Statistics concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data, used to solve practical problems and draw conclusions. When analyzing data, the approaches used can lead to different conclusions on the same data. For example, weather forecasts often vary among different forecasting agencies that use different algorithms and techniques. Conclusions drawn from statistical analysis often involve uncertainty as they represent the probability of an event occurring. For instance, a weather forecast indicating a 90% probability of rain means it will likely rain, while a 5% probability means it is unlikely to rain. The actual outcome, whether it rains or not, can only be determined after the event.

Statistics is also fundamental to disciplines of science that involve predicting or classifying events based on a large set of data. It is an integral part of machine learning, bioinformatics, genomics, economics, and more.

Statistics focuses on the quantitative characteristics of numerous repeatable phenomena. This is because certain conclusions in some fields are difficult to express with certainty, unlike mathematical formulas or theorems. For instance, it is commonly believed that taller parents are more likely to have taller children. However, it's important to note that individual parent-child pairings can deviate from these expectations, with the child potentially exceeding or falling short of the anticipated height based on their parents' stature. Randomness plays a role in height variations, influenced by factors like genetics, living environment, diet, habits, and other variables. Nevertheless, taller parents are generally more likely to have taller children. Height can vary to a degree, exhibiting randomness, but the overall stability of average height suggests the presence of a statistical rule. Therefore, statistics also encompasses the study of identifying statistical laws.

The foundations of statistics involve the epistemological debate, describing how inductive inference from data should be conducted. Statistical inference addresses various issues, including Bayesian inference versus frequentist inference; the distinction between Fisher's "significance testing" and Neyman-Pearson "hypothesis testing"; and whether the likelihood principle should be followed.

Some of these issues have been subject to unresolved debate for up to two centuries.

Bandyopadhyay & Forster describe four statistical paradigms: classical statistics (or error statistics), Bayesian statistics, likelihood-based statistics, and the use of the Akaike Information Criterion as a statistical basis. More recently, Judea Pearl reintroduced a formal mathematics for attributing causality in statistical systems that addresses fundamental limitations of both bayesian and Neyman-Pearson methods.

Leonard J. Savage's text, Foundations of Statistics, states:

Fisher's "significance testing" vs. Neyman–Pearson "hypothesis testing"
During the second quarter of the 20th century, the development of classical statistics led to the emergence of two competing models for inductive statistical testing. The merits of these models were extensively debated for over 25 years until Fisher's passing. Although a hybrid approach combining elements of both methods is commonly taught and utilized, the philosophical questions raised during the debate remain unresolved.

Significance testing
Fisher played a significant role in popularizing significance testing through his publications, such as "Statistical Methods for Research Workers" in 1925 and "The Design of Experiments" in 1935. His aim was to achieve scientific experimental outcomes without bias from prior opinions. Significance testing is a probabilistic form of deductive inference, akin to modus tollens. A simplified statement of the test can be described as follows: "If the evidence contradicts the hypothesis to a sufficient degree, the hypothesis is rejected." In practice, a statistic is computed based on the experimental data, and the probability of obtaining a value greater than that statistic under a default or "null" model is compared to a predetermined threshold. This threshold represents the level of discord required (typically established by convention). One common application of this method is to determine whether a treatment has a noticeable effect based on a comparative experiment. In this case, the null hypothesis corresponds to the absence of a treatment effect, implying that the treated group and the control group are drawn from the same population. Statistical significance measures probability and does not address practical significance. It can be viewed as a criterion for the statistical signal-to-noise ratio. It is important to note that the test cannot prove the hypothesis (of no treatment effect), but it can provide evidence against it. The method relies on formulating an imaginary infinite population, representing the null hypothesis, within a specified statistical model.

The Fisherian significance test involves a single hypothesis, but the choice of the test statistic requires an understanding of relevant directions of deviation from the hypothesized model. In the past, the outcome of the test was simply to accept or reject the hypothesis. However, with the advent of computer technology, it is now possible to calculate the probability of observing the test results, assuming the hypothesis. This probability is known as the p-value and enables a more precise assessment of the result's significance.

Hypothesis testing
Neyman and Pearson collaborated on the problem of selecting the most appropriate hypothesis based solely on experimental evidence, which differed from significance testing. Their most renowned joint paper, published in 1933, introduced the Neyman-Pearson lemma, which states that a ratio of probabilities serves as an effective criterion for hypothesis selection (with the choice of the threshold being arbitrary). The paper demonstrated the optimality of the Student's t-test, one of the significance tests. Neyman believed that hypothesis testing represented a generalization and improvement of significance testing. The rationale for their methods can be found in their collaborative papers.

Hypothesis testing involves considering multiple hypotheses and selecting one among them, akin to making a multiple-choice decision. The absence of evidence is not an immediate factor to be taken into account. The method is grounded in the assumption of repeated sampling from the same population (the classical frequentist assumption), although Fisher criticized this assumption (Rubin, 2020).

Grounds of disagreement

The duration of the dispute allowed for a comprehensive discussion of various fundamental issues in the field of statistics.

During this exchange, Fisher also discussed the requirements for inductive inference, specifically criticizing cost functions that penalize erroneous judgments. Neyman countered by mentioning the use of such functions by Gauss and Laplace. These arguments occurred 15 years after textbooks began teaching a hybrid theory of statistical testing.

Fisher and Neyman held different perspectives on the foundations of statistics (though they both opposed the Bayesian viewpoint):
 The interpretation of probability
 The disagreement between Fisher's inductive reasoning and Neyman's inductive behavior reflected the Bayesian-Frequentist divide. Fisher was willing to revise his opinion (reaching a provisional conclusion) based on calculated probability, while Neyman was more inclined to adjust his observable behavior (making a decision) based on computed costs.
 The appropriate formulation of scientific questions, with a particular focus on modeling,
 Whether it is justifiable to reject a hypothesis based on a low probability without knowing the probability of an alternative
 Whether a hypothesis could ever be accepted based solely on data
 In mathematics, deduction proves, while counter-examples disprove.
 In the Popperian philosophy of science, progress is made when theories are disproven.
 Subjectivity: Although Fisher and Neyman endeavored to minimize subjectivity, they both acknowledged the significance of "good judgment." Each accused the other of subjectivity.
 Fisher subjectively selected the null hypothesis.
 Neyman-Pearson subjectively determined the criterion for selection (which was not limited to probability).
 Both subjectively established numeric thresholds.

Fisher and Neyman diverged in their attitudes and, perhaps, their language. Fisher was a scientist and an intuitive mathematician, and inductive reasoning came naturally to him. Neyman, on the other hand, was a rigorous mathematician who relied on deductive reasoning rather than probability calculations based on experiments. Hence, there was an inherent clash between applied and theoretical approaches (between science and mathematics).

Related history
In 1938, Neyman relocated to the West Coast of the United States of America, effectively ending his collaboration with Pearson and their work on hypothesis testing. Subsequent developments in the field were carried out by other researchers.

By 1940, textbooks began presenting a hybrid approach that combined elements of significance testing and hypothesis testing. However, none of the main contributors were directly involved in the further development of the hybrid approach currently taught in introductory statistics.

Statistics subsequently branched out into various directions, including decision theory, Bayesian statistics, exploratory data analysis, robust statistics, and non-parametric statistics. Neyman-Pearson hypothesis testing made significant contributions to decision theory, which is widely employed, particularly in statistical quality control. Hypothesis testing also extended its applicability to incorporate prior probabilities, giving it a Bayesian character. While Neyman -Pearson hypothesis testing has evolved into an abstract mathematical subject taught at the post-graduate level, much of what is taught and used in undergraduate education under the umbrella of hypothesis testing can be attributed to Fisher.

Contemporary opinion
There have been no major conflicts between the two classical schools of testing in recent decades, although occasional criticism and disputes persist. However, it is highly unlikely that one theory of statistical testing will completely supplant the other in the foreseeable future.

The hybrid approach, which combines elements from both competing schools of testing, can be interpreted in different ways. Some view it as an amalgamation of two mathematically complementary ideas, while others see it as a flawed union of philosophically incompatible concepts. Fisher's approach had certain philosophical advantages, while Neyman and Pearson emphasized rigorous mathematics. Hypothesis testing remains a subject of controversy for some users, but the most widely accepted alternative method, confidence intervals, is based on the same mathematical principles.

Due to the historical development of testing, there is no single authoritative source that fully encompasses the hybrid theory as it is commonly practiced in statistics. Additionally, the terminology used in this context may lack consistency. Empirical evidence indicates that individuals, including students and instructors in introductory statistics courses, often have a limited understanding of the meaning of hypothesis testing.

Summary
 The interpretation of probability remains unresolved, although fiducial probability is not widely embraced.
 Neither of the test methods has been completely abandoned, as they are extensively utilized for different objectives.
 Textbooks have integrated both test methods into the framework of hypothesis testing.
 Some mathematicians argue, with a few exceptions, that significance tests can be considered a specific instance of hypothesis tests.
 On the other hand, there are those who perceive these problems and methods as separate or incompatible.
 The ongoing dispute has had a negative impact on statistical education.

Bayesian inference versus frequentist inference
Two distinct interpretations of probability have existed for a long time, one based on objective evidence and the other on subjective degrees of belief. The debate between Gauss and Laplace could have taken place more than 200 years ago, giving rise to two competing schools of statistics. Classical inferential statistics emerged primarily during the second quarter of the 20th century, largely in response to the controversial principle of indifference used in Bayesian probability at that time. The resurgence of Bayesian inference was a reaction to the limitations of frequentist probability, leading to further developments and reactions.

While the philosophical interpretations have a long history, the specific statistical terminology is relatively recent. The terms "Bayesian" and "frequentist" became standardized in the second half of the 20th century. However, the terminology can be confusing, as the "classical" interpretation of probability aligns with Bayesian principles, while "classical" statistics follow the frequentist approach. Moreover, even within the term "frequentist," there are variations in interpretation, differing between philosophy and physics.

The intricate details of philosophical probability interpretations are explored elsewhere. In the field of statistics, these alternative interpretations allow for the analysis of different datasets using distinct methods based on various models, aiming to achieve slightly different objectives. When comparing the competing schools of thought in statistics, pragmatic criteria beyond philosophical considerations are taken into account.

Major contributors

Fisher and Neyman were significant figures in the development of frequentist (classical) methods. While Fisher had a unique interpretation of probability that differed from Bayesian principles, Neyman adhered strictly to the frequentist approach. In the realm of Bayesian statistical philosophy, mathematics, and methods, de Finetti, Jeffreys, and Savage emerged as notable contributors during the 20th century. Savage played a crucial role in popularizing de Finetti's ideas in English-speaking regions and establishing rigorous Bayesian mathematics. In 1965, Dennis Lindley's two-volume work titled "Introduction to Probability and Statistics from a Bayesian Viewpoint" played a vital role in introducing Bayesian methods to a wide audience. Over the course of three generations, statistics have progressed significantly, and the views of early contributors are not necessarily considered authoritative in present times.

Contrasting approaches

Frequentist inference

The earlier description briefly highlights frequentist inference, which encompasses Fisher's "significance testing" and Neyman-Pearson's "hypothesis testing." Frequentist inference incorporates various perspectives and allows for scientific conclusions, operational decisions, and parameter estimation with or without confidence intervals. It relies solely on a single set of evidence.

Bayesian inference

A classical frequency distribution provides information about the probability of the observed data. By applying Bayes' theorem, a more abstract concept is introduced, which involves estimating the probability of a hypothesis (associated with a theory) given the data. This concept, formerly referred to as "inverse probability," is realized through Bayesian inference. Bayesian inference involves updating the probability estimate for a hypothesis as new evidence becomes available. It explicitly considers both the evidence and prior beliefs, enabling the incorporation of multiple sets of evidence.

Comparisons of characteristics
Frequentists and Bayesians employ distinct probability models. Frequentists typically view parameters as fixed but unknown, whereas Bayesians assign probability distributions to these parameters. As a result, Bayesians discuss probabilities that frequentists do not acknowledge. Bayesians consider the probability of a theory, whereas true frequentists can only assess the evidence's consistency with the theory. For instance, a frequentist does not claim a 95% probability that the true value of a parameter falls within a confidence interval; rather, they state that 95% of confidence intervals encompass the true value.

Mathematical results
Both the frequentist and Bayesian schools are subject to mathematical critique, and neither readily embraces such criticism. For instance, Stein's paradox highlights the intricacy of determining a "flat" or "uninformative" prior probability distribution in high-dimensional spaces. While Bayesians perceive this as tangential to their fundamental philosophy, they find frequentism plagued with inconsistencies, paradoxes, and unfavorable mathematical behavior. Frequent travelers can account for most of these issues. Certain "problematic" scenarios, like estimating the weight variability of a herd of elephants based on a single measurement ("Basu's elephants"), exemplify extreme cases that defy statistical estimation. The principle of likelihood has been a contentious arena of debate.

Statistical results
Both the frequentist and Bayesian schools have demonstrated notable accomplishments in addressing practical challenges. Classical statistics, with its reliance on mechanical calculators and specialized printed tables, boasts a longer history of obtaining results. Bayesian methods, on the other hand, have shown remarkable efficacy in analyzing sequentially sampled information, such as radar and sonar data. Several Bayesian techniques, as well as certain recent frequentist methods like the bootstrap, necessitate the computational capabilities that have become widely accessible in the past few decades. There is an ongoing discourse regarding the integration of Bayesian and frequentist approaches, although concerns have been raised regarding the interpretation of results and the potential diminishment of methodological diversity.

Philosophical results
Bayesians share a common stance against the limitations of frequentism, but they are divided into various philosophical camps (empirical, hierarchical, objective, personal, and subjective), each emphasizing different aspects. A philosopher of statistics from the frequentist perspective has observed a shift from the statistical domain to philosophical interpretations of probability over the past two generations. Some perceive that the successes achieved with Bayesian applications do not sufficiently justify the associated philosophical framework. Bayesian methods often develop practical models that deviate from traditional inference and have minimal reliance on philosophy. Neither the frequentist nor the Bayesian philosophical interpretations of probability can be considered entirely robust. The frequentist view is criticized for being overly rigid and restrictive, while the Bayesian view can encompass both objective and subjective elements, among others.

Illustrative quotations
 "Carefully used, the frequentist approach yields broadly applicable if sometimes clumsy answers"
 "To insist on unbiased [frequentist] techniques may lead to negative (but unbiased) estimates of variance; the use of p-values in multiple tests may lead to blatant contradictions; conventional 0.95  confidence regions may consist of the whole real line. No wonder that mathematicians find it often difficult to believe that conventional statistical methods are a branch of mathematics."
 "Bayesianism is a neat and fully principled philosophy, while frequentism is a grab-bag of opportunistic, individually optimal, methods."
 "In multiparameter problems flat priors can yield very bad answers"
 "[Bayes' rule] says there is a simple, elegant way to combine current information with prior experience to state how much is known. It implies that sufficiently good data will bring previously disparate observers to an agreement. It makes full use of available information, and it produces decisions having the least possible error rate."
 "Bayesian statistics is about making probability statements, frequentist statistics is about evaluating probability statements."
 "Statisticians are often put in a setting reminiscent of Arrow’s paradox, where we are asked to provide estimates that are informative and unbiased and confidence statements that are correct conditional on the data and also on the underlying true parameter." (These are conflicting requirements.)
 "Formal inferential aspects are often a relatively small part of statistical analysis"
 "The two philosophies, Bayesian and frequentist, are more orthogonal than antithetical."
 "A hypothesis that may be true is rejected because it has failed to predict observable results that have not occurred. This seems a remarkable procedure."

Summary

 Bayesian theory has a mathematical advantage.
 Frequentist probability has existence and consistency problems.
 But finding good priors to apply Bayesian theory remains (very?) difficult.
 Both theories have impressive records of successful application.
 Neither the philosophical interpretation of probability nor its support is robust.
 There is increasing skepticism about the connection between application and philosophy.
 Some statisticians are recommending active collaboration (beyond a cease-fire).

The likelihood principle

In common usage, likelihood is often considered synonymous with probability. However, according to statistics, this is not the case. In statistics, probability refers to variable data given a fixed hypothesis, whereas likelihood refers to variable hypotheses given a fixed set of data. For instance, when making repeated measurements with a ruler under fixed conditions, each set of observations corresponds to a probability distribution, and the observations can be seen as a sample from that distribution, following the frequentist interpretation of probability. On the other hand, a set of observations can also arise from sampling various distributions based on different observational conditions. The probabilistic relationship between a fixed sample and a variable distribution stemming from a variable hypothesis is referred to as likelihood, representing the Bayesian view of probability. For instance, a set of length measurements may represent readings taken by observers with specific characteristics and conditions.

Likelihood is a concept that was introduced and developed by Fisher over a span of more than 40 years, although earlier references to the concept exist and Fisher's support for it was not wholehearted. The concept was subsequently accepted and substantially revised by Jeffreys. In 1962, Birnbaum "proved" the likelihood principle based on premises that were widely accepted among statisticians, although his proof has been subject to dispute by statisticians and philosophers. Notably, by 1970, Birnbaum had rejected one of these premises (the conditionality principle) and had also abandoned the likelihood principle due to their incompatibility with the frequentist "confidence concept of statistical evidence." The likelihood principle asserts that all the information in a sample is contained within the likelihood function, which is considered a valid probability distribution by Bayesians but not by frequentists.

Certain significance tests employed by frequentists are not consistent with the likelihood principle. Bayesians, on the other hand, embrace the principle as it aligns with their philosophical standpoint (perhaps in response to frequentists' discomfort). The likelihood approach is compatible with Bayesian statistical inference, where the posterior Bayes distribution for a parameter is derived by multiplying the prior distribution by the likelihood function using Bayes's Theorem. Frequentists interpret the likelihood principle unfavorably, as it suggests a lack of concern for the reliability of evidence. The likelihood principle, according to Bayesian statistics, implies that information about the experimental design used to collect evidence does not factor into the statistical analysis of the data. Some Bayesians, including Savage, acknowledge this implication as a vulnerability.

The likelihood principle has become problematic for both major philosophical schools of statistics, weakening rather than favoring either. Its staunchest proponents argue that it provides a more solid foundation for statistics compared to the alternatives presented by Bayesian and frequentist approaches. These supporters include statisticians and philosophers of science. While Bayesians recognize the importance of likelihood for calculations, they contend that the posterior probability distribution serves as the appropriate basis for inference.

Modeling

Inferential statistics relies on statistical models. Classical hypothesis testing, for instance, has often relied on the assumption of data normality. To reduce reliance on this assumption, robust and nonparametric statistics have been developed. Bayesian statistics, on the other hand, interpret new observations based on prior knowledge, assuming continuity between the past and present. The experimental design assumes some knowledge of the factors to be controlled, varied, randomized, and observed. Statisticians are aware of the challenges in establishing causation, often stating that "correlation does not imply causation," which is more of a limitation in modeling than a mathematical constraint.

As statistics and data sets have become more complex, questions have arisen regarding the validity of models and the inferences drawn from them. There is a wide range of conflicting opinions on modeling.

Models can be based on scientific theory or ad hoc data analysis, each employing different methods. Advocates exist for each approach. Model complexity is a trade-off and less subjective approaches such as the Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion aim to strike a balance.

Concerns have been raised even about simple regression models used in the social sciences, as a multitude of assumptions underlying model validity are often neither mentioned nor verified. In some cases, a favourable comparison between observations and the model is considered sufficient.

Traditional observation-based models often fall short in addressing many significant problems, requiring the utilization of a broader range of models, including algorithmic ones. "If the model is a poor emulation of nature, the conclusions may be wrong."

Modeling is frequently carried out inadequately, with improper methods employed, and the reporting of models is often subpar.

Given the lack of a strong consensus on the philosophical review of statistical modeling, many statisticians adhere to the cautionary words of George Box: "All models are wrong, but some are useful."

Other reading
For a concise introduction to the fundamentals of statistics, refer to Stuart, A.; Ord, J.K. (1994). "Ch. 8 – Probability and statistical inference" in Kendall's Advanced Theory of Statistics, Volume I: Distribution Theory (6th ed.), published by Edward Arnold.

In his book Statistics as Principled Argument, Robert P. Abelson presents the perspective that statistics serve as a standardized method for resolving disagreements among scientists, who could otherwise engage in endless debates about the merits of their respective positions. From this standpoint, statistics can be seen as a form of rhetoric. However, the effectiveness of statistical methods depends on the consensus among all involved parties regarding the chosen approach.

See also

Philosophy of statistics
History of statistics
Philosophy of probability
Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of science
Evidence
Likelihoodist statistics
Probability interpretations
Founders of statistics

Footnotes

Citations

References

  The text is a collection of essays.

  University of Houston lecture notes?

  Translation of the 1937 French original with later notes added.
  Preliminary version of an article for the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences.

  – A joke escalated into a serious discussion of Bayesian problems by 5  authors (Gelman, Bernardo, Kadane, Senn, Wasserman) on pages 445-478.

  – A working paper that explains the difference between Fisher's evidential p-value and the Neyman–Pearson type  I error rate .

  Working paper contains numerous quotations from the sources of the dispute.

  – Lecture notes? University of Illinois at Chicago

Further reading

 .

  – Bayesian.
 .

External links

Philosophy of statistics


There is another saint Gerbold of the same name, a bishop of Bayeux from the seventh century; and a bishop of Liège (died 809)

Gerebald was bishop of Châlon-sur-Saône from 864 to 885. He is a Catholic and Orthodox saint, with feast day 12 June.

Notes

885 deaths
Bishops of Chalon-sur-Saône
9th-century Christian saints
Year of birth unknown


Gerbaud may refer to:

 Gerbold, bishop of Bayeux of the seventh century
 Gerebald, bishop of Châlon of the ninth century
 Gerbald, bishop of Liège of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège
  (Gerbaud, Gerwald)

There are numerous variants on this Germanic name, originally Gere-bold.

Gerbeaud

 Emil Gerbeaud
 Café Gerbeaud

Gerbeau

 Hubert Gerbeau

See also
 Gerbert (disambiguation)

French masculine given names
Masculine given names
Germanic masculine given names


Avencast: Rise of the Mage is an action role-playing game for Microsoft Windows developed by ClockStone and published by Lighthouse Interactive. The game heavily borrows elements of beat 'em ups. This is apparent from the ability to cast spells by rapidly combining movement inputs with mouse buttons. Alternatively short cuts can be assigned for easy access of spells. Also the scheme of recurring Boss fights reflects this relation. The inclusion of riddles shows the connection to adventure games.

The game's magic and combat system features more than 50 spells and about 150 unique items can be found or bought in the game's world.

Plot
The game tells the story of a young male apprentice who was raised by an old mage and sent to the Academy of Avencast to finish his studies of the arts of magic. The player takes control of the character when he is about to undergo preparations for his final exam which is to be passed in the local Crystal Caves.

Upon return to the academy, a cut scene shows the hero being chased and the academy destroyed by hostile demons. He finally reaches a haven inside the academy, where a few other NPCs have barricaded themselves. This is the starting point for the main part of the story, where he will discover his ancestry and reveal the mastermind behind the invasion of the academy.

Gameplay
The gameplay comprises killing monsters to gain experience points which in turn can be spent on raising characters stats or acquiring spells. Additionally the monster's bodies can be searched for gold or equipment like weapons (primarily staffs) and armour which can be sold or used by the character. For the purpose of carrying equipment the game provides the character with an inventory and also a belt for healing and mana potions and spells. The game allows fast access to items on the belt by key-bindings. This speeds up repeatedly opening books, which is necessary for solving some of the quests.

An equal number of experience points can be achieved by finishing quests. Some quests also award the character with equipment, including unique items. Quests often contain riddles that must be solved by the player for accomplishment. These involve the activation of switches, the usage of runes to open passageways and the alignment of mirrors to focus laser like rays.

The game features a minimap that shows quest locations and automatically updates with the areas the player has visited.

Although the game features potions for healing and refilling mana, the character automatically recovers and gains both health and mana over time.

Attributes, spells and leveling
The game's character sheet contains entries for health, mana, Soul Magic and Blood Magic. These attributes can be raised by distribution of level-up points, which in turn are received for reaching a new level when the current number of experience points exceeds a certain threshold.

The player can divide the level-up points between attributes and spells. A new spell can be acquired in exchange for level-up points if the required level for that spell has been reached and optional prerequired spells have been acquired earlier.

Spells are distributed in three spell trees, namely Soul Magic, Blood Magic and Summoning. Soul Magic spells are primarily ranged spells like projectiles or walls of fire. Blood Magic refers to spells that primarily increase or cause close combat damage with the staff. Spells include common ones for poisoning, inflaming or freezing. Less common spells like leeching life or tossing the opponent backwards, who in turn will knock other opponents he collides with over, are also included. The Summoning tree features spells for summoning creatures that will fight on the players side.

The attributes Soul Magic and Blood Magic increase the effectiveness of the spells in the corresponding spell trees. Additionally the Summoning spell tree is split in half. One half of the summoned creatures is improved by raising the Soul Magic attribute, the other by the Blood Magic value. The shield spell, which is also listed in the Summoning spell tree, is unaffected by those attributes and can be used for blocking the attacks of opponents.

Spellcasting
The game provides two different interface methods for spell casting. The player can either rapidly enter a combination of movement key and mouse button presses or alternatively map spells to short-cut keys. The key combinations necessary to cast a spell are indicated by arrows and symbols for the corresponding mouse button. Additionally a colour key helps to distinguish between Soul Magic (purple) and Blood Magic (red) spells. Soul Magic spells are always finished with a right-click while Blood Magic spells are completed with left-clicks on the mouse.

Spells can be placed in what are called spellcaster's assists. These are slots on the sides of the game's screen where spells can be positioned. The icons in the spellcaster's assists show the short-cut assignments and also the alternative keystroke combinations. Additionally the icon for a spell changes its colour if the character currently does not have enough mana to cast that spell.

Movement and camera controls
The game's character is viewed from the outside. The game supports different methods to control the character, including: Easy control, Expert and Follow camera.

Evading
The player can perform evasive rolls by hitting the directional movement keys twice in fast succession but the character will not regenerate mana or health while doing so for an extended amount of time.

Alternatively a crouching evasion step to one of the four basic movement directions can be taken by combining the movement key with the space key.

Development
Avencast began as a hobby project to create a Diablo clone that incorporated elements of other popular past games. It was ClockStone's first game release and took about four years to complete. The game was completed with a relatively small team - ClockStone's CEO wrote the majority of the game engine himself in C++. ClockStone team members had little or no formal education in game development field.

Since the release of Avencast, ClockStone has released the development tools, allowing fans to build levels or modify the game content.

Reception
Review aggregator Metacritic awarded the game a score of 68 out of 100, based on 11 reviews. The spell effects and interactive combat system, which departed from the usual point-and-click interfaces of contemporary RPGs, gained recognition. RPGFan rewarded Avencast with 81%.
GameZone concluded with a rating of 7.8.
On GameSpot the game achieved a score of 7.5.
IGN gave the game a 7.0.

References

External links
Official Website

Windows games
Windows-only games
Action role-playing video games
Role-playing video games
Video games developed in Austria
2007 video games
Lighthouse Interactive games
Single-player video games
Meridian4 games


Bjarne Pettersson (born February 16, 1952) is a former Danish football player.

He most prominently played for Vanløse IF and Herfølge BK. He played 7 caps for the Denmark national football team and scored 3 goals.

His brother Jan Pettersson was also a footballer, who played one game for the Danish national team.

References

1952 births
Living people
Danish men's footballers
Denmark men's international footballers
Boldklubben af 1893 players
Herfølge Boldklub players
Men's association football forwards


In fluid dynamics, the Taylor–Green vortex is an unsteady flow of a decaying vortex, which has an exact closed form solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in Cartesian coordinates. It is named after the British physicist and mathematician Geoffrey Ingram Taylor and his collaborator A. E. Green.

Original work

In the original work of Taylor and Green, a particular flow is analyzed in three spatial dimensions, with the three velocity components  at time  specified by

The continuity equation  determines that . The small time behavior of the flow is then found through simplification of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using the initial flow to give a step-by-step solution as time progresses.

An exact solution in two spatial dimensions is known, and is presented below.

Incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
The incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in the absence of body force, and in two spatial dimensions, are given by

The first of the above equation represents the continuity equation and the other two represent the momentum equations.

Taylor–Green vortex solution
In the domain , the solution is given by

where ,  being the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Following the analysis of Taylor and Green for the two-dimensional situation, and for , gives agreement with this exact solution, if the exponential is expanded as a Taylor series, i.e. .

The pressure field  can be obtained by substituting the velocity solution in the momentum equations and is given by

The stream function of the Taylor–Green vortex solution, i.e. which satisfies  for flow velocity , is

Similarly, the vorticity, which satisfies , is given by

The Taylor–Green vortex solution may be used for testing and validation of temporal accuracy of Navier–Stokes algorithms.

A generalization of the Taylor–Green vortex solution in three dimensions in described in.

References

Fluid dynamics
Vortices
Computational fluid dynamics


Operational planning (OP) is the process of implementing strategic plans and objectives to reach specific goals. An operational plan describes the specific steps in any given strategic planning model and explains how and what portion of resources will be put into operation during a given operational period: in the case of commercial application or a government budget balance, a fiscal year. An operational plan is the basis for and justification of an annual operating budget needed to achieve an overall strategic plan.

An operational plan draws from the strategic plans to describe program missions and goals, program objectives, and program activities. While an operational plan may differ depending on the sector, the core components of an operational plan includes benchmarking and determining how progress is measured.

The operations plan is both the first and the last step in preparing an operating budget request. As the first step, the operations plan provides a plan for resource allocation; as the last step, the OP may be modified to reflect policy decisions or financial changes made during the budget development process.

Operational plans are generally prepared by the people who will be involved in implementation. There is often a need for cross-departmental dialogue as plans created by one part of the organization inevitably have implications for other parts.

Operational plans should contain:

Identifying clear objectives to be achieved
Details that are aligned with the strategic plan
Ensuring staffing and resource requirements
Performance management

See also
 Integrated business planning
 Government Performance and Results Act

References

Business planning
Business terms
Business process


Canaples (; Picard: Quénape) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Canaples is situated on the D933 road, some  north of Amiens.

Population

Places of interest
 The public Gardens

See also
 Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Canaples information
 The Chateau de Canaples

Communes of Somme (department)


Yeshiva Gedola and Mesivta of Carteret (Hebrew: ישיבה תפארת יהודה אריה) informally, "YGOC", also called Yeshiva Tiferes Yehuda Aryeh, is a yeshiva and non-profit organization located in Carteret in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

History

The yeshiva was founded in 2006 by Rabbi Azriel Brown and Rabbi Yaakov Mayer, both
graduates of the Mir yeshiva in Jerusalem, and Yeshivas Ner Yisroel of Baltimore, talmidim of Rabbi Shmuel Yaakov Weinberg the son-in-law of Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchok Ruderman, and Rabbi Yaakov Moshe Kulefsky, a very close Student of Reb Shlomo Heiman.

With the backing of Rabbi Aharon Feldman, Rabbi Shmuel Kamenetzky, and Rabbi Yaakov Perlow, among numerous others, Rabbis Brown and Mayer decided to open a yeshiva in the suburban north Jersey town of Carteret. Carteret had previously boasted a Jewish community with two synagogues in the 1950s but its Jewish presence had dwindled since then, to the point that it was no longer able to support the remaining synagogue, a Jewish community center, which closed in 2002. Garson Gruhin and Lou Raiman, remaining board members of the Jewish community center, worked hard to preserve Jewish life in Carteret. Garson Gruhin along with his son Mark I. Gruhin, Esq., arranged to transfer the former synagogue and community center building and an adjoining five-bedroom rabbi's residence to the yeshiva.

The yeshiva opened in September 2006, starting with a small group of 14 students. Initially, Donya Brown and Chani Mayer, wives of the founders, handled the food preparation and bookkeeping for the fledgling institution, and each family hosted all the students in their home for one Shabbos meal. As enrollment grew and the students began staying in the Yeshiva full-time, the Browns and Mayers took an active role in each student's education, and personal growth, helped them with shidduchim (marriage proposals), and even hosted their sheva brachos (festive meals held during the week after the wedding).

In 2015, Rabbi Yaakov T. Biderman became the executive director of the yeshiva. Biderman is an alumnus of the Yeshiva, who was intimately involved in its operations as a student and remained involved throughout the years in between. He also founded the Alumni Association in August 2013, with the help of Zecharya Michelsohn.

In 2017, a Mesivta was added.

Rabbi Avraham Yeshaya Roth is The Rosh Mesivta.

In 2021, the Roshei Yeshiva started their new Yeshiva Gedola, with a First-Year Beis-Medrash from the graduating Twelfth Grade class. Rabbi Brown is giving Shiur to the First-Year Beis-Medrash First-Seder & Rabbi Mayer is giving the Bais-Medrash Shiurim Second-Seder.
The Yeshiva currently has close to 40 students.

In 2021, the Yeshiva suffered massive amounts of damage from Hurricane Ida. It did not receive assistance from FEMA.

Program

The yeshiva is an all-male Lithuanian (Litvish)-style Talmudic college. Currently, it consists of a mesivta (high school) program.

Curriculum
The Mesivta's studies are broken into two portions. The first half of the day is focused on Talmudic texts and rabbinic literature, mussar (Jewish ethical literature) and practical halacha (Jewish law). The afternoon is focused on general studies, including math, history, science, language arts, computers, business economics, public speaking and more. The evening is once again focused on Talmudic texts and rabbinic literature, mussar (Jewish ethical literature) and practical halacha (Jewish law).

Leadership

Rabbi Yaakov B. Mayer, Rosh Yeshiva
Rabbi Azriel Brown, Rosh Yeshiva
Rabbi Yaakov T. Biderman, Executive Director
Rabbi Heshy (Yisroel Tzvi) Fireworker, Mashgiach Ruchani
Rabbi Avraham Yeshaya Roth, Rosh mesivta
Rabbi Eliyahu D. Teitz, General Studies Principal

Rabbinical Advisory Board
Harav Shmuel Kamenetsky
Harav Reuven Feinstein
Harav Aharon Feldman
Harav Eliyahu (Elya) Brudny

Executive Board
Rabbi Avrohom Biderman
Mr. Nachum Futersak
Dr. Alan Goldsmith
Mr. Leon Mayer
Rabbi Dovid Merkin
Rabbi Naftali Miller

Hachnasas Sifrei Torah

In December 2008, the yeshiva celebrated a Hachnasas Sefer Torah, the traditional festivity upon the completion of a new Torah scroll. Several hundred guests came to Carteret for the procession, including several eminent Torah figures. Noe Street was barricaded off to outside traffic as the crowd wound its way to the yeshiva building accompanied by live music and dancing.

In September 2011, the yeshiva held a kesivas osios (Torah scroll-writing ceremony) in Lakewood for another new Torah scroll, that was to be dedicated after Sukkos 2011. The Hachnosas Sefer Torah took place in Carteret.

Hurricane Sandy
In October 2012 the yeshiva building experienced substantial damage from Hurricane Sandy. The flooding reached nearly  above the main floor, as well as damaged dormitory houses. One dormitory, hit by the flood and by an explosion from a neighboring building, was condemned by the township. Total damage was estimated at close to $200,000.

References

External links

 Alumni association page and form

Carteret, New Jersey
Haredi Judaism in New Jersey
Lithuanian-Jewish culture in the United States
Seminaries and theological colleges in New Jersey
Men's universities and colleges in the United States
Orthodox yeshivas in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 2006
Kollelim
Universities and colleges in Middlesex County, New Jersey
2006 establishments in New Jersey


Prince Pyotr Vladimirovich Dolgorukov () (1816–1868) was a Russian historian and journalist known for his genealogical research and as a critic of the Imperial Russian government. His father was the general Vladimir Petrovich Dolgorukov.

Life
Dolgorukov was known for his anti-government publications. He moved to Paris in 1859 and refused to return to Russia.

As a result, he was deprived by the authorities of all titles and property, and declared a permanent exile. After Dolgorukov's death, his archives were acquired by the Russian government.

Some of Dolgorukov's chief works include:
 "Российский родословный сборник" (“Russian Genealogical Collection”; St. Petersburg, 1840–41),
 "Сведения о роде князей Долгоруковых" (“Accounts about the Princely House of Dolgorukov”, 1842),
 Notices sur les principales familles de la Russie, par le c-te Almagro (Paris, 1842),
 "Российская родословная книга" (“Russian Genealogical Book”, 1855–57),
 La vérité sur la Russie (Paris, 1860),
 "De la question du servage en Russie" (Paris, 1860),
 "Le general Ermolow" (1861),
 "Des reformes en Russie, suivi d'un aperçu sur les états généraux russes au XVI et au XVII s." (1862),
 "Михаил Николаевич Муравьев" (“Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov”; St. Petersburg, 1864),
 "Memoires" (Geneva-Basel, 1867–71).

References
 Долгоруков. Russian Biographic Lexicon.

1816 births
1868 deaths
Russian political activists
Russian genealogists
Journalists from the Russian Empire
Male writers from the Russian Empire
Pyotr
19th-century journalists from the Russian Empire
Russian male journalists
19th-century male writers from the Russian Empire


Destiny was a monthly high-end business, lifestyle and fashion magazine for women. It was published in South Africa by Ndalo Media before the publishing company was shut down in January 2019.

History
Ndalo Media was a pioneering print and digital media company that owned and published Destiny and Destiny Man magazines. It was founded by Khanyi Dhlomo in partnership with Media24 (under Naspers) and published the first issue of Destiny in October 2007. The magazine ran until January 2019 when Dhlomo shut Ndalo Media down amidst claims of financial distress.

Target audience
Destiny was aimed at women who either aspired to be or were actively engaged in business and who were 25–55 years old. The magazine combined business news (South African and global) with fashion, beauty, lifestyle, entertainment, health, travel and inspirational content.

Destiny Man
Destiny Man was an alternate-monthly publication aimed at accomplished, stylish, affluent and self-assured South African men. It was the brother publication to Destiny of which first issue appeared in July 2009, followed by its online extension in the same month.

See also
Khanyi Dhlomo
Kojo Baffoe

References

External links
 Launch press release

2007 establishments in South Africa
Business magazines
English-language magazines published in South Africa
Magazines established in 2007
Magazines published in South Africa
Monthly magazines published in South Africa
Women's magazines
History of women in South Africa


D Tour: A Tenacious Documentary is a 2008 documentary film directed by Jeremy Konner. It was premiered at the 2008 Santa Barbara film festival on January 31, 2008. The film focuses on the tour Tenacious D made in support of the film and soundtrack of Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny and the consequences of their film's poor showing at the box office. The film has been released on DVD and Blu-ray in The Complete Masterworks Part 2, which also contains a full live show.

References

External links
Review by Ain't It Cool News
Review by D.J. Palladino of the Santa Barbara Independent

2008 films
American documentary films
Rockumentaries
2008 documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Bituminous waterproofing systems are designed to protect residential and commercial buildings. Bitumen (asphalt or coal-tar pitch) is a material made up of organic liquids that are highly sticky, viscous, and waterproof. Systems incorporating bituminous-based substrates are sometimes used to construct roofs, in the form of "roofing felt" or "roll roofing" products.

Roofing felt

Roofing felt (similar to and often confused with tar paper, but historically made from recycled rags rather than heavy kraft paper) has been used for decades as waterproof coverings in residential and commercial roofs as an underlay(ment) (sarking) beneath other building materials, particularly roofing and siding materials, and is one type of membrane used in asphalt built up roofing (BUR) systems. Over time the felt's natural mesh used as a substrate for asphalt impregnation (derived from fabrics like cotton or burlap) has evolved into synthetic products performing the same function with improved durability.  Other changes with time have enhanced performance, with roofing felt remaining a heavier and more durable product than tar paper.

Function
The rapid application of waterproof or water-resistant roofing underlay protects the roof deck during construction until the roofing material is applied and is required for roofs required to meet Underwriters Laboratory (UL) fire ratings. The separation of the roof covering from the roof deck protects the roof covering from resins in some sheathing materials and cushions unevenness and old nails and splinters in re-roofing applications. The underlayment also sheds any water which penetrates the roof covering from an ordinary leak, a leak from wind-driven rain or snow, wind damage to the roof covering, or ice dams. However, the application of underlays may increase the roof temperature, which is the leading cause of ageing of asphalt shingles. Not installing an underlay may void the roof covering warranty.

Weights and grades
Felt paper is available in several grades, the most common being Type 1—commonly called 15-pound (15#) or No. 15 (#15)—and Type 2—commonly called 30-pound (30#) or No. 30 (#30).  The weight designations originated with organic base felt weighing 15 or 30 pounds per 100 sq. ft. ( or  per ).  However, modern base felts are made of lighter-weight fibre, so the weight designations, though common colloquially, are no longer literally accurate.

Another basic designation is organic or inorganic. Organic felt paper has a base material made with formerly living materials such as rag fibre, hessian (burlap), or cellulose fibres (wood, or jute). Organic felt papers are now considered obsolete, having dwindled to just five percent of the market by 1987. Inorganic base products are polyester, glass fibre developed in the 1950s, and historically, asbestos mat. Polyester mat is weaker and less chemically stable than fibreglass but because it is cheap is gaining market share. Polyester mat is primarily used with the more flexible modified-bitumen felt products. Asbestos mat was the first inorganic base material but was outlawed in the 1980s for health reasons but is still in use on some buildings. Inorganic felts are lighter, more tear-resistant, more fire-resistant, and do not absorb water. Another type of felt paper is perforated for use in built-up roofing and is not for use as a water-resistant underlay.

Heavier material is typically used for underlayment of longer-lived roof materials in order to match their longer life span, and on less sloped roofs, which are more susceptible to leaking.  For example, two layers of No. 30 felt might be used under a slate or tile roof, whereas a single layer of No. 15 might be adequate for a steeply raked roof of 24-year asphalt shingles.
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Manufacturing process

Roofing felt is manufactured in roll format.  Rolls of base felt are pulled on rollers through large tanks of bitumen mixes until they are saturated with the tar-like bitumen mixture, producing rolls of water-resistant but breathable material.

Modified bitumen is mixed with filler components such as limestone, sand, or polymers such as atactic polypropylene (APP) that gives rigidity and tear resistance or styrene-butadiene styrene (SBS), a rubber additive that gives more elastic benefits.

Felt paper standards
The American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards that apply to felt paper are:
 ASTM D226 / D226M Standard — 09: Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing.
Type I - #15 or 15 lb. perforated or non-perforated
Type II - #30 or 30 lb. perforated or non-perforated
 ASTM D4869 / D4869M Standard — Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Underlayment Used in Steep Slope Roofing. ASTM 4869-03 now includes the non-perforated felt referred to in ASTM D226-97a which will be phased out. ASTM 4869-03 includes a liquid-water transmission test (shower test) and dimensional stability limits (wrinkling) which ASTM D226-97a does not include.
Type 1 - #8.  Formerly ASTM D4869-93 Type I
Type 2 - #13. Formerly ASTM D226-97a Type I (No. 15)
Type 3 - #20. Formerly ASTM D4869-93 Type II
Type 4 - #26. Formerly ASTM D226-97a Type II (No. 30)
 ASTM D2178 / D2178M-15a Standard — Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing.
Type IV has a 44-pound breaking strength
Type VI has a 66-pound breaking strength
 ASTM D6757 / D6757M-16a Standard — Specification for Underlayment Felt Containing Inorganic Fibres Used in Steep-Slope Roofing.
 ASTM D6222 / D6222M-16 Standard — Specification for Atactic Polypropylene (APP) Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using Polyester Reinforcements.
Type 1
Type 2
Grade G, surface coated granules
Grade S, smooth surface (uncoated)

The Canadian Standards Association standards are:
 CSA A123.3 Asphalt Saturated Organic Roofing Felt

Roll roofing components

Roll roofing is a bitumen product similar to asphalt shingles meant for direct exposure to the weather. To protect its asphaltic base from ultraviolet degradation mineral granules are added on top of the felt, also decreasing the product's fire vulnerability. Thin, removable transparent film is added to the base of rolled roofing during manufacturing on all torch-on products. This stops the felt from sticking to the mineral layer when rolled up during the packaging process.  A similar removable membrane on self-adhesive rolled roofing separates the adhesive from the mineral layer.  Torch-on roofing felt also receives a removable membrane to keep it from sticking to itself prior to application.

Irritants
The complex chemical composition of bitumen makes it difficult to identify the specific component(s) responsible for adverse health effects observed in exposed workers. Known carcinogens have been found in bitumen fumes generated at work sites. Observations of acute irritation in workers from airborne and dermal exposures to fumes and aerosols and the potential for chronic health effects, including cancer, warrant continued diligence in the control of exposures.

Reasons to use a roofing underlayment
It protects the roof deck from rain before the roofing is installed.
 It provides an extra weather barrier in case of blow offs or water penetration through the roofing or flashings.
 It protects the roofing from any resins that bleed out of the sheathing.
 It helps prevent unevenness in the roof sheathing from telegraphing through the shingles.
 It is usually required for the UL fire rating to apply (since shingles are usually tested with underlayment).

Negative aspects
 Bitumen is mostly produced from crude oil and is not regarded as a sustainable building product
 Bitumen is combustible
 Exposure to extreme heat and UV radiation drastically decreases the lifespan
 The fumes that are produced during hot application of asphalt or tar can cause dermal and respiratory problems
 Some felt paper installed on existing buildings may contain asbestos, which has a carcinogenic risk if its dust is inhaled.

Malthoid
From 1905 to 1988, The Paraffine Paint Co. of San Francisco had Malthoid as a trademark for waterproof and weatherproof building and roofing materials made of paper and felt in whole or in part. However, it had become well known before that. About 1913, Paraffine  promoted its Malthoid roofing materials with a 16-page booklet. In 1941, the Duroid Company began making Malthoid in Onehunga, New Zealand.

Malthoid was once common enough to be used as a generic description of flat roofing material in New Zealand and South Africa (item 26). A description of a New Zealand house built about 1914 says it was, "built of timber framework. covered by sheets of asbestos. The roof was closely timbered, then covered by strips of Malthoid paper. This was then painted with tar and topped off with a sprinkling of sand." Railway vehicles in Australia were roofed with Malthoid. Malthoid is still available for flat roofs and damp courses.

See also
Butyl rubber

References

External links

 Bituminous Membranes Article

Roofs
Building materials
Roofing materials


KKGR (680 AM), also known as KGR Radio, is a radio station licensed to serve Helena, Montana. The station is owned by KGR, LLC, and airs a classic hits music format.

The station has been assigned the KKGR call letters by the Federal Communications Commission since November 26, 1996, and has been owned by KGR, LLC since 1999.

History
KHKR began broadcasting on May 26, 1988. The station was put on the air by an investor group that included Werner Nistler and the Lonnquist family, which had just sold KXGF in Great Falls. At the time it signed on, KHKR was the only AM station playing country music in the Helena area; it was limited to daytime hours to protect KNBR in San Francisco. On May 1, KHKR was joined by an FM companion, KHKR-FM 104.1, which was intended to sign on in time for Christmas but failed to air because a tower crew did not complete work on the FM facility.

The country music on AM came to an end in 1991 when Hi-Line Radio Fellowship, which owned KXEI in Havre, leased the station. Hi-Line had been working to bring Christian radio on an FM frequency to the Helena area for some time, but motivated by delays in that process, it worked out a deal with the Lonnquists to take over KHKR instead. The call letters were changed to KVCM. Hi-Line's FM station made it to air at the end of 1993 and took the KVCM call sign with it; 680 reverted to KHKR, airing news and talk programming.

In 1996, the Lonnquists sold the companion FM to STARadio Corporation. They retained the AM station, which flipped to classic country under new KKGR call letters, until 1999, when it was sold to Jim Schaeffer, the president of KBLL-AM-FM, for $90,000.

References

External links

KGR
KGR


The equity ratio is a financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of equity used to finance a company's assets. The two components are often taken from the firm's balance sheet or statement of financial position (so-called book value), but the ratio may also be calculated using market values for both, if the company's equities are publicly traded.

The equity ratio is a very common financial ratio, especially in Central Europe and Japan, while in the US the debt to equity ratio is more often used in financial (research) reports.

Interpretation

The equity ratio is a good indicator of the level of leverage used by a company. The equity ratio measures the proportion of the total assets that are financed by stockholders, as opposed to creditors. A low equity ratio will produce good results for stockholders as long as the company earns a rate of return on assets that is greater than the interest rate paid to creditors.

References

Financial ratios


Twelve Angry Months is a concept album by the alternative rock band Local H. It was released on May 13, 2008 on Shout! Factory. The album is about experiences surrounding a relationship breakup, with each track corresponding to a month in the year after the break-up.  The title is an allusion to Twelve Angry Men.  The first single is "24 Hour Break-Up Session".
The album was scheduled for a UK release on 18 August 2008, however this was delayed for unknown reasons until 25 August 2008.
The song 'Blur' is a revised version of a song that appears on the band's EP The '92 Demos.

Track listing

Personnel
Scott Lucas – guitar, vocals, bass, synthesizer, organ
Brian St. Clair – drums

Production
Andy Gerber
Brian Leach
Scott Lucas
Geoff Sabin
Blaise Barton
Mike Willison
Micah Wilshire (mixing)
Michael Chalecki (mastering)

References

External links
Album Preview

Local H albums
2008 albums
Shout! Factory albums


KCAP (1340 AM) was a radio station licensed to serve Helena, Montana. The station was owned by Cherry Creek Radio and licensed to CCR-Helena IV, LLC. It aired a News/Talk format.

History
The station was initially issued the call letters KENA, which were changed to KFDW on January 19, 1949. It went on the air in October 1949. The station was assigned the KCAP call letters by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on January 1, 1952.

In August 2000, a deal was reached for KCAP to be acquired by Commonwealth Communications LLC from STARadio Corp. as part of a 9 station deal with a total reported sale price of $7.5 million.

In October 2003, a deal was reached for KCAP to be acquired by Cherry Creek Radio from Commonwealth Communications LLC as part of a 24 station deal with a total reported sale price of $41 million.

On October 30, 2014, KCAP's license was surrendered by Cherry Creek Radio to the FCC, who subsequently cancelled it; the station's programming moved that November to KMTX (950 AM), which Cherry Creek Radio was in the process of acquiring from Montana Radio Company. The KCAP call sign was then transferred to KMTX.

References

External links

FCC Station Search Details: DKCAP (Facility ID: 50355)
FCC History Cards for KCAP (1340 kHz)  (covering 1948-1980 as KENA / KFDW / KCAP)

CAP
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1949
1949 establishments in Montana
Radio stations disestablished in 2014
2014 disestablishments in Montana
CAP


The Wissekerke Castle is situated in the village of Bazel of Kruibeke municipality in the East Flanders province of Belgium. Although a castle stood at this site since 10th century, the present castle was largely built in the 15th century with lake, park and a suspension bridge built around the castle. The suspension bridge by the castle is one of the oldest surviving wrought iron suspension bridges in Europe and was designed in 1824 by Jean-Baptiste Vifquain, an engineer from Brussels

Many famous people lived at Wissekerke castle, including the influential family of Vilain XIIII. For 139 years the members of this family were the mayors of Bazel. Through the centuries the castle has been rebuilt and renovated. The most important building works were completed in the 19th and 20th centuries. Most of the present architecture recalls 19th century neo-gothic style. The major interior features also date from this period. The castle, the gatehouse, the iron suspension bridge and the pigeon tower were listed as monuments in 1981. In 1989 the castle was purchased by the town of Kruibeke, which has since handled the restoration work. The castle is also venue to many cultural activities, tours and exhibitions.

In spite of the modest span of 23 meters, the bridge is of great industrial archaeological value, because of its historical and structural uniqueness. Since 1981, the bridge at Bazel has been a protected historic monument.

See also
List of castles in Belgium

References

External links

 Entry of the castle on belgiancastles.be

Castles in Belgium
Castles in East Flanders
Kruibeke


Latino Malabranca Orsini (b. at Rome, year unknown – d. 10 August 1294, Perugia) was a Roman noble,  an Italian cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, and nephew of Pope Nicholas III.

Early life
Latino was son of Roman senator Angelo Malabranca and Mabilia Orsini, the daughter of Matteo Rosso Orsini 'Il Grande'.  Mabilia was therefore sister of Giovanni Gaetano Orsini (Pope Nicholas III), Cardinal Giordano Orsini (died 1287), and eight other siblings.  The Malabranca family were once said to be a branch of the Frangipani, but this hypothesis has been contradicted.

His uncle, Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, a Roman, Cardinal Deacon of S. Niccolo in Carcere, was created a cardinal by Pope Innocent IV (Fieschi) on Saturday, May 28, 1244.

Education
Latinus studied at the University of Paris, and became Doctor in utroque iure. He obtained the title Magister in theology. He entered the Order of Preachers in his youth, at Santa Sabina, in the reign of Pope Alexander IV (1254-1261).  It is not known where, when, or whether he became a priest before his elevation to Cardinal Bishop.

The Dominican Friar
Frater Latino was appointed a lector at the studium conventuale at the convent at Santa Sabina on the Aventine in Rome. He subsequently became Prior of the Dominican convent of Santa Sabina.  Thomas Aquinas was moderator of studies at Santa Sabina from 1265-1267, before his return to Paris.  Fr. Latino served as definitor (elected delegate) to the Provincial Chapter in Orvieto (September 14, 1261).   Under Pope Urban IV (1261-1264), he was  Inquisitor General, a not uncommon assignment for a Dominican friar.  He succeeded his uncle in the post of head of the Papal Inquisition in 1278, a position he occupied until his death in 1294.

Papacy of Nicholas III (1277-1280)
Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was elected pope at Viterbo on November 25, 1277.  His predecessor, John XXI, had died suddenly when the roof of a room he was in fell in upon him. There had been only seven cardinals in Italy at the time (an eighth, Simon de Brion, was Legate in France), and the Conclave of 1277 was severely split into two groups of three, one composed of Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, Giacomo Savelli, and Matteo Rosso Orsini—all cardinal-deacons; the other of Ancher Pantaleoni, Goffredo d'Alatri, and Guillaume de Bray—all cardinal-priests.  The sole cardinal-bishop, Bertrand de S. Martin, belonged to neither group. The regulations of the Constitution "Ubi Periculum" of Gregory X were not in effect, and therefore the discussions dragged on through the summer and fall of 1277.  The major issue was whether Charles of Anjou would continue to be allowed to control the city of Rome and the Patrimony of St Peter.  The Roman party finally succeeded in attracting two other votes, and Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was elected.  This was a major setback for the Angevins.

On 12 March 1278 Fr. Latino Malabranca Orsini, OP, was created Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia e Velletri by his uncle, Nicholas III (1277-1280).  He was one of ten created at the same time, with the object of diminishing the Angevin interest in the Sacred College, thereby giving the Papacy more independent counsel, and lessening the chances of indefinite control of the papacy by King Charles I.  Five new cardinal-bishops were named, including Latino Malabranca, as well as two cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons. Five of the new cardinals were members of religious orders.  Two were relatives of the new pope: Latino and the Pope's brother Giordano Orsini. One French appointee, Erhard de Lessines (Lesigny), son of Guillaume, Marshal of Champagne, died on July 18, 1278, of dysentery. Another, Robert Kilwardby, who had been Archbishop of Canterbury, died on September 12, 1279.  The Franciscan Gerardo Cupalates, O.Min. also died in 1279.

The Pope, who was politically caught between the Emperor Rudolf I and King Charles I of Sicily, began to work to extricate himself and the Church from these two powerful forces, while at the same time keeping those two forces from confronting each other directly in a war which could ruin central Italy.  First, he convinced the Emperor that the Romandiola (Romagna) and the Pentapolis (Cinque Terra) had once belonged to the Church, employing documents from the papal archives. He could not produce the alleged donation of Pipin III d'Heristal, but he did produce documents of Louis the Pious, Otto I, and Henry II.  These were accepted as proof by the Emperor and his officials, without even considering that they might be forgeries, like the Donations of Constantine.  At the same time, the Pope demanded that King Charles resign his position as Rector of Tuscany, which allowed him to dominate Rome from both north and south. To overcome the Emperor's reluctance to part with such rich territories as the Romandiola, the Pope offered him the Rectorship of Tuscany. On May 29, the Emperor Rudolf authorized his ambassador Gottfridus to agree to the terms, which he did in the treaty of June 30, 1278.  Cardinal Latino's cousin, Bertoldus Orsini (son of Gentile Orsini), another papal nephew, was named Rector of the Romandiola and of the City of Bologna, and Cardinal Latino was named Papal Legate to the Romandiola. Another nephew, Orso Orsini, was named Rector of the Patrimony of S. Peter in Tuscany.

On August 2, 1278, as the time for election of new senators for Rome was drawing near, Pope Nicholas, who was in Viterbo, sent a letter to Cardinal Latino and to Cardinal Giacomo Colonna, Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata, instructing them to use their influence, without seeming to manipulate the election, to ensure the right outcome. The Pope most certainly did not want to give the impression that he himself wanted the office. Whatever else might happen, they must be discreet.  King Charles had been granted the Senatorship of Rome for a period of ten years by Clement IV, and the end of the term was coming on September 16, 1278.  On July 18, 1278, after consultation with the Cardinals, Nicholas had issued a bull, Fundamenta militantis, instituting the rule that emperors, kings, princes, marquises, dukes, counts, and barons were ineligible for the office of Senator of Rome, and others were eligible for one-year terms only.  On August 30, King Charles instructed his Vicar in Rome, Jean de Fossames, to surrender all the fortresses and prisoners into the hands of the Romans on the appointed day—though not into the hands of the Pope.  But, what Roman would dare to stand for election and survive the  wrath of King Charles?  The two cardinals were in fact working in the interest of Pope Nicholas himself. He was the only person who could be elected without a loss of face on the part of King Charles, and he was the only person who would resist the blandishments and threats of the king. But the people would never have the Pope as their Senator.  Instead, they voted to invest Signor Giovanni Gaetano Orsini (not the Pope) with the powers and privileges of the Senatorship for the term of his life, inviting him to name a Senator for Rome. Signor Orsini (not the Pope) named his brother Matteo Rosso Orsini “di Montegiordano”  as Senator for the coming year.

On the same day that King Charles was due to vacate the Senatorship, September 16, 1278, Cardinal Latino was ordered by Pope Nicholas to receive from the Royal Vicar in Tuscia all of the fortifications under his control, and that the Cardinal should hand them over to trusted agents.

But in the Fall of 1278, Bertoldus fell ill.  Pope Nicholas named Cardinal Latino as Apostolic Legate and have him full powers to substitute for Bertoldus in all of his functions, including that of leading and provisioning the royal army of King Charles I of Sicily under the command of Guillaume d'Estendard.  He immediately arranged peace in Florence and the Romandiola (Romagna)   On November 7, Nicholas sent a letter to Cardinal Latino, commending his positive achievements in so short a time, even without the specific Instructions that the Pope had intended to send him. The Pope expressed his confidence that Cardinal Latino could carry on successfully without any additional instructions.  On November 16, the Pope expressed his satisfaction that Guido de Montefeltro (the leader of the Ghibellines in the Romandiola) had been brought to obey his commands, but he conveyed as well the bad news that the Apostolic Camera (Treasury) was almost empty, and various expenses, including the payment of troops would have to be handled according to verbal instructions to be sent to Cardinal Latino through Giovanni Capucci, Canon of S. Maria Transtiberim.

On September 30, 1279, at Bologna,  Cardinal Latino Malabranca issued a set of constitutions for his entire Legation, comprising six chapters: (1) on people who illegally occupy churches; (2) on visitation of monasteries; (3) against clerical concubines; (4) on granting and remitting penances; (5) on indulgences; (6) on the dress of women (this section being known from its first word, the Constitution Omnipotens).  The sixth chapter addressed the subject of female apparel. Fra Salimbene tells us in his chronicle that Latino, in this campaign to pacify factional strife, issued a tough ordinance on female dress, banning long trains and requiring all women to veil their faces when they went out. This ordinance forbade priests giving absolution to those who violated the statute and did not repent.  As is the case with all sumptuary legislation, Cardinal Latino's regulation of female attire was unpopular, complained about, and disregarded.  In the next pontificate, that of the French Martin IV (1281-1285), Cardinal Latino's successor as Legate in Lombardy, Cardinal Bernard de Languissel, Bishop of Porto, was so beset with protests and complaints that he had to modify and relax Cardinal Latino's Constitution Omnipotens.  The legislation, however, remained on the books, until it was revoked by Pope Nicholas V in 1454.

In the Fall of 1279, Cardinal Latino had to attend to a serious revolt against the authority of the members of his own Order.  In Parma, the Dominican inquisitors had tried to burn a woman whom they had convicted of being a Cathar.  The people of Parma rose up against the Dominican inquisitors, who were forced to abandon the city and seek refuge in Reggio. Cardinal Latino, who was in Florence at the time, intervened by excommunicating the people of Parma.  The absolution of the people of Parma was authorized by Martin IV in 1283, but the Dominicans still had not returned to Parma by November 22, 1286.

Malabranca was vicar and governor of Rome during the absence of the pope from July to November 1279, at least according to Dominican writers.

At some point during the reign of Nicholas III, Cardinal Latino was Auditor causarum in a case involving the Augustinian canons of the church at Wiborg in the Diocese of Ripen (Ribe) in Denmark.

On January 16, 1280, Cardinal Latino was instructed by Nicholas III to leave Florence, suspending negotiations for a peace for the present, and betake himself to Bologna, in order to bring about peace there.  On March 2, 1280, Pope Nicholas wrote to Cardinal Latino that he had received Latino's messenger and report about the disturbed state of the city of Bologna and the Romagna, and that Latino was to continue his unremitting labors to find a resolution of the problems.  Nicholas was sending him a Memoriale through Fr. Bartolomeo de S. Gemino, O.Min., who would explain verbally the Pope's intentions. A similar letter was sent to the Cardinal's cousin, Bertoldo Orsini, Rector of the Romandiola and of the City of Bologna.  But Cardinal Latino was not yet in Bologna; he received another letter, sent on April 1, demanding his presence in Bologna. These problems in the Romandiola were, no doubt, the result of the transfer of sovereignty from the Emperor to the Pope, causing strife between Ghibellines and Guelfs.

Cardinal Malabranca's uncle, Pope Nicholas III, died on August 22, 1280, at his castle of Soriano, in the hills to the east of Viterbo. It is said that he suffered a sudden apoplectic stroke that left him speechless.  The throne of Peter was vacant for six months.

Latino's first Conclave, 1280-1281

Since Pope Nicholas had died inside the diocese of Viterbo, Pope Gregory's rules, even though they were in suspension, required that the Cardinals should meet in Viterbo to elect his successor. The Roman Curia was already residing there. The Episcopal Palace in Viterbo, which had already hosted the long election of 1268-1271, that of September 1276, and that of 1277, was again the site of a conclave.

In Rome, as soon as the news of pope's death arrived, a coup-d-état against the Orsini government was led by Riccardo Annibaldi, whose forces were friendly to King Charles of Sicily. Unsuccessful, they were driven from the city. They headed for Viterbo, hoping to achieve the same coup where the Curia was in residence. This time they were successful.  Riccardo Annibaldi roused the people against the papal Podestà of the city of Viterbo, Orso Orsini, and established a new regime favorable to King Charles of Sicily and hostile to the Orsini; thus, the Angevin party hosted the Conclave which began in September.  Thirteen cardinals participated in the Conclave; and yet nine votes were necessary for a canonically valid election. The Orsini faction of the conclave, which included Cardinal Latino Malabranca and two other members of the Orsini family, forced a stalemate that lasted the entire year 1280. The Orsini faction had enough votes to block the Angevin candidate, and the Angevins had enough to prevent the election of an Orsini candidate.

The situation changed on February 2, 1281, the day of the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The people of Viterbo, led by Riccardo Annibaldi and six of his captains (including Raynerius Gatto), entered the Conclave, caused serious injuries to several of the cardinals, and kidnapped two of the Orsini cardinals, Matteo Rosso Orsini, Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Portico, and Giordano Orsini, Cardinal Deacon of San Eustachio. Antoninus of Florence states that Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini was also abducted, but released shortly thereafter.  Cardinal Giordano Orsini was released some three days later, having been made to agree to some stipulations (which, no doubt, compelled him to agree to vote for a candidate of King Charles).  Cardinal Matteo Orsini was kept in prison until after the conclusion of the Conclave, thereby reducing the number of electors to twelve, and the number of votes needed to elect to eight.  Even with the return of Cardinal Giordano, it took another two weeks to break the deadlock.  On Saturday, February 22, 1281, the Cardinals finally elected Cardinal Simon de Brion, who took the name Martin IV. He had been the papal Legate in France for many years, and was the person principally responsible for having negotiating the bringing of Charles of Anjou to Italy in the first place, and making him King of Sicily.

Papacy of Martin IV (1281-1285)
Cardinal Simon de Brion, Cardinal Priest of S. Cecilia, was elected Pope Martin IV at Viterbo on February 22, 1281.

Immediately upon his election, and even before his coronation, Martin IV sent Cardinals Latino Malabranca and Godefridus of Alatri to Rome, as 'angels of peace', to try to compose the differences among the various Roman factions; the People were to pay attention to their exhortations and warnings.  In a separate letter to King Charles of Sicily he revealed his real purpose, to pave the way for his consecration and Coronation in Rome.  The function of consecration would be carried out by Cardinal Malabranca, the Bishop of Ostia.  The 'angels of peace' failed to arrange a peace, and therefore Martin IV was consecrated and crowned in Orvieto.   He died in Perugia on March 28, 1285, never having set foot inside the city of Rome.

On March 10, 1281, King Charles was elected Senator of Rome for life, in violation of the Constitution of Nicholas III.  On April 29, Pope Martin approved the election and conferred his powers upon him, authorizing him to appoint someone else as Senator.  He notified the Roman people that he had transferred his Senatorship-for-life to King Charles.

On April 12, 1281, Pope Martin created seven new cardinals, four of whom were French.  The lessening of Angevin influence in the Sacred College, which was a major policy decision of Nicholas III, had been deliberately reversed.

As to the Romandiola, which had been in the care of Cardinal Latino, the new Pope, on May 9, authorized Guillaume Durand, the Dean of Chartres, to spend up to 10,000 livres Tournois in France to raise troops for the purpose of pacifying the rebels of the Romandiola.  The principal target of this action was Guido of Montefeltro, against whom an army was being put together under the banner of Johannes de Epa of Bologna, Rector of the entire army of the Church.  On May 24, Johannes was named Rector of the Romandiola, Bologna, and the Brictinori.  Clearly Guillaume and Johannes had replaced Cardinal Latino and his cousin Bertoldus Orsini in the administration of the Romandiola.

Cardinal Latino was present in Consistory (assistentibus...) at Orvieto on May 24, 1281, when Pope Martin issued an invitation to Rudolf King of the Romans to revise their treaty, given the fact that some of the conditions specified in the agreement made with Nicholas III had not been met.  The impression is given that Latino and the rest of the cardinals were in agreement with Martin IV—which was surely not the case.  But the new cardinals had changed the political balance, and Pope Martin had his way.  In fact Martin was systematically reversing all of the policies on which Nicholas III had based his papacy.

Cardinal Latino, however, served as an examiner of bishops (to ensure that bishops were canonically elected, and suitable in learning and character for being a bishop) in 1284 in the matter of the election of the Archbishop of Nidrosia (Drontheim) in Norway, and in the election of Jean de Château-Villain as Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne.  He also served as Auditor causarum in the disputed election at the Priory of S. Maria de Boxgrave.

King Charles, who had long been involved with his barons over the operations of his administrative system, again met with serious trouble with the Sicilian Vespers, which began in Palermo on March 29, 1282, and resulted in the loss of the entire island of Sicily to Pedro of Aragon by the end of the year.  Charles died at Foggia on January 7, 1285.  Pope Martin died in Perugia on March 28, 1285, never having set foot inside the city of Rome.  The throne of Peter was vacant for only four days.

Papacy of Honorius IV (1285-1287)
Giacomo Savelli, a Roman, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, was elected pope on April 2, 1285, on the first ballot.  He was immediately elected Senator for life by the Roman people.

On 20 May 1285 Cardinal Latino Malabranca conferred the episcopal consecration on the newly elected Pope Honorius IV; the consecration of a new pope as a bishop was the special privilege of the Bishop of Ostia.

On September 17, 1285, he subscribed the Bull "Justitia et Pax" of Pope Honorius IV, the Constitution for the good order of the Kingdom of Sicily.  This document was intended to bring order out of the disorder left by King Charles I at his death.  In 1285, Cardinal Latino was again examiner of bishops in the matter of Bishop Guillaume de Gardies of Utica (Uzès) in France. He carried out other examinations throughout the reign.

On February 17, 1286,  Pope Honorius confirmed the election of Archbishop John le Romain of York, and authorized Cardinal Latino Malabranca to consecrate him in St. Peter's Basilica, and invest him with the pallium.  On  August 23, Cardinal Latino was authorized to consecrate Fr. Peter as the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople.

Honorius IV died on Holy Thursday, April 3, 1287, at his palace at Santa Sabina, and was buried in S. Peter's next to Nicholas III.

Papacy of Nicholas IV (1288-1292)
Nicholas IV (Fr. Girolamo Masci, O.Min.)  was elected on February 22, 1288, at the papal palace at Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill.

On June 12, 1288, Pope Nicholas granted to Cardinal Latino Malabranca, de gratia speciali, all of the income which came to the Papacy from the city and territory of Segni for the term of his life.

On April 5, 1288, at the request of Cardinal Malabranca, Pope Nicholas IV granted an exemption from assessments owed to the Apostolic Camera to Paltomitono son of Theobald, a citizen of Viterbo, to his share of Castro Tessampano in the territory of Viterbo.  On September 27, 1288, Cardinal Latino was given the mandate to correct and reform the Monastery of S. Angelo de Fontanellis near Todi, which belonged to the Vallombrosian monks.  On February 15, 1290, he was ordered, employing civil assistance if necessary, to investigate the situation at the Benedictine Monastery of Montis Fani in the Diocese of Camerino, and ensure that no person illegally occupy any territory or property of the monastery, and, if there were such cases, to compel the restitution of the properties. On October 16, he was a member of the examination committee that approved the election of Bishop Jacobus of Segni, and on February 10, 1291, that of Archbishop Salimbene of Capua.

Malabranca became dean of the College of Cardinals after the death of Cardinal Bentivegna de Bentivengis on March 25 or 26, 1289.  The position, which is not an office, and which was obtained strictly on the basis of seniority among the Cardinal Bishops, gave its holder the right to preside as prior Episcoporum at all meetings of Cardinals during a vacancy of the papal throne (Sede Vacante), as well as the right to be the first to nominate a candidate at a Conclave, and to cast the first vote.  For many centuries, votes were cast publicly.

Pope Nicholas IV died in Rome on Holy Saturday, April 4, 1292, in the Patriarchal residence at the Liberian Basilica (Santa Maria Maggiore), in the fifth year of his reign.  The Church would be without a pope for the next two years, three months, and two days.

Conclave
Twelve cardinals attended the funeral, according to the Apostolic Subdeacon, Giacopo Caetani Stefaneschi, who was present at the events. There were six Romans, four Italians, and two French.  They were divided into two opposing groups, one led by Matteo Rosso Orsini, which sought a new pope who would be compliant to the wishes of King Charles II of Sicily, the other by Giacopo Colonna.  Cardinal Latino, as Ordine Pontificum primus (in the words of Giacopo Caetani Stefaneschi),  undertook the expected task of summoning the Conclave.  According to the rules, it would have opened on August 15 or 16, 1292, at S. Maria Maggiore, where Nicholas IV had died.  But his efforts were unsuccessful.  Some did assemble at S. Maria Maggiore, but the rest held back.  Then he tried to assemble everyone at the papal palace at Santa Sabina, and then at Santa Maria sopra Minerva. The reason for his failure is not far to seek.  There was a civil war going on in the streets and neighborhoods of Rome between the Orsini family and their adherents and the Colonna family and theirs.  Each faction of the cardinals was unwilling to entrust its safety to the other faction, or to anyone else.  There was also the heat and oppressive humidity of a Roman summer to contend with, and that always brought plague of some sort, especially malaria.  Instead of coming together, the Cardinals began to disperse.  Claiming illness, Cardinal Benedetto Caetani withdrew to his home town of Anagni, in the hills east of Rome. Cardinal Hugues de Billon and three other cardinals retreated to Reate in Tuscany, north of Rome. It was only in September, 1292, after the summer heat had dissipated, that Caetani, Matthew of Acquasparta, and Bianchi returned to the city. But still there was no conclave. It was time to elect new Senators for Rome for the year 1293, but civil disorders made an election impossible.

Anarchy prevailed until Easter of 1293, when an effort to achieve a truce by compromise brought Agapito Colonna and Orso Orsini to the Senatorial office. But then Orsini died, and perhaps Colonna as well. Meanwhile, the Cardinals had sought safety outside Rome again. Hugues Billon and Matthew of Acquasparta returned to Riеti ([ˈrjеːti]), and Benedetto Caetani sought refuge at Viterbo.  Stefaneschi says that only three cardinals remained in the City.  It was not until October that order was restored in Rome, and two neutral citizens, Petrus Stefaneschi (the Subdeacon's father) and Oddo di S. Eustachio, were elected Senators.  But the cardinals were no longer in Rome.  Many of them were assembled in Perugia, and they decided, after negotiations with the absent cardinals, that the Conclave would begin there on October 18, the Feast of S. Luke the Evangelist.  October 18 arrived, and passed, and there was still no Conclave.  During that winter, King Charles II of Naples, who was returning to Italy from Provence,  visited Perugia and was received by the Cardinals. Two cardinal deacons (according to Stefaneschi) rode out to meet him, accompanied by the magistrates and people of the city, and his son, who had travelled up from Naples. The King spent several days there, and was entertained by the Cardinals.  He gave a harangue to the cardinals, entreating them to proceed to an election of a pope, and he was answered in gentle terms (placido diffudit verba lepore) in a speech given by Cardinal Latino Malabranca.  Ptolemy of Lucca, however, says that King Charles also had some hard talk with Cardinal Benedetto Caetani. King Charles and his son then proceed on their way to Naples.

On May 28, 1294, three of the cardinals who were at Perugia wrote a letter to the Council and Citizens of Viterbo, warning them not to attack the citizens of Orvieto in a dispute over a castle and property belonging to the Roman Church in the neighborhood of the Lake of Bolsena, under penalty of excommunication, interdict, and fine.  The cardinals were Gerardo Bianchi, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina; Giovanni Boccamati, Bishop of Tusculum (Frascati); and Matteo d'Acquasparta, OFM, Bishop of Porto.  It is curious that the letter is signed by the Cardinal Bishops, but that Cardinal Latino Malabranca, who was the senior Cardinal Bishop, does not sign.

After the departure of the King, and after the Feast of S. John the Baptist (June 24), according to Ptolemy of Lucca, Cardinal Latino Malabranca directed the attention of the Cardinals toward a certain hermit of the Benedictine Order, who was greatly attached to King Charles.

Celestine V
On Monday, July 5, 1294,  the College of Cardinals elected Pietro da Morrone as pope.  The official declaration, issued on the same day, is signed by all eleven cardinals who were present, headed by Cardinal Latinus, Bishop of Ostia and Velletri.  It relates the story of the election, which is different from Ptolemy's version in some important details.  According to the Cardinals themselves, they were conducting discussions as usual, though in the absence of Cardinal Pietro Peregrosso, of Milan, Cardinal Priest of S. Marco, who was ill in hospitio suo ('in his own house'). At some point, without plan and unexpectedly, remarks were made about the Benedictine Brother Pietro da Morrone, and the attention of everyone, as though divinely inspired, was directed to a consideration of him. And they reached a unanimous decision, not without tears in their eyes.  Cardinal Giovanni Boccamati, Bishop of Tusculum, Cardinal Hugues de Billon, OP, Cardinal Priest of Santa Sabina, and Cardinal Giacopo Colonna, Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata, were sent to Cardinal Pietro, and secured his consent to the election.  Cardinal Latino Malabranca, Bishop of Ostia, then proclaimed Brother Peter's election, and all the Cardinals signified their assent.

The notice of Brother Peter's election, bearing the date of July 11, 1294, was carried to him by the Archbishop of Lyons (Beraldus de Got), the bishops of Orvieto (Francesco Monaldeschi) and Portuensis (Oporto? Julianus Mendez?), and two Apostolic notaries, who were accompanied by Cardinal Pietro Colonna, entirely on his own initiative.  The official Nuntii had a good deal of trouble locating Peter in his mountain hermitage, for when he heard of their approach and their purpose, he is said to have fled farther into the wilderness.  With a great deal of coaxing, from Charles Martel, son of King Charles, among many others, he was persuaded to come down as far as L'Aquila (which was part of King Charles' domains). The actual date of his acceptance of the Papal office is not recorded, though on August 17, he signed a document at Aquila with the note suscepti a nobis apostolatus officii anno 1.

Death and Tomb
Cardinal Malabranca died on August 9, 1294, shortly after the election of Pope Celestine V, in which he played a notable part.  His Last Will and Testament survives. He is venerated as 'blessed' by the Order of Preachers.  He was buried in the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome; in 1630 the Minister General of the Dominicans transferred his remains and those of Cardinal Matteo Orsini from the Sacristy, where they had originally been placed, to new tombs near the High Altar, behind the statue of the Risen Christ.

Musical Interests
"Dies iræ" (Day of Wrath), a 13th-century Latin hymn describing the day of judgment and used in the Roman liturgy as the sequence for the Requiem Mass for centuries, is sometimes attributed to Malabranca, who was a composer of ecclesiastical chants and offices.

References

Bibliography
 Giovanni Villani, Ioannis Villani Florentini Historia Universalis (ed. Giovanni Battista Recanati)  (in Ludovico Antonio Muratori (editor) Rerum Italicarum Scriptores (Milan 1728), Tomus 13).
 A. Touron, Histoire des hommes illustres de l' Ordre de Saint Dominique  Tome premier (Paris 1743), pp. 542–559.
 August Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875).

 F. Kaltenbrunner, (editor) (1889), Actenstücke zur Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches unter den Königen Rudolf I. und Albrecht I. (Wien 1889).
 Ferdinand Gregorovius (1906), History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume V. part 2, second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906).
 Richard Sternfeld, "Das Konklave von 1280 und die Wahl Martins IV. (1281)," Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 21 (1910), pp. 1–53.

 Jean Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe (New York-London: Routledge, 2014; reprint of Addison Wesley Longman, 1998), Chapters 10 and 11.

13th-century Italian cardinals
Deans of the College of Cardinals
Cardinal-bishops of Ostia
Cardinal-nephews
1294 deaths
Italian Dominicans
Inquisitors
Year of birth unknown
13th-century writers in Latin
13th-century Italian writers
Dominican cardinals
Clergy from Rome


James Goss may refer to:

James Goss (judge) (born 1953), judge of the High Court of England and Wales
James Goss (producer) (born 1974), British television producer and writer
James H. Goss (1820–1886), American politician


Corridors of Genon is a first-person maze video game for the ZX Spectrum developed by New Generation Software and released in 1983.

Reception
Crash: "An unusually addictive game for those who don't mind a bit of figuring" 72/100

Personal Computer Games: "The 3D graphics are up to New Generations usual high standard and the sound is also very well used.  But I would say the game lacks the sort of variation which has made games like Arcadia and Manic Miner such big hits" 5/10

Sinclair User: "Corridors of Genon is an excellent 3D game from a master of 3D techniques.  We cannot recommend it too highly"

References

External links

 Gameplay video at YouTube

1983 video games
Europe-exclusive video games
Maze games
New Generation Software games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
ZX Spectrum-only games


3D Tunnel is a ZX Spectrum video game developed by New Generation Software and published in 1983.

The cassette inlay describes it as, "Another fast moving 3D game from the author of 3D Monster Maze and Defender for the ZX81. Flapping Birds, Scurrying Rats, Leaping Toads, Crawling Spiders all appear live in the 3D Tunnel".

Reception
Computer and Video Games: "Superb graphics and game presentation but not for the non-persistent", 21/30.

ZX Computing: "The graphics are so good that I could have just sat there and watched the demo for an hour. This is very professionally put together and a game that I would recommend to anyone".

References

External links

1983 video games
Europe-exclusive video games
New Generation Software games
Shoot 'em ups
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
ZX Spectrum-only games