclists


La Brigue (; ; ; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

La Brigue became part of France after World War II, when Italy was forced to hand it over in September 1947 under the terms of the Peace of Paris. Before the hand over, it was part of the Province of Cuneo and was officially known as Briga Marittima. The transfer, which was not unopposed in the village, was retrospectively endorsed by a local plebiscite which took place on 12 October 1947 and was subject to international supervision.

History

After World War II, France asked for the annexation of the territories of Tende and Brig, and obtained them according to the provisions of the Treaty of Paris signed on February 10, 1947, which entered into force on the following September 15.

However, due to the fact that the Constitution of the French Fourth Republic required that there be no territorial acquisitions without the consent of the populations concerned, the French authorities held a referendum with the population on October 12, so that they could choose between France and Italy, even though La Brigue was already under the military and administrative control of France since the entry into force of the peace treaty in September.

The prospect of a change of nationality divided the socialist family, in any case a minority in La Brigue. On the one hand, the Italian Socialist Party was in favor of annexation, while on the other, paradoxically, the charismatic leader of the French socialists Leon Blum was the most critical of this expansionist project. Either way, in the 1947 plebiscite on the issue, the Brigasks chose in favor of the transfer of sovereignty. Only citizens who resided in the area at the time of the referendum, with at least one parent born in the countries concerned or who could prove that they were domiciled there before the seizure of power by the fascists in Italy in 1922 were admitted for the vote. Part of the inhabitants who had taken refuge in Italy were thus excluded from the vote, since they had not changed their nationality to acquire French nationality. The result gave an almost unanimous support (96.07%) for France: out of 790 voters, 759 chose France and 26 Italy. There were five blank or unvalid ballots. When the data from the 1946 Constituent vote was compared with those from 1947 for the Treaty, it was concluded that the exiles would not have been able to reverse the outcome of the second vote. The outcome of this plebiscite was consistent with that of 1860 at the end of which the County of Nice had become French.

Sights
Looking across the village to the northwest, high rocky cliffs tower over La Brigue.Many of the buildings are of natural stone and many are nicely renovated with pastel facades and green lauze doorways and steps. The Shrine of Our Lady of the Fountains is the home to a huge 15th-century painting (cycle of passion) by the painter Giovanni Piemontese Canavesio, and is a major tourist destination.

Tourism
The village is situated along the long-distance hiking trail GR52A. Another attraction for mountain sports enthusiasts is a nearby via ferrata of medium difficulty (C/D) which ascends about 250 metres above the village.

Demographics

Twin towns — sister cities
La Brigue is twinned with:

  Triora, Italy (2006)

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
France–Italy border crossings
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Lussich Arboretum is an arboretum of  located in the Maldonado Department of Uruguay near Punta del Este and Punta Ballena.

History
On 5 October 1896 Antonio Lussich bought a terrain of , which extend from "Arroyo el Potrero" to "Sierra de la Ballena" and from Rio de la Plata to Laguna del Sauce, land which at that time consisted only of sand dunes and stones.
The next year Antonio Lussich started the forestry works which had as objective on one hand, to forest the dry lands in an attempt to stop the high winds that came from the ocean, and on the other, once the forest was established, to encourage birds to inhabit it.
In order to do that, Antonio Lussich, thanks to the enterprise of maritime rescue contracts obtained all over the world, could manage to get seeds from numerous continents. He bought seeds, plants and trees from around the world and planted them around his house.
The first trees planted were Tamarix, sea pines, Eucalyptus and Acacia trinervis to resist the strong winds and sand.

During December 1979,  was donated to the Municipality of Maldonado and then opened to the public. The Lussich Arboretum is one of the most important Forest Reserves in the world.

Species

The Lussich Arboretum has more than 400 exotic species and around 70 Uruguayan species.

Between many of the trees species, the most important are:

 Abies, 6 species.
 Acacia, 8 species.
 Cupressus, 9 species.
 Eucalyptus, 45 species.
 Juniperus, 10 species.
 Pinus, 20 species.
 Quercus, 16 species.
 Thuja, 4 species.

See also
 Antonio Lussich

References

Arboreta
Trees of Uruguay
Parks in Uruguay
Maldonado Department


Briançonnet (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Bollène-Vésubie (; ; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur region in southeastern France.

Its inhabitants are called Bollénois; in the Niçois dialect of Langue d'Oc the name is la Boulèna, the inhabitants lu Boulenasc.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

External links
 Official site
 La Vésubie forum

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Monte Carlo Rally


Blausasc (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bluffton Public Schools is a school district in Northwest Ohio, United States. The school district has an open enrollment policy, meaning that students outside the district can enroll in Bluffton Public Schools, though Bluffton Public Schools primarily serves students who live in the city of Bluffton, located in Allen and Hancock counties.

Grades 9-12
Bluffton High School

Grades 6-8
Bluffton Middle School

Grades K-5
Bluffton Elementary Schools

External links
District Website

School districts in Ohio
Education in Allen County, Ohio
Education in Hancock County, Ohio
School District


La Colle-sur-Loup (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

Population

Notable residents
 Jean-François-Maxime Raybaud (1795–1894), a philhellene officer, writer, and a participant in the War of Independence of Greece.
 Bernard Collomb (1930–2011), race car driver, lived in the town after his retirement from racing
 Daniel Pennac (born 1944), writer, spent part of his childhood in the town
 Jean-Pierre Teisseire (born 1940), politician and professional football player, was born in La Colle-sur-Loup

See also
 Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


François Félix (born 19 May 1949 in Viviers), nicknamed Fanfan, is a French former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He was part of SC Bastia team that reached 1978 UEFA Cup Final.

External links

 Profile

1949 births
Living people
French men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Olympique Lyonnais players
SC Bastia players
Paris FC players
Nîmes Olympique players
Angers SCO players
AJ Auxerre players
Ligue 1 players
French football managers


Courmes (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France, near the eastern part of Gorges-du-Loup.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cipières (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

Cipieres is about 50 minutes drive from the French Riviera, and is an unspoilt medieval village of around 500 inhabitants. There are two restaurants, a pizzeria and a general store. Sheep are farmed on the surrounding mountain side and a farm sells lamb direct and also makes a renowned goats cheese. There is an annual free rock festival (Ciprock) as well as a homemade kart race through the narrow streets, attracting children as well as some more serious adults.

It enjoys a beautiful climate and has far reaching views across the valley of the wolf to the peak of Mount Cheiron, with the village of Greolieres in the foreground.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gréolières (; ; Italian: Agrioleri, formerly) is a rural commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It is part of Préalpes d'Azur Regional Natural Park. In 2020, it had a population of 564.

Demographics

In popular culture
The commune was featured in the 1995 James Bond movie GoldenEye, with Bond driving on the D2 road prior to his arrival in Monte Carlo, Monaco.

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

External links
The history and life of the Gréolières village in English
Gréolières-les-Neiges, a "great little ski resort", in English

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pedro Pablo Pérez Márquez (born February 7, 1977) is a Cuban professional racing cyclist. Known as "Pedro Pablo" by fans and competitors alike, Pérez is a five-time winner of the Vuelta a Cuba, a Pan American Games medalist, many times the National Champion of Cuba and a winner of international cycling events across the globe.

Cycling experience
Pérez is one of the greatest Cuban cyclists of all time. He is a five-time winner of the Vuelta a Cuba (2000, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2008) – second only to his compatriot Eduardo Alonso with six. Pérez represented Cuba in the 2000 Sydney Olympics and qualified for the 2008 Beijing Games.

Career-ending Injury

Pérez missed the 2008 Games after suffering a near-fatal car crash in July. Details are unclear, but it is known Pérez was driving the car (a Lada) at the time when the crash occurred in San Cristobal, Pinar del Rio. Pérez suffered severe cerebral lacerations and spent several days in a coma. A female passenger was reported dead at the scene. He is receiving treatment at the Abel Santamaria hospital in the province of Pinar del Rio. Pérez intended to retire from cycling after the 2008 Olympics.

Palmares

1999
 1st in Stage 1 Vuelta al Tachira, Barquisimeto (VEN)
 4th in General Classification Vuelta Ciclista de Chile (CHI)
  in Pan American Games, Road, Winnipeg (CAN)
2000
 Vuelta a Cuba:
Winner stages 5 and 11A
Winner General Classification
 1st in Stage 10 Vuelta Ciclista del Uruguay, Montevideo (URU)
2001
 Vuelta a Cuba:
Winner Prologue, stages 1, 11A and 12
Winner General Classification
 National Road Race Championship
2002 1st in Clasico ciudad de Caracas, Elite/U23 (VEN)
 Vuelta a Cuba:
Winner stage 2
3rd place General Classification
 1st in Stage 12 Vuelta a Venezuela, Quibor (VEN)
2003
  in Pan American Games, Road, Santo Domingo (DOM)
2004
 Vuelta a Cuba:
Winner stages 1, 2 and 7
Winner General Classification
2005
 1st in Stage 6 Vuelta a Venezuela, San Diego de Alcalá (VEN)
2006
 Vuelta a Cuba:
Winner stages 1, 6 and 9
Winner General Classification
 2nd in National Championship, Road, Elite, Cuba (CUB)
 1st in Stage 9 Vuelta a Chiriqui, David (PAN)
 1st in Stage 2 Vuelta a Costa Rica, Playas del Coco (CRC)
 1st in Stage 9 Vuelta a Costa Rica, Pérez Zeledón (CRC)
2007
 Vuelta a Cuba:
Winner stages 4 and 5
2nd place General Classification
 1st in Stage 2 Vuelta a Costa Rica, Playas del Coco (CRC)
 1st in Stage 4 Vuelta a Costa Rica, Upala (CRC)
 1st in Stage 9 Vuelta a Costa Rica, Santa Ana (CRC)
2008
 1st in Stage 3 Vuelta al Tachira, Ciudad Bolivia (VEN)

Other
Pérez is the father of one child (a son, from his first marriage), and is currently married to Yoanka González, herself a World Champion in cycling.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Olympic cyclists for Cuba
Cyclists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2003 Pan American Games
Vuelta a Venezuela stage winners
Place of birth missing (living people)
Cuban male cyclists
Pan American Games medalists in cycling
Pan American Games silver medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Cuba
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games


Bézaudun-les-Alpes (; ; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Beuil (; ; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

Geography
Beuil is a village located in the Maritime Alps,  away from Nice. It is the gateway to the Mercantour National Park. A stop-off in the Red-rocked Gorges of the Cians and Daluis.

The commune is traversed by the Raton River.

The Valberg ski resort is, in part, located on this town.

Arms
The blazon of the arms is as follows:
"Or, a star with sixteen rays Gules."

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

External links
 Official site

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Berre-les-Alpes (; ; , formerly, although still in use in Niçard) is a rural commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the southeastern Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in France. In 2020, it had a population of 1,236.

Toponymy
By a decree of 22 December 1997, Berre-des-Alpes became Berre-les-Alpes.

Geography
"The superb national road from Nice to Coni by the Escarène and Sospel, detaches a path of common interest along the col de Saint-Roch, or the pass of Nice, which follows the sinuosities of the hill over a length of four kilometers. After making two-thirds of the journey, you can see the picturesque and charming village of Berre-des-Alpes, leaning against the end of a plateau at 680 meters above sea level", wrote Jean Truchi in the 1899 issue of Nice-Historique.

The village of Berre-les-Alpes, located 23 kilometers north of Nice, following the Paillon, the road that passes through Contes, rises to 682 meters above sea level on a summit rising on the edge of a high plateau. The map of the county of Nice established by Bourcet in 1749 names the place "the Black Wood".
The soil of the commune is composed of land belonging to the secondary and tertiary eras, more precisely of the Cretaceous and Eocene periods.

Berre is located at the altitude limit where the chestnut tree replaces the olive tree. Below the road leading to Berre olive groves are plentiful, while around the village forests of chestnut trees stretch out and mimosa and pine are everywhere.

The village square dominates the two valleys of Contes and Escarène. The village is a belvedere from which the observer's gaze embraces from the north-west to the south the chain of Ferrion (887 m), the village of Châteauneuf-de-Contes and the ruins of its castle, Mount Macaron, the villages of Contes and Sclos-de-Contes.
Going up from the south, on the east side, the observer discovers part of Mount Gros, Mount Leuze, Dog Head (504 m), Mount Agel (1,100 m) and Baudon Peak (1,264 m) .
To the north-east, the Braus Pass (1.002 m), the St. Lawrence River, Mount Pissandroun, the Escarène with its station, then further north, Mount Brec (983 m), Mount Pivola 803 m), Mount Pifourquier, Gros Braus (1,330 m), Mount du Rocaillon with Lucéram village, Turini forests, Authion (2,000 m), part of the Mount Bego (2,873 m), the Devil's summit (2,686 m), the two Capeliets mountains (2,418 m and 2,686 m), the Saint-Roch pass (990 m), the Savel summit (1,015 m), Roca Seira (1,504 m) and, at the bottom, Mount Gelas (3,143 m).

Music
In 1978, the British rock band Queen recorded part of their album Jazz, including the hit single "Don't Stop Me Now", at Super Bear recording studios in Berre-les-Alpes. The studio was also where Kate Bush recorded the entirety of Lionheart (1978) and Pink Floyd recorded portions of The Wall (1979).

Demographics

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Belvédère (; ; ) is a commune in the Vésubie valley north of Nice in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France. The village of Belvédère is located at the entrance of the Gordolasque valley on the edge of the Mercantour National Park.

Over its history the Commune of Belvédère has been part of the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the First French Empire, the Duchy of Savoy and since 1860 modern France. The last battle on French soil in the Second World War, the Battle of Authion, was fought on the hills above the village.

The world famous novel Darkness at Noon was completed in a villa nearby and the television series Belle and Sebastian was shot in and around the village.

History

The Bronze Age
Belvédère lies immediately to the west of Mont Bégo, known as the sacred mountain in Mercantour National Park.  For thousands of years, from the Stone Age till the Iron Age, the first inhabitants of Europe  carved more than thirty thousand graffiti on the stones of the Vallée des Merveilles on the slopes of the mountain.  There are some vestiges of ancient fortifications  behind the current church, which represent the prehistoric beginnings of the  village.

The Gauls
In 500 BC the Gauls infiltrated the Ligurian coast and arrived in the mountains around. The inhabitants of Massalia (Marseilles) founded colonies along the coast: Antibes, Monaco, Nice. Farmers spread inland raising vines and olives without however reducing the independence of the mountain dwellers

The Romans
The Romans crossed the Alps Maritimes to secure a passage to Nice & Marseilles and to fight in Spain. In 125 BC they annexed the inland areas to found the Roman province of Provence followed by the Alpine regions as far as Tyrol. Belvedere was occupied and noble Romans of Cimez (Nice) who spent summers in the area and developed the thermal baths at the nearby mountain village of Berthemont-les-Bains. Reputedly Conrelia Solenina wife of the third century emperor Galienus(c. 218 – 268) and mother of Valerian II, Saloninus, and Marinianus visited the baths.

The Barbarian Invasions
. In the 5th century, the Germans finally overwhelmed the Western Roman Empire. They disputed Provence with the Visigoths, then the Ostrogoths installed themselves, followed by the Lombards and finally the Francs, who organised and administered the region and repulsed the raiding Sassanids(Arabs) in the 7th & 8th centuries, whose attacks penetrating as far as the Vesubie.

Under the Counts of Provence
At the dawn of the millennium during the chaotic period at the end of the Carolingian era the area was part the kingdom of Burgundy. Rudolf II (880–937), was ruler of Upper Burgundy (912–937), Lower Burgundy (Provence) (933–937) and also ruled Italy for nearly four years (923–926).  In 926 the Italian nobility turned against him and requested that Hugh of Arles,Comte d'Arles, the effective ruler of Provence (or Lower Burgundy), rule them instead. Rudolf returned to Upper Burgundy, assuring Hugh's coronation as King of Italy.

The Counts would dominate the region for the duration of the Middle Ages. It was the feudal era with a lord or Seigneur for each village, but most areas maintained their autonomy and Luceram, Utelle and Saint Martin Vesubie, like Belvedere, administered themselves. After the death of Queen Jeanne (1382), Amadeus VII Count of Savoy, the Red Earl, taking advantage of a  war of succession in Provence negotiated the succession of Nice to Savoy. Ruined by war, the inhabitants of Nice and the countries aligned themselves with the policy of John Grimaldi and accepted the protection of the House of Savoy through the Treaty of Saint Pons, known as the Revocation of Nice to Savoy.

The Princes of Savoy
The Princes of Savoy were French by race and language and Belvedere remained a French village. But for the majority of the period from 1388 until 1713 the successors of the Red Earl, allied themselves with enemies of France. As a result, the "Pays Nicois" was crossed by hostile armies and subjected to incessant devastation, particularly following the battles between Charles V and Francis 1st (1494–1547). This unhappy situation continued off and on until after the war of Spanish Succession when at the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain, on the one hand, and representatives of Queen Anne of Great Britain, the Duke of Savoy, and the United Provinces on the other and divided up Spain's European empire. Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria, received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan.  The crown of Sardinia was awarded by the Treaty of The Hague to King Victor Amadeus II of Savoy to compensate him for the loss of the crown of Sicily to Austria and enabling him to retain the title of a king. The new kingdom with its capital in Turin included Sardinia, Savoy, Piedmont, and Nice. Belvédère remained part of the Kingdom of Sardinia until 1860.

Under the Sardinian Regime
During this period Belvedere lived under a foreign flag: however, the Pays Nicois benefited from the general peace and progress. The beautiful countryside, mild climate, and verdant agriculture attracted, all along the coast, rich residents which benefited many of the villages. Cultural life developed, but villages like Belvedere stayed isolated and life remained primitive without passable roads or commerce. Belvedere, like its neighbours, retreated into itself and in effect formed a little independent republic. The French Revolution of 1789 brought a disruption, which the people supported without getting any benefits from it.

The Revolution and a return to France
Situated just over the frontier of France, from which it was separated by the Var & the Esteron, the Nicoise region became a refuge and place of conspiracies for the French émigrés: nobles, royal officers & priests who hoped to re-establish the royal family in France.
A French army crossed the Var in September 1792 and freed the country from the Comte de Nice. Many of the inhabitants, who were secret Francophiles and partisans of the republic welcomed the return to France. This would be the beginning of a bloody confrontation with the Austro-Sardinian armies, which pillaged and caused havoc in many of the villages in the hills and valleys like Belvédère.

In The high valleys of the Gordolasque and the Vesubie, the most important battles unfolded, interrupted only by winter and the difficulties of communication. Belvedere was occupied, requisitioned, bombarded, taken and retaken by the French and Austro-Sards alternatively.

........in the case of Belvedere.  On 2 March 1793,General Brunet republican troops based in Saint-Julien, assaulted the village: "the soldiers quickly climbed the escaladèrent terraces, planted with olive trees that made them immune artillery fire and musketry"  the Sardinian troops were forced to retreat hastily to Saint-Blaise, Saint-Martin, the Col de fenestration and even Entracque.  With Belvedere, the whole valley Vésubie who fell into the hands of Republicans.  The success only lasted 6 months.  In September 1793, the village suffered violent attacks from the Col de Raus; the redoubts of Saint-Julien, Vesca Del Cairo and Saint-Sauveur was the scene of fierce battles.  On September 8, Belvedere fell again, and it was not until April 1794, with the Vésubie, the village was retaken"

The fall of Robespierre brought the fighting to an end in May 1794, but the comté de Nice was back in French hands. After the Austrians lost at Mondovi, which was fought on 21 April 1796 between the French army of Napoleon Bonaparte and the army of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. The French won the battle and quickly forced King Victor Amadeus III to sue for peace.  The Sardinians capitulated and at the treaty of Turin on 15 May 1796, Savoy and the comté de Nice were returned to France. Belvedere was back in France.

Under the 1st Empire
 The empire was accepted by Plebiscite. The Nice Arrondissement voted yes by 3,488 to 2 nos, while Puget Theniers had 2,818 yes to 3 no votes. The department was enriched by the addition of the arrondissement of San Remo ( Saorge, La Brigue, Perinaldo, Taggia, Ventimille and Bordighera)In Belvedere the Raynardi family was en-nobled. Francois Felix Raynardi, comte de Belvedere. Capt in Regiment de Nice 1795, was created Baron of the Empire in 1810 and after the restoration created Marechal in 1816.
The peace that reigned there favoured peace and prosperity, but many of Belvederois men went to die on the battlefields of Europe.

Return of the Sardinians
Napoleon was defeated in 1815, the Sardinians represented by Victor Emmanuel 1st restored the ancient regime. However, the republican experience had borne fruits. Everywhere voices were raised claiming more liberty and reattachment to France. Victor Emmanuel dreamed of a united Italy and appealed to Napoleon III. Too weak to take on Austria the King of Piedmont allied with France to declare war in 1859.The Austrians were definitively beaten at Vaincue at The Battle of Magenta  on 4 June 1859 during the Second Italian War of Independence, resulting in a French-Sardinian victory under Napoleon III against the Austrians under Marshal Ferencz Gyulai. The Franco-Piedmontese coalition consisted in overwhelming majority of French troops (1,100 Piedmontese and 58,000 French). Their victory can, therefore, be considered as mostly a French victory. The French wanted to obtain what the Belvederois and the other inhabitants of the comte de Nice and wished for so long.

The empire strikes back
By the treaty of Turin on 24 March 1860 the King of Piedmont ceded to Napoleon III Savoy and the Comte de Nice on condition of a favourable plebiscite. On 15 April there was a triumphant result for France. Of 89 communes, 79 replied unanimously in 10 only where there some nos. On 14 June the Sardinian flag was replaced by the French. Belvedere retrieved its nationality, lost in 1713, found in 1794, lost again in 1815 and retrieved definitively in 1860. There was one shadow, which was not removed until victory in WWII. Several communes in the high vesubie remained an Italian enclave for another 87 years until 1947 as a hunting reserve for his majesty the king of Italy. There is no war, which does not leave sad souvenirs. The Communes of  Saint Sauveur, Isola, Rimplas, Valdeblore, Saint MartinVesubie and Belvedere were part of the southern side of a remarkable line of frontier forts of 1860.  Belvedere had to accept the loss of territory of all of the north part of the Gordolasque valley from the Cascade du ray between the Cime de la Valette and the Celle du south Capelet. This territory was reserved for royal hunts until it was submitted by the Italians in 1947 and re-established under the title of the Commune of Belvedere.

The last occupation
With the rise of fascism in Italy a new menace arrived at the frontier as the Italians, encouraged by Hitler, made their presence felt. Their occupation only was terminated by the final defeat of the German army. In the spring of 1945 the Authion massif above Belvédère was occupied by the 34th DI and troops of German mountain brigade in a network of fortifications: Forca (2078 m), Three Communes redoubt (2080 m),  Plan Caval (1932 m) and fort Mille Fourches (2042 m). On 10 April 1945 the French 1st free French division (MFO) (BIMP), Pacific marine infantry battalion units and mechanized elements of the 1st Regiment fusiliers sailors, supported by artillery and aviation, launched an assault on German positions from the South. After a difficult fight, the Mille Fourches fort fell on 11 April, followed by Forca and Caval. Finally on the 12th, the redoubt of Three Communes was taken by a tank supported by five volunteer soldiers. At the end of a perilous ascent, Corporal Césaire Le Mercier, a Breton belonging to the 1st BIMP made it into the fort and emerged with 38 prisoners. The entire German front collapsed on 24 April 1945.

Hundreds of soldiers from both sides died in this battle (273 killed, wounded 644), one of the last on French territory. It allowed French troops to continue to Piedmont following the orders of General de Gaulle's who wished to occupy territory with a view to obtaining border changes in future peace negotiations. This French attitude led to tensions and hostilities with the American allies, who were keen to prevent the dismemberment of the Italian territories by vengeful victors. Belvédère was at one point evacuated and then reoccupied.

The definitive return to France
On 19 February 1947 the "Big Four" victors signed a peace treaty with Italy finally exorcising the Fascist regime. The relevant Communes regained their territory. Tende and Brigue returned to France. Belvédère returned definitively and completely to her motherland.

Darkness at Noon

Arthur Koestler  completed his world famous novel, Darkness at Noon, when he stayed just outside Belvédère on the road to old Roquebillière. He visited the area with his companion, Daphne Hardy Henrion, in the summer 1939 staying first at the San Sebastian Hotel and then renting a villa nearby until they were forced to return to Paris by the German invasion of France. He wrote about his experiences in the Vesubie valley in the first chapter of his novel, Scum of the Earth (book)

Darkness at Noon was rated one of the 100 most influential novels of the later half of the 20th century by Le Monde. It was also rated 8th in the modern library's 100 best books of the 20th century.

Belle and Sebastian

Belvédère together with the Gordolasque valley was used as the location for the 1965 television series Belle et Sébastien based on the novel by Cécile Aubry about a six-year-old boy named Sébastien and his dog Belle, a Pyrenean mountain dog, who live in a small French Alpine mountain village on the French side of the border with Italy. The series was translated and broadcast by the BBC.  A Japanese anime version, Meiken Jolie   was made nearly two decades later and also a feature film in 2017. The Glasgow based pop group, Belle and Sebastian, were named after the original TV series.

Prominent citizens and miscellaneous facts

Andre Laurenti (died 1609) Professor at the University of Montpellier, presented at court by Le comtesse de Tonnerre in 1589, appointed as doctor to the King. 1603 appointed chancellor of the faculty of medicine chosen as doctor to Marie de' Medici. 1606 appointed "Archiatre" (doctor to the King) of Henry IV.

Honore Laurenti (died 1612) Royal Advocate General for 20 years amongst several important duties he gave a funeral oration for Marguerite of Austria, queen of Spain who died in Paris in 1611.

Francois Felix Raynardi (died 1832) Comte de Belvedere. Fought at Massena (aug 1793) as general of a brigade. See text above.

Dick Rivers (born 1945) alias Hervé Forneris French rock star; founder of the "Wild Cats".

The film Le Cas du docteur Laurent starring Jean Gabin was made in 1957 largely on location at the nearby town of Saint-Martin-Vésubie and many local scenes are used.

Population

Mayors

See also
French Wikipedia page for Belvédère
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

External links
Website for the commune of Belvédère
Website for the commune of Belvédère
Link to Belvédère on local Vesubian website at www.vesubian.com including a Monographie de Belvédère by Marc ZWILLER(in french)
Dances and traditional musics in Belvédère : farandole and passa-carriera

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes


Le Bar-sur-Loup (,  "Le Bar-on-Loup"; ; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France.

Originally known simply as Le Bar, the commune was renamed Le Bar-sur-Loup by a decree dated 27 March 1961 published in the Journal officiel on 1 April, with effect from 2 April 1961.

In 2019, it had a population of 2,921. Its inhabitants are known as Aubarnais in French – Aubarnenc in Occitan – or simply Barois.

Geography
The commune gets its name from the Loup, a coastal river that runs through it. The Loup flows into the Mediterranean near Villeneuve-Loubet.

History
The first record of the commune was recorded in 1078, in the book Albarnum or Poncii Albarni. In 1235, the village was renamed to Catrum de Albarno, and throughout the 16th century, it was renamed to Lou Barn, Le Barn, and finally Le Bar-sur-Loup.

Places and monuments
Church of Saint-Jacques-le-Majeur
The carvings on the door are quite notable. On the inside is an altarpiece painted by Ludovico Brea, dating to the 16th century, as well as statues from the 17th century. In the back of the church, there is a wood carving of a danse macabre from the 15th century.

Le château des comtes de Grasse
A quadrangular building built on vaulted cellars, with two towers to the south and a smaller one to the north. The castle was sacked in 1792 and sold to the villagers in 1832. Restored, it was divided into apartments. It was the birthplace of François Joseph Paul de Grasse on 13 September 1722. He became the Comte de Grasse and served as a career French naval general,

At the entrance to the courtyard before the castle is a broad-based square tower. This is the old castle keep, now used as a tourist office. Before it was dismantled in 1792, it had seven storeys. A museum has been set up on the first floor which tells the stories of the village's most famous residents. The Chateau de Grasse is now operated as a hotel.

Gallery

Demographics

Legend
During Lent, a count in Le Bar held a party during which all the guests died. A danse macabre was painted to commemorate this divine punishment. It shows Death as an archer, firing arrows at the guests. Ghosts rise from the mouths of the corpses in the form of small, naked people, who are weighed in a balance held by Saint Michael (sitting at the feet of Christ). The ghosts are sent into the jaws of a monster, representing the entrance to hell.

Notable persons
 François Joseph Paul de Grasse (1722-1788), Comte de Grasse and career naval officer who made rank of admiral and was a hero to the American Revolutionary War, defeating the British in a critical battle.

Sister city
Le Bar-sur-Loup has a sister city:
 Poquoson, Virginia, United States of America.

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes


Indianola Records is an American independent record label that mainly focuses on hardcore punk.

Overview
Indianola Records was founded in 1999, with the release of Life Before's "Reflections on Tomorrow". The label quickly gained worldwide recognition in 2001 with the release of Evergreen Terrace's Losing All Hope Is Freedom and subsequent releases. Indianola is run by its two active owners, John Giddens and Matt Shelton.

Early history
Originally envisioned as a studio and record label; Matt Shelton, Bo Barber, Michael Gibbs and Jeff Davis built a small studio into a family farmhouse of Shelton's in 1998. During this time they did demos for several Valdosta, Georgia bands under the name Black and Blue Studios, one of these bands was Life Before, an early wave melodic hardcore band fronted by John Giddens and guitarist Judson Parker (also of Cinema, Another Dying Friend, and French Connection fame). The demo, simply entitled "Summer Demo", quickly led to ramping up the record label side of the idea, with Giddens and Shelton wanting to put out a full-length record for Life Before.

Geographically, the farmhouse was located on a stretch of family land that had been in Shelton's family since the Civil War, it was called Indianola. With the Life Before project gearing up, a name for the record label was needed and Indianola Records was chosen. During this time, the studio side of the project was abandoned, and Indianola Records released 3 albums: Life Before "Reflections on Tomorrow", Wisenbaker "Contemplating Whether or Not to Tell You, I Love You" and a compilation of artists entitled "Somewhere Between Glory and Despair". John Giddens became heavily involved with these releases and was made a co-owner. Two demo tracks from Evergreen Terrace appeared on "Somewhere Between Glory and Despair".

Exclusive distribution
With the release of Losing All Hope Is Freedom and the Evergreen Terrace vs. xOne Fifthx albums by Evergreen Terrace, along with records from A Jealousy Issue, Sleeping by the Riverside and This Runs Through, Indianola Records reached an exclusive distribution agreement with Lumberjack Distribution. "A Tragedy in Progress" by Across Five Aprils was the label's first exclusive release.

This period saw the release of such bands as A Day to Remember, Across Five Aprils, Casey Jones, Glory of This, Life in Your Way, Odd Project and many more. Michael Gibbs and Bo Barber left active participation with the label during this time to pursue other career goals, Jeff Davis died, Sleeping by the Riverside's A Breath Between Battles is dedicated to him.

By the end of 2007, John Giddens struck a distribution deal with Koch Distribution. Koch was later sold and rebranded as E1 Entertainment One, Indianola is currently distributed by E1.

Roster

Alumni

A Day to Remember (Fueled By Ramen)
A Jealousy Issue (ex-members of Poison the Well; disbanded)
A Prisoners Dilemma
A Tragedy in Progress [original Across Five Aprils line-up]
Acirema
Across Five Aprils (Victory Records; disbanded)
And Then There Was You
Apparitions
Bombshell
Boys No Good [members of Casey Jones]
Caldwell
Casey Jones (members of Evergreen Terrace and Loma Prieta)
Evergreen Terrace (currently on Rise Records)
Forgiven Rival
Glory of This [(Disbanded) Related Artists – Ambush!, Young Hollywood]
Gunmetal Grey (disbanded, vocalist now in Suicide Silence, ex-All Shall Perish)
HeartCakeParty
Honour Crest (Disbanded)
Life Before (the first Indianola band)
Life in Your Way (Come&Live)
Lokyata
Monday in London
Mercury Switch
Odd Project (disbanded)
Oh, Manhattan
Provoke, Destroy
Scream Out Loud (currently on Luxor Records)
Sleeping by the Riverside
Strateia
The Year Ends In Arson
This Day Will Tell
This Runs Through (disbanded, members currently in Underoath and To Speak of Wolves)
The Midnight Life
We Are Action
Wealth In Water
When Cities Sleep
Words Like Daggers (currently on Third String Records)
Your Eyes My Dreams

See also
:Category:Indianola Records albums

References

American independent record labels
Record labels established in 2001
Heavy metal record labels
Hardcore record labels
Punk record labels


Bellacher Weiher (also spelt Bellacherweiher, Bellacher-Weiher, or Weier) is a small lake at Bellach in the Canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. Its surface area is 3.3 ha. The pond was formed in 1548. Lake and surroundings are a nature preserve.

External links
http://www.bellacherweiher.ch

Lakes of Switzerland
Lakes of the canton of Solothurn
1548 establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy
LBellacherWeiher


On 6 December 2007, Odyssey Moon was the first team to register for the Google Lunar X Prize competition, an event that hopes to rekindle the efforts of humans to return to the Moon. The competition is referred to as "Moon 2.0" and is composed of other private organizations like Odyssey Moon Limited, the commercial lunar enterprise that makes up this team. Each team will be competing for a $20 million first prize, a $5 million second prize, and additional $5 million in (potential) bonuses.

Odyssey Moon Limited is based on the Isle of Man, and is the design of Robert D. Richards. His goals include developing the first commercial enterprise that utilizes the energy and resources on the Moon. To achieve this end, the team enlisted the part-time consultant services of Alan Stern, NASA's former top-rank planetary scientist. On 22 September 2008,  another veteran of NASA joined Odyssey Moon. Jay F. Honeycutt was named president and will be responsible for all programs and commercial launch operations. He brings a great deal of expertise in managing large scale engineering operations. His experience at NASA was diverse. He was director of the Kennedy Space Center for several years and was director of Shuttle Management and Operations for more than five years. Outside NASA, another part of his forty years of professional experience was as president of Lockheed Martin Space Operations from 1997-2004.

The team's goals are to build and deploy a robotic lander that will deliver exploration as well as scientific payloads to the Moon. The new lander/spacecraft has been dubbed "MoonOne (M-1)". These efforts have been contracted to MacDonald Dettwiler, a Canadian corporation with a successful history of providing technical space solutions for several NASA projects including the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station.

The Planetary Society, an international space interest group co-founded by Carl Sagan, joined Odyssey Moon's efforts in 2007, specifically with public outreach and coordination between public and private organizations.

Colin Pillinger, a scientist with a background in studying meteorites, led the European Space Agency's failed Beagle 2 Mars lander project in 2003. In 2009 he was in discussion with Odyssey Moon regarding the use of an identical version of Beagle's most powerful instrument on their lander.

See also
 Peter Diamandis
 Private spaceflight

References

External links
 Odyssey Moon Ltd's corporate website

Video clips
 Odyssey Moon YouTube channel

Cancelled spacecraft
Google Lunar X Prize
Private spaceflight companies
British companies established in 2007
Engineering companies of the Isle of Man
Aerospace companies of Canada
Space programme of the United Kingdom