Saavira Kambada Temple () or Tribhuvana Tilaka Cūḍāmaṇi), is a basadi or Jain temple noted for its 1000 pillars in Moodabidri, Karnataka, India. The temple is also known as "Chandranatha Temple" since it honours the tirthankara Chandraprabha, whose eight-foot idol is worshipped in the shrine.

The town of Moodabidri is noted for its 18 Jain temples, but Saavira Kambada Temple is considered the finest among them. The temple is considered an architectural wonder and is a major attraction of Moodabidri.

History
The Basadi was built by the local chieftain, Devaraya Wodeyar in 1430 and took 31 years to complete, additions to temples were made in 1962. The shrine has a 50 feet tall monolith manasthambha erected by Karkala Bhairava Queen Nagala Devi.

Architecture

The temple is considered an architectural wonder. The temple is full of elaborate sculptures and decoration. The doorway of the temple has intricate carvings and is enclosed with ornate walls. The massive pillars of the temple are carved to resemble an octagonal wooden log with one baring inscription. The 1000 pillars with exquisite detail, support the temple and no two pillars are alike. The sloping roof of veranda are made of wood coated with copper tiles resembling the temples of Nepal. The temple complex has seven mandapas supported by beautifully carved pillars built in the Vijayanagara style. The main mandapa of the temple consists of two interconnected column halls. The fourth mandapa houses a sculpture of Bhairavadevi. The top two storeys are carved in wood and the lowest one in stone.

The hall interiors are massive, with elaborately decorated columns and a door flanked by two protector deities. The wooden panels inside the temples have carvings of Tirthankara flanked by elephants, guardian deities and female attendants holding flowers. Several bronze Jain idols in ornated frames are placed inside the garbhagriha. The 8 ft idol of Chandranatha Swami made of panchadhatu present in the garbha griha. The temple are built similar to temples in Nepal. The interiors of the temple are richly and variedly carved. A large number of tombs of Jain monks are present near the temple premise. The manastambha in front of the temple is noteworthy. The pillars inside the hall bear carvings of dragon and giraffe resulting from the influence of trade with China in 15th century. The image of Nandishwar-dweep dated 16th century is notable.

Saavira Kambada Basadi along with Shravanabelagola, Kamal Basadi and Brahma Jinalaya are considerest the most important Jain centers in Karnataka.

Other Jain Temples in Moodabidri

Guru Basadi

Guru basadi is the earliest of the Jain monuments built in 714 AD. A black stone idol of Parshwanatha, about  tall, is installed in the sanctum of this basadi. The temples also house 12th-century Jain palm leaf manuscripts known as ‘Dhavala texts’ are preserved. These texts were brought from shravanabelagola to here during the Mughal invasion. This basadi is also called Siddantha Basadi and Hale Basadi.

Other
Moodabidri is noted for its 18 Jain Temples mentioned as follows:
 Bagada Basadi
 Settara Basadi
 Hire Basadi
 Guru Basadi
 Leppada Basadi
 Kallu Basadi
 Batkana-Thikari Basadi
 Pathshala Basadi
 Padu Basadi
 Kere Basadi
 Hosa Basadi
 Bitkeri Basadi
 Vikram Shetty Basadi
 Mahadeva Shetty Basadi
 Chola Shetty Basadi
 Koti Shetty Basadi
 Derma Shetty Basadi
 Ammanavara Basadi

Moodabidri Jain Math
There is a matha at Moodabidri responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of temples in Moodabidri. It is known as the Jain Varanasi of the South.

Bhaṭṭāraka Charukeerthi
A bhaṭṭāraka seat exists at Moodabidri responsible for administering the 18 temples at Moodabidri and the other temples in the surrounding areas. The name given to the bhaṭṭāraka of Moodabidri is Charukeerthi.

In popular culture
The temple is listed as one of the temples in the Fodor's "India's Jain Temples Are Incredible Architectural Marvels" series.

Gallery

See also

Chaturmukha Basadi
Jain Bunt
Jainism in Karnataka

References

Citation

Sources

Books

Web

External links

Jain temples in Karnataka
15th-century Jain temples


Chéry-lès-Pouilly is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chéry-lès-Rozoy (, literally Chéry near Rozoy) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chevennes () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chevregny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette flows westward through the commune.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chevresis-Monceau () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chézy-en-Orxois () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chézy-sur-Marne (, literally Chézy on Marne) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

2009 flood
The town was hit by a flash flood and mudslide on 14 June 2009 after a violent localised storm.  Cars were floated downstream, cellars and ground-floor rooms in low-lying houses were flooded. Adjacent localities were also affected.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department
Académie Charles Cros

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chierry () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Corridor V may refer to:
Corridor V (Appalachian Development Highway System)
Corridor V (Pan-European corridor)


Chivres-en-Laonnois is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chivres-Val () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chivy-lès-Étouvelles (, literally Chivy near Étouvelles) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chouy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cierges () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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 Communes of the Aisne department

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Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Claygate Pearmain is an apple cultivar. It was found at Claygate, Surrey in England and brought to the attention of the Royal Horticultural Society by John Braddick in 1821. The apple was a popular eating apple in Victorian times and spread through England and to America.

The apple was found by John Braddick, growing in a hedge at Claygate. Braddick also discovered the 'Braddick Nonpareil' at around the same time and place.

This medium-sized apple is brown-russeted with a crimson patch on the sun-facing side. There is pink-silver tinge to the russet scale. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, and sugary, partaking of the flavour of the Ribston Pippin. It comes into use in November, and will continue till March. Being both disease and scab resistant.

Claygate Pearmain is self-sterile and requires a pollinator to produce a crop but is a heavy bearer that should be harvested late in the season.

Botanical name - Malus domestica "Claygate Pearmain"

See also
 Pearmain

References

 Claygate Parish Council Claygate Heritage Trail (leaflet)

External links
 Description from Albemarle Cider Works, Virginia USA

Apple cultivars
British apples
History of Surrey


Ciry-Salsogne is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Clacy-et-Thierret () is a commune in the Aisne department, Hauts-de-France, northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


"The Stars That Play with Laughing Sam's Dice", also known as "STP with LSD", is a song by rock band the Jimi Hendrix Experience. It was released in 1967 as the B-side to their fourth single "Burning of the Midnight Lamp". Written by vocalist and guitarist Jimi Hendrix, the song was later included on the UK edition of the compilation album Smash Hits (1968) and the posthumous Loose Ends (1974) and South Saturn Delta  (1997) compilations.

Recording
Demos for "The Stars That Play..." were first recorded by the Experience at Houston Studios in Los Angeles, California, between June 28 and 30, 1967. Later in New York City, the basic track was recorded on July 19, with additional overdubs and mixing on July 29. The track includes a largely unidentified group of people referred to as "the Milky Way Express" providing backing vocals, whistles and other sounds, which may include musician Frank Zappa. The song was also the first recording released by Hendrix to feature his subsequently characteristic wah-wah sound.

Background and release
According to biographers Harry Shapiro and Ceasr Glebbeek, "...Laughing Sam's Dice" was "hardly commented upon at the time [of the release of "The Burning of the Midnight Lamp" single]dismissed as a good-time joke with lots of guitar to fill up the B-side." Due to its title, it has been suggested in later years that the song is a reference to (and possibly even influenced by) the hallucinogenics STP ("Stars That Play") and LSD ("Laughing Sam's Dice"), which were associated with psychedelic music. Further on the background of the song, the following has been proposed:

"The Stars..." has also been compared to "Spanish Castle Magic" and "Have You Ever Been (To Electric Ladyland)", as a song which embodies a "magical mystery tour spirit." The song was originally released as the B-side to the "Burning of the Midnight Lamp" single in the UK and some areas of Europe on August 19, 1967 and reached number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was later included on the international (non-North America) edition of the  Smash Hits compilation released in April 1968, and posthumously on the 1974 Loose Ends and 1997 South Saturn Delta albums, and the 2000 The Jimi Hendrix Experience box set.

References

Sources

Stars That Play with Laughing Sam's Dice, The
Stars That Play with Laughing Sam's Dice, The
Stars That Play with Laughing Sam's Dice, The
Song recordings produced by Chas Chandler


Clairfontaine () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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References

Communes of Aisne
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Clastres () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Clermont-les-Fermes () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cœuvres-et-Valsery () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. The town is in the Arrondissement of Soissons.

History
The commune of Cœuvres was created during the French Revolution. On 29 May 1830 it was abolished by ordinance and merged with the adjoining commune of Valsery. The new entity takes the name of Cœuvres-et-Valsery.

Until its merger with Valsery in 1845, the town was part of the canton of Vic-sur-Aisne in the department of Aisne. It also belonged to the district of Soissons since 1801 and the district of Soissons between 1790 and 1795.

Valsery Abbey (Abbaye Notre-Dame de Valsery) was a Premonstratensian monastery of the Diocese of Soissons, that used to be in the town.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Coingt is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The 157th New York Infantry Regiment was a regiment of infantry organized in New York state during the American Civil War.

On August 13, 1862, Colonel Philip P. Brown Jr. was authorized to recruit this regiment in the then 23d Senatorial District of the State. It was organized at Hamilton, convening in the service of the United States for three years from September 19, 1862. On June 22, 1865, the men not to be Muster (military) with the regiment were transferred to the 54th New York Volunteer Infantry.

Organization

The companies were recruited principally:
A at Hamilton, Madison, Sherburne and Georgetown;
B at Oneida;
C at Hamilton, Cincinnatus, Marathon, Cuyler, Taylor, Willet, Solon, Freetown and Pitcher;
D at Scott, Preble and Homer;
E at Cortland, Virgil, Harford and Cortlandville;
F at Smyrna, Smithfield, Lebanon, Georgetown, Hamilton, Eaton and Madison;
G at Canastota, Lennox, Clockville, Wampsville, Oneida and Hamilton;
H at Homer, Truxton and Cortlandville;
I at Sullivan, Smithfield and Hamilton;
K at Cortlandville, Marathon, Harford, Freetown and Virgil.

Service Dates
The regiment left the State September 25, 1862.

Service dates are as follows:
From October, 1862 - 1st Brigade, 3d Division, 11th Corps
From July 13, 1863 - 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 11th Corps
From August, 1863 -  2nd Brigade, Gordon's Division, 10th Corps, on Folly and Morris Islands, South Carolina,
From January, 1864 - in Schimmelfenning's Division, 10th Corps
From February, 1864 - 1st Brigade, Ames' Division, 10th Corps, then in the District of Florida
From June 15, 1864 - at Beaufort, South Carolina
From September 5, 1864 - on Morris Island, South Carolina
From October 22 to November 28, 1864 - at Fort Pulaski, Georgia
From November 1864 - 1st, Potter's, Brigade, Coast Division, Department of the Gulf
From February 1865 - at Georgetown, South Carolina
July 10, 1865 - Commanded by Col. James C. Carmichael, it was honorably discharged and mustered out at Charleston, South Carolina.

Legacy
During the American Civil War the 157th participated in the Mud March, the Battle of Chancellorsville, and the Battle of Gettysburg.  On the first day at Gettysburg they suffered in heavy fighting north of the town.  On the second day they were a reserve regiment rushed to the aid of the 137th New York holding the right flank on Culp's Hill.

They guarded the "Immortal 600" Confederate officers at Fort Pulaski, Georgia.  This was a special group of prisoners that were there for the "purpose of retaliation".  Col. Brown and his men, though, treated the prisoners better than their orders specified and this led to an official reprimand for Col. Brown, much to the Confederates' dismay.

Roster

Casualties

Killed in action, 5 officers, 50 enlisted men;
Died of wounds received in action, 2 Officers, 40 enlisted men;
Died of disease and other causes, 2 officers, 104 enlisted men;
Total, 9 officers, 194 enlisted men;
Aggregate, 203; of whom 1 officer, 4 enlisted men, died in the hands of the enemy

See also
List of New York Civil War regiments

References

External links

Military units and formations in New York (state)
Infantry 157
1862 establishments in New York (state)
Military units and formations established in 1862
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865


Colligis-Crandelain is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette flows west through the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Colonfay () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne


Zeid Bin Mutlaq Al-Ja'ba Al-Dewish Al-Mutairi (died 2004) was the co-founder and first president of Al-Nassr Football (soccer) Club in Saudi Arabia. Zeid along with his brother Hussain established in 1955, Al-Nassr Club which went on to be one of the most famous clubs in the Middle East. He became Al-Nassr president at the start in 1955 for one year until 1956. Zeid Al-Ja'ba died in 2004.

References
kooora.com
goalzz.com

Year of birth missing
2004 deaths
Al Nassr FC


Commenchon () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Eija Koskivaara (born 7 May 1965) is a Finnish orienteering competitor and World champion. She won a gold medal at the 1995 World Orienteering Championships in Detmold with the Finnish relay team. She received a silver medal with the relay team in 1993 (West Point), and a bronze medal in 1989 (Skaraborg). She received an individual bronze medal at the 1993 World Championships (Short distance) and a silver medal at the 1995 World Championships (Classic distance).

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Foot orienteers
World Orienteering Championships medalists


Concevreux () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Condé-sur-Aisne () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Lower Saxon State Museum Hanover (, or simply ) is the state museum of Lower Saxony in Hanover, Germany. Situated adjacent to the  New Town Hall, the museum comprises the state gallery (), featuring paintings and sculptures from the Middle Ages to the 20th century, and departments of archaeology, natural history and ethnology. The museum includes a vivarium with fish, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods.

History

Originally the Museum of Art and Science () inaugurated in 1856 in the presence of George V of Hanover based in the present-day Hanover Arthouse (), it was later renamed Museum of the Province of Hanover, or simply Provincial Museum. The museum soon ran out of space for its art collections, prompting the construction of the current building, designed by Hubert Stier in a Neo-Renaissance style, on the edge of the Maschpark in 1902. The building's relief frieze, titled "Key Moments in the Evolution of Humanity" (), was created by the Hanoverian artist Georg Herting in partnership with Karl Gundelach and Georg Küsthardt. It was renamed the State Museum in 1933, and finally the Lower Saxon State Museum of Hanover in 1950.

The museum building suffered extensive damage from aerial bombings of Hanover during World War II. During the air raid on Hanover on the night beginning 8 October 1943, the cupola above the central risalit was destroyed and the second floor burnt out. However, most of the museum contents had been evacuated by then and were spared destruction. After the war ended in 1945, the museum reopened with an exhibition in the orangery of the Herrenhausen Gardens, and starting in 1947 with small exhibitions in smaller museum buildings. While renovations of the main museum building continued into the 1960s, permanent exhibitions began to reopen between 1950 and 1956.

Extensive renovations and modernisations were carried out in the interior from 1995 to 2000, reopening on 13 May 2000 as part of Expo 2000.

Collections

State gallery

The state gallery features art from the 11th to the 20th centuries.  The collection includes German and Italian works from the Renaissance and the Baroque, 17th-century Flemish and Dutch paintings, Danish paintings from the 19th and 20th centuries (such as by Constantin Hansen), and a print room featuring old German masters, Dutch drawings, 19th-century print works, and drawings by German impressionists.  Some of the best-known artists include Rembrandt, Rubens and Albrecht Dürer.

The gallery's other strengths include German and French Impressionist paintings, works by Max Liebermann, Lovis Corinth and Max Slevogt, and major works from members of the  group, such as Bernhard Hoetger, Fritz Overbeck, Otto Modersohn and Paula Modersohn-Becker.  Caspar David Friedrich's four-piece  (Times of Day) is the only complete such series by Friedrich in a single museum.

Natural history

The natural history department features a life-sized model of a dinosaur, and a vivarium with more than 2,000 native and exotic fish, amphibians and reptiles.  The model dinosaur, an iguanodon, is not an accurate reconstruction by the standards of modern palaeontology, but has been integrated into an exhibition which shows the changing reconstructions of this species over time.  The department also has zoological, botanical, anthropological, geographical and geological exhibits on the primeval history of Lower Saxony's regions, including the Harz mountains, the heathlands, and the North Sea coast.

Archaeology

The museum has a major archaeological collection, containing some unique finds.  With over a million artifacts showing the economic and technological development of human settlement, the display covers almost 500,000 years of history, spanning the early Stone Age to the late Middle Ages, from the early hunter-gatherer cultures to the blossoming of metropolitan life.  The archaeology department is supported by the Lower Saxon State Society of Prehistory (), and its working group .

Ethnology

The ethnological collection is among the oldest in the German-speaking area of Europe (), and includes around 20,000 artworks and everyday artefacts from all parts of the world.  A wide range of religions and cultures in America, Africa, Oceania and Asia is displayed through the findings of explorers and ethnologists.

Special exhibitions and facilities

The museum regularly hosts temporary exhibitions on changing themes, and its pest control facility (a nitrogen chamber) suitable for artworks and artefacts is available for use by the public.

Further reading
 Heide Grape-Albers (editor): Das Niedersächsische Landesmuseum Hannover 2002. 150 Jahre Museum in Hannover – 100 Jahre Gebäude am Maschpark. Festschrift commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Maschpark building. Lower Saxony State Museum, Hanover, 2002. .
 Frühes Gold. Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Goldfunde aus Niedersachsen. Lower Saxony State Museum, Isensee, Oldenburg, 2003. .

References

External links

Museums in Hanover
Art museums and galleries in Germany
History of Lower Saxony
Culture of Lower Saxony
Museums established in 1856
Natural history museums in Germany
Archaeological museums in Germany
Ethnographic museums in Germany
1856 establishments in the Kingdom of Hanover


Sherdi  is a village in Saurashtra region of Gujarat state in India. It is located in Manavadar Taluka of Junagadh district.

Local Governance

Sherdi Gram Panchayat is the local village council and a sarpanch serves as the head of the council, each council serves for five years. Although the village is very politically active on state and national elections, the panchayat is selected with mutual discussions and local elections are very rare.

Economy and Employment

Sherdi was entirely dependent on subsistence farming before independence of India and on commercial farming until late 60s. Agriculture is still a major employer and a major source of household income as the village greatly benefited from India's green revolution and white revolution. India's education reforms also played a vital part in the last thirty years and now many people from Sherdi are employed in services and industries all over the world. Sherdi Seva Sahkari Mandli is the village cooperative society and also operates as rations distribution centre for subsidised foods and kerosene. The society also supplies fertilizers and lends agricultural loans to its members. There are several vendors and local shops in the village selling vegetables, groceries and refreshments.

Education
Sherdi has a kindergarten and a primary school teaching grade 1 to 8. Grade 8 was granted to the primary school in 2010 with additional staff and two new classrooms.

Transportation

Sherdi is connected by asphalt road to Manavadar, Bantwa and Sardargadh and by gravel road to nearby villages of Indra and Limbuda. Sherdi is also connected by dirt roads to Jilana and Zinzri, these routes are not accessible by motorised vehicles when flooded during monsoon. Public transport network serving the village is non-existent apart from seasonal bus routes connecting to nearby cities of Manavadar, Bantwa and Dhoraji. Motorcycles are used for private transportation with the majority of households owning motorcycles. Three-wheeled Chhakdo rickshaws are also widely used to transport people and goods.

Gallery

References

1. http://junagadhdp.gujarat.gov.in/junagadh/images/01-manavadar_talukal.pdf

Villages in Junagadh district


Condé-sur-Suippe (, literally Condé on Suippe) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Suippe flows northwest through the northern part of the commune, then flows into the Aisne.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Remi
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Condren () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Connigis is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Born in Morogoro (Tanzania), Ras Nas, aka Nasibu Mwanukuzi, is a musician and poet from Tanzania who blends African music and reggae with a dash of poetry. Ras Nas' latest album, Dar-es-Salaam, contains roots reggae, soukous and dub poetry. It is released by Kongoi Productions, KonPro. Dar es Salaam has received a five star review in one of Norway's biggest dailies, Dagsavisen.

Recently, Ras Nas was featured on BBC World Service, The Beat program. The weekly program, reaching millions of listeners worldwide, is presented by Mark Coles. Other artists on the program were Wyclef Jean and Zoe Rahman.

Among Ras Nas merits is sharing stage with Bob Dylan, Van Morrison and Lou Reed at the Norwegian Wood Festival. Ras Nas has also warmed up for a number of reggae heavyweights like Luciano, I Jah Man, Linton Kwesi Johnson and Junior Delgado.

Ras Nas' latest CD Dar-es-Salaam contains a mix of reggae and African music, soukous. In this CD Ras Nas has worked with a number of musicians from nine different countries. These include Norwegian blues guitarist and singer Knut Reiersrud, Rolf Erik Nystrøm, Keppy Kiombile from Kilimanjaro Band, Norman Bikaka from Shada Band and drummer Uriel Seri from Ivory Coast.

Ras Nas aka Nasibu started writing African poetry at the age of 17 and experimented with various forms of African chanting and African drumming. Ran short of paint. Studied Law at the University of Dar es Salaam where he graduated with an LLB degree in 1984. Ras Nas has worked as a journalist for Daily News as well as a correspondent for Africa magazine, covering mainly cultural issues.

During his youth Ras Nas listened to a lot of Tanzanian music by guitarists like Wema Abdallah, Mbaraka Mwinshehe and his Likembe Mahoka style (from Morogoro), Segere Matata (from Tabora) as well as Michael Enok of Dar Jazz, from Dar es Salaam.

Other influences is from the Congolese maestros like Luambo Makiadi and his T.P OK Jazz, Dr. Nico of African Fiesta Sukisa and countless other African musicians who have helped to mold African music and inspired another generation of musicians. More impulses came from Caribbean music of the late 1960s which was popular in East Africa. Also influenced by the early reggae greats, the likes of Bob Marley, Burning Spear, Gregory Isaacs, and Linton Kwesi Johnson, to name but a few. All this has helped to shape Ras Nas' musical style.

In 1982 Nasibu co-founded a powerful poetry and drama group Sayari in Dar es Salaam. The group combined African music, poetry, miming, dance and drama and toured extensively in Scandinavia. Moved on to Oslo in 1985 to study Mass Communications at the University of Oslo, UIO.

In 1985 he initiated "Umoja" group in Oslo which blended traditional African music and dance. He also co-founded Artists for Liberation, a forerunner to Nordic Black Theater. In 1989 he published his first collection of African poetry, Double Focus, (Kongoi Productions). Together with Reginald T. Oliver (Papa Lion) and James Toney Jr., he formed Nasibu and the Dual Vision, a trio that performed rhythmic poetry coated with vibrant African chanting, harmonies and drumming. The trio changed its name to The Cold Fire, bringing in a Zimbabwean bassist, Clive Brown, and produced a music cassette during a tour in Germany.

In 1990 Nasibu went solo and formed his own band under his artist name, Ras Nas. The band had a début concert in July 1991, at a party to mark the 99th anniversary of Emperor Haile Selassie I. The party was organized by the Rastafari Cultural Foundation in Oslo. The year after, Ras Nas performed for Nelson Mandela, celebrating his release from Robben Island prison. This happened in Oslo, on Mr. Mandela's first visit to Norway.

In 1997 he produced Ras Nas's début CD Cut You Loose, (Kongoi Productions). (RNCD9701), working together with Charles Mena from Nicaragua; Chuck Frazier, a musician from Texas; and Ishamel de Leon from Trinidad.

Ras Nas tracks can also be found in other music compilations, the most notable being AMUN Tropical Acts vol.1, a compilation by African musicians living in Norway and RAW 2000 by Reggae Ambassadors Worldwide.

Some earlier festivals
Spring Festival 2010, Cairo and Beirut - May 2010
Galle Music Festival, Sri Lanka - December 2009
Oslo World Music Festival - 3 November 2007
Oslo Mela - 18 August 2007
World Performing Arts and Music Festival - Lahore (Pakistan). Nov. 2006
Oslo Mela Festival (with Ngoma Rhythms). August 2006
Zanzibar International Film Festival (with Mandingo Trio). July 2006

External links

Ras Nas at Myspace
Ras Nas at Twitter

Tanzanian musicians
Tanzanian poets
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Contescourt is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Corbeny (; in the Middle Ages: Corbunei) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette flows south through the northwestern part of the commune.

Population

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 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Corcy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Coucy-lès-Eppes is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Coucy-lès-Eppes station has rail connections to Reims and Laon.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Coulonges-Cohan () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Coupru () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Courboin () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Courcelles-sur-Vesle (, literally Courcelles on Vesle) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Courmelles () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Courtemont-Varennes () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Courtrizy-et-Fussigny is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Couvrelles () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Dutch Reformed Church in Africa (, abbreviated NHKA) is a Reformed Christian denomination based in South Africa. It also has congregations in Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Along with the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) and the Reformed Churches in South Africa, the NHKA is one of the three Dutch Reformed sister churches of South Africa. The NHKA retains the old Nomenclature Nederduitsch, the word originally referring to the Dutch language. The word refers to the Low Saxon language today. The Dutch language remained the official language of the church until 1933 when the church started functioning almost exclusively in Afrikaans.

History

Origins in the Cape Colony
The Dutch Reformed Church was introduced to South Africa by the Dutch East India Company's settlement at Cape Town in 1652. The first formal congregation was established in 1665 under the jurisdiction of the classis (presbytery) of Amsterdam. Despite the permanent takeover of the Cape Colony by the UK in 1806, the church remained semi-established with congregations supported from government funds. In 1824 an autonomous synod was established at the Cape, removing the church from control from the Netherlands. This autonomous synod would become the NGK. The unwillingness of Dutch ministers to serve in a British-controlled colony meant that Scottish Presbyterian ministers with British sympathies were introduced to the church.

The Great Trek (1835-1846)
In the 1830s, Boers left the Cape Colony and established republics in the interior of South Africa in what came to be known as the Great Trek. The Voortrekkers in this movement decided to split off from the Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk in the Cape Colony. The Dutch minister, Erasmus Smit, who sent by the Nederlandsch Zendeling Genootschap from The Netherlands became the first NHKA minister on 21 May 1837. Congregations were founded in the colonies of Natal, the Free State (province) and the Transvaal Colony. In 1841 the American missionary Daniel Lindley took over the leadership from Smit who had at that time become very unpopular amongst the Voortrekkers. A Dutch minister, Dirk Van der Hoff, took over the leadership of the church in the Transvaal in 1853. The founding of the oldest South African university (Stellenbosch University) and the establishment of the Theological Seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church in 1859 allowed for ministers to be trained locally. While a merger on 7 December 1885 between the NHKA and the NGK seemed succeful initially, an increasing number of church members opposed the merging of the two churches and returned to the former NHKA. Reverend M.J. Goddefroy played a central role in the re-establishment of the church.

The Anglo-Boer War (1888–1902) and the WWII
The Anglo Boer War played a major role in South African history and therefore also the history of the NHKA. Many ministers and church members died during the war or were sent as Prisoners of war in British Colonies. The British Scorched earth strategy meant women and children were placed in Concentration camps.It also meant that many churches and archival material was destroyed. After the war, the church was re-established and Dutch ministers (like L.E. Brandt) were once again sent to South Africa. This was a period of immense growth and by 1956 the number of churches had increased from 20 to 183 congregations. The church in South Africa also did not remain immune to the wars raging in the rest of the world. World War II affected many members. Most notably, professor Adrianus van Selms (1906–1984) who served in the NHKA at University of Pretoria became a Prisoner of war in Japan where he wrote numerous theological treatises.

Apartheid
Due to its Afrikaner Nationalist identity, the church has had a long and complicated history when it comes to Apartheid. The church defined itself as a "volkskerk" and evangelism was aimed primarily at the "Afrikanervolk". The NHKA was initially an active member of the international ecumenical community but a break from the ecumenical movement came during the Cottesloe Consultation in 1960 which lead to the NHKA's "Fifty Years of Isolation". In 1982 the World Alliance of Reformed Churches (WARC) congress in Ottawa opened in a dramatic manner when South African Delegates under the leadership of Dr. Allan Boesak refused to take communion with the NHKA delegation. The NHKA sanctioned racial discrimination featured prominently during the meeting and the NHKA was suspended from the WARC. Support for the Apartheid Regime from the NHKA was not uncritically accepted by all, and many dissenters such as professors Adrianus van Selms, Cas Labuschagne, Berend Gemser and Albert Geyser left the church, with some like Geyser being accused of heresy. Other theologians and church leaders who remained within the NHKA and opposed Apartheid were stigmatized and harassed with a slew disciplinary actions. After the end of Apartheid, the church increasingly re-evaluated its stance concerning Apartheid and its theological grounding thereof. In 2001, the congress of the church accepted a confession in which it was stated that the church takes note of the crimes that were committed under apartheid, even by church members and that the church confesses its guilt before God and fellow human beings. The 67th General Church Assembly (AKV) decided in 2004 to re-apply for membership to the Reformed Ecumenical Council and the World Alliance of Reformed Churches. The 68th AKV refused to take any binding decisions about re-applying. In 2010, with the eye on the 69th AKV, five ministers of the NHKA (professors Johan Buitendag, Ernest van Eck, Jimmy Loader, Andries van Aarde and Yolanda Dreyer) made a public statement condemning the theological justification of Apartheid. During the 69th AKV, a majority of the church's ministers and elders voted that the NHKA's support of Apartheid was in contradiction to the Gospel. The term "volkskerk" was also removed from the ordinances of the church. The decision led to a backlash from the NHKA's politically right leaning minority and 13 congregations declared themselves independent from the NHKA and members of the "Geloofsbond van Hervormde Gemeentes".

Recent History

Women in the church
Women have been serving in charity work in the NHKA since 1940 under the Nederduitsch Hervormde Sustersvereniging (NHSV).

Female ministers have been serving in the NHKA since 1979, making it one of the first churches to allow for women to serve as ministers. The first female minister in the NHKA was Professor Yolanda Dreyer. Dr. Elsabé Kloppers was the first female minister to obtain a doctorate in theology.

Homosexuality
After many years of debate about homosexuality in the church, the 68th General Church Assembly stated that homosexual persons are welcomed, will be comforted and supported in the NHKA. The assembly also stated it will do everything in its power to root out homophobia, gay-hate and any other derogatory behaviour against homosexual persons. Homosexual ministers are welcomed if they remain celibate.

Doctrine and Polity
The NHKA falls within the Reformed branch of Protestant Christianity. The NHKA confesses three Ecumenical Creeds namely the Nicene Creed, the Apostles Creed and the Athanasian Creed. The church has three doctrinal standards: the Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism and the Canons of Dort. The church is part of the World Communion of Reformed Churches and the Confentus Reformatus.

The NHKA adheres to internal regulations (Church Order) and the General Church Assembly (AKV) allows for amendments every three years which takes place under church vote.

Church Publications
Die Hervormer

Die Almanak

Konteks

Blitspos

Social Media

Statistics
It has 130,000 members and about 300 congregations, 38 regional Synods that meet annually and a General Assembly that meets every third year. Sermons are primarily given in Afrikaans.

It has a presbytery in Namibia and congregations in Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The church is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches.

References

External links
 Official website of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (Official website)
 HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies is an influential and frequently cited accredited peer reviewed, Open Access journal, published since 1942, that promotes multi-church and inter-faith research in the international theology arena.

Protestantism in South Africa
Reformed denominations in Africa
Dutch-South African culture
1858 establishments in Africa


Couvron-et-Aumencourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Within the field of fluid dynamics, Homogeneous isotropic turbulence is an idealized version of the realistic turbulence, but amenable to analytical studies. The concept of isotropic turbulence was first introduced by G.I. Taylor in 1935. The meaning of the turbulence is given below,
 homogeneous, the statistical properties are invariant under arbitrary translations of the coordinate axes
 isotropic, the statistical properties are invariant over a full rotation group, which includes rotations and reflections of the coordinate axes.

G.I. Taylor also suggested a way of obtaining almost homogeneous isotropic turbulence by passing fluid over a uniform grid. The theory was further developed by Theodore von Kármán and Leslie Howarth (Kármán–Howarth equation) under dynamical considerations. Kolmogorov's theory of 1941 was developed using Taylor's idea as a platform.

References

Turbulence
Fluid dynamics


Coyolles is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. It lies 4 km southwest of Villers-Cotterêts.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cramaille () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Craonne  () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France, northwest of Reims.

History
It was the site of the Napoleonic Battle of Craonne in 1814. The former town was totally destroyed by the French artillery during the Nivelle Offensive in World War I, inspiring the song La Chanson de Craonne. It had an arboretum. The town that exists today was rebuilt from the 1920s.

Geography
The river Ailette forms part of the commune's northern border.

Population

Sights
 Arboretum de Craonne
 Chemin des Dames
Battle of Craonne
La Chanson de Craonne

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


is a 2008 action role-playing game developed by Monolith Soft and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. The player, controlling one of the eight main characters, explores dungeons and fights enemies in real-time combat across three-dimensional plains from a top-down perspective. Multiplayer functions allow up to three players to participate in exploration and combat. The story takes place on the continent of Barnea, where its principle magical energy, Soma, is disrupted by the arrival of monsters called Visitors. This prompts a military group called Pharzuph Division 7 to defeat the Visitors and restore the balance of Soma.

Soma Bringer was the creation of producer and studio co-founder Tetsuya Takahashi. Initially a standard role-playing game before transitioning to action role-playing due to hardware restrictions, the aim was to create an engaging multiplayer experience: this resulted in the gameplay being developed before the story, a reversal of the development style used for earlier Monolith Soft titles. It featured returning staff from Takahashi's earlier titles, including Xeno series writer Soraya Saga and Chrono series composer Yasunori Mitsuda. Development took approximately two years.

First announced in October 2007, Soma Bringer was the first portable title to be fully developed by Monolith Soft and the first game they released since their acquisition by Nintendo. The game was released exclusively in Japan in February 2008. Upon its release, it was critically acclaimed by both Japanese and Western journalists and sold strongly in Japan. Western journalists drew positive comparisons with the Mana and Diablo series.

Gameplay

Soma Bringer is an action role-playing game where players control members of a military unit dubbed Pharzuph Division 7 and explore three-dimensional environments from a top-down perspective, while the overhead camera can be zoomed in and out. Seven characters are available at the start of the game, with an eighth being unlocked later on. The game uses two modes of play. In single-player, the player controls the party leader while two assigned companions are controlled using the game's artificial intelligence. In addition to the single-player mode, the game features cooperative (co-op) multiplayer, which is activated through wireless connection and allows up to three players to freely explore environments and dungeons.

Battles take place in real-time within overworld environments and dungeons. Using a style similar to hack and slash, the three characters attack targeted enemies in the field. Abilities, including standard attacks and special moves related to a character, are mapped to the Nintendo DS's face buttons. Attacks can be chained together into combinations for higher damage. Continually attacking an enemy will cause a "Break", a period where the enemy is stunned and attacks cause more damage. Gameplay is not paused when the item menu is opened, which allows items such as regenerative potions to be used. Character health is automatically replenished when moving into a new area, and can also be restored using items.

There are six different specialized combat roles equivalent to standard character classes, which determines what weapons and skills they can equip. They are Battlers (warriors), Dark (dark knights), Gunners, Kanbus (ninja), Koas (paladins), and Somas (mages). Each class uses a different fighting style: the Kanbus focuses on dual weapons and one-hit attacks, the Koas focuses on a combination of attack and healing abilities, the Dark sacrifices health to deal more damage, Gunners specialize in long-range attacks, Battlers focus on melee attacks, and Somas use long-range magic over close-range physical attacks. Weapons are equipped based on a character's class, and can be upgraded using special items called Orbs. Weapons and items collected through exploration and from enemy drops can be sold to other players through wireless connection.

Through combat and quest completion, characters gain experience points, which raise their level. When the main character is killed in battle, the party respawns at the nearest town, and a headstone appears where they fell, containing some of the experience points gained during battles up to that point. Although experience points are lost with each death, the character does not lose experience levels. Other playable characters gain experience levels quicker depending on the player character's own level. Upon each level up, a character is granted three statistic points, which can be distributed by the player to increase a character attribute: these include maximum health. Ability points are also given, which are allocated to skills related to weapons and abilities such as spells and passive buffs and debuffs. These skills are maxed out at Level 20.

Synopsis
Soma Bringer is set on the continent of Barnea, which is part of a world where the energy of everyday life is drawn from Soma, a mystical power that fills the atmosphere and forms the so-called "Soma Ring" around the planet. Through a special conversion process, it is used for everything from ordinary appliances to advanced weaponry. At some point prior to the game's opening, mysterious monsters called Visitors began appearing, which took the form of corrupted animal and plant life and began attacking human settlements. To combat the Visitors, the controlling organization in charge of regulating Soma usage - Secundady - created a dedicated military force called the Pharzuph. The main narrative follows new and veteran members of Pharzuph Division 7, who set out to investigate and combat a recent spate of Visitor attacks. During the mission, the group encounter Idea, an amnesiac girl with latent and highly attuned Soma-related abilities who is assigned to Pharzuph Division 7 by their leader Master Laban. During their continued missions against Visitors, Pharzuph Division 7 are confronted by the Unbras, a group with similar powers to Idea and whose leader Adonis seeks Master Cages, Soma-condensing devices connected to the origins of Soma technology.

As the group travels, they discover that Adonis and the Master Cages are linked to the origin of Soma, the energy of life which the extraterrestrial Arethia granted humans the ability to use. Arethia existed in legend as a false god banished through the use of Soma, but was actually a non-physical collective consciousness that traded use of human bodies for technical knowledge that allowed humans to thrive. The Arethia were betrayed by humanity and robbed of the ability to use physical hosts after a vicious war. The Arethia consciousness was imprisoned beyond the atmosphere in the Soma Ring, which is an orbital ring controlled from the Ring Tower in the ancient human citadel of Cremona; imprisoning the Arethia allowed humanity to freely use and control Soma energy. However, a weakness eventually appeared in the Ring's containment field and some of the Arethia consciousness escaped. After being corrupted by the journey to the surface, the formerly benign energy mutated and infected other lifeforms with a mindless wish for self-preservation, becoming the Visitors.

Both Idea and Adonis were created using Master Cages as weapons during the conflict, though they were awakened in the present. Only Adonis fully awoke, while Idea suffered an incomplete awakening after being found by Pharzuph Division 7 and regressed to a childlike amnesiac state. In addition, Master Laban has been using Pharzuph Division 7 to gain access to the Master Cages to stop Adonis and continue the use of Soma energy by destroying the Arethia consciousness. Welt, a new member of Pharzuph Division 7, is contacted by Orpheus, the avatar of the Arethia's true will. Through Welt, it asks Pharzuph Division 7 to stop both Laban and Adonis, the latter wishing to bring destruction upon mankind for its treatment of the Arethia. After traveling to the Soma Ring via the Ring Tower, Pharzuph Division 7 confronts Adonis and defeats the incarnation of the corrupt Arethia energies. With Welt's help, Adonis, Idea, and Orpheus stabilize the Soma flow and pacify the Visitors. Welt reunites with his comrades, but Orpheus, Adonis, and Idea leave to merge with the Arethia along with the Visitor energies.

Development
Soma Bringer was the brainchild of Tetsuya Takahashi, one of the co-founders of developer Monolith Soft. It was the first time Monolith Soft had full development responsibilities for a game on a portable platform. The game took approximately two years to develop: Takahashi's aim was to create an in-depth introductory role-playing experience for the DS. The DS was chosen as the game's platform so people could both enjoy the game and play it for short bursts on the go. The story was written by Takahashi's wife Soraya Saga, whose previous work included Final Fantasy VI (1994), Xenogears (1998), and the Xenosaga series. Due to the goal of creating a fun co-op gameplay experience, Saga deliberately kept the story "simple and clear not to interrupt the fun of playing".  The narrative was based around the titular energy "Soma", which was a key part of everyday life, with the Soma Ring encircling the planet forming a key part of the story. Also among the staff were director Shingo Kawabata, art director Tonny Waiman Koo, and character designer Tadahiro Usuda. Takahashi acted as game designer.

At the beginning of development, Soma Bringer was to be a standard role-playing game. During early testing, it was seen that typical role-playing games were not well suited to the DS' limited hardware and controls, so they adjusted the gameplay to its current form as an action role-playing game. After positive feedback from this, the team went ahead. The move to being an action role-playing game enabled the incorporation of cooperative multiplayer: the team wanted to focus as much as possible on the combat and related gimmicks over environmental puzzles. Rather than a separate mode, multiplayer was incorporated into the main story. The development cycle differed greatly from previous Monolith Soft titles. In Takahashi's earlier games, the scenario was written first then the gameplay was tailored to fit. For Soma Bringer, the gameplay was finalized first, and the scenario was built around the locations, dungeons, and mechanics the team had created. Also in contrast to earlier Monolith Soft titles was the lack of lengthy cutscenes, which could not be incorporated into the game with the DS' limited hardware. Instead, the team used the real-time graphics and gameplay models for equivalent scenes.

Music

The music for Soma Bringer was composed and arranged by Yasunori Mitsuda, whose previous notable work included titles such as Chrono Trigger, Xenogears, Chrono Cross, and Xenosaga Episode I. Mitsuda was involved from the very beginning of development, as Takahashi did not want to work on a game without Mitsuda's music. Mitsuda accepted due to their past work on Xenogears and Xenosaga, considering it a kind of reunion. Mitsuda's music formed a key part in compensating for the lack of proper cutscenes, as the music made up for any lack in dramatic character movement during story sequences.

Due to the gameplay being created first, Mitsuda had difficulty pinning down what he had to do, and wrote songs for the soundtrack based on the gradually-emerging visuals and scenario. Mitsuda estimated that he had written around one hundred songs for the game including test tracks. The opening vocal track, titled "Ring", was written for the opening movie and set to a piece of poetry written by Takahashi: to portray the themes of the game, Mitsuda used three female vocalists, Eri Kawai, Koko Komine, and Tamie Hirose, and recorded in a multiplexer to produce as clear a sound as possible. Kawai also performed vocal work for the track "Destruction". For each of the location themes, Mitsuda used a different primary instrument to create an impression: for instance, for a desert location, he used a sitar, while a location dominated by machinery used electric guitar. All the instrument sounds were created using a synthesizer.

Mitsuda and his team spent the first year of the game's development studying the DS hardware, which had notoriously bad sound quality and brought with it severe technical difficulties in creating a soundtrack of a similar caliber to Mitsuda's previous work: the main limitations were the speaker limits and limited memory capacity. Part of the difficulty in composing the music was creating different mixes for the soundtrack depending on whether the player selected the built-in speakers or the headphones. According to Mitsuda, the speakers and the headphones had very different hertz outputs, meaning it was impossible to maintain the same quality for both settings. The end result was described by Mitsuda as "a much better sound quality with a lesser amount of data". Two key people cited by Mitsuda in overcoming these barriers were sound programmer Hidenori Suzuki and synthesizer operator Junya Kuroda. Kuroda came up with multiple techniques for improving the sound quality, a task which had been so infuriating for Mitsuda that he came close to giving up multiple times. According to Kuroda, the main difficulty was not a lack of techniques for creating a clean sound for the DS, but applying them to the music of Soma Bringer, which was more ambitious than many other soundtracks for the platform. The result of using their own technology meant that, after adjustment and balancing, the tracks were very close to the original tracks prior to being incorporated into the game and DS sound environment. Suzuki worked on the dedicated sound driver, and Mitsuda appraised him with achieving a clean sound for the opening track.

A soundtrack album, Soma Bringer Original Soundtrack, was released through the Sleigh Bells label on April 2, 2008. The soundtrack covers three discs. In addition to tracks used in-game, the album includes four tracks with full orchestral versions of particular tracks. Ben Schweitzer, writing for RPGFan, positively compared the score to earlier works by Mitsuda, calling it his best recent soundtrack despite some tracks being overly similar to earlier work. Don Kotowski of Video Game Music Online gave the soundtrack album a perfect score of 5/5 stars. He frequently praised Mitsuda's style, and like Schweitzer noted that it often recalled his earlier work. He also praised the additional tracks for their richness and depth, finishing his review by saying that it was a soundtrack not to be missed by buyers of video game music.

Release
The existence of Soma Bringer was first hinted at when Nintendo filed a trademark for the title alongside others. It was officially announced in October that year at a Nintendo press conference. Published by Nintendo, Soma Bringer was the first Monolith Soft title to be released after its acquisition by Nintendo in April 2007. It was released on February 22, 2008. After positive impressions from previews during public gaming events in Japan, both IGN and 1UP.com voiced a hope that the game would receive a localization. Speaking in 2010, Saga said that she did not know whether it would be released outside Japan, or whether further games set in the Soma Bringer universe would be developed.

Ultimately, Soma Bringer was not released outside Japan: no explanation was given by Nintendo, although there was some speculation that its high text content was to blame. Its exclusivity to Japan has drawn both disappointment and criticism from some journalists, in addition to continued hope for a Western release: an article from IGN cited the release of Glory of Heracles as a possible precursor to a Western release, while gaming site Siliconera reported that Nintendo might release it in the West during the transitional phase between the DS and its successor the Nintendo 3DS, although the writer noted that Soma Bringers text-heavy approach made it more difficult and thus less appealing to localize. To date, it remains exclusive to Japan. An unofficial open fan translation patch was created: while not complete, it translated the greater majority of text into English.

Reception

Soma Bringer entered the Japanese sales charts at #4 with sales of 50,844 units, with an estimated sell-through rate of just over 68%. The limited edition was the best-selling DS title during its opening week on Amazon Japan. By the following week, the game had dropped to #7 with further sales of 17,000 units. By the end of 2008, the game had sold 107,127 units.

Famitsu gave the game a positive review: while one reviewer noted that the story and gameplay offered little originality, all reviewers positively noted the amount of depth and customization next to the ease of play. GamesRadar compared Soma Bringer to Square Enix's Final Fantasy: Crystal Chronicles, except noting that the gameplay systems and customization options were deeper. The reviewer called it "pretty good", but noted that it was not import friendly due to the large amount of text. Mike Moehnke of RPGamer was generally positive about the game, praising the character customization, general gameplay, ease of entry, and Mitsuda's music. Like the GamesRadar reviewer, Moehnke noted the heavy amount of text making understanding Japanese a necessity for understanding the story, despite calling it a "fairly easy import" as the story was not the game's main focus.

Siliconera writer Rolando again echoed the necessity for understanding Japanese due to the game's text-heavy nature while noting the plot was quite simple and in common with other Monolith Soft titles, but otherwise generally praised the gameplay mechanics and noted that multiplayer would be fun despite the lack of WiFi functionality. In conclusion, he positively compared Soma Bringer to console turn-based role-playing game Lost Odyssey: while it brought nothing new to the genre, it was a nostalgic experience that reminded players of the genre's worth. English previews positively compared the gameplay to the Mana series, with 1UP.com's Jeremy Parish also noting it feeling familiar to gameplay from the Diablo series. These comparisons were also shared by other reviewers.

Notes

References

External links

Role-playing video games
Action role-playing video games
2008 video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Japanese role-playing video games
Monolith Soft games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Yasunori Mitsuda
Multiplayer and single-player video games


Craonnelle is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Crécy-au-Mont () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The river Ailette forms most of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Crécy-sur-Serre (, literally Crécy on Serre) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Crézancy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Crézancy is located on ex-national road 3, which links Paris to Strasbourg. It is home of a Lycée specialized in Viticulture.

Population

Sights
The church was built in the 13th century and features a Roman portal.

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The 1950 Polish Speedway season was the 1950 season of motorcycle speedway in Poland.

Individual

Polish Individual Speedway Championship
The 1950 Individual Speedway Polish Championship was held in Kraków on 8 October.

Result and heat detals

E – retired or mechanical failure •
F – fell •
N – non-starter

Team Speedway Polish Championship
The 1950 Team Speedway Polish Championship was the third edition of the Team Polish Championship.

Rules
In First and Second League, matches were played with part three teams. It made up team four riders plus one reserve.  Events consisted of 12 races. In one day were played three three-cornered matches. For winning a match a team received 3 points, for second place 2 points and for third 1 point. In every heat the score was 4–3–2–1 and 0 in a no-completion heat. The drivers with main squad of a team started in the match four times. The quantity of small points was added up.

First League

Medalists

Second League

References

Poland
Speedway


Bittersweet Fools is a visual novel eroge developed by Minori. It was ported to the Dreamcast and PlayStation 2 with H-content removed as part of the Simple series line of "ren'ai adventure" games. It is vol.1 on the Dreamcast and vol.9 on the PS2.

The anime opening of the game was directed by Makoto Shinkai. The game takes place in Florence, Italy. The character design is by Yu Aida, whose Gunslinger Girl series also takes place in Italy.

Characters
  The protagonist. A former mafia assassin.

 Voiced by: Miwa Kōduki
 Voiced by: Ruri Asano

  A flower shop girl that works near the apartment that Alan lives in.
  His name is a pseudonym taken from the Italian city of Palermo.Voiced by: Kenji Hamada
  His name is a pseudonym derived from the Italian pasta eliche.Voiced by: Keiji Okuda

  A mysterious man.

External links
Official page for the PC version
Official page for the PS2 version
Official page for the Dreamcast version

2001 video games
Bishōjo games
D3 Publisher games
Dreamcast games
Eroge
HuneX games
Japan-exclusive video games
PlayStation 2 games
Simple 2000 games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Minori (company) games


Croix-Fonsomme () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

In March, 2011, it changed its name from Croix-Fonsommes to Croix-Fonsomme.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Croix-sur-Ourcq () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Crouttes-sur-Marne (, literally Crouttes on Marne) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Crouy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Crupilly  is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cuffies () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cugny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cuirieux () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cuiry-Housse () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cuiry-lès-Chaudardes (, literally Cuiry near Chaudardes) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cuiry-lès-Iviers (, literally Cuiry near Iviers) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cuissy-et-Geny  () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cuisy-en-Almont () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cys-la-Commune  is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dagny-Lambercy  is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dallon () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

It is located on the banks of the Somme and its marshes, and the canal Saint-Quentin. Its former name is Dalonaie, on record in the year 1035.

Population

Sights
Eglise Saint Medard
Calvary

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne


Dammard () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dampleux () is a commune in the Aisne department and Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Danizy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dercy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Deuillet () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dhuizel () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dizy-le-Gros () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dohis  is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dolignon () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The London Marathon, one of the six World Marathon Majors, has been contested by men and women annually since 29 March 1981. Set over a largely flat course around the River Thames, the marathon is  in length and generally regarded as a competitive and unpredictable event, and conducive to fast times.

The inaugural marathon had 7,741 entrants, 6,255 of whom completed the race. The first Men's Elite Race was tied between American Dick Beardsley and Norwegian Inge Simonsen, who crossed the finish line holding hands in 2 hours, 11 minutes, 48 seconds. The first Women's Elite Race was won by Briton Joyce Smith in 2:29:57. In 1983, the first wheelchair races took place. Organized by the British Sports Association for the Disabled (BASD), 19 people competed and 17 finished. Gordon Perry of the United Kingdom won the Men's Wheelchair Race, coming in at 3:20:07, and Denise Smith, also of the UK, won the Women's Wheelchair Race in 4:29:03.

Twenty athletes representing the United Kingdom have won the London Marathon a total of forty times. The most recent win by a British athlete was in the 2012 London Marathon, by David Weir in the Men's Wheelchair Race. It was his sixth win in London. Kenya has the second largest number of winning athletes. Seven Kenyan men and seven Kenyan women have been victorious a total of eighteen times, all in the able-bodied category. Eleven men, including those from the wheelchair races, have won the marathon more than once, Weir's six wins being the record. Sixteen women have been winners more than once; Tanni Grey-Thompson won the women's wheelchair race six times between 1992 and 2002.

Course records for the London Marathon have been set ten times in the men's race, seven times in the women's race, sixteen times in the men's wheelchair race, and seventeen times in the women's wheelchair race. World records for marathon running have been set six times considering marks for men and women in mixed sex and women-only races. Khalid Khannouchi, representing the United States, set the men's world record in 2:05:38 in 2002. The following year, British runner Paula Radcliffe set the women's world record in 2:15:25, which also stands as the current course record in the Women's Elite Race. In 2017 Kenyan Mary Keitany ran a women-only race world record of 2:17:01.  Eliud Kipchoge of Kenya set the course record at 2:02:37 in 2019 in the Men's Elite Race. Marcel Hug of Switzerland set the Men's Wheelchair Race course record at 1:26:27 in 2021. The course record for the Women's Wheelchair Race was set by Swiss athlete Manuela Schär in 2021, with 1:39:52.

Elite race – men's winners

Elite race – women's winners

Wheelchair race – men's winners

Wheelchair race – women's winners

Victories by nationality

References
General

Specific

External links
 Virgin London Marathon Official London Marathon website
 London Marathon World Marathon Majors website
 London Marathon BBC London minisite

London

Marathon


Dommiers () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Domptin is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Friedrich Heinrich Zinckgraf (30 October 1878 – 7 June 1954) was a German gallery owner, art dealer and philatelist from Munich  involved in the Aryanisation of the Jewish-owned Heinemann Gallery and in selling Nazi-looted art, notably for Hitler's planned Linz museum. After World War II he was a supporter of the philatelistic department of the Munich City Library.

In the 1930s he worked as a clerk at the Gallery Heinemann at the Lenbachplatz in Munich. In 1939 he acquired the gallery through Aryanization after the Jewish owner Mrs. Franziska Heinemann had been imprisoned for some weeks by the Nazis. Mrs Heinemann was able to leave the prison and the country after signing over the gallery to Zinckgraf. She moved to New York and died in November 1940.

The Munich Stamp Society endowed a medal in his honour and named it after him. It is awarded each year to engaged young collectors. Two years after his death, the city of Munich dedicated a street to him in the Großhadern quarter.

Nazi-looted art
In 2005 Heinrich von Zügel's ZWEI RINDER AUF DER WEIDE (Two Cows in a Meadow) which had been seized by the Nazis and sold via Zinckgraf in a forced sale, was restituted to the heirs of the Jewish art collector Alexander Lewin. Artworks  from the Ullmann Collection also came into the possession of Zinkgraf. The Frankfurth Historical Museum later restituted them to the heirs of Hedwig Ullmann.

References

External links

1878 births
1954 deaths
German philatelists
German art dealers


Dorengt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dravegny () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Droizy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France, near Soissons. It was the site of the Battle of Droizy in 593. Paul Girod, mayor of Droizy from 1958 until his death in 2021, was the longest-serving mayor in France, having been in office for 63 years.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Potomac Wharf Branch was a historic railroad located in Maryland.  It was built by the Maryland Mining Company between 1846 and 1850, as an extension to the Eckhart Branch Railroad. The Potomac Wharf Branch crossed Wills Creek on a bridge (no longer present) just east of the present Route 40 road bridge near Cumberland. Rail tracks from this line may still be seen near some billboards, and a gas station in that area.

The area near the creek end of present-day Wills Creek Avenue is known as City Junction, and had a water tank and a tower. The Potomac Wharf Branch was crossed by the Georges Creek & Cumberland Railroad (GC&C). Rail was removed from the section west of the Valley Street crossing as late as 1990. In 1994, rail was removed from this area to maintain the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad, the former GC&C line to Frostburg.

The Potomac Wharf Branch Railroad was an early intermodal experiment to provide easy access for western Maryland coal to the markets of the eastern seaboard. Although its useful life was short, it provided a needed short-term outlet for the export of the region's "black gold."

Ownership
The Maryland Mining Company sold its railroad property to the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company (CC&I) in 1852. CC&I was acquired by the Consolidation Coal Company in 1870. Consolidation Coal also owned the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad (C&P). The C&P was acquired by the Western Maryland Railway (WM) in 1944.

Bridge collapse
A classic wreck scene photo, circa 1860, shows the Wharf Branch bridge collapsed into Wills Creek, with the locomotive C. E. Detmold dangling into the creek. This image indicates the branch and the facility were in use at least to this date. The original Potomac Wharf Branch bridge was a  deck plate girder structure, with two support pillars in the creek. Built in 1849, and rebuilt after the Detmold accident, it survived until the flood of 1936.

Wharves
The Potomac Wharf Branch carried coal to flat-bottom Potomac River boats, and later to boats at the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, before the canal's wharf facility was completed. There was a series of canal wharves built at Cumberland. The Mount Savage Railroad reportedly built one in 1850. The 1923 Interstate Commerce Commission valuation docket for the C&P Railroad gives the construction date for the concrete wharf as 1917. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) provided access for the C&P to reach the canal wharf, charging a tonnage tariff for this access. The later wharves were built south of the Western Maryland Railway station, along the canal basin.

Initially, canal boats could enter the Potomac River through the guard locks, and proceed upriver for some distance. The dam in the Potomac below the guard locks ensured that the Potomac was deeper at its junction with Wills Creek than it is today. The guard locks and the dam were removed as part of the Wills Creek flood control project, built by the Army Corps of Engineers for Cumberland in the 1950s.

Route
The length of the Potomac Wharf branch was about . The river terminus was the position where the present Interstate 68 bridge passes over the B&O "West End" line. From City Junction, where the Wharf Branch crossed Wills Creek, the line proceeded eastward to meet the B&O tracks at the southern end of the B&O viaduct. The Potomac Wharf Branch was built on more of an upward slope than the GC&C, to meet the B&O tracks at viaduct level. It crossed Valley Street, and the south end of today's road bridge, at street level. The B&O roadbed is about  higher than the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad line. East of Valley Street, some track and ties were still in place as late as 1994. Looking back from the B&O line, the junction of the Wharf Branch is easily seen.

Cumberland viaduct
B&O's Cumberland viaduct was built as a brick arch structure during the period 1849 to 1851. The Wharf Branch line and the B&O main passed through the "Deep Cut." The cut (passage) provides the "West End" of the B&O with access to the Potomac River Valley, towards Keyser, and Grafton. The viaduct passes over city streets, Wills Creek, and the WM tracks (ex-GC&C, now used by the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad). The viaduct is double-tracked, as is the "Deep Cut." The southern end of the cut is wide enough for triple track, and the bridges are designed for three tracks. They currently carry two CSX West End tracks. The C&P line merged into the B&O westernmost tracks, then crossed over to the easternmost track.

The wharf siding was about  long, extending from the current Kelly Boulevard around to Wills Creek. The details of the facility and the method for loading coal from the rail cars to the canal boats are not known. However, it was probably not as convenient as dumping directly into the boats, as was done with the later Canal Wharf facility. The Potomac Wharf Branch was listed on the C&P valuation sheets in 1918, although it is doubtful it was in use for transporting coal at that time.

Businesses served
Some rail and ties remained between the viaduct and the Valley Street Bridge in 1994, and extend as far west as City Junction. That section of the line east of Valley Street is built on a raised section of land, with a reinforced retaining wall. The connection has been removed from the B&O line, but the location is still visible. The line was used into the 1940s as an industrial siding for the Cumberland Contracting Company, and the City of Cumberland's warehouse at Valley Street.

Before crossing Wills Creek to City Junction, a spur of the Wharf Branch serviced the Wellington Glass Plant. The plant had been acquired from the National Glass Company in 1909, and the buildings burned in that year.

See also
 History of Cumberland, Maryland
 List of defunct Maryland railroads

References

Rail transportation in Maryland
History of Cumberland, MD-WV MSA


Ébouleau () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Effry () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Englancourt () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Éparcy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Épaux-Bézu () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

Geography
Épaux-Bézu is located about ten kilometers north of Château-Thierry, near the A4 motorway and the D1.

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


L'Épine-aux-Bois () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

External links

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Erlon () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Erloy () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Esquéhéries is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

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Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sultan bin Saud Al Saud ( Sulṭan bin Suʿūd Āl Suʿūd; died 1975) was one of the children of King Saud of Saudi Arabia.

Biography
Prince Sultan was the 6th President of the Al-Nasr Club in Saudi Arabia and held that office for 6 years (1969–1975). One of his brothers, Prince Abdul Rahman bin Saud, was the godfather of Al Nasr. Two of his nephews, Faisal bin Abdul Rahman and Mamdouh bin Abdul Rahman, were also Al Nasr presidents. Prince Sultan had six sons.

References

1975 deaths
Sultan
Year of birth missing


Essigny-le-Grand () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The North of Scotland, Orkney & Shetland Steam Navigation Company, which was more usually known as The North of Scotland or The North Company, its full name rarely being used, was a UK shipping company based in Aberdeen, originally formed in 1875 from a merger of older Scottish shipping companies. The company operated most of the ferries from mainland Scotland to Orkney and Shetland, latterly as P&O Scottish Ferries until 2002, when it was replaced by NorthLink Ferries.

History

Early history
In 1790, the Leith & Clyde Shipping Company operated sailing vessels between the Forth and the Clyde, round the north of Scotland and possibly calling at Orkney.

In 1820 this company joined with the Aberdeen, Dundee & Leith Shipping Company to form the Aberdeen, Leith, Clyde & Tay Shipping Company. A fleet of sailing vessels initially served towns, including Glasgow, Edinburgh, London, Rotterdam (until c.1843) and Liverpool (until 1830). The far flung routes ceased, and most effort was placed on the routes within Scotland. Their first steamer, Velocity (1821), was built to compete with the steamer Tourist which operated between Leith and Aberdeen. Services were extended to Wick (by 1833), Kirkwall and Lerwick (in 1836).

In 1875, the Aberdeen, Leith & Clyde Shipping Co became the North of Scotland, Orkney & Shetland Steam Navigation Company. The new company further expanded the fleet and introduced Norwegian cruising in 1886.

Norwegian cruises
In 1886 the St. Rognvald was advertised to make a special trip to Bergen and "some of the principal fjords and places of interest on the west coast of Norway". This was perhaps the first purposely planned cruise ship voyage and proved so popular with the public that the company quickly advertised a follow-up cruise which was also popular, leading to a further three cruises being arranged for the summer season.

The Company realised that its short duration and relatively affordable cruises were a profitable new venture and the directors quickly ordered a new purpose-built ship, the St. Sunniva, from Hall Russell of Aberdeen, to be delivered in time for the 1887 season. The St. Sunniva was the world's first purpose-built cruise ship and was a great success, so much so the St. Rognvald was obliged to carry out two cruises to accommodate the overflow of bookings.

A more ambitious cruise programme was arranged for 1888, involving the St. Rognvald carrying out a 21-day cruise to the North Cape followed by St. Sunniva to the Baltic Sea. It was also decided to extend the cruising season with an around-Britain cruise. The St. Sunniva was also chartered for cruises in the Mediterranean in the winter.

The great commercial success of the North Company's cruises had meanwhile attracted the attentions of rival companies. Wilson Line of Hull began Norwegian cruises immediately after St. Rognvald's first voyage, but the St. Sunniva far outstripped Wilsons' vessels in quality. More seriously, the Orient Steam Navigation Company entered the market in summer 1889 using two of their large Australian Mail Service ships, Chimborazo and Garonne.

In the winter of 1900 St. Rognvald was wrecked on Burgh Head, Stronsay, Orkney while carrying out one of her usual winter ferry voyages. A new vessel was ordered to replace her, omitting cruise facilities altogether as the growing quality and quantity of competition in the cruise market was becoming too great for the North Company to survive.

In 1907–1908 the North Company reduced the St. Sunniva's cruises and finally withdrew entirely from the market in 1908 when the passenger accommodation was removed. The St. Sunniva was converted into a ferry and began operation as a mail steamer. She operated a weekly service from Leith and Aberdeen to Lerwick, Shetland, with an additional Aberdeen service in the summer.

Services continued until the outbreak of World War I, when Norwegian cruising was withdrawn. The fleet was updated throughout this period as well.  The company suffered requisitions through both World Wars.

Passenger services
In 1953 the North Company was reformed. Over the next 20 years it introduced roll-on/roll-off services to the North Isles to satisfy demand for faster, shorter ferry routes, rather than the old mail boats.

In 1961 the company was taken over by Coast Lines and in 1975 P&O and in 1975, renamed as P&O Ferries (Orkney & Shetland Services). In 1989 it became P&O Scottish Ferries and continued to operate until 2002, when the services were taken over by NorthLink Ferries.

Ships

  (1975–87)
 (1877–1946)
 (1939–75)
Highlander (1939–40) renamed St. Catherine II 1940

St. Clair (1868-1937)
St. Clair (1937–67) renamed St. Magnus 1960
St. Clair (1960–77)
St. Clair (1977–92) renamed St. Clair II 1992
St. Clair (1992–2002)
St. Clement (1946–76)
St. Magnus  (1867–1904)
St. Magnus  (1924–60)
St. Magnus  (1967–77)
St. Magnus  (1978–89)
St. Margaret (1913–17)
St. Ninian (1895–1948)
St. Ninian (1950–71)
St. Nicholas (1871–1914)

St. Ola (1892–1951)
St. Ola (1892–1974)
St. Ola (1951–74)
St. Ola (1974–92)
St. Ola (1992–2002)
St. Rognvald (1883–1900)
St. Rognvald (1901–51)
St. Rognvald (1955–78)
St. Rognvald (1989–2002)

St. Sunniva (1887–1930)
St. Sunniva (1931–43)
St. Sunniva (1987–2002)

References

1875 establishments in Scotland
Companies based in Aberdeen
Transport companies disestablished in 1971
British companies disestablished in 2002
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Defunct companies of Scotland
Ferry companies of Scotland
Transport companies established in 1875
British companies established in 1875
1971 disestablishments in Scotland
Organisations associated with Shetland
British companies disestablished in 1971


Essigny-le-Petit () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Red River Bowl is an annual NJCAA college football bowl game played in Bedford, Texas.

Trinity Valley Community College (TVCC) defeated Coffeyville Community College in 1997 to become the NJCAA National Champions. The 1999 Red River Bowl was for the SWJCFC Championship.

Schroeder, George. (2019-10-12) "No. 5 Oklahoma with a stingy defense and CeeDee Lamb prove too much for Texas". USA Today. Retrieved 2020-04-26.

College football bowls
American football in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex


Essises () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Annika Viilo (born 12 November 1965) is a Finnish orienteering competitor and world champion. She won a gold medal at the 1995 World Orienteering Championships in Detmold with the Finnish relay team. She received a silver medal on the Classic distance at the 1993 World Championships in West Point, and also a silver medal with the relay team, and she received a bronze medal with the relay team in 1989 (Skaraborg).

After retiring, Viilo has been working as a middle school teacher, teaching health education and P.E.

In 2016 she won a gold medal at the World Masters Orienteering Championships in Estonia on long distance in W50 category.

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Foot orienteers
World Orienteering Championships medalists


Essômes-sur-Marne (, literally Essômes on Marne) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Étampes-sur-Marne (, literally Étampes on Marne) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. It lies adjacent to the south of the town Château-Thierry.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


"Promise" is the third single from Delirious?'s debut album, King Of Fools, on which it is the sixth track.  It was released as a single on 14 July 1997 and reached number 20 on the UK Singles Charts. The song also appears on the band's live album, d:tour 1997 Live at Southampton.

Music video

The music video shows the band playing in a darkened room with light bulbs flicking on and off. The video is intercut with various different people falling down and one person, a young Jordan Chaos, from the metal band A New Way To Trust, falling off his bike. The band also all fall down at the end of the video.

Track listing
CD1
"Promise" (Radio Edit)
"Deeper" (Mark Edwards Summertime Mix)
"You Split the Earth"

CD2
"Promise" (Live Acoustic Version)
"Deeper" (Mark Edwards Prophet Mix)
d:Interview

Chart performance

1997 singles
Delirious? songs
1997 songs
Songs written by Martin Smith (English musician)


Étaves-et-Bocquiaux () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Étouvelles () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Étréaupont () is a commune in the Aisne department and Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aisne department

References

Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia