Ronald J. "Ron" Fitzsimmons is the Executive Director of Alice's Kids, a 501(c)(3) non-profit charitable organization based in Alexandria, Virginia. Founded in 2011 by Ron and his sister, Alice's Kids provides immediate assistance to children identified by teachers, social workers, and others as urgently in need of clothes, school or athletic equipment, or other items their families or other charities are unable to provide.

Fitzsimmons was the Director of Government Relations for the National Abortion Rights Action League from 1982 to 1985, and the Executive Director of the National Coalition of Abortion Providers (NCAP) from its founding in 1991 until 2004.  In 1993, he was named one of the top 50 "Hired Guns" on Capitol Hill by Washingtonian magazine.

In that position, Fitzsimmons successfully lobbied for legislation that prohibited anti-abortion activists from obtaining information from a woman's license plate who happened to be at the clinic.  He also passed an amendment that would have withheld Community Development Block Grant funds from being distributed to any city that refused to enforce the laws giving access to abortion clinics.

References

External links
Abortion rights leader urges end to 'half truths', by Diane M. Gianelli, AMNews staff. March 3, 1997 (direct link requires subscription)

Living people
American abortion-rights activists
Year of birth missing (living people)


Avanti Schools Trust is the sponsor of state-funded Hindu faith schools in the United Kingdom.  The I-Foundation is a Hindu and ISKCON charity in England and Wales that is the religious authority governing schools run by the Avanti Schools Trust.

Prior to the founding of schools by the I-Foundation, Hinduism was the only major world religion which did not have a dedicated faith school in the UK. The I-Foundation founded the first Hindu faith school in London to be funded by the government. The Krishna Avanti school opened in February 2010. The organisation has since opened additional Hindu faith schools, with more schools planned for development.

Admission

Admission to schools is open to students having a Hindu faith background as well as students of other faiths.

Concerns had initially surfaced surrounding the first I-Foundation school's classification of the term "Hindu" or "practising Hindu" in relation to student families. However, Krishna Avanti Primary School appropriately responded to these concerns by revising the admissions policy to accommodate a less stringent definition of the term "practising Hindu" and left the responsibility for determination of the "practising Hindu" status of a prospective student's family to local Hindu temple priests.

Curriculum

Avanti schools aim to promote "educational excellence, character formation and spiritual insight." Avanti schools follow the standard national curriculum of the government-run schools of the United Kingdom. In addition to the standard curriculum, Avanti schools feature Sanskrit language teaching, meditation and yoga practice, ethics and philosophy education, and inclusive religious instruction. Religious education is evenly split between Hinduism and other world religions.

Schools

The Avanti Schools Trust and the I-Foundation operate primary and secondary schools.

Primary schools

Krishna Avanti Primary School, Harrow

Krishna Avanti Primary School, Harrow is the first state-funded Hindu faith school in the United Kingdom, operating in the London borough of Harrow. Krishna Avanti Primary School opened in February 2010.  In its initial year, all students of the school met government targets for education.

Krishna Avanti Primary School, Leicester

A second school, also with the name Krishna Avanti Primary School, opened in Leicester in September 2011. The school is the second Hindu faith primary school in the United Kingdom, and the first state-funded Hindu school in Leicester. The school is open to students of Hindu background, but half (50%) of places available in the school are also reserved for local students of various faith backgrounds.

Krishna Avanti Primary School, Croydon
Krishna Avanti Primary School, Croydon  is a Hindu faith primary school, to be located in the London borough of Croydon. The Avanti Schools Trust has already found an ideal site for the school.

Avanti Court Primary School, Redbridge
Avanti Court Primary School is the third Hindu faith primary school in London, operating in the London borough of Redbridge.

Former Steiner-Waldorf schools
At the end of 2019, three schools in the West Country, all formerly Steiner-Waldorf schools were taken over by the Avanti Schools Trust. Those schools are Avanti Gardens in Bristol, Avanti Hall in Exeter and Avanti Park in Frome.

Secondary schools

Avanti Fields, Leicester
Avanti Fields School opened in September 2018 in temporary accommodation in the Narborough Road area of Leicester. The school moved to move to a purpose built site in the Humberstone area of the city in September 2021.

Avanti House Secondary School, Harrow
Avanti House Secondary School is the first Hindu faith secondary school in the United Kingdom, operating in the London borough of Harrow. It had no permanent building between 2012 and 2018, however the school is now based on Wemborough Road.

Planned schools

Gants Hill School, Redbridge
Gants Hill School is a planned Hindu faith secondary school, to be located in the London borough of Redbridge. The Avanti Schools Trust has already found and earmarked an ideal site for the school.

Partnerships
The I-Foundation has a partnership with Bhaktivedanta College, a Vaishnava university run by ISKCON in the Radhadesh spiritual community of Belgium offering degree programmes externally validated by the University of Chester, whereby students in the Education degree programmes may undertake teacher's training and placement in Avanti schools.

References

External links
 I-Foundation
 Avanti Schools Trust

Schools affiliated with the International Society for Krishna Consciousness
International Society for Krishna Consciousness
Hindu organisations based in the United Kingdom
Hindu schools in the United Kingdom


The following is a list of ecoregions in Yemen, as identified by the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).

Terrestrial ecoregions
Yemen lies on the boundary between two of the world's biogeographic realms. The Afrotropical realm covers the southeastern portion of the Arabian Peninsula, as well as Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. The Palearctic realm covers the rest of the Arabian Peninsula as well as temperate Eurasia and Northern Africa.

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
 Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands (Afrotropical)
 South Arabian fog woodlands, shrublands, and dune (Afrotropical)

Deserts and xeric shrublands

 Arabian Desert (Palearctic)
 Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert (Afrotropical)
 Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert (Palearctic)
 Socotra Island xeric shrublands (Afrotropical)
 Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna (Afrotropical)

Freshwater ecoregions
 Arabian Interior
 Southwestern Arabian Coast
 Socotra

Marine ecoregions
Yemen's seas are divided into three marine ecoregions, all part of the Western Indo-Pacific marine realm.
 Southern Red Sea
 Gulf of Aden
 Western Arabian Sea

References
 Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545 .
 Robin Abell, Michele L. Thieme, Carmen Revenga, Mark Bryer, Maurice Kottelat, Nina Bogutskaya, Brian Coad, Nick Mandrak, Salvador Contreras Balderas, William Bussing, Melanie L. J. Stiassny, Paul Skelton, Gerald R. Allen, Peter Unmack, Alexander Naseka, Rebecca Ng, Nikolai Sindorf, James Robertson, Eric Armijo, Jonathan V. Higgins, Thomas J. Heibel, Eric Wikramanayake, David Olson, Hugo L. López, Roberto E. Reis, John G. Lundberg, Mark H. Sabaj Pérez, Paulo Petry, Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Biogeographic Units for Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, BioScience, Volume 58, Issue 5, May 2008, Pages 403–414, https://doi.org/10.1641/B580507
 Spalding, Mark D., Helen E. Fox, Gerald R. Allen, Nick Davidson et al. "Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas". Bioscience Vol. 57 No. 7, July/August 2007, pp. 573-583.

Yemen
ecoregions


The Socotra Island xeric shrublands is a terrestrial ecoregion that covers the large island of Socotra and several smaller islands that constitute the Socotra Archipelago. The archipelago is in the western Indian Ocean, east of the Horn of Africa and south of the Arabian Peninsula. Politically the archipelago is part of Yemen, and lies south of the Yemeni mainland.

Socotra has a uniquely diverse ecosystem. The islands are home to a high number of endemic species; up to a third of its plant life is endemic. It has been described as "the most alien-looking place on Earth."

Socotra is considered the jewel of biodiversity in the Arabian Sea. In the 1990s, a team of United Nations biologists conducted a survey of the archipelago's flora and fauna. They counted nearly 700 endemic species, found nowhere else on earth; only New Zealand, Hawaii, New Caledonia, and the Galápagos Islands have more impressive numbers. In 2008 Socotra was recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The ecoregion is at increasing risk from human activities. The WWF describes the Socotra Archipelago's conservation status as "Critical/Endangered".

Geography
Socotra is the easternmost island in the Socotra Archipelago, and constitutes around 95% of the archipelago's landmass. The island measures  in length and  in width. Socotra lies some  east of the coast of Somalia and  south of the Arabian Peninsula.

A coastal plain, up to 5 km wide, extends around most of Socotra. The coastal plain's soils are mostly alluvial deposits of stone and coarse sand. The Noged Plain along the island's south shore has areas of sand dunes. The center of the island is a plateau, 300 to 700 meters in elevation, composed mostly of Cretaceous limestone. The Hajhir Mountains in northwestern Socotra are composed of precambrian granites and metamorphic rock, and include Mashanig, the island's highest point (1,519 m).

The other islands in the archipelago are Samhah and Darsah, known as The Brothers, and Abd al Kuri. Abd al Kuri is closest to the African mainland, only 90 km away.

Politically, Socotra and most of the other islands are part of Yemen, and constitute Socotra Governorate.  Geographically, Socotra and the rest of its archipelago are part of Africa – a geologic and biogeographic extension of the Horn of Africa.

Climate
The climate of the ecoregion is tropical and mostly arid. It is influenced by the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds. The April-to-October southwest monsoon brings hot dry winds from the Horn of Africa. The Northeast monsoon arrives during the winter months, from November to March, and brings lower temperatures and more moisture.

Average annual rainfall ranges from 150 mm on the coastal plain to more than 1,000 mm in the mountains. Rainfall is sporadic and unpredictable. Tropical cyclones are rare.

Nighttime dew is an important water source for the islands' plants. The mountains intercept moisture-bearing winds, which creates more clouds, fog, and orographic precipitation. The mountains are also cooler than the lowlands. Small mountain streams sustain aquatic habitats, and can flow down through the lowlands during the cooler and wetter winter months and during high rainfall events.

Flora

The long geological isolation of the Socotra archipelago and its fierce heat and drought have combined to create a unique and spectacular endemic flora. Botanical field surveys led by the Centre for Middle Eastern Plants, part of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, indicate that 307 out of the 825 (37%) plant species on Socotra are endemic, i.e., they are found nowhere else on Earth. The entire flora of the Socotra Archipelago has been assessed for the IUCN Red List, with 3 Critically Endangered and 27 Endangered plant species recognised in 2004.

Open deciduous shrublands are the primary vegetation in the coastal plain and low limestone foothills. Many plants lose their leaves during the dry summer months, and succulent plants that store water in leaves and stems are common. The predominant shrubs are the endemics Croton socotranus and Jatropha unicostata. The succulent trees Euphorbia arbuscula, Dendrosicyos socotranus, and Adenium obesum spp. sokotranum rise above the shrub layer. Woody trees include Sterculia africana var. socotrana, Ziziphus spina-christi, and species of Boswellia and  Commiphora. Grasses and herbs grow during periods of sufficient rainfall.

Thickets of semi-deciduous shrubs and low trees occur on the limestone plateau and lower slopes of Hajhir Mountains. The predominant shrubs Rhus thyrsiflora, Buxus hildebrandtii, Dirichletia obovata (syn. Carphalea obovata), and Croton spp.

Dense shrub thickets of Rhus thyrsiflora, Cephalocroton socotranus, and Allophylus rhoidiphyllus grow on the high mountain slopes. Dragon's blood tree (Dracaena cinnabari), a strange-looking, umbrella-shaped tree, rises above the shrub layer. Other high-mountain plant communities include low shrublands dominated by Hypericum,  anthropogenic pastures, and rock outcrops with lichens and low cushion plants, including the endemics Nirarathamnos asarifolius and species of Helichrysum.

Dragon's blood tree is one of the most striking of Socotra's plants. Its red sap was thought to be the dragon's blood of the ancients, sought after as a dye, and today used as paint and varnish. Socotra's various endemic aloes were also important historically for medicine and cosmetics. Other endemic plants include the giant succulent tree Dorstenia gigas, the cucumber tree Dendrosicyos socotranus, the rare Socotran pomegranate (Punica protopunica), Aloe perryi, and Boswellia socotrana.

Fauna
The islands' fauna includes several endemic species.

The islands have 178 known bird species, including six endemic species – the Socotra starling (Onychognathus frater), Socotra sunbird (Nectarinia balfouri), Socotra bunting (Emberiza socotrana), Socotra cisticola (Cisticola haesitatus), Socotra sparrow (Passer insularis), Socotra golden-winged grosbeak (Rhynchostruthus socotranus), and Socotra warbler (Incana incana). Many of the bird species are endangered by predation by non-native feral cats.

About 15 species of mammals live on Socotra. There are four species of bats, the Egyptian mouse-tailed bat (Rhinopoma cystops), Geoffroy's horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus clivosus), Somalian trident bat (Asellia italosomalica), and the endemic Socotran pipistrelle (Hypsugo lanzai). The Egyptian mouse-tailed bat has been recorded on all the islands, and the other three species only on Socotra. The other mammals were introduced by humans. The Socotran wild ass is a feral population of African wild ass (Equus africanus) that lives in the lowlands of Socotra. Introduced livestock include dromedary camels, cattle, and goats, which include both domestic and feral populations. Other introduced mammals include the domestic cat (Felis catus), lesser Indian civet (Viverricula indica), black rat (Rattus rattus), house mouse (Mus musculus), Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), and Madagascan pygmy shrew (Suncus madagascariensis).

Reptiles constitute a diverse Socotran vertebrate fauna with 31 species. If one excludes the two recently introduced species, Hemidactylus robustus and Hemidactylus flaviviridis, all native species are endemic. There is a very high level of endemism at both species (29 of 31, 94%) and genus levels (5 of 12, 42%). At the species level, endemicity may be even higher, as phylogenetic studies have uncovered substantial hidden diversity. The reptile species include skinks, legless lizards, and one species of chameleon, Chamaeleo monachus.

There are many endemic invertebrates, including several spiders (such as the tarantula Monocentropus balfouri) and three species of freshwater crabs (one Socotra pseudocardisoma and two Socotrapotamon). Socotra is also one of the homes of the butterfly Bicyclus anynana.

The coral reefs of Socotra are diverse, with many endemic species.

Human impacts
Over the two thousand years of human settlement on the islands the environment has slowly but continuously changed, and, according to Jonathan Kingdon, "the animals and plants that remain represent a degraded fraction of what once existed." The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea says the island had crocodiles and large lizards, and the present reptilian fauna appears to be greatly reduced. Until a few centuries ago, there were rivers and wetlands on the island, greater stocks of the endemic trees, and abundant pasture. The Portuguese recorded the presence of water buffaloes in the early 17th century. Now there are only sand gullies, and many native plants only survive where there is greater moisture or protection from livestock. The remaining Socotra fauna is greatly threatened by goats and other introduced species.

Conservation and threats
As a result of the 2014 Yemen civil war in mainland Yemen, Socotra became isolated and the gas prices became high, causing residents to turn to wood for heat.

World Heritage Site
The island was recognised by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a world natural heritage site in July 2008. The European Union has supported such a move, calling on both UNESCO and International Organisation of Protecting Environment to classify the island archipelago among the environmental heritages.

See also
List of ecoregions in Yemen

References

External links
 Baobab on Socotra (landscape photo, notes)

Afrotropical ecoregions
Ecoregions of Yemen
Environment of Socotra
Deserts and xeric shrublands


John A. Murphy (17 January 1927 – 28 February 2022) was an Irish historian and senator. He was professor of history at University College Cork (UCC).

Biography
Murphy was born in Macroom, County Cork, and has said he was very bookish as a boy. He won a Cork County Council scholarship in 1945 to study history at UCC, and graduated in 1948 with a first-class honours degree and first place in both History and Latin. He took an MA in Cork before taking up a teaching post at the diocesan seminary at Farranferris in Cork city.

After eleven years in Farranferris (1949–1960), he became an assistant lecturer at UCC. He was appointed Professor of Irish History in 1971, holding that chair until his retirement in 1990. His 1975 book Ireland in the Twentieth Century was one of the first surveys of contemporary Irish history.

From 1977 to 1982, and between 1987 and 1993, Murphy represented the National University constituency as an independent member of Seanad Éireann. As a senator, he was noted for his advocacy of political and cultural pluralism. Earlier he had been a supporter of Noël Browne's Mother and Child Scheme. Murphy, a socialist often linked to the Worker's Party and the Labour Party, was also noted as a sharp critic of Sinn Féin and the Provisional Irish Republican Army, to the point that Murphy was often cited as an "Anti-Republican". Originally advocating for Irish reunification in the 1960s, and protesting the introduction of internment of Republican prisoners in 1971 as well as the Emergency Powers Act of 1976, by the 1980s Murphy's position had switched to the view that "the national question" around Northern Ireland was little more than a border dispute. Murphy dismissed the Provisional IRA as nothing more than "armed Hiberianism" as well as "unworthy" of the term "Republicans", and aroused fury amongst the provisional movement when he publicly criticised the 1981 Irish hunger strike. In 1982, Murphy delivered a speech at Béal na mBláth to mark the 60th anniversary of Michael Collins’ death, and declared Irish reunification "was not worth the shedding of a single drop of blood". In the 1990s Murphy condemned John Hume,  for being willing to make overtures to Gerry Adams in seeking to end the Troubles peacefully.

An atheist and a secularist, Murphy criticised the role of the Catholic Church's clergy in Irish politics, and opposed their influence on the 1979 Family Planning Act (relating to the sale of contraceptives in Ireland) and the 1986 Divorce referendum.  Despite his earlier progressive tendencies, on 13 May 2015, in the run up to the Irish marriage equality referendum, he wrote to The Irish Times, describing the proposed constitutional amendment to permit same-sex marriage as "grotesque nonsense".

Murphy died in Cork on 28 February 2022, at the age of 95. His father Thade was a Gaelic footballer, who represented the Cork county team.

Works

Murphy, John A.; O'Carroll, J. P. (eds), De Valera and his times, Cork University Press, 1983.

References

Sources

1927 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Irish historians
21st-century Irish people
Academics of University College Cork
Alumni of University College Cork
Independent members of Seanad Éireann
Irish secularists
Irish socialists
Members of Seanad Éireann for the National University of Ireland
Members of the 14th Seanad
Members of the 15th Seanad
Members of the 16th Seanad
Members of the 18th Seanad
Members of the 19th Seanad
People from Macroom
Politicians from County Cork


Johann Ludwig Karl Heinrich von Struve (August 9, 1812  – March 3, 1898) was the youngest son of the large brood of children of Johann Christoph Gustav von Struve and Sibilla Christiane Friederike von Hochstetter; part of the Struve family and brother to Gustav Struve.

Early life
Struve was born in Stuttgart, in what was the Kingdom of Württemberg, during the short-lived Confederation of the Rhine.

Like his siblings before him, he attended the Gymnasium and Polytechnic schools in Stuttgart, before attending law school, which he did not finish, having been bitten by wanderlust before his final exams.  He then joined and traveled to the province of Silesia, as a member of the Prussian military.

It was there that he met his first wife, Stephanie von Borowsky, the daughter of the local nobleman J. von Borowsky, and on September 19, 1836, they were married at the Borowsky estate at Posen.

Struve and Stephanie farmed land in Froeschen which Struve had bought from Borowsky, and there they had four children, including one who died shortly after birth:

Friedrich Wilhelm Amand von Struve (1838–1902)
Louis Joseph von Struve (1839–1921)
Sibilla "Silly" von Struve (born 1840-1841)

Stephanie died shortly after the fourth child died at birth.

Life in Berlin
von Struve then traveled to Berlin and there he married his cousin, Wilhelmine Charlotte Margarete "Minna" von Hochstetter on September 19, 1844.

With Minna and his young family, he went back to his land holdings in the east and another daughter came, Stephanie von Struve, born 1847 in Chobanin, Kingdom of Poland.

Shortly thereafter the German Revolution of 1848 began, and Heinrich's brother, Gustav Struve, who was a leading component of such, caused the Struve name to be less than honorable for the times and created an environment less than hospitable for Heinrich von Struve and his family, as he too had supported the democratic cause.  Like many of his German countrymen, he decided the only solution was to emigrate. He chose   Texas, in the United States, as destination.

Immigration to the United States
On September 19, 1848, Heinrich von Struve and his family emigrated from the port of Hamburg to Galveston, Texas, landing there on November 22, 1848.  From there they went by ox-cart to Fayette County, Texas, ultimately settling between the Rutersville township and the town of Fayetteville in eastern Fayette County.

In Texas the last four children were born to Heinrich and Minna von Struve:

Konrad von Struve (1849–1923) - who later was an engineer in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and married his cousin Philippine von Manuel.
Alexandrine Albertine "Fanny" von Struve (1853–1917) - who later was married to a Scots relation of the St. Clairs and lived for a time in Edinburgh, Scotland, where she ran a finishing school, and then moved her school to Leipzig.
Sophie von Struve (1857–1909)
Elisabeth Pauline Luise "Amy" von Struve (1858–1911) - who later married Julius Karl Betzler and was a missionary in India for a time.

von Struve was quite active in his adopted homeland of Texas, serving as a postmaster, a cigar-maker, a farmer and rancher and a land speculator.  He enjoyed the frontier life.  However, his wife, Minna, did not and just prior to the American Civil War, he sent his family back to Europe.

World traveling
His two older sons, Amand and Louis, remained in Texas.  The former, Amand, marrying Christiane Otilie Pfeisler and residing in Burnet County and later in Blanco County.  The latter, Louis, marrying Clementine de Lassaulx, the daughter of Otto Phillip de Lassaulx of Koblenz and Elberfeld and his wife Margaretha Fassbender of Trier, and granddaughter of the noted royal Prussian architect Johann Claudius von Lassaulx (also known as J.C. de Lassaulx), and residing the remainder of his life in Fayette County, Texas.

Heinrich von Struve, like his wife and younger children, returned to Europe from Texas by way of New York, where he visited his brother Gustav Struve, who also had emigrated to America after the 1848 Revolution with his wife, Amalie.  He assisted his brother in marketing Gustav's "Weltgeschichte" or World History, which Gustav had written after his arrival in America.

Heinrich von Struve came back to Texas several times thereafter to visit his sons, as well as traveled to Brazil, where his youngest son, Konrad had gone as an engineer.  In Brazil he had an audience with the Brazilian Emperor, Dom Pedro II, where he regaled the monarch with his tales of the Texas Wilderness.

When finally he returned and remained in Europe, Heinrich put his life story to paper and published it in 1895 as a "Lebensbild".  He died March 3, 1898, in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany.

Sources
Heinrich von Struve: Ein Lebensbild. Erinnerungen aus dem Leben eines Zweiundachtzigjährigen in der alten und neuen Welt, Leipzig, Verlag von E. Ungleich, 1895 (1st edition 1896).
Heinrich von Struve: Ein Lebensbild. Erinnerungen aus dem Leben eines Zweiundachtzigjährigen in der alten und neuen Welt, Leipzig, Verlag von E. Ungleich, 1896 (2nd enlarged edition in 1896).
Heinrich von Struve: Ein Lebensbild. Erinnerungen aus dem Leben eines Zweiundachtzigjährigen in der alten und neuen Welt, Emmishofen (Schweiz), Verlag von Carl Hirsch, 1924 (3rd edition 1924).
Arno Struve: The Struve Family in Europe and in Texas, Abernathy, self-published, 1979
Jon Todd Koenig: The Struve Family in Texas: the descendants of Heinrich von Struve (1812-1898) of Fayette County, Texas, USA, Houston, self-published, 2006

1812 births
1898 deaths
Nobility from Stuttgart
Johann Ludwig Karl Heinrich
Immigrants to the United States


This page presents the results of the men's and women's volleyball tournament during the 1991 Pan American Games, which was held from August 11 to August 18, 1991, in Havana, Cuba.

Men's indoor tournament

Preliminary round robin

Sunday August 11

Monday August 12

Tuesday August 13

Wednesday August 14

Thursday August 15

Final round

Saturday August 17
Fifth place match

Semi-finals

Sunday August 18
Bronze medal match

Gold medal match

Final ranking

Individual awards

Women's indoor tournament

Preliminary round robin

Final round

Saturday August 17
Fifth place match

Semi-finals

Sunday August 18
Bronze medal match

Gold medal match

Final ranking

Individual awards

References
 Men's results
 Women's results

Events at the 1991 Pan American Games
1991
Pan American Games
International volleyball competitions hosted by Cuba


The Lightweight class in the 1st AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament competition was the lightest class.  Lightweights were limited to those boxers weighing between 57 - 60 kilograms.

List of boxers

Medalists

Results

Preliminary round

Quarterfinal Round

Semifinal Round

3rd place Round

Final Round

Qualification to Olympic games

References
AIBA

AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament


"All Your Reasons" is a song from Matchbox Twenty's fourth album, Exile on Mainstream. It was released in Australia as the second single from the album, while in the rest of the world, "These Hard Times" was released as the second single.

Track listing
 "All Your Reasons" (album version) – 2:40
 "How Far We've Come" (Remix #1) – 3:50
 "Disease" (Live from Blueroom) – 3:36

Personnel
Rob Thomas - lead vocals
Kyle Cook - electric guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
Paul Doucette - acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Brian Yale - bass
Ryan MacMillan - drums

Charts

Awards and nominations

APRA Award
2009 Most Played Foreign Work win for "All Your Reasons" written by Kyle Cook, Rob Thomas, Paul Doucette, Brian Yale presented by Australasian Performing Right Association.

References

External links
 Warner Music

2007 songs
2008 singles
APRA Award winners
Atlantic Records singles
Matchbox Twenty songs
Song recordings produced by Steve Lillywhite
Songs written by Brian Yale
Songs written by Kyle Cook
Songs written by Paul Doucette
Songs written by Rob Thomas (musician)


Paul E. Schindler Jr. (born September 17, 1952) is an American journalist known for being the software reviewer on the popular television program Computer Chronicles from 1985 to 1999. He worked for 20 years in computer journalism at CMP Technology and Ziff-Davis, including Computer Systems News, Information Systems News, Information Week, PC Week, Byte Magazine, and Windows Magazine.

A 1974 graduate of MIT, he now lives in the San Francisco Bay Area and was a middle-school history teacher at the Joaquin Moraga Intermediate School in Moraga, California. Paul was also a contestant on Jeopardy! in 1985 as well as five other television game shows.

References

1952 births
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
People from Moraga, California
Benson Polytechnic High School alumni


"They're Made Out of Meat" is a short story by American writer Terry Bisson. It was originally published in OMNI. It consists entirely of dialogue between two characters. Bisson's website hosts a theatrical adaptation. A film adaptation won the Grand Prize at the Seattle Science Fiction Museum's 2006 film festival.

The story was collected in the 1993 anthology Bears Discover Fire and Other Stories, and has circulated widely on the Internet, which Bisson finds "flattering". It has been quoted in cognitive, cosmological, and philosophical scholarship.

Plot

The two characters are intelligent beings capable of traveling faster than light, on a mission to "contact, welcome and log in any and all sentient races or multibeings in this quadrant of the Universe." Bisson's stage directions represent them as "two lights moving like fireflies among the stars" on a projection screen. One of them tells the incredulous other about the recent discovery of carbon-based lifeforms "made up entirely of meat". After conversing briefly about it, they both deem such beings and communication with them too bizarre and agree to "erase the records and forget the whole thing", marking the Solar System "unoccupied".

Film adaptations

They're Made out of Meat (2005)
In 2005, Stephen O'Regan wrote and directed a live film adaptation starring Tom Noonan and Ben Bailey. The film was made as a final project for the New York Film Academy. The main action takes place inside of a diner on Staten Island, NY full of teenagers. The music for the film was scored by Bob Reynolds.

They're Made out of Meat (2010)
Jeff Frumess and Trevor Scott produced a version in 2010.  They added the character of a homeless conspiracy theorist with an original score by musician Sam Belkin. The film was shot at the Hartsdale train platform on the Metro North in Westchester, NY.

Meat (2021)
Masha Maksimova developed a version in Cinemiracle format, a triple split-screen process, as a student project at the Berlin University of Applied Sciences in the communication design course. The dialogue is conducted by two telepathic humanoid aliens and the thoughts are visualised by found-footage collages.

See also
 Carbon chauvinism
 Zoo hypothesis
 Fables for Robots – a collection of short stories where humans and other organic life are looked upon similarly

References

External links
 - the text of the short story
"They're Made Out of Meat" - Terry Bisson's text copy
A directory of 10+ short film adaptations from 2006 on
2012 production as a radio play (WNYC)

1991 short stories
Fiction about artificial intelligence
Brain–computer interfacing in fiction
Science fiction comedy
Fiction portraying humans as aliens
Short stories adapted into films
Short stories by Terry Bisson
Science fiction theatre
Works originally published in Omni (magazine)


I-17 was a Japanese B1 type submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy which saw service during World War II. This long-range submarine cruiser spent the early months of the war in the eastern Pacific and was the first Axis ship to shell the continental United States.  She later supported the Imperial Japanese Army in fighting around the Solomon Islands and remained active in the southwest Pacific until she was sunk in August 1943.

Service

Pearl Harbor
During the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, I-17 patrolled north of Oahu. Its mission was to reconnoiter and engage any ships that tried to sortie from Pearl Harbor.  I-17 proceeded to a patrol station off Cape Mendocino following the attack on Pearl Harbor.  The 6,912-ton General Petroleum tanker  was sailing in ballast from Seattle, Washington en route to San Pedro, California. I-17 hit the tanker with five  shells in the early afternoon of 20 December 1941.  The tanker was within sight of land, and survivors reached the Blunt Reef lightship in lifeboats.  The tanker drifted north onto rocks off Crescent City, California where the wreck remained until scrapped in 1959.  A scheduled shelling of American coastal cities on Christmas Eve of 1941 was canceled because of the frequency of coastal air and surface patrols.

Shelling the U.S. continent
At night on 19 February 1942, I-17 covertly landed on Point Loma, San Diego to determine her position after arriving from Kwajalein Atoll. I-17 then headed north along the coast of California. On 23 February, I-17 achieved some notability as the first Axis ship to shell the United States mainland in an incident known as the Bombardment of Ellwood. A few minutes after 7 pm, she surfaced a few hundred yards off a beach  west of Santa Barbara, California, within the Ellwood Oil Field. Over 20 minutes, she fired 17 shells from her 14 cm gun at the giant Richfield aviation fuel storage tanks on the blufftop behind the beach. The shots were mostly wild, one landing more than a mile inland. The closest shell exploded in a field  from one of the tanks. The shelling did only minor damage to a pier and a pumphouse, but news of the shelling triggered an "invasion" scare along the West Coast.

The following night, the anti-aircraft defenses in Los Angeles exploded into action in response to an imagined invasion (later to be known as the Battle of Los Angeles. During a 30-minute fusillade, guns hurled 1,440 rounds of  and 37 mm ammunition into the night sky at a supposed enemy aircraft, and about ten tons of shrapnel and unexploded ammunition fell back on the city.

Aleutians and Guadalcanal

In early June 1942, I-17 took part in the opening stages of the Aleutian Islands campaign.

In November 1942, I-17s 14 cm deck gun was removed and she set out for Guadalcanal on the first of many supply missions.

Battle of the Bismarck Sea
On 2 March 1943 in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, a Japanese convoy carrying troops to Lae was bombed and strafed by USAAF and Royal Australian Air Force planes for three successive days. All of the eight transports and cargo vessels in the convoy and four of the eight escorting destroyers were sunk. The Japanese in lifeboats, rafts and in the water were strafed by planes and PT boats. I-17 was directed to the area.

On 5 March two PT boats,  and PT-150, discovered I-17 with three lifeboats full of survivors from the Bismarck Sea battle. The submarine was taking them on board. I-17 crash dived as the PT boats strafed and fired torpedoes at her. The PT boats then sank the lifeboats with machine gun fire and depth charges. Several hours later, I-17 resurfaced and picked up 33 surviving soldiers.

The following day, I-17 rescued another 118 soldiers and four sailors. She then sailed to Lae and disembarked her 155 passengers.

Torpedoing Stanvac Manila
On 24 May 1943,  south off Noumea . I-17 sighted the 10,169 ton Panamanian-flagged tanker Stanvac Manila. The tanker had six PT boats on board as cargo. At 0407, I-17s torpedo hit the tanker, flooding the engine and fire room and disabling all power and communications. At 12:05 Stanvac Manila sank, taking PT-165 and PT-173 with her. At about 13:00 the destroyer  arrived and towed three of the surviving PT boats, PT-167, PT-171 and PT-174 to Noumea. The remaining boat, PT-172, made Noumea under her own power. One life was lost.

Loss
On 19 August 1943,  southwest off Noumea I-17s "Glen" floatplane made a reconnaissance flight and spotted a convoy that had just cleared the harbour. After stowing the aircraft, I-17 set out after the convoy. The New Zealand armed trawler , escorting the convoy, picked up a submarine contact, she made an initial run without using depth charges, a second dropping two depth charges, and a third run with another two depth charges, then lost contact with I-17.

Kingfisher floatplanes of US Scouting Squadron VS-57, based in New Caledonia, joined the search.  One of these indicated that Tui should investigate smoke on the horizon, I-17 was sighted on the surface and Tui opened fire at maximum range, scoring one, possibly two hits. I-17 was severely damaged and sank, leaving a trail of bubbles and oil.

Five minutes later, I-17 resurfaced with her bow exiting at a steep angle. The floatplane briefly strafed the submarine, before dropping more depth charges and I-17 sank at . I-17s with the loss of 91 of her crew. Tui rescued six survivors, who said Tuis depth charge attacks had damaged I-17, forced her to the surface and the Kingfisher's depth charges had sunk her.

Notes

References
 McDougall, R J (1989) New Zealand Naval Vessels. Page 59-61. Government Printing Office.

 Official Chronology of the US Navy in World War II: Chapter V: 1943
 Waters, Sydney David (1956) The Royal New Zealand Navy, Official History.

Further reading
Harker, Jack (2000)The Rockies: New Zealand Minesweepers at War. Silver Owl Press.
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Dieter Jung, Peter Mickel. Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. United States Naval Institute, 1977. Annapolis, Maryland, USA, 1977.  .

External links
B1-type submarines
The sinking of Stanvac Manila
Photo of Stanvac Manila

Type B1 submarines
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
1939 ships
World War II submarines of Japan
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign
Submarines sunk by aircraft
Japanese submarines lost during World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Maritime incidents in August 1943
Ships sunk by US aircraft


Radio Courtoisie (; English: Radio Courtesy) is a French radio station and cultural associative union created in 1987 by Jean Ferré.

Radio Courtoisie defines itself as the "free radio of the real country [referring to the pays réel concept of Charles Maurras and the francophone world", declaring itself to be "open to all people of the political right, from François Bayrou to Jean-Marie Le Pen".

History

Radio Solidarité
In September 1981, Bernadette d'Angevilliers and Philippe Malaud, former minister under Charles De Gaulle and Georges Pompidou, created Radio Solidarité, with the support of Yannick Urrien. This free radio station had associations with RPR and with the UDF and was strongly opposed to the political left of François Mitterrand.

At the time, Ferré was a radio and television columnist for Figaro Magazine, of which he had been a founder with Louis Pauwels. His columns, frequently kind to Radio Solidarité, brought him to the notice of d'Angevilliers who proposed a radio collaboration with him.

In May and June 1982, Ferré created the broadcast formula of the Libre Journal: an hour and a half programme each evening based around a guest belonging to the political right. This formula would be taken up by Radio Courtoisie and extended to three hours.

Ferré proposed that the radio should be open to "all people of the right". Following this, Serge de Beketch, as many others, was invited to direct a regular Wednesday evening broadcast. However, following the 1984 European elections, his invitation brought on the radio the accusation of having helped the political breakthrough of the French National Front. De Beketch was ordered to leave; Ferré defended de Beketch and was also dismissed.

Having been taken off the air, Ferré created the "Radio Solidarité listeners' defense committee" (CDARS). It was under this name, declared to the Paris police prefecture on 12 December 1985, that he founded Radio Courtoisie (courtoisie means courtesy). Radio Courtoisie made its first broadcast on 7 November 1987.

Radio Courtoisie
From November 1987 until the end of his life, Ferré was the head of the radio station, with title "President of the editorial committee", and a full delegation of successive presidents, François Pitti-Ferrandi, Pierre Dehaye and Christian Langlois. Every Monday evening Ferré himself hosted a Libre Journal without interruption until 31 July 2006, the date of his last broadcast.

Disputes among the staff
After Ferré's death on 10 October 2006, a lively dispute pitted Henry de Lesquen, Ferré's successor as head of the station, against a group of four broadcasting patrons including Claude Reichman, who demanded that de Lesquen resign. Claude Reichman was banned from Radio Courtoisie after a broadcast on 14 November 2006, in which he attacked de Lesquen in terms that de Lesquen judged to be defamatory. He was replaced by Marie Le Méné and Benoîte Taffin. Jean-Gilles Malliarakis in turn announced he would leave the station during his broadcast of 23 February 2007, having been given notice the same morning. Malliarakis was replaced by David Mascré and Catherine Rouvier.

The editorial policy instituted by Ferré

Two objectives were set out in Radio Courtoisies file for candidacy submitted in 1986: Respecting the right of freedom of expression for all tribes within the French political right, and protecting and illustrating the French language. In practice, the editorial policy was organized relative to three axes, those of (right-wing) politics, religion (mainly traditionalist Catholicism) and culture. While a single broadcast often touched on both political and religious themes, cultural broadcasts rarely strayed into the other areas. A novelty introduced in 2007 was the introduction of a daily information programme, le Bulletin de réinformation, which lasted 15 minutes.

Radio Courtoisie has preserved its editorial freedom by eschewing any form of advertising. It is an associative union-based radio station, and listeners are regularly asked to contribute through an annual membership fee and through donations.

 Political line
In his political blueprint, Ferré had desired that Radio Courtoisie would be anchored in the political right and at the same time "open to all tribes of the right", from the centre-right to the French National Front, thus linking the extreme-right with the mainstream right. Ferré often explained on air the attacks which were leveled at his radio station: for certain of its detractors, Radio Courtoisie was the radio station of Le Pen, for others, the station of Jacques Chirac. He always put to everyone his firm wish (according to him as a Poitiers native)  that his radio station should be open to "all people of the right", that is, including the French National Front.

Ferré was himself a royalist and personally very anti-Gaullist. However, in a broadcast of 3 October 1991, he recalled that he had sacrificed his anti-Gaullism on the altar of reconciliation, that he had resolved for his own part never to argue in public against de Gaulle, and that, in any case, he respected some of the great Gaullists such as Alain Griotteray. As he explained in his own Libre journal of 16 April 2001, his project was to rally all patriots. On several occasions, Ferré asserted on air at Radio Courtoisie that he had wished, in accordance with his editorial line, to give full and complete freedom to his broadcasting patrons in their words and in their choice of invited guests. Christian democrats, liberals, Gaullists, nationalists and royalists were regularly heard on Radio Courtoisie.

For the most specifically political programmes, hosts such as Yannick Urrien, Paul-Marie Coûteaux, Michel de Rostolan, Benoîte Taffin, Henry de Lesquen, Martial Bild, Jacques Garello, Henri Fouquereau, Bernard Antony, Catherine Rouvier, Gérard Marin, Claude Giraud and Emmanuel Ratier were involved. Among former broadcasting patrons were Serge de Beketch (until his death in 2007), Jean-Gilles Malliarakis, Alain Paucard, Reichman, Griotteray, Commandant Pierre Guillaume and the historian Pierre Chaunu.

Many of the older broadcasters identified as maurrassiens. The incorporation of Maurras' concept of "pays réel (real country) into the Radio Courtoisie'''s slogan witnessed to this historical influence.

 Religious line Radio Courtoisie was not sectarian, except on Sundays, when it became so. It generally devoted much space to the Catholic religion, and specifically to traditional Catholics practicing the rite of Saint Pius V: The Society of St. Pius X, the Good Shepherd Institute, and the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter. Father Guillaume de Tanoüarn, father Philippe Laguérie, and father Grégoire Celier went on air. Jean Ferré also invited as a permanent adviser Father André Wartelle until his death in 2001. Certain guests were less frequent, but more politically correct such as Father Alain de La Morandais.

The host who presented the most openly religious broadcasts included Philippe Maxence and Daniel Hamiche.

 Cultural line Radio Courtoisie gave a lot of time to history, literature and issues relevant to French-speakers, and to a lesser extent, painting, sculpture, cinema, theatre and poetry. The most culture-oriented programmes were presented by hosts such as Jean-Paul Bled, Philippe de Saint Robert, Dominique Paoli, Philippe Lejeune, Jean Darnel, Aude de Kerros, Philippe d'Hugues, Bernard Lugan, Albert Salon, and Michel Mourlet. Among former hosts were Pierre Debray-Ritzen and the adventurers Alexandre Poussin and Sylvain Tesson at the end of the 1990s.Radio Courtoisies programmes last between one and three hours. The ethos of the radio favoured a guest being able to express himself at length, so that he could "get to the bottom of his ideas" and "to the bottom of things".

 Supporting cast Radio Courtoisie benefits or has benefited from the more or less frequent collaboration of various doyens of the intellectual world such as Jean Tulard and Gabriel de Broglie of the Institut de France, Christian Cabrol of the faculty of medicine, Chantal Delsol, Aymeric Chauprade and Jacques Heers of the Sorbonne, Bertrand Lemennicier of Panthéon-Assas University, Yves Roucaute of Paris X Nanterre, Maurice Druon and Jacqueline de Romilly of the Académie Française, as well as other academics and university staff.
Other personalities participate in programmes such as General Pierre-Marie Gallois, the Figaro columnist Ivan Rioufol, Alain Peyrefitte (an adviser to de Gaulle), and the President of the France-Israel Friendship Association Gilles-William Goldnadel.
Some ministers of the Fillon government have recently been guests on Radio Courtoisie: Xavier Darcos, education minister, guest of Catherine Rouvier; and Valérie Pécresse, minister of higher education and research, guest of Yannick Urrien.
More controversial and unexpected personalities have also been guests, generally on a one-off basis: Brigitte Bardot, Thierry Ardisson, Jacques Vergès, Alain Soral, Dieudonné M'bala M'bala, the ufologists Jean-Pierre Petit and Joël Mesnard, and the historical negationist Pierre Guillaume (not to be confused with the soldier of the same name, who hosted a programme for many years until his death in 2002).

Other products
 The publication Le Courrier de Radio Courtoisie. Two issues have appeared: Dix mille heures de créations radiophoniques in 1992, and Dix ans de ferveur in 1998.
 The Fête de la Courtoisie: a large annual sales event in May/June bringing together writers who have been on air at Radio Courtoisie. According to the radion, there were to be more thawn 400 attendees in 2008.

Jean Ferré Prize
 The Jean Ferré Prize, known as the Daudet Prize until 2007: created in honour of Alphonse Daudet and Léon Daudet, it is awarded each year to the person who, according to Radio Courtoisie listeners, has best served the French language. Since the death of Ferré, who was the last recipient of the Daudet prize and who was awarded it posthumously, the prize is now known as the Jean Ferré prize following protests from the descendants of Léon Daudet who were scandalised by Henry de Lesquen's practices.
The prize was thus renamed the Jean Ferré Prize in 2007.

Recipients

 1997: Jacques Lacant
 1998: Brigitte Level
 1999: Jean Dutourd
 2000: Jacqueline de Romilly
 2001: Bernard Lugan
 2002: Jean-Marc Varaut
 2003: Vladimir Volkoff
 2004: Jean Raspail
 2005: Jean des Cars
 2006: Jean Ferré
 2007: Serge de Beketch
 2008: Albert Salon
 2009: Pierre Chaunu
 2010: Michel Déon
 2011: François-Georges Dreyfus
 2012: Richard Millet
 2013: Philippe de Villiers
 2014: Alain Lanavère
 2015: Renaud Camus
 2016: Philippe d'Hugues and Jacques Trémolet de Villers
 2017: Jean-Yves Le Gallou

 Broadcasting frequenciesRadio Courtoisie broadcasts on the following FM band frequencies:
 Paris and Île-de-France: 95.6 MHz,
 Chartres: 104.5 MHz,
 Le Mans: 98.8 MHz,
 Le Havre: 101.1 MHz,
 Caen: 100.6 MHz,
 Cherbourg: 87.8 MHz.Radio Courtoisie was transmitted by the HOT BIRD satellite of Eutelsat. It could be received either by the satellite bouquet satellite TPS (radio no. 80), or directly via transponder 120, at 10911 MHz, vertical polarisation verticale, 27500|Msymb/s, FEC 3/4, SID 3305, audio 3335. This transmission was planned to stop in 2008 with the disappearance of TPS.

Radio Courtoisie has been clearly accessible since January 2008 on the satellite bouquet CanalSat (satellite Astra H1 19°.2) on channel 179.

 Controversy
On 16 May 1993, Radio Courtoisie and host Serge de Beketch were convicted of defaming Olivier Biffaud, journalist for the daily newspaper Le Monde, and sentenced to pay a single Franc symbolic of damages and interests, as well as 8,000 Francs court costs. De Beketch had declared, mentioning Biffaud's initials, that it would be a good name for a sanitary towel. The court judged that this phrase "offended against the delicacy and dignity of the person in question".

A Radio Courtoisie interview of Alain Menargues in October 2004 caused controversy due to his claim that the Jews created the first ghettoes because they disliked being around "impure non-Jews.".

From 1997 to 2006, the French Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel broadcasting authority examined Radio Courtoisie, for statements considered potentially racist, injurious or revisionist which were broadcast on air and originated from a host or speaker, issuing three letters,Courrier en 2004 pour lui rappeler la nécessité d’assurer la maîtrise de son antenne suite aux propos d’Alain Ménargue le 12 octobre 2004 and two warnings.Mise en demeure en 2004, pour des propos considérés par le CSA comme « portant atteinte au respect de la dignité de la personne » As a sanction, the CSA ordered its communiqué to be inserted at the beginning of the programme Le Libre Journal' on 13 November 2006 at 6 pm.

Some critics of Radio Courtoisie assert that positions espoused by certain hosts on air are close to those of the extreme right, pointing to broadcasts with contributors from traditionalist Catholicism, the Mouvement pour la France, the Mouvement national républicain and the Front National. They also base this on the opposition described in certain programmes between the so-called droite molle (soft right, principally including the Union pour un mouvement populaire), and the rest of the right wing, meaning to the right of the UMP. Those Radio Courtoisie hosts who are close to the Front national or who accept them, reject the "extreme right" moniker, with the exception of de Beketch. Le Pen himself recalled on air at Radio Courtoisie the same refusal to be ascribed to this category, preferring "national right".

References

External links

Conservatism in France
Conservative media in France
Courtoisie
Radio stations in France
Radio stations established in 1987
Right-wing politics
News and talk radio stations


This page presents the results of the men's and women's volleyball tournament during the 1955 Pan American Games, which was held from March 15 to March 24, 1955 in Mexico City, Mexico.

Men's indoor tournament

Preliminary round robin

|}

Final ranking

Women's indoor tournament

Preliminary round robin

Final ranking

References
 Todor66: Men's Volleyball Pan American Games 1955
 Todor66: Women's Volleyball Pan American Games 1955

  .

1955
Events at the 1955 Pan American Games
Pan American Games
1955 Pan American Games


The following is a list of ecoregions in Oman, as identified by the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).

Terrestrial ecoregions
Yemen lies on the boundary between two of the world's terrestrial biogeographic realms. The Afrotropical realm covers the mountainous southern and eastern fringe of the Arabian Peninsula as well as Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. The Palearctic realm covers the interior of the Arabian Peninsula as well as temperate Eurasia and Northern Africa.

Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

 Al Hajar montane woodlands (Afrotropical)

Deserts and xeric shrublands

 Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands (Palearctic)
 Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert (Afrotropical)
 Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert (Afrotropical)
 Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert (Palearctic)
 Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna (Afrotropical)

Marine ecoregions
 Gulf of Oman
 Western Arabian Sea

References
 Burgess, Neil, Jennifer D’Amico Hales, Emma Underwood (2004). Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.
 Spalding, Mark D., Helen E. Fox, Gerald R. Allen, Nick Davidson et al. "Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas". Bioscience Vol. 57 No. 7, July/August 2007, pp. 573-583.

Oman
Ecoregions


Orlando Smeekes (born 28 December 1981) is a Curaçaoan former professional footballer who played as a winger.

Club career
Smeekes was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands. On 10 September 2008, he left Go Ahead Eagles and moved to German 3. Liga club Stuttgarter Kickers. After the relegation of Kickers he signed with FC Carl Zeiss Jena on 26 June 2009. In July 2010 joined for a trial week at Coventry City, which did not result in a full-time contract. He had further trials at Charlton Athletic with similar success. On 21 March 2011, he signed a contract with SV Wehen Wiesbaden and joined the club on 30 June 2011. He joined South African club Maritzburg United on 26 June 2012.

International career
Smeekes made two appearances for the Curaçao national team and four for the Netherlands Antilles national team.

References

External links

 Profile at VI

1981 births
Living people
Dutch men's footballers
Dutch people of Curaçao descent
Footballers from Amsterdam
Dutch Antillean men's footballers
Curaçao men's footballers
Netherlands Antilles men's international footballers
Curaçao men's international footballers
Dutch Antillean expatriate men's footballers
Curaçao expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Men's association football forwards
3. Liga players
FC Volendam players
SC Telstar players
TOP Oss players
Helmond Sport players
Go Ahead Eagles players
Stuttgarter Kickers players
FC Carl Zeiss Jena players
SV Wehen Wiesbaden players
Maritzburg United F.C. players
FC Den Bosch players
WKE '16 players
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Flevo Boys players


American Medical News was an American newspaper that covered business, policy, public health and legal issues affecting physician practices. American Medical News offered 24 print issues each year, and 52 online editions, with fresh news added each weekday. First published by the American Medical Association as The AMA News in 1958, it was renamed in 1969 to reflect its broadened coverage. Most copies were distributed free as an AMA benefit of membership and to some non-member physicians, with internal medicine and family practice accounting for the majority of readers. The paper was intended to serve as an impartial and credible forum for information affecting physicians and their practices.

The newspaper was shut down in 2013.

References

External links

1958 establishments in Illinois
2013 disestablishments in Illinois
American Medical Association
Defunct newspapers published in Chicago
Newspapers established in 1958
Publications disestablished in 2013
Newspapers published in Illinois


This page presents the results of the men's and women's volleyball tournament during the 1959 Pan American Games, which was held from August 28 to September 6, 1959 in Chicago, United States.

Men's indoor tournament

Preliminary round

Final Round

Final ranking

Women's indoor tournament

Preliminary round robin

Final ranking

References

1959
Events at the 1959 Pan American Games
Pan American Games
1959 Pan American Games
Volleyball in Chicago


is a historical record of the Inbe clan of Japan written in the early Heian period (794–1185). It was composed by  (斎部広成) in 807 using material transmitted orally over several generations of the Inbe clan.

Background
Historically, both the Inbe and Nakatomi clans had long performed Shinto religious services for the Japanese imperial court. However, at the beginning of the Heian period, the Fujiwara clan, whom the Nakatomi clan are a branch of, seized political power. This strengthened the Nakatomi clan while weakening the Inbe clan and caused conflict between the two clans.

Hironari, whose date of birth and death are unknown, wrote this text to clarify the history and legitimize the rights of the Inbe clan as well as to argue the injustice of the Nakatomi clan and decline of the Inbe clan. He presented it to Emperor Heizei in 807.

Contents
The text consists of three major sections:
The historical events of clan ancestor Amenofutodama no Mikoto and his grandson Amamito no Mikoto.
A description of the creation myth and the national history from Emperor Jinmu through Emperor Tenmu.
Eleven points of discontent with the Nakatomi clan and the decline of the Inbe clan.

The first two sections serve as evidence and reference for legitimatizing the third and main section.

Value

The historical events described within the Kogo Shūi are nearly identical with those found in Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, the oldest written histories of Japan. However, there are several events unique to the text, so the Kogo Shūi serves as a valuable source of early Japanese history not found in the national histories.

Linguistically, the text contains a large number of old words written in man'yōgana which make it a valuable resource for studying Old Japanese.

See also
 Japanese Historical Text Initiative
Takahashi Ujibumi—the Takahashi clan records

References

Further reading

External links
Scans of manuscript, Waseda University Library
Searchable text and English translation, Japanese Historical Text Initiative

9th-century Japanese books
Old Japanese texts
Late Old Japanese texts
807
9th century in Japan
Shinto texts
Heian-period books
Inbe clan


KPHL (90.5 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to serve Pahala, Hawaii.  The station is owned by Vineyard Christian Fellowship of Honolulu, Inc.  It airs a religious broadcasting format.

The station was assigned the KPHL call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on February 13, 2003.

Ownership
In November 2006, an agreement was reached for Vineyard Christian Fellowship of Honolulu Inc., headed by president Fali Tualaulelei, to acquire KPHL from Memphis, Tennessee-based Broadcasting For The Challenged Inc., headed by President George Flinn Jr., for a reported cash sale price of $1,500. T.J. Malievsky, a director of the Vineyard Christian Fellowship, is a former general manager of the Honolulu station group owned by Salem Communications.

References

External links

PHL


This page presents the results of the men's and women's volleyball tournament during the 1963 Pan American Games, which was held from April 24 to May 3, 1963, in São Paulo, Brazil.

Men's indoor tournament

Preliminary round robin

Final ranking

Women's indoor tournament

Preliminary round robin

Final ranking

References
 Men's results
 Women's results

1963
1963 Pan American Games
Pan American Games


Buddy is a Norwegian electric city car, produced by Buddy Electric in the early 2000s, formerly known as Pure Mobility and Elbil Norge AS, at Økern in Oslo. In 2007, the Buddy, and its predecessor, the Kewet, made up 20% of the electric cars in Norway. Since its inception in 1991, combined sales of the Kewet and Buddy had totaled about 1,500 vehicles through October 2013, of which, 1,087 were registered in Norway.

History

Buddy is the sixth generation of the Kewet electric vehicle. Originally, the Kewet was developed in Hadsund, Denmark, and the first model was made in 1991. Production alternated between Hadsund, Denmark and Nordhausen, Germany. During the first five generations, over 1000 electric vehicles were produced. They were sold in 18 countries. In 1998, all rights were acquired by ElBil Norge AS (which, at the time, was called Kollega Bil AS). For some years, ElBil Norge further developed the vehicle and in the autumn of 2005, a new model was presented that was first called Kewet Buddy Citi-Jet 6, but is now known simply as the Buddy.

In December 2008, the first 12 Buddy cars were sent from the Buddy factory in Økern by boat to Copenhagen. In 2010, Pure Mobility (former "Elbil Norge") launched a new version of the Buddy, initially marketed as "MetroBuddy", but the "Metro" prefix was removed due to negative or confusing associations with the term.

Technology and production

Buddy is a simple, functional, electric city car with a range of  depending on the season, topography and driving style. Its maximum speed is . Its length is , which allows it in some jurisdictions to be legally parked sideways.

The Buddy consists of a strong, hot galvanized steel tube frame with safety cage, but with no proper deformation zones. The body is made of thin fiberglass. Other metal parts are treated so that further rust treatment is unnecessary. The electric motor is a 72V Sepex 13 kW, a direct current motor with brushes. Well-tried technological solutions have been used for maximal reliability. The car has no servo or aids regarding steering and braking, and the response and "connection" to brakes and front wheels are vague and difficult to finesse. It also lacks safety equipment such as ABS, ESP or airbags.

The Buddy was produced with lead acid batteries which, when completely discharged, can be recharged in 6–8 hours, or rapidly charged so that one hour's charging allows the vehicle to be driven about . Charging uses an ordinary grounded outlet with a minimum circuit of 10 A. The batteries' life expectancy is 2–5 years, or about 20 000 km, depending on driving and charging habits. A complete battery set costs from , excluding value added tax.

ElBil Norge has made a development fleet of Buddy vehicles equipped with various forms of Li-ion battery technology. When the technology becomes available commercially, existing vehicles will potentially be upgradeable.

The Buddy was EU approved as a heavy quadricycle (an electric four-wheel motorcycle) by the Vehicle Certification Agency. It can be used as an ordinary vehicle without restrictions, and drivers require only an ordinary driver's license.

Two models of the Buddy were available: the standard version, and the BuddyCab with a folding roof. In 2007, production at Økern in Oslo was 5–6 vehicles a week, with a theoretical capacity of 500 vehicles annually. To meet international needs, ElBil Norge was working to establish new production facilities. The Buddy has been sold only in Norway while the company prepares for export.

As of late 2008, plans were under way for an additional factory in Portugal, with projected production of 5000 cars per year.

Sales

The Buddy ranked 29th in sales by automotive brands in Norway in 2006, ahead of Jaguar, Fiat, Smart and Porsche. While most other cars there are dark or muted colors, about 80% of Buddys are delivered in a multitude of strong, bright colours, with many using bold decorative elements such as flowers, hearts, clouds, and flames. One cloud-covered Buddy was designed to match the owner's night table lamp.

125 Buddies were sold in Norway in 2011, a market share of 6% of all electric vehicles sold in the country that year. , 1,087 units were registered in Norway, the leading market, consisting of 2 Kewet CITI VANs, 22 Kewet EL-JET (1–4)s, 50 Kewet CITI JET 5s, 379 Buddy M9 (2010–2013), and 634 Kewet Buddy Citi-Jet 6 (2005–2009).

Operations and ownership

Buddy was produced by Buddy Electric (formerly known as "Pure Mobility" and "ElBil Norge AS") which in 2003 changed its name from Kollega Bil AS. Originally established in 1992, it has been in the electric vehicle business since that time. Its managing director is Kjell Strøm. Elbil Norge AS is owned by its original founders Jan-Petter Skram and Viggo Vargum, and external investors include Hafslund Venture AS, Gezina AS (Th. Brøvig), members of the Selvaag family, Lychegaarden (Jens P. Heyerdahl) and Jan Chr G Sundt. The owners have gradually expanded the company. In 2005, the owners invested NOK 12 million to expand the Økern factory. ElBil Norge was profitable in 2004 and 2005 and has a ratio of owner equity to debt of 90%.

Technical specifications

Mass without batteries:
Lead batteries weight:
Maximum allowed weight:
Seating capacity: 3 adults
Length x Width x Height: 2440 x 1430 x 1440 mm
Wheelbase: 155 cm
Turning circle: 7.0 m
Motor: SepEx 72V DC
Power: 13 kW
Top speed:
Acceleration: 0–50 km/h in 7 s
Maximum hill-starting ability: 20%
Suspension: Front – MacPherson struts.   Rear – Independent telescopic suspension
Wheels/Tyres standard: Alloy wheels 4Jx13 //  135(145)/80R13
Brakes: Regenerative braking to enhance the driving range.
Disc brakes on all wheels with double circuit braking system. Parking brake on the rear wheels
Body: Fibreglass reinforced polyester
Safety cabin: Welded tubular steel space frame, optional hot dip galvanised
Batteries:
Maintenance-free lead acid batteries, ca 10,5 kWh available.
Under testing systems with lithium-ion battery technology, 10 or 14 kWh
Charging time: 0–100% in 6–8 hours, 30–95% in 3 hours
Range:
Lead-acid batteries , depending on road conditions, temperature and the driver
Lithium-ion batteries up to
Homologation number (Reference Approval Number): e11*2002/24*0153*03 (2002/24/EG: Type Approval for 2- and 3-wheeled motorised vehicles)

In popular culture
The Buddy appeared in the Hollywood film Downsizing (2017) starring Matt Damon. It is also driven by the main character in the Norwegian drama film 1001 Grams (2014).

See also

Electric car use by country
Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway
Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
Plug-in electric vehicle
Uniti (car)

References

External links
 Official company website
Electric car calculator (in Norwegian)
Buddy user manual (.pdf) (in Norwegian)

Production electric cars
Electric city cars
Microcars
Automotive industry in Norway
Car manufacturers of Norway
Norwegian brands
Hadsund


Iguatu is a city in Ceará, a Brazilian State, with a population of 103,074 (2020 est.). Edinaldo Lavor is the city's mayor.

History
A village of Quixelôs Indians existed at this site before the arrival of the Portuguese. In 1707 the Society of Jesus began Western settlement here. It has been classed as a city since 1874. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iguatu.

Transportation
Iguatu is served by Dr. Francisco Tomé da Frota Airport.

Notable people
Eleazar de Carvalho - Conductor and composer.
Humberto Teixeira - composer.

References

External links
Iguatu governmental site (In Portuguese)

Municipalities in Ceará


Gary C. Butler was the CEO and president of Automatic Data Processing. He held this position from August 2006 through November 2011, and had been with the company for 37 years. From 1990 to 1995, he served as Group President for ADP's Dealer Services Group; and from 1995 to 1998 he served in the same capacity for ADP's Employer Services Group. Prior to assuming his role as CEO in 2006, Butler was President and Chief Operating Officer of the company.

Work at ADP
Butler oversaw investments in new service offerings that use state-of-the-art technologies, set a path of growth that included strategic acquisitions in the U.S. and abroad, and directed the company's rapid global expansion into more than 40 countries on five continents.

Compensation

While CEO of Automatic Data Processing in 2008, Gary C. Butler earned a total compensation of $7,917,721, which included a base salary of $900,000, a cash bonus of $2,579,405, stocks granted of $1,951,688, options granted of $2,268,000, as well as $218,628 in other compensation.

Recognition

Honors given to Butler include:
 Honored with the Pace University “Leadership and Service in Technology Award” in 2011

Degrees and Professional Involvement

Butler received a bachelor of industrial engineering degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1968 and an MBA from the University of Georgia in 1970.  He served on the boards of ADP, Liberty Mutual Group, DeVry, Inc., CIT Group, Convergys Corporation and CareerBuilder. He is a past member of Business Roundtable and The Economic Club of New York.

Personal Information
Butler was the father of two children. He was the Senior Trustee of the Gary C. Butler Charitable Family Foundation. On November 6, 2011, he was arrested for domestic charges, just days prior to his supposed planned retirement announcement from ADP. On August 13, 2012 the South Carolina Solicitor's office dismissed all criminal domestic charges against him. On April 10, 2023, Butler passed away at his home in Sarasota, Florida.

References

Living people
Georgia Tech alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
ADP (company)
Terry College of Business alumni
American chief executives


Gents is a novel by Warwick Collins first published in 1997. It is set in the unlikely environment of a "Gentlemen's" toilet, somewhere in London.

The story describes the lives of three West Indian immigrants who run a public urinal in London. Collins claimed it was stimulated in part by his memories of apartheid when he lived as a child in South Africa. The New York Times reviewer wrote: "Mr. Collins is able to express, deftly, several contrasting views of homosexuality. ..., resolves to make up his own mind about alternative life styles and does precisely that, with a mixture of love and logic."

Footnotes

1990s LGBT novels
1997 British novels
Afro-Caribbean culture in London
Black British literature
Novels set in London
Novels with gay themes


Benjamin Shurendy Martha (born 28 November 1981) is a former professional footballer who plays as a forward. At international level, he has played for the Netherlands Antilles and Curaçao national teams.

Club career
Martha was born in Willemstad, Curaçao, in the former Netherlands Antilles. He began his football career 1989 in the youth team of NAC Breda and signed in summer 2002 for vv Rijsoord in Ridderkerk. He played for PVV DOTO in amateur level and signed a two-year contract with RBC Roosendaal in summer 2006. After two years who earned 71 gamed scored 20 goals left the club 2008 to sign for Quick Boys. On 24 March 2010, he left Quick Boys to sign for League rival RVVH.

International career
Martha played for the Netherlands Antilles national team earning his first cap on 6 February 2008 against Nicaragua.

Personal life
He is the brother from Eugene Martha, who played also with him on national team side.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Willemstad
Curaçao men's footballers
Dutch Antillean men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Dual men's international footballers
Curaçao men's international footballers
Netherlands Antilles men's international footballers
Eerste Divisie players
Derde Divisie players
Sekshon Pagá players
RBC Roosendaal players
Kozakken Boys players
SV Hubentut Fortuna players
RVVH players
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands


Irecê is a municipality in Bahia, Brazil.  it had a population of 73,524 people.  by road northwest of Salvador.Located in the northern region of Chapada Diamantina.  It is an agricultural town known for growing black beans and being a wine-producing region.

Notable landmarks
It is the home of the "Academia Ireceense de Letras e Artes." It was also the site the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God chose for an industrial kibbutz.

References

External links
 Official site
 Irece.org

Municipalities in Bahia


Auguste Faguet (Tours, 8/11/1826 – Paris, 21/08/1900) was a noted 19th-century French botanical illustrator, well known for his contributions to major botanical works.

Auguste Faguet produced fine botanical wood engravings to illustrate the works of Henri Ernest Baillon. For the "Dictionnaire de botanique", which appeared in 34 fascicles between 1876 and 1892, he produced 32 chromolithographed plates, published with each fascicle.

Faguet's drawings involve accurate perspective, his skill creating persuasive depth. Faguet's other work for Baillon included "Recherches organogéniques sur la fleur femelle des conifères" of 1860, 1186 woodcuts in "Traité de botanique médicale phanérogamique" 1883–1884, 370 woodcuts in "Traité de botanique médicale cryptogamique" of 1889, "Loganiacées" of 1856 and "Bignoniacées" of 1864. Henri Faguet also did illustrations for Edouard Bureau's "Monographie des bignoniacées" of 1864, Alfred Grandidier's "Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar" of 1875 and his "Histoire naturelle des plantes" that appeared between 1886 and 1903. Faguet also collaborated on a periodical, "L'Horticulteur Français", between 1851 and 1872. His excellent woodcuts were overtaken by the renewed use of metal printing plates for botanical illustrations. Thiebault  and Faguet illustrated Henri Baillon's "Histoire des plantes" (1866-1895). Faguet supplied engraved text figures for Georges Octave Dujardin-Beaumetz (1833-1895) & Egasse's "Les plantes médicinales indigènes et exotiques" of 1889, and contributed to "The Floral Register", a periodical which appeared between 1825 and 1851.

See also
 List of florilegia and botanical codices

References

 Ibidispress

External links

Botanical illustrators
Scientific illustrators
1826 births
1900 deaths
19th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French male artists


The following is a list of ecoregions in Malawi, as identified by the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).

Terrestrial ecoregions
by major habitat type

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

 Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

 Central Zambezian miombo woodlands
 Eastern miombo woodlands
 Southern miombo woodlands
 Zambezian and mopane woodlands

Montane grasslands and shrublands

 South Malawi montane forest-grassland mosaic
 Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic

Flooded grasslands and savannas

 Zambezian flooded grasslands

Freshwater ecoregions
by bioregion

Great Lakes

 Lake Malawi

Eastern and Coastal

 Lakes Chilwa and Chiuta

Zambezi

 Zambezi
 Mulanje
 Lower Zambezi

References
 Burgess, Neil, Jennifer D’Amico Hales, Emma Underwood (2004). Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.
 Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.

Malawi
Ecoregions


Jawa Pos ( 'Java Post') is an Indonesian national daily newspaper based in Surabaya, East Java. Jawa Pos was launched by Suseno Tedjo or The Chung Shen on July 1, 1949. The parent company, "Jawa Pos Group", is owned by Indonesian media tycoon Dahlan Iskan.

The newspaper's motto is  (There's always something new!).

Overview
It is one of Indonesia's oldest newspapers.

In 1982, when its circulation had declined to under 10,000 copies, the newspaper almost went bankrupt and its ownership changed to PT Grafiti Pers, the publisher of Tempo. After the acquisition, the circulation of Jawa Pos increased and by the 1990s, circulation reached 350,000 copies. During that time, Jawa Pos was one of the largest-selling newspapers in Indonesia.

Jawa Pos set many records in the Indonesian newspaper industry, such as being the first to use computerized systems in 1984, the first to be published in full color in 1986, the first newspaper to use remote printing technology in 1988, the first newspaper to be published almost every day annually in 1992, and the first to invest in online technology in 1994. Jawa Pos was the first newspaper in Indonesia to apply the international width standard in 1998, to have a daily section for youth (2000), and to use computer to plate technology (2006).

With 842,000 average daily circulation (2017), data by Nielsen Consumer & Media View (CMV), Jawa Pos is the most popular newspaper in Indonesia.

History

Early years (1949-1982)
Jawa Pos was founded by The Chung Shen, or Suseno Tedjo, on July 1, 1949, under the name Djava-Post. At the time, The Chung Shen was a movie ads employee in a cinema in Surabaya. Because every day he had to advertise the movies in newspapers, he was interested in creating his own newspaper. After the success of the Djava-Post, The Chung Shen then created two other newspapers, the Chinese-language Hwa Chiao Sien Wen and Dutch-language de Vrije Pers.

30 years later, The Chung Shen's newspaper business was not worked as well. In the late 1970s, the Jawa Pos turnover was decline sharply. In 1982, the circulation was just 6,800. His two other paper had already been folded. When he was 80 years old, The Chung Shen decided to sell Jawa Pos. He was no longer able to take care of the company, and his three children lived in London.

Takeover and rising (1982-present)
In 1982, Eric F.H. Samola, who at the time was a director of PT Grafiti Pers (the publisher of Tempo) took over Jawa Pos.  With the new management, Eric appointed Dahlan Iskan, who had been head of bureau of Tempo in Surabaya, to lead the paper. After the acquisition, the circulation of Jawa Pos increased and by the 1990s, circulation reached 350,000 copies. During that time, Jawa Pos was one of the largest-selling newspapers in Indonesia.

In 1987, Jawa Pos formed the Jawa Pos News Network (JPNN), one of the largest newspaper chains in Indonesia, which has more than 80 newspapers, tabloids, and magazines, as well as 40 printing network throughout the country. In 1997, Jawa Pos moved to a new 21-storey building, Graha Pena, which become one of the skyscrapers in Surabaya. In 2002, the Graha Pena building in Jakarta was built, and now there is a Graha Pena building in almost all regions in Indonesia.

Starting August 23, 2020 edition, the Sunday edition of Jawa Pos changed its format from seven-column broadsheet to tabloid.

Awards
On October 12, 2011, the newspaper was given the 2011 World Young Readers Newspaper Award by WAN-IFRA association. Jawa Pos also won the top prize for enduring excellence.

References

External links
Jawa Pos's Grahapena Data Center
Jawa Pos official site
Jawa Pos's surabaya

Newspapers published in Surabaya
1949 establishments in Indonesia
Companies based in Surabaya
Mass media companies of Indonesia


The Faculty of Science is a constituent body of the University of Sydney, Australia. It was established in 1882.

In 2019 the faculty had a total student enrolment of 13,468 (21.2% of all students), thus making it the university's largest faculties and schools.

At the undergraduate level, the faculty offers the degrees of Bachelor of Science (also in two additional streams: Advanced; Advanced Mathematics), Bachelor of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Bachelor of Psychology, and Bachelor of Medical Science.

As of 2018, the Dean of the faculty is Professor Iain Young.

History
Teaching of science at the university began in 1852 (university was established in 1850), however the first professors were based within the Faculty of Arts. The Faculty of Science itself was established in 1882.

The first professor of mathematics and natural philosophy was Morris Pell, who was appointed in 1852.

Organisation

The faculty is divided into 8 schools.

Schools
 School of Chemistry
 School of Geosciences
 School of History and Philosophy of Science
 School of Life and Environmental Sciences
 School of Mathematics and Statistics
 School of Physics
 School of Psychology
 School of Veterinary Science

Institutes
 The University of Sydney Institute of Agriculture, previously known as the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment.
 The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), previously known as the Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology (AINST).

References

External links
 University of Sydney Faculty of Science

Educational institutions established in 1882
Science, Faculty of
1882 establishments in Australia


The 9th Louisiana Cavalry Regiment, also known as Ogden's Cavalry, was a Confederate unit in the American Civil War. The unit was commanded by Colonel Frederick Nash Ogden. Although the unit was called a cavalry regiment, it was more properly classified as a mounted infantry unit.

History

The regiment was organized in January 1865 in Mississippi, under the command of Colonel Ogden. Colonel Ogden was a veteran of the Siege of Vicksburg. During that battle, then-Major Ogden had served in the 8th Louisiana Heavy Artillery Battalion from March 29-July 3, 1863.

When this new cavalry unit was formed, Ogden received under his command three or four companies from Gober's Regiment of Mounted Infantry, three companies formerly with the 14th Confederate Cavalry Regiment, one company from his own temporary battalion, and two recently organized companies. Because of their familiarity with the countryside these two new companies, G and H, and possibly one or more of the others, operated along the lower Amite River and near the Mississippi River south of Baton Rouge, Louisiana until about April, 1865. The other companies participated in the marches and engagements of Colonel John Scott's cavalry brigade in northern and central Mississippi. In April 1865, the companies all united near Meridian, Mississippi. The unit surrendered on May 4, 1865 at Citronelle, Alabama. Most of its troops were paroled on May 12, 1865 at Gainesville, Alabama.

Companies

See also
Louisiana Civil War Confederate Units
Lists of American Civil War Regiments by State

References

Units and formations of the Confederate States Army from Louisiana
1865 establishments in Louisiana


{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= U.S. Navy Supply Corps
|image=US Navy Supply Corps Oak Leaf.jpg
|caption=Supply Corps "Oakleaf" insignia
|dates= 23 February 1795 – present
|country= United States of America
|allegiance=  U.S.
|branch= U.S. Navy (Active & Reserve Component)
|type= Staff Corps
|role= Sustain U.S. Navy and U.S. Military Operations worldwide
|size= ~2200 Supply Officers (May 2018)
|command_structure= Naval Supply Systems Command
|garrison=
|garrison_label=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|nickname= Suppo, Chop'’
|patron=
|motto= "Ready for Sea""Ready, Resourceful, Responsive"
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles= Every U.S. engagement since the 1798 Quasi-War
|anniversaries= 23 February
|decorations=
|battle_honours=

|current_commander= RADM Peter Stamatopoulos, SC, USNChief of Supply Corps
|current_commander_label=
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|colonel_of_the_regiment_label=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
}}

The Navy Supply Corps is the United States Navy staff corps concerned with supply, logistics, combat support, readiness, contracting, and fiscal matters.

Duties
Commissioned officers in the Supply Corps practice a variety of disciplines, including supply management, expeditionary logistics, inventory control, disbursement, financial management, contracting, information systems, operations analysis, material and operational logistics, fuels management, food service, and physical distribution.

Supply Corps officers are widely distributed throughout the Navy and Department of Defense; they are typically billeted to an operational command (sub, ship, EODMU, Seal Team, NMCB/ACB, etc) or shore activity's supply department, or to a supply unit or command, such as Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Groups (NAVELSG), Fleet Logistics Centers (FLCs) or Navy Special Warfare (SPECWAR) Logistics Groups which support the United States Navy SEALs.

Ratings that compose the U.S. Navy enlisted Supply community are:

 Logistics Specialist (LS) – assist in managing inventories and ordering of parts and supplies, financial management, contracting, and mail
 Culinary Specialist (CS) – manage and execute all food-service operations
 Retail Services Specialist (RS) – assist in managing shipboard retail and service activities
 Personnel specialist (PS) - manage disbursing and pay

History

Pursers

The Supply Corps emerged from the traditions of ashore naval logistics and the shipboard position of Purser, which had been in use with the Royal Navy since the 14th Century.  The ship's Purser was primarily responsible for the handling of money and the procurement and keeping of stores and supplies.

The Supply Corps considers as its birthday 23 February 1795, when the nation's first Purveyor of Public Supplies, Tench Francis Jr., was appointed by President George Washington.

American Pursers served with distinction from the earliest days; Samuel Hambleton was a purser serving on Oliver Hazard Perry's flagship, the USS Lawrence, during the Battle of Lake Erie, when he volunteered to work a gun and aided in the Americans' eventual victory. Hambleton was severely wounded by a cannonball that fell onto him from the rigging of the ship.

Unlike their line counterparts, pursers originally did not hold rank. An 1854 Act of Congress legalized the relative rank conferred upon pursers by General Order of 27 May 1847. Pursers with more than twelve years' service ranked with commanders and those with less than twelve years ranked with lieutenants.

Pay Corps
In 1860, the name of the position of Purser was changed to "Paymaster". Ashore naval logistics, which had been the purview of civilians, were transferred to Paymasters throughout the 1860s.

Supply Corps
By Act of 11 July 1919 the designation of the Pay Corps was changed to Supply Corps.

Recent developments have mirrored those in the private sector logistics, with an increasing scientific and quantitative emphasis and reliance on networked computing power.

Traditions

The Oakleaf

Originally, staff officers were distinguished from line officers only by the details of their uniforms, such as number of buttons on lapels, cuffs and pockets, epaulets, color, cut of coat, or amount of gold lace.

Uniform regulations issued 1 May 1830 specified that a Purser should have, in addition to the live oak leaf and acorn (which appeared on the collars of all officers in varying abundance) a cornucopia embroidered on the collar of his full dress coat. In 1841 the distinguishing mark on the Purser's collar was changed to a 4" row of gold embroidered oak leaves and acorns.

A modification of the uniform regulations, dated 27 May 1847, provided gold epaulets for the Purser on which was a solid crescent with the Old English letters "P.D." in silver within the crescent. In September 1852 the letters "P.D." were abolished.

By General Order of 23 August 1856, Pursers were required to wear the uniform of their relative rank with the exception of the lace on the pantaloons; their corps device on epaulets, shoulder straps and cap remaining the same. As late as 1862 uniform regulations did not distinguish among the different staff corps.  In January 1864 the various corps were again assigned distinguishing marks, with the Pay Corps insignia being a silver oak sprig worn on the shoulder straps and in the wreath of the cap.

In regulations of 1905, while the insignia of the Pay Corps remained "a silver oak sprig", the pattern was a little different. Instead of the three leaves and two acorns standing out separately from the stem as heretofore, the three leaves and three acorns (one acorn having been added) were brought together at the stem of the sprig inscribed in a rectangle.

The last significant change to the Supply Corps insignia came in 1919; the leaf retained its shape, but was to be embroidered in gold instead of silver.

Ready for Sea

The official motto of the Supply Corps is "Ready for Sea" – reflecting the Supply Corps' longstanding role in sustaining warfighting.  This motto derives from the traditional report from each Department Head of a ship to the Captain prior to an underway: the traditional form is "Good Morning, Captain, The Supply Department is ready for sea in all respects."''

Pork Chop
Supply Corps officers are often called "Pork Chop" within the wardroom, a reference to the Supply Corps oak leaf insignia's superficial resemblance to a pork chop.
Supply Corps officers assigned to submarine duty are known simply as "Chop" for the same reason.  Supply Corps officers are sometimes colloquially called "SuppO," although this term is technically reserved for the Department Head, who is nearly always the senior Supply Corps officer at a command.  On small ships where two Supply Corps officers are posted, the junior officer ("ASuppO) is often called "Lamb Chop".

Career progression

New Supply Corps junior officers attend the Navy Supply Corps School (NSCS) in Newport, Rhode Island.

Current Navy policy dictates that Supply Officers complete two operational tours and obtain a warfare pin for consideration for Lieutenant Commander (O-4) boards.

Supply Corps officers are eligible for command of supply units (e.g. a Supply Corps officer is always in command of Naval Cargo Handling Battalions).  In addition to shipboard billets, Supply Corps officers also serve in forward deployed land-based units (e.g. with Construction Battalions working alongside Civil Engineer Corps officers and with the Marine Corps).

Three stars (Vice-Admiral) is the highest rank a Supply Corps officer can attain. Twenty Supply Corps Officers have advanced to that rank: William J. Carter, E. G. Morsell, Edwin Dorsey Foster, Charles W. Fox, Murrey L. Royar, A. A. Antrim, Stephen R. Edson, Robert F. Batchelder, Joseph M. Lyle, Kenneth R. Wheeler, George E. Moore II, Vincent A. Lascara, Eugene A. Grinstead, Edward "Fast Eddie" M. Straw, Keith W. Lippert, Justin D. McCarthy, Alan S. Thompson, Mark Harnitchek, William "Andy" Brown, and Michelle C. Skubic.

Notable Supply Corps servicemembers
 John Bello – founder and CEO SoBe Beverages; President, National Football League Properties 1986–93
 Norman Cahners – business publisher and inventor of the four-way pallet
 Eddie Carlson; CEO, United Airlines
 John Whitehead; Chairman, Goldman Sachs
 Benjamin Edwards – President, Chairman, CEO, A.G. Edwards, Inc.
 Roger Enrico – CEO, PepsiCo
 A.G. Lafley – CEO, Procter & Gamble
 Bruce Laingen – U.S. Ambassador to Malta
 Melvin R. Laird – Secretary of Defense, 1969–1973
 Leonard Lauder – CEO, Estée Lauder
 Bill Marriott – CEO, Marriott Hotels
 James J. Mulva; former Chairman, President, CEO of ConocoPhillips
 Regis Philbin – television personality
John N. Raudabaugh - Member, U.S. National Labor Relations Board, 1990-1993
 Roger Staubach – NFL quarterback

See also
 Purser
 Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP)
 Navy Supply Corps School
 Surface Warfare Supply Corps Officer (SWSCO) pin
 Naval Aviation Supply Officer (NASO) pin
 Submarine Supply Officer pin
 Navy Expeditionary Supply Corps Officer (NESCO) pin
 Seabee Combat Warfare Officer pin
 Navy Cargo Handling Battalion (NCHB)
 Military logistics

References

External links
 Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP) official website
 Navy Supply Corps Foundation

Supply
Military logistics units and formations of the United States Navy


Swampland in Florida is a figure of speech referring to real estate scams in which a seller misrepresents unusable swampland as developable property. These types of unseen property scams became widely known in the United States in the 20th century, and the phrase is often used metaphorically for any scam that misrepresents what is being sold. Expressions like "If you believe that, then I have swampland in Florida to sell you", suggests the recipient is gullible enough to fall for an obvious fraud. Similar phrases involve "selling" the Brooklyn Bridge or nonexistent "oceanfront property in Arizona".

Etymology
The phrase originates from the common land banking scams of the 1920s, when booming "land mania" preceded the Great Depression. One of the original sellers of swampland was Charles Ponzi.

Similar terms came from the early 20th century where con-men would sell landmarks to which no one owns the title such as the Brooklyn Bridge to newly arrived immigrants in the United States. The phrase about gullibility referring to those events said, "if you believe that, I've got a bridge to sell you." Those evolved in the 1960s and 1970s to include fraudulent sales of near-worthless swampland real estate in Florida.

Though the term originates in the United States, it is now also understood and used in other English-speaking countries.

Grant Oster points out that the practice of the unseen property scam predates the existence of the United States. He points to Erik the Red's sale of colonization of Greenland, circa 982, as an example.

Actual value of swampland
The common usage of this term implies that swampland is worthless.  Without development or some ability to develop it, it is not valuable for real estate purposes. There have been cases that swampland was purchased and turned into very valuable property, notably for the creation of Walt Disney World and also to some extent including many developed lands in Florida. Sometimes that is done by businesses to meet a development permit requirement to preserve some Florida land in order to build on other Florida land.

Unseen property sale scams

Florida swampland scams
One of the earliest swampland scams in Florida was Poinciana, a development in the Everglades that sold nearly 9,000 lots in 1925 and 1926 despite almost all of the property being mangroves and a "Shangri-La for crustaceans and mosquitoes". Advertisements for the development made many false claims about the property. The project was shut down after the development headquarters were destroyed in a hurricane.

In the 1960s and 1970s, scammers used nationwide advertising to lure victims to buy Florida real estate without visiting the properties first. This technique was used notably by the Gulf American Land Corporation in the communities of Cape Coral and Golden Gate Estates, Florida (for which they were found guilty of fraud by the Florida Land Sales Board). It was a form of confidence trick.  The new owners came to find their land was underwater in a swamp or in some other way impossible to build upon. As the scam became widely known, California and New York legislators acted in 1963 to restrict this false advertising. Florida also enacted the Installment Land Sales Act that year in an effort to restore its reputation.

Swampland scams still occur in Florida. The Internet has brought about a resurgence via online auctions of Florida real estate.  Scammers circumvent commercial registration requirements by making one-on-one sales.  Over great distances some buyers can be convinced to pay before verifying claims.  It usually involves unbuildable swampland misrepresented as buildable to fraudulently inflate the sale price.

Swampland in Arizona
A similar phrase, which replaces the Florida with Arizona, is also used for the same reasons. As Arizona is well known to have an arid climate, it is assumed that wetlands in that state are non-existent (though several exist within the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forests). The implication is that the target of the insult is not only more gullible than someone who would buy swampland in Florida, but also ignorant. Another variation of the phrase is "oceanfront property in Arizona", of which none exists because Arizona is a landlocked state. Country songwriter George Strait released an album Ocean Front Property with this variation as its title.

Desert land scams
Recent land sale scams have been sale of inaccessible desert land in Arizona and west Texas. The lots are sold over the Internet, and are desert properties with no access to water, no sewer service, and in many cases, are not accessible by road.

See also
 Economic bubble
 Florida land boom of the 1920s
 Real estate bubble
 Real estate economics
 Land banking scams
 Picayune Strand State Forest
 Glengarry Glen Ross, a 1983 Pulitzer Prize-winning play by David Mamet about unscrupulous salesmen attempting to sell the titular plots of unbuildable Florida swampland to unsuspecting clients. Later adapted into an Academy Award-nominated film of the same name.

References

External links
 Florida Law Chapter 498: Land Sales Practices
 "Beyond Disney World: Florida's swamp land is something to be truly admired and explored" at Poste Restante online travel magazine (via Internet Archive)
 Florida Land Scams (archive) – land scams in Polk County, Florida

English-language slang
English phrases
Deception
Fraud in the United States
Symbols of Florida
Swamps of Florida
Real estate in the United States
Confidence tricks


KMW may refer to:

 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, a German heavy equipment manufacturing company
 Klosterneuburger Mostwaage, a scale for must weight in winemaking primarily used in Austria, and originally the name of a piece of equipment for doing the actual measurement
 Karlstads Mekaniska Werkstad (Kamewa) (1860-1986), a former Swedish machinery company, now part of Rolls-Royce
 KMW, IATA code for Kostroma Airport in Russia