Joseph Ryelandt (7 April 1870 – 29 June 1965) was a Belgian classical composer. He is known for sacred vocal music, including several oratorios and masses. His oeuvre catalog, which lists 133 opus numbers, includes symphonies, masses, an opera, numerous works for piano solo, chamber works and songs, and also five oratorios, which Ryelandt himself considered his most important works.

Life

Joseph Victor Marie Ryelandt was born in Bruges, into a wealthy bourgeois family, for whom culture, tradition, and the Roman Catholic religion mattered. So did music, which, like many such families, the Ryelandts practiced a lot. From his childhood on he enjoyed private lessons in piano and violin. He studied assiduously, up to 2½ hours per day, but he gave up the violin after a mere two years.

Even as an adolescent he realized that his real destiny was music. But at the insistence of his mother, he first went to college, to study philosophy and later law—his father, who had died when Joseph was only seven, had been a lawyer. While at university, however, he continued his musical activities, including composition, although he had had only a few lessons in harmony. Eventually he persuaded his mother to let him show some of his compositions to Edgar Tinel, at the time one of Belgium's most esteemed musicians. Tinel had never taken on private students (nor would he ever again), "but," he wrote, "I let myself be conquered because this young man will one day be someone. He played me a sonata of his. I was stupefied. He already is someone, but he has never studied. This fellow has written sonatas, trios, variations, duos …" His mother relented, and from 1891 to 1895 Joseph studied with Tinel.

After his study with Tinel, he was able to devote himself exclusively to composing, being of independent financial means. The years between 1895 and 1924 were his most productive.

World War I and the subsequent inflation in the 1920s badly affected his financial situation. In addition, he had a family to take care of, for in 1899 he had married Marguerite Carton de Wiart (1872–1939), and the children had come thick and fast, eight in all. He felt compelled to find a position, and in 1924 he was appointed director of the Municipal Conservatory of Bruges, a function that came with a teaching load. He assumed it with some hesitation, but he discovered that he enjoyed teaching, even "regret[ting] that I didn't enter the teaching profession until I was 54." He kept on composing, albeit at a slower rate. Also, he ceased composing oratorios, which he considered his major works, but that was at least as much due to the death of Charles Martens (1866–1921), the librettist or co-librettist of three of his oratorios and a number of his cantatas, the tireless propagandist of his music, his literary, philosophical and theological interlocutor, and above all his friend, whose name he never mentioned without preceding it with "my good friend" or similar expression.

His life was busy: he took on a counterpoint course at the Ghent Conservatory, he organized a highly successful concert series in his own conservatory,
he was often asked to sit on juries of music examinations and competitions, he was involved in the Queen Elisabeth Musical Foundation, which organized the Eugène Ysaÿe Competition, etc. Many honors came his way. He was asked to compose the Te Deum for the centenary of the independence of Belgium; he was made a member of the Belgian Academy in 1937 and a baron in 1938. But his private life was saddened by the slow decline in health of his wife, who died in 1939.

World War II and the miseries and worries it entailed caused his composition to slow down still further: he wrote nothing at all in 1940– 42, and only a few chamber music works between 1943 and 1948, when he ceased composing altogether.

In 1942 the Bruges City Council asked Ryelandt, who was well past retirement age, to continue as director of the Municipal Conservatory of Bruges. On August 31, 1943 the City Council finally parted with "this upstanding artist", granted him the title of "honorary director", and drafted Renaat Veremans as his successor. But as all these decisions were taken while Bruges, like all of Belgium, was occupied by Germany, the post-war City Council reversed them and re-instated Ryelandt on September 30, 1944. Ryelandt soon asked to be allowed to retire again, and his request was granted. Ryelandt definitively retired, in due form and again as "honorary director", on April 1, 1945.

He devoted his retirement to literature, writing poetry (including a number of translations into French of his favorite Dutch-language poet Guido Gezelle) and reading classics, many with strong religious contents: the Bible, the complete works of Shakespeare, Joost van den Vondel and Paul Claudel, as well as Dante, Pascal, and Teresa of Ávila. He died aged 95, in his beloved Bruges and "without bothering anyone," as he had wished, after a brief illness.

Character

From his writings and the testimony of all who knew him, Ryelandt appears first and foremost as a man with a great sense of duty. Duty towards God above all: he was a deeply religious man, who attended mass every week, who was knowledgeable about his religion, and who conceived of his music making as a religious duty. Duty towards his music: he was privileged in being able to devote himself exclusively to music, but he was highly conscious this was a privilege and worked very hard, both as a student of Tinel (who drove him hard) and as a composer. Towards his family: he was always extremely solicitous of his wife, but especially during her illness, when he would organize serenades for her as she could no longer attend concerts; he made time for his children, considering their education extremely important, and encouraging them; and he was "Bon-Papa Musique" for his grandchildren, for whom he played his Scènes Enfantines. Towards his students, whose work he corrected with respect instead of denigrating it, and who greatly appreciated his teaching qualities: "Even though he followed the classical method of teaching harmony and counterpoint …, you never had the impression that you were learning something boring," wrote one of them.

Another noticeable characteristic of Ryelandt was his modesty. Although he enjoyed hearing his works performed, he left it to others—especially his teacher Tinel and Charles Lamy (pen name of Charles Martens, meaning 'Charles, the friend [of Ryelandt]')—to make his works known. As he put it: "If God wants my work to be known one day, that will happen. If not, what does it matter? The task of the artist is to create, and that's it. Success is a luxury and a pleasure, it's not indispensable." He never bragged about the extra-musical honors that befell him. Sometimes he gently mocked them, like when, on being made Commander in the order of Leopold, he "complained" no one had told him whom to command. When he was very old, he told his daughter: "You must never call a priest or a doctor for me at night, not before 6 in the morning. Those folk need their sleep."

But he was not a dour man: he was sociable and had a sense of humor, from when he was a child—his mother mentions the occasional "crazy gaiety" of the young Joseph—until his old age, when he wrote a ditty in which the moon (la lune, feminine in French) scolds the indelicacy of the scientists trying to take pictures of her derrière (meaning both 'far side' and 'backside').

Finally, he had an independent streak: he was very much his own man. This appears most clearly in his ideas about music.

Ideas about music

Even as a young boy, Ryelandt had a mind of his own. Much as he revered his "best piano teacher", Franz Devos (of the Ghent Conservatory) who gave him private lessons, he wrote that Devos "did not pay enough attention to technique, which left me unsatisfied." While he learned a lot from Tinel, whose technical mastery he greatly admired, he also let himself be influenced by Wagner, whom Tinel detested, and by French composers such as Franck, Fauré and Debussy, whereas Tinel was primarily German-oriented. But Ryelandt never belonged to any school or fashion; in fact, he despised fashion.

He considered it the task of the artist to create beauty. How the artist did this did not really matter. But originality was no virtue; personality was. Great music, like Beethoven's, is admired because the composer's personality shines through; Beethoven's daring originality is now only of historical interest. However, Ryelandt was highly critical of atonality, claiming that the modernists' "empty game of sound combinations brings us no interior enrichment at all," and that the value of works like Honegger's "unforgettable" Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher lay chiefly in their tonal passages.

Ryelandt held that in essence music was "a language sui generis which expresses a subconscious state of the soul: it begins where ordinary language stops." The beauty the artist must create "calls upon sensibility as much as upon intelligence, and, in the domain of music, mainly upon sensibility, without however excluding intelligence."

Ryelandt wrote a great deal of vocal and program music, and he often let himself be inspired by extra-musical stimuli. Yet his ideal was absolute music. But there was an ideal beyond that. For Ryelandt, music was a religious vocation. The following words from the preface to his Notices sur mes oeuvres sum up what really mattered to him: "I think … I can say that I have not been a useless servant of art. I have done what I could. The future will decide if anything of this work will survive me to the greater glory of God."

Works
Ryelandt's output is greater than his last opus number, 133, or rather than the sum total of the 117 opus numbers he did not repudiate, would suggest. Ryelandt destroyed not only unpublished works, but even published ones, some by a prestigious house like Breitkopf & Härtel.

Easily accessible complete work lists can be found  and ; the one in Willem is also very informative.

The following lists only works mentioned in Ryelandt’s own Notices—their titles being given in Ryelandt’s spelling there—and is not meant to be complete.

Religious vocal music

Ryelandt's national and international reputation was made primarily by his five great oratorios, which were all performed in Belgium, and some also in The Netherlands, France, and Canada.

Purgatorium, op. 39 (mostly composed in 1904), for soprano, choir and orchestra; text: a selection of Latin Psalm texts, made by Ryelandt himself.
De Komst des Heeren (The Coming of the Lord), op. 45 (1906), an oratorio for Advent, for four soloists, double choir and orchestra; text: a selection of Dutch-language Bible texts, made by Ryelandt with the assistance of Charles Martens.
Maria, op. 48 (1909), for four soloists, choir and orchestra; text by Charles Martens and Leo Goemans.
Agnus Dei (Lamb of God), op. 56 (1913–1914), oratorio for several soloists, choir and orchestra; text originally in German, by Benedicta von Spiegel.
Christus Rex (Christ the King), op. 79 (1922), for soloists, choir and orchestra; text by Charles Martens. Ryelandt later dedicated this work, which he considered his masterpiece, to Pope Pius XI, who established the Feast of Christ the King in 1925.

A true, full-fledged oratorio that he wrote but destroyed deserves explicit mention, De XIV stonden, literally 'The fourteen hours', meaning the fourteen Stations of the Cross, because it was set to a text written for the purpose by Guido Gezelle. Yet Ryelandt was unhappy with Gezelle's libretto, for Gezelle, "like many men of letters, understood nothing of music, even though he sometimes put a lot of it in his verse."

Ryelandt also wrote five masses, but destroyed the first. The four that remain are:

 Missa, op. 72 (1918) for mixed choir a cappella.
 Missa quator vocibus cum organo o,p. 84 (1925), for four-part choir and organ, dedicated to Jules Van Nuffel.
 Missa six vocibus, op. 111 (1934), for six-part choir a cappella.
 Missa pro defunctis, op. 127 (1939), for mixed choir a cappella, a brief Requiem mass composed in memory of his wife.

His religious vocal music further comprises seven cantatas, a Te Deum, a number of short motets, and two theatrical works, the mystery play La Parabole des Vierges 'The Parable of the Virgins' and the "musical drama" Sainte Cécile.

Symphonic music

Ryelandt wrote six symphonies but destroyed his first. In his day the remaining five were less successful than his oratorios (though they were all performed), but four of them are now available on CD. Ryelandt likewise destroyed the first of his overtures, Caïn, his opus 3. Three remain, as well as three orchestral preludes, a short orchestral suite, and three symphonic poems, a true one, Gethsemani, and two for voice and orchestra, Idylle mystique and La Noche Oscura, the latter an orchestration of a text based on Saint John of the Cross's eponymous poem.

Other

Ryelandt trained as a pianist until he was about 20; no wonder his piano output is vast. Froyen lists about forty compositions, including 12 piano sonatas—the fourth dedicated to Vincent d'Indy— and two sonatines, six nocturnes, two volumes of preludes, three suites, etc.

The piano is also prominent in a number of chamber music works: seven sonatas for violin and piano, three for cello and piano, and one each for viola, horn, oboe and clarinet plus piano, as well as two piano quintets and two piano trios. Ryelandt also composed four string quartets.

Ryelandt was a major composer of art songs, some 65 in all, to texts in French and Dutch. Most of the Dutch texts he set were by Guido Gezelle, who, notwithstanding their failed collaboration on the De XIV stonden oratorio, greatly inspired him. They are his best-known songs; it has even been claimed that they have acquired an international reputation, in spite of their Dutch texts.

Discography

Discographies in Meuris, pp. 71–73 and here.

Ryelandt and Bruges

Whilst still alive, Ryelandt had a street named after him, the Baron Joseph Ryelandtstraat, in Bruges. Bruges also named the Joseph Ryelandtzaal after him, a late baroque church (1681–1684) converted into a 200-seat concert hall in the 1980s.
The Municipal Conservatory of Bruges.possesses a painting of Ryelandt by Jef van de Fackere (1879–1946).
Since 2018 the City Archives of Bruges house the Fonds Joseph Ryelandt. Its collection consists of documents that used to be in the library of the Bruges Municipal Conservatory and of documents, gifted by the Ryelandt family, that had been temporarily deposited in the library of the Royal Conservatory of Brussels. It comprises almost all Ryelandt's musical manuscripts as well as hundreds of letters, a diary, contracts, photos and many poems.
To celebrate Ryelandt's 150th birthday on April 7, 2020, the Municipal Conservatory of Bruges planned a major Ryelandt Festival from March 7 through April 4, with numerous concerts of his music and other activities. The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the postponement of some events and the cancellation of others. The exhibition on Ryelandt in the Arentshuis, likewise intended to celebrate Ryelandt’s birthday, had to be delayed but was prolonged until November 8.

Ryelandt, "a Flemish artist"?

Ryelandt was educated and wrote his publications in French, but he had what he considered a second native language, Dutch. As he held music to be a language sui generis, as his vocal music is set to texts in a variety of languages (his oratorios to Latin, Dutch, German and French texts, and he had some English and Italian translations made), it is clear he aspired to be an international artist. Yet his reputation as a Flemish artist, which he has always had, is not undeserved. In his day it was unfashionable to consider Dutch a language on a par with, say, French or German. Ryelandt did consider it so (he disapproved of francophones who despised Dutch), and treated it so, in his compositions. And in a sense he acknowledged he was a Flemish artist, by accepting a representative function in the Christelijk Vlaams Kunstenaarsverbond 'Christian Flemish Artists' Organization', besides Constant Permeke and Stijn Streuvels.

Notes

References

Most web pages mentioned were retrieved in January or February 2010; the ones added in 2020 were retrieved on September 17, 2020.
Biesemans, Marlies Onderzoek naar de naam bekendheid (sic) van Joseph Ryelandt in relatie tot bestaande en nieuwe biografische gegevens (M.A. thesis Ghent Conservatory, 2009; online here). Contributes a wealth of biographical detail.
Florquin, Joos "Joseph Ryelandt" Ten huize van … 10 (Leuven, Davidsfonds, & Bruges: Orion-Desclée De Brouwer, 1974, pp. 295– 301) Text (online here) of a television interview, VRT, May 15, 1959.
Froyen, Heidi Joseph Ryelandt en zijn pianomuziek: Case study: Pianosonate nr. 4, op. 51 (M.A. thesis K.U.Leuven, Arts Faculty, dept. Musicology, 2008) Contains an extensive though incomplete bibliography of Ryelandt's publications.
Meuris, Bart Joseph Ryelandts nocturnes en preludes voor piano (M.A. Thesis Lemmensinstituut Leuven, 2005; online here).
Notices = Ryelandt, Joseph Notices sur mes œuvres: 1940: (avec des notes complémentaires faites entre 1952–1960) Éditées et annotées par Guy A.J. Tops (Antwerpen, Studiecentrum voor Vlaamse Muziek, 2015).
Ryelandt, Joseph (the composer's grandson) Histoire de la famille Ryelandt et des familles alliées (Brussels, 2003; a private publication, but a copy has been deposited in the National Library). The chief source of this article, in particular of all biographical data and all quotes, unless otherwise mentioned.
Vergauwen, David Joseph Ryelandt: Een culturele biografie van een romantisch componist in het fin-de-siècle Brugge (Brussels: Academic & Scientific Publishers, 2020; ). By far the most important publication to date about Ryelandt.
Willem, Wilfried Joseph Ryelandt (1870–1965): Leven Werk Analyses (Undergraduate thesis K.U. Leuven, Arts Faculty, dept. Musicology, 1977). Contains, besides the work list mentioned above, incipits of all works Willem was able to trace, as well as an extensive though incomplete bibliography of Ryelandt's publications.

External links

Ryelandt Piano Quintet in A minor in PDF Score and Incomplete Parts Scanned at Sibley Library URResearch (his op. 32)

1870 births
1965 deaths
Romantic composers
20th-century classical composers
Knights of St. Gregory the Great
Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Musicians from Bruges
19th-century Belgian male musicians


Louis Joseph Harant (November 20, 1895 – July 2, 1986) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

In 1920 he won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team 30 metre military pistol competition. He also participated in the individual 30 metre military pistol event and finished fourth.

He was born in Baltimore, Maryland and died in Vero Beach, Florida.

References

External links
profile

1895 births
1986 deaths
American male sport shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
20th-century American sportsmen
Sportspeople from Baltimore


The Watertown Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in South Dakota, anchored by the city of Watertown. As of the 2000 census, the μSA had a population of 31,437 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 31,922).

Counties
Codington
Hamlin

Communities
Places with 20,000 or more inhabitants
Watertown (Principal city)
Places with 500 to 1,000 inhabitants
Castlewood
Estelline
Places with 250 to 500 inhabitants
Bryant
Hayti
Henry
Florence
Lake Norden
South Shore
Places with less than 250 inhabitants
Appleby
Hazel
Kranzburg
Rauville
Thomas
Wallace

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 31,437 people, 12,405 households, and 8,329 families residing within the μSA. The racial makeup of the μSA was 97.05% White, 0.13% African American, 1.26% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.98% of the population.

The median income for a household in the μSA was $35,054, and the median income for a family was $43,332. Males had a median income of $29,363 versus $20,619 for females. The per capita income for the μSA was $17,872.

See also
South Dakota census statistical areas

References

Codington County, South Dakota
Hamlin County, South Dakota


The East Indian Railway Company, operating as the East Indian Railway (reporting mark EIR), introduced railways to East India and North India, while the Companies such as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, South Indian Railway, Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway and the North-Western Railway operated in other parts of India. The company was established on 1 June 1845 in London by a deed of settlement with a capital of £4,000,000,
largely raised in London.

1845–1849
The first board of directors formed in 1845 comprised thirteen members and Rowland Macdonald Stephenson became the first managing director of the company.

Rowland Macdonald Stephenson (later Sir Rowland, but familiarly known as Macdonald Stephenson) and three assistants travelled from England in 1845 and "with diligence and discretion" surveyed, statistically studied and costed the potential traffic for a railway route from Calcutta (the then commercial capital of India) to Delhi via Mirzapur. They assessed that the maximum cost of a twin-track line would not exceed £15000 per mile if the land was available without charge. The East Indian Railway Company was then formed and raised money in London. A contract was signed between the East India Company and the East Indian Railway Company on 17 August 1849, entitling the latter to construct and operate an "experimental" line between Calcutta and Rajmahal,  long at an estimated cost of £1 million which would be later extended to Delhi via Mirzapur.

1850–1851
On 7 May 1850, the East Indian Railway Company's managing director Macdonald Stephenson, George Turnbull, the company's Chief Engineer, and the engineer Slater made an initial survey from Howrah (across the River Hooghly from Calcutta) to Burdwan on the route to the Raniganj coalfields. By June, there was an impasse, in that the government did not allow Turnbull and his engineers to mark a route on the ground. Specifications for works were however advertised on 1 July and tenders received on 31 July for six contracts. Bamboo towers  tall were then built above the palm trees at Serampore and Balli Khal to set out the line.

1851–1853
On 29 January 1851 the East Indian Railway Company took possession of its first land. Turnbull and other British engineers began detailed surveys of the line. They chose the critical crossing point on the  Son River (the largest Ganges tributary) on 17 February. The best route to Raniganj was determined in May and June. The plans for Howrah station were submitted on 16 June.

Tenders for 11 contracts arrived on 31 October 1851. In December Turnbull continued his survey: he took levels and defined the line from Burdwan to Rajmahal.

Infrastructure
All permanent way and rolling stock was transported from Britain in sailing ships to Calcutta via the Cape of Good Hope (the Suez Canal did not then exist). In April 1854, it was estimated that over 100,000 tons of rails, 27,000 tons of chairs, and some 8000 tons of keys, fish-plates, pins, nuts and bolts were needed.

Rolling stock
By 1859, there were 77 engines, 228 coaches and 848 freight wagons. By the end of 1877 the company owned 507 steam locomotives, 982 coaches and 6,701 goods wagons. In 1900 the wagon stock was under 14,000 wagons, in 1905 it was over 17,000 wagons.

In 1907 five steam railcar from Nasmyth, Wilson and Company was purchased.

Sleepers
Although immense quantities of sal tree wood for sleepers were delivered from Nepal, yet more were needed. So fir sleepers from the Baltic were creosoted in England and shipped to India.

Bridges
The initial plans were for the many bridges over the Ganges tributaries to be built of bricks: hundreds of millions were needed. Brick-making skills were very limited and often the available clay was found to be unsuitable. Transport by river of suitable clay was difficult. Brick availability became a major problem, so the decision was made to use vast quantities of ironwork – imported from England as India had no iron works at that time. Much ironwork was stolen during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Construction work of Old Yamuna Bridge in Delhi started in 1863 which was popularly known as lohe ka pool(bridge made by iron) and completed in 1866. It is a 12 spanned bridge. The construction cost of the bridge was Rs 16,16,335/- Initially it was made as a single railway track but was upgraded to double track in 1913

1854–1863

Line openings
The  of line from Howrah to Benares were opened to:
 Hooghly () for passenger traffic on 15 August 1854. More than 3000 applications were received from people wanting to ride in the first train in eastern India. The first train ran to full capacity. The train left Howrah station at 8:30 a.m. and reached Hooghly in 91 minutes. It had three first-class and two second-class coaches. It also had three trucks for third-class passengers and a brakevan for the guard. All of these were built in India, because the ship ferrying the original coaches from England had unfortunately met with natural disaster on the high seas and consequently sank. The locomotive however was imported, though not without its own difficulties. The ship bringing the locomotive had initially, due to an error, sailed to Australia, and the engine had to be shipped back to India.

During the first 16 weeks, the company was delighted to carry 109,634 passengers: 83,118 third class, 21,005 second class, and 5511 first class. The gross earnings, including the receipts of a few tons of merchandise were £6793.
 Pundooah on 1 September 1854.
 Burdwan in February 1855.
 Raniganj with its coalfields on 3 February 1855. In 1855, 617,281 passengers were carried and contracts made to carry 100,000 tons of coal from the Raniganj colliery to Howrah.
 Adjai in October 1858.
 Rajmahal (on the River Ganges) in October 1859. The first train ran from Howrah to Rajmahal via Khana (now known as the Sahibganj Loop) on 4 July 1860. 1,388,714 passengers were carried in 1859.
 Bhagalpur in 1861.
 The loop from Khana Junction to Kiul via Jamalpur, including the Monghyr branch in February 1862. In the same year the line reached Mughal Sarai via the present line beyond Kiul. The sections from Luckee Sarai to Danapore and Danapore to Mughal Sarai were completed in the meantime.
 Son River. George Turnbull inspected the Son bridge and judged it complete on 4 November 1862.
 Across the River Ganges from Benares in December 1862.

Including branch lines this totalled .

Bridges, tunnel and cholera
The most significant bridge was the girder bridge over the Son River (then known in English as the Soane River) which at the time was understood to be the second longest in the world. Other significant bridges were the girder bridges over the Kiul and Hullohur rivers and the masonry bridge over the Adjai. The Monghyr tunnel was a challenge. In late 1859, a horrific cholera epidemic in the Rajmahal district killed some 4000 labourers and many of the British engineers.

Celebrations on completion
On 5 February 1863, a special train from Howrah took George Turnbull, the Viceroy Lord Elgin, Lt Governor Sir Cecil Beadon and others over two days to Benares inspecting the line on the way. They stopped the first night at Jamalpur near Monghyr. They alighted at the Son bridge and inspected it. In Benares there was a durbar on 7 February to celebrate the building of the railway and particularly the bridging of the Son river, the largest tributary of the Ganges.

The Chief Engineer responsible for all this construction from 1851 to 1862 was George Turnbull who was acclaimed in the Indian Official Gazette of 7 February 1863 paragraph 5 as the "First railway engineer of India".

Criticisms

Some historians like Irfan Habib argue that because the contracts signed between East India Company and EIR in 1849 guaranteed 5% return on all capital invested, initially there was no inducement for economy or for employing Indians instead of high-paid Europeans (but initially, there were only experienced British railway civil engineers and no Indian ones). EIR was stated in 1867 to have spent as much as Rs 300,000 on each mile of railway, the construction described by a former Finance Member in India as the most extravagant works ever undertaken.

Later 19th-century developments
The line from Kanpur to Allahabad was opened in 1859. In 1860, the Kanpur-Etawah section was opened to traffic, and between 1862 and 1866 all gaps between Howrah and Delhi were filled, and the connection to Agra built. The bridges over the Yamuna at Allahabad and at Delhi were completed in 1865 and 1866 respectively. In June 1867 the Allahabad-Jabalpur branch was completed and a connection made at Jabalpur with the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, thus completing the rail connections between Calcutta and Delhi and Calcutta and Bombay. On 31 December 1879, the British Indian Government purchased the East Indian Railway Company, but leased it back to the company to work under a contract terminable in 1919.

20th-century developments
On 1 January 1925 the British Indian Government took over the management of the East Indian Railway and divided it into six divisions: Howrah, Asansol, Danapur, Allahabad, Lucknow and Moradabad.

On 14 April 1952, Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India inaugurated two new zones of the first six zones of the Indian Railways. One of them, the Northern Railways had the three "up-stream" divisions of East Indian Railway: Allahabad, Lucknow and Moradabad, while the other, the Eastern Railways had the three "down-stream" divisions: Howrah, Asansol and Danapur and the complete Bengal Nagpur Railway.

Classification
It was labeled as a Class I railway according to Indian Railway Classification System of 1926.

See also

References

Notes

Defunct railway companies of India
Bengal Presidency
Railway companies established in 1845
1845 establishments in British India
1952 disestablishments in India


The US-Soviet Space Bridge was a series of experimental, international telecasts between Soviet and U.S. viewers, performed by group of communication enthusiasts during the late Cold War era. Translated from the Russian word telemost (literally, "TV bridge"), a space bridge was a public interactive television link between two or more geographically separate and culturally distinct locations, a form of public videoconference.

The first space bridge was an arrangement between the Unuson Corporation and Gosteleradio of the USSR for the US Festival, sponsored by computer pioneer Steve Wozniak. On September 5, 1982, a TV-link was established for the first time between the Soviet Union and the United States. On the Soviet side,  Joseph Goldin and Yuli Gusman were in charge. On the United States side was the Documentary Guild and producer Mark Warner and associate producer Lester Gray of King Broadcasting.

The participants in that space bridge could see each other, ask questions and receive answers, and also hold a musical dialogue.  The programs of the subsequent space bridges consisted not only of music-hall turns and greetings but also discussions on different subjects, in which prominent scientists, public figures, cosmonauts and journalists took part. Phil Donahue and Vladimir Pozner hosted the meeting between the US and the USSR, respectively. According to Pozner's book, Parting With Illusions, many U.S. TV companies did not want to purchase those space bridges. Thus only eight million people in the U.S. watched the programs, versus 180 million in the USSR.

There is no sex in the USSR

When an American asked a question about TV advertisements exploiting sex in the Soviet Union, a Soviet lady (, Liudmila Ivanova)  answered "Well, sex... (laugh) we don't have it, and we are absolutely against it!", which was then corrected by another Soviet lady present in the show: "We do have sex, but we do not have advertisements!". This created the catchphrase "There is no sex in the USSR!".

Luidmila Ivanova has told a different story to the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper:

Well, the TV show started, and one American lady have said: you must stop having sex with your men because of the Afghan War – then they won't go to the war. And kept pointing at me. Then I answered her: there is no sex in the USSR, but there is love. And you also didn't stop having sex with your men during the Vietnam War. But everyone remembered only the beginning of the phrase. Am I not right? We have always considered the word "sex" almost dirty. We were always making love, not sex. That is what I meant.

References

External links
 Russian website on the first 1982 satellite TV link
2007 Interview in Russian with Yuli Gusman
 The 20th anniversary of the first space bridge between Moscow and Los Angeles

Society of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union–United States relations
Television in the Soviet Union
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Telecommunications in the United States
1982 in international relations
1982 in the Soviet Union
Videotelephony
Social events
1982 in science
1982 in the United States
1980s in Soviet television
1982 in technology


Stanborough is the site of an Iron Age hill fort near the village of Halwell, south of Totnes, Devon, England. The fort is situated on a promontory on the western edge of a hill at about  above sea level. The site was first listed as a historical heritage in 1923.

References

Hill forts in Devon
South Hams


Thomas Sbokos (; born 10 April 1972 in Heraklion) is a Greek sprinter who specialized in the 200 metres.

He won the bronze medal at the 1995 Summer Universiade and finished fourth at the 1996 European Indoor Championships. He also competed at the 1996 Olympic Games and the World Championships in 1995 and 1997 without reaching the final.

His personal best time was 20.28 seconds, achieved in July 1995 in Patras. This ranks him third among Greek 200 metres sprinters, behind Konstantinos Kenteris and Anastassios Gousis.

Honours

References

Thomas Smbokos. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2015-01-08.

1972 births
Living people
Greek male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Greece
Athletes from Heraklion
World Athletics Championships athletes for Greece
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade bronze medalists for Greece
Medalists at the 1995 Summer Universiade
20th-century Greek people


Michael Kelly (March 29, 1872 – May 3, 1923) was an American sport shooter, born in Attymon, County Galway, Ireland, who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team 30 metre military pistol competition as well as in the 50 metre free pistol event.

References

External links
Michael Kelly's profile at databaseOlympics

1872 births
1923 deaths
American male sport shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
20th-century American sportsmen


Chichawatni Tehsil (, ) is a tehsil of Sahiwal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil has area of 1,602 km2 and Chichawatni is its capital city. It is subdivided into 37 Union Councils, three of which form the capital city.

The tehsils contains five towns, these are: Chichawatni, Kassowal, Ghaziabad, Iqbal Nagar, Chak:34/12-L, Chak 42/12.L, Chak:168/9-L, Chak:49/12-L, Chak:43/12_L, Chak 44/12_L(Almaa Waali), Chak 17/11-L.
Developing the business of producing cosmetics locally.

References

Sahiwal District
Tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan


The Materials Research Society (MRS) is a non-profit, professional organization for materials researchers, scientists and engineers. Established in 1973, MRS is a member-driven organization of approximately 13,000 materials researchers from academia, industry and government.

Headquartered in Warrendale, Pennsylvania, MRS membership spans over 90 countries, with approximately 48% of MRS members residing outside the United States.

MRS members work in all areas of materials science and research, including physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics and engineering.  MRS provides a collaborative environment for idea exchange across all disciplines of materials science through its meetings, publications and other programs designed to foster networking and cooperation.

The Society’s mission is to promote communication for the advancement of interdisciplinary materials research to improve the quality of life.

Governance
MRS is governed by a board of directors which is composed of the Society's officers and 12 to 21 Directors, the exact number determined by resolution of the board.  Directors are elected by the membership.  Up to 25% of the Directors, however, may be appointed by the Board MRS Officers include a President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and Immediate Past President.

Meetings
MRS hosts two annual meetings for its members and the materials community to network, exchange technical information, and contribute to the advancement of research. These meetings are held in Boston, Massachusetts, every fall, and in different cities (on the west coast) every spring.  Each meeting incorporates more than 50 technical symposia as well as many “broader impact” sessions that include professional development, government policies and funding opportunities, student activities, award talks and special events.  Each of these meetings is attended by approximately 5,000-6,000 materials scientists, researchers and engineers.

MRS also partners with other materials organizations to develop meetings such as the International Materials Research Congress (IMRC), held annually in Cancun, Mexico.

In addition, MRS offers meeting expertise and logistical/operational infrastructure to other scientific communities in need of conference support via the Conference Services Program.

Publications
In partnership with Springer Nature, MRS publishes the following periodicals for the materials community:
 MRS Bulletin
 Journal of Materials Research
 MRS Communications
 MRS Energy & Sustainability
 MRS Advances

Through the MRS Publishing program, MRS publishes materials-related monographs, handbooks and textbooks, including:
 Introduction to Quantum Computing by Ray LaPierre (First in The Materials Research Society Series in collaboration with Springer Nature)
 Imperfections in Crystalline Solids by Wei Cai and William D. Nix (First textbook in the new MRS-Cambridge Materials Fundamentals Series)
 Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy edited by Frances M. Ross
 Structural DNA Nanotechnology, 2016 PROSE Award Winner for Biological Science, by Nadrian C. Seeman
 Modern Techniques of Surface Science, Third Edition by D. Phil Woodruff

Advocacy and policy
MRS, through its Government Affairs Committee, advocates for sustainable funding of science, provides forums for public-policy discussions, offers itself as a scientific resource for policymakers, and delivers timely information on emerging public policy issues, federal programs and other activities of importance to its members and the materials community.
MRS advocacy efforts include:
 Materials Voice—A program that sends letters to Congress about issues in materials science.
 Intersections Newsletter—A publication that discusses the intersection of material research and government, including what’s happening in Washington, D.C. and with the government affairs activities of MRS.
 MRS Congressional Science and Engineering Fellowships—Fellows serve a one-year term working as a special legislative assistant on the staff of U.S. congressional offices or committees in Washington, D.C.

Materials Research Society Foundation
The Materials Research Society Foundation was founded in 2012 to support the MRS mission and to ensure and enrich MRS’s education, outreach and peer-recognition programs. Foundation programs include:
 Awards—MRS presents awards for outstanding contributions to the progress of materials research each year during its Spring and Fall Meetings. The MRS Awards Program includes:
 MRS Fellow
 Von Hippel Award
 David Turnbull Lectureship
 Innovation in Materials Characterization Award
 Mid-Career Research Award
 Materials Theory Award
 MRS Medal
 Outstanding Young Investigator Award
 Kavli Foundation Early Career Lectureship in Materials Science
 MRS Postdoctoral Awards
 MRS Graduate Student Awards
 Arthur Nowick Graduate Student Award
 MRS Impact Award
MRS Nelson "Buck" Robinson Science and Technology Award for Renewable Energy
MRS Woody White Service Award

 Broadening Participation in Materials Science—promotes diversity and inclusion within the broad professional community
 Focus on Sustainability—highlights the Society’s sustainability science activities, including publications, special events, social media and symposia
 Impact of Materials on Society (IMOS)—an introductory course that delves into how engineering shapes, and is shaped by, social and cultural variables, and illustrates how a career in engineering is not only about math and science, but also about social problem-solving
 Professional Development—workshops and seminars held at MRS Spring and Fall Meetings that encourage and enhance professional communication and leadership skills
 Strange Matter—an interactive traveling science exhibit with over a dozen hands-on experiences developed by MRS, the National Science Foundation and the Ontario Science Centre
 MRS University Chapter Program—fosters an environment for interdisciplinary collaboration, professional growth, education outreach and leadership development

References

External links
 Materials Research Society
 Materials Research Society Foundation

Materials science organizations
Scientific societies based in the United States


The New Zealand driver licence system is a graduated system that has been in place (with modifications, such as the L-plate requirement) since 1988. It consists of three phases for a car licence, each with varying levels of conditions.

Overview
The New Zealand driver licence allows the holder to drive specified vehicles with or without restrictions on public roads and in Public Places. Upon passing the respective test for each stage of the system, the successful applicant is given a temporary paper licence to begin driving immediately while their permanent licence is printed and sent to them by post. The permanent licence contains a unique identifying number, date of birth and photograph of the holder. Drivers must carry their licence at all times while driving. If they fail to do so they may face an instant fine.

New Zealand driver licences are issued by Waka Kotahi, the NZ Transport Agency.

From 1925 local authorities issued driver licences, which were renewed each year when a completely new licence was issued. When the Ministry of Transport took over driver licensing, renewal was five-yearly from 1953 and a coupon was fastened inside the book at every renewal.

Apart from passports and a special-purpose 18+ card, a photo driver licence is the only legal form of identification for buying alcohol, tobacco and fireworks in New Zealand.

Classes
The New Zealand driver licensing system is split into six classes of licence. Class 1 ("car licence") allows the driver to drive most cars, light vehicles, moped, tractor and all-terrain vehicles, while Class 6 ("motorcycle licence") allows the driver to ride a motorcycle. Classes 2, 3, 4, and 5 ("heavy vehicles licence") allow the driver to drive heavy vehicles of varying degrees according to the classes carried.

Classes 1 and 6 licences are able to be obtained on or after the driver's 16th birthday. Obtaining a Class 1 or Class 6 licence involves a three-tier stage system, starting with the learner licence, followed by the restricted licence, before finally obtaining the full licence. Classes 2 to 5 can be obtained only by a driver that carries a Class 1 full licence, and involves a two-tier stage system, missing out the restricted licence step.

 Class 1 (car) - a class 1 licence holder can drive any rigid or combination vehicle (other than a motorcycle) up to 6,000 kg gross combined weight (GCW). They may also drive a tractor up to 18,000 kg GCW and a tractor and trailer up to 25,000 kg GCW provided they are driven at a speed not exceeding 40 km/h.
 Class 2 (medium rigid) - To apply a class 2 licence, a person must have held a full class 1 licence for at least six months. A class 2 licence holder can drive any rigid vehicle (other than a motorcycle) up to 18,000 kg gross laden weight (GLW), including with a light trailer up to 3,500 kg. They may also drive a combination vehicle (i.e. with a trailer exceeding 3,500 kg) up to 12,000 kg GCW.
 Class 3 (medium combination) - To apply a class 3 licence, a person must have held a full class 2 licence for at least six months. A class 3 licence holder can drive any rigid vehicle (other than a motorcycle) up to 18,000 kg GLW, and any combination vehicle up to 25,000 kg GCW.
 Class 4 (heavy rigid) - To apply a class 4 licence, a person must have held a full class 2 licence for at least six months. A class 4 licence holder can drive any rigid vehicle (other than a motorcycle), including with a light trailer up to 3,500 kg. They may also drive a combination vehicle (i.e. with a trailer exceeding 3,500 kg) up to 12,000 kg GCW.
 Class 5 (heavy combination) - To apply a class 5 licence, a person must have held a full class 4 licence for at least six months. A class 5 licence holder can drive any rigid or combination vehicle (other than a motorcycle).
 Class 6 (motorcycle) - a class 6 licence holder can ride any motorcycle, including mopeds and all-terrain vehicles.

Endorsements
In addition to the six classes, driving some types of vehicles or services require licence endorsements. These can be gained once the appropriate course for the endorsement has been completed. Drivers applying for endorsements I, O, P and V also have to undergo a Police background check. Endorsements F, R, T, V and W are for driving the respective vehicles on a public road; the endorsements are not required if driven on private property that is not legally a "Public Place". A P endorsement is required only for taking paying passengers, not for driving the vehicle itself.

D – dangerous goods
F – forklifts
I – driving instructor
O – driver testing officer
P – commercial passenger (e.g. taxi and bus drivers)
R – vehicles running on rollers
T – vehicles running on self-laying tracks
V – vehicle recovery (e.g. tow-truck drivers)
W – special-type vehicles running on wheels

Stages for car and motorcycle licences

In 1999 plastic card licences replaced the plasticised paper licences. These needed to be renewed every 10 years, and featured a digital photo of the holder and a signature.
Newly styled licences similar to those in Europe were introduced as of 24 November 2014, coming into effect on 1 December 2014. Learner and Restricted licences are now issued for five years (previously ten) whereas full licences continue to be issued for ten years. This rule of licence renewal, however, changes after the person has reached their 75th birthday.

Learner Licence
A car learner licence is gained after scoring at least 32 out of 35 on a multiple-choice test relating to the Road Code. Once gained, it allows the holder to drive a car provided they display black-on-yellow learner plates and are accompanied by a "supervisor" (being any person who has a full New Zealand licence of the same class, and has had it or an equivalent overseas licence for at least two years).  After having passed the test, the person will gain a temporary learner licence to use until they gain the photo learner licence.

A motorcycle learner licence is gained after passing a basic handling test and scoring at least 32 out of 35 on the theory test. Once gained, it allows the holder to ride a motorcycle provided they display a learner plate on the rear of their motorcycle, they do not ride with passengers or between the hours of 10:00 pm and 5:00 am, and they do not tow another vehicle. They must also only ride on a learner-approved motorcycle (LAMS); these motorcycles must have an engine displacement less than 660cc and a power-to-weight ratio of less than 150 kW per tonne (assuming the rider and their gear weighs 90 kg)

A heavy vehicle learner licence is gained after scoring at least 33 out of 35 on a multiple-choice test about the Road Code. There is a heavy vehicle test for classes 2, 3 and 5; the class 4 learner licence test is the same as the class 2 test and is only taken if the person does not hold a class 2 licence.

The learner licence is a blue plastic card and is issued to an applicant who passes the learner's test. The card is always the colour of the most restrictive licence, so a driver with a full Class 1 car licence and a learner Class 2 heavy vehicle licence will have a blue card.

Restricted Licence
When a driver has held their learner licence for six months, they are eligible to progress to a restricted licence, providing they meet the eyesight and medical requirements, and pass the restricted licence test.

Restricted car licence holders are permitted to drive on their own between the hours of 5 am and 10 pm, and allowed to carry specific passengers such as their long-term partner or spouse, parent, sibling or child. If the licence holder is driving with a supervisor (a person who has held their full licence for a minimum of two years) seated in the front passenger seat, the night driving and passenger restrictions do not apply. Drivers who sat their restricted licence test in an automatic transmission car are only permitted to drive automatic transmission vehicles unless they have a supervisor with them.

Restricted motorcycle licence holders have the same restrictions as on their learner licence, except they no longer have to display learner plates.

The restricted licence is a yellow plastic card.

Full Licence
The final part of the licensing system, a full licence allows the holder to drive at any time and is normally issued without any other conditions. Restricted licence holders may apply for their full licence after holding their restricted licence for a period of 18 months, or 12 months if an approved defensive driving course has been completed (after six months of holding their licence). However, for drivers 25 years of age or older, the period that the restricted licence is held is six months or three months with an approved course having been completed. The practical, in-car test has a duration of 30 minutes. When the holder has held their full licence for two years, they are eligible to act as a supervisor for learner and restricted licence holders.

The full licence is a green plastic card. If a fully licensed driver is subject to court-ordered rules (e.g. a zero alcohol licence), the licence card is pink.

Full licences have to be renewed once every ten years until the driver is 75. Drivers must then renew their driver's licence on their 75th birthday, 80th birthday, and every second birthday after that.

International
A New Zealand licence is valid for use for a limited period of time in many countries. An International Driving Permit (IDP) may be obtained from the Automobile Association. To obtain an IDP a person must be 18 years of age or over,  hold a full current licence.

Visitors to New Zealand who hold overseas drivers licences may be required to take a driving test before they qualify for a full New Zealand licence. However, those from countries with similar road rules are only required to take a theory test (similar to the learner licence test) within a year of arrival or even simply convert their licence to a full New Zealand drivers licence for NZ$52.10 without any further tests (e.g. Germany); until this time they may continue to drive on their foreign drivers licence provided it is either written in English, or they have an authorised English translation available.

Driving age concerns
Before 1 August 2011, someone could apply for a learner licence from the age of 15, and subsequently apply for a restricted licence by 15 and a half years of age, allowing unsupervised driving with certain restrictions, and finally a full licence by 16 and a half years of age. The minimum driver licensing age was raised by one year to 16 years of age since 1 August 2011, so the earliest someone can drive unsupervised is 16 and a half years of age. This change was initially met with opposition from people living in rural or remote areas. Many teenagers in rural areas learn to drive "on the farm" from the age of 12 by using farm equipment such as tractors. From a family day planning perspective, it is easier for students living in rural areas without access to public transport to drive themselves to school, when they become old enough to drive.

Oldest licensed driver
At 107 as of 2019, New Zealand's oldest driver was Bob Moorfield.

References

External links
Your driver licence New Zealand Transport Agency

New Zealand
Road transport in New Zealand


Halwell Camp is an Iron Age hill fort situated close to the village of Halwell in Devon, England. The fort is situated on a pass between two hilltops to the east of the village at approx 185 metres above sea level.

References

Hill forts in Devon


Bubber is a nickname and surname which may refer to:

People:
 Bubber or Bubba Brooks (1922-2002), American jazz tenor saxophonist
 James Bubber Epps (born 1943), American politician
 Clarence James Bubber Jonnard (1897-1977), American Major League Baseball catcher
 James "Bubber" Miley (1903-1932), American jazz trumpet and cornet player
 Charles M. Murphy (coach) (1913-1999), American football, basketball and baseball player and Middle Tennessee State University head coach
 Riva Bubber, Indian television actress
 Bubber or Niels Christian Meyer, Danish television host

Fictional characters:
 Charlie "Bubber" Reeves, a main character in the 1966 film The Chase, played by Robert Redford
 John Bubber, a main character in the 1992 film Hero, played by Andy Garcia
 Bernard "Bubber" Surle, the main character in the short story "The Cookie Lady" by Philip K. Dick

See also
 Bubba

Nicknames


Driver's license in the Philippines consists of three types. These are student permit, non-professional, and professional. The minimum age for driving in the Philippines is 16 years old, provided that the driver has applied for a student permit and is accompanied by a duly licensed person, whether professional or non-professional. An applicant can only apply for a non-professional driver's license one month after acquiring a student permit. An applicant needs to have a non-professional driver's license for six months to be eligible for a professional driver's license. An applicant must pass both the Land Transportation Office written exam and a driving exam. If the applicant fails the tests, the applicant must wait for a month before being able to take the tests again.

Restriction codes
Drivers are assigned a restriction code that designates which type of vehicle they can operate. Restriction codes are based on the kind of vehicle and their gross vehicle weight. A new restriction code system which is similar to the European and United Kingdom version is now in use since January of 2021. A driver approved of driving a manual transmission(MT) vehicle is allowed to also drive automatic, whereas those approved for automatic transmission (AT) can not drive manual.

*Note: Restrictions 1, 2, and 4 only apply to non-professional driver's licenses.

New restriction codes since January 2021

Condition code
Applicants are assessed during application if they have certain impairments that could impede their driving capability. They are then assigned a condition code(s) if they fall within a category.

*Note: Special driving conditions and special equipment to be used shall be the assessed by a Land Transportation Office driver evaluator.

Use in other countries

ASEAN member states
The Kuala Lumpur Agreement of 1985 authorizes holders of driving licenses issued by the government of an Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member state to drive in any ASEAN country without the need for an international driving permit.

Australia
Overseas licenses are allowed to be used in Australia for a period of three months, with some allowing six months for visitors with a permanent visa. Permanent Australian residents are obliged to apply for an Australian driver's license, with some states requiring it.

Spain
As of April 16, 2010, an agreement was signed between the Filipino and Spanish governments allowing Filipinos to use their Philippine driver's license in Spain.

Foreign driving license
Foreigners who hold a valid driver's license issued by the road authority of their home country can drive in the Philippines for up to 90 days upon arrival provided that their license is written in English. If the license is not in English, an official English translation from the local embassy of the issuing country is required.

Holders of driving licenses issued by any ASEAN member-state government are allowed to drive in the Philippines.

References

External links
 Official Philippine Land Transportation Office website

Philippines
Road transportation in the Philippines
Identity documents of the Philippines


Alexandros Yenovelis (born 26 February 1968) is a retired Greek sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres.

He competed in relay at the 1996 Olympic Games and the World Championships in 1993, 1995 and 1997, and in the individual distance at the 1993 and 1995 World Indoor Championships, without reaching the final.

His personal best time was 10.15 seconds, achieved in May 1996 in Rethimno. This ranks him fourth among Greek 100 metres sprinters, behind Angelos Pavlakakis, Aristotelis Gavelas and Christoforos Choidis.

Honours

References

1968 births
Living people
Greek male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Greece
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Greece
Athletes (track and field) at the 1993 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics
20th-century Greek people


Tempany Deckert (born 2 March 1978) is an Australian actress and author, who now resides in Los Angeles, California, United States. She is perhaps best known for her role as Selina Roberts on popular soap opera Home and Away from 1994 to 1997, and briefly in 1998.

Early life
Tempany Deckert was born in 1978 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. She grew up outside the city of Melbourne with her parents and her older sister, make-up artist Kendal Deckert.  Deckert had originally planned to do her HSC, but with receiving a role on Home and Away, she chose acting and deferred her education, planning to return in the future to finish her studies.

Career
Deckert began her acting career at the age of ten appearing in theatre productions.  She trained at MBCTA youth theatre in Melbourne for six years, until she moved to New York City to extend her training as an adult actor.  She appeared in a guest role in RFDS, and walk-on roles on Neighbours. At the age of 16, Deckert relocated to Sydney as she received a lead role in soap opera Home and Away, playing Selina Cook, which lasted for four years. For her portrayal of Selina, Deckert earned a nomination for the Logie Award for Most Popular Actress in 1996. Deckert's decision to leave Home and Away was for greater fame in the United States, which she has since relocated to, living permanently in Los Angeles, like her former co-stars including Isla Fisher and Melissa George.  Following her departure from the show, she appeared on drama series' All Saints and The Secret Life of Us, before landing a role in her first feature film, New Skin, which starred Anthony Hayes and Jessica Napier. In 2009, Deckert starred in her first American feature film, Oral Fixation.

In theatre, Deckert has appeared in several productions including Away at the Black Swan Theatre Company in Western Australia, and the award-winning Direct from Broadway at The Edge Theatre in Newtown, Sydney.

Deckert is also the author and illustrator of a number of books including The Green-Eyed Monster, Maddy's Big Break, The Big Fudge, a series of books entitled Fashion Police, and Radio Rebels.

Filmography

Film

Television

Works
 The Green-Eyed Monster - Scholastic Press Australia, 2001.
 The Big Fudge Part of "The Shooting Stars" series published by Scholastic Press in Australia, 2002.
 Lights ... Camera ... Ghost! ("The Shooting Stars" series) - Scholastic Press Australia, 2002.
 The Stage Kiss ("The Shooting Stars" series) - Scholastic Press Australia, 2002.
 Maddy's Big Break - ("The Shooting Stars" series) - Scholastic Press Australia,
 Understudy to Miss Perfect ("The Shooting Stars" series) - Scholastic Press Australia, 2003.
 In Your Dreams - Scholastic Education, Laguna Bay Publishing, 2005.
 Going Batty - Scholastic Education, Laguna Bay Publishing, 2005.
 Fashion police : the dorky dance dilemma - Tempany Deckert; illustrated by Rae Dale. South Yarra, Vic. : Macmillan Education Australia, 2007.
 Fashion police : the haunted workroom - Tempany Deckert; illustrated by Rae Dale. South Yarra, Vic. : Macmillan Education Australia, 2007.
 Fashion police : braving the bully - Tempany Deckert; illustrated by Rae Dale. South Yarra, Vic. : Macmillan Education Australia, 2007.
 Fashion police : famous fools - Tempany Deckert; illustrated by Rae Dale. South Yarra, Vic. : Macmillan Education Australia, 2007.
 Radio rebels : radio revolution - Tempany Deckert; illustrated by Coral Tulloch. South Yarra, Vic. : Macmillan Education Australia, 2007.
 Radio rebels : wiped out - Tempany Deckert; illustrated by Coral Tulloch. South Yarra, Vic. : Macmillan Education Australia, 2007.
 Radio rebels : blind revenge - Tempany Deckert; illustrated by Coral Tulloch. South Yarra, Vic. : Macmillan Education Australia, 2007.
 Radio rebels : pug hostage - Tempany Deckert; illustrated by Coral Tulloch. South Yarra, Vic. : Macmillan Education Australia, 2007.
 Kids Inc Book Series, The Fashion Police Books 1-4 and Radio Rebels Books 1-4 - Macmillan, Australia

References

External links

Australian soap opera actresses
Australian child actresses
1978 births
Living people
Australian expatriates in the United States


Karl Telford Frederick (February 2, 1881 – February 11, 1963) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

In 1920 he won the gold medal in the individual free pistol event. And he won two gold medals as member of the American team in the team 50 metre free pistol competition and in the team 30 metre military pistol event. He also participated in the individual 30 metre military pistol competition but his place is unknown.

He was born in Chateaugay, New York, and graduated from Princeton University and Harvard Law School.

Frederick served as president of the National Rifle Association of America (from 1934 to 1935) and vice president of the US Revolver Association. He testified during hearings on the National Firearms Act in 1934, saying "I have never believed in the general practice of carrying weapons. I seldom carry one. I have when I felt it was desirable to do so for my own protection. I know that applies in most of the instances where guns are used effectively in self-defense or in places of business and in the home. I do not believe in the general promiscuous toting of guns. I think it should be sharply restricted and only under licenses." Following discussion on the criminal element obtaining weapons, he said "I believe in regulatory methods. I think that makes it desirable that any such regulations imposed should not impose undue hardships on the law-abiding citizens and that they should not obstruct him in the right of self-defense, but that they should be directed exclusively, so far as possible, to suppressing the criminal use, or punishing the criminal use of weapons."

See also
List of Princeton University Olympians

References

External links

Database Olympics - Karl Frederick profile

1881 births
1963 deaths
American male sport shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Olympic medalists in shooting
Presidents of the National Rifle Association
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
People from Chateaugay, New York
Sportspeople from New York (state)
Princeton University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
19th-century American people
20th-century American people


Slapton Castle is an Iron Age hill fort situated close to Slapton in Devon, England. The fort is on a promontory on the eastern side of a hilltop at approximately  above sea level, overlooking Slapton Ley.

References

External links

Hill forts in Devon
Stokenham


South Carolina Highway 63 (SC 63) is a  state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The highway is designated on a north–south direction, though it is signed as and located physically on an east–west orientation, from U.S. Route 278 (US 278) in Varnville to SC 64 Business (SC 64 Bus.) in Walterboro.

Major intersections

Islandton alternate route

South Carolina Highway 63 Alternate (SC 63 Alt.) was an alternate route that existed east-southeast of Islandton. It was established in February 1938 as a partial renumbering of SC 63. It was decommissioned in 1947 and downgraded to secondary roads. Its west–east portion is known today as Varnadoe Road. Its south–north portion is known as Adnah Church Road.

See also

References

External links

SC 63 at Virginia Highways' South Carolina Highways Annex
Former SC 63 ALT at Virginia Highways' South Carolina Highways Annex

063
Transportation in Hampton County, South Carolina
Transportation in Colleton County, South Carolina


The Dizengoff Center suicide bombing (also Purim massacre) was a Palestinian terrorist attack which took place on March 4, 1996, on the eve of the Jewish holiday of Purim. The suicide bomber blew himself up outside Dizengoff Center in downtown Tel Aviv, killing 13 Israelis and wounding 130 more. The attack was the fourth suicide bombing in Israel in nine days, bringing the death toll during that span to over 60.

The attack

The suicide bomber detonated just before 4 pm (GMT+2) outside the Dizengoff Center, the largest shopping mall in Tel Aviv. That day the center was particularly crowded for the eve of Purim. Many in the crowd were children dressed in costume for the holiday. The bomber sought to enter the mall but turned back because of the police presence. Instead, he went into the busy intersection where a large number of pedestrians were crossing the street and set off his 20-kilogram nail bomb. Following the attack, a phone call to an Israeli radio station apparently from a Hamas representative identified the attacker as Abdel-Rahim Ishaq, a 24-year-old resident of Ramallah.

References

External links
The Bat-Chen Diaries
Patches, a memorial film

Suicide bombings in 1996
Israeli casualties in the Second Intifada
Terrorist incidents in Tel Aviv
Mass murder in 1996
Massacres in Israel
March 1996 crimes
March 1996 events in Asia
1990s in Tel Aviv
Islamic terrorist incidents in 1996
Hamas suicide bombings
Building bombings in Israel
1996 murders in Israel
Terrorist incidents in Israel in 1996
Shopping mall bombings


Alfred Maurer may refer to:
 Alfred Henry Maurer (1868–1932), American modernist painter
 Alfred Werner Maurer (born 1945), German architect, urban planner and art historian
 Alfred Maurer (politician) (1888–1954), Estonian politician


The QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss or in French use Canon Hotchkiss à tir rapide de 47 mm were a family of long-lived light  naval guns introduced in 1886 to defend against new, small and fast vessels such as torpedo boats and later submarines.  There were many variants produced, often under license which ranged in length from 32 to 50 calibers but 40 caliber was the most common version.  They were widely used by the navies of a number of nations and often used by both sides in a conflict.  They were also used ashore as coastal defense guns and later as an anti-aircraft gun, whether on improvised or specialized HA/LA mounts.

Operational history

French service

The French Navy used two versions of the Hotchkiss 3-pounder: the short-barreled  M1885 and the long-barreled  M1902, which had a larger muzzle velocity than its predecessor.  The French L/40 M1885 and the British QF 3-pounder were largely the same gun. Like the British who paired their 3-pounders with the larger QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss the French often paired theirs with the Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891 sometimes called a 9-pounder in English publications.  The 3-pounder was primarily used as anti-torpedo boat defense aboard armored cruisers, destroyers, ironclads, pre-dreadnought battleships, protected cruisers and submarines.  During World War I, the role of the guns changed from anti-torpedo boat defense to anti-aircraft defense and new high angle mounts were developed but were found to be ineffective.

The Liberté-class and Danton-class battleships mounted the gun, in addition to the cruisers Jules Michelet, Ernest Renan, and those of the Edgar Quinet-class. It was used as the standard French shipboard anti-aircraft gun during World War I, being replaced by the Canon de 75 mm modèle 1908.

After World War I the majority of 3-pounders in the anti-aircraft role were replaced with either the anti-aircraft version of the Canon de 75 modèle 1897 or the Canon de 75 mm modèle 1924.
French ships armed with the L/40 M1885 and L/50 M1902 include:

 Amiral Charner-class cruisers
 Amphitrite-class submarines
 Arquebuse-class destroyers
 Bouvines-class coast defense ships
 Branlebas-class destroyers
 Bretagne-class battleships
 Charlemagne-class battleships
 Claymore-class destroyers
 Clorinde-class submarines
 Courbet-class battleships
 Danton-class battleships
 D'Estrées-class cruisers
 Dupleix-class cruisers
 Dupuy de Lôme-class submarines
 Durandal-class destroyers
 Framee-class destroyers
 Gloire-class cruisers
 Gueydon-class cruisers
 Gustave Zédé-class submarines
 Leon Gambetta-class cruisers
 Liberte-class battleships
 Marceau-class ironclads
 Normandie-class battleships
 O'Byrne-class submarines
 Pertuisane-class destroyers
 Republique-class battleships
 French ironclad Amiral Baudin
 French battleship Brennus
 French battleship Carnot
 French battleship Charles Martel

Australian service
A 3-pounder Hotchkiss was used on an improvised mounting in a battle that resulted in Australia's first prisoners of World War 2 being captured near Berbera in 1940.  The guns are now used in a Three Pound Saluting Gun Battery at the Garden Island Naval Base.

Austro-Hungarian service

The  Austro-Hungarian Navy used two versions of the Hotchkiss 3-pounder.  The first was the short  SFK L/33 H of 1890 produced under license by Skoda.  The second was the long  SFK L/44 S of 1897 produced under license by Skoda.  These two guns were the primary rapid fire anti-torpedo boat guns of many ships built or refitted between 1890 and 1918.  On 16 August 1914 at the Battle of Antivari, the Austro-Hungarian protected cruiser SMS Zenta was sunk by a combined Anglo-French force.  Both sides in the battle were armed with Hotchkiss guns.

Austro-Hungarian ships armed with the L/33 and L/44 include:

 Erzherzog Karl-class battleships
 Habsburg-class battleships
 Huszár-class destroyers
 Kaiman-class torpedo boats
 Kaiser Franz Joseph I-class cruisers
 Monarch-class coastal defense ships
 Panther-class cruisers
 Radetzky-class battleships
 U-10-class submarines
 SMS Boa
 SMS Kaiser Karl VI
 SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia
 SMS Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf
 SMS Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie
 SMS Sankt Georg
 Zenta-class cruisers

Chinese service
China adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder in the 1880s, to arm its cruisers and smaller auxiliaries; the Hai Yung-class cruisers of the Imperial Chinese Navy built by AG Vulcan Stettin were armed with Nordenfelt 3-pounder guns firing the same ammunition. During the First Sino-Japanese war, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounder guns.

Chinese ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:

 Chao Ho-class cruisers
 Yongfeng-class coastal defense ships
 Zhiyuen-class cruisers
 Chinese cruiser Hai Chi
 Chinese cruiser Jingyuan
 Chinese cruiser Laiyuan

Italian service
Italy adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder in the 1880s to arm its armored cruisers, battleships, protected cruisers, torpedo boats and torpedo cruisers.  Ships on both sides of the Italo-Turkish war were armed with 3-pounder guns.  The Italians carried Hotchkiss and Vickers guns, while the Ottoman Navy carried Nordenfelt guns.

Italian ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:

 Folgore-class cruisers
 Giuseppe Garibaldi-class cruisers
 Pegaso-class torpedo boats
 Regina Elena-class battleships
 Regina Margherita-class battleships
 Italian cruiser Tripoli

Japanese service

Japan adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolver cannon in the 1880s and later adopted the simpler single-barrel quick-firing weapon.  The Japanese versions of the 3-pounder were known as Yamanouchi guns and were largely identical to their British equivalents.  The Japanese also had a related 30 caliber 2½-pounder gun from Elswick, the Yamanouchi Mk I.  During the Russo-Japanese War, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounder guns.  The Japanese found them to be ineffective and removed them after the war.

Japanese ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:

 Asama-class cruisers
 Fuji-class battleships
 Kasagi-class cruisers
 Kasuga-class cruisers
 Katori-class battleships
 Kongō-class ironclads
 Matsushima-class cruisers
 Niitaka-class cruisers
 Shikishima-class battleships
 Suma-class cruisers
 Tsukuba-class cruisers
 Japanese battleship Asahi
 Japanese battleship Mikasa
 Japanese cruiser Akitsushima
 Japanese cruiser Azuma
 Japanese cruiser Chihaya
 Japanese cruiser Chiyoda
 Japanese cruiser Miyako
 Japanese cruiser Soya
 Japanese cruiser Takasago
 Japanese cruiser Tatsuta (1894)
 Japanese cruiser Yaeyama
 Japanese cruiser Yakumo
 Japanese cruiser Yoshino
 Japanese gunboat Oshima
 Japanese ironclad Fusō
 Japanese submarine tender Karasaki

Polish service
Polish  Hotchkiss guns named the wz.1885 gun, were used on first ships of the Polish Navy, received after World War I, like ex-German torpedo boats and minesweepers. By the time of World War II most had been replaced on naval ships but several stored guns were used in combat on improvised stationary mounts by Land Coastal Defence units in the Battle of Kępa Oksywska in September 1939.

Romanian service
The Romanian Navy used the Škoda-produced version of the gun. The gun was used as secondary and later tertiary armament on the Romanian monitors of the Mihail Kogălniceanu class. It also served as the main armament of the Căpitan Nicolae Lascăr Bogdan class of armored multi-purpose boats, each of the 8 boats carrying one gun.

Russian service

Russia adopted the Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolver cannon in the 1880s, and later adopted the less complicated single-barrel 43 caliber quick-firing weapon. The 5-barrel guns were equipped on the Ekaterina II-class battleships commissioned in 1889 but by 1892 the battleship Dvenadsat Apostolov and her successors had single-barrel weapons.  In 1888 licensed production of a Russian variant started at the Obukhov State Plant.  During the Russo-Japanese War, ships of both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounders, which were found to be ineffective against Japanese torpedo boats and were removed from first-line warships after the war.  The Evstafi class, commissioned in 1910 ceased carrying the weapon but they were later fitted to patrol vessels and river craft during World War I and at least 62 weapons were converted to anti-aircraft guns by 1917.

Russian ships armed with 3-pounder guns include:

 Admiral Ushakov-class coastal defense ships
 Amur-class minelayers
 Bayan-class cruisers
 Bogatyr-class cruisers
 Borodino-class battleships
 Derzky-class destroyers
 Izumrud-class cruisers
 Peresvet-class battleships
 Petropavlovsk-class battleships
 Russian battleship Navarin
 Russian battleship Potemkin
 Russian battleship Retvizan
 Russian battleship Rostislav
 Russian battleship Sissoi Veliky
 Russian battleship Tri Sviatitelia
 Russian battleship Tsesarevich
 Russian cruiser Admiral Kornilov
 Russian cruiser Admiral Nakhimov (1885)
 Russian cruiser Almaz
 Russian cruiser Askold
 Russian cruiser Boyarin
 Russian cruiser Gromoboi
 Russian cruiser Pamiat Azova
 Russian cruiser Rossia
 Russian cruiser Rurik (1892)
 Russian cruiser Rurik (1906)
 Russian cruiser Svetlana
 Russian cruiser Varyag
 Russian cruiser Vladimir Monomakh
 Russian yacht Standart

United Kingdom service
In 1886 this gun was the first of the modern Quick-firing (QF) artillery to be adopted by the Royal Navy as the  built under licence by the Elswick Ordnance Company.

By the middle of World War I the Hotchkiss gun was obsolescent and was gradually replaced by the more powerful Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers gun. Of the 2,950 produced it is estimated that 1,948 were still available in 1939 for RN use.  The availability, simplicity and light weight of the gun kept it in use in small vessels and many were later brought back into service on merchant vessels used for auxiliary duties in World War II or as saluting guns and sub-calibre guns for gunnery practice until the 1950s. Early in WWII, it was also pressed into service in ports around the British Empire, to defend against possible incursions by motor torpedo boats, until the modern QF 6 pounder 10 cwt gun became available. Two, brought from Gibraltar in the late 1990s, are still in use on Victory Green in the Falkland Islands for saluting purposes.

Royal Navy ships armed with QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns included:

 Admiral-class ironclads
 Adventure-class cruisers
 Alert-class sloops
 Arrogant-class cruisers
 Astraea-class cruisers
 Blake-class cruisers
 Bramble-class gunboats
 C-class cruisers
 Cadmus-class sloops
 Canopus-class battleships
 Centurion-class battleships
 Challenger-class cruisers
 Colossus-class battleships
 Condor-class sloops
 Conqueror-class monitors
 Cressy-class cruisers
 Cyclops-class monitors
 Devastation-class ironclads
 Devonshire-class cruisers
 Diadem-class cruisers
 Drake-class cruisers
 Duncan-class battleships
 Eclipse-class cruisers
 Formidable-class battleships
 Forward-class cruisers
 Gorgon-class monitors
 Highflyer-class cruisers
 King Edward VII-class battleships
 King George V-class battleships
 Lord Nelson-class battleships
 Majestic-class battleships
 Marathon-class cruisers
 Monarch-class coastal defense ships
 Monmouth-class cruisers
 Orion-class battleships
 Orlando-class cruisers
 Pathfinder-class cruisers
 Pearl-class cruisers
 Pelorus-class cruisers
 Phoenix-class sloops
 Powerful-class cruisers
 Redbreast-class gunboats
 Royal Sovereign-class battleships
 Sentinel-class cruisers
 Topaze-class cruisers
 Trafalgar-class ironclads

United States service

The US Navy used several types of 3-pounder guns from multiple manufacturers and it is difficult to determine from references which type a particular ship carried. Hotchkiss 3-pounder 5-barrel revolving cannons were used, along with single-barrel quick-firing single-shot Hotchkiss 3-pounders. Both are called rapid-firing (RF) in references.  Ships on both sides in the Spanish–American War were armed with Hotchkiss 3-pounders.  By 1910 the US was building the dreadnought-type South Carolina class, with a secondary armament composed entirely of 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Although removed from first-line warships by World War I, some 3-pounders were fitted on patrol vessels, with a few weapons serving on those ships through World War II.

 Amphitrite-class monitors
 Asheville-class gunboats
 Chester-class cruisers
 Columbia-class cruisers
 Connecticut-class battleships
 Delaware-class battleships
 Maine-class battleships
 Mississippi-class battleships
 New Orleans-class cruisers
 New York-class battleships
 Northampton-class cruisers
 Pennsylvania-class cruisers
 Pensacola-class cruisers
 Portland-class cruisers
 South Carolina-class battleships
 St. Louis-class cruisers
 Tennessee-class cruisers
 Virginia-class battleships
 Wilmington-class gunboats
 Wyoming-class battleships
 Yorktown-class gunboats

Ammunition
The most common types of ammunition available for 3-pounder guns were low yield Steel shells and common lyddite shells.  In World War II higher yield high explosive rounds were produced.

Photo gallery

Surviving examples
 The Jardines Noonday gun at Causeway Bay, Hong Kong.
 A gun at the Royal Queensland Yacht Squadron, Manly, Queensland, Australia.
 Two guns on "elastic frame" mounting in the Casemate de l'Aschenbach, Uffheim, Haut-Rhin, France.
 A saluting battery of multiple guns at Fort Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia.
 Four guns on the tall ship Libertad, which serves as a school ship in the Argentine Navy; all fully operational as saluting battery or multipurpose defense.
 3 guns used for ceremonial purposes at .
 National Museum of the United States Navy has one on display with 1910 brass gun sight and slide manufactured at the Naval Gun Factory.

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
 QF 3 pounder Nordenfelt : Nordenfelt equivalent
 QF 3 pounder Vickers : Vickers equivalent
 5 cm SK L/40 gun : German equivalent

Licensed production

 Elswick Ordnance Company
 Obukhov State Plant
 Skoda Works
 William Cramp & Sons

Wars

 First Sino-Japanese War
 Spanish–American War
 Russo-Japanese War
 Italo-Turkish War
 First Balkan War
 Second Balkan War
 World War I
 Winter War
 World War II

Users

Notes

References

External links

 Handbook of the 3 pounder Hotchkiss quick-firing gun Land service 1892, 1900 at State Library of Victoria
 Handbook for Hotchkiss 6-pr and 3-pr. quick-firing guns 1896 at State Library of Victoria
 Tony DiGiulian, British Hotchkiss 3-pdr (1.4 kg) (1.85"/40 (47 mm)) QF Marks I and II
 DiGiulian, Tony, US 3-pounders
 DiGiulian, Tony, Russian Hotchkiss 3-pounders

47 mm artillery
Naval guns of France
Naval guns of the United Kingdom
Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
Coastal artillery
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1886
World War I naval weapons of the United Kingdom
Naval guns of the United States
Russo-Japanese war weapons of Russia
Russo-Japanese war weapons of Japan


Hristoforos Hoidis (; born 10 September 1978) is a Greek sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres.

He competed at the 2004 Olympic Games and the 1999 World Championships, but did not reach the final.

His personal best time was 10.14 seconds, achieved in June 2004 in Plovdiv. This ranks him third among Greek 100 metres sprinters, only behind Angelos Pavlakakis and Aristotelis Gavelas.

In 2005 Hoidis was found guilty of doping. He received an IAAF suspension from July 2005 to July 2007.

Honours

References

1978 births
Living people
Greek male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Greece
Doping cases in athletics
Greek sportspeople in doping cases
20th-century Greek people


Barcombe was a railway station serving the village of Barcombe in East Sussex. It was part of the East Grinstead to Lewes line, part of which now makes up the Bluebell Railway. The station was originally opened as "New Barcombe" to distinguish it from the nearby station of Barcombe Mills (then called 'Barcombe') and was changed to its more usual name on 1 January 1885. In 1897 goods sidings were installed at a cost of £1450.

It was planned to close the line and the station on 13 June 1955, although they actually closed on 29 May due to a railway strike. The line closure was found to be illegal under the original acts authorising construction of the railway and British Railways were forced to reopen it in August 1956. However, the station was not reopened as it was not mentioned in the legislation.

After Parliament repealed the sections in question, the line was closed in March 1958 under the British Railways Branch-Line Report (prior to the Beeching Axe) and the track was lifted in 1960 from south of Sheffield Park to Culver Junction. Subsequently, Barcombe station building was sold and was converted into a private house. The platform edge is still visible but the trackbed has been infilled up to about one foot below platform level.

Despite the re-opening of part of the East Grinstead-Lewes line by the Bluebell Railway, an extension south from its headquarters at Sheffield Park seems improbable in the short term as the intermediate station, Newick and Chailey is now covered by housing, and several overbridges would have to be rebuilt.

Miscellaneous

Bernard Holden, former president of the Bluebell Railway, was born in Barcombe Station in 1908. His father was the station master at the time.

References

External links
 Barcombe station at Subterranea Britannica

Disused railway stations in East Sussex
Former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1882
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1955
Thomas Myres buildings
railway station


Habash may refer to:

People
Al-Habash, ancient region in the Horn of Africa
Habesha people, of Ethiopia and Eritrea
Siddi or Habshi, people of African descent in India and Pakistan
Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, a Persian astronomer
George Habash, a Palestinian political leader, ex-Secretary-General of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Sakher Habash, a Palestinian leader of the Fatah movement
Mohammad Al-Habash, a Syrian Islamic scholar, writer and politician.

Places
Habash, Ardabil, Iran
Habash, East Azerbaijan, Iran
Habash-e Olya, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Habash-e Sofla, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Habash, Zanjan, Iran

See also
Habishi (disambiguation)
Habashi (disambiguation)
Abyssinian (disambiguation)
Abyssinia (disambiguation)
Siddi (disambiguation)


FC Mretebi Tbilisi was a Georgian football club based in Tbilisi. Mretebi were founded on 3 February 1988 by Vazha Chkaidze, a football coach and theatre director. At that time, major football clubs in the Soviet Union were professional in practice, but were officially regarded as amateur. For example, Lokomotiv players were officially classed as railway workers. Mretebi were founded as an openly professional club, the first Soviet club to do so.

Amid the collapse of the Soviet Union, Georgian football established an independent football league system in 1990. Mretebi reached the last sixteen of the Georgian Cup in 1990, and won the Second Division in 1991. Winning the Second Division meant a playoff for promotion to the Umaglesi Liga, the highest level of Georgian football. Mretebi's opponents in the playoff were Iveria Khashuri, who had finished bottom of the Umaglesi Liga. Mretebi won 3–2 after extra time, and gained promotion. In their first season in the top division, Mretebi finished in mid-table with 48 points.

During this period of relative success Mretebi's star player was teenage midfielder Georgi Kinkladze, and in the 1992 close season reigning champions FC Dinamo Tbilisi agreed a transfer fee of one million roubles for the player. However, once Kinkladze's transfer was complete, Dinamo disputed the fee on the grounds that he had previously been a member of the Dinamo youth system.

Mretebi fared less well the following season, finishing sixteenth out of seventeen teams, and in 1994 they were relegated after winning only three matches all season. The club subsequently had league finishes in the lower reaches of the Second Division. In 1995 former Mretebi player Kinkladze joined Manchester City of the English Premier League from Dinamo Tbilisi for £2 million. As part of the deal which took Kinkladze to Dinamo, Mretebi were entitled to a proportion of any sell-on fee, but Dinamo refused to pay. A lengthy dispute in which the matter was referred to the Georgian Football Federation and FIFA followed, with Mretebi claiming $875,000 in unpaid fees. A decision by FIFA in 2000 ordered Dinamo to pay $300,000. Dinamo paid this sum in 2001, but the cost of the case and that of subsequent claims and appeals meant that Mretebi, by now playing in the lower echelons of the Georgian football system, suffered financial collapse and withdrew from the league in 2002. An appeal to the European Court of Human Rights was dismissed in 2007.

References

Defunct football clubs in Georgia (country)
Football clubs in Tbilisi
Association football clubs established in 1988
Association football clubs disestablished in 2002
1988 establishments in Georgia (country)
2002 disestablishments in Georgia (country)


Florentin () is a neighborhood in the southern part of Tel Aviv, Israel, named for , a Greek Jew who purchased the land in the late 1920s. Development of the area was spurred by its proximity to the Jaffa–Jerusalem railway.

Florentin was initially populated primarily by poor Sephardic Jewish immigrants from North Africa, Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, and Bukhara. As with much of south Tel Aviv, for many decades it suffered from urban decay and poverty. By the 1960s, the area had declined from a working-class area to a slum, as the original residents moved out. However, since the 1990s and 2000s, the area has attracted many younger residents and artists who were first attracted by its lower rents, and the neighborhood is now also associated with a bohemian lifestyle. Florentin now has numerous artists' workshops, cafes, restaurants, markets, and graffiti tours. The area is also an industrial zone and a garment district, where both Jewish and Arab wholesalers buy and sell clothing and furniture.

History

The land was purchased in the 1920s by the Salonika-Palestine Investment Company, founded in 1921 by Jews in Salonika to develop commercial relations with Jewish settlements in Palestine. After World War I , compounding the effects of the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 in which the city's Jewish quarter was destroyed, along with 12,000 homes, leaving over 70,000 homeless people. In 1924, the Salonika-Palestine Company sent an envoy to Palestine to purchase land in Jaffa, south of Tel Aviv's Herzl Street, in an area bordering Neveh Tzedek and Ahuzat Bayit that was close to the Jaffa-Jerusalem railroad. Due to Ottoman land laws, building in the area was held up until 1933.

Florentin was initially populated primarily by Jewish immigrants from North Africa, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Bukhara. For decades, it was a low-income neighbourhood, suffering from urban decay. By the 1960s, the area had declined from working class to a slum. The original Florentin residents moved out, and it had become a home for the city's poorest residents and a flophouse for illegal workers, mainly from Gaza.

By the 1990s, many of the original buildings were semi-derelict. However, since the 1990s and 2000s, with the opening of many artists' workshops, and the decline of the traditional garment and furniture purchasing industries that had once sustained the area, it has become increasingly popular with artists and bohemians, who flocked to the area for its lower rents.

Florentin was the setting for a TV series in the broadcast between 1997-2001 called Florentin. The series helped to raise awareness of the existence of the neighborhood and to establish the previously neglected neighborhood in the Tel Aviv consciousness.

By the 2010s, Florentin now has numerous cafes, bars and graffiti tours. Today, the area is still also an industrial zone and a garment district, where both Jewish and Arab wholesalers buy and sell clothing and furniture.

Economy
In 1933, the Jaffa Municipality allowed shops and light industries to be opened on the ground floors of the new residential buildings, providing a source of income for the wave of immigrants settling in Palestine at the time. Today it is a combination of industrial zone, garment district, marketplace, and assembly point for foreign workers looking for jobs. An urban renewal campaign sponsored by the Tel Aviv municipality in the 1990s led to a revival of the area, which has become a popular night spot.

Art scene and street art
The area is known for its vibrant local art scene. The mix of garages and abandoned buildings attracted the wave of a bohemian community and opening of many workshops in the 1990s. Artists were attracted to and used the areas' crumbling walls as a canvas for murals.

Street art in Florentin often has strong political message. Local political conflicts between rival political groups have also taken place through graffiti battles on the walls of the neighbourhood.

Much of the graffiti is merely in text form, involving quotes of Hebrew poets, religious passages, and the dialogues taking place between various graffiti artists.

The graffiti has also brought opposition from local residents, and concerns about the declining standards of the graffiti itself as the area becomes more mainstream.

Street artists like Dede, Klone and Kis-Lev, and installation artists such as Sigalit Landau, made the working class neighborhood their home base. Famous works include a '27 Club' mural (27 Club graffiti in Tel Aviv) and a controversial depiction of Yitzhak Rabin's 1995 assassination.

Demography
The population nearly doubled from 3,900 to 7,000 people, of which today 21% are in the 35–44 age range, 33.7% are between the ages of 25 and 34, and children up to 17 years old make up 7% of the population.

Notable residents
Sigalit Landau (1969-), installation artist
Dede, graffiti artist
Nisim Aloni (1926–98), playwright and translator
Chaim Topol (1935-2023), actor, Oscar-nominated for his role as Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof, grew up in the neighborhood
Ethan & Hila Klein, creators of h3h3Productions started their channel while living in Florentin.

See also

Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv

References

Bukharan Jews topics
Bulgarian-Jewish culture in Israel
Ethnic enclaves in Israel
Greek-Jewish culture in Israel
Mizrahi Jewish culture in Israel
Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv
North African-Jewish culture in Israel
Sephardi Jewish culture in Israel
Turkish-Jewish culture in Israel


Woodbury is an Iron Age hillfort situated in the parish of Stoke Fleming, close to Dartmouth in Devon, England. The fort is situated on a promontory on the southern side of Norton Down at approximately  above sea level.

References

External links

Hill forts in Devon
Stoke Fleming


Raymond Cope Bracken (January 8, 1891 – October 23, 1974) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Steubenville, Ohio and died in Columbus, Ohio.

Coached by James H. Snook, and Bracken made his debut by winning the 1917 United States Revolver Association National Championship Pistol Novice Match.  In 1920, along with his coach, he won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team 50 metre free pistol competition, and the silver medal in the individual 30 metre military pistol. He also participated in the individual 50 metre free pistol competition.

References

External links
Raymond Bracken at databaseOlympics.com

1891 births
1974 deaths
American male sport shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in shooting
Sportspeople from Steubenville, Ohio
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics


Kunsthalle Basel is a contemporary art gallery in Basel, Switzerland. As Switzerland's oldest and still most active institution for contemporary art, Kunsthalle Basel forms a vital part of Basel's cultural centre and is located next to the city's theatre, opposite the concert house Stadtcasino, and in the same building as the famed Restaurant Kunsthalle. Curators and directors of the museum have included Jean-Christophe Ammann, Peter Pakesch, and Adam Szymczyk. In November 2014, Los Angeles-born Elena Filipovic was appointed director. The museum also hosts the library of Basler Kunstverein, which holds 30,000 items related to contemporary art, and a photo archive of the museum's history and past exhibits.

History

The construction of Kunsthalle Basel was prompted in 1864 by the merger of the  (in English: Basel Society of Artists) and the  (in English: Basel Art Association), which was founded in 1839. In the 1920s and 1930s, before the opening of Kunstmuseum Basel, Kunsthalle Basel was home to and displayed a part of Basel's public art collections. Due to financial issues in the 1950s, there was a time when the building was rented to the state, but, after being renovated in 1969, it was returned to the Kunstverein.

Architecture

Using revenue from two of the ferry services across the Rhine, Kunsthalle Basel was built between 1869 and 1872 based on a design by . The artists Arnold Böcklin, Karl Brünner (1833-1871), Ernst Stückelberg and Charles Iguel (1826-1897) contributed the architectural adornment of the building. The ground floor of the building was dedicated to serve as an artist's clubhouse (today the Kunsthalle Basel Restaurant).

By 1927, the building had been extended several times to additionally house a workshop for sculptors and a sculpture hall (today the Stadtkino Basel). Between 1969 and 1973, the Kunsthalle underwent its first period of renovation. The library, whose inventory goes back to the founding year of the Kunstverein and today has a focus on contemporary art publications, in 1992 was installed permanently in the rooms of the former caretaker's apartment. In 2004, the Steinberg building underwent further, major renovations executed by the architects  with the intent of both restoring its former glory and simultaneously updating it in an attempt to prolong its relevance in the art and architecture world. During this renovation, the Swiss Architecture Museum S AM moved into the first floor of the building.

Exhibitions
Artists who have had solo exhibitions include:

See also
Kunsthalle
Swiss Architecture Museum
Museums in Basel

References

External links
Kunsthalle Basel website

Museums in Basel
Modern art museums
Contemporary art galleries in Switzerland
Art galleries established in 1872
1872 establishments in Switzerland