Eugenia Benbow Sheppard (July 24, 1899 – November 11, 1984) was an American fashion writer and newspaper columnist for some 80 newspapers (including the Columbus Dispatch, New York Post, The Boston Post, and most notably, the New York Herald Tribune.

Early life and education
Sheppard was born in Nelsonville, Ohio, the daughter of James Taylor Sheppard and Jane Benbow Sheppard. She graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1921.

Career
She was credited with having "revolutionized fashion reporting with her reports in the New York Herald Tribune (1940–56)". Her syndicated column, Inside Fashion, made her the most influential fashion arbiter of the 1950s and 1960s. Her fashion columns at the New York Herald Tribune carried Joe Eula's illustrations.

Sheppard wrote a children's play, Cinderella (1928). She also collaborated with Earl Blackwell on writing two novels, Crystal Clear (1978) and Skyrocket (1980), both set in the fashion world.

Personal life and legacy
Sheppard married three times. Her first two marriages, to Samuel Black and Preston Wolfe, ended in divorce. She married her third husband, fellow journalist Walter Millis, in 1944; he died in 1968. She died from cancer in 1984, aged 85 years, in New York City. She was survived by her son Sheppard Black, stepson Walter Millis, Jr., and stepdaughter Sarah Millis McCoy. Andy Warhol succinctly memorialized her in his diary entry of Monday, November 12, 1984, writing, "Oh and the day had started out with Eugenia Sheppard dying of cancer. She invented fashion and gossip together."

The Eugenia Sheppard Award for journalism has been given annually since 1987 by the Council of Fashion Designers of America.
Selected awardees include: André Leon Talley, Robin Givhan, and Cathy Horyn.

Quotes
 "It's all terribly cute, but like giving a girl candy when she craves steak." (on some designers' one-time predilection for buttons and bows)
 "Pretty sexy for a tall girl, but it may make a short one disappear altogether." (on a dress she was not crazy about)
 "Dessès has always been inspired by birds. I think it's time somebody came right out and told this nice guy to switch to biology or some other ology. Anything but birds." (On Jean Dessès' "dovetail look")
 "For the second time in history, women are in a dither about a young man, called Valentino. This time he is not a movie star, but a fashion designer from Rome." (In 1964 for the Boston Post about the designer Valentino)

References

1899 births
1984 deaths
American columnists
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
American fashion journalists
Place of birth missing
American women columnists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Journalists from New York City
Bryn Mawr College alumni
People from Nelsonville, Ohio


Galon, Gal-on, etc. may refer to:

 Gal On, a kibbutz in Israel's southern lowlands
 Zehava Gal-On, an Israeli politician
 Galon, a Burmese term for Garuda, a legendary bird or bird-like creature in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faith
 Galon or Gallon, bishop of Beauvais (c. 1099-1104) and Paris (1104-1116)

See also
 Gallon,  a measure of volume of approximately four litres
 Galloon, a metallic braid used for trimming clothing and uniforms


KJTY is a non-commercial Christian FM radio station in Topeka, Kansas, operating on 88.1 MHz.  The station broadcasts with 35,000 watts from a 584-foot tower giving it a strong signal throughout eastern Kansas.

History

KJTY signed on as a locally owned religious station in 1985, Joy 88, owned by Joy Public Broadcasting. They had a few local programs and nighttime programming came from the Moody Broadcasting Network. On May 25, 2007, Joy sold the station to Family Life Communications, which made the station a part of its 12-station Family Life Radio network.

External links
 Family Life Radio

JTY
JTY
Radio stations established in 1985
Family Life Radio stations
1985 establishments in Kansas


Internet in Korea may refer to:
Internet in North Korea
Internet in South Korea


The Internet in Laos was first introduced in 1997, with the two commercial ISP services starting in 1999, specifically  PlaNet Computers and GlobeNet.  These services supported a rapid growth of internet cafes across the country to service tourists, which incidentally introduced the internet to many English speaking Lao nationals.  The introduction of mobile broadband has significantly increased the use of the Internet in Laos since 2008.

Status

 Internet users: 707,871 users, 125th in the world; 10.7% of the population, 169th in the world (2012).
 Fixed broadband: 96,291 subscribers, 101st in the world; 1.5% of the population, 134th in the world (2012).
 Mobile broadband: 50,648 subscribers, 124th in the world; 0.8% of the population, 134th in the world (2012).
 Facebook: 150,000 subscribers (2012).
 Internet hosts: 1,532, 166th in the world (2012).
 IPv4: 54,784 addresses allocated, 0% of the worldwide total, 8.3 addresses per 1000 people (2012).
 Top level domain: .la

On 4 July 2013, The Lao Ministry of Post and Telecommunication's National Internet Center announced that it had launched the Lao Computer Emergency Response Team (LaoCERT), a branch of government focused on battling cyber crime.

Local operators

In 2008 two operators, Lao Telecom and Unitel, were granted 3G licenses. Another two licenses were issued to ETL and Beeline in 2011. In 2012, the main ways to access Internet in Laos are:
 3G (up to 21 Mbps HSPA+)
 ADSL (up to 2 Mbps)
WiMAX (up to 10 Mbps)
4G was introduced in 2015, and a new licensed ISP Lao Champa Internet.

Censorship and surveillance

Laos is included in the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) Regional Overview for Asia (2009). ONI found no evidence of Internet filtering in the political, social, conflict/security, and tools areas based on testing performed in 2011.

The government controls domestic Internet servers and sporadically monitors Internet usage, but by the end of 2012 it apparently did not have the ability to block access to Web sites. Authorities have developed infrastructure to route all Internet traffic through a single gateway, enabling them to monitor and restrict content. However, they apparently had not utilized this increased capability as of the end of 2012. The National Internet Committee under the Prime Minister's Office administers the Internet system. The office requires Internet service providers to submit quarterly reports and link their gateways to facilitate monitoring, but the government's enforcement capability appears limited.

The law generally protects privacy, including that of mail, telephone, and electronic correspondence, but the government reportedly continues to violate these legal protections when there is a perceived security threat. The law prohibits unlawful searches and seizures. While the law requires that police obtain search authorization from a prosecutor or a panel of judges, police do not always obtain prior approval, especially in rural areas. Security laws allow the government to monitor individuals’ movements and private communications, including via cell phones and e-mail.

See also
 Telecommunications in Laos

References

Laos
Laos
Communications in Laos


Inés Gómez-Mont Arena (born July 29, 1983) is a Mexican television host, journalist and model.  She was the host of TV Azteca's Los 25+ and co-host of Ventaneando.

Career
Gómez-Mont first gained attention as an actress in 1997 with the telenovela Tric Trac.  In 2002, she started working in the news production department of TV Azteca. She later joined the entertainment department, directed by Paty Chapoy. In 2004, she received the opportunity to host Los 25+. She later joined the team of Ventaneando in 2005 and also TV Azteca's sports reporters. Gomez Mont gained notoriety in the English speaking world when, at the Super Bowl Media Day for Super Bowl XLII, she attended a news conference with New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady wearing a revealing wedding dress and pleaded with Brady to marry her.

Personal life
She was married to Javier Díaz, with whom she had four children. Since 2015, she is married to Víctor Álvarez and they had two other children.

References

1983 births
Living people
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television presenters
Actresses from Mexico City
Mexican women television presenters


The 3rd Mediterranean Grand Prix was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 16 August 1964 at the Autodromo di Pergusa, Sicily. The race was run over 60 laps of the circuit, and was won by Swiss driver Jo Siffert in a Brabham BT11.

British driver Mike Hailwood was involved in an accident during the race, in which his Lotus 25 ended up in Pergusa Lake.

Results

References

Mediterranean Grand Prix
Mediterranean Grand Prix
1964 in Italian motorsport


Although in 2011 only about 9.0%  percent of Nepal's population used the Internet, use of the Internet in Nepal is growing rapidly. As of July 2021, 90.56% of the population has access to the Internet according to Nepal Telecommunications Authority (NTA).

Internet penetration stands at 90.56 percent of the population and that of fixed broadband internet service providers stands at 25 percent of the population, a significant increase from 2018, when total internet penetration was 56 percent of the population and fixed broadband users stood at 12 percent of the population, according to the Nepal Telecommunications Authority.

The competition between major telecom operators encouraged them to provide cellular coverage to different parts of the country. The cellular/ mobile coverage is one of the main driver of this internet connectivity and usage. As per the TKP data, around 95.62 percent of people live within the coverage area of the mobile tower. Other drivers for increment in internet users include the inexpensive internet-enabled cellular phone and availability of cheap broadband internet.

This is the result of a competitive Internet service provider (ISP) market. As of April 2020, more than 39 ISPs offer Internet access to businesses and regular consumers, Although few ISPs like Worldlink, Vianet Communications, Subisu, Websurfer and Mercantile, dominate the market with a combined share of more than 70 percent. Around 2010-2015, Cyber cafés were important sources of Internet access for Nepalis; the country was believed to have the highest concentration of cybercafés in the world. Much of Nepal's Internet access is concentrated in the more-developed Kathmandu Valley region, as the mountainous terrain and low income in remote regions of the country make access more difficult. However, projects to bring Internet access to rural populations like the Nepal Wireless Networking Project has already wirelessly connected seven remote mountain villages to the Internet, with plans to network twenty-one villages in all. With recent availability of the Chaudhary Group owned cheap ISP, CG Net in 2021, broadband prices are expected to come down as a result of cheap Internet service provided by CG Net.

Legal and regulatory frameworks

Nepal's legal system is in flux because of its unstable political landscape and its new constitution. The most recent collapse occurred in February 2005, when the king assumed control of the government and armed forces. Mass civilian protests followed, and he was forced to reinstate parliament and ultimately relinquish all official powers to the prime minister and parliament. The king sought to stifle the independent media during his tenure, passing the repressive Media Law, which prohibited criticism of the king and royal family and the broadcast of news over independent FM radio stations (an important source of independent news in the country). The Media Law also increased the penalties for defamation tenfold. The law was repealed once parliament was reinstated.

In December 2006, seven political parties and the Maoists agreed on a new interim constitution that paves the way for the Maoists to join the political mainstream and nationalizes royal properties, leaving the fate of the monarchy up to a general election. The interim constitution guarantees certain social freedoms including freedom of speech and expression, freedom to protest, and freedom to establish a political party, among others. The constitution also guarantees the freedom to publish, including a specifically enumerated freedom to publish on the Internet. It advises, however, that those who publish information that causes social disruption or disparages others may be subject to punishment under relevant laws.

One such law is likely the Electronic Transaction and Digital Signature Act of 2004 (ETDSA), which regulates online commerce and financial transactions and criminalizes certain online behavior, including hacking and fraud. ETDSA also provides criminal penalties, including fines and up to five years in prison, for the publication of "illegal" content on the Internet (though it provides no definition of illegal content), or for the publication of hate speech or speech likely to trigger ethnic strife. Similarly, the National Broadcasting Act of 1993 and the National Broadcasting Regulation of 1995 provide for fines and/or imprisonment for broadcasting content likely to cause ethnic strife or social unrest, undermine national security or moral decency, or conflict with Nepali foreign policy.

However, the extent to which any previously existing laws will retain their force under the new government is unclear. The Government of Nepal has banned pornographic sites from September 21, 2018.

Filtering
From October 2006 through January 2007, the OpenNet Initiative conducted testing on six Nepali ISPs (Worldlink, Everest, Mercantile, Nepal Telecom, Speedcast, and Websurfer) to detect possible Internet filtering (censorship). The tests revealed no evidence of filtering.

References

https://impetusink.com/internet-users-in-nepal-reached-20-million/
http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-09/one-in-two-nepalis-use-internet-nta-report.html
https://www.everestparked.com/post/status-of-internet-in-nepal
https://kathmandupost.com/money/2021/07/06/as-internet-becomes-more-essential-complaints-of-poor-service-increases
https://www.merokalam.com/internet-service-providers-in-nepal/
https://www.gadgetbytenepal.com/cg-net-fiber-internet/


Vector field reconstruction is a method of creating a vector field from experimental or computer generated data, usually with the goal of finding a differential equation model of the system.

A differential equation model is one that describes the value of dependent variables as they evolve in time or space by giving equations involving those variables and their derivatives with respect to some independent variables, usually time and/or space. An ordinary differential equation is one in which the system's dependent variables are functions of only one independent variable. Many physical, chemical, biological and electrical systems are well described by ordinary differential equations. Frequently we assume a system is governed by differential equations, but we do not have exact knowledge of the influence of various factors on the state of the system. For instance, we may have an electrical circuit that in theory is described by a system of ordinary differential equations, but due to the tolerance of resistors, variations of the supply voltage or interference from outside influences we do not know the exact parameters of the system. For some systems, especially those that support chaos, a small change in parameter values can cause a large change in the behavior of the system, so an accurate model is extremely important. Therefore, it may be necessary to construct more exact differential equations by building them up based on the actual system performance rather than a theoretical model. Ideally, one would measure all the dynamical variables involved over an extended period of time, using many different initial conditions, then build or fine tune a differential equation model based on these measurements.

In some cases we may not even know enough about the processes involved in a system to even formulate a model. In other cases, we may have access to only one dynamical variable for our measurements, i.e., we have a scalar time series. If we only have a scalar time series, we need to use the method of time delay embedding or derivative coordinates to get a large enough set of dynamical variables to describe the system.

In a nutshell, once we have a set of measurements of the system state over some period of time, we find the derivatives of these measurements, which gives us a local vector field, then determine a global vector field consistent with this local field. This is usually done by a least squares fit to the derivative data.

Formulation

In the best possible case, one has data streams of  measurements of all the system variables, equally spaced in time, say

s1(t), s2(t), ... , sk(t)

for

 t = t1, t2,..., tn,

beginning at several different initial conditions. Then the task of finding a vector field, and thus a differential equation model consists of fitting functions, for instance, a cubic spline, to the data to obtain a set of continuous time functions

x1(t), x2(t), ... , xk(t),

computing time derivatives dx1/dt, dx2/dt,...,dxk/dt of the functions, then making a least squares fit using some sort of orthogonal basis functions (orthogonal polynomials, radial basis functions, etc.) to each component of the tangent vectors to find a global vector field. A differential equation then can be read off the global vector field.

There are various methods of creating the basis functions for the least squares fit.  The most common method is the Gram–Schmidt process. Which creates a set of orthogonal basis vectors, which can then easily be normalized.  This method begins by first selecting any standard basis β={v1, v2,...,vn}.  Next, set the first vector v1=u1. Then, we set u2=v2-proju1v2.  This process is repeated to for k vectors, with the final vector being uk= vk-Σ(j=1)(k-1)projukvk. This then creates a set of orthogonal standard basis vectors.

The reason for using a standard orthogonal basis rather than a standard basis arises from the creation of the least squares fitting done next.  Creating a least-squares fit begins by assuming some function, in the case of the reconstruction an nth degree polynomial, and fitting the curve to the data using constants.  The accuracy of the fit can be increased by increasing the degree of the polynomial being used to fit the data.  If a set of non-orthogonal standard basis functions was used, it becomes necessary to recalculate the constant coefficients of the function describing the fit.  However, by using the orthogonal set of basis functions, it is not necessary to recalculate the constant coefficients.

Applications

Vector field reconstruction has several applications, and many different approaches.  Some mathematicians have not only used radial basis functions and polynomials to reconstruct a vector field, but they have used Lyapunov exponents and singular value decomposition.  Gouesbet and Letellier used a multivariate polynomial approximation and least squares to reconstruct their vector field. This method was applied to the Rössler system, and the Lorenz system, as well as thermal lens oscillations.

The Rossler system, Lorenz system and Thermal lens oscillation follows the differential equations in standard system as

X'=Y, Y'=Z and Z'=F(X,Y,Z)

where F(X,Y,Z) is known as the standard function.

Implementation issues

In some situation the model is not very efficient and difficulties can arise if the model has a large number of coefficients and demonstrates a divergent solution.  For example, nonautonomous differential equations give the previously described results. In this case the modification of the standard approach in application gives a better way of further development of global vector reconstruction.

Usually the system being modeled in this way is a chaotic dynamical system, because chaotic systems explore a large part of the phase space and the estimate of the global dynamics based on the local dynamics will be better than with a system exploring only a small part of the space.

Frequently, one has only a single scalar time series measurement from a system known to have more than one degree of freedom. The time series may not even be from a system variable, but may be instead of a function of all the variables, such as temperature in a stirred tank reactor using several chemical species. In this case, one must use the technique of delay coordinate embedding, where a state vector consisting of the data at time t and several delayed versions of the data is constructed.

A comprehensive review of the topic is available from

References

Vector calculus
Mathematical modeling
Numerical analysis
inverse problems


John Feeney (1839 in Birmingham – 3 May 1905), was a newspaper proprietor and philanthropist, and a proprietor of the Birmingham Post, in partnership with John Jaffray (later Sir John Jaffray, baronet) in succession to his father John Frederick Feeney.

He was the second son of his father. In his will, he left most of his considerable fortune to charity, mostly for the benefit of the City of Birmingham.  By this or in his lifetime:
He provided £50,000 to provide a further gallery for Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.
He gave £20,000 to endow a professorship at the University of Birmingham, which became that in metallurgy .
He gave 9% of the residue to establish the John Feeney Charitable Trust, which exists for the benefit of:
The Public Charities in the City of Birmingham
The promotion and cultivation of Art in the city
The acquisition and manitenace of public parks, recreation ground, and open spaces in or near the city.

Archives
Scores of musical works commissioned by the John Feeney Charitable Trust are held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.

References

19th-century British newspaper publishers (people)
19th-century British newspaper founders
Businesspeople from Birmingham, West Midlands
1905 deaths
1839 births
19th-century British philanthropists
19th-century English businesspeople


Peter Fanucchi is a Californian winegrower in the Russian River Valley AVA. His winery, Fanucchi Vineyards began using grapes from a plot of land bought by his father in 1972. Already planted with planted at the end of the 19th century Zinfandel, Fanucchi's father originally wanted to pull it out but Fanucchi retrained the vines and for nearly a decade it went into White Zinfandel for. In 1992, he started his own commercial brand and began producing red Zinfandel wine. He also produces white wine made from the Trousseau Gris grape which after his father died in 1984, and at the same time as he was personally farming and restoring the zinfandel field, Peter finished bringing into production. In 2010 Fanucchi farmed the last known block of Trousseau Gris.

References

American winemakers
American viticulturists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


The  Internet in Pakistan has been available since the early 1990s. Pakistan has about 124 million internet users, making it the 7th-largest population of internet users in the world. Information and communications technology (ICT) is one of the fastest growing industries in the country. In 2001 just 1.3% of the population used the Internet. By 2006 this figure had grown to 6.5% and in 2012 to 10.0%. As of July 2021; the percentage of internet users in Pakistan is 54%, which translates into approximately 118 million citizens having access to internet. Inadequate infrastructure is adversely impacting Internet speeds, encompassing technology, available backhaul, and international Internet bandwidth. This is the primary reason why Pakistan's Internet speed lags behind that of neighboring countries and even some less developed nations worldwide.

Status

 Internet users:124 Million broadband subscribers as of February 2023, 8th in the world; 54% of the population.
 Fixed broadband: 2,042,179 subscribers as of November 2019, 28th in the world; 1.7% of the population, 128th in the world (2012).
 Mobile broadband: 74,338,910 subscriptions as of November 2019, 10th in the world; 16% of the population, 13th in the world (2012).
 Top level domain: .pk
 Domains registered under the .pk domain: ~30,000 (2012).
 Internet hosts: 365,813 hosts, 57th in the world (2012).
 IPv4: 5.2 million addresses allocated, 0.1% of the world total, 27.2 addresses per 1000 people (2012).
 International bandwidth: ~78 Tbit/s combined from PTCL and TWA (2017).
 Undersea telecommunications cables: Six, SEA-ME-WE 3, SEA-ME-WE 4, IMEWE and AAE-1 operated by PTCL and TWA-1 and SEA-ME-WE 5 operated by Transworld Associates (2012).
 Operational ISPs: ~50 (2012).
 ISPs providing DSL services: Ten (2012).
 ISPs providing broadband cable services: Five (2012).
 ISPs providing Fiber to the Home (FTTH) services: Nayatel (2006), Transworld Home (2017). PTCL, SCO, Multinet Pakistan, StormFiber, Fiberlink, Optix, WorldCall and Satcomm
 Domestic fiber backbones: PTCL, Wateen, Mobilink, and Multinet (2012).

History

The first dial-up e-mail service was introduced by Digicom Pakistan (Pvt) Limited in 1992–93. The also first dialup internet service started in Pakistan in 1994, by Digicom Pakistan, sharing a 128K link established at Pardesi House R.Y.16 2/1 Old Queen Road, Karachi. Engineer Nasser Khan Ghazi, was the first engineer who installed and commissioned the first-ever internet link at Pardesi House Old Queen Road Karachi in 1994 and became the first person in Pakistan to experience online internet browsing.

The state-owned Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd (PTCL) started offering access via the nationwide local call dialup network in 1995. The country has been pursuing an aggressive IT policy, aimed at boosting Pakistan's drive for economic modernization and creating an exportable software industry. In 2001 Micronet Broadband launched the first DSL service. By the end of 2001, there were as many as 50 Internet Service Providers in the country.

Pakistan's getting its submarine optic fiber in 2000 also helped the ISP market flourish like never before. Pakistan had almost 128 ISPs in 2007, with customers concentrated in the areas of Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore.  PTCL offers free dial-up Internet service to all its landline subscribers.

In 2006 NayaTel began to offer Fiber to the User (FTTU) triple-services in the capital city of Islamabad.

In 2005 Telekom Malaysia acquired 78 per cent equity in Multinet Pakistan, and announced the launch of ‘Project Ittehad.’ The blueprint of the project suggested that the company would lay down 4,500-km of fiber optic cables, which would link 77 cities of the country. The project was estimated to be completed in 14 months and resulted in a highly accessible, fully redundant and resilient DWDM backbone with 20 gigabytes per second operational capacity and 48 cores of dark fiber. Multinet has a 12,000 km long self-healing and scalable optical fiber network covering over 120 cities of Pakistan.

Broadband access is available in major cities, wireless broadband Internet has been introduced by the Wireless local loop (WLL) networks in many major cities, and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks are being deployed. Most Pakistani companies, educational institutes, and government departments maintain web sites, which has further increased the demand for Internet access.

Language
Most Internet usage in Pakistan is still in English. Many Urdu based newspapers maintain an Urdu presence on the web, however, common usage is often done in romanized Urdu.

Broadband

Pakistan's Government definition of Broadband is contrary to the definition of Broadband in the industrialized world. For example, Pakistan defines broadband as always on 128 kbit/s, while US FCC defines broadband as 20 Mbit/s.  Or a difference in speed of 159 times (15900%). In 2015 Government of Pakistan (GoP) recognised that Telecommunication has become one of the dominant sectors in the economy, contributing to the well-being of society and a major contributor to GDP thus introduced a Telecommunication Policy 2015. The Telecom Policy 2015 aims to facilitate the attainment of an all-embracing national agenda and to transform Pakistan into an economically vibrant, knowledge-based, middle-income country by 2025.

Broadband is offered at speeds that range from 1 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s in all major cities. The largest broadband providers for both corporate and residential consumers include PTCL, Wateen, Cybernet (StormFiber), Multinet, Optix, Transworld and Nayatel.

In August 2007, PTCL launched Smart TV, an IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) service. IPTV along with high-speed broadband internet and voice telephony is available on the subscribers existing telephone lines.

PTCL provides wireless broadband using the Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) Rev. A standard, with speeds of up to 3.1 Mbit/s. PTCL provides its service under the brand name EVO which is available in more than 100 cities.

Nayatel is offering multiple value-added services as well other than the basic tagline of voice, video, and data. The VAS includes Surveillance Solutions, IT solutions, Web Hosting, Gaming Solutions, IPTV, Data Security and VOD.

StormFiber (powered by Cybernet) and Optix Pakistan have developed good market among consumers by providing FTTH and FTTX services including value added services like digital television, IPTV services. Internet packages varies from 2Mbit/s to 100Mbit/s

Wateen Telecom launched its WiMAX services in Pakistan in 2007. Connections are available at speeds from 256 kbit/s to 9.8 Mbit/s. PTCL offers Pakistan fastest WiMAX connection EVO Wingle at 9.3 Mbit/s. PTA issued the License to Telenor, Zong, Ufone, Jazz to launch 3G and 4G services in form of wireless broadband.

In 2016, Wi-tribe signed a contract with Huawei to Launch 4.5G LTE Advanced Internet in Pakistan. This technology Advancement is not only new in Pakistan but in South Asia & Middle East too. The first stage has been completed in Lahore and Karachi, which is providing the most Advanced Generation of Internet speeds .i.e. 4.5G to users. In 2021, the PTA (Pakistan Telecommunication Authority) revoked Wi-tribe's license because of frequent service interruptions.

Between 2019 and 2021, major cell sites of Zong, Jazz and Telenor were upgraded to support LTE-A, allowing the use of carrier aggregation on modern smartphones that support the technology.

On 22 August 2019, Pakistan became the first South Asian country to test 5G services. The successful tests were conducted by Pakistani telecom company Zong.

The country is reported to have 5G services launched by December 2022, however experts believe it will take more than 3–4 years for country to fully deploy 5G services in the country.

In April 2021, the PTA announced that broadband subscriptions in Pakistan had reached the 100 million users mark.

Right of way draft rules 2018
Major hindrance in providing internet services in Pakistan is acquiring Right of Way from public and private authorities (Owners of Right of Way) Over the last few years, there have been many instances reported to PTA and MoIT&T related to Right-of-Way (RoW) disputes. These have come from telecom operators who cite undue demands from various public bodies (owners of RoW). MoIT&T began a process of consultation with all relevant stakeholders to develop a standard mechanism for addressing the long-standing issue of RoW being faced by telecom operators and has prepared draft RoW rules. The Telecom Authority (PTA) is actively pursuing and participating in finalizing the RoW Rules in the larger interest of the telecom sector.

E-commerce

Pakistan e-commerce industry is worth an estimated US$4 billion.
According to the Oxford Dictionary, e-commerce refers to commercial transactions conducted electronically on the internet.

Pakistan's first e-commerce company was started in 2001 with the establishment of Beliscity.pk by Abid Beli. Since then the market has grown steadily until 2012, which was an inflection point in the industry.

In 2018, Government of Pakistan reformulated the Digital Pakistan Policy: one that takes into account its increasingly transformed role across all sectors of socio-economic development; their accelerated digitization, and transformational modernization into integrated components of a holistic knowledge based economy. With this in mind, Ministry of IT & Telecom (MoIT) has formulated this policy document based on a multi-stakeholder model which includes infrastructure development, digitization including e-Agriculture, e-Health, e-Energy, e-Commerce, e-Justice, ICT Education, IoT, FinTech, Artificial Intelligence & Robotics, Cloud Computing and Big Data

There was sudden growth in online business during 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan, majority of business suddenly move to online market. Due to this drastic change web hosting companies business increases from 2020 to onward.

Presidential Initiative for Artificial Intelligence & Computing (PIAIC)
President of Pakistan Dr. Arif Alvi started a Presidential Initiative for Artificial Intelligence & Computing (PIAIC) the mission of which is to reshape Pakistan by revolutionizing education, research, and business by adopting latest, cutting-edge technologies. Experts are calling this the 4th industrial revolution.

See also

References

External links

 Pakistan Telecommunication Coverage Footprint (maps), Pakistan Telecommunication Authority.
 PKNIC, administrator of the.PK domain name space.
 , Admin of the Packagejano All PAkistan Networks Packages Writer.

Telecommunications in Pakistan
Information technology in Pakistan


The New England Holocaust Memorial in Boston, Massachusetts, is dedicated to the Jewish people who were murdered by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust.

Description

Founded by Stephan Ross, a Holocaust survivor, and erected in 1995, the memorial consists of six glass towers under which visitors may walk. Engraved on the outside walls of each tower are groups of numbers representing the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust. Inscribed on the inner walls are quotes from survivors of each camp. Underneath the towers, steam rises up through metal grates from a dark floor with twinkling lights on it.Each tower symbolizes a different major extermination camp (Majdanek, Chełmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Bełżec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau), as well as menorah candles, the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust (one million per tower), and the six years that the mass extermination took place, 1939-1945. Each tower consists of twenty-four individual panels of glass. Twenty-two of the panels are inscribed with seven digit numbers and two of the panels are inscribed with messages. In total, there are 132 panels from the six towers inscribed with numbers; however, each panel is identical. A single panel contains 17,280 unique numbers which are subsequently repeated throughout the memorial. Numbers are arranged in eight by ten blocks, with each block consisting of sets of six numbers arranged in a six by six grid. In total there are 2,280,960 non-unique numbers listed on the 132 panels. A digital tour, which explains some holocaust history and meaning behind the monument, is available through QR codes as of July 2021.

The New England Holocaust Memorial is located a few steps off the Freedom Trail, making it a popular tourist attraction.

The site is maintained by the Boston National Historic Park and is located in Carmen Park, along Congress and Union Streets, near Faneuil Hall. Carmen Park was named in recognition of William Carmen's service to the community and his vision and leadership in creating the New England Holocaust Memorial.

Messages

On some of the panels of the glass towers are messages, for instance the Sobibor tower includes the following:

Threats and vandalism

The Boston memorial as well as the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., was targeted for destruction in a 2002 white supremacist terror plot by a neo-Nazi and his white supremacist girlfriend. In the 2002 federal trial, the jury convicted both defendants on all counts.

In the early morning hours of June 28, 2017, one of the  glass panels on the memorial was smashed with a rock. The 21-year-old suspect was charged with malicious destruction of property and destruction of a place of memorial. The suspect was denied bail due to violations of probation. The lawyer for the suspect said he suffers from mental health issues.

On August 14, 2017, the memorial was damaged for the second time in two months by a 17-year-old who threw a rock at one of the glass panels. The suspect was quickly accosted and restrained by a Drug Enforcement Administration Special Agent and Boston firefighter, both of whom were off duty, until Boston police could take the suspect into custody. Initial charges of willful destruction of property were quickly filed, and the incident is under investigation as a possible hate crime.

On March 22, 2021, members of the Nationalist Social Club photographed themselves in front of the memorial and posted it to social media. This was viewed by many American Jews as a provocation.

References

External links

1995 sculptures
21st-century attacks on synagogues and Jewish communal organizations in the United States
Cultural history of Boston
Glass works of art
Government Center, Boston
Holocaust memorials in the United States
Holocaust museums in the United States
Jews and Judaism in Boston
Monuments and memorials in Boston
Outdoor sculptures in Boston
Vandalized works of art in Massachusetts


Kudupu, also known as Kudpi is a town in the indian state of Karnataka, situated about 10 km from Mangalore city center, on the Mangalore-Moodabidri-Karkala route (NH#13).

Kudupu derives its name from a Tulu word 'Kudupu' meaning a basket made out of a dried forest creeper which is used to drain water after boiling the rice. Native to coastal Karnataka region.

Kudupu is well known for its serpent temple - Sri Ananta Padmanabha Temple, one of the prominent naga-kshetras  in the region.

Temple was under renovation from 2016 until February 2018. Brahmakalashotsava, a festival which marks the completion of renovation of a temple was held from 18 - 25 February 2018. This Brahmakalashotsava was termed as festival of the century in the history of the temple, as the renovation of a temple usually happens once in many hundred years.

Kudupu Sri Ananthapadmanabha Temple

As the name of the temple suggests main deities are Ananthapadmanabha,  Subrahmanya and Vasuki Nagaraja (Serpent God). It is worshipped by vasishnava sect, follower of Madhvacharya

Festivals
Following are some of the main festivals celebrated in the temple
 Subrahmanya Shashthi (ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯ ಷಷ್ಠಿ) - In the month of November/December. Champa Shashthi.
 Kiru Shashthi (ಕಿರು ಷಷ್ಠಿ) - In the month of December/January. 6th day of Pushya Shuddha.
 Nagara Panchami (ನಾಗರ ಪಂಚಮಿ) - In the month of July/August. Shravana Shuddha Nagara Panchami.
 Annual Festival (ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಜಾತ್ರೆ) - In the month of December/January. From Margashira Shuddha Padya to Margashira Shuddha Shashti.
 Brahmakalashotsava (ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಕಲಶೋತ್ಸವ) - 18 February 2018 till 25 February 2018.

Temple Layout
Main deity Lord Anantha Padmanabha in the main sanctum, is faced towards west. Naga Bana (place of serpent deity) though situated in eastern portion of the temple it is also faced towards west. There are more than three hundred of Serpent Idols in this Naga Bana. Holy pond Bhadra Saraswathi Thirtha is situated left side of the temple. In front of the temple there is one small shrine dedicated to Sub-deity Jarandaya. Inside behind the main sanctum there lies Sub-deity Shree Devi and Lord Mahaganapathi in southern portion. A holy anthill situated inside the temple beside which there is a stone idol of Lord Subramanya and either side of the main sanctum there are stone idols dedicated to Jaya and Vijaya (statues of divine watchmen). Outside in front of the temple there lies one Valmika Mantapa either side of which there are Shrines of Ayyappan and Navagriha.

Deities and Sub-deities Of The Temple
 Ananta Padmanabha Devaru (ಅನಂತ ಪದ್ಮನಾಭ ದೇವರು)
 Naga Devaru (ನಾಗ ದೇವರು)
 Subrhmanya Devaru (ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯ ದೇವರು)
 Shree Devi Ammanavaru (ಶ್ರೀ ದೇವಿ ಅಮ್ಮನವರು)
 Maha Ganapati Devaru (ಮಹಾ ಗಣಪತಿ ದೇವರು)
 Jarandaya Daiva (ಜಾರಂದಾಯ ದೈವ)
 Ayyappa Swamy (ಅಯ್ಯಪ್ಪ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ)
 Navagraha (ನವಗ್ರಹ)

Special Poojas and Celebrations in temple
 Ashada Hunnime (full moon day in Ashada Masa)
 Gokulashtami (Birth day of Lord Krishna)
 Gouri Tritiya Dina Navnana (Podwar)
 Vinayaka Chowthi
 Soura Righupakarma
 Anantha Chathurdhashi
 Navarathri
 Deepavali (Setting out of Bali)
 Tulasi pooja till Karthika Masa Uttana Dwadhashi and Ksheerabdhi on Dwadhashi day.
 Kartika Hunnime Deepotsava
 Maha Shivarathri Deepotsava
 Vishu Sankramana
 Vrishabha Masa Hunnime (Setting in of Bali)
 Four-day festival from Dhanurmasa Shuddha Chathurdhashi.
 Jarandaya Nema (ಜಾರಾಂದಾಯ ನೇಮ)
 Dompada Bali Nema (ದೊಂಪದ ಬಲಿ ನೇಮ)
 Beshada Bandi Nema (ಬೇಷದ ಬಂಡಿ ನೇಮ)

Offerings at The Temple (ಸೇವೆಗಳು)
List of sevas performed at the temple
 Naga Tambila (ನಾಗ ತಂಬಿಲ)
 Panchamritha Abhisheka (ಪಂಚಾಮೃತ ಅಭಿಷೇಕ)
 Ashlesha Bali (ಅಶ್ಲೇಷಾ ಬಲಿ)
 Ratriya Hoovina Pooje (ರಾತ್ರಿಯ ಹೂವಿನ ಪೂಜೆ)
 Madyahnada Hoovina Pooje (ಮಧ್ಯಾಹ್ನದ ಹೂವಿನ ಪೂಜೆ)
 Pancha Kajjaya (ಪಂಚಕಜ್ಜಾಯ)
 Karthika Pooje (ಕಾರ್ತಿಕ ಪೂಜೆ)
 Shashwatha Seve (ಶಾಶ್ವತ ಸೇವೆ)
 Shashwatha Annadana Seve (ಶಾಶ್ವತ ಅನ್ನದಾನ ಸೇವೆ)
 Sarpa Sanskara (ಸರ್ಪ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರ)
 Naga Pratishte (ನಾಗ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠೆ)
 Ashlesha Bali Udyapane (ಅಶ್ಲೇಷಾ ಬಲಿ ಉಧ್ಯಾಪನೆ)
 Ksheeraabhisheka (ಕ್ಷೀರಾಭಿಷೇಕ )
 Sahasra Namarchane (ಸಹಸ್ರನಾಮರ್ಚನೆ)
 Halu Payasa (ಹಾಲು ಪಾಯಸ)
 Purusha Sookta Abhisheka (ಪುರುಷ ಸೂಕ್ತ ಅಭಿಷೇಕ)
 Amruthapadi Nandadeepa (ಅಮೃತಪಡಿ ನಂದಾದೀಪ)
 Appa Kajjaya (ಅಪ್ಪ ಕಜ್ಜಾಯ)
 Pavamana Abhisheka (ಪವಮಾನ ಅಭಿಷೇಕ)
 Ondu Dinada Mahapooje (ಒಂದು ದಿನದ ಮಹಾಪೂಜೆ)
 Ayyappa SAmy Pooje (ಅಯ್ಯಪ್ಪ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ ಪೂಜೆ)
 Navagriha Pooje (ನವಗ್ರಹ ಪೂಜೆ)
 Navagriha Japa (ನವಗ್ರಹ ಜಪ - ಜಪ)
 Ashtotthara Archane (ಅಷ್ಟೋತ್ತರ ಅರ್ಚನೆ)

Ashlesha Bali
Ashlesha Bali is one of the important Seva in the temple. Excepting days of Ekadashi and Annual Festival occasion in all other days this seva can be performed. This seva begins in the evening 5'o clock and end up in around 6.30 p.m. Since there will be a heavy rush for the seva on Ashlesha Nakshatra Day the seva will continue till 11.00 p.m. Only on that day a night meal will be offered to the devotees and participants. Giving individual attention to the participants of this seva is the specialty of this Kshetra.

Mythology (ಪುರಾಣ)
Once there was a Brahmin Vedic scholar called 'Kedar' who was very orthodox, kind and religious follower. But he was extremely worried of not having a child. Thinking of that the blessing of Saint is ultimate resort for having a child he wandered everywhere searching one such saint. Finally his search fructified when he came contacted with one such holy Saint called 'Shringa Muni' near a small river 'Bhadra Saraswathi Thirtha' in midst of a big forest. He prostrated before a saint and placed his reason for worries. Hearing this a saint told him to stay there and start penance regarding Lord Subramanya who would fulfill your wishes. Saint also detailed him about the holiness of that place and the river.

Kedar accepted the advice of the saint and stood there and started a rigorous penance regarding Lord Subramanya with great concentration of mind and devotion. In penance he forgot all about his surroundings and himself. It continued for many years. As his penance became so intense it created a sort of immense heat in the surrounding and it spread everywhere even up to heaven. Devatas, humans, animals found it very hard to sustain. Everybody began to worry about the future if it continues like this. Worried about his penance Devatas went to Satyaloka to see Lord Brahma and told him the situation. Thinking of that Lord Mahavishnu only could redress the problem Lord Brahma accompanied by Devatas met him and detailed him with all about the situation. Hearing this Lord Mahavishnu said that Kedar is meditating regarding Lord Subramanya and only he could give remedy to this problem. Lord Mahavishnu promised Brahma and Devatas that he will meet Subramanya and accordingly he met him and told that Kedar is meditating upon him with a single desire of having a child that could be fulfilled by him only. He also asked Lord Subramanya to appear before Kedar and bless him with a child. But Lord Subramanya told that there is no child in the fate of Kedar and he is eligible only for salvation. But on the request of Lord Mahavishnu, Subramanya appeared before Kedar and blessed him with children. Kedar is so happy and expecting a child he settled near that Bhadra Thirtha River itself duly meditating and worshiping Lord Subramanya.

After some day wife of Kedar saw a serpent laying eggs and thought even snakes have good fortune of having children and worried too much about her fate comparing to that serpent. Year passed and Kedar's wife became pregnant and couple becomes very happy expecting a child. But after nine months, to their and everybody's surprise Kedar's wife delivered three eggs which was more looking like serpent eggs. Devatas thought these eggs are nothing but an incarnation of Lord Mahavishnu, Lord Mahashesha and Lord Subramanya and became very happy.

But Kedar was not happy. Even after rigorous penance if God blessed him with these eggs as children it is nothing but fate and a result of past action. That time he heard a divine voice coming from ether saying that these eggs are nothing but an incarnation of Lord Mahavishnu, Lord Mahashesha and Lord Subramanya for the sake of betterment of the world. It also realized him that he does not have further children and advised him to erect the eggs secretly at the place where he did penance upon Lord Subramanya. It blessed a place and River as a holy spot and whoever takes bath in the river will be blessed with children and freed from all sickness and sin. A divine voice also advised him to stay in that holy place worshiping Lord Anantha Padmanabha (another name of Lord Mahavishnu) and blessed him with salvation at the end of his life.

Hearing this voice Kedar became so happy and he kept those eggs in a basket weaved with forest creeps called Kudupu in local language and kept secretly in the place where he meditated upon Lord Subramanya. He spent his rest of life meditating upon Lord Anantha Padmanabha and attained salvation at the end of his life. Now in that place an anthill was grown and the place is well known as Shree Kshetra Kudupu. A small river called Bhadra Saraswathi Thirtha resides near the temple itself.

Legend regarding construction of the temple
Once a King named Shurasena did some wrong action and the sin caused by the act humiliated him very much and he lost his peace of mind. He asked different Vedic scholars, priests for the remedy of how to come out of this sin. But Brahmin Vedic scholars told him to cut down his hands himself, as the very cause of the sin was his hands only and advised him to worship upon Lord Mahavishnu. King accepted the advice and did accordingly. He made two golden arms and adorned it in place of his lost hands. But even though of his atonement he was very much worried about his lost hands.

One day while he was a hunting animal in wild along with his army men he reached the holy and peaceful spot of Bhadra Saraswathi Thirtha. He was very much impressed by the peaceful atmosphere of the surrounding of the Bhadra Thirtha. He was surprised by seeing the relics of pooja done near Thirtha. Meantime he remembered the advice given by Brahmin Vedic Scholars about the worship to be made to Lord Mahavishnu. Then he settled there and started to worship Lord Mahavishnu. As he intensely worshipped, Lord Mahavishnu appeared before him and inquired about his wants. King requested for restoration of his lost arms. By hearing this Lord Mahavishnu told him to build one temple within a day itself and his arms will be replaced as son as construction of temple completes.

King Shurasena became very happy and become ready to construct a temple within a day. All the sculptors, architects got in construction work. The work even continued in night and the dawn was nearing while the temple was almost all in finishing stage except the ornamental top portion of the sanctum. Early morning an ethereal divine voice came from the sky advising to stop the construction work as and where it is. King looked at his shoulder and alas!! his arms became, as it was earlier to the complete restoration. King settled there and spent his rest of the life ardently worshipping upon Lord Mahavishnu. Even today the temple does not have 'Muguli' (ಮುಗುಳಿ - ornamental top portion on the sanctum).

Places of interest
 Ajjina Saana, Kudupu (ಅಜ್ಜಿನ ಸಾನ, ಕುಡುಪು)
 Kudupu Katte (ಕುಡುಪು ಕಟ್ಟೆ)
 St. Joseph the Worker Church, Vamanjoor (ಸಂತ ಶ್ರಮಿಕ ಜೋಸೆಫರ ಇಗರ್ಜಿ, ವಾಮಂಜೂರು)
 Kudupu Vividoddesha Sahakari Sangha (ಕುಡುಪು ವಿವಿದೋದ್ದೇಶ ಸಹಕಾರಿ ಸಂಘ)
 Mitra Mandali, Kudupu (ಮಿತ್ರ ಮಂಡಳಿ, ಕುಡುಪು)
 Pilikula Nisargadhama (ಪಿಲಿಕುಳ ನಿಸರ್ಗಧಾಮ)
 Shri Amrutheshwara Temple, Kettikal (ಶ್ರೀ ಅಮೃತೇಶ್ವರ ಟೆಂಪಲ್, ಕೆತ್ತಿಕಲ್)

Nearby Locations
 Vamanjoor (ವಾಮಂಜೂರು)
 Kulashekara (ಕುಲಶೇಖರ)
 Mudushedde (ಮೂಡುಶೆಡ್ಡೆ)
 Polali (ಪುರಲ್)
 Gurupura (ಗುರುಪುರ)

Educational Institutes
 Government Primary School Kudupu (ಸರಕಾರಿ ಹಿರಿಯ ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಶಾಲೆ, ಕುಡುಪು)
 St. Joseph The Worker Primary School Vamanjoor (ಸಂತ ಶ್ರಮಿಕ ಜೋಸೆಫರ ಹಿರಿಯ ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಶಾಲೆ, ವಾಮಂಜೂರು)
 St. Raymond's High School Vamanjoor (ಸಂತ ರೇಮಂಡರ ಪ್ರೌಢ ಶಾಲೆ, ವಾಮಂಜೂರು)
 St. Raymond's Educational Institutes, Vamanjoor
 Mangala Jyothi (ಮಂಗಳ ಜ್ಯೋತಿ)
 Dharma Jyothi
 St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor
 Karavali College of Pharmacy

References

External links

 http://rcmysore-portal.kar.nic.in/temples/shreeananthapadmanabhatemple/IndexK.htm
 www.kuduputemple.com

Localities in Mangalore


Dương Quỳnh Hoa (1930-2006) was a notable member of the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War and a member of its provisionary government, serving as a cabinet member.

Early years

Born in 1930, Hoa was from a southern upper-class family, which had been Frenchified during the colonial era. After completing her secondary schooling in Vietnam, she moved to Paris in the 1950s, where she became a communist. Upon finishing her degree, she returned to southern Vietnam, which following the partition of Vietnam following the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Conference had become part of the anti-communist Republic of Vietnam. During this period of the late 1950s and early 1960s, Hoa spied for the communists, as she socialised with the Saigon elite at cocktail parties with the inner circle of President Ngo Dinh Diem and the American advisors in Vietnam, who were oblivious to the fact that the upper-class southerner was a communist.

During this time, she was a founding member of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, popularly known as the Viet Cong, which was formed in 1960.

War time activities

Early in 1968 when the Tet Offensive broke out, Hoa and her husband, a mathematician, fled Saigon to a Vietcong hideout in the jungle. There, the couple's son died of encephalitis. Although she never recovered from the personal loss, she put on a brave face in an interview with American journalist Stanley Karnow, quipping that her son was "only one among millions".

She was appointed as the Vietcong's deputy minister of health in its Provisional Revolutionary Government, a body that was set up at the order of North Vietnam to give the Vietcong political legitimacy. She was named as a "heroine of the revolution. Of her involvement with the Vietcong, she said in 1981, "We had no choice. We had to get rid of the foreigners."

Critic of communism

Following the war she administered a children's hospital in the newly renamed Ho Chi Minh City.

After the communist takeover, Hoa eventually became a vocal critic of communist rule. She stated "I have been a communist all my life, but now I've seen the realities of Communism, and it is a failure — mismanagement, corruption, privilege, repression. My ideals are gone."

Hoa also attacked the cadres who later moved into the south after the reunification and dominated the communist ruling class, who she felt were inattentive to southern regional characteristics and sensitivities. She was particularly critical of the forced land collectivisation programs, noting that some southern peasants went to the Vietcong due to their policy of land reform, whereas the South Vietnam had been proponents of land policies that were favourable to the landed gentry. Of the northerners who ruled over the south, she expressed her contempt, saying that "They behave as though they conquered us." At the time, the failure of the rice harvest and declining food rations had seen record levels of malnutrition at the hospital that she ran.

In 1990, she declared to Karnow that "Communism has been catastrophic. Party officials have never understood the need for rational development. They've been hypnotized by Marxist slogans that have lost validity — if they were ever valid. They are outrageous." Talking of the corruption practiced by the communist officials and their wives, she said that it was equivalent to what occurred in South Vietnam:"This is very much a feudal society, whatever its ideological veneer."

Notes

References

External links

"Bác sĩ Dương Quỳnh Hoa qua đời", BBC, 28 Feb. 2006.

1930 births
2006 deaths
Vietnamese communists
Vietnamese anti-communists
Government ministers of Vietnam
20th-century Vietnamese women politicians
20th-century Vietnamese politicians
Women government ministers of Vietnam
Former Marxists


Beit Nir (, lit. House of tilled soil) is a kibbutz in the Lakhish region of south-central Israel. Beit Nir falls under the jurisdiction of Yoav Regional Council and is a member of the Kibbutz Movement. In  its population was .

History
Beit Nir was established in August 1957 by members of Hashomer Hatzair on land that belonged to the depopulated Palestinian village of Kudna. It was named for Max Bodenheimer, a prominent German Zionist (Boden means "ground" in German and Heim means "home").

Economy
The kibbutz economy is based on agriculture, a soft drinks factory, and a jewelry workshop that sells its wares in Europe and the United States. The kibbutz merged with Gat to form the corporate entity "Ganir", which manufactures fruit juice for export and sale in Israel. In Israel the juice is sold under the brand name Primor (פרימור).

The kibbutz grows wheat, watermelons and cotton, and produces olive oil. Beit Nir also operates a cattle ranch.

Moshe Shek Museum
The museum displays ceramic works and bronze sculptures by Moshe Shek (1935-2011). Shek, who was born in Poland, became a founding member of the kibbutz and a member of the Hashomer Hatzair organisation, and studied at the New Bezalel art school. His wife Shula offers guided tours of the museum.

Gallery

References

External links
Official website
Photos of Beit Nir

Kibbutzim
Kibbutz Movement
Populated places established in 1957
Populated places in Southern District (Israel)
1957 establishments in Israel


Newfel Ouatah (born November 8, 1985) is a French–Algerian professional boxer. As an amateur, he won a gold medal at the 2007 African Championships at super heavyweight, a silver medal at the 2007 All-African Games and fought at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Career
Newfel started boxing in 1998 after the World Cup in France, while all the other children were playing football, he prefer to start boxing in front of his block, at the Club Pugillistique Villeurbannais's Gym.
He fought after two month of training his first educative fight and won it.
Then he became 2000 French champion in the middleweight division (-75 kg). In 2001 he won the French Cadets (under 17) championship in the light heavyweight (-81 kg).

As a Heavyweight he won the 2002 and 2003 Junior (under 19) Nationals championships. He lost in the quarterfinals of the junior world championships when he lost to Robert Alfonso.

He became the 2005 (against Stéphane Gomis) and 2006 French champion at 201 lb by beating John M'Bumba twice time by knock out.
He captured the bronze medal at the 2005 Mediterranean Games.

Then he asked the French federation to agree him to start boxing for his native country.

In 2007 he lost to M'Bumba, went up a division and started fighting for Algeria where he immediately won a silver medal at the All Africa games losing to Ahmed Samir Abdelhalim 8:17.

In 2008 he qualified for the Olympics by beating Stéphane Gomis of Sénegal and Moroccan Mohamed Amanissi 21:8 in a qualifier.

Even in April 2008 he fought his fourth fight against M'Bumba when the fight was amazingly stopped after 1:20 in the last round giving to M'Bumba a disputed winning decision.

In June 2008 he won the St Quentin's Pré Olympic tournament by winning the final against German Erik Pfeifer.
He started his Olympic preparation with Jean Baptiste Mendy's coach, Houari Amri.

In the round of 16 he upset Jose Payares of Venezuela, in the quarter-final he was beaten by World Championship silver medallist Vyacheslav Glazkov of Ukraine 4:10.

At the Ahmert COMERT tournament in 2009 he took his revenge against former conqueror and 2007 PanAm and 2008 World Cup winner Robert Alfonso by KO in the second round (one-punch knockout).

Professional career
He turned pro in 2009. His last fight was on February 15, 2020 with Faisal Ibnel Arrami on the opponent side. This boxing fight happened at Gymnase le Bourg located in St Trivier les Courtes which was WON by Newfel Ouatah a Unanimous Decision.

Personal life
Ouatah's the cousin of French football player Karim Benzema, Newfel's and Karim's families are from the same town in Algeria (Ath Djellil). He's also a cousin of famous Algerian singer Hanifa (Hanifa's mother is the sister of Newfel's grandfather).

References

External links

 His blog
 World Junior Championships 2004
 French 2005

1985 births
Living people
Heavyweight boxers
Algerian male boxers
Olympic boxers for Algeria
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
French people of Kabyle descent
Sportspeople from Lyon
Kabyle people
French male boxers
Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for France
Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
African Games silver medalists for Algeria
African Games medalists in boxing
Mediterranean Games medalists in boxing
Competitors at the 2007 All-Africa Games


Trần Cao Vân (陳高雲, 1866–1916) was a mandarin of the Nguyễn dynasty who was best known for his activities in attempting to expel the French colonial powers in Vietnam. He orchestrated an attempt to expel the French and install Emperor Duy Tân as the boy ruler of an independent Vietnam, but the uprising failed. Vân was executed while Duy Tân was exiled by the French.

Early life
Vân was born in the village of Phu Cu in the prefecture of Điện Bàn in Quảng Nam Province in central Vietnam. The prefecture was also the home area of General Hoàng Diệu, who commanded the garrison Citadel of Hanoi when it fell to France in 1882 and then committed suicide, marking the start of colonisation.

Vân's father was believed to be of scholar-gentry background, but never passed the imperial examination system. Instead, he made a living for himself by running a silkworm and rice production business. Vân was the first son of his father's wife (his father had three wives) and started his formal studies at the age of nine, and by the age of thirteen was regarded as the most adept in his village at "capping" parallel sentences.

French capture of Hanoi
In 1882 his outlook on life changed when news came in from Hanoi that the city had fallen to French military forces and that Hoàng Diệu had hanged himself. Hoàng Diệu's body was brought back to the area for a full dress funeral, generating a large upswell in anti-French and anti-Catholic nationalist sentiment. By 1885, Vân had concluded that pursuing a career in the imperial court through the mandarinate examination was pointless in the face of French control of the monarchy, so he bade farewell to his family and entered a Taoist temple in the mountains of Đại Lộc District. He was persuaded to come out of his mountain abode in 1888 due to family pressure, and he took the regional exams, but he failed and returned to his mountain.

Although the religious abode may have suggested a purely spiritual lifestyle, Vân also used the temple as a meeting place for anti-colonial discussions, while another scholar friend travelled the adjacent districts attempting to make contacts. The French caught wind of Vân's activities, so a colonial inspection party travelled the temple, resulting in Vân's departure for Bình Định Province to work as a geography teacher. Vân quickly garnered a reputation in Bình Định as a geomancer and soon had a following of anti-French mystics. In 1898, he was involved in a local uprising, which was unsuccessful. As a result, he fled westward into the hills near the border, as the French swept west, burning down villages. He then returned to his home in Quảng Nam without being captured by colonial authorities. However, in 1908, he was arrested for allegedly inciting tax riots in his locality.

Imprisonment
As a result, Vân was held in jail in Hội An for a year while his activities in the past in Bình Định were investigated. After this, he was jailed for six years in Côn Lôn Island.

However, by 1913, Vân had been transferred back to the mainland and was returned to Hội An. Two of his mandarin friends at the court in Huế managed to get Vân released so that he could be reunited with his dying father. Soon, Vân was again involved in anti-colonial activities. He joined a group in Quảng Ngãi Province that maintained contacts with the Quang Phục Hội, a leading overseas revolutionary activist group of the time, mainly in southern China near the Vietnamese border. His group briefly contemplated orchestrating their own military ambushes in central Vietnam, to coincided with cross-border raids by the Quang Phục Hội in the north, but nothing materialised in central Vietnam.

Plot to restore power to Duy Tân
At the time, The Emperor of Vietnam was Duy Tân, who was still a boy and French colonial authorities had hoped that he would be a pliant puppet who would not seek to inspire revolt among the populace. However, Duy Tân was to prove more troublesome than his father Thành Thái, whom the French removed after proving to be too erratic and uncooperative. A few of the mandarins in the court felt that Duy Tân had an independent and inquisitive streak that could be exploited and used as a symbol for an anti-French revolt in the central provinces. At the time, the Vietnamese soldiers who had been recruited by the French for domestic purposes were also restive; there was a general fear that with the outbreak of World War I, they would be sent to the frontline in Europe.

Can arranged for a secret meeting with Duy Tân by bribing the royal chauffeur, and he managed to gain the emperor's full agreement to attempt a coup against the French, complete with permission to use the royal seal on secret orders to participants. The seal allowed the plotters to gain a much larger following. Small armed units were prepared with the intention of seizing the strategically important towns of Huế, Quảng Nam and Quảng Ngãi. The plan was for Duy Tân to escape the palace, then signal assaults on the French installations with artillery and elephants, as well as a royal order declaring a general revolt. The signal was to be passed by igniting large firewires southwards on the Hải Vân Pass. The rebels had contemplated other plans, including an attempt to set up a rebel capital further south at Qui Nhơn and seizing the central port of Da Nang in the hope of attracting supplies from Germany, who were currently pitted against France in World War I. Another effort was made to attempt to convince the French commander of the Mang Ca colonial garrison in Huế to defect to the rebels. The Vietnamese royalists had hoped that the German born Frenchman would switch sides due to the situation in World War I.

However, the French got wind of the plan. A mandarin in Quảng Ngãi sensed a plot was brewing and he forced one of the low level participants to confessing to what he knew. The intelligence was passed to resident superieur in Huế, who then realised that there was a very large number of Vietnamese soldiers’ families evacuating from Huế. In Quảng Nam, information was found indicating that seizures of several local forts was planned.

The French responded by confiscating the firearms of the Vietnamese troops serving in the colonial army, and confined them to their barracks. More details were extracted from several conspirators who were suspected of rousing Vietnamese soldiers in the barracks.

2 May 1916 uprising and aftermath
However, Vân and the plot leaders were unaware that the French had discovered the conspiracy, and went ahead with their planned upring on the night of May 2, 1916, spiriting Duy Tân out of the imperial palace. The signal mechanism also failed to work as planned, and those soldiers who were not already confined to barracks simply wandered away from their planned roles, with the exception of a unit at Tam Kỳ, who killed several Frenchmen before they were overpowered.

The evacuation was also slow to be implemented, and Duy Tân and his entourage were captured at a Buddhist temple south of Huế. Vân and five others were executed, while lower level plotters were sent to various jails and penal colonies. Duy Tân was exiled to Réunion in the Indian Ocean to join his father Thành Thái.

Legacy
The Duy Tân plot was regarded as the last purely monarchist anticolonial action of any note in Vietnam, similar to the Cần Vương movement of the 1880s and 1890s rather than their more noted compatriots such as Phan Bội Châu and Phan Chu Trinh, who were open to the prospect of republicanism. Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.

Notes

References

1866 births
1916 deaths
Executed Vietnamese people
Nguyen dynasty officials
People from Quảng Nam province
20th-century executions by France
People executed by the French Third Republic
Vietnamese nationalists
People of French Indochina


The Central Buckeye Conference is an OHSAA athletic league whose members are located in the Ohio counties of Champaign, Clark, Logan, Madison, and Union.  The league was established in the fall of 1974.

Current members

Former members

Membership Timeline
Kenton Trail Division members are in red, Mad River Division members are in blue, and former members are in green.

History

The CBC was established in time for the 1974-75 school year.  The present-day divisions were created to align schools based on size, and every sport recognizes a champion for each division.
The charter members of the Central Buckeye Conference were Bellefontaine, Greenon, London, Northeastern, Shawnee, and Urbana.

In 1977, New school Kenton Ridge joined the CBC becoming the 7th member.

In 1978, London left the CBC after 4 years for the now defunct Central Buckeye League bringing the CBC back to 6 members.

Northwestern would join the CBC in 1982 bringing the conference back to 7 members which would eventually grow to 8 when Tecumseh joined in 1991 from the Greater Miami Valley Conference.

The CBC would remain at 8 members until they added 5 new members in Benjamin Logan, Graham, Miami East and Tippecanoe from the Southwestern Rivers Conference, Indian Lake from the Three Rivers Conference, while Northeastern left for the Ohio Heritage Conference bringing the total number of members to 12.

Miami East would leave to join the Cross County Conference in 2006. They would eventually be replaced by Stebbins who joined in 2007.

The CBC would remain at 12 members until 2016 when both Stebbins and Tippecanoe left to join the Greater Western Ohio Conference. Leaving the CBC with 2 divisions of 5 teams each.

In July 2017, both London's and North Union's Board of Educations have approved their membership for the CBC. London will join the Kenton Trail Division with Bellefontaine, Jonathan Alder, Kenton Ridge, Shawnee, and Tecumseh. North Union will join the Mad River Division with Benjamin Logan, Graham, Indian Lake, Northwestern, and Urbana. Date of entry is undetermined. This move brought the CBC back to 12 members allowing for 2, 6 team divisions which allows for easier scheduling.

Sponsored Sports
The CBC supports 22 league sports for both male and female competition. This includes football, boys' and girls' basketball, boys' and girls' track & field, boys' and girls' cross country, boys' and girls' soccer, boys' and girls' golf, boys' and girls' swimming, boys' and girls' bowling, boys' and girls' tennis, baseball, softball, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading

League champions for each sport are recognized in both the Kenton Trail Division and Mad River Divisions. The CBC also awards an all sports trophy as well.

Football Championships

All Sports Trophy

References

External links
Central Buckeye Conference Home Page

Ohio high school sports conferences


Internet in Tajikistan became present within the country during the early 1990s. Tajikistan  had just become independent in 1992, with Emomali Rahmon as the new ruler, when the internet was introduced to the country. Nevertheless, it was after over a decade that the country’s internet became more accessible. The history of the internet’s foundation in Tajikistan extends from 1992 to present-day Tajikistan. By 2009, internet penetration had developed since the initial conception of the internet in Tajikistan and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) had increased in number. In terms of the ISPs, Tajikistan primarily relied upon satellite-based connections using Discovery Global Networks.

Although at the initial start there was little governing of the internet, after the 2000s, new legalities became associated with the internet in Tajikistan. There are certain restrictions as to what is accessible and on display on the internet and as such, surveillance and filtering is present.

History
The Internet in Tajikistan emerged as the country was ending a bloody civil war that followed the demise of Soviet rule in the early 1990s. The resulting fragmentation of power also meant that Internet services developed largely without state interference and the Ministry of Transport and Communications played a weak role in the development of the sector as a whole. Telecommunications remained fragmented up until the end of the 1990s, with several companies failing to interconnect because of fierce (and at times violent and armed) competition. During this period of instability, ISPs were aligned with feuding political and criminal interests that spilled over to the competition among the ISPs themselves.

Since the end of the civil war, the government has taken steps to attract investors and liberalize the sector prompted by expectations of accession to the WTO. However, important steps are still pending, such as the privatization of Tajiktelecom (the national operator) and the establishment of an independent regulatory authority. In recent years, the telecommunications sector has boosted Tajikistan's GDP, and the number of licensed Internet and mobile operators has been increasing. In 2008, more than 180 companies were licensed in the ICT market.

Internet penetration and ISPs

As of January 2020 Tajikistan has 26% internet penetration.

Internet penetration in Tajikistan was estimated at 9.3 percent in 2009.  In 2009, the cost of accessing the Internet increased, further restricting development of the sector. Access costs of US$0.73 per hour at Internet cafés and up to $300 for unlimited Wi-Fi traffic compare poorly with average wages of $35 per month and a minimum salary of $7 per month. Unlimited monthly traffic by dial-up access costs $26.41; xDSL with capacity of 128/64 kbit/s amounts to $200; and Wi-Fi unlimited traffic per month with the same capacity is $300.

One respected Tajik NGO estimates that 1 percent of households own personal computers and that most people access the Internet from home by way of dial-up connections. Access with DSL and wireless (Wi-Fi and WiMAX) technologies is limited by relatively high costs, and therefore restricted to a small number of commercial companies.

In 2009, there are ten main ISPs in Tajikistan actively providing Internet services to all major cities in the country. The state-owned telecommunications company Tajiktelecom, which provides local, long-distance, and international telephone, mobile telephony, and Internet services, lost its unrivaled dominance of the telecoms market in 2007, when Babilon-Mobile seized more than 30 percent of the market. Tajikistan remains dependent on satellite-based connections using Discovery Global Networks, as the cost of fiber remains high—approximately 30 percent higher than using the same-capacity channel over VSAT. The country is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic highway passing through Uzbekistan, and a second connection is from Kyrgyzstan. In part to overcome this bottleneck, Tajiktelecom expanded their fiber-optic infrastructure across the country and establish connections with China.

The ISPs are reluctant to share information about their bandwidth because of the concern that the data would be used by their competitors to undermine their market position. They are also reluctant to discuss their international points of connection from which they buy bandwidth. The ONI data reveal that with the exception of TARENA (an educational network), all Tajik ISPs maintained two international points of access, one located in Russia and the other in Western Europe. Tajik providers are aggressive in adopting new technologies. Three of the operators, Babilon-T, Telecom Technology, and Eastera, provide a commercial Next Generation Network (NGN) service.

In 2005, the Association of Tajik ISPs established a national Internet exchange point (IXP) that connected only four of the ten commercial ISPs (Babilon-T, Compuworld, Eastera, and MKF Networks), as well as TARENA. At the time of writing, the IXP is not operational as ISPs prefer to maintain bilateral peering connections between them.

Most Internet users are young and access the Internet through Internet cafés close to schools and universities. In January 2006, the Ministry of Transport and Communications estimated that some 400 Internet cafe´ s, mostly concentrated in large cities, operated in the country. Many Internet cafés act as second-tier ISPs and buy their bandwidth from the first-level ISPs (i.e., main ISPs in the country with independent international connection). Recent changes in licensing regulations require Internet cafés operating as ISPs to obtain a license from the Ministry, a requirement which has brought about a decrease of the overall number of Internet cafés.

Although more than 70 percent of the population resides in rural areas, Internet access is mainly restricted to urban areas because of poor infrastructure and low afford-ability. A 2005 study by the local Civil Initiative on Internet Policy (CIPI) shows a great disparity between the percentage of men accessing Internet (77.5) and that of women (22.5). About 12 percent of users are secondary school students, with around 100 schools across the country connected to the Internet. The most active users are university students, employees of international organizations, commercial companies, and public sector institutions.

Tajik is the official national language. Nevertheless, Russian remains the most popular language for Internet use. According to data obtained from the national information portal (TopTJ.com), the top-ten most-visited Web sites in October 2007 were informational and analytical portals (AsiaPlus, Varorud, Watanweb, Ariana), a commercial bank, and entertainment sites. Other popular Web sites include mail.ru; popular research engines are rambler.ru, google.com, yahoo.com, and yandex.ru. Among Tajik youth, the most popular applications include instant messenger, followed by social networking sites (odnokassniki.ru, my.mail.ru), and online educational resources.

Local Tajik content on the Internet is poorly developed. Most Internet content is available in Russian, but the knowledge of Russian among the younger generation is gradually decreasing. A survey conducted among 342 students and professors from nine universities showed 60 percent of respondents saw the Internet as an informational and educational resource, but not as a means to create local information resources. The Tajik top-level domain name was registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) in 1997, but the domain name was later suspended because it was used mainly for registering pornography sites. In 2003, the domain name registration was delegated to the Information and Technical Center of the President of Tajikistan Administration, a state entity that now supervises registrations within the ".tj" domain. Any operator that has a license for providing telecommunication services (including Internet) is eligible to act as a domain registrar. By January 19, 2008, 4,894 second-level domain names were registered within the ".tj" domain.

Legal and regulatory frameworks

All Tajik ISPs operate under a license from the Tajik Ministry of Transport and Communication. Internet service providers are permitted to operate VoIP services under an IP-telephony license, although the ministry has introduced amendments that require VoIP providers to obtain a special license, presumably as a means to further regulate the sector.23 In Tajikistan, P2P services are not popular, and the government has not shown ambitions to regulate them at this time.

The main state entities regulating the Internet in Tajikistan are the Security Council (SC), the ICT Council, and the MTC (an entity established in February 2007, replacing the former Ministry of Communications). The Communications and Informatization Department of the MTC is the main regulator in the telecommunications industry and is empowered to issue licenses for any related activities.24 In 2003, the government adopted the Conception on Information Security, 25 which serves as a platform for proclaiming official views and policy directions to preserve state information security. The president remains the key authority that ratifies the main legal documents in the IT sector and directs ICT policy in the country. The SC controls the implementation of the State Strategy on Information and Communication Technologies for Development of the Republic of Tajikistan (e-Strategy), 26 aimed at developing the information society and exploiting the country's ICT potential. The SC monitors telecommunications, including the Internet, for national security reasons. The ICT Council, 27 where the president sits as chairman alongside members of the government, is responsible for implementing and coordinating work under the e-Strategy and advising the president. However, although the council was established in February 2006, it has yet to be convened.

The government restricts the distribution of state secrets and other privileged data intending to "discredit the dignity and honor of the state and the President," or that which contains "violence and cruelty, racial, national and religious hostility ... pornography ... and any other information prohibited by law."28 The provisions of this regulation are broad and allow state bodies wide discretion in their application. The control over information security is assigned to the Main Department of State Secrets and the Ministry of Security.

The lower chamber (Majlisi Namoyandagon) and the president ratified the Law on Changes and Amendments to the Criminal Code in June and July 2007, respectively. The changes introduced, inter alia, provisions on defamation (Article 135, part 2, Slander) and provisions on illegal collection and distribution of private data (Article 144, part 1). Defamation incurred over "mass media or Internet" is prosecuted according to local laws when it contains "intentional distribution via the Internet of knowingly false, libelous and insulting information, as well as expletive words and phrases which denigrate the dignity of human personality."

Surveillance and filtering

Several government agencies possess the right to inspect ISPs’ activities and premises, and require information on their users. The rights and obligations of ISPs in this regard are envisioned in the Annex to the "Internet Services Provision Rules within the Republic of Tajikistan" (herein referred to as the Rules). According to Section 4, paragraph 15, of the Rules, the provider is obliged to "render its activity in accordance with the current Rules" and "provide an easy access to its facilities for employees of the State Communications Inspectorate of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, Ministry of Security and other state agencies granted under the corresponding rules, provide on their demand information, for which they are authorized to ask and fulfill their instructions on time."

In 2006, the government signaled its intention to create an agency under the auspices of the Ministry of Transport and Communications that would control the ISP sector. All telecoms and ISPs were required to provide direct access to the state inspectorate in a manner similar to Russian surveillance legislation (SORM). In 2009, the high cost of the project as well as lobbying from telecom operators halted its realization.32
ONI Testing Results

Tajikistan does not have an official policy on Internet filtering. However, state authorities have been known to restrict access to some Web sites at politically sensitive times by communicating their "recommendations" to all top-level ISPs—an example of second-generation controls. Prior to the 2006 presidential election, the government-controlled Communications Regulation Agency issued a "Recommendation on filtering" that advised ISPs that, "for the purpose of information security," they should "engage in filtering and block access to Web sites that aim to undermine the state policy in the sphere of information."29 As a result, several oppositional news Web sites hosted in Russia or Tajikistan were inaccessible to Tajik users for several days.30 Although officials offered unclear reasons for shutting down the Web sites, independent media sources believe that the block list will grow in the future.31

In 2007 and 2008, the OpenNet Initiative tested in Tajikistan on four key ISPs: Babilon-T, Eastera, Tajiktelecom, and TARENA. Testing in Tajikistan yielded no evidence of Internet filtering. This extends to pornographic content, and with the exception of TARENA (which services schools and universities), the major ISPs do not filter such content on the backbone level. However, accessing pornographic content at Internet cafés is illegal. Any persons caught accessing such content is subject to a fine ranging from US$15 to $100, and violators may be criminally prosecuted. The ONI's investigation concluded that currently most Internet cafés do not filter access to pornographic content. However, they do employ monitoring software that notifies them when a client is attempting to retrieve such content.

See also

 Tajikistan

References
This article was originally adapted from the December 1, 2010 OpenNet Initiative profile of Tajikistan, which was published under a Creative Commons Attribution license.

Tajikistan
Communications in Tajikistan
Tajikistan


Ed Wilson is an American media executive. He has been President of Chicago-based Tribune Broadcasting and has held top-level executive roles with Fox Television Network, NBC Enterprises and CBS Enterprises.

Wilson sits on the Board of the USO and the Board of Trustees at Southern Methodist University as well as the Cox School of Business. He is also a member of the Arkansas Entertainers Hall of Fame.

Life
Wilson was born and raised in Rison, Arkansas, and graduated from the University of Arkansas with a BS/BA in Finance. His career began in 1980 as a Sales Trainee for Viacom. Wilson later worked for KATV, Channel 7 in Little Rock as a sales manager.

Career

In the early 1990s, Ed Wilson was a sales executive at Columbia TriStar Television Distribution specializing in syndication. He befriended colleague Bob Cook, and together, they helped syndicate Ricki Lake and Seinfeld off-network.  In 1994, Wilson and Cook struck a partnership with station group A. H. Belo, opening up their own syndication studio, MaXaM Entertainment.

Despite being a small distribution company, MaXam was geared towards handling off-network sales for the major studios. In MaXam's first season, the studio distributed a talk show called “J & I,” weekend series “PSI Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal,” “Extremists” with volleyball star Gabriel Reece and a Hall of Fame movie package on the Hallmark Channel. At the end of 1995, A. H. Belo executives initiated the sale of MaXam to CBS that would finalize in January 1996.

In 1994, Wilson founded his own syndication company, MaXaM Entertainment, in partnership with A.H. Belo Corp. The company was sold to CBS in January 1996 at which time Wilson was named president and chief operating officer of CBS Enterprises and Entertainment. Domestic and international sales of CBS network programming, as well as production of original programming for syndication and cable were Wilson’s responsibilities.

On February 11, 1996, CBS hired Wilson to create and helm CBS Enterprises and Entertainment as president and chief operating officer. In addition to directing the domestic and international sales of CBS network programming, he was responsible for production of original programming for syndication and cable. In July, 2000, Wilson opted not to renew his contract with CBS and to pursue other opportunities.

After leaving CBS Enterprises, Wilson was hired by NBC in September 2000 to create and helm NBC Enterprises, a distribution and syndication branch of NBC. Wilson's four years at NBC included overseeing global distribution (including foreign and domestic syndication), marketing ancillary products such as home video, merchandising, licensing, music and publishing, as well as directing domestic and international co-productions and co-ventures. In light of a pending merger with Universal Television, He left NBC in 2004  to become president of FOX Television Network.

Wilson served as president of the Fox Television Network from 2004 to 2008. In this position he was responsible for network sports and entertainment sales, legal, standards and practices along with Fox’s 200 affiliate stations. Wilson aided in expanding Fox’s content distribution, enabling the company to syndicate 100% of its primetime television  to affiliates and explore new methods of digital distribution, such as Apple Company’s iTunes.

After acquiring Tribune Company in a leveraged buyout in April 2007, Sam Zell hired Wilson as president of Tribune Broadcasting in February 2008 as part of a new management team led by Randy Michaels. In December 2008, Wilson was named chief revenue officer of Tribune Company expanding his role beyond that of Tribune Broadcasting. Wilson resigned from Tribune in April 2010.

Tribune Broadcasting agreed to sell three stations WTKR and WGNT, and Scranton, Pennsylvania station WNEP-TV from the pending Local TV acquisition, to Dreamcatcher Broadcasting, owned by former Tribune executive Ed Wilson, but will be operated by Tribune under shared service agreements.

Awards
2006: Beta Gamma Sigma honorary initiate in the Sam M. Walton College of Business
2007: Outstanding Alumni, University of Arkansas
2023: Lifetime Achievement Award, Sam M. Walton College of Business

References
Notes

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Rison, Arkansas
American television executives
University of Arkansas alumni
NBCUniversal people
CBS executives
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members


The Rose for Italy (La Rosa per l'Italia), also known as White Rose (Rosa Bianca) and Popular Civic Federative Movement (Movimento Federativo Civico Popolare), was a Christian-democratic political party in Italy.

History
On 30 January 2008, Bruno Tabacci and Mario Baccini announced that they were leaving the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC) in order to form a new centrist party. On 8 February the White Rose was officially launched.

The party emerged right after the fall of Prodi II Cabinet. Tabacci and Baccini wanted to support the formation of a government led by Franco Marini, which would approve a new electoral law on the German model. UDC leader Pier Ferdinando Casini opted for fresh elections instead, in line with the other leader of the centre-right House of Freedoms coalition.

Many leading figures joined the new party, notably Savino Pezzotta (former leader of the Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions, who was appointed president), Gerardo Bianco and Alberto Monticone (Popular Italy), Gian Guido Folloni (a former minister), Elvio Ubaldi (a former Mayor of Parma), Gianni Rivera and Beniamino Donnici (both MEPs). Tabacci and Baccini tried unsuccessfully to recruit Antonio Di Pietro and his Italy of Values party, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo and Mario Monti.

On 28 February 2011 the party decided to form joint-lists with UDC in the forthcoming general election, under the name Union of the Centre (UdC). On 11 March both Bianco and Monticone left the party and re-established Popular Italy. Rivera and Donnici left too. In the election, the UdC obtained 5.6% of the vote and 36 deputies, including Baccini, Tabacci and Pezzotta.

A few weeks after the election, Baccini announced his vote of confidence to Berlusconi IV Cabinet and his resignation from secretary of the party. He was thus replaced by Tabacci, who too left in 2009 in order to launch the Alliance for Italy (ApI). Since then, the party was Pezzotta's personal faction within the UdC.

In 2013 the party left the UdC and returned to be an independent party, under the leadership of Pezzotta.

Leadership
President: Savino Pezzotta (since 2008)
Vice President: Gerardo Bianco (2008), Alberto Monticone (2008)
Secretary: Mario Baccini (2008), Bruno Tabacci (2008–2009)
Deputy-Secretary: Elvio Ubaldi (2008–2009)

References

External links
Official website

Defunct political parties in Italy
Christian democratic parties in Italy
Catholic political parties
Political parties with year of disestablishment missing