USS Vernon County (LST-1161) was a United States Navy,  in commission from 1953 to 1973. She saw extensive service in the Vietnam War before being transferred to the Venezuelan Navy, where she became Amazonas (T-21).

Construction and commissioning
Vernon County was designed under project SCB 9A and laid down as USS LST-1161 on 14 April 1952 at Pascagoula, Mississippi, by Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation and launched on 25 November 1952;, sponsored by Mrs. Hugh White, the wife of the then-governor of Mississippi, Hugh L. White. USS LST-1161 was commissioned on 18 May 1953.

Atlantic, Caribbean, and Mediterranean operations, 1953–1958
After conducting her shakedown cruise, LST-1161 operated off the United States East Coast out of Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek at Virginia Beach, Virginia, and Morehead City, North Carolina, through mid-February 1954. She subsequently deployed twice to Caribbean operating areas during 1954. During an exercise at Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, between 11 April 1954 and 7 May 1954, she participated in the filming of the movie Away All Boats.

LST-1161 entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 28 July 1954 for extensive modifications. Once those alterations and repairs were completed, she headed for Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek at Virginia Beach, arriving there on 19 December 1954.

LST-1161 was renamed USS Vernon County (LST-1161) on 1 July 1955.

Vernon County operated with the Amphibious Forces of the United States Atlantic Fleet, alternating between Norfolk, Virginia, and Little Creek as her home ports. During her years of operations from those places, she deployed regularly to the North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean areas.

Pacific operations, 1958–1964
In 1958, Vernon County was transferred to the United States Pacific Fleet, sailing via the Panama Canal to her new assigned home port, San Diego, California. She operating from San Diego for over a year and a half, conducting regular periods of underway training and local operations off the Southern California coast.

Vernon County changed home ports again in 1960. On 16 June 1960, she departed the United States West Coast bound for her new home port, Yokosuka, Japan. Together with seven other tank landing ships, Vernon County comprised Amphibious Squadron (PhibRon) 9. They reached Yokosuka on 6 August 1960.

Vernon County subsequently formed an integral part of the amphibious forces supporting the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), participating in SEATO's Operation Tulungan in May 1962. In so doing, she became one of the first American amphibious vessels to transport U.S. Marines to Thailand.

Her first years in Yokosuka saw her participate in many major amphibious exercises, including those named "Pony Express" and "Sharp Edge." After an upkeep period in June 1962, Vernon County transported U.S. Marines from Subic Bay in the Philippines, to Iwakuni, Japan; she paid a port call at Karatsu, Japan, reportedly the first American warship to visit Karatsu since the Korean War (1950–1953).

February 1963 saw Vernon County at Kobe, Japan. In March 1963 she visited Tspying and Kaohsiung, Taiwan, and she spent much of April 1963 at Subic Bay. In June 1963, she participated in Operation Flagpole, a joint United States Seventh Fleet–Republic of Korea (ROK) naval exercise. Before returning to Yokosuka, she called at Shimonoseki, Japan; Naha, Okinawa; and Keelung, Taiwan.

After her return to Yokosuka and subsequent refresher training at Numazu, Japan, Vernon County took part in Operation Litgas in company with other SEATO naval units. Subsequently, returning to Hong Kong, via Yokosuka, she visited Kobe in mid-July 1964.

Vietnam War service

Tonkin Gulf Incident
For a few days, Vernon County trained in nearby Sagami Bay. She was there when the Tonkin Gulf incident occurred and Vernon County embarked U.S. Marines and steamed for South Vietnam. For the next 60 days, as part of the force thrown into Southeast Asian waters ready for any contingency.

Vernon County was then relieved on station and proceeded back to Yokosuka, but the respite offered was, in retrospect, only a short one.

Operations off South Vietnam, January–April 1965
In January 1965, Vernon County again headed for South Vietnamese waters to provide amphibious support. Departing Yokosuka on 8 February 1965, Vernon County proceeded to Iwakuni, Japan and Naha, Okinawa, before pushing on to Da Nang, South Vietnam, where she arrived on 18 February 1965. Upon arrival, she disembarked Company C, 7th Engineer Battalion, to provide construction support for the MIM-23 Hawk light surface-to-air missile battery then being emplaced there, thus completing the Hawk deployment.

Over the ensuing months, Vernon County conducted various operations: loading, offloading, stand-by alerts, and the landing of and equipment on South Vietnamese shores. In April 1965, Vernon County supported the landing of U.S. Marines at Da Nang and brought Marine Corps cargo and equipment from Okinawa to Da Nang.

Operations at Chu Lai, 1965
Once the Da Nang landing was completed, Vernon County moved south and took part in one of the largest amphibious undertakings since the 1950 Inchon landings in South Korea when she participated in the 6 May landings at Chu Lai, South Vietnam. In that operation, three U.S. Marine Corps battalion landing teams and a U.S. Navy mobile construction battalion went ashore to initiate construction of an airfield.

Vernon County then conducted more cargo runs to ensure the steady flow of supplies and equipment to support the ever-expanding Chu Lai beachhead and the development of Chu Lai Air Base to support the operations of a Marine Air Wing. As U.S. Marine reinforcements arrived in the Western Pacific area, Vernon County continued to load and land supplies at Chu Lai.

While Vernon County was carrying out those duties, American military intelligence picked up evidence that a Viet Cong (VC) force was massing for an attack on Chu Lai. Accordingly, a joint U.S. Marine Corps-Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) operation was launched on 6 August 1965 to search for the VC. In that operation, code-named Operation Thunderbolt, the Marines and South Vietnamese soldiers did not find the VC in strength, meeting only scattered resistance. Nevertheless, the operation was deemed to be, in retrospect, a "Successful experiment in command and control." Subsequently, however, the interrogation of a VC deserter revealed the location of the VC 1st Regiment. It was, as thought, moving toward Chu Lai. Accordingly, another operation, code-named Operation Starlite, was planned expeditiously. Vernon County embarked elements of the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines, (Battalion Landing Team) (BLT) 3, under Lieutenant Colonel Joseph E. Muir, at Chu Lai, and moved south along the South Vietnamese coast to An Thuong, where she put the Marines ashore in one phase of Starlite. The operation, involving amphibious, helicopter-borne, and ground forces, started out as a "search and destroy" operation but soon escalated into a battalion-sized offensive against the VC. Starlite thwarted the incipient VC move toward Chu Lai, some nine miles (14.5 kilometers) to the north, the main battle taking place in the Van Truong village complex. The Marines discovered communication equipment, numerous documents, munitions, rice, and propaganda – all leading intelligence men to estimate that the hamlet of Van Thuong had served as a VC command post. During the operation, Marines of the III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) annihilated the VC 60th Battalion and crippled the 40th Battalion. It was the first big battle of the Vietnam War for the Marines, who came away from Starlite confident in their ability to meet the enemy on the field of battle and defeat him.

Transportation operations, 1965–1966
Late in October 1965, Vernon County sailed for South Korea and, with other units of the Seventh Fleet, participated in the movement of the Republic of Korea Army "Tiger" Division to South Vietnam. Subsequently, she took part in direct lifts of equipment and troops to South Vietnam before returning to Yokosuka on 25 December 1965.

After operating locally out of Yokosuka and in South Vietnamese waters, primarily at Chu Lai, Vernon County replenished and underwent a period of upkeep at Subic Bay in the Philippines. She then returned to intracoastal shipping operations off the coast of South Vietnam and even penetrated the Mekong Delta to pay a port call at Saigon, South Vietnam. She returned to Yokosuka in early June 1966.

Vernon County trained briefly at Numazu, Japan, before going to Okinawa, and from there to Hong Kong to allow her crew liberty there. Returning to South Vietnamese waters from Hong Kong, she headed for Subic Bay, via Da Nang and Cam Ranh Bay, South Vietnam, soon thereafter, for 13 days of upkeep in the Philippine Islands. Returning to Yokosuka after conducting lifts of men and materiel to Okinawa and Sasebo, Japan, Vernon County remained in port at Yokosuka until 21 September 1966.

Operation Market Time, 1966
Ordered back to South Vietnam, Vernon County operated in support of Operation Market Time, the coastal interdiction of communist supply traffic off the coast of South Vietnam, serving as "mother ship" for the Patrol Craft Fast used for those operations. Vernon County remained on station on Market Time duties until 29 November 1966. From there, she went on to Yokosuka, commencing a regularly scheduled shipyard overhaul on 8 December 1966.

Upkeep and training in Japan, 1966–1967
Completing those repairs and alterations on 15 March 1967, Vernon County ran sea trials and conducted refresher training before visiting Kobe in April 1967. Subsequently, the ship returned to Yokosuka, where she conducted more training during May 1967.

Riverine operations, 1967
Leaving Yokosuka on 6 June 1967, Vernon County was heading for Sasebo when she received orders directing her to return to South Vietnam. Upon arrival, Vernon County became a part of the Mobile Riverine Force (MRF), a joint U.S. Navy-U.S. Army assault unit conducting riverine search and destroy missions in the Mekong Delta region. While assigned to the MRF, Vernon County was a veritable picture of versatility: she carried ammunition for U.S. Army troops, fire support bases, and the U.S. Navy's Patrol Boat, River (or PBRs); she carried boats, clothing, batteries, and C rations for troops in the field; she carried purified water and supplied fuel to various riverine craft; she housed, fed, and entertained over 340 additional U.S. Army and U.S. Navy combat personnel; and she logged over 780 helicopter landings on her flight deck.

Relieved from MRF support duties on 20 August 1967, Vernon County headed for Chu Lai, and from there to Keelung, Taiwan. Reaching Keelung on 30 August 1967, she remained there until 4 September 1967 before moving on, ultimately returning to her home port, Yokosuka, on 8 September 1967.

Operations in Japan, Okinawa, and the Philippines, 1967
Vernon County remained in port at Yokosuka until 5 October 1967, when she headed south for Ora Bay, Okinawa, to conduct two days of training with U.S. Marine Corps amphibious forces. Upon completion of training, she shifted to Subic Bay, where she loaded various items for churches, schools, and hospitals at Tacloban on the island of Leyte. She departed Subic Bay on 18 October 1967 and was to represent the United States at ceremonies on 20 October 1967 commemorating the Philippines campaign in World War II. A typhoon brewing in the vicinity, however, forced a cancellation of the ceremonies. Vernon County subsequently returned to Subic Bay, whence she sortied on 23 October 1967 for Yokosuka.

Arriving at Yokosuka on 1 November 1967, Vernon County remained in port there until 20 November 1967, at which time she got underway for Naha, Okinawa, and from there for Subic Bay.

Amphibious Ready Group Bravo, 1967–1968
Upon reaching Subic Bay, Vernon County was assigned to Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) Bravo. Underway for South Vietnam on 18 December 1967, she arrived at Cửa Việt Base on 20 December 1967. Over the days that ensued, prior to Christmas (25 December) 1967, she took part in Operation Fortress Ridge in company with the other units of ARG Bravo. In that operation, U.S. Marines from the group landed, unopposed, and swept through the sandy, marshy regions north of the Cửa Việt Base, encountering several pockets of enemy resistance. Helicopter gunships, air strikes, naval gunfire, and artillery all assisted in subduing the enemy in what proved to be the last operation prior to the Christmas truce.

Vernon County took part in her second amphibious operation within a month when she participated in Operation Badger Tooth between 26 December 1967 and 2 January 1968. Helicopter and landing craft-borne U.S. Marines met no opposition in the initial landing,  east of Quảng Trị city but, on 27 December 1967, encountered a stubborn and well-disciplined North Vietnamese unit in the fortified town of Thon Tham Khe. Several hours of intense fighting ensued, with the North Vietnamese eventually withdrawing from the fight.

Vernon County operated with ARG "Bravo", Task Group (TG) 76.5, until 3 February 1968, operating off the South Vietnamese coast between Da Nang and the DMZ (DMZ). After completing her part in Operations Fortress Ridge and Badger Tooth, she remained offshore, devoting a good deal of her time to training because of the slow tempo of operations after those missions against the Viet Cong.

Operations in Japan and South Korea, 1968
Vernon County, when relieved of duty with TG 76.5, headed for Japan and returned to her home port of Yokosuka for a scheduled two-month overhaul, after which time she sailed for Korean waters. She conducted joint training with ROK naval units, including a United States detachment from Amphibious Construction Battalion 1 embarked with four pontoon causeways and associated equipment. After a complete slate of exercises, the tank landing ship returned to Japan for upkeep. She then sailed for Okinawa, there loading cargo before proceeding back to Vietnam.

Riverine operations, May–June 1968
Offloading her cargo at Wunder Beach, Vernon County shifted operations to the Mekong Delta region, where she assumed the duty of support LST for mobile riverine forces. From 25 May 1968 to 21 June 1968, Vernon County operated as support ship for Task Force (TF) 115, Mobile Riverine Force (MRF) Alfa. During that period, the group operated at Bến Tre, Dong Tam Base Camp, Vĩnh Long, Sa Đéc, Mỹ Tho, and Cần Thơ, all in the Mekong Delta, or IV Corps, area of South Vietnam. In the little over three-week period, Vernon County traveled some 556.5 nautical miles (1,031 kilometers) through South Vietnamese rivers.

The MRF relied upon the support services rendered by the duty LST. Vernon County served as a floating warehouse wherein 600 tons of ammunition, plus non-ordnance support material, could be stowed in the capacious tank deck area. From those supplies, Vernon County supported U.S. Navy river craft, U.S. Army operations in the field, and U.S. Army fire support bases. She, in turn, was replenished by another LST that came up river from the port of Vũng Tàu.

A good deal of activity took place during that period of both base and ship defense; 15 to 20 rounds of 3-inch (76.2-millimeter gunfire were fired nightly for harassment and interdiction; all gun mounts were manned continuously throughout the nocturnal hours, to be fired while the crew was proceeding to their general quarters stations. In addition, six sentries patrolled the pontoons moored alongside, and on the main deck; boats patrolled 150 to 200 yards (137 to 183 meters) away, remaining alert for possible swimmers, naval mines, or traffic of a suspicious nature. Periodically, percussion grenades were tossed into the water as anti-swimmer measures.

Vernon County also served as a landing pad for helicopters making resupply runs both to and from the ship to units in the field; whenever the ship made a transit of the waterways of the Mekong Delta, she stood at general quarters with .50-caliber (12.7-millimeter) and .30-caliber (7.62-millimeter) machine guns mounted to provide the ship with close-range firepower when needed.

Upon relief by tank landing ship  on 21 June 1968 at Cần Thơ, Vernon County proceeded down the Bassac River to the South China Sea.

Repairs, 1968
Upon reaching the South China Sea, Vernon County headed to Subic Bay for generator repairs. En route and three days out of Vietnamese waters, her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander L. D. Mott, was stricken with acute appendicitis, necessitating his emergency medical evacuation by air.

Subsequently, Vernon County reached Subic Bay on 24 June 1968. Upon arrival, however, it was found that her generators could not be repaired there, so she moved for Naha, Okinawa, with cargo on board, en route Japan. She offloaded her cargo at Naha and proceeded on, reaching Yokosuka on 13 July 1968. There, the repairs were effected. While at Yokosuka, she received the Navy Unit Commendation for her service with the Mobile Riverine Force.

Riverine operations, August–October 1968
Vernon County subsequently returned to South Vietnamese waters, lifting cargo to Vũng Tàu and offloading it while at anchor on 14 August 1968. On 15 August 1968, she proceeded to Nha Be, where she relieved  as support LST for Mobile Riverine Assault Force Bravo. For the next two months, she operated primarily in the Nha Be region but also at the junction of the Soirap River and Vam Co River. Midway through that period, the base was shifted to Dong Tam, where Vernon County remained until relieved by  on 16 October 1968.

Sailing to Kaohsiung, Taiwan, with a cargo of jeeps, and encountering Typhoon Hester en route, Vernon County visited Hong Kong for rest and recreation before returning to Yokosuka in late October 1968. She remained at Yokosuka for the rest of the year.

Riverine operations, 1969
Underway again for South Vietnam on 6 January 1969, Vernon County encountered engineering difficulties en route to her initial destination, Naha. Reaching Okinawa on 10 January, she offloaded her cargo – 54 tons of cargo and 303 tons of vehicles – before departing for Subic Bay for four days of upkeep and repair work on her engineering spaces. By 17 January 1969, the problem was corrected, thus permitting her to get underway and proceed for her ultimate destination, South Vietnam.

Lifting cargo that proved to be about the smallest in the history of the vessel—one man and two tons of LCPL equipment – Vernon County disembarked her passenger and unloaded the equipment upon arrival at Vũng Tàu. Shifting to the Mekong Delta region soon thereafter, Vernon County embarked 360 troops and support units and relieved  as support ship for Task Force 117, a mobile riverine force, with which she deployed from 17 January 1969 to 24 March 1969. Once again, she served as a floating warehouse for ammunition, fuel, and other support materiel; a mooring point for river patrol craft; and a helipad for the detachment of four helicopters.

The most noteworthy events of the deployment occurred in Vernon Countys direct contact with the enemy. During the latter part of February 1969 and early days of March 1969, Vernon County took two near-misses from People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) mortar batteries located on the south bank of the Song Mỹ Tho River at about 02:30 hours on 22 February 1969. One landed approximately  off the starboard side near an ammunition pontoon; the other landed some  off the port quarter. A large rocket missed the ship, landing harmlessly  away. Vernon County manned her battle stations and returned the fire with 46 rounds of 3-inch (76.2-millimeter) gunfire.

On 23 February 1969, PAVN/VC automatic weapons fire came in the direction of Vernon County, most rounds concentrated on one of the pontoons alongside or at the bridge. On 25 February 1969, lookouts spotted a swimmer  from the stern; grenades from M79 grenade launchers were soon directed at him, thoroughly saturating the area. A body was sighted soon thereafter, the grenades apparently having done their work.

On 26 February 1969, Vernon County came in for further attention from VC sappers. A deck sentry sighted a dark object floating in the water near the fantail and fired two M16 rifle rounds, quickly resulting in a violent thrashing about in the water below. Shortly thereafter, the target, probably a sapper, sank.

Closely related to Vernon Countys activities was a recoilless rifle attack on the Philippine tug Kangaroo,  downriver from Vernon County. Kangaroo sustained serious damage, and fires broke out on board; Vernon Countys rescue and assistance team boarded the crippled tug and promptly extinguished the fires, performing temporary repairs on Kangaroos damaged superstructure as well. The action on the part of Vernon County, described as "quick and professional", resulted in 27 letters of commendation and a Bronze Star for the ship's sailors who participated in the salvage operation.

Relieved on station by USS Windham County on 24 March 1969, Vernon County sailed for Yokosuka, via Penang, Malaysia; Da Nang; Subic Bay; and Okinawa. She reached Yokosuka on 22 April 1969 and subsequently remained in port there for slightly more than a month.

Operations in Japan and South Korea, 1969
After conducting refresher trials in company with , Vernon County sailed to South Korea, where she loaded a World War II-vintage PT boat hull on 5 June 1969 for eventual transfer to a museum in the United States. She began her return voyage to Yokosuka on 6 June 1969.

Transportation operations in South Vietnam, 1969
Vernon County began her next line tour in South Vietnam on 5 July 1969, this time transiting to South Vietnam in company with tank landing ship . Arriving on 13 July 1969, Vernon County loaded A Company, 3rd Motor Transport Battalion, 3rd Marine Division – 264 Marines, five naval enlisted men, 10 officers, 49 vehicles, and 44 tons of miscellaneous equipment – and departed Da Nang on the evening of 13 July 1969. On 18 July 1969, Vernon County and Westchester County arrived at Kin Red, Okinawa, and discharged their cargoes and disembarked their passengers.

Although Vernon County was slated to return to South Vietnamese waters, engineering casualties diverted her to Subic Bay for repairs. From Subic Bay, she was ordered, upon completion of repairs, to join AEG Bravo, operating off the I Corps zone in the northern part of South Vietnam.

Vernon County carried out training activities in the days that ensued, lifting 185 field troops from E Company, 2nd Battalion, 26th Marines, from Chu Lai to Da Nang. Debarking the Marines on 10 August 1969, Vernon County loaded cargo that day for shipment to Okinawa. Although initially slated to depart on 10 August 1969, the loss of the ship's stern anchor forced a delay of one full day. She ultimately accomplished the cargo lift, however, reaching White Beach, Okinawa, on 16 August 1969.

Operations at Okinawa, Taiwan, and Japan, 1969
Vernon County participated in exercises over the succeeding days before proceeding to sea at 23:00 on 19 August 1969 to evade Typhoon Cora. Subsequently, she proceeded to Taiwan for rest and recreation at the port of Keelung.

With the end of the Taiwan stay, she put to sea again to return to Yokosuka. En route, she rescued three Taiwanese fishermen early on the evening of 29 August 1969 northeast of Taiwan. The fishermen, who had been adrift for a week, were returned later that evening to a ship of the Nationalist Chinese Navy.

Vernon County operated between Okinawa and Japan through mid-October 1969.

Transportation and Operation Market Time operations, 1969–1970
In mid-October 1969, Vernion County returned to South Vietnamese waters, sailing to Da Nang in company with tank landing ships , Westchester County, and Tom Green County. Reaching Da Nang on 4 November 1969, Vernon County embarked 147 Marines of the Headquarters and Service Company, 9th Motor Transport Battalion, 53 vehicles, and 58 tons of equipment. The lift, designated Operation Keystone Cardinal, was scheduled to terminate at Kin Red, Okinawa. En route, however, heavy seas held progress to a virtual standstill while three days out of Da Nang. Vernon County suffered storm damage – two perpendicular cracks began to develop on opposite sides of her mast, directly below the radar platform. Diverted to Subic Bay, she effected repairs there before proceeding on and ultimately unloading her cargo at Kin Red on 17 November 1969.

Vernon County returned to South Vietnam soon thereafter, initially to Vũng Tàu, where she took on a load of ammunition to be delivered to tank landing ship supporting Task Force 115's riverine operations. From Vũng Tàu, Vernon County proceeded to the vicinity of the Cà Mau Peninsula and there relieved  on station as part of Operation Market Time, which kept Vernon County on station for eight weeks. Operating slightly to the north of Square Bay and Point de Daniau, she remained at anchor 90 percent of the time, about  from shore. During that time, she acted as a floating landing pad for support helicopters; provided goods and services to small craft operating on the coastal interdiction and patrol functions of the Market Time operation; assumed the role of naval gunfire support ship; and established the central communications point for Task Group 115.7. Vernon County performed all of her duties well, servicing and rearming helicopter gunships, providing supplies to her frequent customers – PCF's and PGM (motor gunboats) – and providing fire support.

Relieved by Washoe County on 21 January 1970, Vernon County sailed first to Hong Kong, and from there to the Philippines, the latter in connection with the first leg of the lift known as Operation Keystone Bluejay. Provisioning at Subic Bay, Vernon County returned to South Vietnamese waters on 19 February, embarking men and equipment of Marine Aircraft Group 12, Marine Air Base Support Squadron (MABS) 12, and Marine Air Tactical Control Unit (MAC TU) 62 shortly after her arrival.

Departing Chu Lai in company with Westchester County, Vernon County sailed to Iwakuni, Japan, reaching Iwakuni ahead of schedule on 27 February 1970. The two ships then sailed for Yokosuka, arriving soon thereafter.

Operations in Japan and South Korea, 1970
Vernon County subsequently sailed to South Korean waters, participating in Operation Golden Dragon – a joint Republic of Korea Navy-United States Navy operation – before returning to Japanese waters and the port of Sasebo. She operated between Japan and Okinawa into the summer of 1970. During one of her in-port periods, the ship received a visit from Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, Jr., the Chief of Naval Operations, on 16 May 1970.

Operation Market Time, 1970
Following an availability and refresher training, Vernon County departed Yokosuka in company with gunboat . She was diverted to Subic Bay to meet an additional two gunboats to escort to Vietnamese waters. Necessary upkeep items, however, could only be completed by Vernon County and gunboat , which then proceeded to sea as scheduled to resume the transit to Cam Ranh Bay. Once within South Vietnamese waters on 29 September 1970, Welch proceeded independently, leaving Vernon County to proceed to Vũng Tàu to relieve Westchester County as Operation Market Time support LST.

Her responsibilities and activities generally similar to those of previous Market Time deployments, Vernon County remained on station supporting Task Force 115 until 5 November 1970. Then, after a period of time at Hong Kong, she returned to Japan, reaching Yokosuka on 21 December 1970.

Operations at Diego Garcia, 1971
Vernon County began 1971 in dry dock number one at Yokosuka, Japan, at the naval ship repair facility. During the first few weeks of 1971, Vernon County took on a decidedly different appearance, because, instead of the standard U.S. Navy haze gray, Vernon County had been painted white overall in preparation for her next – and perhaps most interesting – deployment. During the week of 7 February 1971, the final preparations were made for Vernon County to become, by necessity, totally self-sufficient, far from the U.S. Navy's logistic, maintenance, and support areas. After taking on part of the necessary stores and equipment, she sailed for Okinawa to pick up the rest before proceeding on her way, bound for remote Diego Garcia, in the Chagos Archipelago in the British Indian Ocean Territory, with an interim stop at Singapore.

Vernon County ultimately reached Diego Garcia shortly after 17:00 hours on 9 March 1971 and, on 10 March 1971, began underwater reconnaissance and beach surveys. On 11 March 1971, the first formal construction of a United States Navy communication station on Diego Garcia began, which was to forge another link in the globe-girdling system of transmitting and receiving stations. On 12 March 1971, Vernon County became the first LST in history to beach on largely unexplored Diego Garcia, offloading much of her heavy equipment to prepare a staging site for the reception of the many tons of supplies and equipment needed to build the station.

As the days passed, the atoll began to change; the ship rode higher in the water as equipment was unloaded. Temperatures on deck averaged 122 degrees Fahrenheit (50 degrees Celsius) between 10:00 and 15:00 hours each day; "tropical" duty hours of 0400 to 1400 soon commenced aboard the ship. The men of Underwater Demolition Team 12 and a platoon of Seabees removed underwater obstacles, installed buoys, marked anchorages, cleared land, set up a tent city, and began laying down an airfield. By the time dock landing ship  and amphibious cargo ship  arrived, the base camp was fully ready, as was a harbor. Later, having established a self-sustaining shore party, Vernon County made two additional voyages to and from Diego Garcia, picking up more men and supplies at Singapore, Cocos Island, and Mauritius.

During the last few days of her deployment to Diego Garcia, Vernon County was repainted her standard haze gray, a sure sign that the time had come for the ship to sail away from the atoll upon which she had established a base camp and the beginnings of a communication station.

Transportation operations, 1971
Vernon County returned to the Philippines via Australia and transferred military vehicles from the Sangley Point Naval Air Station (which was being turned over to the Philippine government) to Okinawa in early June 1971. She ultimately returned to her home port, Yokosuka, on the afternoon of 19 June 1971.

Return to Vietnam War service

Operation Market Time, 1971
Vernon County conducted another tour of duty in South Vietnamese waters in the summer of 1971, again performing the duties of Operation Market Time support ship, a job that entailed her staying close to shore and serving as a landing platform for helicopters, a haven for patrol boats, and a supplier of food, fuel, water, lodging, and ammunition for both helicopters and patrol craft. Turning over those duties to landing ship tank Windham County on 6 September 1971, Vernon County remained on patrol off the coast of South Vietnam on another phase of Market Time support, turning over those duties to tank landing ship Washtenaw County on 19 October 1971 before proceeding to Bangkok, Thailand, for rest and recreation.

Thailand, 1971
Departing Bangkok on 27 October 1971 for Hong Kong, Vernon County spotted a Thai fishing boat in distress on 28 October 1971. Several of Vernon Countys engineers boarded the boat and diagnosed the problem as an electrical failure in the engine. After completing repairs to the fishing craft's engine, Vernon Countys men received a present of four boxes of fresh crabs and squid in grateful appreciation of the services they rendered. Happy possessors of a picture of Vernon County and cigarettes given in return by Vernon County, the fishing craft sailed off. "We might have been forgiven for being proud of our role as Good Samaritans", the ship's cruise book recorded. "In any case, the crabs were delicious."

Vietnam and Far Eastern operations, 1971–1972
Vernon County ultimately spent the remainder of her active naval career in the Far East, returning twice more to South Vietnamese waters and serving once more as Operation Market Time support LST. She visited the familiar ports of Subic Bay, Hong Kong; Vũng Tàu; Kuching, Malaysia; and Singapore, among others. She also served another tour with the Amphibious Ready Force in the Gulf of Tonkin in early October 1972.

Awards
Vernon County earned a Presidential Unit Citation (for her actions between 28 February 1969 to 25 March 1969), three Meritorious Unit Commendations, three Navy Unit Commendations, and 13 campaign stars for her Vietnam War service.

Decommissioning and transfer to Venezuela
Decommissioned on 14 June 1973 at Yokosuka, Japan, Vernon County was transferred to the Venezuelan Navy on 29 June 1973 on loan. Assigned the name Amazonas (T-21) in Venezuelan service, she was permanently transferred, via cash sale, to Venezuela on 1 December 1977. She was simultaneously struck from the Navy List.

Amazonas ran aground on 6 August 1980, but was repaired and returned to Venezuelan Navy service.

Notes

References

NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive USS Vernon County (LST-1161) ex USS LST-1161 (1953–1955)

External links
History of The USS Vernon County (LST-1161)
Home for USS Vernon County
Global Security website

Terrebonne Parish-class tank landing ships
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Vietnam War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela
1952 ships
Riverine warfare


Psamlade Psalmer is a compilation album by Swedish punk band Dia Psalma. It was released in 2006 after it was announced that the band would reunite and play together for the first time since 1996. The double CD with 23 songs on each includes all the songs they've recorded.

The name "Psamlade Psalmer" is a play with their band name. "Samlade Psalmer" is Swedish meaning "Collected Psalms", and the extra P in "Psamlade" is to play with the two words. Direct translation therefore is "Pcollected Psalms".

The majority of the songs are in Swedish, but the collection also includes "We Love You" (English version of "Vi älskar dig"), "Trash Future Dance", "World", "Rock You", and covers of "Love Gun" (Kiss) and "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (Metallica).

Track listing

CD 1
 Vad har du kvar
 I fädrens spår
 Hundra kilo kärlek
 Hon kom över mon
 Ack högaste himmel
 Mördarvals
 Emelie
 Hon får...
 Tro rätt tro fel
 Språk
 Vemodsvals
 Gryningsvisa i D-moll
 Alla älskar dig
 Atomvinternatt
 Balladen om lilla Elsa
 Jag tror på allt
 Vi svartnar
 Den som spar
 Luft
 Illusioner
 Kalla sinnen
 Ditt samvetes armé
 Mamma

CD 2
 United States of Europe
 Trash future dance
 Love Gun (Kiss cover)
 Grytfot
 Planeter
 Del I
 Bara ord
 Rock you
 Requiem
 We love you
 Hon får... (single version)
 Bärsärkar-marsch
 Höstmåne
 For Whom the Bell Tolls (Metallica cover)
 Efter allt
 World
 Skymningstid
 I evighet
 Sol över oss
 Alla dör för ingenting
 Del II
 Motorbreath
 Öga för öga

Dia Psalma albums
2007 compilation albums


EML Sulev (M312) was a  of the Estonian Navy  Mineships Division.

Introduction
The minehunter Sulev was part of the Estonian Navy Mineships Division and also the second modernized Lindau-class minehunter. A cross-bow is on the coat of arms of the vessel which was also a friend of Kalevipoeg Sulev's son weapon. The ships motto is in Latin "Certum Est" which means in English "Secure it is". The coat of arms was designed by Priit Herodes. In August 2001 on the 5th Kuressaare naval day a cooperation contract was signed between the Kuressaare city council and the minehunter Sulev which gave the vessel a right to wear the Kuressaare town coat of arms and to introduce the city in all foreign harbors across the world.

History
Sulev was built in the Burmester shipyard in Bremen, West Germany. The vessel was launched on 16 February 1957 and she entered service a year later on 24 April 1958. She was to become the first German naval ship built since the end of the Second World War in Germany. The ship's name comes from a city called Lindau in Germany and marks also the minehunter class name which has in total of 18 vessels. Originally Lindau was a minesweeper but was transformed into a minehunter in late 1970s. The German Navy decommissioned Lindau and one of her sister ships, Cuxhaven, on 9 October 2003 and gave the vessels to the Estonian Navy to operate. On the ceremony the vessel received an Estonian name Sulev. The Estonian Navy decommissioned Sulev on 26 March 2009.

References

External links

Estonian Navy

Ships built in Bremen (state)
1957 ships
Cold War minesweepers of Germany
Lindau-class minesweepers of the Estonian Navy
Estonian Mineships Division


Buigny-l'Abbé (; Picard: Boégny-l'Abé) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D153 and D183 crossroads, some  east of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


John Arno Halbert   (born 5 September 1937) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Sturt Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

A member of the Australian Football Hall of Fame, Halbert has had a long involvement in Australian rules football in South Australia, as a player, coach and administrator.
Halbert was also a Bradman Medalist in the 1961/62 & 1964/65 seasons, denoting the greatest domestic cricketer in the State for that season. He is the only person in history to claim the title of Magarey Medalist and Bradman Medalist.

Playing career
Halbert was a centreman and first played for Sturt in 1955. In his debut season he finished second in the Magarey Medal count to Lindsay Head and in 1958 was again the runner up with Head winning another Medal. He also polled well in 1960 but again finished second, this time losing to Barrie Barbary. The Medal was finally his in 1961, his 20 votes enough to hold off the challengers. Sturt had actually finished with the wooden spoon that season but it was a good year for Halbert, as well as winning that elusive Magarey Medal he was also picked in the All Australian team after his performances for the South Australians at the Brisbane Carnival. He represented South Australia at interstate football at total of 17 times during his career. In 1962 he was made captain of Sturt and led them to a premiership in 1966, their first flag since 1940. Injuries prevented Halbert from playing in Sturt's 1967 and 1968 premiership sides, and he was forced to retire. He finished with a then club record 251 SANFL games.

In 1979 he became coach of Glenelg, leading them to the 1981 and 1982 SANFL Grand Finals where they were beaten by Port Adelaide and Norwood respectively. He left The Bay after the '82 Grand Final and replaced the legendary coach of Sturt, Jack Oatey in 1983. Halbert would lead the Double Blues to his third Grand Final appearance in three years but again luck was against him when Sturt were defeated by West Adelaide. After the Double Blues could win only eight matches in 1984 and finished seventh, Halbert was replaced as coach by Mervyn Keane. It was his last senior coaching position in the SANFL, although he became a state selector during the late 80s and through the 90s.

Halbert was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2017.

He also played two first-class cricket matches for South Australia in the 1961–62 season.

References

External links

CricketArchive page for John Halbert

1937 births
Living people
Sturt Football Club players
Glenelg Football Club coaches
Sturt Football Club coaches
Magarey Medal winners
All-Australians (1953–1988)
Australian cricketers
South Australia cricketers
Australian rules footballers from Adelaide
Cricketers from Adelaide
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire


The Providence Grays finished the 1881 season in second place in the National League for a second straight season. However, management strife and sagging attendance hurt the team's bottom line and they occasionally had trouble meeting payroll.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Notes

References
1881 Providence Grays season at Baseball Reference

Providence Grays seasons
Providence Grays season
Providence


Wyard Township is a township in Foster County, North Dakota, United States. It is known for part of Carrington and the artificial lake Wyard Dam, used for recreational purposes, and unofficially known as the Kiwanis Dam. Main highways super two lane U.S. 52/ND200 in the township.

References

External links
US Census
City-data.com
Wyard township

Townships in Foster County, North Dakota
Townships in North Dakota


is the title of the second single by the Hello! Project unit Buono!. The title song is used for the second ending theme of Shugo Chara!.

The single was released on February 6, 2008 in  Japan under the Pony Canyon label in regular and limited edition versions. The limited edition release, includes a DVD and trading card.

The Single V version was released on February 13, 2008 titled .

Track listing

CD

 "Renai♥Rider (Instrumental)"
 "Janakya Mottainai! (Instrumental)"

Single V DVD

Oricon ranks and sales

Television performances
 Haromoni@ (February 10, 2008)
 Uta Doki (February 11, 2008)
 Music Japan (February 15, 2008)

References

External links
 "Renai♥Rider" entries on the Hello! Project official website: CD entry, DVD entry

2008 singles
Shugo Chara!
Buono! songs
Song recordings produced by Tsunku
2008 songs
Pony Canyon singles
Song articles with missing songwriters


Stanley Lawrence Swanson (May 19, 1944 – September 1, 2017) was a baseball player who played for the Montreal Expos in . He was born on May 19, 1944, in Yuba City, California. He was originally signed as a free agent by the Cincinnati Reds in 1963.

References

Baseball Reference

1944 births
2017 deaths
Baseball players from California
People from Yuba City, California
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Major League Baseball outfielders
Montreal Expos players
Portland Beavers players
Knoxville Smokies players
Peninsula Grays players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Winnipeg Whips players
Indianapolis Indians players


Infrared Riding Hood is the fourth and final studio album by the American rock band Tad, released in 1995 on EastWest/Elektra Records. It was the follow-up to their major label debut, Inhaler.

Production
The album was produced by Jack Endino. Due to the departure of founding guitarist Gary Thorstensen, frontman Tad Doyle played all of the guitar parts.

The cover of the album is an "electron micrograph under a blue bleed", as stated by bassist Kurt Danielson. "In an odd way, the image seemed appropriate to the album name."

Release
Despite enthusiasm and hopes for a long-awaited commercial breakthrough, their A&R representative was fired, and within one week, all of her bands, including Tad, were dropped from the label. It was the second time in three years that Tad had been dropped by a major label.

The album sold poorly, having had very little promotion behind it.

Critical reception
Trouser Press lamented "the sheer redundancy of skulk-fests like 'Bludge' and 'Thistle Suit'." The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that "the band maintains a big, boisterous sound full of metal-flavored guitar riffs and snarling vocals, with enough rocking, melodic hooks to snag a place on the edges of the alternative mainstream."

Track listing
"Ictus" - 3:17
"Bullhorn" - 3:17
"Thistle Suit" - 4:51
"Emotional Cockroach" - 3:46
"Red Eye Angel" - 2:17
"Bludge" - 2:35
"Dementia" - 3:27
"Weakling" - 3:28
"Halcyon Nights" - 3:19
"Particle Accelerator" - 3:25
"Tool Marks" - 2:59
"Mystery Copter" - 27:07 (there is about 10 minutes of blank recording from 7:17 to 17:17 in this track).
"Obsidian Lights" - 2:38 (Japan-only bonus track)

Personnel
Tad Doyle – vocals, guitar, keyboards
Kurt Danielson – bass
Josh Sinder – drums
Jack Endino – producer, engineering, mixing
John Agnello – mixing
Eddy Schyreyer – mastering

References

1995 albums
Tad (band) albums
East West Records albums
Albums produced by Jack Endino
Albums recorded at Robert Lang Studios


LBC Nagham was a Lebanese musical television channel and is LBC Group's musical brand. Launched in 2003, as the brand's name (; nağam) suggests, it is one of the first specialised music channels launched in the region.

See also
 LBC

References

2003 establishments in Lebanon
Television channels and stations established in 2003
International broadcasters
Television networks in Lebanon
Television stations in Lebanon
Arab mass media
Arabic-language television stations


The Providence Grays hired veteran manager Harry Wright to guide the team in 1882 and the team seemed to improve. They held first place until September 17, but then suffered a losing streak that dropped the team into second place.

After the season ended, they played a three-game postseason series against the Boston Red Caps for the "Championship of New England." Providence won the series, two games to one, thanks to shutouts pitched by John Montgomery Ward and Hoss Radbourn.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1882 Providence Grays season at Baseball Reference

Providence Grays seasons
Providence Grays season
Providence


Rommel's Revenge is game programmed by Martin Horsley for the ZX Spectrum and published by Crystal Computing in 1983.  Ports for the Dragon 32 and TRS-80 Color Computer were released in 1984 It is a clone of the arcade coin-op game Battlezone.

References

1983 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Cultural depictions of Erwin Rommel
ZX Spectrum games
Shoot 'em ups
Tank simulation video games
TRS-80 Color Computer games
Video game clones
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Crystal Computing games


Anarchism in Poland first developed at the turn of the 20th century under the influence of anarchist ideas from Western Europe and from Russia.

Prior to Polish independence from the Russian Empire, several anarchist organizations emerged within the area that would become the Second Polish Republic. The first of these, known as "The Struggle", formed in Białystok in 1903. In the following years similar organizations established themselves in Gniezno, Warsaw, Łódź, Siedlce, Częstochowa, Kielce, and other towns. One of the most active, a group known as "International", had its base in Warsaw. This group, composed of Jewish workers, organized strikes throughout the city during the Polish insurrection of 1905.

The tsarist régime (which controlled much of Poland before 1914) acted with a high level of despotism. The authorities commonly fired on demonstrating workers. In January 1906 the authorities arrested sixteen members of the International group and shot them without trial.

Significant Polish theorists of anarchism and anarcho-syndicalism included Edward Abramowski (1868-1918), Jan Wacław Machajski (1866–1926), Augustyn Wróblewski (1866–1923) and Rafał Górski (1973–2010).

History

Anarchist movement during the partitions
The pioneers of the Polish anarchist movement were the movement of Polish Brethren, active in the 16th century. It was one of the Protestant currents with a clearly anti-state, anti-war and communist attitude. Among the Brethren, there were representatives of commoners, bourgeoisie and nobility. They professed the principle of brotherhood of all people. They refused military and state service, condemned the death penalty, and rejected the possibility of having landed estates benefiting from the serfdom of peasants.

The beginnings of the Polish anarchist movement can also be traced to the circles of the nineteenth-century radical democracy. It leaned towards the idea of communal administration, and thus the self-government of communes, combining democratic freedom and equality with a strong moral bond. Joachim Lelewel, for example, referred to the rules of communal administration. The Polish Democratic Society also referred to this idea. The development of the theory of communal rule was influenced by contacts with European anarchism. Although Polish democrats were not too interested in Proudhon's works, the views of the Pan-Slavist Mikhail Bakunin were warmly received. Many Polish emigrants ended up in the Bakuninian Society of International Brothers. Polish supporters of anarchism tried to combine the traditions of the commune with new forms of action, like strikes.

In 1864, the Polish Republican Center was established. It was founded by Józef Hauke-Bosak, Ludwik Bulewski and Leon Zienkowicz. It was the Polish section of the Universal Republican Alliance, created by Giuseppe Mazzini.

In each of the partitions, anarchism took a slightly different shape. In the fairly liberal Austrian Partition, where reformist tendencies prevailed, anarcho-syndicalism was the most popular among anarchists. The situation was different in the Russian Partition, where only a revolutionary struggle was possible. In the Prussian Partition, the socialist movement, and thus anarchism, could count on little support.

Daniel Grinberg points out that the first Polish group known by name to refer to anarchism was the Polish Social-Revolutionary Society, operating in 1872 among Polish emigrants in Zurich. Influenced by Bakunin, it adopted an anarchist agenda. However, when Józef Tokarzewicz joined the organization, he created a new program, the idea of the stateless nature of the future Polish society, present in the Bakuninist version, was abandoned.

Another anarchist organization was Free Brethren. This group functioned in 1897 in Galicia, among teachers and junior high school students from Kraków. Its program, apart from anarchist ideas, also contained folk and national-democratic themes. The Free Brethren approved of individual terror.

In 1903, an anarchist group called Walka was established in Białystok on the initiative of Jewish weavers. Combat activists established contact with the circles of the Russian organization Land and Liberty and Western anarchist groups organizing the transfer of instructional materials, money and weapons. The fight practiced economic terror and agitated among the unemployed in the Białystok region. The biggest actions of the conflict were: the successful attack on the district office in Krynki, where the anarchists managed to obtain large amounts of passport forms; shooting the chief of the Białystok police; an attempt to assassinate the scab-employing factory owner Kogan in 1904.

With the outbreak of the 1905 Russian Revolution, new anarchist groups began to appear in Poland. That same year, an anarcho-communist organization called the Black Banner was founded in Białystok by Juda Grossman-Roszczin. According to some estimates, the Black Banner groups in Białystok alone numbered around 500 people. In 1906, they created a strong federation that included Polish and Jewish weavers, tanners, furriers, tailors and carpenters. The Black Knights – as they were also called – advocated economic terror, and above all a so-called unmotivated terror directed at all representatives of the bourgeoisie. The Black Banner was also active, for example, in Vilnius.

In 1905, a group of about 120 people called the International was active in Warsaw. This organization announced a manifesto calling for a general strike, conducted agitation among Warsaw workers, organized sabotage, set bakeries on fire and distributed bread to the poorest. In the same year, there was also the Warsaw Anarchist-Communist Group "Internacyjnyał", which carried out bomb attacks and extorted money from wealthy entrepreneurs. The "Internacyjnyał" group also carried out a lively propaganda activity. One of its appeals read:

The former socialist Augustyn Wróblewski was active in the Austrian Partition. He created a group in Krakow, the press body of which was the anarcho-syndicalist magazine "Sprawa Robotnicza". The Galician anarcho-syndicalist movement, however, never developed significantly.

While groups operating in Poland were often inclined towards terror, Polish thinkers associated with anarchism were rather in favor of peaceful and more constructive solutions. Apart from Machajski, who "was a rebellious Marxist rather than an anarchist in the strict sense", mention should be made of Edward Abramowski, Augustyn Wróblewski and .

The anarchist movement in the Second Polish Republic
With Poland regaining independence, which was largely the work of the socialists, anarchists found themselves in a difficult situation. The joint opposition of anarchists and communists to the policy of the socialists and Piłsudski pushed both groups together. However, when the anarchist movement diverged from the Third International, Polish anarchist groups also severed contacts with the Communist Party. The anarchists were the only leftist group to condemn the May Coup, and each government after 1926 was labeled as fascist.

In 1926, the Anarchist Federation of Poland (AFP) was established. This organization was active in the underground until the outbreak of World War II, because the mere promotion of anarchism was punished with a prison sentence of several years. AFP was created by a group of Zionist youth that joined a group of Warsaw wood workers who previously belonged to the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. The organization worked, among others in Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków, Częstochowa and Tarnów. AFP took part in strikes and demonstrations. Initially, it published "Głos Anarchisty", and from 1931 "The Class Struggle".

Due to repression, there was also political emigration. In 1923, a group of anarchists emigrated to Paris, where they founded the Group of Polish Anarchists in France and the publishing house "Nowa Epoka", publishing anarchist authors, including Rudolf Rocker and Alexander Berkman. The published texts were then smuggled to Poland.

The Union of Trade Unions (, ZZZ) was established in May 1931 as a result of an attempt to unite pro-social trade unions. It operated until 1939 and was one of the three largest union centers in the country. It was pro-government at first, but under the influence of anarchists, it began to lean towards radical syndicalism from 1936 onward. Soon it became the target of police and judicial repression, and their efforts were finally interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. The main anarchist activist in ZZZ was Tomasz Pilarski.

In October 1939, the Union of Polish Syndicalists (, ZSP) was established in Warsaw. In 1939 it operated under the name of the "Freedom and People" Union. The ZSP disregarded anarchism and represented the so-called "Polish version of syndicalism" – it accepted the institution of the socialized state. The organization conducted self-help, publishing and military activities. The ZSP units such as the 104th Company of Syndicalists fought in the Warsaw uprising, in the Kampinos Forest, in the Magnuszew region and in the Sandomierz-Opatów region. ZSP co-founded the Żegota Council to Aid Jews. The last meeting of the ZSP leadership was held in January 1945 in Brwinów near Warsaw. In 1940, the Syndicalist Organization "Freedom" (, SOW) was established in Warsaw. It was created on the basis of anarcho-syndicalists from ZZZ and part of the Union of Polish Democratic Youth.

In 1941, the Polish Union for the Fight for the Freedom of Nations joined the SOW. SOW criticized the so-called "Polish version of syndicalism" promoted by the ZSP. The Syndicalist Organization "Freedom" advocated the creation of a Social Republic – a grassroots federation of workers and local self-governments. SOW was active in Warsaw, Ursus, Kielce, Skarżysko, Jędrzejów and Kraków. The organization ceased its activity after the fall of the Warsaw Uprising. The pre-war activists of the AFP cooperated with the SOW: Paweł Lew Marek, Bernard Konrad Świerczyński, Stefan Julian Rosłoniec.

1945–1980
After the end of World War II, the AFP was reactivated under the name of the Federation of Polish Anarcho-syndicalists (, FPAS). However, this organization disbanded in the early 1950s. In 1946, the publishing co-operative "Word" was founded in Łódź by anarchists. Due to the liquidation of the independent cooperative movement by the communist party, it ceased its activities on 1 September 1949.

Anarchism had its supporters in Poland also in the 1960s. Anarchist themes were present mainly in the artistic environment – for example in the activities of Henryk Stażewski, Akademia Ruchu, and the 8 Day Theater.

Anarchism after 1980

For authorities referring to Marxism, anarchism was not ideologically close. Repression by the government apparatus was one of the more important reasons why anarchists did not develop their activities on a political ground. The anarchist movement in Poland began to take shape on a large scale only in the 1980s, during the wave of social protests. The role of the counterculture and the punk subculture played a key role in reactivating the anarchist movement in Poland.

The group that first referred to anarchism was the Alternative Society Movement (, RSA). June 1983 is considered to be its symbolic beginning. The RSA was one of many groups opposing the then authorities.

At the end of the eighties, on the initiative of the RSA, the Anarchist Inter-city was established, which over time transformed into the Anarchist Federation (, FA). Currently, FA has branches in many Polish cities, including Warsaw, Poznań, Łódź, Rzeszów and Wrocław.

In Poznań, there is the Publishing House of the Brotherhood "Trojka", which is associated with the Poznań section of FA and the Rozbrat squat. The history of the "Trojka" Society of the Brotherhood dates back to 1994, when it was established to popularize anarchist thought. Initially, Trojka published small brochures, but now it distributes its own and other publications. The publications of the Trojka include both the works of the classics of anarchism and books written by contemporary authors.

After 1980, many groups unrelated to the RSA and FA were also created. Nowadays, anarchism is also referred to by, among others, the Workers' Initiative, the Left Alternative, the "Freedom-Equality-Solidarity" Association, and the Union of Polish Syndicalists.

The group that was openly formed in opposition to the FA and RSA circles was the People's Liberation Front (, LFW), whose members, considering the peaceful methods of struggle to be ineffective, called for a transition to violent direct action. In 1991, the group set fire to the Soviet consulate in Tricity in response to the KGB murder of the Russian anarchist Piotr Siuda. The emergence of the LFW was the first attempt since the pre-war times to reactivate the armed activities of the anarchist movement.

Nowadays, the most radical forms of activity are referred to by the Internet portals Greece on Fire (also an informal publishing house), as well as Black Theory. In the published content, they sometimes express their support for the ideology of insurrection.

See also
Communism in Poland
Liberalism in Poland

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Official site of Federacja Anarchistyczna
Centrum Informacij Anarchistycznej Poland

Poland
Politics of Poland


KOFI (1180 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Kalispell, Montana.  The station is owned by KOFI, Inc.  It airs an Oldies music and News/Talk radio format.  The station first signed on in 1955. It was assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission.

Their studios are downtown Kalispell at 317 1st Ave. E. with sister station KZMN. The transmitter site is in Evergreen, on Steel Bridge Road. KOFI must power down to 10,000 watts at night to protect Class A clear-channel WHAM in Rochester, New York.  Nonetheless, its signal has been received over most of the western United States at night, as far south as Salt Lake City and as far west as Snohomish, Washington.

George Ostrom was a mainstay at the station from 1956 to 2008; he recently came out of retirement to work at KGEZ.

Since 2017, KOFI's AM broadcasts are simulcast on 104.3 FM, as noted on the station's website.

References

External links
KOFI official website

OFI
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Oldies radio stations in the United States


Attheya septentrionalis is a species of diatoms in the genus Attheya.

Description
In light microscope A. septentrionalis is distinguished from other Attheya by having curly setae. This species is easily confused with Attheya longicornis but the latter have long setae which are not curly.

References

External links
INA card for A. Septentrionalis

Protists described in 1994
Ochrophyte species
Coscinodiscophyceae


The Providence Grays finished the 1883 season in third place after a hard-fought four-way battle for the National League pennant.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1883 Providence Grays season at Baseball Reference

Providence Grays seasons
Providence Grays season
Providence


Vasavi Kanyaka Parameshvari is a Hindu goddess, primarily revered by the Komati community of Andhra Pradesh. She is primarily recognised by her adherents as a virgin form of Parvati, and sometimes also identified as a form of Lakshmi in Vaishnava tradition.

She is regarded to be a kuladevata by members of the Komati community, as well as the Arya Vaishya, Kalinga Vaishya, Arava Vaishya, Marathi Vaishya, Beri Vaishya, and the Trivarnika Vaishya communities, as per the various versions of the Vasavi Puranamulu, written in Telugu during the 18th century CE.

The Jaina Komatis venerate her as Shanti Matha Vasavi, who is regarded to have promoted ahimsa for the benefit of all mankind, and averted warfare and loss of life through peaceful means.

Legend
There is no authentic version of Vasavi's legend, and different versions exist amongst classes who are both Komati and non-Komati. The oral accounts sung by bards vary amongst regions, religious sects, castes, and sub-castes.

According to legend, a powerful Chalukya monarch called Vishnuvardhana ruled Andhra in the 11th century CE. During this period, a prominent Vaishya named Kusuma Sreshti lived at Penugonda, under the king's domain. Due to his wisdom, the king treated the man like a chieftain. Due to his childlessness, the merchant prayed to Virupaksha, who blessed him with a son, Virupaksha, as well as a daughter, Vasavi, who grew up to become a comely and pious maiden. She caught the attention of the king, who wished to marry her. Despite the fact that her parents objected to the match, they could not dissuade the king of his desire. On the day of her wedding, the bride, her parents, as well as all the leaders of the community's 102 gotras showed their opposition by leaping into the homam fire, performing the act of agni pravesham. After her death, Vasavi's soul was sanctified at Penugonda, and elevated to the status of a deity.

The legend is said to exemplify the concept of ritual pollution in Hinduism, where Vasavi chooses to end her life rather than forcibly marry the king, who was both already married, and belonged to a different varna from her.

Traditions

Shaivism
The Jangam Komatis are a sub-group of the Veerashaivas, who believe Kanyaka became an ardent devotee of Shiva, who turned into a mendicant.

The Shaivaite Komatis see Kanyaka as Kanyaka Parameshvari. She is regarded to have cursed a king and killed him. She later showed herself as an incarnation of Parvati, and went to Kailasa, marrying the form of Shiva worshipped as Nagareshwara. This tradition is more common among Beri Komatis and Gavaras.

Vaishnavism
Sections of the Komatis, mainly the Trivarnikas and Gavara Komatis, for whom Venkateshvara is the family deity, follow Vaishnavism, and for them, Kanyaka is an incarnation of the goddess Lakshmi. This historical tradition stemmed when Vaishnavism spread southwards during the reign of King Vishnuvardhana, leading to a decline of Jainism and Buddhism.

Jainism
Komatis who practice Jainism worship the deity as Shanti Matha Vasavi Devi, the one who convinced the king to give up his kingdom, and later causing him to become a Jain monk through the teaching of ahimsa. She is believed to have blessed all Komatis to take up ahimsa and prosper in trade.

In popular culture
Shri Kannika Parameshvari Kathe was a big screen Kannada movie released in 1966 starring Kalpana as Sri Kanyaka Parameshvari and  Dr. Raj Kumar, Pandhari Bai, BS Dwaraknath, Ramachandra Shastry, Narasimha Raju and Ramadevi as the main cast. This movie was produced and directed by Hunsur Krishnamurthy.

In 2012 a Telugu movie called Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam was released depicting the goddess's life. The actress Meena acted as the goddess Parvati and actress Suhasini played the main role of goddess Kanyaka Parameshvari.

References

External links
NRI Vasavi Association
www.penugondavasavi.org
www.vasavitemple.in

Religion in India
Lakshmi
Forms of Parvati
Hindu folk deities


Buigny-lès-Gamaches (, literally Buigny near Gamaches; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D190 road, some  southwest of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Cuckoo is a small unincorporated community in Louisa County, Virginia, United States. It is located about eight miles southeast of Louisa, roughly between Charlottesville and Richmond. The Cuckoo Tavern stood nearby, which in 1781 was the beginning of Jack Jouett's ride to warn the Colonists of the arrival of Banastre Tarleton's British cavalry (similar to Paul Revere's Ride). There was also a large house named Cuckoo built in 1819 for Henry Pendleton on the former property of William Overton Callis. A historical marker is at the spot. Its post office  has been closed.

The tavern was named for the cuckoo clock on the wall, supposedly one of the first in Virginia.

George Jackson, the father of Shirley Ann Jackson, American nuclear physicist and President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, was a native of Cuckoo.

Earthquake

On Tuesday August 23, 2011, at 1:51 PM ET a magnitude 5.8 earthquake was recorded 2.4 mi (3.9 km) SW of Cuckoo on the western bank of Indian Creek.  It was felt from Atlanta, Georgia to Quebec City, Quebec, Canada and as far west as Cincinnati, Ohio.

References

External links
Historical marker
Photo of the Cuckoo house

Unincorporated communities in Louisa County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia


The Utah Olympic Park Track is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in the United States, located in the Utah Olympic Park near Park City, Utah. During the 2002 Winter Olympics in nearby Salt Lake City, the track hosted the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton events. Today the track still serves as a training center for Olympic and development level athletes and hosts numerous local and international competitions. It is one of two national tracks; the other is at Mt. Van Hoevenberg near Lake Placid, New York.

History

In 1989, Utah's voters passed the Olympic referendum, allowing taxpayer money to be used to construct a winter sports park, which would include the track. The park would be used if Salt Lake City won its bid for either the 1998 or 2002 Winter Olympics and following the games, Olympic funds and revenue would then be used to repay the state. In 1990, the Utah Sports Authority announced their plans to build the park, which included ski jumps and a bobsled/luge track, in Bear Hollow near Park City.

The following year, on June 15, 1991, Salt Lake City lost its 1998 Winter Olympics bid by four votes to Nagano, Japan. Still, construction on the park commenced following a groundbreaking ceremony on May 29, 1991. The original estimated cost of the park was $26.3 million and included the ski jumps, bobsled/luge track, and a day lodge; following the completion of the ski jumps they were formally dedicated in a ceremony on January 9, 1993. The track was designed by German luge coach Josef Lenz.

A ceremony on June 3, 1994, signaled the start of construction on the bobsled/luge track. The track was completed December 28, 1996 and its grand opening ceremony was held on January 25, 1997. The very first run on the new track was by luger Jon Owen on January 10, 1997. Following the completion of the track it was decided to reintroduce skeleton as an Olympic event during the 2002 Winter Olympics and plans called to use the track to host all three sliding three events.

While construction was progressing on the track, Salt Lake City had won its 1995 bid to host the 2002 Winter Olympics, and plans were developed to expand the park. On October 9, 1997, the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) authorized the plan to spend an additional $48 million to upgrade and expand the recently completed park. The plans called for the construction of starting houses on the track, chairlifts, storage buildings, and new access roads. Ownership of the Park was transferred to SLOC from the Utah Sports Authority on July 14, 1999, and soon after the park's name was changed from the Utah Winter Sports Park to the Utah Olympic Park.

During the 2002 games, the track hosted 74,187 bobsleigh spectators, 14,860 skeleton spectators, and 64,104 luge spectators.

Track technical details

Costing about $25 million to construct, the track uses 297,000 watts of track lighting, 62 water hydrants (for ice- and snowmaking), 24 cameras, eight scoreboards, and 49 timing points. Generally open from October to the end of March annually, the track takes a total of 18 days to ice down to the required thickness needed to run sliding events. The track has  of piping with  of ammonia refrigeration able to keep the track to . During the operating season, a nine-man crew smooths the track daily. A total of 59 temperature probes are located throughout the track to ensure the ice temperature is properly monitored. Throughout the track, a $1 million retractable shading system protects the course from sun and snow, which reduces energy usage by 25 percent and the need to clear the track from snow.

Statistics

 The elevation at the base is  above sea level.

The turn names were given by John Morgan during Speed Channel's World Cup bobsleigh coverage on December 17 & 23, 2006. All curves shown are bobsleigh. Men's singles' luge joins after turn two while women's singles and men's doubles luge joins after turn three. Turns 1, 2, 3, 13, and 15 do not have turn names. The section between curves 14 and 15 is the fastest, leading into a long finish straight that was referred to by Morgan as the "Graveyard" section because you could lose both time and speed if you hit the walls leading to that turn.

Up until 2009, the track was considered the "World's Fastest Ice" and was where American luger Tony Benshoof set the highest recorded luge speed of  on October 16, 2001, which made the Guinness Book of World Records. Benshoof's speed record was eclipsed at the 2008-09 Luge World Cup season finale at the Whistler Sliding Centre in British Columbia, Canada, when Felix Loch of Germany reached a top speed of  on February 21, 2009.

Championships hosted
Winter Olympics: 2002
FIL World Luge Championships: 2005
Skeleton World Cup: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016
Luge World Cup: 2001, 2003,2004, 2007, 2011, 2014, 2016

References

External links
Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation – Official website
International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (FIBT) – Track profile
International Luge Federation (FIL) – Track profile

Venues of the 2002 Winter Olympics
Olympic bobsleigh venues
Olympic luge venues
Olympic skeleton venues
Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks
Sports venues in Utah
Sports venues in Summit County, Utah
Sports venues completed in 1997
Buildings and structures in Park City, Utah


Ada Limón (born March 28, 1976) is an American poet. On 12 July 2022, she was named the 24th Poet Laureate of the United States by the Librarian of Congress. This made her the first Latina to be Poet Laureate of the United States.

Early years and education

Limón, who is of Mexican-American descent, grew up in Sonoma, California. She is the daughter of Ken Limón and Stacia Brady, the latter being an artist whose work graces the covers of Ada’s books. Ada admits to having developed a love for poetry in high school, despite dedicating her extracurriculars to theatrical productions. She attended the drama school at the University of Washington, where she studied theatre. After taking writing courses from professors including Colleen J. McElroy, she went on to receive her MFA from New York University in 2001, where she studied with Sharon Olds, Philip Levine, Marie Howe, Mark Doty, Agha Shahid Ali, and Tom Sleigh.

Upon graduation, Limón received a fellowship to live and write at the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown, Massachusetts. In 2003, she received a grant from the New York Foundation for the Arts, and in the same year won the Chicago Literary Award for Poetry.

To support her writing career, Limón began working in marketing for Condé Nast (the publisher for The New Yorker, Vogue, etc.) she quit this job following her stepmother’s untimely death, which was a catalyst for Limón to decide to pursue her writing career before it was too late.

Career

After 12 years in New York City, where she worked for various magazines such as Martha Stewart Living, GQ, and Travel + Leisure, Limón now lives in both Lexington, Kentucky and Sonoma, California, where she writes and teaches.

Limón's first book, Lucky Wreck, was chosen by Jean Valentine as the winner of the Autumn House Poetry Prize in 2005, while her second book, This Big Fake World, was the winner of the Pearl Poetry Prize in 2006. The two books came out within less than a year of each other. In a 2014 article in Compose magazine, she stated: "I went from having no books at all, to having two in the span of a year. I felt like I had won the lottery, well, without the money. I suppose, in my life, I’ve never done things the ordinary way. I’m either deep in the bottom of the well or nowhere near water." She serves on the faculty of Queens University of Charlotte low-residency M.F.A. program, and the "24 Pearl Street" online program for the Provincetown Fine Arts Work Center.

When her third book, Sharks in the Rivers (Milkweed Editions, 2010) was released, a reviewer writing in The Brooklyn Rail observed: "Unlike much contemporary poetry, Limón’s work isn’t text-derivative or deconstructivist. She personalizes her homilies, stamping them with the authenticity of invention and self-discovery." Limón's fourth book, Bright Dead Things, was released in 2015. She was shortlisted as a finalist for the 2015 National Book Award for Poetry. Her 2018 book, The Carrying, subsequently won a National Book Critics Circle Award.

Her poem "State Bird" appeared in the June 2, 2014 issue of The New Yorker, and her poem "How to Triumph Like a Girl" (2013), which portrays different aspects of female horses, was awarded the 2015 Pushcart Prize. Her work has also appeared in the Harvard Review and the Pleiades.

It was announced on January 30, 2023, that she will be writing an original poem dedicated to NASA's Europa Clipper. The Europa Clipper will launch in 2024, and by 2030, will be orbiting Jupiter. Limón's poem will be engraved onto the craft.

She has been a beneficiary of the Kentucky Foundation for Women.

Awards and honors
In 2013, Limón served as a judge for the National Book Award for Poetry.

In 2020, Limón was awarded a Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

In July 2022, Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden appointed her the 24th United States Poet Laureate for the term of 2022-2023. Hayden renewed Limón's term for another two years in April 2023.

In October 2023, she was named a MacArthur Fellow.

She received a 2023 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award for The Hurting Kind.

Bibliography

Poetry
Collections
 Lucky Wreck, Autumn House Press, 2006
 This Big Fake World, Pearl Editions, 2006
 Sharks in the rivers, Milkweed Editions, 2010
 Bright Dead Things, Milkweed Editions, 2015
 The Carrying, Milkweed Editions, 2018
 The Hurting Kind, Milkweed Editions, 2022
 Shelter: A Love Letter To Trees, Scribd Originals, 2022

Chapbooks
 99¢ Heart, Big Game Books, 2007
 What Sucks Us In Will Surely Swallow Us Whole, Cinematheque Press, 2009

Recorded Poetry Readings and Talks

 Video recordings of Ada Limón from The Library of Congress
 Ada Limón: poetry reading; February 23rd, 2017 from The Elliston Project: Poetry Readings and Lectures at the University of Cincinnati
 Video recordings of Ada Limón from Voca, the University of Arizona Poetry Center's audiovisual archive
List of poems

References

External links

 Official Site
 Official Blog
 "Crush", poem by Ada Limón, The New Yorker
 "Overjoyed", poem by Ada Limón, Harvard Review
 Two Poems by Ada Limón, "Marketing Life For Those Of Us Left" and "A Name"
 Two Poems by Ada Limón, "61 Trees" and "rest Stop"
 An Interview with Poet Ada Limón

Living people
1976 births
American women poets
The New Yorker people
21st-century American poets
American poets of Mexican descent
21st-century American women writers
University of Washington alumni
People from Sonoma County, California
Writers from Lexington, Kentucky
MacArthur Fellows


Buigny-Saint-Maclou (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the N1 road, just  north of Abbeville.
The Abbeville airport is within the boundaries of the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Maria (Greek: Μαρία; died after 718) was the empress consort of Leo III the Isaurian of the Byzantine Empire.

Empress

The throne of the Byzantine Empire was unstable in the early 710s. Justinian II had been deposed and executed in 711. His deposition was followed by the brief reigns of Philippikos (711–713), Anastasios II (713–715) and Theodosios III (715–717). All three were elevated to the throne after coup d'états by factions of the Byzantine army.

A revolt by Leo, strategos of the Anatolikon Theme, and Artabasdos, strategos of the Armeniac Theme, succeeded in deposing Theodosios. On 25 March 717, Leo was proclaimed emperor in Hagia Sophia. Maria enters historical record at this point as his Empess consort.

In July 718, Maria gave birth to Constantine during an ongoing Siege of Constantinople by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, a general of the Umayyad Caliphate. The siege was broken by August of the same year and the Umayyad forces retreated. On 25th, Maria was granted the title of Augusta and her son was baptised by Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople. Constantine was proclaimed co-emperor in August 720.

Leo remained Emperor to his death on 18 June 741. Whether Maria survived him is unknown.

Children
Maria and Leo III had four known children:
Anna, wife of Artabasdos (c. 705 – after 772).
Constantine V (July, 718 – 14 September 775).
Irene.
Kosmo.

The names and place of burial of two other daughters were recorded in De Ceremoniis by Constantine VII. However nothing else is known of them.

References

External links
A short article on her by Lynda Garland

7th-century births
8th-century deaths
Isaurian dynasty
8th-century Byzantine empresses
Augustae
Leo III the Isaurian
Mothers of Byzantine emperors


Djupa Skogen ("Deep Forest") is the Swedish punk group Dia Psalma's fourth studio album, the first one to be released after they reunited in 2006. It featured eleven brand new tracks as well as a remake of their song "Öga för öga". The only single of the album was "Som Man Är" ("As You Are").

Track listing
 Norrsken
 Lösningen
 Blod
 Spelet helvetet
 Här & nu
 Barn av eran tid
 Som man är
 Saknaden
 Precis
 Mitt Fönster
 Öga för öga
 Historien

Chart positions

References

2007 albums
Dia Psalma albums


The Providence Grays went 84–28 during the 1884 season to win the National League championship. The team started out with two main pitchers, Charles "Old Hoss" Radbourn and Charlie Sweeney. After Sweeney jumped to the Union Association in mid-season, Radbourn pitched most of the Grays' remaining games and led the team to the pennant. Radbourn won 60 games by himself, setting a Major League Baseball record that has never been broken.

After the regular season, the Grays faced the American Association champions, the New York Metropolitans, in the 1884 World Series. The Grays swept the series to become the "World Champions."

Summary

Background
In 1883, the Providence Grays finished in third place. Pitcher Charles "Old Hoss" Radbourn won 48 games. Before the 1884 season, manager Harry Wright left the team and was replaced by Frank Bancroft. The franchise was on shaky financial ground, and ownership was close to disbanding the team.

Pitching rivalry
In early 1884, the Grays' two main pitchers were Radbourn and Charlie Sweeney. Both Radbourn and Sweeney were talented pitchers but also vain and temperamental. Through much of April and May, the younger Sweeney outshone the veteran Radbourn, creating tension between the two.

On June 7, 1884, Sweeney struck out 19 Boston batters to set the single-game MLB record. The record would be tied a few times but not broken for 102 years, until Roger Clemens struck out 20 in a game in 1986. Sweeney was feted upon his return to Providence for days following his accomplishment, much to the bitter jealousy of Radbourn.

Not long after that, Sweeney suffered arm problems which sidelined him. This meant that Radbourn would suffer the workload of two men, further driving a wedge between the veteran and the upstart. The two eventually fought in the clubhouse, and on July 16, Radbourn had a meltdown on the mound, intentionally lobbing several slow pitches over the plate in a losing effort. He was suspended from the team. Sweeney was forced to return to his regular pitching duties, which he did effectively for a time.

Sweeney's blowup

Following an exhibition game on July 21 in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, Sweeney, who had allegedly been drinking throughout the game, refused to return with the team to Providence, choosing to stay in Woonsocket with a lady he had escorted to the park that day. Waking the next morning, he realized he missed morning practice and raced to make it back to Providence for his start that afternoon. Though most players at the time were held to temperance clauses during the season, Grays manager Frank Bancroft was left with little choice but to pitch Sweeney.

After five effective innings, Bancroft signaled for the team captain Joe Start to make a pitching change. Sweeney refused to budge and continued to pitch for another two innings. With the Grays leading 6–2 before the start of the eighth inning, Bancroft insisted that Sweeney vacate the pitcher's box and move to right field. Still intoxicated, as well as the prevailing sentiment of 1880s baseball being that finishing a game a pitcher started was a question of manhood, Sweeney flatly refused. When Bancroft threatened the pitcher with a $50 fine, Sweeney told him to take his fine and the rest of his salary, promptly quitting. This left Providence with only eight players. With two men to cover the outfield, they lost the game. Sweeney watched the rest of the game in street clothes and left with two women, presumably prostitutes. The Grays subsequently expelled Sweeney from the National League.

Sweeney then signed with the St. Louis Maroons of the Union Association, helping the Maroons win the UA's only championship. For the season, Sweeney pitched 221 innings for the Grays, going 17–8 with a 1.55 ERA, and pitched 271 innings for the Maroons, going 24–7 with a 1.83 ERA.

Radbourn's record

With only one main pitcher left, the Grays were left in a state of disarray with the consensus view that the team should be disbanded. At that point, Radbourn, who had spent the last several weeks demanding he be paid for doing the work of two men, offered to start every game for the rest of the season (having pitched in 76 of 98 games the season before). In exchange, he wanted a raise and exemption from the reserve clause for the next season. Ownership agreed, and Radbourn got his raise.

Over the Grays' next 43 games, Radbourn started 40 of them and won 36. Soon, pitching every other day as he was, his arm became so sore he couldn't even raise it to comb his hair. On game day he was at the ballpark hours before the start, getting warmed up. He began his warm up by throwing just a few feet, increasing the distance gradually until he was pitching from second base and finally from short center field. Led by Radbourn, the Grays got hot and stayed hot, clinching the National League championship on September 24 and finishing the season with a record of 84–28.

Radbourn himself finished the season with a league-leading 678.2 innings pitched and 73 complete games, and he won the Triple Crown with a record of 60–12, a 1.38 earned run average, and 441 strikeouts. His 60 wins in a season is a record which is expected to never be broken because no pitcher has made even as many as 37 starts in a season since 1991. Also, his 678.2 innings pitched stands at second all-time, behind only Will White (680 in 1879) for a single season.

World Series
At the end of the season, Providence officials accepted New York Metropolitans (AA) manager Jim Mutrie's challenge to a three-game postseason match, which became known as the first World Series. All of the games took place at the Polo Grounds in New York and were played under American Association rules, which forbade overhand pitching. Each team put up one thousand dollars with the winner taking all.

Game 1 took place on October 23. Radbourn allowed two hits and struck out nine, and the Grays defeated the Metropolitans, 6–0. New York's ace pitcher, Tim Keefe, took the loss.

The next day, Radbourn three-hit the Metropolitans and won 3–1 in a game called after seven innings due to darkness. Grays third baseman Jerry Denny hit a three-run home run in the fifth inning, the first homer in World Series history. Keefe lost for the second time.

Providence had clinched the series, but New York, hoping to generate more revenue, asked them to play the third game anyway. The Grays agreed to play as long as they had the option of choosing the umpire, and they strategically chose Keefe, the Metropolitans' best pitcher. Due to the extremely cold weather, the attendance for the game was just 300, and the game was called after six innings. Radbourn, pitching his third complete game in three days, led the Grays to a 12–2 rout. Buck Becannon was the losing pitcher for New York.

Overall, Radbourn pitched all 22 innings in the series, allowing 11 hits, three unearned runs, and no earned runs. The total attendance for the three games was 3,800. Local newspaper The New York Clipper called the series "The Championship of the United States." Several newspapers such as The Sporting Life penned the Grays as "World Champions," and the new title stuck.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

1884 World Series

Providence Grays (NL) (84–28) vs New York Metropolitans (AA) (75–32)

Game 1
Thursday, October 23, at the Polo Grounds

Providence defeats New York 6–0

Umpire: John Kelly

Time of game: 2:00

Game 2
Friday, October 24, at the Polo Grounds

Providence defeats New York 3–1 (7 innings)

Umpire: John Remsen

Time of game: 1:35

Game 3
Saturday, October 25, at the Polo Grounds

Providence defeats New York 12–2 (6 innings)

Umpire: Timothy Keefe

Time of game: 1:20

References

External links
1884 Providence Grays season at Baseball Reference

Providence Grays seasons
National League champion seasons
World Series champion seasons
Providence Grays season
Providence


Quicksand is a 2002 action film that was released direct-to-video in March 2002 after a short initial run in theatres in Los Angeles in March 2002. The film stars Michael Dudikoff, Brooke Theiss, Richard Kind and Dan Hedaya. In United Kingdom the film was released on DVD in August 2003. The film is directed by Sam Firstenberg.

Plot
When military psychiatrist Bill Turner (Michael Dudikoff) falls for a general's daughter, a dark conspiracy threatens to swallow up everyone involved. Turner's relationship with his new patient, Marine sergeant Randi Stewart (Brooke Theiss), begins to reach well beyond the typical doctor/patient bond, as he soon discovers that she is involved in a far-stretching political conspiracy but can't tell if she is the victim or the perpetrator. Randi's brother, Gordon Stewart is running for political office when their father General Stewart (Dan Hedaya) is murdered and Randi becomes the main suspect. When Turner's feelings toward Randi grow he has to deal with her being a possible murderer. But Turner would more than anything not find out, which leads him getting sucked deeper and deeper into the "Quicksand".

References

External links

2002 films
2000s thriller films
Films directed by Sam Firstenberg
2000s English-language films


Captain Thomas Symonds (bapt. 10 August 1731 –1792) was a British naval captain of the American Revolutionary War.

Symonds was the second son of the Rev John Symonds, rector of Horringer, Suffolk, and his wife, Mary Spring (died 1774), daughter of Sir Thomas Spring of Pakenham and Hon. Merelina Jermyn, daughter of Thomas Jermyn. His elder brother was academic John Symonds (1730–1807). According to Sir William Symonds' memoirs, the boys learned young that John, as the eldest son, would inherit the family estates:

"[John and Thomas] were informed that all the property would be left to John, the eldest; and Tom was cautioned by his mother not to hang upon his brother. Being a very spirited boy, he took this injunction so much to heart that he left the house immediately, with his clothes tied in a bundle over his shoulder, and keeping his intentions to himself, trudged off to Harwich, where he was invited to try his luck at sea, by the captain of a vessel of war, who had been staying with his father. He was not heard of again until he had become a Master and Commander in the Navy, when he paid a short visit to his brother."

He entered the Royal Navy as a Lieutenant on 22 May 1755 and served on the Elizabeth, the Grafton and the Borwick (Pitcairn-Jones Naval List).

On 18 February 1762, he was appointed Commander of the sloop Albany and was ordered to join Commodore Young's squadron then blockading the estuaries of the rivers Seine and Orne, France.

The Albany joined that squadron on 8 July 1762.

On 13 July 1762, he was the commanding officer of a flotilla of small boats which, in a night raid, attempted to destroy landing barges moored in the river Orne.  The attack failed.

The following Court-Martial found Thomas Symonds "guilty of acting in a manner not becoming to an officer".  He lost command of the Albany.

In 1771, he attained post rank of Captain and took command of the "Captain".  In 1776 he was captain of the "Solebay" which took part in the bombardment of Fort Moultrie overlooking Charleston Harbour.

In 1780, in England, he replaced John Luttrell as captain of , and sailed for America with a naval force.  On 13 August 1780 the Charon accepted after a lengthy engagement the surrender of the Comte d'Artois, a French privateer off the Irish coast.  After successful anti-convoy operations on the Atlantic crossing and coastal cruising, the ship became trapped in the York River, Virginia, where Symonds took supreme command of British naval forces in America. Charon was destroyed and sunk with red-hot shot soon afterwards. At the end of the siege of Yorktown, it was he (as the most senior naval officer present) and Charles Cornwallis, Lieutenant General of the British Armed Forces, who signed the Articles of Capitulation on 18 October 1781.  After his release as a prisoner of war he was appointed Captain of the Diadem.

Thomas Symonds died in his brother's house in Bury St Edmunds on 25 May 1792.

He is buried in Pakenham Church where there is a mural tablet to his memory and to that of his son, Jermyn John, Commander RN who was the commander of the Helena, a sloop of 14 guns which was lost with him and all his crew in a gale off the Dutch coast in October 1796 (some authorities put the loss as 3 November 1796).

Thomas Symonds married twice, first to Mary Noble who died in 1777 and who is buried in St James's church in Bury, secondly to Elizabeth Mallet.

In his Will, proved 15 June 1792, Thomas Symonds left bequests to his wife Elizabeth, to his sons Jermyn John, Thomas Edward, and John Charles and to his daughters, Mary Anne, Elizabeth, Juliana, Merelina, and Sophia

His daughter was Mary Anne Whitby, his son was William Symonds, Surveyor of the Navy, and his grandsons included William Cornwallis Symonds, Thomas Symonds, Julian Symonds, and Jermyn Symonds.

References

External links
The Avalon Project at Yale Law School
Between Slavery and Freedom: Virginia Blacks in the American Revolution, by Sylvia R. Frey, The Journal of Southern History, 1983, Southern Historical Association
Rhode Island in British Strategy, 1780-1781, by William B. Willcox, The Journal of Modern History, 1945, The University of Chicago Press

Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
1731 births
1793 deaths
Thomas