Hugh McIlvanney  (2 February 1934 – 24 January 2019) was a Scottish sports journalist who had long stints with the British Sunday newspapers The Observer (30 years until 1993) and then 23 years with The Sunday Times (1993–2016). After nearly six decades in the profession, he retired in March 2016 at the age of 82.

Early life
McIlvanney was born on 2 February 1934 in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland, to William and Helen McIlvanney (née Montgomery). He had one sister and two brothers, including the novelist and crime fiction writer William McIlvanney.

He was educated at Hillhead Primary school then James Hamilton Academy. He transferred across to Kilmarnock Academy for a session when his brother William started there.

Journalism career
McIlvanney left school to work as a reporter at The Kilmarnock Standard. He moved on to the Scottish Daily Express. In his mid-twenties, while he was working at The Scotsman, he was persuaded to write about sport. He joined The Observer in 1962 as an assistant sports editor and worked at the paper until 1993, interrupted when he took a news and features role in 1972–73 with the Daily Express, before joining The Sunday Times in 1993. His column on the back page of The Sunday Times sports section ran until 2016.

His writing has been described as striving for perfection – with much attention paid to the detail. Any expression of joy for the writing he submitted was deferred until he had seen what had actually been printed. He was not shy in offering his analysis of sports stars. In 1974, immediately after The Rumble in the Jungle, he made an approach to Muhammad Ali and was granted a two-hour interview. In September 1980 he reported from Los Angeles on the professional fight where Johnny Owen was defeated and knocked unconscious.

In The Football Men, he examined the life and careers of three great modern Scottish football managers – Matt Busby, Jock Stein and Bill Shankly for the BBC television programme Arena. This used BBC archive footage, and aired in 1997 as a three-part series.

He retired at the age of 82, having said that the physical demands of the job had become too taxing.

Honours
In the 1996 Birthday Honours, McIlvanney was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to Sports Journalism. He was given the Lifetime Achievement Award 2004 by the Scottish Press Awards. He is the only sports writer to be voted Journalist of the Year at the British Press Awards. In 2005, he was included in the Press Gazette Hall of Fame. He was named British sports writer of the year seven times.

In 2007, the Variety Club of Great Britain and the London Press Club presented him with the Edgar Wallace Award for Fine Writing. In December 2008 he was voted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame, and he was inducted in 2009. In 2009 he was bestowed with an honorary degree from Leicester's De Montfort University In 2011 he was inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame, located at the Scottish Football Museum. In October 2017, the National Football Museum inducted him into the English Football Hall of Fame – the first football writer to be honoured in this way. In 2017, at the British Sports Book Awards he was named for an Outstanding Contribution to Sports Writing.

Personal life
He married three times and had one son, Conn, and a daughter, Elizabeth. His first two marriages ended in divorce; his third marriage, to Caroline Joy North, lasted from 2014 until his death, on 24 January 2019, at his home in Richmond, London. Paying tribute to McIlvanney, The Press and Journal described him as "a giant with a genius for transforming sport into literature" and said his voice was "akin to Humphrey Bogart's in The Big Sleep; a gravelly drawl of dry-as-Nevada humour interspersed with a man's-gotta-do cynicism." On 25 January 2019 McIlvanney was featured on the BBC Radio 4 programme Last Word.

Works

References

External links
Hugh McIlvanney remains the matchless Master Sports Journalists' Association, 14 October 2011

1934 births
2019 deaths
20th-century Scottish journalists
21st-century Scottish journalists
People from Kilmarnock
Scottish sportswriters
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees


Jessie Road Bridge Halt was an intermediate station situated on the Southsea Railway between Fratton and Albert Road Bridge Halt (sometimes called Highland Road).

Opened in 1904 and closed a decade later it was part of a concerted effort to boost revenue and thus see off competition from the burgeoning tramway network. The station's only platform was on the down line, the up line being out of use. The final nail in the line's coffin was a government directive issued shortly after the declaration of war that railways unable to support themselves would cease operations at the earliest opportunity; and, as the line clearly fell into this category, the last train ran early in August 1914.

See also
List of closed railway stations in Britain

References

External links
Intermediate halts listed
Halt mentioned in short story

Disused railway stations in Portsmouth
Former Portsmouth and Ryde Joint Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1904
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1914


Anton Paskalev (; born 6 November 1958) is a retired Bulgarian pole vaulter.

He finished seventh at the 1980 European Indoor Championships.

His personal best jump was 5.60 metres, achieved in June 1984 in Sofia. This ranks him tenth among Bulgarian pole vaulters, only behind Spas Bukhalov, Atanas Tarev, Nikolay Nikolov, Stanimir Penchev, Delko Lesov, Ilian Efremov, Ivo Yanchev, Valentin Videv, and Galin Nikov.

References

1958 births
Living people
Bulgarian male pole vaulters


Franklin v. South Eastern Railway (1858) 3 H&N 211; 157 ER 448 is an English tort law case relating to the measure of damages that can be gained for the death of a close relative under the Fatal Accidents Act 1846,  governed instead by the Fatal Accidents Act 1976.

Facts
A father was paid 3s. 6d. per week to carry coals to hospital wards where he was employed. But in fact he was not himself capable of carrying the coals and his son carried them for him. The son was killed. If the son had taken the 3s. 6d. a week and handed it over to the father for his upkeep, that contribution would unquestionably have been within the Act; the value of the services rendered is equally within the Act. The son was, by reason of the relationship, rendering services free to his father.

Judgment
Baron Pollock held that there must be a "reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit" which is to be claimed and recovered. It was not the loss of the Son itself that was being recovered.

See also
English tort law

English tort case law
Exchequer of Pleas cases
1858 in case law
1858 in British law
Railway litigation in 1858


Chappes () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


HMS Devonshire was an 80-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Bursledon on 5 April 1692.

She was rebuilt at Woolwich Dockyard in 1704, but was destroyed in action in 1707 during the Battle at The Lizard on 21 October.

Notes

References

Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships
Ships built on the River Hamble


Floing may refer to the following places:

Floing, Ardennes, in Ardennes, France
Floing, Austria, in Styria, Austria


William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475 – 9 June 1511), feudal baron of Okehampton and feudal baron of Plympton, was a member of the leading noble family of Devon. His principal seat was Tiverton Castle, Devon with further residences at Okehampton Castle and Colcombe Castle, also in that county.

Origins
He was the son of Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon by his wife Elizabeth Courtenay, daughter of Sir Philip Courtenay (b. 1445) of Molland, 2nd son of Sir Philip Courtenay (18 January 1404 – 16 December 1463) of Powderham by Elizabeth Hungerford, daughter of Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford (d. 1449). William's parents were thus distant cousins, sharing a common descent from Hugh Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon (1303–1377).

Career
William was a supporter of King Henry VII (1485–1509), the first of the Tudors, who made him a Knight Bachelor at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth on 25 November 1487. He also served in the royal army as a Captain and assisted his father in the defeat of the pretender Perkin Warbeck at the siege of Exeter in 1497, which secured the Tudor succession at last.

Attainder
However, William fell out of favour. King Henry VII discovered that he had joined in the conspiracy to crown Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1513), the last Yorkist claimant. For his complicity, the king attainted and imprisoned him in the Tower of London in February 1504, and so made him incapable of inheritance.

Pardon and restoration
Released from prison by Henry VIII (1509–1547), Courtenay received a pardon and the restoration of his rights and privileges as a sword bearer at the coronation on 24 June 1509. It is a matter of debate as to whether he lived long enough to have been restored in his honours formally. Certain sources, however, maintain that he assumed the full titles and lands of the earldom on 10 May 1511, after jousting in a tournament with the king, his cousin Sir Thomas Knyvett, and Sir William Nevill.

Marriage and issue
In October 1495 he married Catherine of York, the sixth daughter of King Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville and sister to the then-queen. William and Catherine had three children:
Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (c. 1496 – 9 January 1539) married (1) Elizabeth Grey, Viscountess Lisle and (2) Gertrude Blount.
Lady Margaret Courtenay (c. 1499 – before 1526) married Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester.
 Edward Courtenay (1497 – 12 July 1502)

Monument to daughter

An effigy tradition identifies as "little choke-a-bone", Margaret Courtenay (d. 1512), an infant daughter of William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511) by his wife Princess Catherine of York (d. 1527), the sixth daughter of King Edward IV (1461–1483) exists in Colyton Church in Devon. The effigy is only about 3 feet in length, much smaller than usual for an adult. The face and head were renewed in 1907, and is said to have been based on the sculptor's own infant daughter. One of the Courtenay seats was Colcombe Castle within the parish of Colyton. A 19th-century brass tablet above is inscribed: "Margaret, daughter of William Courtenay Earl of Devon and the Princess Katharine youngest daughter of Edward IVth King of England, died at Colcombe choked by a fish-bone AD MDXII and was buried under the window in the north transept of this church".

The effigy appears to contain errors—records show that Margaret was still alive and serving Princess Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII, on 2 July 1520. However, another nobleman from that period—Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk—had named two living sons Thomas and two living daughters Elizabeth; hence, it is possible the Courtenay family had two daughters named Margaret who lived at the same time.

Heraldry

Three sculpted heraldic shields of arms exist above the effigy, showing the arms of Courtenay, Courtenay impaling the royal arms of England and the royal arms of England. Later authorities have suggested, on the basis of the monument's heraldry, the effigy to be the wife of Thomas Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon (1414–1458), namely Lady Margaret Beaufort (c. 1409 – 1449), daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Marquess of Somerset, 1st Marquess of Dorset (1373–1410), KG (later only 1st Earl of Somerset) (the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (4th son of King Edward III), and his mistress Katherine Swynford, later his wife) by his wife Margaret Holland. The basis of this re-attribution is the belief that the "royal arms" shown are not the arms of King Edward IV, but those of Beaufort. The arms of Beaufort are the royal arms of England differenced within a bordure compony argent and azure.

Death and burial
He died of pleurisy on 9 June 1511 and was buried by a royal warrant at Blackfriars, London.

Notes and references

Sources
 G.E. Cokayne, Complete Peerage new ed. (1910–59)
 Great Britain, and Richard Bligh. New Reports of Cases Heard in the House of Lords, On Appeals and Writs of Error. London: Saunders and Benning, 1829. googlebooks Retrieved 26 January 2008
 thepeerage.com Accessed 26 January 2008
 familysearch.org Accessed 26 January 2008

1475 births
1511 deaths
William
15th-century English people
16th-century English nobility
William Courtenay, 01st Earl of Devon
Earls of Devon
Burials at the Church of the Black Friars, London


Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin (; born in Onokhoy, Buryatia, Russian SFSR on April 17, 1962) is a Russian anthropologist and archaeologist. Since 1985 he has been a Research Fellow of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Vladivostok. He was Head and Professor of the Department of Social Anthropology in the Far-Eastern National Technical University (1999 - 2011), and also Head and Professor of the Department of World History, Archaeology and  Anthropology in the Far-Eastern Federal University (2011 - 2016). Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2011 and full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2022.

Education
 B.A., M.A. Irkutsk State University, 1985
 Ph.D., Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Vladivostok, 1990
 Dr.Sc., Institute of Oriental Studies (St.Petersburg Branch), Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999

Major contributions

Nikolay Kradin's major contributions belong to a few  fields:

(1) anthropology and social history of the Eurasian nomads;
(2) political anthropology and theory of the state formation;
(3) social archaeology of East and Inner Asia cultures;

Among other things Kradin has demonstrated that an alternative to the state seems to be represented by the supercomplex chiefdoms created by some nomads of Eurasia – the number of the structural levels within such chiefdoms appear to be equal, or even to exceed those within the average state, but they have an entirely different type of political organization and political leadership; such type of political entities do not appear to have been ever created by the agriculturists.

 (4) social archaeology of the nomadic empires.

Kradin has written over 14 books and 500 articles dealing with his research interests. These include Nomadic Societies (1992 in Russian), The Xiongnu Empire (1966, 2001, 2002, 2020 in Russian), Political Anthropology (2001, 2004, 2010, 2011 in Russian), Chinggis Khan Empire (in co-authorship with T.Skrynnikova, 2006, 2022 in Russian), Nomads of Eurasia (2007 in Russian), Nomads of Inner Asia in Transition (2014), History of Khitans Empire Liao (in co-authorship with A.L. Ivliev, 2014 in Russian), The Great Wall of Khitan: North Eastern Wall of Chinggis Khani (in co-authorship, 2019), Nomads and World History (2020 in Russian), Origins of the Inequality, Civilization, and the State (2021 in Russian).

Selected recent publications in English
 Alternatives of Social Evolution: An Introduction. Alternatives of Social Evolution. Ed. by N.Kradin, A.Korotayev, Dmitri Bondarenko, V.de Munck, V.Lynsha et al. Vladivostok: Dal'nauka, 2000. P. 27–89.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2000. Nomadic Empires in Evolutionary Perspective. In Alternatives of Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, A.V. Korotayev, Dmitri Bondarenko, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p. 274-288). Vladivostok: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in: The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues. Ed. by Leonid Grinin et al. (р. 501–524). Volgograd: Uchitel', 2004.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2002. Nomadism, Evolution, and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of Historical Development. Journal of World-System Research 8: 368-388.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2003. Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline. In Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, Dmitri Bondarenko, and T. Barfield (p. 73-87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2006. Archaeological Criteria of Civilization. Social Evolution & History 5: 89–108.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2006. Cultural Complexity of Pastoral Nomads. World Cultures 15: 171-189.
 Kradin, Nikolay N., Skrynnikova Tatiana D. 2006. Why do we call Chinggis Khan's Polity 'an Empire'. Ab Imperio 2006 (1): 89–118.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2008. Structure of Power in Nomadic Empires of Inner Asia: Anthropological Approach. In: Hierarchy and Power in the History of Civilizations: Ancient and Medieval Cultures. Ed. By L.E.Grinin, D.D.Beliaev, and A.V.Korotayev. Moscow: URSS, 2008, p. 98-124.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2008. Early State Theory and the Evolution of Pastoral Nomads. Social Evolution & History 7 (1): 107–130.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2008. Transformation of Peasant Pastoralism among the Aginsky Buryats, end of XX – Beginning of XXI Centuries. In: Proceedings of the International Conference "Dialog between Cultures and Civilizations: Present State and Perspectives of Nomadism in a Globalizing World. Ed. by J. Janzen and B. Enkhtuvshin. Ulaanbaatar, 2008: 153-158.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2009. State Origins in Anthropological Thought. Social Evolution & History 8 (1): 25-51.
 Kradin, Nikolay N., Skrynnikova Tatiana D. 2009. "Stateless Head": Notes on Revisionism in the Studies of Nomadic Societies. Ab Imperio 2009 (4): 117–128.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2010. Between Khans and Presidents. Anthropology of Politics in Post-Soviet Central Asia. Social Evolution & History  9 (1): 150–172.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2011. A Panorama of Social Archaeology in Russia. In: Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past. Ed. by L.R. Lozny. New York: Springer, 2011: 243–271.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2011. Post-Soviet Power in Anthropological Perspective. In: State, Society, and Transformation. Ed. by B. A. Mitchneck. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2011: 50–76.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2011. Stateless Empire: The Structure of the Xiongnu Nomadic Super-Complex Chiefdom. In: Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia. Ed. by U. Brosseder and B. Miller. Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 2011: 77-96 (Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Vol. 5).
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2013. Chinggis Khan, World System Analysis and Preindustrial Globalization. Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar, No 15: 169–188.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2013. Criteria of Complexity in Evolution: Cross-Cultural Study in Archaeology of Prehistory. Social Evolution & History12 (1): 28–50.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2014. Nomadic Empires in Inner Asia. In: Complexity of Interaction Along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE. Ed. by J.Bemmann, and M.Schmauder. Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 2015: 11-48 (Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Vol. 5).
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2014. Nomads of Inner Asia in Transition. Moscow: URSS. .
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2015.The Ecology of Inner Asian Pastoral Nomadism. In: The Ecology of Pastoralism. Ed. By N. Kardulias. Boulder: University Press of Colorado: 41–70.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2015. Mongols Empire and Debates of the Nomadic State Origins. In: ‘My Life is like the Summer Rose’, Maurizio Tosi e l’Archeologia come modo di vivere/ Papers in honour of Maurizio Tosi for his 70th birthday. Ed. by C.C. Lamberg-Karlofsky, B. Genito and B. Cerasetti. Oxford: Archaeopress (BAR International Series S2690): 369–375.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2016. Archaeology of Deportation: Eurasian Steppe Example. In: Central Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden. Ed. by I.Zimonyi and O.Karatay. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag: 209–219.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2017. Heterarchy and Hierarchy Among the Ancient Mongolian Nomads (revised version). In: Chiefdoms: Yesterday and Today. Ed. by R.L.Carneiro, L.E.Grinin, and A.V.Korotayev. New York: Eliot Werner Publications Inc.: 155–176.
 Guzev, Mikhail, Kradin, Nikolay N., Nikitina, Evgeniia. 2017. The Imperial Curve of Large Polities. Social Evolution & History 16 (2): 110–123.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2018. Nomads and the Theory of Civilizations. In: Anthropology and Civilizational Analysis. Eurasian Explorations. Ed. by Johann P. Arnason and Chris Hann. Albany: State University of New York Press: 303–322.
 Turchin, Petr, et al. [Kradin, Nikolay N.] 2018. Quantitative Historical Analyses Uncover a Single Dimension of Complexity that Structures Global Variation in Human Social Organization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (2): 144–151.
 de Barros Damgaard, Peter et al. [Kradin, Nikolay N.]. 2018. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 557: 369–374.
 Kradin, Nikolay N., Kradin, Nikolay P. 2019. Heritage of Mongols: The Story of a Russian Orthodox Church in Transbaikalia. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 23 (2): 430-433.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2019. Social Complexity, Inner Asia, and Pastoral Nomadism. Social Evolution & History 18 (2): 3-34.
 Choongwon Jeong et al [Kradin, Nikolay]. A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe. Cell, 2020, Vol. 183, p. 1-15.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2020. Origins of the State and Urbanization: Regional Perspectives. In: The Evolution of Social Institution: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Ed. by D.M. Bondarenko, S.A. Kowalewski, D.B.Small. New York etc.: Springer: 101-129.
 Kradin, Nikolay N. 2020. The Mongol Empire and the Unification of Eurasia. In: The Oxford World History of Empire. Volume Two: The History of Empires. Edited by P.F. Bang, C. A. Bayly, and W. Scheidel. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 507-532.
 Turchin. Petr et al [Kradin, Nikolay]. 2021. Rise of the war machines: Charting the evolution of military technologies from the Neolithic to the Industrial Revolution. PLoS ONE 16 (10, e0258161): 1-23.

Notes

Further reading
 Dmitri Bondarenko, Leonid Grinin, and Andrey Korotayev. Alternative Pathways of Social Evolution. Social Evolution & History 1/1: 63-66 (assessment of Kradin's findings).

External links
Nikolay Kradin
 Nikolay Kradin is a member of Editorial Board of Social Evolution & History journal

1962 births
Living people
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Nomadic groups in Eurasia
People from Zaigrayevsky District
Russian anthropologists
Russian archaeologists
Russian orientalists
Theoretical historians
World system scholars


Dianthus alpinus, the alpine pink, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, endemic to the Alps of Eastern Austria. It is a short (2–10 cm high) mat-forming herbaceous perennial, with linear to lanceolate leaves, 15–25 mm long and 2–5 mm wide. The flowers are a deep cerise pink with white spots, appearing from June to August.

A calcicole, the species is found in the north-eastern limestone Alps of Austria from the Totes Gebirge in the west to Semmering and the Schneeberg in the east.

In cultivation in the UK. it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It requires a well-drained position in full sun, such as a rock garden. It may be short-lived in cultivation.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 Alpine Pink in Alpine Garden Society Encyclopaedia of Alpine Plants.
 Flora Austria

alpinus
Endemic flora of Austria
Flora of the Alps
~
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


The Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum preserves the heritage of anthracite coal mining in the U.S. State of Pennsylvania and is located in McDade Park in Scranton. It features exhibits detailing the industrial history of northeastern Pennsylvania.

History and notable features
This museum is part of Anthracite Museum Complex and was created in 1971 by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, which includes three museums and one historical site:

 The Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum and the Scranton Iron Furnaces, both in Scranton, Lackawanna County
 Eckley Miners' Village near Weatherly, Luzerne County
 The Museum of Anthracite Mining overlooking the community of Ashland in Schuylkill County

A few museum exhibits are also located at the companion Lackawana Coal Mine Tour.

In popular culture
The Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum was featured on The Office episode "The Merger" in Michael and Dwight's parody of Lazy Sunday.

References

External links
 Official Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum website

Museums in Scranton, Pennsylvania
Mining museums in Pennsylvania
Industry museums in Pennsylvania
Lackawanna Heritage Valley


Floing () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ivo Yanchev (; born 5 September 1960) is a retired Bulgarian pole vaulter.

He finished eleventh at the 1978 European Indoor Championships, thirteenth at the 1981 European Indoor Championships and twelfth at the 1983 European Indoor Championships He also won gold medals at the 1981 and 1984 Balkan Games. He also competed at the 1983 World Championships without reaching the final.

His personal best jump was 5.65 metres, achieved in July 1983 in Sofia. This ranks him seventh among Bulgarian pole vaulters, behind Spas Bukhalov, Atanas Tarev, Nikolay Nikolov, Stanimir Penchev, Delko Lesov and Ilian Efremov, and joint with Valentin Videv and Galin Nikov.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Bulgarian male pole vaulters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Bulgaria
World Athletics Championships athletes for Bulgaria
Competitors at the 1984 Friendship Games


The Silurian McKenzie Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in Maryland.

Description
The McKenzie Formation is a gray, thin-bedded shale and argillaceous limestone, with interbedded red sandstone and shale in its eastern extents in Maryland. The thickness ranges from 160 to 380 feet. It houses shallow water fauna including but not limited to brachiopods, Ostracods, and tentaculitids.

Age
Relative age dating of the Tuscarora places it in the Silurian period. It rests conformably atop the Clinton Group and conformably below the Bloomsburg Formation.

References

Silurian Maryland
Silurian West Virginia
Silurian geology of Virginia
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits
Ludfordian


A pig toilet (sometimes called a "pig sty latrine") is a simple type of dry toilet consisting of an outhouse mounted over a pigsty, with a chute or hole connecting the two. The pigs consume the feces of the users of the toilet, as well as other food.

History
Pig toilets ( zhūjuànmáokēng) were once common in rural China, where a single Chinese ideogram () signifies both "pigsty" and "privy". Funerary models of pig toilets from the Han dynasty (206 BC to AD 220) prove that it was an ancient custom. These arrangements have been strongly discouraged by the Chinese authorities in recent years, although as late as 2005 they could still be found in remote northern provinces.

Chinese influence may have spread the use of pig toilets to Okinawa (Okinawan: ふーる (fūru) / 風呂) before World War II, and also to the Manchu people during the Qing Dynasty period.

Pig toilets were also used in parts of India such as Goa. A 2003 survey of sanitary arrangements in Goa and Kerala found that 22.7% of the population still used pig toilets.

On Jejudo, a volcanic island of South Korea that is home to a breed of black pig, the pig toilets were known as dottongsi (). These pigsty toilets were still in use in the 1960s.

Fishpond toilet
In China, "Family dwellings are commonly built close to the fish pond with toilets overhanging the pond to facilitate fertilization. ... Some pigsties as well as latrines for humans are built on the adjacent dike so as to overhang the pond." But by 1988, these fish pond toilets were falling out of favour, as the farmers found it more useful to ferment human and pig excrement together, and apply it to the aquaculture ponds as needed.

In Vietnam, the traditional fish pond toilet, which was described as "widespread" as recently as 2008, polluted the waterways, but was perceived as more hygienic (less odorous) than various modern alternatives that the government was pressing on the villagers.

See also
Coprophagia
History of water supply and sanitation
Toilet god

References

Animals and humans
Pigs
Toilets
Fish and humans
Mammals and humans


BHC can refer to:
 Balochistan High Court, a high court in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
 Bank holding company,  company with significant ownership of one or more banks
 Barron Hilton Cup, a glider competition
 Beaconhills College, a school in Victoria, Australia
 Beating Heart Cadaver, a human body that, after having been declared brain-dead, is attached to a medical ventilator in order to preserve organs for organ transplantation
 Benign hereditary chorea, a neurological disorder
 Benzenehexachloride, different chemicals
 Bergischer HC, a German team handball club
 British high commission
 Beverly Hills Cop (film series), a movie franchise starring Eddie Murphy
 Beverly Hills Chihuahua
 BHC Communications, a broadcast holding company, held by Chris-Craft Industries
 British Home Championship, an annual football competition in the United Kingdom
 British Honduras Constabulary, a former police force in Belize
 British Hovercraft Corporation, a former hovercraft manufacturer of the United Kingdom
Business History Conference, an organization that focuses on business history and the environment in which businesses operate


The 2008 congressional elections in Kentucky were held on November 4, 2008, to determine who would represent the state of Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives. Kentucky has six seats in the House, apportioned according to the 2000 United States Census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms; those elected will serve in the 111th Congress from January 4, 2009, until January 3, 2011.  The election coincides with the 2008 U.S. presidential election.

The deadline to file to run in the election was January 29, 2008. The primary for both parties took place on May 20, 2008. The current delegation consists of 2 Democrats and 4 Republicans.

With the exception of Ron Lewis, all incumbents ran for and won reelection.

Overview

Match-up summary

District breakdown

District 1

This district is in Western Kentucky. The seat has been held by Republican Ed Whitfield since 1995. Heather A. Ryan of Paducah, a self-described Democratic activist, has no primary opposition and will face Whitfield in the general election. CQ Politics forecasts the race as 'Safe Republican'.

Ryan, a Navy veteran and former movie theater manager, launched into the news in January 2008. On January 15, she protested a visit by Mitch McConnell to the non-profit theater where she worked. The theater was raising funds for an expansion and some would potentially come from McConnell. Three days later, the theater's board of directors told her to stay quiet about politics while running the theater. After questioning the request, she was fired.

Whitfield declined to debate Ryan before the election. Whitfield won the election with 64% of the vote.
 Race ranking and details from CQ Politics
 Campaign contributions from OpenSecrets

District 2

This district is in Western-central Kentucky. Republican state senator Brett Guthrie won against Democratic state senator David Boswell. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Leans Republican'.

In a surprise decision on the filing deadline, Republican incumbent Ron Lewis, who had held the seat since 1994, announced he would not run for re-election in 2008. It was believed that he intended to be succeeded by his chief of staff, Daniel London. However, State Senator Brett Guthrie learned of Lewis' retirement just before the deadline, and filed himself. After Guthrie won some key endorsements, London withdrew from the race, leaving Guthrie unopposed for the Republican nomination. Meanwhile, for the Democratic nomination, State Senator David Boswell got 60,978 votes, defeating Daviess County judge executive Reid Haire, who got 43,073 votes.

Guthrie won the election with 53% of the vote.
 Race ranking and details from CQ Politics
 Campaign contributions from OpenSecrets
 Guthrie (R) vs Boswell (D-i) graph of collected poll results from Pollster.com

Opinion polls

District 3

Democratic incumbent John Yarmuth won against Republican nominee Anne Northup, who had held the seat previously. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Leans Democratic'.

Background and primary

This district consists of Louisville and most of its Jefferson County suburbs. The seat had been held by Northup from 1996 through 2006, when she was defeated by Yarmuth in a year in which Democrats regained control of the house, partially due to the unpopularity of the war in Iraq.

On January 28, 2008, Northup announced she would run for her old congressional seat in the 2008 election. She had previously endorsed Louisville lawyer Erwin Roberts, who had planned to run, and helped raise money for him. However, Roberts withdrew from the race after learning he would likely be called to active duty in the U.S. Army Reserve. Bob DeVore Jr., activist Corley C. Everett and developer Chris Thieneman filed to run in the Republican primary.

Thieneman, who spearheaded a successful campaign to defeat a Jefferson County library tax referendum in 2007 and ran unsuccessfully for Jefferson County Clerk in 2002, dropped out of the race on January 31, declared a return to the Democratic Party, and endorsed John Yarmuth in the election. Theineman said he had been pressured to drop out by people associated with Northup and Kentucky's senior senator Mitch McConnell, but McConnell and Northup denied they had tried to influence Thieneman. Thieneman subsequently reaffirmed he was a Republican, revoked his endorsement of Yarmuth, and unsuspended his campaign. Everett dropped out less than a week before the primary and endorsed Theineman.

Northup won the Republican primary on May 20. Yarmuth was not opposed in the Democratic primary.

General election

At a press conference held in front of a gas station on June 17, 2008, Northup claimed that the 2008 elections were about the rising price of energy. Over a five-day period in September, Yarmuth's campaign headquarters was broken into twice. The thieves took only computers and storage supplies, leaving behind cash and other valuables.

Northup reminded voters of her accomplishments during her years in office, claimed that she was better suited to get results in the long-delayed effort to build an east end bridge and, as she had often done, argued her opponent was too liberal for voters. A key issue in the election was funding for a Veterans Administration hospital to replace the aging one in Louisville; Yarmuth touted a commitment he and Mitch McConnell secured from the Department of Veterans Affairs to spend at least $60 million on the project, while Northup attempted to downplay the merits of the commitment. Northup also attacked Yarmuth for his eventual vote in favor of the bailout. Yarmuth did not run any attack ads, and generally focused his campaign on informing voters of his accomplishments during his term in the House.

The district's daily newspaper, the Courier-Journal, endorsed Yarmuth on October 25, saying the Democrat had done "an exceptionally good job as a freshman representative, winning widespread recognition as one of the brightest new stars in Congress."

Yarmuth won the election with 59% of the vote.
 Race ranking and details from CQ Politics
 Campaign contributions from OpenSecrets
 Northup (R) vs Yarmuth (D-i) graph of collected poll results from Pollster.com

Opinion polls

District 4

This district is a long district in Northern Kentucky that follows the Ohio River. The majority of the voters live in the booming largely white and suburban Cincinnati counties of Boone, Kenton and Campbell. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Republican'.
Davis won the election with 63% of the vote.

District 5

This district is in Eastern Kentucky. It has been held by Republican Hal Rogers since 1981. He has filed to run for re-election in 2008. He was opposed by Independent Jim Holbert. CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Republican'.

Rogers won the election with 84% of the vote.
 Race ranking and details from CQ Politics
 Campaign contributions from OpenSecrets

District 6

This district is located in central Kentucky. It contains the cities of Lexington (including its suburbs), Danville, and Frankfort, the state capital. Democrat Ben Chandler has held the seat since 2004. He faced Republican Lexington attorney Jon Larson in the general election.
CQ Politics forecasted the race as 'Safe Democrat'.

Chandler won the election with 65% of the vote.
 Race ranking and details from CQ Politics
 Campaign contributions from OpenSecrets

See also

 United States House of Representatives elections, 2008

References

External links
 Kentucky State Board of Elections
 U.S. Congress candidates for Kentucky at Project Vote Smart
  from 2008 Race Tracker
 Campaign contributions for Kentucky congressional races from OpenSecrets

2008
Kentucky
United States House of Representatives


Al-Kawthar TV is a Tehran-based Arabic-language television channel. Launched in 2006 by Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, it broadcasts religious and cultural programs about 20 hours a day mainly for Arab audience in the Middle East and North Africa. The content of the programs is mainly about promoting Shia Islam. The TV station derives its name from the heavenly river, Al-Kawthar. Al-Kawthar TV (alkawthartv[.]com) is blocked in the US and brought down from the FBI, getting the message 'This website has been seized' if you enter the site.

See also
 Al-Alam News Network
 Al-Ahvaz TV

References

External links

Al-Kawthar TV in Instagram

2006 establishments in Iran
Arab mass media
Arabic-language television stations
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
Television channels and stations established in 2006
Mass media in Tehran
Television stations in Iran
Shia media


, abbreviated to , is a national university in Japan. The main campus is located in Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima Prefecture.

History
Fukushima University was established in 1949 by integrating three national colleges in Fukushima City: ,  and .

The university at first consisted of two faculties: the Faculty of Liberal Arts (in Hamada-cho Campus) and the Faculty of Economics (in Moriai Campus).
In 1966 the Faculty of Liberal Arts was renamed Faculty of Education.
In 1979 the former two campuses were integrated into newborn Kanayagawa Campus.
In 1987 a new faculty was added: the Faculty of Administration and Social Sciences.
In 2004 the faculties were reorganized into two  consisting of four .

Faculties (Undergraduate Schools)
 Cluster of Human and Social Sciences
 Faculty of Human Development and Culture
 Faculty of Administration and Social Sciences
 Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
 Course of Liberal Arts for Modern Society (in Machinaka Branch)
 Cluster of Science and Technology
 Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science

Graduate Schools
 Graduate School of Education
 Major in School Education
 Major in School Subject Education
 Major in Clinical Psychology and School Education
 Graduate School of Public Policy and Regional Administration
 Major in Public Policy and Regional Administration
 Graduate School of Economics
 Major in Economics
 Major in Business Administration
 Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology

Institutes
 University Library
 Research Center for Lifelong Learning and Education
 Center for Regional Affairs
 Center for Research and Development of Education

References

External links
 Official Website
 FukushimaUniversity Youtube

Japanese national universities
Universities and colleges in Fukushima Prefecture
1949 establishments in Japan
Universities and colleges established in 1949
Fukushima (city)


John Breynton (1719 – 15 July 1799) was a minister in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

He was born in Trefeglwys, Montgomeryshire, Wales to John Breynton (born 1670 Llanidloes) and his second wife, and baptised on 13 April 1719. He spent his first 14 years between his home at Trefeglwys and school in nearby Newtown. From 1733 to 1738, he attended Shrewsbury School, and in 1738, matriculated at Magdalene College, Cambridge, subsequently gaining a BA in 1741.

In 1742, he was commissioned as a chaplain in the Royal Navy. By 1745, he was a chaplain on a ship of war and served in the Siege of Louisbourg (1745). In 1750, he received an MA from Cambridge, and married Elizabeth Wade at St Mary and St Michael Church, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire. He was sent by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, or Venerable Society, to assist at St Paul's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia under the auspices of the Bishop of London, while the rector William Tutty returned to London on private business, during which trip Tutty died in 1754. Breynton immediately took over as missionary and minister, or Rector, at St Paul's in 1754.

Earlier, in 1753, he had founded the first free school in Nova Scotia. In 1760, he consecrated St George's 'Little Dutch' (Deutsch) Church - the second oldest church in Halifax, becoming fluent in German as a result. In 1770, he was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity by the University of Oxford. He returned to London during 1771–1772 to collect his degree, but returned to resume his post in Halifax. By 30 October 1776, he was Chaplain to the Royal Fencible American Regiment.  He baptised many Blacks in Halifax who arrived after the American Revolution.  He also purchased a slaves freedom in 1776.

On 13 September 1778, his first wife died, shortly before the 28 November 1778 wedding of their daughter Anne in St George's, Hanover Square.

By 6 September 1779, as a widower, he remarried and continued as Rector of St Paul's Church, Halifax. With his second wife, he appears to have returned to London shortly after 1785, continuing to draw his Halifax salary of £190 pa until he resigned and was replaced in 1791. In June 1792, he was lodging at Mary Riley's, 63 Edgware Road, London, when he was burgled. The burglar was caught and sentenced to death.

Because of his fluency in German, he was reported to have been a chaplain to Queen Charlotte. He remained in London until his death in 1799.

Family
Breynton married twice:

He married firstly Elizabeth Wade (died 13 September 1778 Halifax, Nova Scotia), on 8 September 1750 at St Mary and St Michael Church, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, with issue:
Mary Breynton (CIR 1753–1795), married 19 Aug 1775 Halifax, Nova Scotia to Captain John Watson
Anne Breynton (1755–1829), married 28 November 1778 St George's Hanover Square, London to Francis Perceval Eliot
John Breynton (1756–1843), married 9 Jan 1793 St Mary's Church, Lichfield to Elizabeth Cotton
Henry Edward Breynton (1759–1761)

He married secondly the widow, Mrs Mary Gerrish née Cradock, (18 May 1723 Boston, Massachusetts, United States - December 1806 Lichfield, Staffordshire, England), on 9 September 1779 at Halifax, Nova Scotia, with no issue. She was the daughter of George Cradock and his wife Mary née Lyde of Boston, Massachusetts, and the widow of Joseph Gerrish (Boston, Massachusetts 1709-1774 Halifax, Nova Scotia), whom she had married in 1768 Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Breynton died on 15 July 1799 in Edgware Road, Paddington, London. He was buried in the St Marylebone Burial ground, Paddington Street, London. His widow died in December 1806 at Lichfield, Staffordshire.

References

External links

 Portrait of Rev Dr John Breynton, DD
 http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/faith/anglican.htm
 http://www.museeacadien.ca/argyle/html/body_egrant1.htm
 http://www.uquebec.ca/musique/orgues/canada/halifaxsgac.html#English

People from Montgomeryshire
Royal Navy chaplains
18th-century Canadian Anglican priests
People educated at Shrewsbury School
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
1719 births
1799 deaths
Burials at St Marylebone Parish Church


Nozay () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Onjon () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department
Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Origny-le-Sec  is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ormes () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Johnny Cooper may refer to:

 John Cooper Clarke (born 1949), English performance artist
 Jonny Cooper, Gaelic footballer
 Johnny Cooper (Home and Away), a character in the Australian television series Home and Away
 Johnny Tahu Cooper (1929–2014), a.k.a. The Maori Cowboy, New Zealand rock n' roll musician

See also
John Cooper (disambiguation)
Jack Cooper (disambiguation)
Jon Cooper (disambiguation)


Iliyan Efremov (Cyrillic: Илиян Ефремов; born 2 August 1970) is a Bulgarian pole vaulter.

He finished tenth at the 1988 World Junior Championships and thirteenth at the 2006 European Championships. He also won gold medals at the 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2003 Balkan Games. In addition he competed at the Olympic Games in 2000 and 2004 as well as the World Championships in 1997  and 2003 without reaching the final.

His personal best jump was 5.70 metres, achieved in June 1998 in Sofia. This ranks him fourth among Bulgarian pole vaulters, behind Spas Bukhalov, Atanas Tarev, Nikolay Nikolov, and joint with Stanimir Penchev and Delko Lesev.

References

1970 births
Living people
Bulgarian male pole vaulters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Bulgaria


Ortillon () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Scranton Iron Furnaces is an historic, American manufacturing site that preserves the heritage of iron making in the U.S. State of Pennsylvania. It is located in Scranton, near the Steamtown National Historic Site.

The site has been managed by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission since 1971 and is part of the Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum complex. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, as the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company Furnace.

History and notable features
This historic site preserves the remains of four stone blast furnaces that were built between 1848 and 1857. Iron production on the site was started by Scranton, Grant & Company in 1840. Later, the furnaces were operated by the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company.

In 1847, iron rails for the Erie Railroad were made at the site. By 1865, Scranton, Grant & Company had the largest iron production capacity in the United States.

In 1875, steel production was initiated at the site. By 1880, the furnaces produced 125,000 tons of pig iron, one of the main uses of which was the manufacture of t-rails.

The plant was closed in 1902, when production was shifted to Lackawanna, New York.

The site has been managed by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission since 1971 and is part of the Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum complex. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, as the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company Furnace.

During the 2000 U.S. presidential election campaign, former U.S. Vice President Al Gore held a campaign rally at the site.

References

 Official Scranton Iron Furnaces website
 Online article with many images

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Industrial buildings completed in 1848
Industrial buildings completed in 1857
Museums in Scranton, Pennsylvania
Industry museums in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
1857 establishments in Pennsylvania


Orvilliers-Saint-Julien () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ossey-les-Trois-Maisons () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Paisy-Cosdon () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pâlis (), officially Palis, is a former commune in the Aube department in north-central France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Aix-Villemaur-Pâlis.

Population

See also

 Communes of the Aube department

References

Former communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016
States and territories disestablished in 2016


HMS Kingston was a 60-gun fourth-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built by Frame in Hull and launched on 13 March 1697. She had an eventful career, taking part in numerous engagements.

Career

During the War of Spanish Succession, Kingston took part in the engagements of Gibraltar (1704) under the command of Edward Acton, Vélez Málaga (1709) and Gaspé (1711).

She was present at Wager's Action a naval confrontation on 8 June 1708 N.S (28 May O.S.), between a British squadron under Charles Wager and the Spanish treasure fleet, as part of the War of Spanish Succession.

She was rebuilt for the first time according to the 1706 Establishment at Portsmouth Dockyard, and relaunched on 9 May 1719. She was rebuilt for a second time at Plymouth according to the 1733 proposals of the 1719 Establishment, and relaunched on 8 October 1740. Kingston was present at the Battle of Toulon in 1744.

During the Seven Years' War, the ship was part of Admiral John Byng's squadron sent to relieve Fort St. Philip (Port Mahon) in 1756, besieged by a French amphibious force who had invaded the island of Menorca (historically called "Minorca" by the British). The squadron set sail from England on 10 April. On 2 May, it arrived at Gibraltar, departing on 8 May. On 19 May, it came into sight of Fort St. Philip. The French fleet then advanced to meet Byng. On 20 May, the squadron fought the Battle of Menorca where several British ships were seriously damaged but none was lost on either side. On 24 May, after a council of war, Byng gave orders to return to Gibraltar, abandoning Menorca to its fate. The squadron arrived at Gibraltar on 19 June.

In 1757, the ship was part of Admiral Holbourne's squadron which left Ireland on 5 May for the planned expedition against Louisbourg. By 10 July, the entire squadron was finally at anchor before Halifax where it made its junction with Hardy's squadron. However, in August, when the combined fleet was ready to set sail, Louisbourg had already been reinforced by three French squadrons and Governor Loudon cancelled the whole enterprise. Holbourne's squadron stayed off Louisbourg until 25 September when it was dispersed by a storm, forcing it to return to Great Britain in a very bad condition. On 20 November 1759, Kingston took part in the Battle of Quiberon Bay where the French navy suffered a great defeat.

As Lord Clive
The ship was sold to privateers linked to the East India Company on 14 January 1762 and renamed Lord Clive.

The same year, during the Spanish-Portuguese War, 1761-1763, these privateers, fighting on the side of Portugal, had plans to conquer Spanish territory in South America and organised a raid on Buenos Aires and Montevideo.
Their squadron, under the command of John McNamara from the East India Company, consisted of Lord Clive (60), Ambuscade (40), two Portuguese ships (among which were the frigate Gloria (38)) transporting 500 infantry, and five storeships. On 2 November, the squadron sailed from Rio de Janeiro towards the mouth of the Río de la Plata but soon abandoned the project because Spanish defenders in both cities were fully alerted and well prepared.

On 6 January 1763, McNamara decided to attack and retake Colonia do Sacramento also in Spanish hands. 60-gun Lord Clive and the 40-gun HMS Ambuscade, along with 38-gun Portuguese Gloria, anchored near the city and started bombardment, but they received unexpected strong resistance from the city's gun battery. After three hours of an exchange of fire, a fire developed on Lord Clive that quickly progressed until it reached her magazine, which exploded, sinking her. There were 272 fatalities on board, including McNamara. HMS Ambuscade and Gloria were badly damaged too, and retired from combat.

Notes

References

 Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .
 Kingston (60). Project SYW. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
 Anonymous, A Complete History of the Present War, from its Commencement in 1756, to the End of the Campaign, 1760, London, 1761, pp. 202–205, 233-235
 Michael Phillips. Kingston (60) (1740). Michael Phillips' Ships of the Old Navy. Retrieved 9 August 2008.

External links

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships
Ships built on the Humber
Maritime incidents in 1763
Shipwrecks in rivers


Pargues () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pars-lès-Chavanges (, literally Pars near Chavanges) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pars-lès-Romilly (, literally Pars near Romilly) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Pavillon-Sainte-Julie () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Payns () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

History

Prehistory

Some traces were discovered through an aerial archaeological survey. At a place called La Ruelle, a protohistoric necropolis with square enclosures was photographed, thus testifying to the existence of protohistoric communities.

Roman and Gallo-Roman eras

The Antonine Itinerary, “Itinerarium Antonini Augusti”, dating from the end of the 3rd century, evokes Payns because of the possibility of fording the Seine at this place. The Tabula Peutingeriana (map) also testifies to this, itself a copy of a Roman map dating from the 13th century, on which appear the 53 roads which served the Roman Empire.

Middle Ages

The oldest evocation of the village of Payns is listed in the 9th century.

The archives of the department of Aube contain some Carolingian documents, in particular a cartulary from the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Montiéramey, founded around 887 by a priest named Arremar, in the middle of the vast Der forest. It mentions the sale by Hildemar to Arrémar of the "villa Pendennagio" which is none other than the village of Payns.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the stronghold of Payns was a vassal of the county of Champagne. This explains why Hugues de Payns accompanied his suzerain, Hugues de Troyes, count of Champagne to Jerusalem in 1104.

Having decided to settle there, Hugues de Payns returned to Jerusalem in 1114.

A mill has been in operation since 1236, it belonged to the priory of Foissy. Ruined by the English during the Hundred Years War, it was rented to the lessee to rebuild it. Jean Le Bray rented it for life for 26 livre a paper mill, two wheat and one hemp in 1476; they were in very poor condition and he had to sell the lease fairly quickly to Philippe Le Mercier and his wife Claude Le Bé. In 1531 it passed into the Largentier family, Nicolas marrying Madeleine Lemercier, daughter of the previous owners. In 1583, after a trial, the priory of Foissy gave up ownership of the mills against an annual rent of 63 livre.

The Templar Knights

Hugues de Payns founded in the Holy Land, the order "Paupere Militie Christi", in modern English the Militia of the Poor Knights of Christ. After the First Crusade, the Council of Troyes fixed the rule of what had become the order "Pauperes commilitones Christi templique Salomonici Hierosalemitanis", or in modern English, the militia of the poor knights of the temple of Solomon, better known today under the order name of the Temple or the Knights Templar.

In 1998, archaeological research carried out on the site of the commandery of Payns revealed coins dated between 1035 and 1240.
The Payns monetary deposit was discovered in September 1998; it is made up of 708 coins from the 12th century and 13th century. Royal coins are strongly represented: 499 deniers of monarchs from Louis VI (1108-1137) to Philip II (1180-1123). Very few local coins: only 7 deniers of the archdiocese of Reims.

See also
Communes of the Aube department
Hugues de Payens

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pel-et-Der () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department
Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Périgny-la-Rose () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Perthes-lès-Brienne (, literally Perthes near Brienne) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Petit-Mesnil () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Surrounded by the municipalities of La Rothiere, Chaumesnil and Éclance, Petit-Mesnil is located 38 km northeast of Troyes, the largest nearby city.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Piney () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aube department
 Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Plaines-Saint-Lange () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Plancy-l'Abbaye () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


was a Japanese samurai lord of the Sengoku period. He is known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen". He once became a vassal of the Later Hojo clan, but returned to Kai and became a vassal of Takeda Shingen.

References

External links
  "Legendary Takeda's 24 Generals" at Yamanashi-kankou.jp

1497 births
1564 deaths
Samurai
Takeda retainers
People from Chiba Prefecture


Planty () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Grandpré () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. On 1 January 2016, the former commune Termes was merged into Grandpré.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Communes nouvelles of Ardennes
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Plessis-Barbuise () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Poivres () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Poligny () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


TNT Sports is a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery in Brazil responsible for sports broadcasts on TNT and Space channels in the country.

Esporte Interativo started as a television channel, inaugurated on January 20, 2007, with the live broadcast of a Premier League match between Chelsea and Liverpool. From 2015, it became part of Turner Broadcasting System Latin America. Turner announced in 2018 the discontinuation of all EI channels in Brazil. Part of the programming, such as the exhibition of national and international football championships, started to be shown on the Brazilian versions of TNT and Space channels. With the standardization of Turner's sports channels in Latin America, it started to use the TNT Sports brand as of 2021.

History

Partnership with RedeTV! and Rede Bandeirantes
The plan of the Esporte Interativo channel started in 2004, when the marketing agency TopSports launch the brand Esporte Interativo and established a partnership with the TV network RedeTV! to broadcast sports events like English Premier League, UEFA Champions League and NBA. In September 2004, after fights between TopSports and RedeTV!, the partnership was broken. Esporte Interativo took their events to Rede Bandeirantes, in three years of partnership it broadcast events like UEFA Champions League, La Liga, English Premier League and Lega Calcio.

Own channel and growth
On January 20, 2007, the Esporte Interativo channel started to broadcast free-to-air on satellite Star One C2, on the frequency 980 MHz vertical, replacing Amazon Sat.
On June 10, 2010, the Esporte Interativo channel started to broadcast in São Paulo, channel 36 UHF, and was created the Rede Esporte Interativo, to debut the network an interview with Brazilian president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, was aired. In 2011 the network renewed the broadcast rights for the UEFA Champions League, and gained the broadcast rights for UEFA Super Cup and UEFA Europa League. To celebrate the 5th birthday of the channel, was opened a new studio in São Paulo.

In July 2012, Esporte Interativo launched their new SVOD multiplatform product EI Plus in partnership with Log On, and in October, closed a partnership with Yahoo! Brasil and they launched a new sports website, the Yahoo! Esporte Interativo.

In 2013 the Turner Broadcasting System acquired 20% of the network, becoming a business partner and occupying 2 of 7 members in the administration of the network.

In August was announced a new channel of the network, the Esporte Interativo Nordeste, a regional sports network dedicated for the sports from Brazilian northeast, and the acquisition of six state's championships of the region.

Full purchase by Turner and third channel
In early 2015, Turner Broadcasting Company, the television arm of Time Warner, has closed a total purchase of Esporte Interativo, acquiring the part that was owned by Top Sports, Edgar Diniz marketing agency.

From January 26, 2015, when the contract was signed, Turner started to control the entire channel. The programmer provides high investments and a new time in EI, particularly in the technical apparatus. 2015 also saw the debut of a new channel, EI Max. Soon after, EI Nordeste was renamed EI Maxx and EI Max became EI Maxx 2.

As of July 1, 2017, EI Maxx was renamed Esporte Interativo and EI Maxx 2 was renamed Esporte Interativo 2. As a result, the free-to-air channel was renamed Esporte Interativo BR. In addition to the nomenclature change, the three channels also get a new graphic project.

End of the EI channels, moving to TNT and Space
On August 9, 2018, the channel announced on its Facebook page the deactivation of all of their TV channels in 40 days and moving all of their sports events to TNT and Space channels in Brazil, on their social media and on the over-the-top service EI Plus.

TNT Sports (Brasil)
On January 8, 2021, WarnerMedia, the parent company of Turner, announced the replacement of the Esporte Interativo brand by TNT Sports, a name that had been used since 2017 by a sports channel of the conglomerate in Argentina, and which would now serve for pan-regional standardization in Latin America. The new brand was officially adopted at midnight on January 17 across all of the group's social media, including EI Plus, which is now renamed Estádio TNT Sports. On television, the TNT Sports brand officially debuted during the match between Internazionale x Juventus, valid for the Serie A.

Exhibitions

Competitions

Football

Brazil
 Campeonato Brasileiro Serie A (just games in Athletico Paranaense as home)
 Campeonato Paulista
 Campeonato Paulista Série A2
 Campeonato Paulista Under-20
 Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino

Chile
Chilean Primera División

International
UEFA Champions League
UEFA Super Cup
UEFA Youth League

e-Sports
Liga Brasileira de Free Fire
Kick-off Electronic League

Professional wrestling
 All Elite Wrestling

Programming
 A Hora do Jogo
 Arquibancada TNT
 Champions Awards
 Conexão Europa
 De Olho na Liga
 De Placa
 De Sola
 De Zero a Dez
 Ei Games
 Fred e Bechler Explicam
 Liga Espetacular
 Liga Retrô
 Live do André Henning
 Live do Pedro Certezas
 Mano a Mano
 Melhor Futebol do Mundo
 Melhor da Liga
 No Estouro
 O Último Lance
 Polêmicas Vazias
 Prorrogação
 Raízes da Champions
 Só pra ter Certezas

Slogans
 2007–08: Agora, muito mais emoção! (Now, much more excitement!)
 2008, 2010: Aqui a emoção não para! (The excitement never stops!)
 2009: Sem limite para a sua emoção! (No limit for your excitement!)
 2009: Rio 2016, O Esporte Interativo apoia e você? (Rio 2016, The Esporte Interativo supports, and you?)
 2010–12: Esporte Interativo, paixão ao alcance de todos! (Esporte Interativo, passion within everyone's reach!)
 2012: Esporte Interativo, 5 anos torcendo junto com você. (Esporte Interativo, 5 years cheering along with you.)
 2013: Esporte Interativo, nordestino de coração! (Esporte Interativo, from northeast by heart!)
 2013: Copa do Nordeste: Esporte Interativo, o nordeste merece. (Esporte Interativo, the northeast deserves it.)
 2013–15: Esporte Interativo, emoção que o Brasil merece. (Esporte Interativo, the emotion Brasil deserves.)
 2015–17: Esporte Interativo, aqui é com emoção de verdade.  (Esporte Interativo, here is with real emotion)
 2017–18: Esporte Interativo, movido por sonhos.  (Esporte Interativo, moved by dreams)
 2021–present: TNT Sports, paixão sem limites (TNT Sports, love without limits)

References

External links

Portuguese-language television stations in Brazil
Television channels and stations established in 2007
Mass media in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Sports television networks in Brazil
2007 establishments in Brazil
Warner Bros. Discovery Americas


Polisot () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Polisy () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pont-Sainte-Marie () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aube department
 List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pont-sur-Seine (, literally Bridge on Seine) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aube department
 List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pouan-les-Vallées () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aube department
 Treasure of Pouan

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pougy () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pouy-sur-Vannes () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Praslin () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Précy-Notre-Dame () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department
Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Précy-Saint-Martin is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department
Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Stanimir Penchev (; born 19 February 1959) is a retired Bulgarian pole vaulter.

He finished ninth at the 1987 European Indoor Championships.

His personal best jump was 5.70 metres, achieved in August 1986 in Sofia. This ranks him fourth among Bulgarian pole vaulters, behind Spas Bukhalov, Atanas Tarev, Nikolay Nikolov, and joint with Iliyan Efremov and Delko Lesev.

References

1959 births
Living people
Bulgarian male pole vaulters


Prémierfait is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Proverville () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Prugny () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


A Distant Trumpet is a 1964 American Western film, the last directed by Raoul Walsh. It stars Troy Donahue, Suzanne Pleshette and Diane McBain.

The screenplay by John Twist, Albert Beich and Richard Fielder is based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Paul Horgan.

Plot
In 1883, U.S. Army Cavalry 2nd Lieutenant Matthew Hazard, newly graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York (on the Hudson River), is assigned to isolated Fort Delivery on the Mexican border of the Arizona Territory in the early 1880s, where he meets 1st Lieutenant Teddy Mainwarring's wife Kitty, whom he later rescues from an Indian attack.

Major General Alexander Quaint, (James Gregory), arrives at Fort Delivery to conduct an official inquiry into illegal and prejudicial actions and activities resulting in abuse of persons and destruction and theft of properties perpetuated or authorized by elements of the fort's Command. After the inquiry, General Quaint apologizes to the officers of Fort Delivery for the mock inquiry and proceeds to present his plan to capture Chiricahua Apache chief "War Eagle".

When his efforts to capture Chiricahua Apache chief "War Eagle" fail, he sends Lt. Hazard into northern Mexico to  meet the Indian chief to convince him to surrender. After a long arduous trip south across the border in desolate deserts and buttes, canyons with dry ravines, and gulches, Lt. Hazard meets War Eagle and asks him to surrender and return with him on the promise that the Indians will be provided a safe haven at a reservation near their ancient tribal homeland in Arizona. En route back to the fort, they encounter a Major Miller, an officer who rose from the ranks, who was sent out to meet the surrendering Indian party and take them into custody as prisoners to be sent instead to exile in Florida.

Lt. Hazard was ordered to report to the Secretary of War in Washington, D.C. At the office of the Secretary of War, Lt. Hazard was presented the Congressional Medal of Honor. Lt. Hazard took this opportunity, to ask the Secretary of War to reverse their decision to send the Chiricahua Apache Indians to Florida and instead implement the promises he made to the Indians that they will be sent to a reservation in Arizona. When the Secretary of War refused Lt. Hazard's request, the latter in front of an assembly of press and family, makes a bold declaration about how the Indians have been betrayed by the United States Army and returned his Medal of Honor and gave his verbal resignation from the Army.

General Quaint also took this occasion to hand in his resignation as a show of solidarity with the protest of Lt. Hazard.
Gen. Quaint continued in trying to convince the Secretary of War to reverse their decision and allow Lt. Hazard to keep his word to War Eagle. Since the Secretary of War would not budge and instead called by telephone the President of the United States of America, (Chester A. Arthur) to consult, Gen. Quaint took this opportunity to talk with the President to warn him that there would be trouble with the Indians if the decision of the War Department was not reversed.

The President overruled the Secretary of War and ordered the release of the Indian prisoners. Lt. Hazard was promoted to Captain and assigned as the new commanding officer of Fort Delivery. Capt. Hazard and Kitty, the widow of Lt. Teddy Mainwarring were married.

Cast
 Troy Donahue as 2nd Lt. Matthew Hazard, U.S.A.
 Suzanne Pleshette as Kitty Mainwarring
 William Reynolds as 1st Lt. Teddy Mainwarring, U.S.A.
 James Gregory as Maj. Gen. Alexander Quaint, U.S.A.
 Diane McBain as Laura Frelief
 Claude Akins as Seely Jones – Traveling merchant offering wagon load of prostitutes, dance hall girls and selling liquor to isolated military posts.
 Kent Smith as the U.S. Secretary of War (in the Arthur administration)
 Bartlett Robinson as  Maj. Hiram Prescott
 Lane Bradford as  Maj. Miller
 Judson Pratt as Capt. Cedric Gray, MD
 Russell Johnson as Capt. Brinker
 Richard X. Slattery as 1st Sgt. Fry
 Larry Ward as Sgt. Kroger
 Bobby Bare as Pvt. Cranshaw

Original novel
The film was based on a 629-page novel, published in 1960, which was based on extensive historical research. The New York Times called it "the finest novel yet on the Southwest in its settling." Another reviewer for the same paper called it a "first rate historical novel."

Production
Warners bought the film rights and announced they would make the film in 1960 with James Woolf and Jack Clayton as producer and director, Laurence Harvey as star, and Alan Le May to do the script. It would be made for Challet Productions, Harvey's production company.

Burt Kennedy wrote a draft of the script; he was under contract to Warners at the time and called the novel "wonderful". Then Clayton was replaced by Leslie H. Martinson. Eventually, the film was set up with an entirely new producer, director and writer.

Significant changes were made from Horgan's novel in reversing the character traits of the female leads, making Kitty Mainwarring the object of Hazard's affections and Laura the negative personality; and altering the narrative's climax (and history), by reversing the fate of the Apaches from their historic removal to Florida and restoring the male protagonists to full duty, thereby negating Hazard's point-of-honor refusal of the congressional Medal of Honor and resignation from the Army, which was the basis for the entire storyline.

Shooting took place in September 1963. Location filming occurred in Flagstaff, Arizona and Gallup, New Mexico.

Critical reception
In his review in The New York Times, Bosley Crowther called the film:
A deadly bore...so dull you even lose interest in watching the horses and the stunt men doing their stuff...Seldom has there been a Western picture on which so much money was spent...from which so little excitement, energy or colorfulness exudes. It's as though Mr. Walsh and everybody were bitten by tsetse flies and went through the business of shooting the picture in a state of drowsiness."
Variety said:
The stunning location terrain of the Red Rocks area of New Mexico and Arizona's Painted Desert gives the production a tremendous pictorial lift. Max Steiner's score is a driving dramatic force but the use of the main theme seems a trifle excessive. The picture would benefit from a lot more pruning by editor David Wages.

Time Out New York feels that despite "an average script and a colourless lead performance from Donahue" the film "[emerges] as a majestically simple, sweeping cavalry Western, a little reminiscent of Ford in mood and manner. Brilliantly shot by William Clothier, it tends to have its cake and eat it by indulging in a spectacular massacre before introducing the liberal message, but still goes further than most in according respect to the Indian by letting him speak his own language (with subtitles)."

Peter Bogdanovich called the film:
One of Walsh's weakest pictures, caused mainly by an intolerably bad cast and a predictable script. Whenever the director is allowed to linger on shots of horses and riders, Indians and cavalry, and on their battles, he shows his vitality, personality and strength. Otherwise, his efforts are hopeless against the talentless players and the hopeless words they are required to speak.

See also
 List of American films of 1964

References

External links
 A Distant Trumpet at the Internet Movie Database
 A Distant Trumpet at Turner Classic Movies

1964 films
American Western (genre) films
1964 Western (genre) films
Films set in 1883
Films based on American novels
Films based on Western (genre) novels
1960s English-language films
Warner Bros. films
Films scored by Max Steiner
Films directed by Raoul Walsh
Western (genre) cavalry films
Films set in Arizona
Films set in Mexico
1960s American films


Prunay-Belleville () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Prusy () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Munchi's Ford World Rally Team was a private team competing in the World Rally Championship. The team made its debut in the 2007 Swedish Rally. The cars are prepared and run by the Cumbria based M-Sport operation and Martin Christie is the team principal.

History

2007 season
The Munchi's Ford World Rally Team was founded by Argentine rally driver Luís Pérez Companc, using the name of his family's ice cream parlor chain, Munchi's. The team competed in the World Rally Championship in 2007 for ten rounds. The drivers who started the season for the team at the Rally Sweden were Pérez Companc and Juan Pablo Raies. Companc finished the rally in 15th, but his teammate Raies retired before the start of the event. Despite scoring eight points, Raies was replaced by Federico Villagra halfway through the season in Italy. Villagra would go on to score just two points. The best result for the team came at the 2007 Rally Japan when Companc and Villagra finished fifth and seventh respectively, scoring six points for the team. The team finished last in the constructors' championship with 14 points. However, the initial season for the team was simply to familiarise themselves with the series and the car.

2008 season
For the 2008 season the team contested ten rounds. Federico Villagra drove all ten rounds for the team, while Luís Pérez Companc, who also began driving in the FIA GT Championship in 2008, shared the second car with Stobart Ford regular Henning Solberg, Aris Vovos and Barry Clark, the reigning Fiesta Sporting Trophy International champion, who contested 3 rounds of the championship for the team.

2009 season
With a healthy amount of experience under their belts and the competitiveness of the Ford Focus RS WRC, the Argentinean duo of Villagra and Companc gathered a strong haul of 23 points in the 2009 season. They also had their best WRC finishes, finishing Acropolis Rally and Rally Argentina in fourth position overall.

2010 season
For the 2010 season the team took part in 8 rounds out of 13. Federico Villagra drove the 8 rounds with various co-drivers in Ford Focus RS WRC 08 car. At the end of season, the team scored 58 points and ranked 5 of the Manufacturers' championship. Villagra scored 36 points and finished 9th in Drivers' Championship.

2011 season
It was announced that Federico Villagra is going to continue in 2011 with Ford. Currently with Ford Fiesta RS WRC.

WRC results

Gallery

See also
M-Sport World Rally Team
Ford World Rally Team

References

External links

Munchi's Ford World Rally Team at WRC.com
M-Sport website

Ford Team RS
World Rally Championship teams
Auto racing teams in Argentina
Intercontinental Rally Challenge teams
Auto racing teams established in 2007


Puits-et-Nuisement () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department
Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Radonvilliers () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department
Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ramerupt () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

Personalities
 Meir ben Samuel (1060-1135), also known as The RaM, French rabbi and tosafist
 Rashbam, medieval rabbi and scriptural commentator
 Rabbeinu Tam, medieval rabbi

See also
 Communes of the Aube department
 Tosafists

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rhèges () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Les Riceys () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France. It is situated in an important viticultural area, and in particular is known for Rosé des Riceys wine.

With its 866 ha of vines, it is the commune that has the largest wine-growing area in all of Champagne.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Somerset Historical Center  is a rural history museum for the southwestern part of the U.S. State of Pennsylvania and is 4 miles (6 km) north of Somerset. The museum is part of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

References
 Official Somerset Historical Center website

Museums in Somerset County, Pennsylvania
Open-air museums in Pennsylvania
Rural history museums in Pennsylvania
Houses in Somerset County, Pennsylvania


Rigny-la-Nonneuse () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rigny-le-Ferron () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rilly-Sainte-Syre is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Rivière-de-Corps () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Roncenay () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rosières-près-Troyes (, literally 'Rosières near Troyes') is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rosnay-l'Hôpital () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department
Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Albert Road Bridge Halt (sometimes called Highland Road) was an intermediate station situated on the Southsea Railway, between Jessie Road Bridge Halt and East Southsea.

The Southsea Railway opened on 1 July 1885, and on that line, Albert Road Bridge Halt was opened on 1 July 1904 and closed a decade later on 6 August 1914, it was part of a concerted effort to boost revenue and thus see off competition from the burgeoning tramway network. The Southsea Railway was jointly owned by the London and South Western Railway and the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, and very unusually, the two companies ran the line in alternate years. The final nail in the line's coffin was a government directive issued shortly after the declaration of war that railways unable to support themselves would cease operations at the earliest opportunity; and, as the line clearly fell into this category, the last train ran early in August 1914.

See also
 List of closed railway stations in Britain

References

Further reading

External links
Intermediate halts listed
Bibliography

Disused railway stations in Portsmouth
Former Portsmouth and Ryde Joint Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1904
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1914


La Rothière () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department
Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient
Battle of La Rothière, 1814

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The House of Tusishvili (; archaically known as Tusisshvili, ტუსისშვილი) was a Georgian princely family, known in the eastern province of Kakheti from 1469.

History
The Tusishvili branched off the House of Zedginidze. They had their estates at Akhmeta and Gagma-Mkhari on the left bank of the Alazani. After Russian annexation of Georgia, the family was incorporated among the Russian princely houses in 1850.

A notable member of this family was the 18th-century churchman Saba, Metropolitan Bishop of Ninotsminda (1744–88), and a close associate of King Erekle II.

References

Noble families of Georgia (country)
Georgian-language surnames


Rouilly-Sacey () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department
Parc naturel régional de la Forêt d'Orient

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


"Bigger Than The Beatles" is a song written by Jeb Stuart Anderson and Steve Dukes, and recorded by American country music artist Joe Diffie. It was released in November 1995 as the lead single from the album, Life's So Funny. The song reached Number One on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, becoming the fifth and final Number One single of Diffie's career. It also reached number-one on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.

Content
The song talks about an amateur rocker and his cocktail waitress girlfriend. The narrator talks about how they see each other as stars, since they are in love. It says, "She thinks he looks like Elvis, when he runs his fingers through his jet black hair." The narrator states that the couple has a love "bigger than the Beatles". Meaning that even though they aren't stars, they look like it to each other.
The "yeah yeah yeah yeah" background chorus at the end of the song is a reference to The Beatles' "She Loves You", as well as a reference to "All You Need Is Love" in the last line of the bridge, while the title is a pun on John Lennon's controversial "bigger than Jesus" claim.

Critical reception
Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly gave the song a C-minus rating, with her review calling it a "lighthearted tale of an amateur rocker and his shopgirl squeeze" and "just a lame device to evoke the names of beloved rock heroes."

Music video
The music video was directed by Deaton-Flanigen Productions and premiered in late 1995. It depicts the male half of the couple as a karaoke singer in a club, and the female half as a waitress at the same club. The female notices the male singing and eventually goes up and duets with him. Scenes also feature the pair lounging poolside. Diffie is shown in the background singing and playing guitar in both scenes. It was filmed in Miami, Florida.
The video was actually shot in Nashville with Barclay Randall and Linda Sue Simmons, playing the parts of the lounge singer and his waitress love. They had a live bigger than The Beatles.

The dead man from the Prop Me Up Beside the Jukebox (If I Die) music video makes a cameo, now lounging on a floating chair in the pool.

Parodies
On his 1996 album I Stoled This Record, parodist Cledus T. Judd parodied the song as "(She's Got a Butt) Bigger Than the Beatles".

Chart history
"Bigger Than the Beatles" debuted at number 58 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of December 2, 1995.

Year-end charts

References

1995 singles
1995 songs
Joe Diffie songs
Music videos directed by Deaton-Flanigen Productions
Epic Records singles
Songs about the Beatles


Rouilly-Saint-Loup () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

Geography
The Barse flows through the commune.

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rouvres-les-Vignes () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rumilly-lès-Vaudes (, literally Rumilly near Vaudes) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


EML Kalev was one of two submarines of the Republic of Estonia launched in 1936 at Vickers and Armstrongs Ltd. in England. Her sister, , survived the Second World War.

History
Kalev was a second pre-war Estonian Navy submarine. Estonia is a maritime nation and, like every country with a long coastline, had to defend its territorial waters. Based on the experiences of World War I, the submarines found their proper application in the pre-Second World War Estonian Navy. The collection organised by the Submarine Fleet Foundation in May 1933 developed into one of the most successful undertakings among similar events nationwide.

In the course of building and testing two submarines, the Estonian crews got a top-level naval training at the time in England in 1935–1937. In the period of 1937–1940 the submarines  and Kalev were the most imposing naval vessels of the Estonian Navy. Their non-interference upon the annexation of Estonia by the USSR was a political decision made irrespective of the will of the navy.

Kalev in World War II
The submarine Kalev joined the Estonian Navy in spring 1937, where she operated until the Soviet takeover in 1940. (On 24 February 1940, The Third Reich had expressed its interest in obtaining the submarine, if Estonia would sell it, but this offer was turned down.)

Service in the Soviet Navy
The submarine was formally taken over by the Soviet Navy on 18 September 1940, by which time only five men of the submarine crew remained in place to instruct the new Soviet crews. After the outbreak of the German-Russian war in June 1941, Kalev was re-complemented, having a totally Russian-speaking crew, although the original name Kalev was retained. During the Second World War Kalev participated in military operations as part of the Soviet Baltic Fleet. Kalev did not return from her second patrol and was reported as missing since 29 October 1941.

Possible wreck
Kalevs ultimate fate or the location of the wreck was unknown for a long time. It was generally assumed that she hit a mine and sunk off Keri in the Gulf of Finland between Tallinn and Helsinki, but she could have been anywhere between Kronstadt and Hanko; some sources suggested she was scuttled in the Tallinn Bay during the Soviet evacuation on 28 August 1941.

In June 2010, an Estonian Maritime Museum research team concentrated their efforts on finding Kalev. It was assumed that Kalev hit a mine and sank in a minefield laid off Cape Juminda. On 30 June 2010 a wreck of what appeared to be a submarine was found five miles north of Cape Juminda, Northern Estonia by the Estonian Maritime Museum research vessel Mare. According to marine archeologist Vello Mäss, the specific shape of shafts for laying mines on the submarine-shaped object seen on the sonar screen gave rise to hopes indicating a probability of about 95% that the wreck found was the Kalev. However, further research had to be done to conclusively confirm the finding.

Hopes were high that this sonar target suggested that Kalev had been found and that the presumption that she sank as a result of hitting a mine near Cape Juminda was correct.

Later it was discovered that despite the wreck looking like a submarine, it turned out to be an old aerostat. Kalev is still missing.

References

External links

Estonian Navy

Kalev-class submarines
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1936 ships
World War II submarines of Estonia
Lost submarines of Estonia
World War II submarines of the Soviet Union
Foreign submarines of the Soviet Navy
Lost submarines of the Soviet Union
World War II shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea
Ships sunk by mines
Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Finland
Missing submarines of World War II
Warships lost in combat with all hands
Maritime incidents in October 1941


Ruvigny () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Geography
The Barse flows through the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Montcornet () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-André-les-Vergers () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia