Mount Shelby () is a mountain, 1,520 m, standing between Daspit Glacier and Bills Gulch at the head of Trail Inlet, on the east coast of Graham Land. Discovered by members of East Base of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS), 1939–41. It was photographed from the air in 1947 by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) under Ronne, and charted in 1948 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS). Named by Ronne for Marjorie Shelby, who contributed her services as typist and editor in drafting the RARE prospectus and assisted in general expedition work prior to departure.

Mountains of Graham Land
Bowman Coast


The history of Maidstone and its environs goes as far back as Mesolithic times. It has seen settlement by the Romans and the Normans and played a role in pivotal moments of English history such as the Peasants' Revolt and the English Civil War. It has also hosted an Army barracks since Napoleonic times and was an important centre for Kent's brewing and papermaking industries.

Early history

Evidence of prehistoric inhabitants includes artefacts unearthed dating as far back as Mesolithic times, along with many local Neolithic finds, notably at Kit's Coty and the Countless Stones. The Romans brought Maidstone greater importance; their road from Watling Street at Rochester to Hastings passed through the site, connecting with the iron industry of the Weald: two villas and a number of other sites have been discovered nearby. They were also among the first to extract stone (the sandstone known as Kentish ragstone) from the area. A great many other finds relate to this period.

Before the arrival of the Normans, Maidstone had been the meeting place of the hundred of Maidstone in the Lathe of Aylesford. Heathland to the north of the town (today the suburb of Penenden Heath) was the site of shire moots or regional assemblies and the location of a key trial in the years immediately following the Norman Conquest. In 1146 the Cistercians from Clairvaux built an abbey at Boxley, to the northeast of the town; it was destroyed in 1538 during Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries.

In the same period, two hospitals were built here for the care of wayfarers, especially those on pilgrimage; and a “college” of secular priests. In the early Middle Ages the town was the home of the Guild of Corpus Christi. Members of the guild employed a chaplain who said prayers for their souls when they died and looked after its members in old age and in times of sickness.

The Archbishop's Palace, situated on the banks of the River Medway was gifted to the Archbishops of Canterbury in the 13th century. It was here in 1381 that Chancellor Sudbury, the incumbent Archbishop at the time, imprisoned the radical preacher John Ball. Ball was subsequently freed on 11 June that year by the peasant army led by Wat Tyler, on its way from Canterbury to London to protest about the new poll tax.

16th/17th centuries

Maidstone saw the death of Thomas Hitton, generally considered to be the first English martyr of the Reformation, in 1530. Hitton was a follower of reformer William Tyndale, and had fled with Tyndale to the Low Countries to escape persecution in England. On a visit to England in 1529 to contact the supporters of Tyndale and to arrange for the distribution of smuggled books such as the first English Psalter translated by George Joye, Hitton was arrested  for heresy near Gravesend. After imprisonment and interrogation he was condemned by Archbishop William Warham and Bishop John Fisher and burned at the stake at Maidstone on 23 February 1530.

Maidstone's town status was confirmed when, in 1549, it was incorporated. It had originally been governed by a portreeve, 12 brethren and 24 commoners under the direction of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Under the terms of this incorporation, the town was authorised to build a grammar school, which survives as Maidstone Grammar School.

When the people of Maidstone rebelled against the crown in support of Thomas Wyatt in 1551, the charter of incorporation was revoked, although a new charter was established five years later, when Maidstone was created a borough.

On 18 June 1557 the miller of Frittenden, William Allin and his wife Katherine were burned at the stake at Fairmeadow, along with five other protestants as part of the Marian Persecutions. The Allins had fed the poor, sold corn at half price and read scriptures to people.

The town's charter was ratified in 1619 under James I, and a coat of arms was designed (see main article)

The Civil War

On 1 June 1648, during the ‘’’Second English Civil War’’’ the Battle of Maidstone took place. About 2,000 Royalist forces were defending the town, governed by Sir James Pearse, and his lieutenant, Sir Judith Clapp, and their junior-lieutenant, Sir Conor Forker, who had arranged earthworks and other defences. General Fairfax and a body of dragoons approached in the afternoon, following the Medway Valley from Farleigh Bridge, which had been only lightly guarded, and the first skirmishes took place on the outskirts of the town at around 7 o'clock.

The Royalists put up a spirited resistance, and managed to repulse Fairfax's pikemen. Reinforcements from the town arrived, and there was heavy hand-to-hand fighting. Fairfax was astonished that his disciplined New Model Army soldiers were thrown into confusion; he had been observing the action from a carriage a short distance away, but he took to his horse and led his troops on a charge which, following further heavy close fighting, forced the Royalists to retreat. Fairfax pushed on, and the storming of the town began at 9 o'clock. By midnight, the remaining Royalists had been driven into the churchyard, and they surrendered.

Between thirty and eighty of Fairfax's men were believed to have been killed, while 300 Royalists died in the battle, and 1,300 were captured.

18th/19th centuries
Following the demolition of the Lower Court House, a new town hall was constructed on its site in 1762–3. The building also served as the town's gaol until around 1827.

In 1799, King George III and Prime Minister William Pitt visited Mote Park in the town to inspect around 3,000 assembled troops of the Kent Volunteers, a local militia trained to defend the county from a possible invasion by Napoleon I of France. A Doric-style temple was constructed to commemorate the occasion.

Maidstone Prison lies to the north of the town centre. Designed by Daniel Asher Alexander (the architect of Dartmoor Prison), it was completed in 1819 to replace the bridewell and old gaol in the centre of the town. Building work was carried out by French prisoners-of-war. The first inmates moved in at the end of 1818. On 28 April 1868, the 25-year-old Frances Kidder was executed outside Maidstone Prison for the murder of her stepdaughter, the last woman to be publicly hanged in Britain.

The first of Maidstone's two army barracks was built in 1797 in response to the threat of Napoleon, and the barracks became the home of the West Kent Regiment. By 1813 the barracks along the Sandling Road were used to train the cavalry's young horses and 20 years later they became the Army Riding School. It was also a staging post for the colonies and in the 1860s 600 men could be stationed here.

Kent County Council has met in Maidstone since 1889, when county councils were first established across England and Wales.

There was a severe epidemic of typhoid fever in Maidstone in 1897, with 1,888 reported cases and at least 130 deaths.

Two world wars
Detling, just to the North of the town and now the home of the Kent Showground, was a Naval Air station during the First World War, and served the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. Around 1939, a number of other airfields were developed near the town, including RAF West Malling and RAF Lashenden. Maidstone suffered damage from Luftwaffe bombers dumping their loads when unable to reach their primary targets. V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets also fell in the area. On 13 June 1944, the first night of the flying bomb attacks on London, Maidstone was hit by eight shells, nearby Otham by one, and Folkestone twenty-four. This shelling from the French coast was the furthest that the German guns ever reached. The shelling stopped at 4 am, and the first flying bomb followed minutes later, landing in Swanscombe at 4:18. A total of 75 civilians died from enemy action within Maidstone Borough during the war as a whole.

The headquarters of No 1 Group Royal Observer Corps was situated in Maidstone until the organisation was disbanded in 1995.

Economic history
The early economy of Maidstone was built around its position as a central market town to the agricultural industry of the surrounding Kent countryside. Its position on the River Medway (which was in turn fed by a series of tributaries) allowed goods to be transported in and out of the town quickly for trade. The River Len and Loose Stream provided water power to drive numerous mills that could be used for many purposes: fulling, corngrinding, papermaking etc.

The existence of trade attracted craftsmen such as Andrew Torrens and other artisans adding to a supporting manufacturing economy.

The quarrying of building stone around Maidstone has always been important and continues even today. Some of the sandstone is also used in the glass industry. The nearby chalk pits in Burham had been in use as long ago as the Roman occupation. In the 17th century the Wealden cloth industry reached as far north as the town; for here were deposits of Fuller's earth used for degreasing the wool and, perhaps more importantly, the means of transporting the finished products — the river.

In Maidstone there were many small breweries at the end of the 19th century, the river being useful for transport and water for the beer production. One of the biggest, the Style & Winch brewery, was on the river bank in the centre of the town. It shut in 1965 and the building was demolished in 1976. There were five other breweries; today only a small one — Goachers — remains. Parts of the former Fremlins brewery are now incorporated in the Fremlin Walk shopping arcade.

Paper mills, known locally as “the treacle mines”, also developed near the river. Paper was produced at places such as Turkey Mill and Hayle Mill. Notable enterprises included the Whatman family and W&R Balston beginning in the 18th century and what was to become the Reed group had several paper and cardboard milling plants in Maidstone.

See also
Grade I listed buildings in Maidstone
List of scheduled monuments in Maidstone

References

Maidstone
Maidstone
Maidstone


Sheldon Glacier () is a glacier flowing southeast from Mount Mangin into Ryder Bay, Adelaide Island, Antarctica. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1977 for Ernest B. Sheldon, British Antarctic Survey (BAS) meteorological observer, Adelaide Station, 1968–69, and Stonington Island, 1969–70; Base Commander, Adelaide Station, 1975–76, and Rothera Station, 1976–77.

Prior to 1977, the glacier was called "Crumbles Glacier".

See also
 List of glaciers in the Antarctic
 Glaciology

References

Glaciers of Adelaide Island


The Hötorget buildings ( or Hötorgsskraporna, "-scrapers") are five high-rise office buildings  in Stockholm, Sweden.  Located between the squares Hötorget and Sergels Torg in the central Norrmalm district, they stand 72 meters tall and are a clearly visible landmark.

History

Though apparently not skyscrapers in an international context, the 19 storey buildings stand out on the Stockholm skyline and so are called "scrapers".  Built 1952-1966, they were labelled the architectonic five "trumpet-blasts" (trumpetstötar) of the renewed city centre by the Municipal commissioner (Borgarråd) Yngve Larsson.  The buildings are designed by different architects (from Hötorget and south: David Helldén, Sven Markelius, Anders Tengbom, Lars-Erik Lallerstedt, and Backström and Reinius) and there is thus a slight variation in the curtain wall façades.  Curtain walls are rare in Sweden and were here directly inspired by the Lever House by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill in New York City built in 1951-52.

Originally, intentions were to allow a series of pedestrian bridges connect shops and malls on several levels below and around the buildings, but vandalism and other social problems forced the closure of all levels above ground in the 1970s. During the 1990s, much of the complex at ground-level was rebuilt to allow new indoor shops and new tenants.

The buildings first appeared in a city planning proposal by David Helldén in 1946, and in 1951 he was commissioned, together with Sven Markelius,  to develop a detailed plan for the surrounding area and the buildings themselves. His first proposal was modified so that all five buildings looked virtually the same, composed of two narrow volumes, one wider facing south and a smaller facing north. Notably, the second proposal had the system of pedestrian bridges added. In 1953, a new city plan determined the buildings should be made even taller, 19 storeys, and the surrounding building were restricted to two storeys, a decision that finally gave the entire neighbourhood its present appearance.

According to Professor Thomas Hall, these buildings and the neighbourhood around them are to be regarded as
 and ultimately originating with le Corbusier's 1930 Ville Radieuse.
Hall then notes there are few city centres in Europe more deeply affected by these Modernist ideas than Stockholm, the most notable exceptions being Rotterdam and Coventry, both largely destroyed during World War II. He finally concludes the concept is implemented with more elegance and vigour in Stockholm, but that these urban projects seem to have inspired each other.

See also
 Architecture of Stockholm

Notes

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1966
Buildings and structures in Stockholm
Skyscraper office buildings in Sweden


Shell Glacier () is a western lobe of the Mount Bird icecap. It descends steeply in the valley north of Trachyte Hill and Harrison Bluff in the center of the ice-free area on the lower western slopes of Mount Bird, Ross Island. Mapped and so named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1958–59, because of the marine shell content of the moraines.

References

Glaciers of Ross Island


Smart Casual is the debut album from Kids in Glass Houses, recorded during late 2007 at Long Wave Studios with Romesh Dodangoda. The album contains songs the band have written since the release of their five-track EP "E-Pocalypse!", and also three tracks from the EP.

The lead single from the album is "Easy Tiger" and was released on 10 March 2008. It was released as a digital download, and on a limited pressing of 2000 vinyl. The music video for the single received considerable plays on music channels. "Give Me What I Want" was also released as a single on 19 May, followed by "Saturday" on 11 August.

The album entered the UK charts at and charted at number 29 on the week of its release.

The song "Girls" is used as the theme song for Totally Calum Best: The Best Is Yet To Come. The song "Raise Hell" was formerly known as "My Def Posse" and still referred to by some fans.

A Special Edition release included a bonus DVD.

Track listing
All tracks written by Aled Phillips, Iain Mahanty, Joel Fisher, Andrew Shay and Philip Jenkins unless otherwise stated. All lyrics by Aled Phillips.

Personnel
Aled Phillips - lead vocals, lyrics
Iain Mahanty - lead guitar, backing vocals
Joel Fisher - rhythm guitar
Andrew Shay - bass guitar
Phil Jenkins - drums, percussion

Certifications

References

Kids in Glass Houses albums
2008 debut albums
Albums produced by Romesh Dodangoda


Shelter Cove () is a small coastal indentation on the north shore of Prince Gustav Channel, between Chapel Hill and Church Point, Trinity Peninsula. The name, given by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC), is descriptive of the only part of this coast which is sufficiently sheltered from the prevailing southwest winds to afford a reliable camp site.

Coves of Graham Land
Landforms of Trinity Peninsula


Shelter Islands () is a group of small islands lying 0.5 km (0.3 miles) west of Winter Island in the Argentine Islands, Wilhelm Archipelago. They were charted and named by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE), 1934–37, under the leadership of John Rymill.

See also
 List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands

Islands of the Wilhelm Archipelago


Shelton Nunataks () are two isolated nunataks located 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Thomas Mountains, in Palmer Land. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–67. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Willard S. Shelton, electrician at Eights Station in 1964.

Nunataks of Palmer Land


The McCorkell Line was a shipping line operated by Wm. McCorkell & Co. Ltd. from 1778, principally carrying passengers from Ireland, Scotland and England to the Americas. Notably, the McCorkell Line carried many immigrants who were fleeing the Great Irish Famine and sailed some of the most famous ships of the Western Ocean Ticket.

Family background
It is said three brothers named McCorquodale, part of the Clan Gunn, arrived in Ireland after the defeat of Bonnie Prince Charlie following the rebellion in 1745, having escaped in an open boat from the west coast of Scotland and landed on the County Antrim Coast. Wishing to cover their tracks on arriving in Ireland they dropped the 'dale' and assumed the name McCorkell. However, recent discoveries show that the McCorkells have been in Ireland since the mid 16th century. One of the three brothers, William, who was born in 1728, established the shipping line in 1778. Descendants of William McCorkell include Sir Dudley, Colonel Sir Michael and David McCorkell.

Shipping
Londonderry Port was one of the main points for emigration to Canada and America with passengers traveling from Scotland, England and Ireland. From 1778, the company operated as Agents for ships sailing to and from County Londonderry. In 1800 William and Archibald McCorkell, sons of the founder started to expand the firm by using American owned ships, with voyages ranging from Canada to the West Indies. Their first ship was the "MARCUS HILL", bought in 1815, at the conclusion of the American War; she continued to traverse the Atlantic until 1827. She was followed in 1824 the "PRESIDENT". With the purchase of the "CAROLINE" in 1834 and the "ERIN" in 1836, the McCorkell's began to collect oil paintings of each of their ships; these are still in family ownership. In 1851 the "MOHONGO", built in Canada, commenced her work in Atlantic trade, in her twenty years in the McCorkell Line, she completed more than 100 crossings with emigrants without any serious fault.

Great Irish Famine
McCorkell ships carried passengers to Quebec, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Philadelphia, New York and New Orleans. Therefore, records show they were responsible for many of those fleeing the Great Irish Famine between 1845 and 1850.

Minnehaha
By 1860, as speed became more important, Bartholomew McCorkell JP, who also served as Mayor of Derry in 1859-62 and as High Sheriff of County Londonderry in 1878, commissioned a new ship to be built in New Brunswick, Canada. For twelve years, the Minnehaha, which cost $72,000, was able to cross the Atlantic in all weathers and even during the winter months whilst carrying passengers. Until this time all emigrants were only carried in spring and summer when conditions allowed. She was the most famous ship owned by the McCorkell's and was known as the "Green Yacht from Derry". The Minnehaha was named after the poem "The Song of Hiawatha" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

Over the next thirty years, six more ships were to join the fleet named after the same poem. The Minnehaha was one of the few ships to trade in New York to the Federal side during the American Civil War. She carried many emigrants during the war as well as much needed supplies. After the war, Philadelphia became a regular port of call along with New York. Records in Philadelphia show, that 5,164 passengers were carried whose passage had been paid by relations in America to Robert Taylor & Co., the McCorkell agent at the port. Original tickets for these crossings still exist today as part of the family archive.

From 1873, steam liners were overtaking the famous sailing ships and although the McCorkell Line continued to carry passengers until 1897, the main activity now became cargo. The advert Minnehaha was converted to a barque in 1880 to reduce the number of crew by the removal of one set of mainsails. She served thirty-five years with the company until she was sold in 1895. Other famous ships were the Village Belle with twenty-five years service, the Oweenee, the Osseo and the Hiawatha. The latter completed twenty-one years and was the last vessel owned when sold in 1897.  She was later sunk by enemy action in 1916.

Recent years
The family have continued to serve Derry throughout the twentieth century, Sir Dudley McCorkell was the Mayor of Derry from 1930 to 1934 and attended the Ottawa Conference on Trade in 1933. Sir Dudley, along with his nephew Colonel Sir Michael, who succeeded him, served as Harbour Board Commissioners and as Chairmen of Wm. McCorkell. Michael's son John was a driving force for the relocation of the port of Derry from the city to Lisahally in 1990. In January 2008, a set of prints of the McCorkell ships were donated to Altnagelvin Hospital, in memory of the late Colonel Sir Michael and to mark the contributions, over the generations, of the McCorkell family to Derry.

A quote from a January 2010 BBC web article reads, "Ask anybody in Derry, and they'll say it's no secret the north west played a central role in history. Now that knowledge is to be shared with the rest of the globe, as part of a BBC project to tell the history of the world through a digital museum. Twenty-five objects have been selected to form the basis of Northern Ireland's cyber-exhibit." One of these objects is the Figurehead of the Minnehaha, which is in the Harbour Museum, Derry.

In 2020, the BBC NI Ulster Scots programme 'The Lang Hame', Episode 1, featured Bartholomew McCorkell's grave and covered his contribution to Derry life. It also featured Lady (Aileen) McCorkell.

References

External links
The McCorkell Line
Passenger Lists
Digital museum's object lesson in NI history
Figure head of the Minnehaha
North West's role in the history of the world

1778 establishments in Great Britain
Defunct shipping companies of the United Kingdom
Transport companies of Northern Ireland


Mount Shelton () is a mountain (2,485 m) located just west of the upper part of Rastorfer Glacier in the east-central portion of the Homerun Range, Admiralty Mountains. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960–63. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for John E. Shelton, United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) meteorologist at Hallett Station, 1964–65.

Admiralty Mountains
Mountains of Victoria Land
Pennell Coast


Shenk Peak is a 2,540 m high peak standing just southeast of Mount Kenyon between Gillespie Glacier and LaPrade Valley in the Cumulus Hills. It was named by the Texas Tech Shackleton Glacier Expedition (1964–65) for John C. Shenk, who was a Texas Tech graduate student and member of the expedition.

Mountains of the Ross Dependency
Dufek Coast


Shepard Cliff () is an isolated cliff, 4 miles (6 km) long, at the northeast margin of the Reeves Neve, in Victoria Land. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photographs, 1956–62. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Danny L. Shepard, U.S. Navy, construction electrician at South Pole Station in 1966.

Cliffs of Victoria Land
Scott Coast


Shepherd Dome () is a low dome-shaped mountain at the north side of Pine Island Glacier, standing 4 miles (6 km) southwest of Mount Manthe in the south part of the Hudson Mountains. It was mapped from air photos made by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump in 1946–47. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Donald C. Shepherd, an ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station in 1967.

Hudson Mountains
Mountains of Ellsworth Land
Volcanoes of Ellsworth Land


Sheppard Crater () is a distinctive breached crater rising to 200 m about 0.8 miles (1.3 km) east of Castle Rock on Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island. Named in 2000 by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) after Deirdre Jeanette Sheppard, DSIR Antarctic Division/NZAP/Antarctica NZ librarian, 1980–96, who worked one season at Vanda Station.

Volcanoes of Ross Island


Harmothoe is a genus of marine Polychaete worms belonging to the family Polynoidae (scale worms). Species of Harmothoe are found world-wide to depths of at least 5,000 m but are more common in shallower water.

Description
Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 15 pairs of elytra and up to 50 segments; the body is more or less covered by elytra, although long specimens may have a short posterior region uncovered.  The prostomium is rounded anteriorly and has distinct cephalic peaks on the dorsal surface.  There are three antennae, a pair of lateral antennae inserted ventrally, directly beneath the median antenna ceratophore. The neuropodia are elongate and tapering.  The notoochaetae are stout with transverse rows of spines and blunt tips. The neurochaetae also have transverse rows of spines and both unindentate and bidentate neurochaetae are present.

Biology

Harmothoe is one of many genera in the family Polynoidae that contain bioluminescent species.

Taxonomic comments

In many parts of the world, identification of species in this diverse genus is problematic, however recently published revisions provide a guides to species of Harmothoe from the Mediterranean,  Northeast Atlantic and from the Subantarctic and Antarctic.

Species
The genus Harmothoe includes 152 species as of June 2020

References

Polychaete genera
Phyllodocida
Bioluminescent annelids


Sheppard Nunatak () is a conical nunatak 60 m high which stands close north of Sheppard Point, the north side of the entrance to Hope Bay, at the northeast end of Antarctic Peninsula. This area was first explored by a party of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–04. The nunatak was charted in 1945 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), and named by them for its association with Sheppard Point.

Nunataks of Trinity Peninsula


Sheppard Point () is a point marking the north side of the entrance to Hope Bay, at the northeast end of Antarctic Peninsula. It was discovered by a party under J. Gunnar Andersson of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04, who wintered at Hope Bay in 1903. It was named by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) for Robert Carl Sheppard, master mariner of two ships, Eagle (1944–1945) and Trepassey (1945–1946), chartered for the secret British Antarctic expedition Operation Tabarin.

Headlands of Trinity Peninsula


The Archdiocese of Oviedo () is an Latin Church Archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Spain. The archdiocese encompasses roughly the current autonomous community of Asturias or Principality of Asturias. Erected in the 9th century, the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese in 1954. The diocesan see is in the city of Oviedo, where the Catedral de San Salvador is located.

History
 811: Established as Diocese of Oviedo
 27 October 1954: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Oviedo

Suffragan dioceses
 Astorga
 León
 Santander

Special churches
Minor Basilicas:
 Basilica of Santa María la Real, Covadonga
 Basilica of Santa María Magdalena, Cangas del Narcea
 Basilica-Sanctuary of Sagrado Corazón, Gijón
 Basilica of Santa Maria de la Asunción de Llanes, Llanes
World Heritage Churches
 Basilica of San Julián de los Prados, Oviedo
 Church of San Miguel de Lillo, Oviedo
 Church of Santa Cristina de Lena, Lena
 Church of Santa María del Naranco, Oviedo

Leadership

Before 17th century

Since the 17th century

See also
Roman Catholicism in Spain

External links
1871 diocesan calendar of saints

Sources

 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
 Archdiocese website

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oviedo
Roman Catholic dioceses in Spain
Dioceses established in the 9th century


was a Japanese judoka who won a silver medal in the open weight category at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Kaminaga was born in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, and began learning judo during high school; a considerably late start for a top competitor. Kaminaga improved his techniques at a quick pace, and took a dan rank exam at the Kodokan Institute at the suggestion of his colleagues during his senior year in high school. Kaminaga defeated 19 straight opponents in the exam, and was awarded a third dan ranking on the spot.

However, Kaminaga was completely outclassed when he participated in the Meiji University judo team's sparring sessions. This convinced him to enter Meiji University, and he continued to practice judo at the Kodokan Institute. Kaminaga had several career choices after graduating, but became an employee of Fuji Steel (currently Nippon Steel) at the recommendation of Meiji University alumnus and 1958 World Judo Championships gold medalist Koji Sone. He finished in second place behind Sone in the 1958 World Championships, and won a then-unprecedented three championships at the All-Japan Judo Championships from 1960–1961 and 1964 to become the top heavyweight judo competitor in Japan along with Isao Inokuma. Inokuma would remain Kaminaga's rival and close friend throughout his life.

Judo became an Olympic sport for the first time in the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, and Kaminaga entered the competition bearing great expectations as the Japanese representative for the open weight category. However, he suffered a knee ligament injury shortly before the competition, and participated in the tournament hiding this injury. He reached the Olympic finals on October 23, but was defeated by Dutch judoka Anton Geesink, who pinned Kaminaga with a Kesa-Gatame to become the first non-Japanese judoka to win an Olympic medal in judo. Japan won all of the gold medals in the judo competition that year excluding Kaminaga's participation in the open weight competition, and the Japanese media criticized Kaminaga for failing to follow suit. Kaminaga retired from competitive judo in 1965 after suffering a detached retina.

Kaminaga become the head coach of the Meiji University judo team in 1968 at the advice of Koji Sone, where he taught future Olympic gold medalist Haruki Uemura. He also served as a coach of the Japanese judo team for the 1972 Summer Olympics, but resigned from his post at Meiji University after one of his pupils, Masatoshi Shinomaki, lost in the preliminary round of the tournament. He lived as a salaryman afterwards, while continuing his affiliation with judo officials. He became the head coach for the Japanese Olympic judo team for the 1992 Summer Olympics, but died a year later in 1993 from colon cancer at age 56.

References

External links

 Videos of Kaminaga at the Olympics 1964 Tokyo

1936 births
1993 deaths
Japanese male judoka
Judoka at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka for Japan
Olympic silver medalists for Japan
Sportspeople from Sendai
Deaths from cancer in Japan
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Olympic medalists in judo
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
20th-century Japanese people


Patrick Anderson Browne (born 26 January 1982) is a Barbadian cricketer who has represented the West Indies at One Day International cricket.

Browne is a wicketkeeper-batsman and made his international debut during the West Indies' tour of South Africa in 2007–08.

External links
Cricinfo profile

1982 births
Living people
Barbadian cricketers
West Indies One Day International cricketers
Barbados cricketers
Cricketers from Saint Philip, Barbados
West Indies B cricketers
Wicket-keepers


Enfield Power Station is a 408 MW gas-fired station, opened on part of the original Brimsdown Power Station site on Brancroft Way at Brimsdown in the North London Borough of Enfield. It is near the A1055 and Lee Valley Park.

History
Known as Enfield Power Station (originally Enfield Energy Centre), construction was started in September 1997 and it was commissioned in December 1999. It was opened as the Enfield Energy Centre Ltd by original owners Indeck Energy Services and Enfield Holdings BV, itself jointly owned by NRG Energy Services and El Paso Energy.

E.ON UK bought it for £109 million on 6 May 2005 and operated it until January 2016 when the new company of Uniper was formed. It is one of seven power stations that Uniper owns and operates in the United Kingdom.

Specification
It is a CCGT type natural gas power station. Using an Alstom GT26B2.2 gas turbine, to drive an electrical generator rated at 500 MVA and with a terminal voltage of 21 kV. Waste heat is recovered by a Combustion Engineering heat recovery steam generator to drive an Alstom Steam Turbine unit connected via a SSS clutch to the main powertrain. It connects to the National Grid via a transformer at 132 kV.

References

External links

 Uniper
 Site design

Enfield, London
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Enfield
Natural gas-fired power stations in England
Uniper
Power stations in London
Energy infrastructure completed in 1999
1999 establishments in England


Miervaldis Drāznieks was a Latvian footballer, one of the all-time best goal scorers in the Latvian league.

Almost for the entire his career Drāznieks played in Liepāja scoring 160 goals in the Latvian league. In his first match in the Latvian league in 1947 Drāznieks scored four goals. With Liepājas Metalurgs he won the Latvian league eight times, the Latvian Cup five times. In 1955 Drāznieks played with Daugava Rīga in the 1st Soviet league and scored four goals.

Together with Ernests Ziņģis Drāznieks was one of the best forwards in the post-war Liepāja. Still with all his 160 goals Drāznieks was known as a waster of good scoring opportunities – he had a great ability to be in the right place to score goals but lacked speed and very often missed superb scoring chances. Drāznieks retired from football in 1960.

References

Latvian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
FC Daugava Riga players
Possibly living people
Year of birth missing


Anatoma finlayi is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Anatomidae.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Zealand

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 Geiger D.L. & Sasaki T. (2008) Four new species of Anatomidae (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) from the Indian Ocean (Reunion, Mayotte) and Australia, with notes on a novel radular type for the family. Zoosymposia 1: 247-164.
 Geiger D.L. (2012) Monograph of the little slit shells. Volume 1. Introduction, Scissurellidae. pp. 1-728. Volume 2. Anatomidae, Larocheidae, Depressizonidae, Sutilizonidae, Temnocinclidae. pp. 729–1291. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs Number 7.

External links

Gastropods of New Zealand


Tony David Jeffries (born 2 March 1985) is an English former professional boxer who won a bronze medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics. In 2012, an undefeated Jeffries was forced to retire due to hand injuries.

Life and career
Jeffries was born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear and grew up around the East Herrington area of the city whilst attending Farringdon Community Sports College. He began to box at the age of ten, inspired by his uncle William Young "Billy" Bryce, a former professional boxer. He joined Sunderland Amateur Boxing Club, and in 1999 won the School Boys' Championships, gold in the European Cadets (U17) in 2001  and won the juniors of the 2003 YMCA International Cup in New Delhi. He was also a semifinalist in the 2003 Junior Brandenburg Cup and 2003 European Junior Championships in Warsaw.

He has won nine National titles and fought for England/Great Britain 56 times, having a total of 106 fights (96 amateur & 10 professional).

On 18 November 2011, Jeffries married his childhood sweetheart. The couple has three daughters. In January 2012, they both moved to Santa Monica, California.

He has two sisters.

At the 2005 Commonwealth Championships he lost in the finals to Shawn Cox of Barbados, and in the quarterfinals of the 2006 Commonwealth Games he lost to Scotland's tourney winner Kenny Anderson at light-heavy (had right hand surgery after). In other open international competitions, he was a finalist in Kaunas Lithuania's 2005 Szocikas Tournament and Finland's 2005 GeeBee tournament and Bulgaria's 2006 Strandja Memorial.

At the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships he beat Daniel Kooij, Christopher Downs and Ramazan Magomedov in the preliminaries, but lost to Kazakhstan southpaw Yerkebuian Shynaliyev in the quarters. He did, however, qualify for the 2008 Olympics, becoming the first ever boxer from Tyne and Wear to do so. He won a bronze medal after losing to the Irish Boxer Kenny Egan in the semi-final round. Not long after, he presented his medal to the Sunderland people at the Stadium of Light, being a supporter of Sunderland A.F.C. Jeffries signed his first professional contract during the half-time break of Sunderland's match against the Bolton Wanderers on Saturday 29 November, after a row over unpaid bonuses from the Amateur Boxing Association of England.

On 23 September 2012, Tony Jeffries announced on Facebook that he has retired. The numerous issues with his hands and unsuccessful surgery and treatment left him with no choice but to retire. Tony now owns and works at Box 'N Burn boxing gym in Santa Monica, Los Angeles, with Kentucky fitness expert Kevan Watson.

World Amateur Championships results
2007 (as a Light heavyweight)
Defeated Daniel Kooij (Netherlands) 13–6
Defeated Christopher Downs (United States) 18–9
Defeated Ramazan Magomedov (Belarus) 16–8
Lost to Yerkabulan Shinaliev (Kazakhstan) 9–20

Olympic Games results
2008 (as a Light heavyweight)
1st round bye
Defeated Eleider Álvarez (Colombia) 5–5
Defeated Imre Szellő (Hungary) 10–2
Lost to Kenneth Egan (Ireland) 3–10

Pro Record

Professional career
Jeffries signed a professional contract with boxing promoter Kellie Maloney in January 2009. On 27 February, Jeffries won his debut fight at super middleweight on the Munroe-Martinez undercard in a first-round knockout of Aliaksandr Vaiavoda in Barnsley.

Jeffries won his second professional fight on home soil in impressive fashion. He produced another TKO at the Crowtree Leisure Centre to defeat Roy Meissner.

Jeffries racked up five more wins before a disappointing draw with Michael Banbula in July 2010 due to a mix up in rounds, Jeffries thinking he was going into a 6-round fight but after the 6 rounds he got told he had 2 rounds left and lost the last 2 rounds and ended up drawing the fight.

Professional boxing record

Retirement

Jefferies retired from boxing after his hands failed to heal following surgery attempting to address his long-term struggle with hand issues in 2012. Following his retirement, he moved to Los Angeles where he waited anticipating this healing process. Tony Jeffries started to work in a gym in Santa Monica where he met another trainer who is from Kentucky. Jefferies and his fellow trainer left this gym and started a boxing Bootcamp in Santa Monica which received investment from actor Mickey Rourke. The terms of the premises were changed by Mickey Rourke, contrary to what Jeffries and the other trainer originally agreed upon so they went separate ways. The Santa Monica Bootcamp got voted Los Angeles' number 1 gym in 2013 on Yelp and the gym Box 'N Burn was successful after just a year of opening in 2014.  Jeffries and the other trainer opened Box 'N Burn's second location in Brentwood, Los Angeles. Alongside his ventures in boxing, Jefferies played a role in  NBC TV's Blacklist in 2013 and was one of the figures in Levi's world campaign in the same year. His Levi's modelling pictures were on billboards across the world. Tony was also the head trainer for MMA fighter Brendan Schaub, cornering him for his bouts against Matt Mitrione, and  Travis Browne, which ultimately led to Schaub's retirement. He has also featured in the video for Cannonball (Skylar Grey song). In June of 2022, Jeffries also starred in a Dhar Mann video.

References

External links

 Official website
 Blog
 Bio
 2007 World Championships
Box 'N Burn

Light-heavyweight boxers
English male boxers
Olympic boxers for Great Britain
Boxers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Sportspeople from Sunderland
1985 births
Living people
Olympic medalists in boxing
English Olympic medallists
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games competitors for England


Anastasia (, c. 650 – after 711) was the empress consort of Constantine IV of the Byzantine Empire.

Empress

Anastasia entered historical record when her husband Constantine IV succeeded to the throne in 668. On September 15, 668, her father-in-law Constans II was assassinated in his bath by his chamberlain. He resided for the last few years of his reign in Syracuse, while Constantine and Anastasia remained in Constantinople.

Anastasia became the senior Empress consort when news of the assassination reached the court. The birth of her first son, Justinian II, can be estimated to 668/669 due to the chronologies of Theophanes the Confessor and Ecumenical Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople. A reference in De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII, places the birth in Cyprus.

Her only other son mentioned is named as Heraclius in the Liber Pontificalis. The entry on Pope Benedict II (term 26 June 684 – 8 May 685), mentions the Pope receiving locks of hair from both Justinian and Heraclius, presumably as a gesture of goodwill by their father.

Constantine IV died of dysentery in September, 685. Anastasia is known to have survived him by more than two decades.

Later life

Justinian succeeded to the throne and would go on to earn a reputation for excessive harshness. Justinian needed funds for his building projects and allowed Stephen the Persian, his logothetes tou genikou (responsible for the taxation of the state), to secure them by any means. Both Theophanes and Nikephoros claimed that Stephen inflicted corporal punishment or plain torture while trying to collect the needed funds.

Theophanes records an incident in 693/694, where Anastasia was subject to flagellation under the orders of Stephen.  Justinian was absent at the time. The incident might indicate lasting hostility between the mother of the emperor and his favourite.

The increased taxation and the methods used in collecting made Justinian increasingly unpopular with the people. He was deposed in a coup d'état under Leontius in 695. The whereabouts and status of Anastasia during the short reigns of Leontius (695–698) and Tiberius III (698–705) are unknown. Her son reclaimed the throne in 705 and would rule until 711.

Justinian died while facing a revolt under strategos Bardanes, renamed Philippicus. Justinian was captured and swiftly executed outside the gates of Constantinople. Anastasia resurfaces trying to protect the life of her six-year-old grandson, Tiberius. She took the boy to sanctuary at St. Mary's Church in Blachernae. However, they were pursued by Philippicus' henchmen. Anastasia was still pleading for his life while the boy was forcibly removed from the altar. He was executed despite her protests.

How long she survived her son and grandson is unknown. She was mentioned by Leo Grammaticus to have been buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles alongside her husband.

References

Sources
Theophanes the Confessor, Chronicle
Ecumenical Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Chronographikon syntomon
Joannes Zonaras, Extracts of History.

650s births
8th-century deaths
Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles
Heraclian dynasty
7th-century Byzantine empresses
8th-century Byzantine women
8th-century Byzantine people
Mothers of Byzantine emperors


Gadobutrol (INN) (Gd-DO3A-butrol) is a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent (GBCA).

It received marketing approval in Canada and the United States. As of 2007, it was the only GBCA approved at 1.0 molar concentrations.

Gadobutrol is marketed by Bayer AG as Gadovist, by Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals as Gadavist, and by GE HealthCare as PixxoScan. In India, it is also marketed by Vivere Imaging as Viv-butrol.

Medical uses
Gadobutrol is a medicinal product used in diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in adults and children. It provides contrast enhancement during cranial, spinal, breast, or other investigations. In the central nervous system, Gadobutrol works by highlighting any areas with disrupted blood brain barrier (BBB) and/or abnormal vascularity. In breast tissue, Gadobutrol exposes the presence and extent of malignant breast disease. Similarly, gadobutrol is also used in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) for the diagnosis of stroke, detection of tumor perfusion, and presence of focal cerebral ischemia.

Gadobutrol should be administered intravenously by medical professionals only. Sterile techniques must always be used when preparing and administering the injection. When compared to other GBCAs, Gadobutrol is available in a more concentrated form (1 mmol/mL) to alleviate a high volume of administration. The recommended dose is 0.1 mL/kg body weight.

Adverse effects
The safety of gadobutrol was assessed throughout clinical trials and post-marketing, for multiple applications, in diverse populations and at multiple doses.

The most severe reaction to gadobutrol is nephrogenic system fibrosis (NSF) among patients with impaired elimination of the drug. The risk is highest among patients with chronic, impaired kidney function and those with acute kidney injury. NSF may result in death or severe impairment of the skin, muscle, and internal organs.

Patients who have experienced a previous adverse reaction to another contrast agent, have bronchial asthma, and/or allergic disorders have an increased risk of a hypersensitivity reaction to gadobutrol. Hypersensitivity reactions can include anaphylactoid and anaphylactic reactions ranging from mild to severe. These reactions are uncommon, however, monitoring of the patient for signs and symptoms during and after administration of gadobutrol is necessary.

Other, more mild adverse reactions have been observed in a small fraction of patients after administration. These reactions can include but are not limited to the following:
 Headache
 Nausea and/or vomiting
 Injection site reactions (cold feeling, warmth, pain, or burning)
 Dysgeusia (unpleasant taste in mouth)
 Feeling hot
 Dizziness
 Rash
 Erythema (reddening of the skin)
 Dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
 Paresthesia (burning feeling)

Use in specific populations

Pregnancy
The FDA has labeled gadobutrol as pregnancy category C. Sufficient studies of gadobutrol in pregnant human females have not been conducted. However, other GBCAs have been shown to cross the placenta in humans and result in fetal exposure, but do not show adverse effects to the fetus.

Animal studies have been conducted in which pregnant rats and rabbits were exposed to 12 and 8 times the human equivalent dose based on body surface area respectively. These exposures often resulted in retardation of the embryo development and embryo death. Embryo retardation did not occur in monkeys administered up to 8 times the recommended human dose but did result in embryo death. The animals were administered multiple doses repeatedly over days, therefore, their exposure levels were much higher than those experienced in humans.

Gadobutrol should only be administered in pregnant females if the potential benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding
It is unknown the amount of Gadobutrol transferred to milk in humans. Limited data exists on the excretion of other GBCAs in human breast milk, but suggest a transfer rate of 0.01% to 0.04% of the administered material to breast milk. Non-clinical data for Gadrobutrol suggests that less than 0.01% is excreted into breast milk upon intravenous administration of the recommended dose. Further data suggests that absorption via the GI tract is very poor (approximately 5%). For the highest level of safety, breastfeeding should be discontinued for 24 hours upon administration of gadobutrol and any milk properly disposed of.

Pediatrics
The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics have been well established in children ages 2–17 years. It was found that no adjustment of the recommended 0.1 mL/kg body weight dose was necessary.

The safety and efficacy data for children under the age of 2 years is limited but has demonstrated that use of the 0.1 mL/kg body weight dose may be used in this population. However, it is recommended that the lowest possible dose be utilized and that a period of at least 7 days in between doses be allowed for elimination of the agent from the body.

Geriatrics
Clinical data has shown that there is no difference in the safety or efficacy of gadobutrol in subjects of 65 years and older when compared with those under the age of 65 years. There are no required special precautions and/or dose adjustment for those without renal impairment.

Renally impaired population
It is recommended that renal impairment be assessed for all patients prior to administration of gadobutrol. It is not necessary to adjust the dose in these populations, however, gadobutrol will need to be removed from the body using hemodialysis.

Interactions
There are no known drug interactions with gadobutrol. However, it should not be mixed with other drugs.

Mechanism of action
Gadobutrol is a paramagnetic macrocyclic contrast agent administered intravenously for use in magnetic resonance imaging. The contrast-enhancing effect is a result of the neutral complex of gadolinium and dihydroxy-hydroxymethylpropyl- tetraazacyclododecane-triacetic acid (butrol), which works to decrease differences in longitudinal relaxation times (T1) and differences in spin-spin or transverse relaxation times (T2). These relaxation times, coupled with differences in proton density, are responsible for the variation in intensity of radio frequency signals which contribute to an MRI's tissue visualization capabilities. Greater signal enhancement, and therefore, greater tissue visualization, is achieved with increased shortening of T1 and T2.

History

Commercialization
Gadobutrol was first approved in Switzerland in 1998 for use in contrast-enhanced MRI scans of the brain and spinal cord. Since then, it has been approved and marketed in 65 other countries including all European Union countries, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, China, South Korea, Russia, and Brazil, for a multitude of uses. Gadobutrol was first approved for use in MRIs of the central nervous system in the United States in 2011. It is currently manufactured by Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. and marketed under the brand name Gadavist. In 2015, Gadavist was approved by the FDA as the first contrast agent safe for use in children under the age of 2 years old. Most recently, in early 2016, Gadavist was approved in the United States for use in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography.

Research and clinical trials
Gadavist was approved in the United States in 2011 after presenting findings from 43 clinical studies that had primarily taken place in Asia and the European Union, in addition to one phase 2 and two phase 3 clinical trials conducted in the United States. The multi-center, randomized, double-blind phase 3 clinical trials (one completed without the active comparator arm) enrolled 402 patients referred for a contrast-enhanced MRI of the CNS, both male and female, over the age of 18. Each patient received a single dose of gadobutrol (0.1 mmol/kg body weight) via intravenous injection, followed by a single dose of gadoteridol (ProHance) at the approved dose (0.1 mmol/kg body weight) via intravenous injection, or vice versa. The study evaluated safety and efficacy of gadobutrol. From these phase 3 clinical trials, the following conclusions were made:
 Combined gadobutrol-enhanced plus unenhanced images compared to unenhanced images are:
 Superior in diagnostic performance
 Superior for the lesion visualization variables contrast enhancement, border delineation and internal morphology
 Non-inferior for the number of lesions detected
 Gadobutrol was shown to be non-inferior to ProHance with respect to the visualization variables contrast enhancement, border delineation and internal morphology, as well as number of lesions detected
 Gadobutrol showed higher sensitivity than ProHance for the determination of lesion malignancy
 Gadobutrol-enhanced images were consistently favored over ProHance-enhanced images by all 3 blinded readers
Prior to approval for use in children under the age of 2 years old in 2015, a phase 1 clinical trial was conducted. Pediatric patients, scheduled for a routine contrast-enhanced MRI examination of any body region, both male and female, under the age of 2 years old could be enrolled in the study. The open-label, multi-center, pharmacokinetic and safety test studied the way gadobutrol was taken into, moved around, and was eliminated from the body of the infants. The study also evaluated safety, tolerability and efficacy of the standard dose of gadobutrol, 0.1 mmol/kg (0.1 mL/kg) of body weight. The clinical trial was sponsored by Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Prior to approval for use in magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in early 2006, a phase 3 clinical trial was conducted. Patients referred for a routine magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), both male and female, over the age of 18 years old could be enrolled in the study. The open-label, muti-center, blinded reading safety and efficacy study compared diagnostic results of gadobutrol enhanced MRA images with no-contrast MRA images. Patients received a single intravenous injection of 0.1 mmol/kg gadobutrol prior to scanning. The MRA image results were then blindly read by qualified personnel. The clinical trial was sponsored by Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Regulatory
The only US patent for Gadobutrol is US5980864A, granted on November 9, 1999, to Schering AG. The patent is for the process using 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane butyltriols to produce the gadolinium (III) complex of 10-(1-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4,7-triscarboxymethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (gadobutrol). The patent defends the use of this metal complex as a superior diagnostic medium. In 2006, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. absorbed Schering AG, and in November 2007, the patent was transferred to Bayer Schering Pharma. After FDA approval in 2011, the patent was granted an extension of 1,470 days and the trade name Gadavist became associated with the patent. In February 2016, the patent was granted a second term extension, but expired in Nov 2016.

Packaging and purchasing
Gadobutrol contrast media is a clear, colorless-to-pale yellow solution of 1 mmol/mL formulation, available in single dose vials (2 mL, 7.5 mL, 10mL, and 15 mL), single dose pre-filled injections (7.5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL), and pharmacy bulk packages (30 mL and 65 mL) containing multiple vials. Gadobutrol is currently marketed in the United States under the name Gadavist, and in most other countries under the name Gadovist or Gadovist 1.0.

Gadobutrol is not available for prescription and can only be administered by trained personnel. In 2016 Bayer-UK published prices for the product.

References

Organogadolinium compounds

MRI contrast agents


The Diocese of Astorga () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church whose seat is in the city of Astorga, in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

The diocese is a part of the ecclesiastical province of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oviedo since 1954. It traces its foundation to the 3rd century, making it one of the oldest in Spain.

History
The first bishop for whom there is any documentary evidence was Belisarius, who served during the reign (from 249 to 251) of the Emperor Decius and faced the persecution waged under this ruler. The bishop was dismissed from his position, accused of having been a libellaticus, i.e., a Christian who had offered sacrifice to the Roman gods to avoid arrest. The bishop was re-instated after the intervention of the prominent African bishop, Cyprian, and Pope Stephen I. It was a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Braga

The next bishop, Sabinus, led the Christian community through the persecution of the Emperor Valerian. The Christians martyred during this period included the schoolboys saints, Justus and Pastor, as well as their aunt, Martha, who became the patron saint of the diocese. The diocese was represented at the Synod of Elvira (ca. A.D. 305), the first major assembly of the Church in Hispania.

During the waves of invasion of the peninsula by the Germanic tribes, one bishop was the noted Turibio. He documented the conversion of the Suebic King Resimund to Arianism, and worked to restore the churches destroyed by the Visigothic King Theodoric II. The bishop was able to travel to Rome, from which he brought back what is believed to be a relic of the True Cross, for which he founded the Monastery of Santo Toribio de Liébana, where it is still preserved.

Present
The diocese maintains its own school of formation for its clergy, the Seminary of the Immaculate Conception, which was founded on 1 November 1766, with the current structure being built in 1799.

Prelates
Pedro da Fonseca (5 Jun 1413 – 7 Jun 1419 Resigned)
. . .
Bernardino López de Carvajal y Sande (27 Aug 1488 – 23 Jan 1489 Appointed Bishop of Badajoz)
Juan Ruiz de Medina (1489–1493 Appointed Bishop of Badajoz)
Diego Meléndez de Valdés (1493–1494 Appointed Bishop of Zamora)
Juan de Castilla (1494–1498 Appointed Bishop of Salamanca)
Diego Ramírez de Fuenleal (1498 – 7 Feb 1500 Appointed Bishop of Malaga)
Francisco Desprats (9 Feb–4 Dec 1500 Appointed Bishop of León)
Sancho Pérez Rodríguez de Acebes (4 Dec 1500 – 21 Apr 1515 Died)
Alvaro Osorio, O.P. (1 Jun 1515 – 10 Apr 1539 Died)
Esteban Almeida (18 Aug 1539 – 2 Jun 1542 Appointed Bishop of León)
Diego Alava Esquivel (8 Jun 1543 – 7 May 1548 Appointed Bishop of Ávila)
Pedro Acuña Avellaneda (4 Jun 1548 – 5 Jun 1555 Appointed Bishop of Salamanca)
Diego Sarmiento Sotomayor (5 Jun 1555 – 1571 Died)
Francisco Sarmiento Mendoza (4 Jun 1574 – 27 May 1580 Appointed Bishop of Jaén)
Alfonso Delgado (22 Jun 1580 – 21 Aug 1583 Died)
Antonio Torres (bishop) (9 Jan 1584 – 14 Feb 1588 Died)
Alberto Aguayo, O.P. (8 Aug 1588 – 16 Dec 1589 Died)
Juan Zarzola (17 Apr 1589 – 1 Nov 1590 Died)
Pedro Rojas Henríques, O.S.A. (6 Mar 1591 – 30 Aug 1595 Appointed Bishop of Osma)
Antonio de Cáceres, O.P. (8 Nov 1595 – 18 Aug 1615 Died)
Alfonso Mesía de Tovar (27 Feb 1616 – 13 Jul 1636 Died)
Luis García Rodríguez (9 Feb 1637 – 18 Apr 1638 Died)
Diego Salcedo Benacos (11 Apr 1639 – 28 Mar 1644 Died)
Bernardo Atayde de Lima Perera (14 Nov 1644 – 5 Oct 1654 Appointed Bishop of Ávila)
Nicolás Martinez (bishop), O.S.H. (9 Nov 1654 – 21 Jun 1660 Appointed Bishop of Osma)
Juan Vallejo (20 Sep 1660 – 8 Oct 1661 Died)
Nicolás Rodríguez Hermosino (5 Jun 1662 – 23 Jan 1669 Died)
Matías de Moratinos y Santos (5 Aug 1669 – 3 Oct 1672 Appointed Bishop of Segovia)
Rodrigo de Mandia y Parga (12 Dec 1672 – 20 Oct 1674 Died)
Diego de Silva y Pacheco, O.S.B. (27 May 1675 – 22 Mar 1677 Died)
Francisco Aguado (13 Sep 1677 – 14 Feb 1688 Died)
Antonio de Brizuela y Salamanca (13 Sep 1688 – 13 Apr 1693 Appointed Bishop of Jaén)
Antonio Sanjurjo Miranda, O.P. (8 Jun 1693 – Jan 1707 Died)
José Aparicio y Navarro (28 Nov 1707 – 30 Jan 1723 Died)
Crisóstomo Vargas, O. Cist. (30 Aug 1723 – 14 May 1728 Died)
José Francisco Bermúdez Mandía (15 Nov 1728 – 3 Mar 1736 Died)
Pedro Cáceres Casado (27 Jan 1738 – 15 Sep 1747 Died)
Matías Escalzo Acedo (4 Mar 1748 – 11 Nov 1749 Died)
Francisco Javier Sánchez Cabezón (27 Apr 1750 – 27 Jan 1767 Died)
Juan Manuel Merino y Lumbreras (1 Jun 1767 – 5 Aug 1782 Died)
Antonio Andrés López Arroyo, O.F.M. (15 Dec 1783 – 14 Mar 1787 Died)
Manuel Abad y Lasierra, O.S.B. (28 Sep 1787 – 9 Apr 1791 Resigned)
Francisco Isidoro Gutiérrez Vigil (11 Apr 1791 – 13 Oct 1805 Died)
Manuel Vicente Martínez y Jiménez (31 Mar 1806 – 22 Jul 1816 Appointed Archbishop of Zaragoza)
Santiago Bencomo y Rodríguez (1 Oct 1817 – 2 Mar 1818 Died)
Guillermo Martínez Riaguas (29 Mar 1819 – 24 Oct 1824 Died)
Manuel Bernardo Morete Bodelón (21 Mar 1825 – 2 Jan 1828 Died)
Leonardo Santander y Villavicencio (23 Jun 1828 – 30 Apr 1832 Died)
Félix Torres Amat (20 Jan 1834 – 29 Dec 1847 Died)
Juan Nepomuceno Cascallana y Ordóñez (7 Jan 1850 – 5 Sep 1851 Confirmed, Bishop of Malaga)
Benito Forcelledo Tuero (18 Mar 1852 – 23 Jun 1858 Died)
Fernando Argüelles Miranda (23 Dec 1858 – 2 Sep 1870 Died)
Mariano Brezmes y Arredondo (17 Sep 1875 – 11 Nov 1885 Died)
Juan Bautista Grau y Vallespinos (10 Jun 1886 – 18 Sep 1893 Died)
Vicente Alonso y Salgado, Sch. P. (21 May 1894 – 25 Jun 1903 Appointed Bishop of Cartagena (en España))
Mariano Cidad y Olmos (25 Jun 1903 – 5 Jul 1903 Died)
Julián Miranda y Ristuer (12 Nov 1903 – 14 Nov 1904 Appointed Bishop of Segovia)
Julián de Diego y García Alcolea (14 Nov 1904 – 18 Jul 1913 Appointed Bishop of Salamanca)
Antonio Senso Lázaro (18 Jul 1913 – 21 Aug 1941 Died)
Jesús Mérida Pérez (10 Jun 1943 – 16 May 1956 Died)
José Castelltort Subeyre (5 Nov 1956 – 18 Aug 1960 Died)
Marcelo González Martín (31 Dec 1960 – 21 Feb 1966 Appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Barcelona)
Antonio Briva Mirabent (18 May 1967 – 20 Jun 1994 Died)
Camilo Lorenzo Iglesias (14 Jun 1995 – 18 Nov 2015 Retired)
Juan Antonio Menéndez Fernandez (18 Nov 2015 – 15 May 2019 Died)
Jesús Fernández González (8 Jun 2020 – Present)

See also
Roman Catholicism in Spain
 Kingdom of León
 Leonese language
 Roman Catholic Diocese of León in Spain
Episcopal Palace, Astorga

References

External links
 GCatholic.org

Roman Catholic dioceses in Spain
Dioceses established in the 3rd century


Sheridan Bluff () is an Antarctic bluff at the south side of the junction of Poulter Glacier and Scott Glacier, 2 miles (3.2 km) east-southeast of Mount Saltonstall, in the Queen Maud Mountains. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photographs, 1960–64. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Michael F. Sheridan, Professor of Geology, Arizona State University, a member of a United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) field party in this area during the 1978–79 season.

References

Queen Maud Mountains
Cliffs of the Ross Dependency
Amundsen Coast


Sheridan Peak is a peak rising to 955 m near the head of Nordenskjold Glacier, South Georgia. During the British South Georgia Expedition, 1954–55, the feature was called "Thin Ridge." It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1988 after Maj. James G. Sheridan, Royal Marines, who accepted the surrender of the Argentine garrison at King Edward Point, April 25, 1982.

Mountains and hills of South Georgia


Sheriff Cliffs () is a set of cliffs rising to about 1,750 m to the west of Gabbro Crest, Saratoga Table, in the Forrestal Range, Pensacola Mountains. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in 1979 after Steven D. Sheriff, geologist, Western Washington State University, Bellingham, WA, who worked in this area, 1978–79.

Cliffs of Queen Elizabeth Land


Chester (1874–1888) was an Australian thoroughbred racehorse and a leading sire. He defeated some of the best horses in training over distances ranging from  to . He was the leading sire in Australia on four occasions.

Breeding
Chester, on the side of his sire, was a third generation colonial-bred Australian stallion. Chester's sire was the influential stallion Yattendon, who was serving mares while still racing. His dam Lady Chester (GB) was by Stockwell from Austrey by Harkaway. Stockwell was out of the breed-shaping broodmare, Pocahontas.

Racing career
Chester's illustrious racing career began on New Year's Day 1877 in the Sydney Tattersall's Two Year Old Stakes, in which he came a close second to Viscount. After that, Chester won three consecutive races, all in the same week, and was spelled to await his three-year-old season. He was ridden in these three wins by jockey, G.Donnelly. Chester was then sold to James White.

As a flying three-year-old, Chester won seven of his ten starts, setting three race records. He placed short-head second in the AJC Derby. Two starts after the AJC Derby, he started in the VRC Derby, he won, and claimed a track record – 2:43 – a record that held itself until 1897 by Amberite. His next race, just three days after his Derby triumph, was the gruelling two-mile (3,200m) Melbourne Cup over a slippery, muddy track. Chester held on to beat the lightly weighted Savanaka by a half-head in the record time of 3:33½.

He took a long and deserving spell after his spring campaign, and didn't return to racing until the April 1878. During his return, he won the AJC Autumn Stakes and two days later took second to Savanaka in the two-mile Sydney Cup, giving Savanaka twelve pounds. He won the AJC Cumberland Stakes over two miles, the next day winning the three-mile AJC Plate.

Lame for the majority of his next season, Chester ran twice. He won the AJC Spring Stakes over 12 furlongs, and came third in the AJC Craven Plate. A year later, he ventured out for the VRC Melbourne Stakes, which he won, despite being lame. He was entered in the Melbourne Cup two days later, assigned with top weight of 9 st 6 lb (60 kg), but sore and out of condition for the two-miler, he placed sixth, with yet another Yattendon son, Grand Flaneur, taking the money.

Stud record
By the time Chester had retired to stand at Kirkham Stud, near Camden, his owner, James White, had purchased a number of well-bred colonial broodmares. He began to build up a high-quality broodmare band through the 1880s, including Chester's dam, Lady Chester. White had also purchased Martini-Henry, by Musket, as a stallion for Kirkham, and he used as a cross with Chester daughters with some success. His best son, Abercorn (AJC Derby), defeated Carbine several times. Chester sired 26 stakeswinners for 104 stakeswins, including Camoola (AJC & VRC Derbies), Carlyon, Dreadnought, Stromboli (AJC Derby, Sydney Cup), Titan and Uralla.

Chester led the sire's list in Australia in 1887–88, 1889–90, 1891–92 and 1892–93, the latter two posthumous placings since Chester died on the 21 November 1891, aged seventeen from rupturing his bowel. He was buried at Kirkham Stud.

References

 Chester on Thoroughbred Heritage Site

External links
 Chester's Extended Pedigree

1874 racehorse births
1888 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Australia
Racehorses trained in Australia
Melbourne Cup winners
Victoria Derby winners
Champion Thoroughbred Sires of Australia
Thoroughbred family 8-k


Sherratt Bay is a bay between Cape Melville and Penguin Island on the south side of King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands. The existence of the bay was known and roughly charted by sealers working in the area in the early 1820s. It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1960 for Richard Sherratt, Master of the Lady Trowbridge from Liverpool which was wrecked off Cape Melville on December 25, 1820. Sherratt occupied his time until rescued by making an inaccurate but historically interesting map of the South Shetland Islands.

References
 SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.

Bays of King George Island (South Shetland Islands)


The Border Counties Railway was a railway line connecting  in Northumberland, with  on the Waverley Route in Roxburghshire.

Its promoter had hopes of exploiting mineral resources in the area, and it was taken up by the North British Railway, which hoped to develop it as a through main line between Edinburgh and Newcastle upon Tyne.

The railway opened in stages between 1858 and 1862, but the anticipated level of commercial traffic did not materialise, and the sparse population produced very little local passenger traffic. The line closed to passengers in 1956 and completely in 1963.

History

Linking Central Scotland with England
When the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway was under construction between 1838 and 1842, thoughts turned to the construction of longer distance railways in Scotland, and in particular to connecting central Scotland to the developing English network. For some time it was assumed that only one route was commercially viable, and vast controversy took place over what that should be, with a large number of candidate routes being put forward. The Southern Uplands and the Cheviot Hills presented a considerable topographical obstacle to many of the options, especially because at that date the power of steam locomotives, and their ability to climb steep and lengthy gradients was very limited.

Many of the proposals were motivated by sectional interests. The Newcastle and Carlisle Railway (N&CR) had opened the main part of its route in 1836, and a line running north from Hexham, following the River North Tyne, appeared to some to suggest a convenient approach from the south.

The Tyne, Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway proposed in 1836 by Stephen Reed of Newcastle would have left the N&CR at Hexham and run north through Carter Bar; altitude . to reach Melrose and thence Edinburgh and Glasgow, but this was modified in 1838 as the proposed Hexham and Edinburgh Railway to run from Hexham via Kielder and Note o' the Gate to Melrose. This scheme was encouraged by the N&CR (to which it would bring traffic) and the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, which would acquire commercial advantage from being on the main line.

As the debate about an Anglo-Scottish route continued over some years, the capabilities of steam locomotives improved, and the increasing availability of money moved the issue away from a single route determined by political considerations, to simple economics. In 1844 the North British Railway (NBR) was authorised to build a line from Edinburgh to Berwick to join an English line there. The NBR line ran close to the coast avoiding most high ground and opened in 1846. In 1845 the Caledonian Railway was authorised to construct a line from both Glasgow and Edinburgh to Carlisle, crossing the Southern Uplands at Beattock Summit,  above sea level.

North from Hexham: first steps
The notion of the only Anglo-Scottish main line running through Hexham was now finished. If the area north of Hexham was not to be on a main line, then the sparse population and meagre mineral resources made it difficult to justify a railway line, and for some years none was proposed. In 1853 a scheme was put forward on the unproven assumption that a known four-feet coal seam was widespread in the region, based on Plashetts. A meeting at Bellingham in March 1854 attracted considerable support, and Robert Nicholson was engaged to survey a route. His line was to run from Hexham (on the N&CR) through Reedsmouth to Bellingham, and on to the coal deposits at Falstone. His work was remarkably quickly done, for a Bill for the Border Counties Railway was submitted to Parliament for the 1854 session. The proposal was attacked on the grounds of the doubts about the mineral reserves, and also Nicholson's proposed laminated timber bridges, but in fact the scheme was authorised when the Border Counties Railway (North Tyne Section) Act was given royal assent on 31 July 1854. The capital was to be £250,000.

Raising the capital proved to be difficult, and the first shareholders' meeting was not held until 20 March 1855. Robert Nicholson died in 1855 and the position of engineer to the company was assumed by his nephew J. F. Tone. Tone decided that the bridge over the River Tyne at Hexham (sometimes referred to as the Border Counties Bridge) should be in iron girders on stone piers instead of Nicholson's timber. In October 1855 contracts were let for part of the work to William Hutchinson.

At the ceremony of cutting the first sod on 11 December 1855, W. H. Charlton, the company's chairman, stated that Hutchinson would build the line for £180,000 and that the line would be extended to Scotland, making Hexham one of the great railway centres. Hutchinson immediately started work on the piling for the Hexham bridge and but the first pile broke at  and doubts about the strata caused Tone to redesign the bridge. Hutchinson had in fact tendered for the work without seeing a design, and he now had to stop work (on 10 January 1856). Scour was a serious issue at this location, and redesign was necessary on that account. Eventually, on 2 April 1858, the first section of line was opened, about  in length, over the bridge and as far as Dunkirk Farm, a short distance north of Chollerford. The bridge had cost twice the originally estimated sum. Hutchinson had got into serious financial difficulty on completing the contract, largely because he had priced the work without seeing designs and without certainty of the ground conditions. The Border Counties Railway appears to have given him some considerable extra-contractual relief, putting their own financial position at risk.

The line was built as a single line, but land was acquired for later doubling, and all the bridges except the Hexham bridge, were built for double-track.

A public train service started on 5 April 1858; there were four passenger trains each way Monday to Saturday, and two on Sunday. They ran from Hexham to Chollerford, with an intermediate station at Wall.

Completing the first authorised line
The train service paid surprisingly well and encouraged a feeling of optimism among the Directors.

Notwithstanding Hutchinson's contractual difficulties, he accepted a contract for completing the authorised line from Dunkirk Farm to Falstone.

During the 1858 parliamentary session, the company presented a bill for a northward extension of the line into Scotland, and to authorise financial support from the North British Railway (NBR). This was opposed by the Caledonian Railway and the promoters of the Border Union Railway, which had not yet presented its own bill, and was supposedly friendly to the NBR. The bill failed in Parliament.

The climate had changed the following year, and the Border Union got its own Act. The Border Counties presented a fresh bill for an extension from Bellingham to a junction with the BUR, at Lees Bog. The location later became better known under the name Riccarton Junction. This time around the BUR was friendly, and although there was some opposition, the BCR got its Act: the Border Counties Railway (Liddesdale & Deviations) Act 1858 got royal assent on 11 August. The Act authorised an extension of time for construction of the earlier part of the line; the powers had in fact run out eleven days previously. The authorised capital was increased by £100,000. The North British Railway, by now overt sponsors of the BUR, were authorised to guarantee interest on BCR loans, and to make a working arrangement with the BCR.

From Wark, the line approached Reedsmouth, and there was a temporary goods terminus at Countess Park there while the river bridge was completed. The passenger service terminated at Wark. There was a demonstration train from Newcastle to Countess Park run on 1 December 1859. Public opening was expected "within the week" but this proved to be inaccurate, and the opening throughout to Falstone was delayed until 2 September 1861.

Amalgamation with the North British Railway

By 1860 the company was seriously short of cash; the authorised capital had never been fully raised and the hoped-for coal reserves at Plashetts were disappointing. There seemed little chance of raising more capital now. The North British Railway was expansive, and was happy to take over the local line, and the result was the North British and Border Counties Railways Amalgamation Act, passed on 13 August 1860; the capital for the BCR lines was increased to £350,000, and the Act regularised the use by BCR trains of Hexham station of the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway. The BCR network was known now as the NBR (Border Counties Section).

Completion of the line
The construction of the line throughout to Riccarton was completed by mid-April 1862, and it was satisfactorily inspected by Captain Tyler of the Board of Trade. As that location was simply a remote junction with (at the time) no actual settlement, there was no point in opening the extension until the Border Union Railway opened its main line there. Accordingly, the opening throughout of the BCR was on 24 June 1862 for goods trains, and on 1 July 1862 for passengers.

The line was operated on the train-staff and ticket system.

Poor Hutchinson had been ill-used by the BCR and his contractual position had been taken advantage of. After completion of the line he was still placed at an unfair disadvantage and he was declared bankrupt on 5 December 1862.

Running powers

The North Eastern Railway and the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway now proposed to amalgamate, under the name North Eastern Railway. The NBR and several other competing lines opposed the parliamentary bill. The NBR was persuaded to withdraw its opposition in return for an exchange of running powers: the NBR was to get running powers from Hexham to Newcastle, and from Sprouston to Kelso. The NER obtained running powers between Berwick and Edinburgh, including all facilities at and between those places, except for the running of local trains and fish trains.

The Wansbeck line, which connected Morpeth and Reedsmouth, had been planned as an NBR route to Newcastle, using the Blyth and Tyne Railway east of Morpeth. This was a very circuitous way to reach Newcastle, and the North British now believed it had a more direct route to the city, which it had long sought. The junction at Reedsmouth had been aligned to face northwards, to allow direct running from Hawick to Morpeth, but in the changed circumstances, it was modified to face south.

It is plain that the NER got a huge advantage from this arrangement, in fact running all east coast express trains throughout to Edinburgh. The NBR appear to have anticipated making the BCR route an alternative main line from Edinburgh via Hawick to Newcastle, but although through passenger trains did run, they were never of an "express" character. Three passenger trains made the journey each way daily in 1862; the journey time was nearly five hours. Much later some of the Newcastle and Hexham trains terminated at Hawick or Galashiels, but some through trips were maintained until 1922.

The NBR acquired land in Newcastle in 1862 for station accommodation at Tyneside Terrace and in March 1863 land for a goods station was purchased for £16,166. The NBR now calculated that the Border Counties line had cost £457,153 "after deduction of the £94,000 of its paid-up share capital".

The Wansbeck Railway
On 1 May 1865, the Wansbeck Railway was opened, between Morpeth and Reedsmouth. The Wansbeck Railway had been promoted independently but was taken over by the North British Railway in 1863. It joined the BCR route at Reedsmouth facing south.

Wark accident of 1889
A northbound passenger train collided with a goods train at Wark station on 16 October 1889. The passenger train had only six people aboard, and five of them were injured. A southbound goods train had arrived at the passing station, and in contravention of the rules was allowed to occupy the loop connection to collect three wagons from the goods yard, even though the passenger train was expected. The passenger train arrived and struck the engine, having passed the distant signal at caution and not slackened speed enough; the driver was expecting to run directly into the station.

The twentieth century
Although there were occasional changes to the passenger timetable through the years, the general pace of the Border Counties line changed little. The considerable expansion of the Kielder Forest from 1946 brought some additional services for the workers there.

In 1923 the mainline railways of Great Britain were "grouped" under the Railways Act 1921 and the North British Railway was a constituent of the new London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). In turn, this was subject to the nationalisation of the railways in 1948.

In the period following World War II, both passenger and goods traffic had declined substantially, and closure of the line began to be considered. The Tyne Bridge at Hexham had deteriorated and was in poor condition. The line was scheduled for closure to passengers on 15 October 1956. The line remained open for the time being for goods trains, and some special inward passenger excursions ran during this period. However total closure was soon considered, and the line closed to all traffic on 1 September 1958, except that a Ramblers' special excursion probably traversed the line from Newcastle to Hawick on 7 September 1958.

The line from Morpeth to Reedsmouth remained open and the short section of the BCR route from Reedsmouth to Bellingham was retained, enabling a weekly goods service and passenger excursions to Bellingham to be run. That section too closed on 11 November 1963.

The present day

As the line ran through remote and undeveloped terrain, much of the course of it can be traced today. Many of the station houses have been converted to private residences.

The establishment of the reservoir called Kielder Water submerged part of the line in the early 1980s. None of the route is in railway use. However, in 2006, there were plans to re-open a small part of the line as a tourist attraction, to be called the Green Dragon Railway. The proposal was for a narrow gauge railway from a new water ferry landing stage at Gowanburn to Kielder Castle, a distance of about two miles. It would be a biofuel railway, using a wood-burning steam locomotive and a passenger coach heated by a wood-burning stove. The coach has been built and was on display at Leaplish Waterside Park on Kielder Water in November 2007. The project appears to have stalled and the locomotive, 0-4-2T Saccharine (Fowler 13355 of 1914), was moved to the Statfold Barn Railway in November 2008.

Topography
The line left the Newcastle and Carlisle main line just west of Hexham:

 Border Counties Junction;
 Wall; opened 5 April 1858; closed 19 September 1955;
 Chollerford; opened 5 April 1858; renamed Humshaugh 1919; closed 15 October 1956;
 Chollerton; opened 1 December 1859; closed 15 October 1956;
 Barrasford; opened 1 December 1859; closed 15 October 1956;
 Barrasford Quarry; a mineral railway ran to quarries on the east side of the main line;
 Wark; opened 1 December 1859; closed 15 October 1956;
 Countess Park; opened 1 December 1859; closed 1 February 1861 (on extension of line);
 Reedsmouth; Wansbeck Railway converges; opened May 1861; closed 15 October 1956; contemporary maps indicate the spelling Redesmouth;
 Bellingham; opened 1 February 1861; renamed Bellingham North Tyne 1926; closed 15 October 1956;
 Charlton; opened 1 February 1861; closed 1 October 1862;
 Tarset; opened 1 February 1861; closed 15 October 1956;
 Thorneyburn; opened 1 February 1861; Tuesday only service from October 1864; full service from 27 September 1937; closed 15 October 1956;
 Falstone; opened 2 September 1861; closed 15 October 1956;
 Plashetts; there was a long mineral railway and wagonway running to mines east of the main line;
 Kielder; opened 1 January 1862; renamed Kielder Forest 1948; closed 15 October 1956;
 Deadwater Foot Crossing; opened privately by March 1877; made public and renamed Deadwater 1 March 1880; closed 15 October 1956;
 Saughtree; opened 1 July 1862; closed 1 December 1944; re-opened 23 August 1948; closed 15 October 1956;
 Riccarton Junction on Waverley Route.

The line climbed more or less continuously from Hexham to Riccarton; the ruling gradient was 1 in 100. The most consistent climb was from Hexham to Wark, and again from Plashetts to Riccarton; the summit of the line was at , close to Riccarton.

Notes

References

Further reading
Darsley, Roger; Lovett, Dennis (2011). Hexham to Hawick: The Border Counties Railway. Midhurst:Middleton Press. .

Perkins, Roy G; Macintosh, Iain (2014). The Border Counties Railway Through Time. Stroud:Amberley Publishing. .

Sources

 Institute of Mining Engineers British Association at Newcastle, Aug. 1863 Guide to Excursion to Canonbie, Liddesdale and Kielder Castle vid The Border Counties Railway by The Committee, Newcastle, 1863. This is a fully printed and published pamphlet in the collection (2013) of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers held in Tracts vol 157. This is a notable source issued with the line fully open for one year.

External links

 Railscot on Border Counties Railway
 Railscot on Plashetts Colliery Waggonway
 Northumbrian Railways' Website

Closed railway lines in Scotland
Closed railway lines in North East England
Rail transport in Northumberland
Transport in the Scottish Borders
Railway companies established in 1854
Railway companies disestablished in 1860
Railway lines opened in 1862
1854 establishments in England
British companies established in 1854
British companies disestablished in 1860


Sherrell Point () is a point at the south end of Astrolabe Island, off Trinity Peninsula in Antarctica. It is situated 1.15 km southeast of Gega Point, 4.5 km southeast of Raduil Point and 2.28 km southwest of Rogach Peak.  Following air photography and ground survey by FIDASE, 1956–57, the feature was named for Frederick W. Sherrell, surveyor and geologist in this area with FIDASE, 1955–56.

Maps
 Trinity Peninsula. Scale 1:250000 topographic map No. 5697. Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie and British Antarctic Survey, 1996.
 Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.

References
 Sherrell Point. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.

Headlands of Trinity Peninsula
Astrolabe Island


Sherve Peak is a peak rising to 2200 m in the west part of Guardrail Ridge in Kyle Hills, Ross Island. It was named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after John Sherve, facilities maintenance supervisor/construction coordinator at McMurdo Station, 1988–94; ASA resident manager at McMurdo Station, winter 1994; National Science Foundation (NSF) McMurdo Station manager, December 1997-Nov. 1998.

Mountains of Ross Island


Sherwin Peak may refer to
 Sherwin Peak (California), near Mammoth, California
 A peak in the Queen Elizabeth Range (Antarctica)


Darling is the sixth album by Yui Horie. It was released on January 30, 2008.

Track listing

References

Yui Horie albums
2008 albums


Shibuya Peak is a rocky summit  tall on the east side of Berry Glacier, 4 miles (6 km) southeast of Demas Range, in Marie Byrd Land. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–65. It was named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Franklin T. Shibuya, United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) meteorologist at Byrd Station, in 1923.

Mountains of Marie Byrd Land


Shewry Peak is a peak marking the end of the rock ridge which extends northward from Mount William in the south part of Anvers Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. It was surveyed from the east by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1944 and resurveyed and photographed in 1955. It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Arthur L. Shewry of FIDS, general assistant at the Arthur Harbor station in 1955.

Mountains of the Palmer Archipelago


The Diocese of León () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of León in the ecclesiastical province of Oviedo in Spain.

History
 4th century: Established as Diocese of León

Special churches
Minor Basilicas:
Real Basílica de San Isidoro de León, León

Bishops of León

  (deposed 254)
 Savinus (254–???)
 ...
  (fl. 315)
 ...
 Suintila (792)
 Quintila (811-820)
 Cixila I (853-855)
 Frunimio I (854–874), first bishop of León.
 Mauro (878–886)
 Vincent (899–900)
  (900–904)
 Sisnando (905–914?)
 Cixila II (911914/15). Died in 938. Retired in 916 to the Monastery of San Cosme y San Damián in Abellar (León) which he had founded.
 Frunimio II (915–924)
Oveco Núñez (927–950), Carriedo Tejedo calls him the 6th Bishop
Gonzalo (950/1966)
Velasco (966973/4)
Sisnando Puricélliz (974–980), possibly brother of noblemen Sancho and Aznar Puricélliz
Velasco (again, 980/1)
Sisnando Baroncélliz (981/2)
Sabarico (981/2)
Fortis (fl. 984)
Sabarico (again, 985–991)
Fruela (991/21006)
 Nuño (1007–1026)
 Servando (1026–1040)
 Cipriano (1040–1057)
Aloito (1057–1063)
 Pelayo Tedóniz (1065– )
Pedro I (c.10871111/2)
Maurice Bourdin (1111–1112/3), usurped the see from Pedro for a brief time
Diego (1112/31130)
Arias Gundesíndiz (1130–1135)
Pedro (II) Anáyaz (1135–1139)
Juan Albertínez (1139–1181)
Manrique de Lara (1181–1205)
Pedro Muñiz (May 12051206/07), appointed archbishop of Santiago de Compostela in early 1207. Died on 29 January 1224.
Pelayo Pérez (February 12071208), died before consecration
Rodrigo Álvarez (1208–1232)
Martín Alonso (1232–1234)
Arnaldo (1234–1235)
Juan (1237–1238)
Martín Arias (1238–1242)
Nuño Álvarez (1242–1252)
Martín Fernández (1254–1289)
Fernando Ruiz de Cabañas (1289–1301)
Gonzalo de Hinojosa (6 November 130112 July 1313 appointed Bishop of Burgos), died on 15 May 1327
Juan Soares (1313)
Juan Fernández (1316), elect
Sede vacanta (1316–1318)
García de Ayerbe (April 1318 – 4 September 1332)
Juan del Campo (2 December 133224 May 1344 Died)
Diego Ramírez de Guzmán (1344–1354)
Pedro Raimundo (1354–1360)
Pedro de Barreira, O.S.A. (31 August 136019 November 1361 Appointed, Bishop of Toul)
Alfonso (1375–1376)
 (1376–1378)
Fernando (1378–1380])
Aleramo (1382–1401?)
 (1403–1415), transferred to Palencia
 (1415–1418), transferred to Cuenca
Juan Rodríguez Villalón (1418)
 (1424–1435)
Giovanni Berardi (1435–1437), in commendam
Juan de Mella (12 April 1434Did Not Take Effect)
...
Juan de Pontibus (ca. 1446)
Pedro Cabeza de Vaca (1448–1459)
 (1460)
Juan de Torquemada, O.P. (31 July 146026 January 1463 Appointed, Bishop of Orense)
Giacopo Antonio Venier (16 September 14646 October 1469 Appointed, Bishop of Cuenca)
Rodrigo de Vergara (6 October 146918 June 1478 Died)
Luis Velasco (1478–1484 Appointed Bishop of Córdoba)
Iñigo Manrique de Lara (bishop) (1484–1485 Appointed Bishop of Córdoba)
Alonso de Valdivieso (148521 May 1500 Died)
Francisco Desprats (4 December 150010 September 1504 Died)
Juan de Vera (14 May 15054 May 1507 Died)
Francesco Alidosi (150724 May 1511 Died)
Luigi d'Aragona (6 June 1511 – 17 December 1516 Resigned)
Esteban Gabriel Merino (17 December 151612 June 1523 Appointed, Bishop of Jaén)
Pedro Manuel (12 June 152317 June 1534 Appointed, Bishop of Zamora)
Pedro Alvarez de Acosta (8 January 153521 May 1539 Appointed, Bishop of Osma)
Fernando Valdés (30 May 153929 October 1539 Appointed, Bishop of Sigüenza)
Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal (29 October 15392 June 1542 Appointed, Bishop of Cuenca)
Esteban Almeida (2 June 154216 April 1546 Appointed, Bishop of Cartagena)
Juan Fernández Temiño (19 July 15469 November 1556 Died)
Andrés de la Cuesta (10 December 15571564 Died)
Juan de San Millán (28 July 156411 April 1578 Died)
Francisco Trujillo Garcia (5 September 157814 November 1592 Died)
Juan Alonso Moscoso (30 August 15939 May 1603 Appointed, Bishop of Malaga)
Andrés de Casso, O.P. (12 June 160313 May 1607 Died)
Francisco Terrones del Caño (3 March 160813 March 1613 Died)
Alonso González Aguilar (23 September 16132 December 1615 Died)
Juan Llano Valdés (5 September 16169 August 1622 Died)
Juan Molina Alvarez (20 March 1623Nov 1623 Died)
Gregorio Pedrosa Cásares, O.S.H. (16 September 162431 January 1633 Appointed, Bishop of Valladolid)
Bartolomé Santos de Risoba (26 September 16339 December 1649 Confirmed, Bishop of Sigüenza)
Juan del Pozo Horta, O.P. (10 January 165028 August 1656 Confirmed, Bishop of Segovia)
Juan Pérez de Vega (López de Vega) (18 September 165614 September 1659 Died)
Juan Bravo Lasprilla (7 June 166031 July 1662 Appointed, Bishop of Cartagena)
Juan Vande-Escarth y Briceño, O.S.H. (12 January 16656 April 1672 Died)
Juan Álvarez Osorio (12 December 167222 January 1680 Appointed, Bishop of Plasencia)
Juan Aparicio Navarro (7 October 16806 November 1696 Died)
José Gregorio de Rojas y Velázquez (3 June 16977 April 1704 Appointed, Bishop of Plasencia)
Manuel Pérez Araciel y Rada (28 April 170413 June 1714 Confirmed, Archbishop of Zaragoza)
José Ulzurrun de Asanza y Civera (17 September 171417 April 1718 Died)
Martín Zalayeta Lizarza (27 May 172011 September 1728 Died)
Juan Fernández Zapata (3 August 172912 October 1729 Died)
Francisco de la Torre Herrera (24 July 17301 February 1735 Died)
José de Llupiá y Roger, O.S.B. (19 December 173521 November 1752 Died)
Alfonso Fernández Pantoja (9 April 17536 November 1761 Died)
Pascual de los Herreros (23 August 17623 March 1770 Died)
Baltasar Yusta y Navarro (10 September 177017 February 1777 Appointed, Bishop of Córdoba)
Cayetano Antonio Cuadrillero Mota (15 December 17773 April 1800 Died)
Pedro Luis Blanco (11 August 180022 November 1811 Died)
Ignacio Ramón Roda (19 December 18144 January 1823 Died)
Joaquín Abarca Blanque (27 September 182421 June 1844 Died)
Joaquín Barbajero y Villar (17 January 184826 February 1863 Died)
Calixto Castrillo y Ornedo (1 October 186319 September 1869 Died)
Saturnino Fernandez de Castro y de la Cotera (5 July 187515 March 1883 Appointed, Bishop of Burgos)
Francisco Xavier Caminero y Muñoz (27 March 188513 April 1885 Died)
Francisco Gómez-Salazar y Lucio-Villegas (10 June 18861 October 1904 Retired)
Juan Manuel Sanz y Saravia (27 March 190529 April 1909 Appointed, Bishop of Jaén)
Ramón Guillamet y Coma (29 April 190918 July 1913 Appointed, Bishop of Córdoba)
José Álvarez y Miranda (18 July 19134 March 1937 Died)
Carmelo Ballester y Nieto, C.M. (12 February 193810 June 1943 Appointed, Bishop of Vitoria)
Luis Almarcha Hernández (10 July 19444 April 1970 Retired)
Luis María de Larrea y Legarreta (9 July 197116 February 1979 Appointed, Bishop of Bilbao)
Fernando Sebastián Aguilar, C.M.F. (22 August 197928 July 1983 Resigned)
Juan Angel Belda Dardiñá (28 July 19839 February 1987 Resigned)
Antonio Vilaplana Molina (9 February 198719 March 2002 Retired)
Julián López Martín (19 March 2002 Appointed21 October 2020 Retired)
Luis Ángel de las Heras Berzal (21 October 2020 Appointed )

See also
Roman Catholicism in Spain
 Kingdom of León
 Leonese language

References

Bibliography

External links

 Catholic Hierarchy

Roman Catholic dioceses in Spain
Dioceses established in the 4th century


Ria 897 is a Malay radio station of Mediacorp in Singapore. This radio station operates on a 24-hour basis since 1 January 2008, playing Malay hits predominantly from the 1990s to the present. The station's DJs include Azlin Ali. Ria 897 is also one of the second Malay language radio in Singapore after Warna 942.

The programmes on Ria 897 as of 2023 include #2BudakNakal with Nity Baizura and Zuhairi Idris on mornings, R-ADI-OACTIVE with Adi Ratman and Gen M with Azlin Ali on lunchtime, Ria MANIA on afternoons, Ria Kruz with Azura Goh and Fadli Kamsani on evenings, Malam Ini Kita Punya with Dalina Jaapar and Hafidz Rahman and Misteri Jam 12 on overnight and midnight.

This radio is also broadcast through Suria at stroke of midnight to 9:00am during the end broadcast.

History
SBC announced the start of a new Malay-language radio station on 89.7 FM in October 1990. The service was yet unnamed and would capture a younger audience than Radio 2, the existing Malay station. The initial budget for the station was $1 million.

The name Ria was announced in November, alongside its launch date of 1 December.

Frequencies

National anthem
The National anthem plays at 06:00 SST daily at the start of the broadcasting day. The National anthem is played in full with the lyrics being sung.

References

External links
RIA 897 Official Website
RIA 89.7FM

1990 establishments in Singapore
Radio stations established in 1990
Radio stations in Singapore
Malay-language radio stations