Alairac () is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Alairacois, or Alairacoises.

Geography
The commune is in the urban area of Carcassonne and is located on a hillock at the foot of the Malepère mountain range. Alairac is a traditional circulade village dating to 1000AD. The commune has been part of the agglomeration community called Carcassonne Agglo since 1 January 2010.

The commune is located some 80 km south-east of Toulouse and only 6 km south-west of Carcassonne.  The Motorway E80 (A61) passes across the northern tip of the commune but has no exit. The commune can be reached by Road D18 from Carcassonne, which passes in a south-westerly direction through the heart of the commune towards Cailhau. Road D211 also passes through the commune from Arzens in the west to Lavalette in the east passing to the north of Alairac village. The village can be reached by a number of local roads from both the D211 and the D18. The commune is both farmland and forest with two small hamlets: Galet and Les Rougeats.

Several streams pass through the commune. In the east the Ruisseau Saint Pierre forms the eastern border of the commune, the Ruisseau de Bonne Mere forms the southern boundary, and the Ruisseau du Sout forms the western boundary. Inside the commune there are several streams with the Ruisseau de Celule Ou Gautel passing near the village. All the streams eventually flow into the river Aude which continues east into the Mediterranean Sea.

Neighbouring communes and towns

Geology, topography and hydrography
The village overlooks the plain where the Canal du Midi to the north of the commune towards Carcassonne and the view extends over a panorama limited to the north by the Montagne Noire (Black Mountain). To the north-east is the city of Carcassonne and to the south the Malepère mountain range covered in oak forest, the domain of wild boar and mushroom collectors.

Climate
The village has an oceanic climate with a strong Mediterranean influence. This area is dominated by Holly Oak forests which makes it suitable for the cultivation of the grapevines. The summers are temperate and the winters mild.

History
The first written record of the castle appeared in 1063: the time of the probable construction of the circulade. The area belonged to the Count of Foix, the first of which was Roger I de Foix who was the second son of Bernard-Roger, Count of Bigorre. Over the years, he exchanged the County of Foix with the Viscount of Carcassonne several times to the Trencavel family.

From the 11th century, the village was traversed by one of the paths to Saint Jacques de Compostela called "Path of the Pyrenean Piedmont". This pilgrimage continued until the 18th century.

During the Albigensian Crusade at Easter 1210, Simon de Montfort besieged the castle at Alairac for eleven days at which the people, fearing they may have to surrender, fled by night. In 1309, the last known Cathar perfect, Guillaume Bélibaste, fled Catalonia with Philippe of Alayrac. The latter, on his return home after ten years of exile, was probably captured and burned.

On hearing the sound of an approaching large company from Routiers in 1366, the officers of the Bailiwick of Carcassonne ordered the inhabitants of the castle at Alairac — which belonged to Jean d'Armagnac — to fortify it and destroy the surrounding area. Having failed to execute the order, the Viscount angrily set fire to the castle which was completely burned. Later, the Count of Armagnac ceded the land of Alairac to the Marquis of Mirepoix in 1404.

The lordship was sold at the beginning of the 18th  century to a citizen of Carcassonne. This lordship was extinguished by the Revolution in 1789.

During the First World War from 1914 to 1918, the village lost nineteen people, whose names are inscribed on the memorial. Every year on 11 November, this sacrifice is remembered by reading their names during a ceremony attended by schoolchildren.

During the Algerian War, many young people from Alairac were called to fight. One of them was killed. Every 19 March the laying of wreaths takes place to commemorate the date the Évian Accords came into force.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Alairac

Population

Economy
Viticulture: Malepère (AOC)

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The Circulade of Alairac with its circular boulevard called Rond Saint-Germain: the heart of the village
The War memorial surmounted by a Gallic rooster on which is inscribed the names of the twenty young men of the village who were killed during the wars of the 20th century
A Courtyard shaded by acacias at the primary school dating from 1935
The village is crossed by one of the roads of the Way of Saint James leading to Saint-Jacques de Compostela

Religious heritage
The commune has several religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
The Parish Church of Saint Germain (14th century) with an octagonal bell tower which originally served as a Fortified tower. The Church contains two items that are registered as historical objects:
A Chalice with Paten (19th century)
A Chalice with Paten (19th century)
The Catuffe Cross (1645) on the Chamin des Castelles.
The Alairac Cross (17th century), a Saint Germain style round cross.

Gallery

Culture and festivals
The Alain Cazalis Library is associated with the library of the Aude
In March there is Printemps de notes (Spring notes), an artistic and musical festival of Alairac in Malepère
In May De circulade en circulade is hosted, comprising plays, lectures, and local bands together with fourteen other circulade villages of Aude.
On the first Sunday of June there is a hunting feast with a Mass for Saint Hubert to bless the packs of dogs
In the last weekend of July there is the village fete

Children's activities
There is a hall for teenagers (12–17 years old) organised by the CIAS of Carcassonne. This activity is supervised by Mathieu Bruno the organiser.

Facilities

Education
In total one hundred and fifty children were enrolled in the Alairac public school in 2012 which has both a primary school built in 1935 and a kindergarten which was built in 2002
From eleven years old most of the children go to the Varsovie College at Carcassonne.

Sports
Football club of the Malepère in association with Lavalette and Roullens
Tennis accord between the Malepère and Alairac, Caux-et-Sauzens, Preixan, Arzens, and  Lavalette.
Cycling Club
Motorcycle club, with the Escande track and the motocross international circuit at Escande

Notable people linked to the commune
Philippe of Alayrac, companion of the last Cathar Perfect, Guillaume Bélibaste
André Mouls, playwright and Occitan poet
Alain Cazalis (1950-2012), Deputy Mayor, Deputy for Culture, defender of "rural culture", including the creator of the Spring notes festival and initiator of the association De circulade en circulade
Roger Adivèze former regional councilor, officer of the Legion of Honour, mayor between 1971 and 2020 and vice president of the Carcassonne Agglo since January 2010, and also chairman of the management centre of the territorial public service of Aude.

See also
 Communes of the Aude department

External links
 Alairac official website
 Alairac page on the circulades website
Alairac on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Alairac on the 1750 Cassini Map

References

Communes of Aude


Albas (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Albassiens or Albassiennes

Geography

Location
Albas is located some 50 km south-east of Carcassonne and 25 km west of Port-la-Nouvelle.  It can be accessed from the east by road D40 which runs north-west from Durban-Corbières then turns left to enter the commune from the east.  The D40 continues west to the town of Albas then continues to the west through the heart of the commune and on to Villerouge-Termenès.  The commune can also be accessed from Cascastel-des-Corbières in the south-east by road D106 which runs north-west to the town of Albas. There are numerous countries roads criss-crossing the commune. The landscape is unusual with farmland along the east–west central axis of the commune but most of the commune is forested hills.

The village is built at an average altitude 270 metres, the town hall is 250m above sea level. There are no other villages or hamlets in the commune.

There are numerous streams densely covering the commune. Those in the north flow north to the Nielle river which eventually flows to the Orbieu which joins the Aude near Saint-Nazaire-d'Aude. Those in the south flow south to the Berre river which flows to the sea.

Geology
The commune is in the Corbières Massif at the foot of Mount Tauch in the Corbières AOC.

The Albas sedimentary series has been the subject of numerous geological studies as the different layers extend from the Mesozoic to Quaternary periods and dinosaur fossil eggs have been found. The landscape varies from Garrigue or scrubland to Holly Oak forests.

Neighbouring communes and towns

History
Dating from the late Iron Age, there is on the "Roc de Carla" a modest oppidum. Extraction of Iron Ore was being done in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. The Romans named the place ALBARES probably because of the silver poplar leaves they found in the vicinity of the present village.

In a deed from the year 963 concerning donations from the nearby village of Fontjoncouse at Aymeric, the Archbishop of Narbonne, wrote the words VILLA ALBARES (ALBAS). In 1196, the Viscountess  Ermengarde of Narbonne donated in her will the castrum or "fortified place" of ALBAS to a military order. His nephew Pierre de Lara, however, would not give any part of Albas to the Templars or the Hospitallers orders. A Commander Saint Jean is mentioned at Albas in 1243. In 1226, Guillaume de Laroque de Carcassonne sold his possessions at Albas to the Abbey of Lagrasse. In the course of the 13th century, the Count of Foix was Lord then, in 1271, Aymeric, Viscount of Narbonne became the rightful lord of the Castrum of Albaribus Ferreriarum (the Albas Iron Mines).

The church is dedicated to Saint Paul, who evangelised in Narbonne.

In 1503 Jean de Cascastel of a neighbouring village was cited as lord. In 1523, Jean of Narbonne was said to hold the lordship of Albas from the King. During this century, Rogier de Lubes, Bailiff of Albas, organized an intercommunal association to defend the interests of the people ruined by the Franco-Spanish wars. The village built of adobe was destroyed and the residents resettled in the castrum.

In 1576, the Parliament of Toulouse distributed the property of the Bellisens family and Albas went to Pons Thomas Joseph Davisard. In the 17th  century, Cardinal Richelieu decided to reclaim the Roussillon and Narbonne became a stronghold at the disposal of the French. In an order dated 6 May 1642, Louis XII put Albas on the list of localities dependent on Narbonne. At the beginning of the 18th century, Albas was part of the barony of Talairan and came under the spiritual authority of the Order of Malta. This is why the current crest of Albas is a white Maltese cross on red background.

During the Revolution, the property of the Davisard family was confiscated and the Albas Iron Works became a commune. In 1830, the farming of Garouille (a dwarf oak that provided vermilion dye) and charcoal production was the main economic activity of Albas, with alfalfa and livestock (goats for milk, sheep for meat, mules for travel). The iron mining which merely collected the unrefined ore (ferrières) in the Middle Ages gave way at the beginning of the 20th century to mining on the Lacamp plateau. Iron was carried by trolleys and the small railway linking Durban-Corbières to Tuchan until 1930. The railway was abandoned in favour of the first trucks then the mines became too expensive to operate and they were abandoned in 1930. The mine shafts were closed and only a few insiders knew how to get in by entering discrete tunnels. The remains of a pink marble quarry can be seen on the road to Cascastel near the village.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Albas

Population

Population: Winemakers, Animal husbandry, masons, retired from various countries of Europe, summer holiday families.

Economy

Two flocks of sheep have opened an alternative to wine which was the dominant activity of the 20th century.

At the end of the 19th century the village had 600 residents, a school, and three priests lived in the capélagne (Rectory). Before the vinesyards Cereals were grown and lucerne from Albas was renowned.

Notable People linked to the commune
 Regis Barailla is a politician and a member of the Socialist party, general counsel for Aude, and a member from the second electoral district of Aude
 Alain Montlaur was born on 27 March 1950 in Albas. A Rugby player. Champion of France in rugby in 1979 with Narbonne and finalist in 1974. A Flanker (1.83 m tall and 84 kg).

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
 Albas on the old National Geographic Institute website
Albas on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Albas on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


A wait-for graph in computer science is a directed graph used for deadlock detection in operating systems and relational database systems.

In computer science, a system that allows concurrent operation of multiple processes and locking of resources and which does not provide mechanisms to avoid or prevent deadlock must support a mechanism to detect deadlocks and an algorithm for recovering from them.

One such deadlock detection algorithm makes use of a wait-for graph to track which other processes a process is currently blocking on. In a wait-for graph, processes are represented as nodes, and an edge from process  to  implies  is holding a resource that  needs and thus  is waiting for  to release its lock on that resource. If the process is waiting for more than a single resource to become available (the trivial case), multiple edges may represent a conjunctive (and) or disjunctive (or) set of different resources or a certain number of equivalent resources from a collection. The possibility of a deadlock is implied by graph cycles in the conjunctive case, and by knots in the disjunctive case. There is no simple algorithm for detecting the possibility of deadlock in the final case.

The wait-for-graph scheme is not applicable to a resource allocation system with multiple instances of each resource type.

References

Concurrency control
Directed graphs
Application-specific graphs


Albières (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as	Albiérois or Albiéroises

Geography

Albières is a remote commune high in the mountains some 40 km south by south-east of Carcassonne and 40 km west by south west of Port-la-Nouvelle in a direct line. The road distance is substantially more. The D129 road running north-west from Pont d'Orbieau forms the north-eastern border of the commune but to enter the commune the D613 road branches off this road heading south-west to the village of Albières. The D613 continues west through the commune to Arques and is the only access route to the commune. There is quite an extensive network of small mountain roads in the commune. The commune is mountainous with alpine vegetation, no farming areas, and some forested areas.

There are many streams flowing through the commune with the Ruisseau d'Albières flowing through the village and north, joined by several other streams and joining L'Orbieu river which flows northwards to join the Aude near Saint-Nazaire-d'Aude.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Albières

Mayors from 1938

Population

Sites and Monuments

 Ruins of a Medieval Castle and enclosure (castrum) of the old village
The Church of Saint Martin from the 17th century contains a Painting: the Assumption which is registered as an historical object.
The Oratory of Notre-Dame des Douleurs contains a Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity which is registered as an historical object.

Notable People linked to the commune
Raymond Busquet whose paternal family is from Albières and neighbouring villages

Associations
The ACCA of Albières: Boar Hunting
The Paradis club: Club of the Third Age of Albières
The Committee of festivals of Albières

Events
A Local Festival around 14 July (organized by the Festival Committee)
The Festival of Albières of World Music at the end of July
The Bal-musette in late August (organized by the Paradis Club)
A Theatre during the All Saints' Day holidays

See also
 Communes of the Aude department

External links
Albières on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Albieres on the 1750 Cassini Map

References

Communes of Aude


Alzonne (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as 	Alzonnois or Alzonnoises

Geography
The commune is located in the Lauragais valley some 15 km west of Carcassonne and 15 km east of Castelnaudary.  The route D6113 passes through the commune from west to east between these two cities and becomes National Route N113 near Carcassonne.  The Autoroute des Deux Mers (A61, E80) passes just 1 km south of the commune but the nearest exit is to the D43 near Bram.  Other roads running into the commune are the D8 from Montolieu in the north, the D34 from Saint-Martin-le-Vieil in the northwest, and the D33 running west to east from Bram to Villesèquelande forms the southern border of the commune with a connecting road running north to the village. The Bordeaux-Sète railway runs west to east across the southern part of the commune but there is no station. The nearest station is at Bram.

The Fresquel river runs from west to east through the commune passing just south of the village and joining the Aude at Carcassonne. The Fresquel is joined by the Lampy just east of the village and a number of streams flow into the two rivers including the Ruisseau de Fontorbe, the Ruisseau de Rebenty, the Ruisseau de Falgous, and the Vernassonne which forms a part of the northern border of the commune. The Canal du Midi also passes through the southern part of the commune.

The commune is mostly farmland with some forests in the north. Apart from the village of Alzonne there are also the hamlets of Fongayraud and La Rode near the village, and La Migance in the north.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
The name Alsona dates from 898 and comes from Fresquel. It is based on the Hydronymic root alz- meaning "alder" or "swamp" (Dauzat, Negre, Billy, Morvan) and the suffix -onna.

History
Alzonne from the 9th century was a town of some importance as it was once the capital of the viguerie of its name: vicaria Ausonensis; therefore Alzonne was also known in pago Carcassensi. In this respect the situation of Alzonne has hardly changed since this small town is today the capital of the canton of its name in the arrondissement of Carcassonne.

Its ancient and enduring importance is due to the fertility of its land and the rivers that form its fertile valley. Once the city was fortified and was besieged and taken three times during the Wars of Religion of the 16th century.  It was a strategic place in the crusade against the Albigensians.

Heraldry

Administration
List of Successive Mayors of Alzonne

Mayors from 1929

Population

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has two structures that are registered as historical objects:
The War Memorial (1921)
The Monument to Vialatte (1902)

Other sites of interest
The Rébenty Aqueduct on the Canal du Midi across the Ruisseau de Rébenty

Religious heritage
The Church contains two items that are registered as historical objects:
A Bronze Bell (1782)
A Bronze Bell (1591)

Notable People linked to the commune
Jean Dours (1809-1877), Bishop of Soissons, was born in Alzonne
Antoine Gayraud (18 May 1910 in Alzonne - 18  March 1981 in Carcassonne), French politician
Françoise de Veyrinas (4 September 1943 - 16 August 2008), born and died in Alzonne, French politician

See also
 Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
 Alzonne on the old National Geographic Institute website
Alzonne on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Alzonne on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Christopher George Dangerfield (born 9 August 1955) is an English former footballer who spent most of his career in the United States.

He began his career in England before playing ten seasons in the North American Soccer League and at least one in the Western Soccer Alliance. A former England under-20 international, he played for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Portland Timbers, Port Vale, Las Vegas Quicksilvers, Team Hawaii, Tulsa Roughnecks, California Surf, Los Angeles Aztecs, San Jose Earthquakes / Golden Bay Earthquakes, Minnesota Strikers, and San Jose Oaks.

Playing career
Dangerfield grew up in Sutton Coldfield and attended John Willmott School. Preferring rugby as a youth, he began playing football around fourteen. In 1972, he began his career with Wolverhampton Wanderers, but made no first-team appearances. In 1975, he went on loan with the expansion Portland Timbers of the North American Soccer League, and scored four goals in 14 games in the 1975 season. Timbers reached Soccer Bowl '75, losing 2–0 to the Tampa Bay Rowdies at the Spartan Stadium. He was kept on by manager Vic Crowe for the 1976 season, scoring another two goals in 22 appearances. He was then released from his contract at Molineux by Wolves boss Bill McGarry. He returned to England to have a trial with Port Vale in August 1976, but only made two substitute appearances at Vale Park in the Third Division for Roy Sproson's "Valiants". He then signed with Coventry City, where he spent the entire 1976–77 season with the team's reserve team in The Central League and then turned down a new contract offer from manager Jimmy Hill to search for first team football elsewhere.

In 1977, he moved permanently to the United States, and signed with Derek Trevis's Las Vegas Quicksilvers, who boasted the legendary Eusébio on their playing staff. Dangerfield scored two goals in 16 games in the 1977 season. He was traded to Team Hawaii, playing six games. At the end of the season both Quicksilvers and Team Hawaii were disbanded. In 1978, he began the season with the Tulsa Roughnecks, but saw time in only one game before being sent to the California Surf, where he made 22 appearances. In 1979, he signed with the Los Angeles Aztecs, scoring nine goals in 22 games in his first season at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. He then scored 15 goals in 12 games in the 1979–80 Indoor season. He scored two goals in 19 games in the 1980 season, before hitting 35 goals in 16 matches in the 1980–81 Indoor season. He scored eight goals in 30 appearances in the 1981 season.

Dangerfield moved to the San Jose Earthquakes in 1982, and scored 16 goals in 15 games in the 1981–82 Indoor season and then nine goals in 30 appearances in the 1982 season. At the end of the 1982 season, the Earthquakes were renamed the Golden Bay Earthquakes. They entered the Major Indoor Soccer League for the winter indoor season. Dangerfield was the 15th leading scorer with 48 games, 52 goals, 20 assists, and 72 points. The Earthquakes returned to the NASL for the 1983 outdoor seasons. Dangerfield injured his knee during the 1983–84 NASL indoor season and lost the entire 1984 outdoor season. In February 1985, the Kansas City Comets of the Major Indoor Soccer League made an offer to purchase Dangerfield's contract from the Earthquakes, but the deal fell through when Dangerfield was unable to pass a physical.

In March 1985, he signed as a free agent with the Minnesota Strikers of the MISL. He scored four goals in seven games in 1984–85, 24 goals in 47 games in 1985–86, 20 goals in 49 appearances in 1986–87, and hit 12 goals in 52 matches in the 1987–88 season. In June 1985, he returned to the renamed San Jose Earthquakes for the Western Soccer Alliance. He played one more season, 1988, for the Earthquakes in the Western Soccer Alliance after which he retired from playing professionally. However, he continued to play for the San Jose Oaks, eventually also becoming the team's coach.

Coaching career
In 1992, he became the coach of the amateur San Jose Oaks, taking them to the 1992 U.S. Open Cup title. He remained in that position until 1996.

He holds a USSF "National-A" coaching licence and has coached for the De Anza Soccer Club of Cupertino, Saratoga, West San Jose, area of California, and has worked as the head coach of teams in the US Soccer Development Academy League until the end of the 2011 season.

After coaching for De Anza Force's club and Academy teams, Chris went on to work with Comcast SportsNet Bay Area as a color commentator for the San Jose Earthquakes, working in that role from 1996 to 1999 and returning to the role in 2014. He was inducted into the San Jose Earthquakers Hall of Fame in March 2018.

Career statistics

Honours
Individual
San Jose Earthquakes Hall of Fame inductee: March 2018

Portland Timbers
Soccer Bowl runner-up: 1975

San Jose Oaks
US Open Cup: 1992

References

External links
 Dangerfield7 Staffing

1955 births
Living people
People from Coleshill, Warwickshire
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
English expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Portland Timbers (1975–1982) players
Port Vale F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Las Vegas Quicksilvers players
Team Hawaii players
Tulsa Roughnecks (1978–1984) players
California Surf players
Los Angeles Aztecs players
San Jose Earthquakes (1974–1988) players
Golden Bay Earthquakes (MISL) players
Minnesota Strikers (MISL) players
San Jose Oaks players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
English Football League players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Western Soccer Alliance players
English football managers
Association football coaches
English association football commentators


Antugnac (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Aragon (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aragonais or Aragonaises

Geography
Aragon is a commune in the Carcassonne urban area on the Green Meridian in Cabardès. The village is built on a rocky outcrop overlooking the Trapel and Vallette streams.

The commune is located some 13 km north of Carcassonne and 6 km east of Montolieu. Access is by the D203 road from Fraisse-Cabardès in the north-west passing through the length of the commune to the village then continuing south to Pennautier. There is also the D935 going south-east from the village to Villegailhenc. The north of the commune is quite rugged and heavily forested while the south of the commune is farmland with some patches of forest.

The Ruisseau de Trapel flows from the north-west passing north of the village and gathering tributaries as it continues south-east to join the Canal du Midi south of Les Pradels. The Ruisseau de la Vallette also flows from further north-west to pass the village on the southern side before joining the Trapel. Numerous other streams rise in the south of the commune and flow south-east. In the north-east the Ruisseau de Vallouviere flows south-east and joins the Trapel south-east of the commune.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
The town is also known as Aragon-en-Cabardès but this name is not so easy to use. The name could come from the Kingdom of Aragon and dates from the 11th century but some propose Celtic or Greco-Celtic origins meaning a place near a battle or near the wilderness.

Hamlets and places: Bancalis, la Borde Neuve, Cabrol, les Capitelles, le Chalet, Combe Petite, Combe Grande, Font de l'Orme, Font en Gui, la Croze (ruins), Garille, Grambaud, La Grange, le Moulin, Moulin de Vignore, Pech Marie, Rude Mine, la Valette d'Artoul, and la Valouvière.
Topographical feature: la Crose (329m), Montpeyrous (219m), Mourral de las Piouses (161m), and Pech Jalabert (322m).
Hydrology:
Water Sources: Font de Clavel, Fontaine Blanche, and Fount de Cussou.
Streams: Ruissseau de Garille, de Gazel, de la Combe Auzine, de la Combe Bertrand, de la Combe des Baysses, de la Combe Petite, de la Valette, de Malmajou, de Malrégas, de Pratjon, de Racaudy, de Trapel, de Vallouvière, des Joies, and du Berger.
Forests: les Affenadous, Bois de Moure, Bosc de Bez, le Carrétal de la Sourde, la Crose, Montpeyrous, Pech Jalabert, le Pin des Balles, and Plaine de Montolieu.
Vineyards: Magrie and le Sidobre.
Pathways: Chemin de la Moulinasse and Chemin de la Plaine de la Bouiche.
Other Places: Champ du Saule, Clapier d'Amen, Clapier Rouge, l'Espinal, la Croix du Carabier, Larjale, le Malrégas, les Précieuses, Mont Feste, Mourrel de la Crose, Mourrel Redon, Pechicous, Plateau d'Aragon, and Pratjon.

History
There are remains from the Bronze Age (2000 BC) which were found in a cave. In 1820 a fragment with a Gallo-Roman funerary inscription was discovered.

In the 10th century Aragon belonged to the Abbey of Montolieu but, from the beginning of the 12th century, traces of the Lords of Aragon have been found. They then had large areas of land but they seem to have followed the Cathar cause. They were thus deprived of their property by the Inquisition although they received financial compensation. Their fief was then shared between the Royal Domain and the bishopric of Carcassonne but, even without the protection of lords, Catharism still survived in the village.

In 1575 and in 1588 the Huguenots occupied the village. The Viscount of Turenne recaptured it in 1580.

The village experienced a period of prosperity in the late 18th century when looms for supplying the clothiers at Carcassonne brought additional revenue to the community.

In the 17th century, the lordship of Aragon belonged to Sebastian de Maurel, whose daughter, Anne de Maurel d'Aragon, was married in 1726 at Aragon to Pierre de Bancalis, giving birth to the noble family Bancalis de Maurel d'Aragon.

Heraldry

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Mayors from 1929

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 433 inhabitants.

Economy
Aragon is part of the Cabardès AOC

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
A Chateau (16th century) is registered as an historical monument.
The Espace Pierre Sèche
An Old winery tools Museum

Religious heritage
Two sites are registered as historical monuments:
A Wayside Cross (16th century)
The Church of Sainte-Marie (14th century)

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
Aragon official website
AOC Cabardès website
Aragon on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Aragon on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Argens-Minervois is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Argenais or Argenaises

Geography
Argens-Minervois is located some 20 km west by south-west of Capestang and 6 km north of Lézignan-Corbières. The northern border of the commune is also the border between Aude and Hérault. Access to the commune is by the D124 road from Roubia in the east which passes through the village and continues along the bank of the Canal du Midi to join the D11 north-east of the commune. The commune is forested in the north with a large reservoir in the centre feeding the Canal du-Midi. The rest of the commune is farmland.

The Aude river forms the whole southern and western border of the commune with the Canal du Midi parallel to it in the commune on the left bank in the commune. The large reservoir in the centre of the commune feeds the Canal through the Ruisseau de l'Étang on the eastern side and an unnamed stream on the western side. The Ruisseau du Four rises in the north-east of the commune and flows under the Canal to the Aude.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 347 inhabitants.

Economy
Viticulture: Minervois (AOC), Languedoc (AOC)

Sites and monuments
Argens Locks
A Château from the 14th century
A Medieval Village
The Church of Saint-Vincent contains two items that are registered as historical objects:
A Bronze Ball (1607)
A Baptismal font

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
Argens-Minervois on the National Geographic Institute website
Argens-Minervois on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Argens on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Armissan (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Armissannais or Armissannaises

Geography
Armissan is part of the urban area of Narbonne and is located just 2 km east of the city immediately south of Vinassan and inside the Regional Natural Park of Narbonne. Access to the commune is by road D68 from Narbonne passing through the town and continuing south-east to join the D168 to Narbonne-Plage at the southern border of the commune. The D168 from Narbonne to Narbonne-Plage also passes through the south of the commune. There is also the D31 going south from Vinasson through the west of the commune to join the D32. The A9 autoroute passes through the west of the commune but has no exit - the nearest exit is Exit 37 at Narbonne. The commune has large forests in the south-west and in the north with the rest of the commune farmland.

The Ruisseau Mayral with many tributaries flows through the village west to join a network of canals west of the A9.

History

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 1,520 inhabitants.

Economy
The commune is part of the Languedoc AOC.

Sites and monuments

The Remains of the Church of Saint Peter (Middle Ages) are registered as an historical monument.
The Chateau of Armissan
The War Memorial (20th century) is registered as an historical object.

The Church of Saint-Etienne contains many items that are registered as historical objects:

The Tombstone of René de Chefdebien (1615)
Statues (18th-19th century)
An Altar Painting: Saints Pierre and Etienne (17th century)
A box for holy oils (1684)
A Ciborium (1654)
A Ciborium (17th century)
A Bronze Bell (1732)
A Sacristy Washbasin (15th century)
A Statue/Reliquary: Saint Roch (18th century)
4 Altar Candlesticks and a Cross (17th century)
6 Altar Candlesticks and a Cross (17th century)

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
Armissan official website
Armissan on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Armißan on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Robert Marsham (27 January 17084 September 1797) was an English naturalist considered to be the founding father of phenology, the study of the effects of the seasons on plants and animals.

Life
He was admitted to Clare College, Cambridge in 1728. From a very early age he had shown a passion for the natural world. In later life, he owned a modest sized country estate in Stratton Strawless, Norfolk and became friendly with the naturalist Gilbert White, with whom he carried on a lengthy correspondence and who described him as a 'painful and accurate naturalist' (by "painful" he would have meant "painstaking").

He is best known for his Indications of Spring, the phenology notes in which he recorded 27 signs of spring, starting in 1736 and continuing for over 60 years. Successive generations of his family added to his work until well into the 20th century and this information now provides immensely valuable data to the UK phenology database, giving us a wealth of knowledge about how spring is influenced by prevailing weather conditions, This is now of huge interest in the climate change debate. Marsham was the first to record the effects of nature and seasonal change.

Marsham provided insight into the winter of 1739/40, the coldest year on record, when the contents of his chamber pot frequently froze overnight and the turnip crop was completely destroyed. Turnips, being a Norfolk speciality, feature elsewhere: he regularly recorded turnip flowering dates (needed when turnips were to produce seed). He was amazed at the size a turnip achieved.

Marsham is still the only person in Norfolk to have recorded the wallcreeper bird.

His interest in trees resulted in his being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1780. His Indications of Spring were published in 'Philosophical Transactions' by the Royal Society in 1789.

He married twice. His first wife was Mary Browne of Yaxham, who died in 1752, with whom he had one son, Robert. From his second marriage to Elizabeth Newby of Stratton, he had another son, Thomas who died at the age of 14.

The Great Cedar

In 1747 Marsham planted an example of a Cedrus atlantica, now known as the 'Great Cedar'. The tree, which is  located in Reed-house grove to the east of Stratton Strawless Hall, was last measured in 2000, at which time it had attained a height of  and a circumference of .

References

Further reading

  Includes Marsham's ancestry and descendants up to 1837

External links
 Robert Marsham's Tricentenary Celebrations website
 Woodland Trust Nature's Calendar page
 Indications of Spring (January 1789)

1708 births
1797 deaths
People from Broadland (district)
British biologists
Fellows of the Royal Society


Arzens () is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Arzenais or Arzenaises.

Geography
Arzens is located in the urban area of Carcassonne some 11 km west of the city. Access to the commune is by road D119 from Carcassonne passing west through the north of the commune and continuing to Montréal. Access to the town is by road D38 from Sainte-Eulalie in the north to the town, by road D35 from Villesèquelande in the north-east, and by road D211 from Lavalette in the east which continues to join the D119 in the commune. The D43 road from Montreal in the west to Montclar in the south-east passes through the south of the commune. Road D911 goes south from the town to join the D43 in the commune. The A61 autoroute (European route E80) (Autoroute des Deux Mers) passes through the north of the commune but has no exit with the nearest being Exit 22 at Bram in the west or Exit 23 for Carcassonne west to the east. The south of the commune is mostly forest with the rest of the commune farmland and residential area around the town.

Numerous streams rise in the commune and flow north to join the Canal du Midi which passes east–west north of the commune. From west to east there are the Ruisseau de Saint-Pietre, the Ruisseau de la Mialauque, the Ruisseau de Falga, the Ruisseau d'Aribaud, the Ruisseau de Fontasse, and the Ruisseau du Saut which forms much of the eastern border of the commune.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Twinning
Arzens has twinning associations with:
 Hattenheim (Germany) since 1963.
 Fontanile (Italy) since 1980.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 1,238 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage

Arzens have several structures that are registered as historical monuments. These are:
Chateau (15th century)
War Memorial at the Promenade (First World War)
Fountain of the Republic in the Place de la Mairie (19th century)

Religious heritage

Several structures and objects have been registered as historical monuments. These are:
Monumental Cross (1649)
Monument to Saint Dominique
Church of Saint-Genès (13th century) The church contains many objects registered as historical objects. These are:
Altar cross (17th century)
Reliquary-Monstrance of Saint Roch (18th century)
Bronze Bell (16th century)
Incense holder and Thurible (19th century)
Casket for holy oil (18th century)
Ciborium (18th century)
Chalice with Paten (18th century)

Arzens is a stage on the Way of St. James.

Notable people linked to the commune
Jean-François de la Rocque de Roberval, Lord of Arzens (close to François I, friend of François Rabelais, head of the last expedition by Jacques Cartier to Québec)
Achille Laugé, born at Arzens in 1861, died at Cailhau in 1944, pointillist painter, friend of Aristide Maillol

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
Arzens on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Arzens on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Aunat () is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aunatois or Aunatoises.

Geography
Aunat is located some 60 km west by north-west of Perpignan and 25 km east by north-east of Ax-les-Thermes. Access to the commune is by the D20 road from Rodome in the west which passes through the village and continues east to Bessède-de-Sault. The D29 road comes from Fontanès-de-Sault in the south and passes through the length of the commune and the village before continuing north-west to join the D107 north-east of Belfort-sur-Rebenty. The commune is mostly rugged and forested but with farmland in the valley around the village.

The Ruisseau du Mouillou rises in the north-east of the commune and flows west gathering several tributaries from the north including the Ruisseau du Bernet and the Ruisseau de Valmajou before joining the Ruisseau de Romanis on the western border of the commune.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 67 inhabitants.

Notable people linked to the commune
The paternal side of Edgar Faure originated from this commune for many generations before 1850.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
Aunat on the old IGN website
Aunat on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Aunat on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Bjorli Station () is a railway station on the Rauma Line located at Bjorli in Lesja, Norway. The station opened on 19 November 1921 and was the line's terminus until 1923. In addition to a station building, Bjorli had a water tower, roundhouse, turntable and a restaurant seating 700 people, the latter which was bombed to pieces in 1940. The station is served by SJ Norge trains four times per day per direction. In the summer, the station is the terminus of a tourist services from Åndalsnes.

History

Construction of the station started in 1918 and was finished in 1921. The station, excluding its water tower and restaurant, cost 117,062 Norwegian krone (NOK) to build and took 26,883 man-hours. The station and axillary buildings were designed by Gudmund Hoel of NSB Arkitektkontor. The station opened with the first part of the Rauma Line on 19 November 1921. It remained the terminus until 25 November 1923, when the next section, to Verma Station, opened.

The station is located in a wide, flat terrain, so getting sufficient pressure to supply water for the steam locomotives would be very expensive. Instead, a water tower was built at the station, with water pumped from the river Rauma. The pump is located  from the tower, with the water intake being another  from the pump. The water tower was built in natural stone brick and is square. After the steam locomotive services ended, was used as a storage facility. The tower cost NOK 103,795 to build. The station also received a turntable, which cost NOK 101,236, which had a  diameter. Although it was planned completed on 1 August 1921, construction was delayed and it was taken into use one month after the station opened. Bjorli had a temporary roundhouse while the station was the terminus. Built out of wood, the building cost NOK 30,373.

On 1 July 1927, a separate restaurant building with place for 700 diners opened. Open only during summer until September, it was aimed at cruise ship tourists who took the line from Åndalsnes to Bjorli. Operated by Norsk Spisevognselskap, it was highly profitable. However, during the German occupation of Norway in 1940, the building was bombed and burnt down, and was never rebuilt.

Facilities

The station building is owned by Bane NOR Eiendom, while the tracks and infrastructure are owned and operated by Bane NOR. The station building is unstaffed, but the waiting room is open from 07:00 to 22:00. The line lacks centralized traffic control, so the station must be staffed for trains to pass. The station has three tracks: two which are used for trains to pass and one which is designed for loading, and has an effective length of . The station has ten parking spaces but lacks ticket vending machines. The station is  above mean sea level and located  from both Dombås and Åndalsnes, and  from Oslo. It is located in the village of Bjorli in Lesja, that serves as an Alpine skiing center.

Service
SJ Norge operates passenger train services on the line. Using Class 93 trains, they operate four services in each direction per day. During the summer, from June through August, SJ operates the trains as tourist trains, limiting the service from Åndalsnes to Bjorli.

References
Bibliography

Notes

Railway stations in Oppland
Railway stations on the Rauma Line
Railway stations opened in 1921
1921 establishments in Norway
Lesja
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1920s


Axat (; Atsat in Occitan) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Axatois or Axatoises.

Geography
Axat is located in Cathar country at the doors of the Aude Pyrenees some 45 km west by northwest of Perpignan and 10 km southeast of Quillan. Access to the commune is by the D117 road from Belvianes-et-Cavirac in the north which passes east through the top of the commune and continues to Caudiès-de-Fenouillèdes. Access to the village is by the D118 which branches from the D117 in the north of the commune and goes south to the village then continues south through the length of the commune before turning west to follow a mountain ridge to Puyvalador. The commune is alpine in nature with extensive forests and rugged terrain. The village is in a valley in the north of the commune.

Axat is a pretty tourist town situated in the high valley of the Aude. Surrounded by mountains and gorges, the narrowest Gorge of Saint Georges is only 3 km away. The River Aude is in a picturesque setting and is a popular whitewater sports location. There are 300 metres of fly fishing stretches where the quality of oxygen in the water attracts salmon and trout.

A privately owned tourist railway known as The Little Red Train (Train du pays Cathare et du Fenouillèdes), runs on part of the old Carcassonne to Rivesaltes via Quillan SNCF railway line, from a station just west of the village. In summer it links Axat to Rivesaltes passing through Saint-Paul-de-Fenouillet with 60 km of track running over impressive viaducts and through tunnels on open-air carriages.  The former track between Axat and Quillan no longer exists.

The river Aude flows through the length of the commune from south to north then continues northwest at the start of its journey to the Mediterranean Sea. Many tributaries rise in the commune on both banks and flow into the Aude including the Ruisseau d'Artigues (which rises in Artigues), the Ruisseeau de Seilles, and many other unnamed streams.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy

In ancient times the Aude basin did not belong to the Sordones but to other iron producers inhabiting Atax country: the Atacini who made swords as well as axes. The nearest village to the Sordones and part of the land occupied by the Aticini was called Axat and this name, which is a simple inversion of Atax marks the exact point of division between the two tribes of Sordones and Atacini.

History
The Barony became a Marquisate in 1776 according to Eric Thiou and was extinguished in 1788. It became a courtesy title borrowed by Philippe du Puy de Clinchamps.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 547 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
A Viaduct built in 1900
A Bridge

Religious heritage
The Church of the Assumption of Notre-Dame, built in 1630, contains a Statue: the Immaculate Conception (17th century) which is registered as an historical object

The New Provisional Church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
A Statue: Saint John the Evangelist (17th century)
A Statue: Virgin with pedestal (17th century)
A Painting: Saint Michel vanquishing the demon (18th century)
A Painting: The Assumption (18th century)

Local life

Sports
Water activities: rafting, whitewater swimming, canoeing
Axat Football Club, a soccer club founded in 1940.
Outdoor sports: hiking (walking, horse riding, mountain biking), climbing

There is also an outdoor swimming pool which is open from June to September with great mountain views.

Notable people linked to the commune

The Dax family, originally from Carcassonne, have been linked to Axat since the middle of the 15th century, when its members were Lords of Axat.
Henri Rouzaud, born in Axat on 14 November 1855, died at Narbonne on 17 July 1935, professor and politician
Albert Cauneille, norn on 4 October 1910 in Axat. He was twice a finalist in the 1932–33 French Rugby Union Championship. He played centre three-quarters (he was 1.72m tall and weighed 82 kg). Clubs: Carcassonne and Narbonne.
Henri Gleyzes, born on 18 May 1901 in Axat and died on 15 October 1969. He was a finalist in the 1924–25 French Rugby Union Championship with Carcassonne. He played wing three-quarter.
Patrick David, born on 3 May 1954 in Axat. Rugby player. He was a finalist in the 1976–77 French Rugby Union Championship with Perpignan. He played prop (he was 1.83m tall and 87 kg).

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
Axat on the old IGN website
Axat on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Axat on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Swindon Town railway station was on the Midland and South Western Junction Railway at Swindon in Wiltshire. The station was sited in the Old Town area about one-and-a-half miles from the Great Western Railway's Swindon Junction.

History

Swindon Town was originally planned under an Act of 1873 for a different site to the east of the eventual station, with a tunnel to be built under the hill on which the Old Town sits. But money ran out and the line was realigned to run south of the hill. The Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway opened between Swindon Town and Marlborough on 27 July 1881; in early 1882, the line was extended northwards from Swindon Town to a junction with the Great Western main line at Rushey Platt, and services were started between the two Swindon stations. Rushey Platt became a junction the following year with the opening of the Swindon and Cheltenham Extension Railway as far as Cirencester Watermoor. The SM&AR and the S&CER combined to form the M&SWJR in 1884. Services between the two Swindon stations ceased in 1885 because of the high charges the GWR imposed on M&SWJR trains. Finally, the northern section of the M&SWJR was extended in 1891 from Cirencester to a junction with the GWR Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway line at Andoversford railway station, so that through-services could be run from the north to Southampton and the south coast.

Swindon Town was seen as the most important station on the line, and housed the M&SWJR's offices. There was a loop line, a locomotive turntable and a loco shed at the site. The loop line platform was used for the shuttle services to Swindon's GWR station when these were reinstated following the takeover of the M&SWJR by the GWR at the Grouping in 1923.

Swindon Town station was heavily used in early years, but increasingly suffered from the concentration of traffic at the main GWR station as the focus of the town shifted away from the Old Town area to the newer parts that developed around the GWR station and the railway works there. Passenger and goods traffic on the M&SWJR fell very steeply after the Second World War and the line closed to passengers in 1961. Goods facilities were withdrawn in 1966, although freight trains conveying materials for the construction of the M4 motorway continued until 1972 when the track was abandoned. The track was lifted around 1978

Route

Present day
The M&SWJR offices remain on the site, but much of the rest has disappeared under a trading estate. Part of the track alignment, Old Town Railway Cutting, has been opened as a railway path and nature trail.

References

Bibliography
 Wiltshire Railway Stations, Mike Oakley, Dovecote Press, Wimborne, 2004,

Disused railway stations in Wiltshire
Former Midland and South Western Junction Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1881
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1961
Transport in Swindon
Buildings and structures in Swindon
1881 establishments in England


Alexandria Airport may refer to:

 Alexandria Airport (Greece) in Alexandria, Greece (ICAO: LGAX)
 Alexandria Airport (Indiana) in Alexandria, Indiana, United States (FAA: I99)
 Alexandria Airport (New Jersey) in Pittstown, Alexandria Township, New Jersey, United States (FAA: N85)
 Alexandria Aerodrome in Alexandria, Ontario, Canada (TC: CNS4)
 Alexandria International Airport (Egypt) or El Nouzha Airport in Alexandria, Egypt (IATA: ALY, ICAO: HEAX)
 Alexandria International Airport (Louisiana) in Alexandria, Louisiana, United States (FAA/IATA: AEX)
 Alexandria Municipal Airport (Chandler Field) in Alexandria, Minnesota, United States (FAA/IATA: AXN)

Airports in places named Alexandria:

 Borg El Arab Airport serving Alexandria, Egypt (IATA: HBE, ICAO: HEBA)
 Esler Regional Airport in Alexandria, Louisiana, United States (FAA/IATA: ESF)


The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) is an orthopedic organization.   Founded at Northwestern University in 1933, as of 2015 AAOS had grown to include about 39,000 members. The group provides education and practice management services for orthopedic surgeons and allied health professionals. It also lobbies and works on public education. It describes itself as "the world's largest medical association of musculoskeletal specialists." It is a provider of musculoskeletal education to orthopaedic surgeons and others. Its continuing medical education activities include an annual meeting, multiple CME courses held around the country and at the Orthopaedic Learning Center, and various medical and scientific publications and electronic media materials.

AAOS Now
Monthly nonpeer-reviewed news magazine published by the AAOS.

Notable people
Philip D. Wilson Jr. – president, 1972
Joseph A. Bosco III, MD, FAAOS - president, 2020

References

External links
Official website

Surgical organizations based in the United States
Orthopedic organizations
Organizations established in 1933
Medical and health organizations based in Illinois


The Leopoldine Society was an organization established in Vienna for the purpose of aiding Catholic missions in North America. Based on the French model of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, the Leopoldine Society was founded in 1829 in Vienna, and named in memory of the Emperor's daughter.

The society began with an initiative of Bishop Fenwick of Cincinnati, who sent Frederick Rese, his vicar-general, to Europe to recruit German priests to minister to the German-speaking Catholics who had emigrated to Ohio. Rese, a former cavalryman under Field Marshal Blücher, stimulated great interest with his accounts of life in the New World. His requests for assistance were favorably received. Members were requested to support the missions through prayer and alms. A system was set up to arrange and coordinate the collection of regular small contributions that would be forwarded to the American missions. The interest generated by the society had a collateral effect of increasing the number of priests interested in ministering in America.

History

When the Society for the Propagation of the Faith was founded in Lyons, in 1822, it did not spread beyond the French borders for a considerable time. Other nations were not unwilling to cooperate, but were deliberating whether to start a similar society of their own or to join the one already in existence. At this time, in 1827, Bishop Edward Fenwick of Cincinnati, Ohio sent his vicar-general, Father Rese, to Europe to recruit German priests and to obtain assistance for his diocese.

Rese was from Hanover, and before becoming a priest, had served as a cavalryman in the 1815 Battle of Waterloo under command of Field Marshal Blücher. He traveled to Munich and Regensburg and reached Vienna in the latter part of 1828. His accounts stimulated interest in the American missions in those with whom he came in contact. His descriptions of the New World, the scarcity of priests, and the prevailing poverty of the missions awoke a general public interest in the welfare of the American missions.

To strengthen this feeling and encourage the formation of a society similar to the French society Rese published a description of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati (Abriss der Geschichte des Bisthums Cincinnati in Nord-America, Vienna, 1829), an excerpt from Father Stephen Badin's work. The Archbishop of Vienna, Leopold Maximilian Graf von Firmian, was so well disposed towards this undertaking that he brought it to the notice of the imperial family. Father Rese was granted an audience with the emperor, whose brother, Archduke Rudolf von Habsburg-Lothringen, Cardinal Archbishop of Olmutz, assumed the protectorate of the missionary work.

Next, the sanction of the Church was obtained. Pope Leo XII in the Papal Bull Quamquam plura sint, dated 30 Jan., 1829, approved of the nascent society. Meanwhile, the founders were busying themselves with the internal workings of the society. A public meeting was held on 13 March 1829, at the archiepiscopal palace. Canon Joseph Pletz, of the Metropolitan Church of St. Stephen, spoke on the propagation of the Gospel and what he saw as its civilizing influences upon the nations of the world. A month later, 15 April 1829, the statutes were adopted. These were drawn up much after the pattern of the French society. The only divergent points which need be mentioned were that the society was to be known as the Leopoldine Society -- Leopoldinenstiftung—to perpetuate the memory of the Maria Leopoldina of Austria, -Empress of Brazil, a favourite daughter of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and wife of Pedro I of Brazil; and that the society should exist only in Austria-Hungary. On 13 May 1829, the first executive session was held. A pamphlet was designed and in it incorporated the oration of Canon Pletz together with the statutes and the corresponding regulations. The brochure was translated into all the languages spoken in the monarchy. The head office was established in the Dominican monastery and Herr Anton Carl Lichtenberg became its first actuary and Dr. Caspar Wagner its treasurer.

Membership
Membership in the Society was entirely voluntary. "As, however, everyone is free to enroll himself in this society, he may also leave it at pleasure." Members pledged to pray one Pater, one Ave, and the invocation "St. Leonard pray for us," daily, and to make weekly a small contributions of alms for the American missions. As a religious institution, the Society took as its patroness Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, and celebrated both the Feast of the Immaculate Conception and that of St. Leopold Marchion, the patron saint of Maria Leopoldina. Furthermore, each year on December 11, the anniversary of her death, the Society would arrange for a solemn Mass for the repose of her soul and the souls of all the deceased patrons and benefactors of the Society.

Five kreuzers a week—about two cents—was a small contribution; however, little by little the fund commenced to swell so that from July to October, 1830, the collection amounted to $19,930. On 30 April 1830, a first draft of $10,256.04 was sent to Bishop Fenwick and four months later a second one of $5200, "to afford ample help and not to deal out the money in small bits and give relief practically to nobody".

The arrival of large sums from abroad provoked a reaction in some quarters. Samuel Morse believed that the Austrian government and Catholic aid organizations were subsidizing Catholic immigration to the United States in order to gain control of the country.

The general interest awakened by the society for the American missions not only brought out funds but donations of church utensils, Mass paraphernalia, paintings, statuary, etc. These objects were often donated by members of the imperial house. Directly due to the society were many vocations to the missions from among the priesthood. First amongst these was the Rev. Frederic Baraga, afterwards Bishop of Marquette. His example was followed by St. John Neumann (afterwards Bishop of Philadelphia), Hatscher, Sanderl, Viszoczky, Belleis, Pisbach, Hammer, Kundeck, Cvitkovich, Schuh, Levic, Pirec, Skolla, Godec, Krutil, Veranek, Burg, Buchmayr, Bayer, Hasslinger, Count Coudenhove, Mark (afterwards Bishop of Marquette), Skopec, Etschmann, and many others—all of whom entered the missions before 1850.

The beneficiaries of the society were principally the dioceses in the United States. Among the older ones Cincinnati has been most helped, but St. Louis, Bardstown, Charleston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Mobile, Boston, Detroit, New York, New Orleans, Nashville, Dubuque, Natchez, Vincennes, Richmond, Pittsburg, Chicago, St. Paul, Hartford, Milwaukee, Marquette, Galveston, Little Rock, received generous support. It spent upon the American Catholic missions, from 1830 to 1910, the sum of 3,402,211 kronen (about 680,500 dollars). The contributions chiefly come from the Austrian emperor, the Dioceses of Vienna, Sankt Pölten, Brun, Seckau, Prague, Königgrätz. Official reports, Berichte der Leopoldinen Stiftung, appeared, detailing the struggles and successes of the American missions and missionaries.

References

Attribution
  cites:Fondazione Leopoldina (Vienna, 1829)

Catholic missionary orders
Religious organizations established in 1829
Organisations based in Vienna
1829 establishments in the Austrian Empire


Badens is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Badenois or Badenoises.

Geography
Badens is located some 12 km east of Carcassonne and 3 km north of Floure. Access to the commune is by the D206 road from Rustiques in the west which passes through the centre of the commune and the village and continues north-east to Aigues-Vives. The D235 passes through the north of the commune as it goes from Rustiques to join the D135 south-west of Laure-Minervois. The D157 road comes from Marseillette in the south-east through the village and continues north—west to join the D235 in the commune. The D535 goes south from the village to join the D610 just south of the commune. The commune is entirely farmland.

The Ruisseau de Trachaman flows from the north of the commune joining the Ruisseau de Buadelle and continuing south-east to the Ruisseau de Réals which flows east out of the commune. The Ruisseau Maire rises in the west and flows east joining the Ruisseau de Canet which flows east through the village to join the Ruisseau Neuf near Aigues-Vives. The Ruisseau de l'Aqueduc forms the southern border of the commune as it flows east to join the Canal du Midi south-west of the commune.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History
The oldest written mention of Badens is dated November 993 as Villa Badencus in an exchange between Udulgarius, abbot of Caunes, and Roger De Trencavel, Viscount of Carcassonne, concerning Aquaviva which later became Aigues-Vives, a neighbouring village that still exists today.

In 1993 Badens celebrated its 1000 years of existence. On this occasion the village baker baked a cake he called The Millennium. All residents were clothed in medieval costumes and children dressed as knights fought in choreography under the eyes of parents. At the time the commune invited everybody in France called Badens or Ferret to participate in the event and edited a book on the history of the town and with a map of France showing the location of the Badens surnames in France.

Heraldry

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Mayors from 1929

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 785 inhabitants.

Sites and monuments
The Parish Church of Saint-Eulalie (13th century) is registered as an historical monument. The Church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
A Ciborium (19th century)
A Chalice with Paten (19th century)
A Bronze Bell (1598)
6 carved Corbels (13th century)
The Clinic of Miremont contains a Statue of the Virgin and child (14th century) which is registered as an historical object.

Notable people linked to the commune
Georges Guille born in Badens on 20 July 1909, died in Toulouse 16 November 1985.
Gerald Branca, son of Commandant Napoleon Branca, born at his father's garrison in Sedan (Ardennes) on 29 December 1902 but a true child of Badens.
Henri Gout (1876-1953), politician
Gabriel Baptiste Dupac, Marquis of Badens, was born in Badens on 2 October 1737, died in Paris on 29 April 1829. The last Lord of Badens, a former officer of infantry, imbued with his inflexible haughty prerogatives. On 26 March 1789 he was elected member of the nobility in the Estates General by the nobility of the Seneschal of Carcassonne. He sat on the far right and was opposed to all ideas of reform, concession, or Revolution. During the night of 4 August 1789 he protested against the abolition of privileges. On 10 February 1790 he resigned his position as deputy. He emigrated in turn to Chambéry, England, then Poland. He returned to Paris in 1800 with Louis XVIII. In 1813 he made a request to the Council of State to recover his domain of Mirausse and his lands in the Aigues-Vives commune that was confiscated and sold as national assets. He was married to Marie-Anne de Bruyeres de Chalabre and had three children:
Gabriel-Paul-Marie, born on 13 May 1770 in Badens, conducted a military career, died on 28 December 1869 in Nice aged 100 years.
Marie-Gabrielle Fortunée, born on 6 June 1772 in Badens, wife of Bernard-Emmanuel-Jacques de Roux d'Alzonne, Marquis of Puivert, died on 28 September 1836 in Dieppe .
Louise-Eleonore-Perrette, born on 8 September 1773 in Badens.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
Badens on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Badens on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Bages (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bageois or Bageoises.

Geography

Bages is located in the urban area of Narbonne on the Canal de la Robine and the Étang de Bages-Sigean (Bages-Sigean Lake) some 6 km south-west of Narbonne and 9 km north of Portel-des-Corbières. Access to the commune is by the D6009 road from Narbonne which passes through the centre of the commune and continues south to Salses-le-Château. Access to the village in the east of the commune is by road D105 which branches from the D6009 just north of the commune and goes to the village before continuing south to Peyriac-de-Mer. The A9 autoroute passes through the commune from north to south but has no exit in the commune. The nearest exit is Exit  some 4 km north of the commune which links to the D6009. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Les Pesquis, Domaine de Java, and Prat de Cest.

The Étang de Bages-Sigean forms the entire eastern border of the commune with numerous streams flowing from the commune into it such as the Ruisseau Mairal, the Ruisseau de Boutoubouli, and the Ruisseau des Potences. A smaller Lake - the Étang de Saint-Paul - is on the southern border of the commune linked to the much larger Étang de Bages-Sigean with a dam forming the border of the commune.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History
The origins of the site of the present commune date back to prehistoric times. According to historians tools found in Bages attest the presence of man from the Lower Paleolithic (80,000 years ago). Undoubtedly Neanderthal then Cro-Magnon men stayed on the shores of the Narbonne Gulf (sea at the time). The discovery of Neolithic sites proves the existence of significant human communities at that time.

It was under Roman occupation that a real settlement emerged. Many plots of land were distributed to senior army veterans and there were numerous luxurious villae. The origin of the current name  is thought to have come from this period: BAÏA or BAÏES in Latin meaning "place of pleasure". Few traces remain of this period and they are often covered by vegetation. The most important are those of "Castellas" and "Monadières" - important Villae from the beginning of that era.

The population of the time left the flat areas to shelter from the wind by moving to the rocky outcrop seen today. This was a slightly dominant defensive position but also the climate and exposure allowed them to live without encroaching on arable land. The Cadran Solaire (Sundial) (11th century ) marks the entrance of the old village. A corner of the Lake can be seen from the narrow and steep streets.

The village of Bages is on the edge of the lake although agriculture, especially the vineyards, forms the core of its economy (the main square of the village dates to the Revolt of the Winemakers in 1907). Bages village is mostly considered as a fishing village.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 803 inhabitants.

Economy

Art is prominent in the commune with Painters, sculptors, visual artists, musicians, storytellers, and cabinet makers drawing inspiration. There are four permanent Art galleries: La Maison des Arts , L'Etang Art (which also has publishing activity through Les Temps d'Art Graphique), Latuvu and NullepArt.

The commune is in the zone of the Vin de pays des Coteaux du Littoral Audois (Local wine of Coteaux du Littoral Audois)

In the fishing village the main produce is eel which is  prepared in bouillabaisse style.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The Monument of the Republic in the Place de Juin 1907 (1888) is registered as an historical object.

Religious heritage
The Church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
A Statue: Saint Delphine of Sabran (19th century)
2 Statues: Saints Martin of Tours and Paul of Narbonne
A Painting: Christ on the cross between Saints Paul of Narbonne and Martin of Tours (17th century)
A Thurible (19th century)

Notable people linked to the commune
Pierre Dumayet (1923-2011), writer, journalist, scriptwriter, and French producer, was buried in the cemetery at Bages.
Gianfredo Camesi, Swiss artist who lived in Bages in 1975.
Jean-Pierre Serre, mathematician who was born in Bages.
Pierrette Bloch, artist who had a second home in Bages.
Jean-Michel Meurice, painter who lives in Bages, cofounder of ARTE.
Matias Spescha, paintre, sculpteur, graveur suisse who lived in Bages.

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Bibliography
Jean Guiffan, History of Bages and its inhabitants, Éditions Élysiques, 2007, 233 pages, paperback, ,

External links
Bages on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Bagnoles (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bagnolois or Bagnoloises.

Geography
Bagnoles is located some 10 km north-east of Carcassonne just east of Conques-sur-Orbiel. Access to the commune is by the D35 road from Conques-sur-Orbiel which passes through the village and continues north-east to Villarzel-Cabardès. The D37 comes from Malves-en-Minervois in the south and passes through the village before continuing north to join the D620 which continues to Villegly. The east of the commune is forested with the remaining two-thirds of the commune farmland.

The Clamoux river flows from north to south through the commune passing through the village then forming part of the south-western border as it flows south to join the Orbiel west of Bouilhonnac. Several streams rise in the east of the commune and flow west to join the Clamoux including the Ruisseau de la Clauze and the Ruisseau de Picharelle which forms part of the southern border of the commune.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 308 inhabitants.

Economy
Bagnoles is located in the Indication géographique protégée (Protected Geographic Zone) (IGP) for Languedoc-Roussillon wine for Coteaux-de-Peyriac.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

External links
Bagnoles on the old National Geographic Institute website
Bagnoles on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Bagniolles on the 1750 Cassini Map

References

Communes of Aude


Baraigne (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Baraignois or Baraignoises.

Geography
Baraigne is located in the north-west of the department of Aude some 10 km west by north-west of Castelnaudary and 12 km south-east of Villefranche-de-Lauragais and consists of plateaux and hills delimited by the Castelnaudary plain to the north and Ariege plain to the south with the whole region called La Piège. The northern border of the commune is also the departmental border between Aude and Haute-Garonne. Access to the commune is by the D517 from Molleville in the south-east which passes through the length of the commune just south of the village and continues north-west, changing to the D1517 at the communal border, towards Renneville. The D917 goes north-west from the village to Avignonet-Lauragais, changing to the D80A at the communal border. The D217 goes north-east from the village to Labastide-d'Anjou. The commune is mostly farmland with a few forests.

Geologically it has thick limestone layers that form the relief of the Lauregais Plateau.

The Fresquel river rises in the south-east of the commune which is not far from the Seuil de Naurouze - the highest point on the Canal du Midi between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean - and flows north-west through the length of the commune continuing to eventually join the Aude (river) west of Villedubert. The Ruisseau de Labexen flows from the south-east and forms the southern border of the commune where it becomes an arm of the Lac de la Ganguise, a lake created by the Ganguise Dam.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Urbanism
The village of Baraigne type is ecclesiastic with the original village clustered around the church in a circulade form. Subsequently, the village developed towards the north and west of this initial area. Today this regular structure has disappeared and there are no remains of any defensive organisation. Only in the north there is the exit of a tunnel that allowed the evacuation of the village in the Middle Ages. In 1980 a communal subdivision extended the village to the east, followed by a second subdivision in 2006.

Toponymy
The name "Baraigne" is probably of Gallo-Roman origin from "Varianus".

The first written testimony of the area dates back to 1155 in the form of "Varanano" and there are different names over the centuries:

Sancta Maria Varanano, 1207
Verananum, 1207
Varanhanum, 1240
Honor Varanhas, 1260
Varagnanum, 1317
Beata Maria Baroha, 1318
Ecclesia de Varanano 1318
Varanha, 1382
Varainhe, 1494
Varaigne, 1550
Baragnie, 1750
Varagne, 1774
Baragne, 1781
Baraigne from the twentieth century

The commune name in Occitan is Baranha.

History

Middle Ages
Although the commune would have been part of the tumultuous history of the region dating back to Celtic times, the first traces of the village date back to the 9th century after the Romans had gone from the region leaving the Via Aquitania linking Narbonne to Toulouse, ending in Burdigala (Bordeaux), and passing the source of the Fresquel in Baraigne. In 1155 the first manuscript testimony of the locality appears with the name Varanano dealing with the construction of the church. In 1206 Vidal de Caumont sold his rights over the Church of Saint Mary of Baraigne to Father Auger.

Around 1210-1225 the Cathar religion settled in the Lauragais. Garsende, the mother of the Lords of Mas-Saintes-Puelles and a Cathar Perfect offered heretical hospitality with her daughter Gaillarde. She undertook the religious education of her little son Bertrand de Quiders and her niece Géraude. The three of them frequently visited Baraigne around 1215. Géraude married Estieu de Roqueville, Lord of Baraigne who, around 1225, led the two women to Caillabel near Baraigne. They stayed there for 15 days and from there went to Montségur where they were burned at the stake. At the same time Bernard de Mayreville, deacon Knight, settled in Mas-Saintes-Puelles. He was tirelessly active in the villages of Laurac, Fanjeaux, and Gaja-la-Selve in the south and in Baraigne at Saint-Michel-de-Lanès in the west.

The "Massacre of Avignonet" took place on 28 May 1242. On that day at Avignonet-Lauragais, troops from the Montsegur region slaughtered the Inquisitors and their suite in their sleep with axes. This was at Baraigne which had completely adopted the heretical Catharism. Reprisals on the village were terrible: the Inquisition troops came to the village and exhumed the bodies of all presumed Cathars and burned them on a pyre erected on an embankment behind the church in the cemetery. All "suspects" had to carry the cross of infamy.

In 1473 and especially in 1480-1481 there were numerous victims of bubonic plague in Baraigne and the surrounding villages.

Modern Era
In 1485 there were two pastel mills. The region was prosperous with the first building of Baraigne castle dating to this time. The manor house "de Buisson " housed the Lords.

The Wars of religion did not spare Baraigne and its region. Based in Mas-Saintes-Puelles, where they had established themselves in 1561, Protestants made many raids on neighbouring towns and villages. Looting and destruction of villages and towns multiplied. In 1572 all the churches in the country were burned. At Baraigne only a part of the nave and bell tower were destroyed.

Baraigne lived through the French Revolution with alternating periods of calm, due to its isolation, and violent visits made by fervent revolutionaries from the plain. The castle and the church were looted and the archives destroyed.

In 1789 Father Canute was the resident priest from Montferrand. When the National Assembly decreed the civil constitution of the clergy he took the oath to the Constitution. As a "juror priest" he was regarded as an ordinary citizen. He was designated as a member of the Municipal Council in 1792 under his new civil status. Nevertheless, he continued, as he did in the past, to perform baptisms, weddings and funerals.

Quickly the revolutionaries decided to split France into departments. During this work, the members responsible for the operation were assailed with interventions by the village communities who wished to maintain their attachment to the Department of Carcassonne and others who wished to be in another department. Baraigne was historically attached through its Lords to Avignonet-Lauragais, Les Cassés, and Montgiscard, these being areas who had asked to be integrated into Haute-Garonne. But few people at that time carried much weight so the commune became part of the Canton of Salles-sur-l'Hers (Aude) on 6 December 1790.

From the Consulate to the Second Empire
On 26 November 1791, at the initiative of the departmental council, the district of Castelnaudary reshuffled its cantons. Baraigne passed from the canton of Salles sur l'Hers to that of Saint-Michel-de-Lanès which was newly created. This division lasted until Year IV (1795). Finally on 4 November 1801 (13 Brumaire Year X), the canton of Saint-Michel-de-Lanès was removed. Baraigne then rejoined Salles-sur-l'Hers and the Canton then consisted of the 14 communes that are present today. Baraigne then experienced a tragedy on the night of 12 to 13 October 1802 (21 to 22 Vendémiaire, Year X):

"A band of brigands attacked the miller and his wife in the old mill to rob them. A young carpenter was also with them. Despite their resistance the wife finally confessed to save her life that there was a considerable amount of money in the attic. After completing the theft the bandits killed them all to silence them. But the young carpenter with his throat cut was able to drag himself to the village to alert them and describe his killers. He died the next day. The perpetrators and accomplices totalling 24 in number were arrested in the communes of Salles, Mas Saint Puelles, Castelnaudary, Saint-Michel-de-Lanes, and Avignonet. Only three escaped."

At the beginning of the 19th century the Revolutionary upheavals were abating and the region experienced a demographic explosion. It was in 1812 that Baraigne had its highest population of 241 inhabitants. The village was mainly oriented towards agriculture. A new windmill was built on the north hill which operated without interruption until 1955. The entire population brought their wheat to the communal bread oven.

Contemporary
After loss of population in the 1860s, the First World War was a second demographic catastrophe for the region. More than 20% of young people between 18 and 25 did not survive the war and, with the death rate of the survivors, a third of the workforce disappeared from Lauragais. At Baraigne nine men did not return to their families.

On 1 September 1939, at the beginning of World War II, many young people and those recalled to the army left Baraigne for a second mobilization. It was not until 1942, however, during the occupation of the southern zone that German troops occupied the area. Baraigne saw a few German troops, particularly at the mill. The village was evacuated several times out of fear but no serious exaction was reported. More than 50 refugees from northern France and Belgium stayed for a few months in the commune, protected and fed by the population. Some did not leave the commune until the 1950s and always come back to the region today. One prisoner from Baraigne in Germany died.

Although this war was less deadly than the first in the region, the population of the region continued to decline. In 1950 the first tractors appeared and revolutionized the agricultural basis of life in the region. In the 1960s due to the expansion of the economy in Toulouse many parts of Lauragais experienced prosperity but Baraigne was too far away to share this experience. In 1970 a second decline was due to the departure of young people. After consolidation in 1990 there were only four farmers sharing the land in the commune. In 1980 the municipality reacted with the establishment of a communal housing estate entirely occupied by young families working in the tertiary sector in Castelnaudary and even Toulouse. In 1990 the creation of social structures (community centre, tennis club etc.) was followed in 2006 by the creation of a second subdivision to deal with the population explosion of the metropolis of Toulouse.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 174 inhabitants.

Economy
In 2017 unemployment was 12% in the commune. Participation rate in the workforce for ages 15 to 64 was 80%

At the end of 2015, 11 establishments were operating in Baraigne: 5 in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, fishery), 2 in the secondary sector (industry, construction) and 4 in the tertiary sector (trade and services).

In 2017, the median household net income was 20,410 euros.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage

The Chateau of Baraigne (16th century) is registered as an historical monument. The Chateau is built on a small hill overlooking the village 300 m to the west of the town in a style called "Pastel". Although some parts appear to date back to the 15th century, its construction is attributed essentially to Barthélémy de Buisson (1568-1622), Lord of Baraigne. Almost completely ruined by the early 1970s, the castle has been restored rigorously to its original appearance between 1975 and 2014 by the current owner. The Renaissance building is on three sides of a large quadrilateral, flanked by three corner towers and with an interior courtyard. The whole was surrounded by a moat, now gone, but whose existence is attested by the remains of a drawbridge.

The Windmill is located 1 km north-east of the village. The building, built in 1812, has some unusual features for Lauragais: it has two work areas and, even more rare, it has three pairs of millstones. The main wheel main is on the ground floor with the other two in the first floor room which is accessed by a small exterior staircase of nine steps. The mill was powered by just two sails instead of the usual four which proves the strength of the winds in the Lauragais region. The movement of the roof and sails is through a rack and pinion operated by a crank on the first floor. After operating clandestinely during the Second World War, the mill ceased operations around 1952. Despite the collapse of the roof to expose the large rouet and which damaged a sail, the mill equipment is almost complete.

Religious heritage

The Church of Saint Mary (12th century) is registered as an historical monument. It is one of the finest examples of Romanesque churches in Aude. It is located south of the present town after having once been at the centre. The oldest documents mentioning the church date back to 1207. In 1317, when Pope John XXII built the Saint-Papoul Cathedral in the bishopric dependent on the Archbishop of Toulouse, Baraigne was placed in the new Diocese of Saint-Papoul and stayed there until the French Revolution. The building is oriented east to west. It consists of an apse and a nave flanked by two chapels. These chapels in the transept are additions from the 19th century. A bell tower with gables surmounts the west wall with the entrance being to the south of the nave. Originally rectangular, the bell tower became triangular by additions which collapsed on the sides and perhaps on the top. On 6 March 1995 a third bell was installed at the top and complete the electrified Carillon. The internal dimensions of the church are:
Total length: 17.29 m
Width: 5.10 m
Length of the nave: 8.85 m
Depth of the apse: 5.44 m
Length of each chapel: 3.00 m
Depth of each Chapel: 2.50 m
Wall Thickness: 1.00 m

The Church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
Discoidal Steles (Middle Ages) in the Cemetery. Some of these Discoidal Steles date back to the Middle Ages (9th century for the oldest) but seem to have no connection with the Cathars. Four of these steles are installed at the entrance of the cemetery including the latest, discovered in 1993, and two others sealed in its boundary wall. On three of them, the cross is in relief whereas it is hollow on the fourth and part of the base is missing. Two crosses and one discoidal stele are next to the chevet of the church. One of these headstones dates back to the 13th century and was housed in the church. The Limoux museum also displays a discoidal stele found at Baraigne.
6 Altar Candlesticks (17th century)
A Funeral Cross (12th century)
A Collection Plate (16th century)
A Collection Plate: Grapes of the Promised Land (16th century)

Environmental heritage

The Lac de la Ganguise or "Retenue de l'Estrade" (the name of a nearby farm) is an artificial lake spread over the territory of five communes including Baraigne. It was created by a dam built on the Ganguise in 1979 to improve irrigation of agricultural land and was enlarged in 2007. It is a departmental leisure centre.
A Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ZNIEFF) (Natural Zone of Ecological Interest for flora and fauna) has been created aimed at creating and inventory of plant and animal species that are present but this is not accompanied by any measures of regulatory protection. The zone includes Baraigne as well as 39 other communes in the ZNIEFF Collines de la Piège. The Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) is one of the most notable species here but is listed on the red list of endangered species of the world.

The Ultralight aviation base

South of the village there is an Ultralight aviation (ULM) base for private access with registration number LF1123.
Technical specifications are:
Runway: RWY 11-29
Grass: 280m x 15m
Radio frequency: 123.45 pilot/pilot
Altitude: 920 feet
Coordinates: N 43° 19.24' - E 01° 50.07'

It is recommended to avoid overflying the village and approach from the south. There is turbulence from Autan and Marin winds.

Facilities

Education
The town has no primary or secondary school. Primary schooling is provided in Avignonet-Lauragais and Mas-Saintes-Puelles, neighbouring communes. Secondary education, college and high schools, are located in Castelnaudary. All schools are served by daily buses. The commune falls within the Academy of Montpellier district and is part of Zone A of the school year.

Health
There are no health services in the commune. The nearest doctors are located in Labastide-d'Anjou. The closest hospitals are located at Castelnaudary.

Notable people linked to the commune
Gautier de Varagne, knight, was present at the swearing in of the king by the consuls of Carcassonne in 1271.
Gaufrid de Varagne, brother of Gautier, was elected to the assembly of the nobility of the Seneschal in 1272 and again in 1282 and, in 1287, he was elected governor of Carcassonne.
Bernard de Varagne in 1433 was the envoy for the Seneschal of Toulouse.
Jean de Buisson, son of Bernard de Varagne, was Lord of Baragne and capitoul of Toulouse.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

Bibliography
Daniel Bonhoure, Avignonet Lauragais, 1989, Syndicat d'Initiative, Maison des Jeunes et de la Culture et Commune d’Avignonet
Doctor Charles Boyer, An Archaeological Excursion in the Piège Baraigne, 1932, E. Roudière, 22 pages
François Furet and Denis Richet, French Revolution, 1970, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 416 pages.
Romain Plandé, Geography and History of the Department of Aude, 1944, Éditions françaises nouvelles, 205 pages
Abbé Sabarthès, Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Aude, 1912 (1st edition), Imprimerie Nationale (reprint Bibliobazaar 2009), 682 pages,

References

External links
Baraigne on the personal website of Serge Delestaing
Baraigne on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Baragnie on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Barbaira (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Barbairanais or Barbairanaises.

Geography
Barbaira is located in the Corbières Massif, at the foot of Mount Alaric in the urban area of Carcassonne some  east of the city. Access to the commune is by the D6113 road from Floure in the west which passes through the north of the commune and the village before continuing east to Capendu. The A61 autoroute passes through the centre of the commune from west to east but there is no exit in the commune. The nearest exit is Exit  some  to the west of the commune which links to the D6113. A railway passes through commune and the village from west to east but has no station in or near the commune. The commune is farmland in the north with the slopes of the mountain in the south forested.

The Aude river forms the northern border of the commune as it flows east to join the Mediterranean Sea south-west of Valras-Plage. Several streams rise in the south of the commune and flow north to join the Aude including the Ruisseau de la Pelliere. The Ruisseau de Saint-Jean rises in the far south-east of the commune and flows north then east to join the Ruisseau de la Tuilerie.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Mayors from 1936

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 750 inhabitants.

Economy

Industry
There is a Compressor station for the TIGF natural gas network.

Agriculture
The commune is part of the zone for the qualitative names:
Vin de pays des coteaux de Miramont (Vin de Pays from the slopes of Miramont)
Vignoble de la Montagne d'Alaric (Vineyards of Mount Alaric) which is part of the Corbières AOC

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The remains of the Chateau of Miramont (Middle Ages) are registered as an historical monument.

Religious heritage
The Church of Saint-Julien-Sainte-Basilisse (12th century) is registered as an historical monument. The Church contains two items that are registered as historical objects:
A Baptismal font (18th century)
A Statue: Virgin and child (17th century)

Notable people linked to the commune
Chabert de Barbeira

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
Barbaira on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Barbaira on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Aude


Belcastel-et-Buc (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Belflou is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Belfort-sur-Rebenty (Languedocien: Bèlfort de Rebentin) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bellegarde-du-Razès (; Languedocien: Bèlagarda de Rasés) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Belpech (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Geography
Belpech is a town of 1300 inhabitants built at 245 meters above sea level; old medieval Bastide located at the foot of a sunny slope of Lauragais, just upstream from the confluence of the Vixiège (which runs through the village) and the Hers, which is a tributary.

History
The origin of Belpech is very old, the site was inhabited from the Gallo-Roman times. The name of the village at this time (Bellopodio-Beaupuy) derives from that of a Gaulish god: Belenos and "pech" means the hill which dominates. It was once a very important city that had to suffer religious wars and large fires (97 houses were burned down in 1791). It was dominated by a castle called Castelas, built in the eleventh century on the hill "pech" overlooking the present village, which you can still see the remains of the keep.

The Monastery of Our Lady of Garnac (Garnicia), founded in the fourteenth century was located south of the castle, a few remnants of these walls and the church are still visible. The Lordship of Belpech belonged: in the eleventh century, Bertrand de Beaupuy; the thirteenth century, in Fort-de Beaupuy Raimond, in the fourteenth century to Galcerandum of Bellopodio; in the early fifteenth century, Sicard Bellopodio; in 1470 to Sir Etienne de Rouaix.

In 1226, Louis XIII stopped at Belpech.

In 1630, the plague broke out in the village, the inhabitants took refuge in the fields and built shacks in which they retired. The plague broke out again in August 1654 and lasted until the following November.

In 1835, was known for its sheets factories.

Sights
The "Castella": Medieval Castle
• The Gallic site of Garnac.
• The Gallo-Roman Bridge.
• The original Castle (10th) in ruins.
• Hall-style metal Baltard.
• Half-timbered houses with a dual cantilever (14th).
• The house of Cardinal Curtis (14th) with its Gothic windows in two bays, located Tournefeuille street.
• The home of the Marquis de Mauleon Seigneurale-Barousse (17th).
• The church of Saint-Saturnin which dates from the early fourteenth century, replaced an older Romanesque building. There are, inside, a nice set of disc-shaped steles. The jewel is the famous Romanesque portal, the most complete and most beautiful of Lauragais. It is a "portal Toulouse" without eardrum but with multiple arches, corresponding to projections of splays and columns housed in the projections
• The Ruins of the Chapel of the Rosary (15th) located above the village near the castle.
• The Church of St. John Baptist de Tresmèzes.
• Several iron crosses (15ème/16ème/18ème), many stone crosses (roadsides, and in the cemetery's church), also near the hamlet of Tresmèzes a cross from 1652.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


St Michael's Church is in the Coppenhall area of Crewe, Cheshire, England.  The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Macclesfield and the deanery of Nantwich.

History

A timber-framed church was built on the site around 1373.  The structure of the present church dates from 1883 to 1886 when the chancel was built to a design by James Brooks. The nave was added to a design by J. Brooks, Son and Adkins in 1907–10.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is built in red brick with slate roofs. Its plan consists of a four-bay nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles, transepts and a chancel with an organ to its north and a chapel to its south. Over the crossing is a copper-covered flèche. The church is built on a blue brick plinth and has a stone cill band and stone lancet windows.

Interior
To the west of the church is the baptistery which contains a marble font with an oak crocketted cover. The reredos is painted in the style of an icon.  The pulpit is of oak. On the walls are alabaster memorials and timber Stations of the Cross. The three-manual organ was built around 1900 by Forster and Andrews, and rebuilt in 1977 with alterations, by Sixsmith. The organ was rebuilt in 2017, again by Sixsmith, taking the opportunity to remove any asbestos in the structure.

External features
The churchyard contains the double war grave of the twin Villiers-Russell brothers, Senior Sick Berth Attendants of the Royal Navy Auxiliary Reserve, who died in the torpedoing of HMS Formidable during World War I, in 1915.

See also

Listed buildings in Crewe

References

19th-century Church of England church buildings
Churches completed in 1910
Church of England church buildings in Cheshire
Grade II listed churches in Cheshire
Diocese of Chester