Internet in India began in 1986 and was initially available only to the educational and research community. General public access to the internet in India began on 15 August 1995. American multinational digital communications technology conglomerate Cisco estimated that India will have more than 900 million internet users by 2023.

It is reported that in 2022 an average mobile internet consumption in India was 19.5 GB per month and the mobile data usage per month rose from 4.5 exabytes in 2018 to 14.4 exabytes in 2022.

As of May 2014, the Internet is delivered to India mainly by 9 different undersea fibres, including SEA-ME-WE 3, Bay of Bengal Gateway and Europe India Gateway, arriving at 5 different landing points. In 2022 its reported that India is also a potential market of Starlink and apart from having one overland internet connection, at the city of Agartala near the border with Bangladesh, India has also established 2,300-km undersea cable to increase internet connectivity to its Andaman and Nicobar archipelago in 2020.

The Indian Government has embarked on projects such as BharatNet, Digital India, Brand India and Startup India to further expedite the growth of internet-based ecosystems.

Reliance has started the project of underlying submarine cable connecting continents of Europe and Asia and keeping India its centre India-Europe-Xpress (IEX) and India-Asia-Xpress (IAX) - the world's largest submarine cable system - are said to be ready between 2023 and 2024.

There are now over 850 million internet users in India, according to the latest data from the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI).

History
While early computer networks were operated since the late 1970s by the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, the military, along with general-use computer networks such as INDONET, NICNET, and VIKRAM, the history of the Internet in India began with the launch of the Educational Research Network (ERNET) in 1986. The network was made available only to educational and research communities. ERNET was initiated by the Department of Electronics (DoE), with funding from the Government of India and United Nations Development Program (UNDP), involving eight premier institutions as participating agencies—NCST Bombay, Indian Institute of Science, five Indian Institutes of Technology (Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Chennai), and the DoE in New Delhi. ERNET began as a multi protocol network with both the TCP/IP and the OSI-IP protocol stacks running over the leased-line portion of the backbone. Since 1995, however, almost all traffic is carried over TCP/IP. The first leased line of 9.6 kbit/s was installed in January 1991 between Delhi and Mumbai. ERNET was allotted Class B IP address 144.16.0.0 by NIC (then InterNIC) in 1990. Subsequently, Class C addresses were allotted to ERNET by APNIC. All IITs, IISc Bangalore, DOE Delhi and NCST Mumbai were connected by 9.6 kbit/s leased line by 1992. In the same year, 64 kbit/s Internet gateway link was commissioned from NCST Mumbai to UUNet in Virginia, United States. NICNet was established in 1995 for communications between government institutions. The network was operated by the National Informatics Centre.

The first publicly available internet service in India was launched by state-owned Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) on 15 August 1995. At the time, VSNL had a monopoly over international communications in the country and private enterprise was not permitted in the sector. The internet service, known as the Gateway Internet Access Service (GIAS), provided a speed of 9.6 kbit/s speed and was priced at ₹5,200 for 250 hours for individuals, ₹16,200 for institutional dial-up SLIP/PPP accounts, and higher for leased line services.

However, for the next 10 years the Internet experience in the country remained less attractive with narrow-band connections having speeds less than 56 kbit/s (dial-up).

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) access was introduced in 1997.

In 2004, the government formulated its broadband policy which defined broadband as "an always-on Internet connection with download speed of 256 kbit/s or above." From 2005 onward, the growth of the broadband sector in the country accelerated, but remained below the growth estimates of the government and related agencies due to resource issues in last-mile access which were predominantly wired-line technologies. This bottleneck was removed in 2010 when the government auctioned 3G spectrum followed by an equally high-profile auction of 4G spectrum that set the scene for a competitive and invigorated wireless broadband market. After the launch of Reliance Jio in 2016, Internet data rates dropped considerably and telecom companies expanded their fiber optic networks in compitition. Today, internet access in India is provided by both public and private companies using a variety of technologies and media including dial-up (PSTN), xDSL, coaxial cable, Ethernet, FTTH, ISDN, HSDPA (3G), Wi-Fi, WiMAX, etc. at a wide range of speeds and costs.

Technologies

Wireless Internet
The following frequencies are used to provide wireless internet services in India:
 2G : GSM 900 MHz, GSM 1800 MHz
 3G : WCDMA UMTS 2100 MHz, 900 MHz
 4G : TD-LTE 2300 MHz, 2500 MHz, FD-LTE 2100 MHz, 1800 MHz, 900 MHz, 850 MHz
 CDMA : 800 MHz (for 1x voice and data & EVDO Rev A, Rev B, Rev B Phase II data)
 5G :

Wired internet
Fixed-line or wired internet technologies used in India include digital subscriber line, (DSL), Dial-up Internet access, Ethernet and local area network (LAN), Cable modem, fibre to the home, and leased line.

Internet speed
 In 2004, the government formulated its broadband policy which defined broadband as "an always-on Internet connection with download speed of 256 kbit/s or above." The definition was amended in July 2013 defining broadband as a "data connection that supports interactive services, including internet access, capable of a minimum download speed of 256 kbps to an individual subscriber." The minimum download speed was officially raised from 256 kbit/s to 512 kbit/s in August 2014.

On 1 September 2021, TRAI raised the minimum broadband speed to 2 Mbit/s. The regulator announced that broadband would now be defined as "an always-on data connection, provided over fixed or wireless infrastructure, that is able to support multiple information and interactive services such as Internet access and on demand video, and offers a minimum downlink and uplink speed of 2 Mbps to an individual subscriber from the point of presence (POP) of the service provider intending to provide the Broadband service".

The worldwide broadband speed league 2021 ranked India 80th out of 224 countries with a mean download speed of 22.53 Mbit/s. According to the Akamai Q1 2017 State of the Internet Report, the average internet connection speed in India is 6.5 Mbit/s and the average peak connection speed is 41.4 Mbit/s. Globally, India was ranked 89th out of 149 countries/regions by average internet connection speed and 97th by average peak connection speed. 42% of internet users in India have an average internet connection speed of above 4 Mbit/s, 19% have a speed of over 10 Mbit/s, and 10% enjoy speeds over 15 Mbit/s. The average internet connection speed on mobile networks in India was 4.9 Mbit/s.

According to the September 2023 Speedtest Global Index, published by Speedtest.net, India was ranked 87th out of 180 countries by median fixed broadband speed and 43th out of 138 countries by median mobile internet speed. The median fixed broadband download speed in India is 54.56 Mbit/s and the median fixed broadband upload speed is 49.39 Mbit/s. Speedtest recorded the median download speed on mobile connections in India as 54.05 Mbit/s and median upload speed of 7.57 Mbit/s.

Internet user base
India has the second highest number of internet users in the world. The following table provides an overview of internet subscriber statistics in India as on 31 December 2022.

The World Economic Forum (WEF) estimated that about 60% of Indian internet users viewed vernacular content and only about a quarter of internet users were over the age of 35 years in 2019. The WEF also estimated that 1.1 billion Indians would have access to the internet by 2030, with 80% of the subscriber base primarily accessing the internet on mobile devices. The profile of India's internet user base was predicted to diversify by 2030 with 80% of users accessing vernacular content and with users over 25 years making up 45% of the total subscriber base. There is also a digital gender gap with far more male internet users in the country compared to female users. The gap is more pronounced in rural hinterlands compared to urban metros.

Access to the Internet can be divided into dial-up and broadband access. Around the start of the 21st century, most residential access was by dial-up, while access from businesses was usually by higher speed connections. In subsequent years dial-up declined in favour of broadband access. Both types of access generally use a modem, which converts digital data to analog for transmission over a particular analog network (ex. the telephone or cable networks).

Dial-up access is a connection to the Internet through a phone line, creating a semi-permanent link to the Internet. Operating on a single channel, it monopolizes the phone line and is the slowest method of accessing the Internet. Dial-up is often the only form of Internet access available in rural areas because it requires no infrastructure other than the already existing telephone network. Dial-up connections typically do not exceed a speed of 56 kbit/s, because they are primarily made via a 56k modem.

Broadband access includes a wide range of speeds and technologies, all of which provide much faster access to the Internet than dial-up. The term "broadband" once had a technical meaning, but today it is more often a marketing buzzword that simply means "faster". Broadband connections are continuous or "always on" connections, without the need to dial and hang-up, and do not monopolize phone lines. Common types of broadband access include DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines), Fibre to the x (Optical fibre network), Cable Internet access, Satellite Internet access, mobile broadband via cell phones and other mobile devices among many others.

Internet service providers

There were 358 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offering broadband and narrowband services in India as on 31 December 2019. The ten largest ISPs account for 99.50% of the total subscriber base. Jio (51.60%), Airtel (23.24%), Vodafone Idea (19.77%), BSNL (4.21%) and Atria Convergence Technologies (0.21%) were the five largest ISPs by subscribers in India as on 31 December 2019.

As on 31 December 2019, the five largest wired broadband providers in India are BSNL (51.75%), Airtel (10.80%), Atria Convergence Technologies (6.78%), Hathway (4.01%) and Jio (3.83%). Other wired ISPs account for the remaining 22.82% of subscribers. The five largest wireless broadband providers are Jio (53.14%), Airtel (23.64%), Vodafone Idea (20.40%) and BSNL (2.68%).

The telecom circles of Maharashtra (40.21 million), Andhra Pradesh & Telangana (38.28 million), Tamil Nadu (35.90 million) Gujarat (32.16 million) and Karnataka (31.74 million) have the most broadband subscribers as on 31 September 2018.

The total International Internet bandwidth owned by Indian ISPs was 2,933 Gbit/s as on 30 June 2017. International Bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transmission from a single country to the rest of the world.

There are a number of internet service providers (ISPs) operating in India. Some of the major ISPs include:

 Airtel
 Jio
 Vodafone Idea
 Hathway
 BSNL
 aerLoop

Net neutrality

During August 2015, there were no laws governing net neutrality in India, which would require that all Internet users be treated equally, without discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication. There had already been a few violations of net neutrality principles by some Indian service providers. The government had once again called in for comments and suggestions regarding net neutrality on 14 August, and had given the people one day to post their views on the MyGov forum. After this, the final decision regarding the debate was to be made.

The debate on network neutrality in India gathered public attention after Airtel, a mobile telephony service provider in India, announced in December 2014 additional charges for making voice calls (VoIP) from its network using apps like WhatsApp, Skype, etc.

On 27 March 2015, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) released a formal consultation paper on Regulatory Framework for Over-the-top (OTT) services, seeking comments from the public. The consultation paper was criticised for being one sided and having confusing statements. It received condemnation from various politicians and Indian Internet users. The last date for submission of comment was 24 April 2015 and TRAI received over a million emails.

On 8 February 2016, TRAI took a revolutionary decision, prohibiting telecom service providers from levying discriminatory rates for data, thus ruling in favour of Net Neutrality in India. This move was welcomed not just by millions of Indians but also by various political parties, businesspersons, industry leaders, and the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners Lee.

Censorship

Internet censorship in India is selectively practised by both federal and state governments. DNS filtering and educating service users in better usage is an active strategy and government policy to regulate and block access to Internet content on a large scale. Measures to remove content at the request of content creators through court orders have become more common in recent years.

Freedom House's Freedom on the Net 2016 report gives India a Freedom on the Net status of "Partly Free" with a rating of 41 (0-100 scale, lower is better). Its Obstacles to Access was rated 12 (0-25 scale), Limits on Content was rated 9 (0-35 scale) and Violations of User Rights was rated 20 (0-40 scale). India was ranked 29th out of the 65 countries included in the report.

In the 2022 report], the rating was increased from 41 to 51 (lower is better). Its Obstacles to Access was rated 13 (0-25 scale), Limits on Content was 21 (0-32 scale) and Violations of User Rights was 17 (0-40 scale). India was ranked 37th out of 70 countries rated in the report.

Challenges
One of the major issues facing the Internet segment in India is the lower average bandwidth of broadband connections compared to that of developed countries. According to 2007 statistics, the average download speed in India hovered at about 40 KB per second (256 kbit/s), the minimum speed set by TRAI, whereas the international average was 5.6 Mbit/s during the same period. In order to attend this infrastructure issue the government declared 2007 as "the year of broadband". To compete with international standards of defining broadband speed the Indian Government has taken the aggressive step of proposing a ₹690 billion national broadband network to connect all cities, towns and villages with a population of more than 500 in two phases targeted for completion by 2012 and 2013. Google and Tata have launched the Internet Saathi project to help increase digital literacy amongst women in rural areas. The network was supposed to provide speeds up to 10 Mbit/s in 63 metropolitan areas and 4 Mbit/s in an additional 352 cities.The Internet penetration rate in India is medium and accounts for 42% of the population compared to the rate in OECD counties, where the average is over 50%.

Another issue is the digital divide where growth is biased in favour of urban areas; according to 2010 statistics, more than 75 per cent of the broadband connections in the country are in the top 30 cities. Regulators have tried to boost the growth of broadband in rural areas by promoting higher investment in rural infrastructure and establishing subsidised tariffs for rural subscribers under the Universal service obligation scheme of the Indian government.

E-commerce industry
Number of Indian consumers who were expected to purchase something online in 2018: 120 million.

Number of Indian consumers who were expected to purchase something online in 2020: 175 million.

Number of Indian consumers who were expected to purchase something online in 2021: 289.1 million.

Number of Indian consumers who were expected to purchase something online in last 2022: 312.5 million.

Indian e-commerce industry net income in 2017: ₹2.46 trillion.
Indian e-commerce industry net income estimated in 2018: ₹3.02 trillion.
Indian e-commerce industry net income in 2019 proved the improvement of the socio-economy that it has attracted ₹2.58 trillion in only 6 early months of the year.

Data centers
 BSNL Internet Data Centers, in collaboration with Dimension Data
 Trimax IT Infrastructure & Services Limited – Tier III data centers in Mumbai and Bengaluru
 Airlive Broadband
 aerloop Broadband
 Web Werks Data Centers
 Sify Technologies Limited
 CtrlS Datacenters Ltd
 Tata Communications Limited
 Netmagic Solutions
 Reliance Datacenter
 Web Werks IDC
 Net4 Datacenter
 RackBank Datacenter
 GPX Global Systems Inc.
 CTRLS Data Center
 MegaHostZone
 Digital Ocean
 HostFe - HFE INTERNET & DATACENTERS
 HostRain
 Amazon Web Services
Google Cloud

Impact of COVID-19 on the Internet in India

 According to the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), internet traffic in India increased by 30% during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic.
 A study by the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) found that the number of Indians using the internet for education increased by 50% during the pandemic.
 A study by the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIM Ahmedabad) found that the number of Indians using the internet for healthcare increased by 60% during the pandemic.
 A study by the World Economic Forum found that India was one of the countries where the internet played the biggest role in helping people cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Internet Exchanges
NIXI
Mumbai Convergence Hub
Mumbai IX
AMS IX
DE-CIX
AMR-IX

See also

Internet Freedom Foundation
National Optical Fibre Network
Internet censorship in India
Media of India
Telecommunications in India
List of countries by number of Internet users
List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions
List of countries by Internet connection speeds

References

Telecommunications in India
Science and technology in India
Communications in India
Computer-related introductions in 1995


Internet access is available in North Korea, but is only permitted with special authorization. It is primarily used for government purposes, and also by foreigners. The country has some broadband infrastructure, including fiber optic links between major institutions. Online services for most individuals and institutions are provided through a free domestic-only network known as Kwangmyong, with access to the global Internet limited to a much smaller group.

Service providers and access
Internet access in North Korea is available from Internet service provider Star Joint Venture Co., a joint venture between the North Korean government's Ministry of Post and Telecommunications and Thailand-based Loxley Pacific. Star JV took control of North Korea's Internet address allocation on 21 December 2009. Prior to Star JV, Internet access was available only via a satellite link to Germany, or for some government uses through direct connections with China Unicom. Nearly all of North Korea's Internet traffic is routed through China.

Since February 2013, foreigners have been able to access the Internet using the 3G telecommunications network provided by Koryolink.

Permission to access the Internet remains tightly restricted. However, the IT industry has been growing and Internet access is gradually increasing within North Korea. In October 2010, the website of the Korean Central News Agency went live from a web server hosted in North Korea. It is accessible globally on a North Korean IP address , marking the country's first known direct connection to the Internet. Around the same time, on 9 October, journalists visiting Pyongyang for the Workers' Party's 65th anniversary celebrations were given access to a press room with Internet connectivity.

, 1,024 IP addresses were known to exist in North Korea, although The New York Times journalists David E. Sanger and Nicole Perlroth believe that the actual number may be higher. The total number of Internet users is estimated at no more than a few thousand. People who can access the global Internet without limits are claimed to be high-ranking officials, members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and government ambassadors.

Some access is allowed in North Korea's academic institutions. Professors and graduate students can access the Internet at the Pyongyang University of Science and Technology through a computer lab, for instance. Access through this channel is monitored. In fact, as of 2007, many of the North Koreans with access to the global Internet were tasked only with retrieving scientific and technical information which could then be posted to the national intranet.

Kim Jong-il told a visiting North Korean dignitary in 2002 that he had spent much time on South Korean websites. According to Ofer Gayer, a security researcher of Incapsula, the country's total web traffic footprint has been less than that of the Falkland Islands. Joo Seong-ha, a The Dong-a Ilbo journalist and a North Korean defector, said in 2014 the government's intranet Kwangmyong has been used to limit the general public's global Internet usage, especially in hotels. Although available in most campuses, the government has "strictly monitored the Internet usage".

Since Apple Inc., Sony, and Microsoft are not allowed to distribute their products to North Korea, third-party companies buy their products and sell them to customers. Very little is known about the electronics industry in North Korea due to the government's isolation policies.

In April 2016, North Korea began to block Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and South Korean websites, due to "its concern with the spread of online information".

On 19 September 2016, North Korea's nameserver that contains information about all of the ".kp" websites was misconfigured, allowing researchers to access and publish the domain names and some of the file data about the site, including zone information for .kp, co.kp, com.kp, edu.kp, gov.kp, net.kp, org.kp, and rep.kp, revealing that North Korea has only 28 websites facing the Internet. However, the Kwangmyong intranet, available only to North Korea, was estimated to host between 1,000 and 5,500 internal-facing websites as of 2014.

In September 2017, Russian telecommunication company TransTeleCom established direct Internet connection to North Korea, causing China Unicom to no longer be the sole provider of Internet access for North Korea.

It was reported in January 2021 that North Korea was gearing up to upgrade its network from the current 3G to a 4G network.

Government use of the Internet
As of 2018, construction of an Internet Communication Bureau headquarters was underway in Pyongyang.

North Korean websites

There are about 30 websites, such as Uriminzokkiri, run by the DPRK government. South Korean police have identified 43 pro-North Korean websites that have foreign-based servers.  The police report that these websites encourage hostile attitudes towards South Korea and Western countries, and portray the DPRK in a positive light. According to The Dong-a Ilbo, foreign-based websites include the following: Joseon Tongsin (Korean News Service) and Guk-jeonseon in Japan, Unification Arirang in China, Minjok Tongsin  in the United States, and twelve new pro-North Korean websites have launched, including the "Korea Network". In August 2010, BBC News reported that an agency contracted by the North Korean government has fielded an official DPRK YouTube channel, Facebook and Twitter accounts for Uriminzokkiri. Both the Twitter and YouTube accounts are solely in Korean. The BBC reported, "In a recent Twitter post, the North Koreans said the current administration in South Korea was 'a prostitute' of the US", though this wording may be a poor translation into English. Among some of the content on the official website is an image of a US soldier being followed by two missiles, along with various other cartoons, pictures and text, with largely anti-US and anti-South Korean sentiment. In September 2007 the .kp top-level domain was created. It contains websites connected to the North Korean government.

In addition to propaganda sites, there are numerous websites connected to commercial activity. In 2002, North Koreans, in collaboration with a South Korean company, started a gambling site targeting South Korean customers (online gambling being illegal in South Korea), but the site has since been closed down. In late 2007, North Korea launched its first online shop, Chollima, in a joint venture with an unnamed Chinese company. In 2013, The Pirate Bay claimed to be operating from North Korea after legal challenges forced it out of Sweden. The move was later revealed to be a hoax.

Hackers
South Korean No Cut News has reported that the North Korean government trains computer hackers in Kim Chaek University of Technology and Kim Il-sung University to earn money overseas. A group of North Korean hackers based in Shenyang, China, developed and sold auto-programs (programs that allow player characters to earn experience and in-game currency while the player does none of the work) for an online game Lineage and a South Korean citizen was arrested in May 2011 for purchasing it.

In December 2014, North Korea was accused of a hack attack on Sony Pictures Entertainment. From 19–21 December, North Korea experienced technical difficulties with Internet access. On December 22, North Korea suffered a complete Internet link failure, resulting in loss of Internet access from outside the country for which the United States is suspected. On 23 December, nine hours after the outage, the country regained Internet access, albeit "partial and potentially unstable with other websites still inaccessible." On 22–24 December, North Korea experienced seven more Internet outages, including two on 23 December. On 27 December, the country experienced an outage on Internet (the third time of the year) and a mobile network. A similar outage, lasting for one and a half days, occurred in March 2013.

South Korean Internet regulations

South Korean Internet users must comply with Trade Laws with North Korea (Article 9 Section 2) in which one needs to have the Ministry of Unification's approval to contact North Koreans through their websites.

IP address ranges
 North Korea has four IPv4 subnets, all announced by AS131279, named "Ryugyong-dong". The subnets are:
 175.45.176.0/24 (175.45.176.0–255)
 175.45.177.0/24 (175.45.177.0-255)
 175.45.178.0/24 (175.45.178.0–255)
 175.45.179.0/24 (175.45.179.0–255)

Despite North Korea's limited Internet access, the small pool of IP addresses has led to very conservative allocations. The Pyongyang University of Science and Technology, for example, had just one IP address on the global Internet in 2012.

North Korea's telecommunications ministry was previously also the registered user of 256 China Unicom addresses (210.52.109.0 – 210.52.109.255). This pre-dated the activation of North Korea's own block.

In October 2017 it was reported that Russian ISP TransTelekom was routing traffic from North Korea as a second internet connection, together with China Unicom.

In December 2020, North Korea had interconnected to 1 Russian ISP and 2 Chinese ISPs (TransTelecom and Cenbong, which automatically re-route traffic, using China Unicom channels).

See also

 Censorship in North Korea
 Manbang – IPTV service
 Naenara – web portal of the North Korean government
 Telecommunications in North Korea

References

External links
 List of North Korean websites at North Korea Tech
 Silibank North Korea
 Uriminzokkiri


The 1881 Troy Trojans finished in 5th place in the National League with a 39–45 record.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1881 Troy Trojans season at Baseball Reference

Troy Trojans (MLB team) seasons
Troy Trojans season
Troy Trojans


UFO Hunters is an American television series that premiered on January 30, 2008, on The History Channel, produced by Motion Picture Production Inc., and ran for three seasons. Jon Alon Walz was the executive producer of the show and was responsible for selling the series to History Channel after a bidding war for the rights to the show broke out between History Channel and Sci-Fi Channel.

Prior to selling UFO Hunters to History Channel, Walz and Motion Picture Production Inc., created and executive produced several hit UFO and paranormal specials for History, including "Russian Roswell", "Deep Sea UFOs", and "The Pacific's Bermuda Triangle". William J. Birnes was the star and co-creator of the UFO Hunters series.

The concept for the show was tested in a segment of History Channel's 2006 UFO special entitled "Deep Sea UFOs", produced by Motion Picture Production Inc, which featured two of the final four cast members. UFO Hunters was not a direct spin-off from a 2005 History Channel special with the same title, but they did use images from the 2005 special to promote the premiere of the new series. The tagline of the show is: "Hoax or History?" The series should not be confused with a similarly themed and titled UFO Hunters, a special that debuted the same day and time on the Sci-Fi Channel, (now SyFy), and created by the producers of Ghost Hunters, but which only aired one episode.

The series was one of the first fully HD-produced, 16x9 format, reality series on cable. In the US, History Channel only released the first two seasons on DVD in the correct airdate order. However, the format was only released in full screen (1:33:1) instead of wide screen. In the UK, History Channel released the third and final season on DVD, but the episodes were released in the incorrect airdate order. In a 2011 interview with podcaster Jim Harold, William J. Birnes claimed that after the Dulce Base episode aired, the show was canceled by top level executives at History Channel.

Format
The show follows numerous investigations (referred to as "cases" in the beginning of each episode) led by William J. Birnes and his team of experts: researcher and scuba diver Pat Uskert, mechanical engineer and MIT researcher Ted Acworth, and investigative biologist Jeff Tomlinson. In the second season, Tomlinson departed. In the third season, Acworth was replaced by mechanical engineer Kevin Cook.

In each episode, the team investigates reports of unidentified aerial phenomena, including interviewing witnesses of close encounters with UFOs, USOs (unidentified submerged objects), and supposed extraterrestrial life. They also analyze any evidence collected such as photographs, video, or recovered physical material. They also conduct research with other investigators and scientists in the field in an attempt to find conclusive evidence that a report is real or a hoax. The show includes investigations of long-standing UFO cases, such as the Roswell, New Mexico UFO crash incident and other famous sightings throughout history.

The opening theme song "The Only One" was performed by the band Operator. In later seasons the song was removed and the opening theme was changed.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2008)
Season 1 aired from January 30, 2008, to May 7, 2008.

Season 2 (2008–09)
Season 2 aired from October 29, 2008, to February 25, 2009.

Season 3 (2009)
History ended Season 3 of the series abruptly on May 20, 2009, and the last four episodes that were produced were never broadcast. According to his Facebook page, Bill Birnes headed up an online petition for History to continue the series. On October 29, 2009, History aired the last four episodes as a four-hour marathon.

See also
 List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
 Ancient Aliens
 UFO Files
 Hangar 1: The UFO Files
 Unidentified flying object (UFO)

References

External links

Paranormal television
History (American TV channel) original programming
UFO-related television
2000s American reality television series
2008 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings


The 73rd Airlift Squadron, sometimes written as 73d Airlift Squadron, is a United States Air Force Reserve squadron, assigned to the 932nd Operations Group, stationed at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. Originally constituted as the 73rd Troop Carrier Squadron, the unit received a Distinguished Unit Citation and a French Croix de Guerre with Palm for its D-Day missions in Normandy in 1944. It was one of the units trained for space capsule recovery in the 1960s. The squadron was redesignated the 73rd Military Airlift Squadron in 1967, the 73rd Aeromedical Airlift Squadron in 1969, and finally the 73rd Airlift Squadron in 1994. It currently operates C-40C Clipper aircraft providing executive airlift for distinguished visitors and their staffs.

History
Established in early 1943 as a C-47 Skytrain transport squadron under First Air Force, later trained under I Troop Carrier Command in the eastern United States. Deployed to England in late 1943, being assigned to Ninth Air Force in England, IX Troop Carrier Command to participate in the buildup of forces prior to the Allied landings in France during D-Day in June 1944.

Engaged in combat operations by dropping paratroops into Normandy on D-Day (6 June 1944) and releasing gliders with reinforcements on the following day. The unit received a Distinguished Unit Citation and a French citation for these missions.

After the Normandy invasion the squadron ferried supplies in the United Kingdom.  The squadron also hauled food, clothing, medicine, gasoline, ordnance equipment, and other supplies to the front lines and evacuated patients to rear zone hospitals.  It dropped paratroops near Nijmegen and towed gliders carrying reinforcements during the airborne attack on the Netherlands. In December, it participated in the Battle of the Bulge by releasing gliders with supplies for the 101st Airborne Division near Bastogne.

Moved to France in early 1945, and participated in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, participating in the air assault across the Rhine River in March 1945, each aircraft towed two gliders with troops of the 17th Airborne Division and released them near Wesel.

Returned to the United States in August 1945, becoming a domestic troop carrier squadron for Continental Air Forces, inactivated July 1946.

It transported personnel, equipment, and supplies and airdropped airborne troops and equipment from, 1957–1967.  The squadron conducted long range movement of troops, cargo, and equipment from 1965 to 1969 and trained for space capsule recovery from, 1961–1969.  It augmented the active duty 375th Airlift Wing in operating the aeromedical airlift system from, 1969–2005.  Since 2005 the 73d has conducted executive airlift with the 54th Airlift Squadron, an Active-Associate Squadron under TFA (Total Force Association).

Operations and decorations
 Combat Operations.  Airborne assaults on Normandy, the Netherlands, and Germany; relief of Bastogne; transportation of passengers and cargo in ETO during World War II. Transported personnel, equipment and supplies and airdropped airborne troops and equipment, 1957–1967; long range movement of troops, cargo, and equipment, 1965–1969; and trained for space capsule recovery, 1961–1969.
 Campaigns. World War II: Normandy; Northern France; Rhineland; Ardennes-Alsace; Central Europe
 Decorations. Distinguished Unit Citation: France, 6-7 Jun 1944. Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards: 20 Aug 1969 – 30 Jun 1971; 1 Jan 1972 – 31 Mar 1973; 24 Jul 1975 – 23 Jul 1977; 29 Sep 1980 – 30 Jun 1982; 1 Jun 1986 – 31 Jul 1988; 1 Jan 1993 – 1 Aug 1994. French Croix de Guerre with Palm: 6–7 Jun 1944; 20–28 Aug 1944. French Fourragere. Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm: 1 Apr 1967 – 24 Jul 1969.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 73d Troop Carrier Squadron on 30 January 1943
 Activated on 9 February 1943
 Inactivated on 31 July 1946
 Activated in the Reserve on 1 August 1947
 Re-designated 73d Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 1 July 1949
 Ordered to Active Service on 1 May 1951
 Inactivated on 1 February 1953
 Activated in the Reserve on 1 February 1953
 Inactivated on 24 March 1954
 Activated in the Reserve on 8 June 1957
 Ordered to Active Service on 28 October 1962
 Relieved from Active Duty on 28 November 1962
 Redesignated 73d Military Airlift Squadron on 1 April 1967
 Redesignated 73d Aeromedical Airlift Squadron (Associate) on 25 July 1969
 Redesignated 73d Airlift Squadron on 1 October 1994

Assignments
 434th Troop Carrier Group, 9 Feb 1943 – 31 Jul 1946; 1 August 1947
 436th Troop Carrier Group, 1 July 1948
 434th Troop Carrier Group, 1 July 1949 – 1 February 1953
 434th Troop Carrier Group, 1 February 1953 – 24 March 1954
 434th Troop Carrier Group, 8 June 1957
 434th Troop Carrier Wing, 14 April 1959
 932d Troop Carrier (later, 932 Military Airlift; 932 Aeromedical Airlift) Group, 11 February 1963
 932d Operations Group, 1 August 1992 – present

Stations

 Alliance Army Air Field, Nebraska, 9 February 1943
 Baer Field, Indiana, 4–28 Sep 1943
 RAF Fulbeck (AAF-488), England, Oct 1943
 RAF Welford (AAF-474), England, Nov 1943
 RAF Fulbeck (AAF-488), England, 10 January 1944
 RAF Aldermaston (AAF-467), England, 3 March 1944
 Mourmelon-le-Grand Airfield (A-80), France, Feb–Jun 1945
 Baer Field, Indiana, 5 August 1945
 Alliance Army Air Field, Nebraska, 15 September 1945

 George Army Airfield, Illinois, 11 October 1945
 Greenville Air Force Base, South Carolina, 2 Feb-31 Jul 1946
 Lunken Airport, Ohio, 1 August 1947
 Atterbury AFB, Indiana, 1 July 1949
 Lawson AFB, Georgia, 23 Jan 1952 – 1 Feb 1953
 Atterbury AFB, Indiana, 1 Feb 1953 – 24 Mar 1954
 Dress Memorial Airport, Indiana, 8 June 1957
 Scott AFB, Illinois, 16 Nov 1957– present

Aircraft

C-47 Skytrain (1943–1946, 1949)
CG-4 Waco (1943–1945)
C-46 Commando (1945–1946, 1949–1953, 1957)
T-11 Kansan (1947–1952, 1953)
T-7 Navigator (1947–1952)
T-6 Texan (1953)

C-45 Expeditor (1953–1954)
C-119 Flying Boxcar (1957–1967)
C-124 Globemaster II (1967–1969)
McDonnell Douglas C-9A (1969–2005)
McDonnell Douglas VC-9C (2005–2011)
C-40C Clipper (2007 – present)

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

External links
932nd Airlift Wing Fact Sheet
932nd Airlift Wing History

Military units and formations in Illinois
073


Dionisio Quintana Viltres (born October 9, 1957) is a retired male javelin thrower from Cuba, who competed for his native country during the 1970s and the 1980s. He later became the trainer of Osleidys Menéndez.

Achievements

References

 1981 Year Ranking

1957 births
Living people
Cuban male javelin throwers
Competitors at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba
Place of birth missing (living people)
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics


Use of the Internet in Qatar has grown rapidly and is now widespread, but Internet access is also heavily filtered.

Penetration and usage
In 2007, Qatar was the second most connected country in the Arab region. Qatar's Internet penetration rate grew from 6% in 2001 to 37% in 2007 to 86% in 2011.

Ooredoo is the telecommunications service provider licensed by the Supreme Council of Information and Communication Technology (ictQATAR) to provide both fixed and mobile telecommunications services. Ooredoo offers domain name registration, pre-paid Internet cards, instant Internet access (via a telephone line, allowing payment for the Internet through the phone bill), and ADSL lines. However, as of November 2006, Ooredoo's monopoly on Internet services officially ended. Though the licensing procedure for new ISPs has not yet been published or implemented, the goal was to "issue licenses to new fixed and mobile providers by the end of 2007."

Broadband penetration in Qatar is rapidly increasing. As of April 2008, it stands at 50 percent. Qtel had some 1.25 million mobile users as of December 2007, which indicates a more than 100 percent penetration rate in Qatar. Qtel also has about 50,000 customers connected to its 3.5G mobile network.

Various plans exist to spread Internet access, such as making free wireless Internet available in various parks in Qatar, making wireless coverage available nationwide, and with "Remote Locations services (Wireless Local Loop) that uses Broadband Point-to-Multipoint Radio technology".

Qatar's Global Information Technology Report 2007–2008 concluded that, even though there are many e-education initiatives in Qatar, parental anxiety might prevent children from enrolling in these initiatives. The report claims that in the Qatari society, "the issue of inappropriate content on the Internet is a huge barrier to wholesale adoption of the technology. Some parents resist children's Internet use and a wide technological divide exists between children and their parents."

Qatar was listed in a 2013 report as having the tenth-highest percentage population using the internet. It was the highest ranked MENA country.

A 2015 report by the UN Broadband Commission for Digital Development ranked Qatar as first among the developing countries by their respective percentage population using internet. The country also ranked second globally for percentage of households with internet. Qatar was also ranked seventh globally in Ovum's Broadband Development Index in 2015.

According to a report by Akamai Technologies in August 2017, Qatar ranked first in the Middle East & North Africa (MENA) region in broadband connection speeds, and seventh globally.

Legal and regulatory framework
Qatar's Supreme Council for Communications and Information Technology (ictQatar) is the main regulatory authority in Qatar.

In 2006, a new telecommunications law was promulgated. Much of the telecommunications law is dedicated to competition and dominant service providers. Article 23 states that for the purpose of interconnection any service provider can be designated as the dominant service provider in one or more telecommunications markets "in accordance with the competition policy." Chapter 9 lays out the competition policy; Article 43 describes abuses of dominance. No details are available for the licensing of ISPs, only that the General Secretariat is in charge of licensing. Chapter 15 states that "power of monitoring and enforcement," with the permission of the attorney general and the chairman of the board, "may require service providers or others to provide information necessary for exercising its powers, and the information shall be furnished in the form, manner, and time as the government specifies."

The last chapter of the law covers offenses and penalties—mostly having to do with penalties that violate the previously mentioned articles, privacy, or security. However, there are two subsets in this chapter which have a broader scope: clause 6 of Article 66 states that any person who uses "a telecommunication network" or allows "such use for the purposes of disturbing, irritating or offending any persons" can be fined or imprisoned for up to one year. Also, under clause 7 of Article 66, "using any facility or telecommunications service in a manner that violates the rules of this Law or other laws" is punishable in the same manner. The vague wording of both these articles restricts Internet users, as they can be applied in various cases.

In July 2008, ictQATAR allowed Ooredoo and Vodafone Qatar to provide voice services to the public and made it legal for any person or business to use VoIP services for voice calls for their own use. Businesses within the State of Qatar are prohibited from selling VoIP calls or services to the public without a license issued by ictQATAR.

Surveillance and filtering
There are no reports of specific Internet surveillance in Qatar, but a report by Reporters Without Borders said that Ooredoo "has the means to spy on messages sent through the other ISPs." A U.S. State Department Human Rights report said that the government of Qatar censors the Internet through a proxy server that monitors and blocks Web sites, e-mail, and chat rooms through the state-owned ISP.

Qatar is one of the most connected countries in the Arab region, but Internet use is heavily censored. Internet filtering in Qatar is pervasive in the social and Internet tools areas and selective in political and conflict/security areas according to a report by the OpenNet Initiative in August 2009.

Qatar filters pornography, political criticism of Gulf countries, gay and lesbian content, sexual health resources, dating and escort services, and privacy and circumvention tools. Internet users complain that non-obscene or non-offensive Web sites are also blocked. Political filtering is limited, but journalists practice self-censorship and avoid reporting on sensitive issues. The filtering in Qatar is relatively transparent (a block page is served). Qatar's telecom regulator ictQATAR said it does not advise Ooredoo on blocking Internet sites and that Ooredoo blocks sites in accordance with the guidelines issued by law enforcement authorities.

The government of Qatar has imposed a recent amendment to the penal code which furthermore regulates freedom of speech and expression. Article 136 (bis), by Emir Tamim bin Hamid Al Thani, authorizes the imprisonment of anyone who facilitates the spread of fake news online.

References
 Portions of this article were adapted from the OpenNet Initiative country profile for Qatar under a Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY).


The Académie Suisse was a very popular, informal, art school founded by Martin François Suisse (1781–1859) in 1815, and was located at the corner of the Quai des Orfévres (No. 4) and the Boulevard du Palais, in Paris, France. From Delacroix to Cézanne, most major French artists frequented this venue to meet colleagues and to study after male and female models.

History

Early years
Martin François Suisse started his career as a baker or baker's apprentice, but then took up a career as artist's model. As D’Ivol notes, he posed for the celebrated artist Pierre-Narcisse Guérin (1774–1833) in 1796. Suisse was also, according to Monneret, a former model for the great, classicist, artist Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825). He, ‘Le Suisse’, posed some 39 times for the great man in the years 1811-1815.

Suisse's life as a model was interrupted by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). In the latter years of the hostilities, he became a sailor, probably a conscripted marine. He was captured and imprisoned on a miserable prison hulk, most likely moored at Plymouth and was later moved to the infamous Dartmoor Prison, close by. Upon his release and repatriation, he returned to Paris where he resumed being a model. It was said that most of the figures in Eugène Delacroix's (1798–1863) ‘The Barque of Dante’ , also called ‘Dante and Virgil in Hell’ by some, were painted from Suisse, in which case he was still modelling up to 1822 when the painting was completed. In the meantime, the year 1815 saw him open the art academy that was to make his name.

Suisse's Academy
The academy was located in a squalid, red house, 4 Quai des Orfévres, where a sombre corridor led to very old, well-worn and dirty stairs that took one up to the front door on the second floor. Here, Suisse fitted out a rented apartment, where a large room served as an art studio and the remaining two rooms became his personal living quarters.

The studio was not attractive in appearance, but was fairly well-lit by a quinquet with twenty lamps; an amphitheater of eighty stools or benches was more-or-less occupied according to the season, but one never saw very many empty seats. The increasingly nicotine-stained walls were covered with academies left in payment of a month in arrears by impoverished art students.

The Académie Suisse was much smaller and more informal than the École des Beaux Arts, where many students went on to continue their studies. The registration or attendance fee was modest; in 1850 students paid 5 US dollars/month (25 francs). Any artist could attend the academy to paint, draw or sculpt in their chosen media. Suisse provided a male model for three weeks of the month and a female for the remaining week. Paying fees meant that the cost of models could be shared collectively, which was a great aid to students who had little money. Some students would visit the morgue, just a few yards away from the Suisse's door on the Quai, towards the Pont Saint-Michel. Here, they could observe the anatomy of fresh corpses at no cost whatsoever.

Besides the support and advice of their fellow artists, there was no tuition as such at the Académie Suisse. However, Suisse was a drawing-master and could also offer advice when posing the model. He was a jovial, knowledgeable and helpful man, much loved and admired by his "students". He enjoyed regaling the them with anecdotes of the artists he had sat for and the paintings he had seen created, and would often entertain them by reciting classical literature. In artistic circles, he was affectionately known as "Le Père Suisse". Influential individuals such as museum curators and art professors would frequently pay visits, such was the acclaim of the academy and the respect for its proprietor.

Suisse's access to young, talented artists also gave him an excellent position from which to become an art dealer. He would buy their works cheaply and sell them on at a considerably elevated price. There were numerous artists, but Nicolas François Octave Tassaert (1800 –1874) was one of those whose works contributed the most to Suisse's fortune.

In 1858, Suisse retired and left his academy to a nephew, while remaining an honorary professor. However, it was the artist Etiènne Prosper Crébassol (1806–1883) that soon took on the ownership, certainly the running, of the academy, renaming it l’Academie Suisse-Crébassol.

Suisse died in 1859 at his home, 78 years old. He had known and befriended many artists, and many would have attended his funeral. However, before he died, he asked that only his family attend, as artists' time was precious and he had no desire to disturb them. This instruction and his modest savings, he left to a niece who had been very close and helpful.

Passe writes that in 1876, the Ateliers de Dessin et de Peinture, were more-or-less limited to Julian's Academy in the Passage des Panoramas (see Crombie) and Crébassol's insufficient, little course in rue Gît-le-Cœur. He makes no mention of the renowned Académie Colarossi (see below), which must mean it had not been opened. It would seem that Crébassol had moved the school to No. 12, rue Gît-le-Cœur, 6th Arrondissement, over the river from the Quai des Orfèvres. Passe further states that two years later in 1879 the aged Crébassol sold his studio to the Italian model and sculptor Filippo Colarossi (1841–1906) for the sum of 500 fr. Crébassol was by this time 73 years old and was presumably no longer able and/or willing to maintain his academy any longer. He died at home in 1883.

Colarossi wanted to start his own professional art academy and had, through hard work and economy, saved the required funds.

In 1881, Colarossi moved his acquisition to a newly built, six studio complex in the courtyard of No. 10, Rue de la Grande Chaumière (6th Arrondissement) in Montparnasse, then a hive of artistic activity. He renamed it the Académie Colarossi, a very successful, fee-funded school that offered expert tuition to male and female students from all over the world.

While Colarossi and his academy went from strength to strength, Suisse's considerable contributions to art were slowly forgotten. No monument or plaque was placed to remind Paris and its visitor of this remarkable man. The memory of his existence was further dimmed when in 1905, the block of buildings including 4 Quai des Orfèvres was expropriated and demolished to make way for the extension of the Palais de Justice in 1906.

Despite this, the memory and gratitude of artists persisted. An attempt was made by ex-students to rekindle a flame of remembrance. In a meeting at the Académie Colarossi in 1913, the "Société Internationale des Anciens Élèves des Académies Suisse-Crebassol-Colarossi" was formed. Its president was the renowned sculptor Jean Antoine Injalbert (1845–1933) and its aim was to hold exhibitions by former students, both in France and abroad. The society proposed to celebrate the contributions of the three schools to the world of art and promote the works of their students.

Sadly, the initiative seems to have failed, perhaps due to the advent of the First World War.

Notable students

David d'Angers (1788–1856)
Jean Béraud (1849–1935)
Richard Parkes Bonington (1802–1828)
Eugène-Ferdinand Buttura (1812–1852)
Alexandre Cabanel (1823-1889)
Lyell Edwin Carr (1854–1912)
Eugène Carrière (1849–1906)
Paul Cézanne (1839–1906)
Camille Claudel (1864–1943)
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875)
Gustave Courbet (1819–1877)
Thomas Couture (1815–1879)
Honoré Daumier (1808–1879)
Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863)
Michel Martin Drolling (1786–1851)
Charles Auguste Émile Duran (Carolus-Duran) (1837–1917)
Achille Emperaire (1829–1898)
François-Louis Français (1814–1897)
Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (1791–1824)
Jean François Gigoux (1806–1894)
Armand Guillaumin (1841–1927)
Alfred Guillou (1844–1926)
Jean-Jacques Henner (1829-1905)
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780–1867)
Eugène Isabey (1803–1886)
Henry Lerolle (1848–1929)
Maximilien Luce (1858–1941)
Édouard Manet (1832–1883)
Charles Marville (1813–1879)
Ernest Meissonier (1815–1891)
Claude Monet (1840–1926)
Francisco Oller (1833–1917)
Amable Louis Claude Pagnest (1790–1819)
Camille Pissarro (1830–1903)
Denis Auguste Marie Raffet (1804–1860)
Emile Schuffenecker (1851–1934)
Philippe Solari (1840–1906)
Louis Charles Auguste Steinheil (1814–1885)

Notes

 Some sources give Suisse's forename as Charles. However, it appears he was in fact named Martin François.
5 US dollars had the same buying power as 168 current US dollars.

References

Art schools in France
Defunct art schools


A financial roadshow is a series of meetings across different cities in which top executives from a company have the opportunity to talk with current or potential investors.  They can range from two or three days in one country or continent to marathon, three week trips to financial centers around the world.  The most common reason for conducting financial roadshows is an initial public offerings IPO, in which a privately held company’s shares go public and investors have an opportunity to buy into it.  Another reason for roadshows is privatization of a government-owned corporation, similar to a private company going public, in which a company seeks investors to buy new stock it is issuing to raise money.  Finally, a non-deal roadshow is purely so that executives can hold discussions with current and potential investors, and nothing is offered for sale.
See .

Business conferences


Władysław Henryk Franciszek Abraham, a Polish lawyer and scientist, was born on 10 October 1860 in Sambor. A graduate of law and philosophy departments of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, he was a specialist in Canon law. After habilitation at the Berlin University, he took up a job at the University of Lviv, later becoming a rector of the school.

Abraham was a member of several prestigious organizations, such as Polish Academy of Sciences and Lwow's Science Society. He participated in creation of a Concordat between Second Polish Republic and the state of Vatican, also co-created Polish family law. On 16 January 1931 the University of Poznan awarded him the title of doctor honoris causa. His son, General Roman Abraham, was commandant of the Greater Poland Cavalry Brigade during the Polish September Campaign.

Wladyslaw Abraham died in Lwow on 15 October 1941.

Members of the Lwów Scientific Society
Jagiellonian University alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the University of Lviv
University of Lviv rectors
1860 births
1941 deaths
People from Austria-Hungary


The 1882 season was to be the last for the Troy Trojans. The team finished at 35–48, in seventh place in the National League, and were disbanded after the season.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1882 Troy Trojans season at Baseball Reference

Troy Trojans (MLB team) seasons
Troy Trojans season
Troy Trojans


Alex Lemon (born in 1978) is an American poet and memoirist.

Lemon is the author of five books:    The poetry collections Mosquito (Tin House Books 2006), Hallelujah Blackout (Milkweed Editions 2008), Fancy Beasts (Milkweed Editions 2010), and The Wish Book (Milkweed Editions 2014) and Happy: A Memoir (Scribner 2010).

Lemon is an editor-at-large for Saturnalia Books; poetry editor of descant, TCU's literary journal, sits on the editorial board of TCU Press and The Southern Review's advisory board.  His awards and honors include a 2005 Literature Fellowship in Poetry from the National Endowment for the Arts, a 2006 Minnesota Arts Board Grant, and inclusion in the Best American Poetry 2008 anthology. He lives in Fort Worth, Texas and teaches at Texas Christian University.

Lemon's works are in 544 libraries, according to WorldCat.

Bibliography
2006 — Mosquito. Tin House Books.
2008 — Hallelujah Blackout. Milkweed Editions.
2010 — Happy. Scribner.
2010 — Fancy Beasts. Milkweed Editions.
2014 — The Wish Book. Milkweed Editions.
2017 — Feverland: A Memoir in Shards. Milkweed Editions.
2019 — Another Last Day. Milkweed Editions.

References

External links
 Alex Lemon's Website
https://web.archive.org/web/20081202225543/http://www.indigestmag.com/lemon1.htm
 Mosquito at Tin House Books
A Visit to Planet Lemtron - Alex Lemon's column in InDigest Magazine
 Milkweed Editions
An Interview with Alex Lemon and musician Chris Koza

Living people
21st-century American poets
1978 births


It is recorded that Kilnam Chon played a major role in the introduction of the Internet to South Korea.
Kilnam Chon said in an interview that in 1982 he started a South Korean network development project.
The first Internet message sent from South Korea to the world was done by Hyunje Park in 1990.
It is recorded that the e-mail—"I am Hyunje Park from Korea. Anyone who sees this e-mail, please reply."—sent by Hyunje Park received a reply—"I am Torben at the University of Hawaii, United States. Congratulations. You are now connected to the Internet."—soon after.

About 46 million people in South Korea (or 95.1% of the population) use the Internet. The country has the world's fastest average internet connection speed. South Korea has consistently ranked first in the UN ICT Development Index since the index's launch. The government established policies and programs that facilitated the rapid expansion and use of broadband. The country has 97.6% of the population owning a smartphone, which is the highest in the world.

National program
South Korea has the most DSL connections per capita worldwide. ADSL is standard, but VDSL has started growing quickly. ADSL commonly offers speeds of 3 Mbit/s to 8 Mbit/s, with VDSL accordingly faster. The large proportion of South Korea's population living in apartment blocks helps the spread of DSL, as does a high penetration of consumer electronics in general. Many apartment buildings in built-up metropolitan areas have speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s such as the capital Seoul and Incheon. VDSL is commonly found in newer apartments while ADSL is normally found in landed properties where the telephone exchange is far away.

The Internet has a higher status for many Koreans than it does in the West and the government actively supports this. According to the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, South Korea's internet is the most developed in the world. Seoul has been called "the bandwidth capital of the world".

ISP and IDC
There are three major ISPs: KT Corporation, SK Broadband (previously Hanaro Telecom), and LG Uplus (previously Powercomm and DACOM). They provide broadband and Internet circuit including Ethernet and operating Internet data centers in Seoul. Major MSOs are LG Hellovision, SK Broadband Cable , DLIVE, HCN and CMB.

Internet speed
As of 2017, South Korea had the fastest average internet connection in the world at 28.6 Mbit/s, according to the report State of the Internet published by Akamai Technologies. South Korea's speed is four times faster than the world average of 7.0 Mbit/s. It is important to note that 100 Mbit/s services are the average standard in urban South Korean homes and the country is rapidly rolling out 1Gbit/s connections or 1,024 Mbit/s, at $20 per month, which is roughly 142 times as fast as the world average and 79 times as fast as the average speed in the United States.

Wireless broadband
South Korea has pulled ahead of every other country when it comes to broadband Internet in all categories including Speed and Quality, Adoption, Price, and Literacy according to Internet Monitor. As many large, powerful countries begin to fall behind broadband experts look to South Korea for solutions. However, there are multiple reasons why South Korea's broadband is successful, such as, "Government planning, healthy competition, urban population density, private-sector growth, and Korean culture", which have made it difficult for other countries to mimic their success.

Real name policy
There is a government-level proposal to stamp out anonymity in the South Korean internet environment. The Korea Communications Commission is considering this proposal.

Network Fee policy
The government is considering to pass a bill, wherein online services (e.g. Netflix, Youtube) will have to pay a 'Network Fee' to ISPs depending on how much internet traffic they generate. It is supposed to compensate ISPs for the increased maintenance costs due to increased internet usage. This bill will also infringe upon Net Neutrality.

Cyberculture

Cyberculture or internet culture is the cultural processes, products, or story of the culture in cyberspace. Cyberculture is referred to as technoculture, internet culture, post-human culture, and high tech culture. This confusing terminology demonstrates the diversity of cyberculture. In reality, cyberculture is designated as a virtual community culture, acting as an identity of online communication, and cyberpunk. Cyberculture in South Korea is more like a virtual community culture than anything else.

Cyberculture is prolific in South Korea, both in streams and in internet communities. South Korea's cyberculture is quite aggressive because of anonymity and trolls. To prevent this from getting worse, the South Korean government decided to regulate streaming platforms, especially Afreeca TV, which has become a controversy as to whether it corrupts cyberculture or not.

Cyberculture development in South Korea

Streaming Platforms
Many cyberculture are produced on internet streams. There are many contents such as Mukbang, gaming, and visible radio in streaming platforms. stream Jockey(BJ) try to make their own streams' atmosphere and sometimes it would be a new cyberculture.  Basically, communication between the streamer and real-time viewer is one of the important things in a stream. In this process, culture can be created and this immediately surfaces and quickly transmitted in Internet communities.

Internet Communities
Internet communities can be referred as the nests of cyberculture in South Korea. Hit-cyberculture on internet communities often permeate even offline. A field of language is the most remarkable field. Internet communities lead this language trend in South Korea. Even though there are countless internet communities, there are some communities to see thoroughly. Each internet community has different interests and different people gather at different community sites. So, their atmosphere and the cyberculture that they produce and consume are different from each other.
 DC inside - DC inside has an internet community has many forums (a.k.a. gallery) for different interests. This community was organized as community of interest for cameras and sharing photographs for amateur photographers at first, but its purpose was changed to Internet community. There are forums about almost everything. People who have same interest can discuss it on DC inside. In this process, many cybercultures are produced and consumed.
 Todayhumor - Todayhumor is a popular Korean internet forum. Originally dedicated just to humor, it has since grown to encapsulate various different topics and interests. It is widely used, ranking as the most popular Korean internet community in 2014. Its users tend to be left-leaning politically, which generates some controversy for the website during election seasons.
 Diesel Mania - Diesel Mania is an online community catering to those interested in substitution for purchasing Diesel Jean and True religion. The biggest male-fashion community in South Korea. This community has real-name policy. Because of it, this community's issues are less rather than other communities.
These differences between communities makes cyberculture in South Korea diverse.

NAMU Wiki

History
The Angel Halo wiki, the predecessor of the NAMU Wiki, was founded on March 1, 2007. It specialized in animation, comics, and Internet neologism. It was popular because of its unique narrative method of mixing jokes such as puns, and various people continued to write for it making it bigger. It changed its name to the Liga Vedic wiki in 2012. However, it became one of the alternative wikis forking this wiki when it became impossible to operate due to the debacle of the League Vedic wiki operator privatizing wikis, and it was made up as a separate site that backed up about 90% of the League Vedic wiki documents. After the privatization of the League Vedai Wiki, most of the League Vedic Wiki users have become NAMU Wiki and Libre Wiki users.
As of March 13, 2017, NAMU Wiki outperformed the Korean Wikipedia in that NAMU Wiki ranked 11th on the list of popular websites in Korea while Korean Wiki ranked 33rd, and Google Search, which reflects user preferences. As causative factors of the wiki's popular, the B-list language used in the NAMU wiki was filled with jokes, such as puns, and people responded to the preference of the users who liked the flimsy stories rather than the hard explanations. Also, it is analyzed that the size of the Korean version of Wikipedia is smaller than other language versions and the lack of content makes the NAMU wiki more popular.

Meaning in Cyberculture in South Korea
The NAMU wiki, which is popular with people because of these stimulating factors is actively participating in internet culture and events recorded on the NAMU wiki. All the materials in various fields are constantly generated in the wiki. As the characteristic of the wiki, it could be considered as Korea cyberculture storage. A lot of participants can be added and modified in one event, resulting in collective intelligence. As a result of constant user participation and the uploading of contents in various fields, the cyber history of Korea can be seen. For example, Internet culture created and consumed by streams and communities is eventually stored on a NAMU wiki.
Although due to the large number of participants, NAMU Wiki may have unverified or biased content. This may lead to arbitrary authoring, creation of untrusted sources, and so on. This is an inevitable problem that arises from the fact that the motto of NAMU Wiki is that everyone can contribute. But, this may also be resolved by a large number of steady participation. Articles that are biased or arbitrarily written are reviewed by others several times, hundreds of times, and the articles may be modified by anyone. This will fill the NAMU wiki with unambiguous descriptions and trusted sources that can be selected by anyone.

Example of Cyberculture in South Korea

A gale of bitcoin
As bitcoin trading and virtual money trading are gaining popularity in South Korea, buzzwords related with these trading are getting popular on SNS and other communities.
 GAZUA (가즈아) - is kind of a magic word. People say it when they want express their hope that bitcoin's price goes up to their expectation. literally it means 'Go'. People started using this word in real world.
 Jonber (존버) - word represent 'Do not sell the coin till price goes high'
 Yeongcha Yeongcha (영차영차) - The sound that many people put together to strengthen their energy. People use this word as a hope to increase price of virtual cash.

Criticism
Many of the online security breaches in South Korea seem to stem from a common use of comparatively outdated browsers and security software.

There is occasional criticism claiming that foreign websites are significantly slower than South-Korean websites, for example websites for video streaming. This is a common problem in any country trying to communicate over foreign waters, since the latency in transcontinental communication is higher due to the physical distance that the signal has to travel.

Internet addiction
Internet addiction is very common across the world. Factors of internet addiction be anything online, whether excessively playing video games, compulsive shopping, going back and forth with social media, etc. (Gregory, 2020). Major symptoms of internet addiction consist of "depression, anxiety, isolation, avoidance of work, and some physical conditions of backache, headaches, insomnia, neck pain, etc. (Gregory, 2020, par. 4). Particularly in South Korea, almost 95% of adults own a smartphone which some experts say is becoming increasingly addicted to the Internet (Sullivan, 2019). This is because the South Korean environment allows easy access to the internet to almost any online users in the country. Any ages of Koreans can access the internet easily from one neighborhood to another. Almost 20% of the South Korea population are in major risk of internet addiction which advocates to nearly 10 million people according to a 2018 government survey.

Issues within the community
In South Korea, there are places where anyone can access the internet easily at common places known as "PC Bang" in American terms known as "PC Café". PC Bangs are often "shiny places with big, comfy chairs, huge screens and fast Internet, all for about a dollar an hour" (Sullivan, 2019, par. 3). Most of the PC Bangs are open 24 hours a day which is a major cause to internet addiction from ages type ranging from young teenagers to adults. A PC Bang owner in Seoul's upmarket Gangnam neighborhood stated the following "some customers who play too long gets smelly, and other customers start to complain, so we have to ask them to leave" (Sullivan, 2019, par. 5). Due to major issues similarly to the owner stating above, Seoul's Hanyang University psychiatrists who studies internet addiction believes that South Korea is facing a public health crisis.

Symptoms
Although there's major disagreements whether Internet Addiction causes symptoms, "most authors agree that the preoccupation with the Internet and withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria, anxiety, irritability) when unable to access the internet must be present" (Uribe & Schub, 2018, par. 4). Just like many common addictions, symptoms occur whether its alcohol, drugs, gambling, shopping, and many more. Every addiction is unique from one another due to its nature of addiction but behind the addiction are almost too similar due to what it is doing with the brain controlling and manipulating the human to do a certain act based on the type of addiction.

Other symptoms of internet addiction can consist "development of tolerance, repeated inability to cut back on Internet use, disregard for the consequences (physical, psychological, and/or social) of overuse, loss of interest in other activities in favor of Internet use, and Internet use as a means of escape or mood elevation (Tao et al., 2010)" (Uribe & Schub, 2018, par. 4). Just like all addictions, there are treatments that are created to treat and solve an addiction.

Outlook & treatments
Some ways that internet addiction can be solved especially for younger children is for parents to be more proactive when letting children having access to the internet on the daily as well as the number of devices. Parents are critical when it comes to children being addicted to the internet due to the responsibilities it has on the daily usage of internet (Young & Nabuco 2017, p. 155).

In South Korea, there are "regional education offices that provide services such as in-school counseling, screening surveys, preventive disciplines and, for severe cases, addiction camp" (Sullivan, 2019, par. 10). The South Korean government provides and finances most of the camps through the national or municipal levels, which has been for more than a decade.

The internet addiction camp is a place "where people can go to receive help for the unhealthy relationship that they have with the internet" (Newsround, 2019, par. 3). Its purpose is to support those who are in need by becoming more independent from the internet and depict their views when using the internet. The rules are very strict as it does not allow phones and any devices are must be given to the instructors immediately especially like hair straighteners. Its goal is to help the people to find ways to be happier when doing other types of activities like craft sessions, games and activities rather than using the internet. Over 1,200 young people have attended the internet addiction camp since 2014.

See also
Internet censorship in South Korea
Net neutrality
Digital divide in South Korea

References

31. Gregory, C. (2020, November 11). Internet Addiction Disorder. Psycom. https://www.psycom.net/iadcriteria.html
32. South Korean internet addiction camp: What is life like there? (2019, July 8). BBC NewsRound. https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/48855182
33. Sullivan, M. (2019, August 13). Hooked on the Internet, South Korean Teens Go Into Digital Box. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/08/13/748299817/hooked-on-the-internet-south-korean-teens-go-into-digital-detox
34. Nabuco, C. & Young, K. (2017). Internet Addiction in Children and Adolescents: Risk Factors, Assessment, and Treatment. Springer Publishing Company.
35. Uribe, LM., & Schub, T. (2018, September 28). Internet Addiction. CINAHL Nursing Guide EBSCO Publishing.

Further reading


Condac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Condéon () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


The Imperial Order of the Crescent () was a chivalric order of the Ottoman Empire.

History
The order was instituted in 1799 by Sultan Selim III when he wished to reward Horatio Nelson, an Anglican Christian, for his victory at the Battle of the Nile. None of the existing Ottoman orders could be awarded to non-Muslims, so Selim specially created the Order of the Crescent for Nelson, making him its first Knight and sending him the insignia in August 1799. (He also rewarded Nelson with the separate award of the chelengk.) The Order was then extended to reward further British military successes on land and sea against Napoleon's forces in Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean in 1801.

Nelson was so proud of his award that he appended it to his name in the Articles of Capitulation with Denmark after the Battle of Copenhagen on 9 April 1801 (news of which appending so pleased the Sultan that he added a ribbon and gold medal to Nelson's star). However, the British Royal Warrant at the College of Arms allowing him to wear it is only dated 20 March 1802.

Recipients (usually naval or army officers or representatives of Britain or France, highly present in the region during the Napoleonic Wars) were awarded a lozenge-shaped silver radiant star, embroidered in silver thread on an azure background with a star and crescent in the centre, and a red ribbon, to be worn with the crescent to the star's left.  The order had two degrees, Knight First Class and Knight Second Class: the First Class members wore the insignia like a scarf, with the badge appendant (hung from the collar), whilst Second Class knights wore a slightly smaller version with no star, jewelling or ornamentation and a narrower ribbon saltier-wise (on a diagonal ribbon from one shoulder to the opposite waist).

British recipients sometimes used the postnominal letters KC.

Recipients
Horatio Nelson, Knight, 1799, by Selim III
Thomas Staines, , by Selim III
Charles Marsh Schomberg, Knight, 1801, by Selim III
Philip Beaver Captain of the Royal Navy 1801
Lord Hutchinson, Knight Ist Class, by Selim III
Major General Sir Eyre Coote, Knight Ist Class, by Selim III
Lord Keith, Knight Ist Class, by Selim III
Sir Richard Bickerton, Knight Ist Class, by Selim III
Sébastiani de La Porta, Knight Ist Class, 1807, by Mustafa IV
Sir William Houston, 1st Baronet, c.1801, Knight Second Class
 Armand Charles Guilleminot, Knight

References

Sources

External links
Nelson's replica Order of the Crescent
www.medals.org.uk

Crescent
Horatio Nelson
1799 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Awards established in 1799


Abu'l-Fath ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Samiri al-Danafi, () was a 14th-century Samaritan chronicler. His major work is Kitab al-Ta'rikh (). The work was commissioned in 1352 by Pinḥas, Samaritan High Priest, and begun in 1356. It is a compilation of Samaritan history from cited earlier sources, running from Adam to Mohammed. It was edited by Eduard Vilmar as Abulfathi annales Samaritani (Gotha, 1865).

References

Further reading
 Paul Stenhouse, The Kitab al-Tarikh of Abu 'l-Fath (Sydney, Mandelbaum, 1985). Publisher description: "Based on an analysis of all the important MSS and accompanied by copious notes on the Arabic original, this work is the first translation of the whole of this most important of the Samaritan chronicles into English."
 Abu L-Fath Al-Samiri Al-Danafi, Continuatio of the Samaritan Chronicle of Abu L'Fath Al Samiri Al Danafi (Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin Press, 2002) (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, No. 10). Milka Levy-Rubin (translator).

External links
 Ab al-Fat ibn Ab al-asan, al-Smir, and  Vilmar, Eduardus (1865): Abulfathi Annales Samaritani: quos Arabice edidit cum prolegomenis

14th-century historians of the medieval Islamic world
14th-century Asian people
Muslim chroniclers
Medieval Samaritan people


Coulgens (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Coulonges () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Courbillac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. In 1886, Philippe Delamain, a merchant from Jarnac, discovered by chance a cemetery from the Merovingian period in Herpes near Courbillac. He found an outstanding collection of weapons, brooches, jewellery and vases dating from the time when the Franks had settled in Herpes (5th–7th centuries AD). His collection was dispersed soon after its discovery but a significant proportion is in the British Museum, London.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

External links

 Website of the Commune of Courbillac

Communes of Charente


Courcôme () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, the former communes of Tuzie and Villegats were merged into Courcôme.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Communes nouvelles of Charente


Courgeac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Courlac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Criteuil-la-Magdeleine () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Albert C. "Buck" Griffin (February 23, 1923 – February 14, 2009) was an American singer and songwriter. He was a popular performer live and on radio, though he never scored a hit on record, and was compared to Hank Williams and Conway Twitty.

Griffin was born in Corsicana, Texas, and was raised in Oklahoma and Missouri. He began playing guitar at age 12 and sang lead in a high school dance band. After school Griffin took jobs as a ditch digger and oil driller in Kansas, where he played in local clubs. In the late 1940s he was offered a slot on Oklahoma City radio station WKY under the name Chuck Wyman.

Joe Leonard, owner of a  Gainesville, Texas, radio station, offered Griffin a contract on Lin Records in 1954, and had him record his first single at the studios of Dallas's WFAA. "It Don't Make No Nevermind" b/w "Meadowlark Boogie" was his first release, but it went nowhere, and several more releases later in 1954 (some of which featured members of Bob Wills's band) also failed to attract attention. Despite this, Griffin was a popular live performer, performing with Red Foley and Marty Robbins among others. Additionally, he did well as a songwriter; his "Goin' Home All Alone" was recorded by Wade Ray, and Janis Martin did a version of his failed single "Let's Elope, Baby". He appeared on ABC-TV's Talent Varieties on August 2, 1955, singing "Next to Mine".

In 1956, Griffin contracted with the Dallas radio show Big D Jamboree, and MGM Records picked up his previous Lin Records releases for national distribution. Though MGM released 45s from Griffin into the early 1960s, he never scored a hit; later releases on Holiday Inn Records fared no better.

In 1963 Griffin started Rotary Records and recorded several singles on that label as well as having a local television show on KCKT in Hoisington, Kansas.
From 1965 Griffin sold Bibles and worked as a Driller in the Kansas and Oklahoma oilfields as well as becoming a licensed pilot, owning several airplanes. He was a major force behind the building of an airstrip south of Hoisington, Kansas.
He still wrote and published songs and occasionally recorded. In the 1970s his chronic asthma became a barrier to performing. He died of complications to emphysema on February 14, 2009, in Sayre, Oklahoma.

Notes

References
[ Buck Griffin] at Allmusic
 Foster, D. Wayne. retrieved from 2008 audio interview recording; https://web.archive.org/web/20100715152543/http://www.holidayinnrecords.com/.
 Obituary http://www.memorialsolutions.com/sitemaker/sites/whiner1/obit.cgi?user=albertgriffin

1923 births
2009 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
American rockabilly musicians
Singer-songwriters from Texas
20th-century American singer-songwriters
People from Barton County, Kansas
People from Corsicana, Texas
Country musicians from Texas
Singer-songwriters from Kansas


Curac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Deviat () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
*Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Dignac (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Joe J. Hayashi (August 14, 1920 – April 22, 1945) was a United States Army soldier.   He is best known as a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Early life
Hayashi was born at Salinas, California.  He was the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Working as a mechanic before the war, Hayashi enlisted in the Army from Los Angeles in May 1941.

Hayashi volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team.   This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

On April 20, 1945, near Tendola, Italy, Hayashi exposed himself to hostile fire in order to direct mortar fire onto enemy positions. Two days later, he single-handedly silenced three hostile machine guns but was killed while pursuing enemy soldiers.

For his actions during the battle, he was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross.  A 1990s review of service records for Asian Americans who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II led to Hayashi's award being upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his surviving family was presented with his Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, all but seven of them posthumously.

Hayashi, aged 24 at his death, was buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles, California. He was posthumously re-promoted to Sergeant.

Medal of Honor citation
Hayashi's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Private Joe Hayashi distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 20 and 22 April 1945, near Tendola, Italy. On 20 April 1945, ordered to attack a strongly defended hill that commanded all approaches to the village of Tendola, Private Hayashi skillfully led his men to a point within 75 yards of enemy positions before they were detected and fired upon. After dragging his wounded comrades to safety, he returned alone and exposed himself to small arms fire in order to direct and adjust mortar fire against hostile emplacements. Boldly attacking the hill with the remaining men of his squad, he attained his objective and discovered that the mortars had neutralized three machine guns, killed 27 men, and wounded many others. On 22 April 1945, attacking the village of Tendola, Private Hayashi maneuvered his squad up a steep, terraced hill to within 100 yards of the enemy. Crawling under intense fire to a hostile machine gun position, he threw a grenade, killing one enemy soldier and forcing the other members of the gun crew to surrender. Seeing four enemy machine guns delivering deadly fire upon other elements of his platoon, he threw another grenade, destroying a machine gun nest. He then crawled to the right flank of another machine gun position where he killed four enemy soldiers and forced the others to flee. Attempting to pursue the enemy, he was killed by a burst of machine pistol fire. The dauntless courage and exemplary leadership of Private Hayashi enabled his company to attain its objective. Private Hayashi's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

External links
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov

1920 births
1945 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army soldiers
American military personnel of Japanese descent
People from Salinas, California
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles


Douzat () is a commune in the Charente departement in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Ébréon () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Échallat () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Écuras is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Édon (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Geography
The Lizonne (locally called Nizonne) forms the commune's southeastern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Empuré () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Bounded on the west by the Fountaine de Frédières, a small tributary of the Aume, the town lies on a plateau, located 3 km northwest of Villefagnan and 13 km west of Ruffec. The main crop is cereals.

The main route is the D27 route which crosses the commune from the north-west to south-east, which passes near the town of Empuré.
The communes contains the hamlets Planchard in the west bordering the commune of Paizay-Naudouin-Embourie, Le Pouyaud to the north of the town and Bellevue etc.

Population

Sights

Église Saint-Maixent, a remarkable building from the twelfth century is characterised by its arched gateway, and the symbolic corbels that adorn its façade. It was classified a historical monument on 9 May 1914.

There is also a chateau in the commune and a town hall, built in the 16th century.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Épenède (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Épenède, of which the Latin spina would mean thorn shrub, is bordered to the north by the department of Vienne and to the southwest by the valley of the river Transon. The village is situated on the dividing line of the waters of the Charente and the Vienne. The  parish of Épenède was a dependant of the vast domains of the Benedictine abbey at nearby Charroux and in the diocese of Poitiers.

Population

Sights
The Holy Church of St. Hilaire is 12th century and is of Limousin style (except the steeple bell tower which is more recent).  This structure was burned at the time of the Wars of Religion.  The capitals of the four spans of the nave are ancient, and one of them represents a monster holding in its claws a human head that it is about to devour.  Many water sources or fountains "miraculous" sprinkle the commune.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Éraville () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Bellevigne.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Les Essards (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Esse (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Étagnac (; Limousin: Estanhac, ) is a commune in the department of Charente, region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Rochechouart impact structure
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Étriac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Exideuil-sur-Vienne (; before 2018: Exideuil) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Eymouthiers () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


La Faye is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Feuillade (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Fléac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Fleurac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Fontclaireau () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2023, it was merged into the new commune of Mansle-les-Fontaines.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente
Populated places disestablished in 2023


Fontenille () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


La Forêt-de-Tessé () commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente