The 2008 Backlash was the 10th Backlash professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brand divisions. The event took place on April 27, 2008, at the 1st Mariner Arena in Baltimore, Maryland. The concept of the pay-per-view was based around the backlash from WrestleMania XXIV.

Eight professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event's card, which featured a supercard, a scheduling of more than one main event. The first was a fatal four-way elimination match for the WWE Championship featuring wrestlers from the Raw brand, in which all four men fought in the ring at the same time, with competitors being eliminated by pinfall or submission. Triple H defeated WWE Champion Randy Orton, John Cena, and John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) to win the championship. The other main event featured wrestlers from the SmackDown brand, in which defending World Heavyweight Champion The Undertaker defeated challenger Edge in a standard wrestling match, also known as a singles match. The main event from the ECW brand was a standard match in which defending ECW Champion Kane defeated challenger Chavo Guerrero. In addition, a featured bout was scheduled on the undercard, in which Shawn Michaels defeated Batista in a standard match.

Backlash had an attendance of approximately 11,277 and received 200,000 buys, less than the previous year's event. When the event was released on DVD, it reached a peak position of second on Billboard'''s Recreational Sports DVD Sales Chart. It was also the first Backlash PPV broadcast in high definition.

Production
Background

Backlash is a pay-per-view (PPV) event that was established by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 1999. The concept of the pay-per-view was based around the backlash from WWE's flagship event, WrestleMania. The 2008 event was the 10th Backlash and featured the backlash from WrestleMania XXIV. It was scheduled to take place on April 27, 2008, at the 1st Mariner Arena in Baltimore, Maryland and featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands.

Storylines

The card included matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw, Friday Night SmackDown, and ECW.

Wrestlers from Raw were featured in the main event at Backlash: a fatal four-way elimination match for the WWE Championship, featuring the champion, Randy Orton, defending against Triple H, John Cena, and John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL). The buildup to the match began at WrestleMania XXIV, where Orton defended his title against Triple H and Cena in a triple threat match. Orton won the match, retaining the title after pinning Cena. On the following night's episode of Raw, with the WWE Championship shining on his shoulder, Orton crowed about defeating both Triple H and Cena at WrestleMania, declaring his reign as champion the "Age of Orton". But JBL had other ideas, telling Orton that he deserved a title match as a reward for proving that he was the toughest Superstar on Raw in his Belfast Brawl victory over Finlay also at WrestleMania. On the following week's episode of Raw, Orton began the night believing he would go one-on-one with JBL at Backlash, but the tide quickly turned on him. Due to Triple H's complaint about himself being kicked in the head by Orton when he was about to pin Cena to win the WWE title at WrestleMania, Raw General Manager William Regal placed Triple H into a Handicap match against Orton & JBL, and when Triple H won, Regal made the triple threat match for the title. Not to be outdone, Cena also pleaded his case to Regal, who gave him the same Handicap Match ultimatum. After Orton's intended interference failed, Cena pulled out the win, thus, the championship match at Backlash became a Fatal Four Way starring three former WWE Champions challenging Orton. On the following week's episode of Raw, after his victory over Regal, Orton felt compelled to meddle in the bout between Triple H and JBL. In an attempt at eliminating Triple H from Backlash, Orton ran in and nearly took off Triple H's head. He administered an RKO before then teaming with JBL against him. As Orton was set to punt Triple H's noggin again, however, JBL turned on him and laid him out with a vicious Clothesline From Hell.

The main feud heading into Backlash on the SmackDown brand was between The Undertaker and Edge, over the World Heavyweight Championship. In February, at No Way Out, Undertaker won an Elimination Chamber match to become the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XXIV. At WrestleMania, Undertaker defeated Edge to win the World Heavyweight Championship and extend his WrestleMania undefeated streak to 16–0. On the April 4 episode of SmackDown, SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero booked a WrestleMania rematch between Undertaker and Edge for the World Heavyweight Championship at Backlash.

The secondary feud for SmackDown heading into Backlash was between Matt Hardy and Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP). On the November 16, 2007, episode of SmackDown! after failing to regain the WWE Tag Team Championship from John Morrison and The Miz, MVP attacked Hardy targeting and injuring his knee. The feud would start again at WrestleMania XXIV where Hardy cost MVP the Money in the Bank Ladder Match by performing a Twist of Fate at the top of the ladder. Hardy would then face MVP on the April 4, 2008, episode of SmackDown in a non-title match, which he won. It was confirmed on the next SmackDown that Hardy would face MVP for the United States Championship at Backlash.

The primary feud on the ECW brand was between Kane and Chavo Guerrero, with the two battling over the ECW Championship. Before WrestleMania XXIV aired live on pay-per-view, Kane won a 24-Man Battle Royal to earn an ECW Championship match against Guerrero later that night. Kane would go on to defeat Guerrero and become the new ECW Champion. On the April 4 episode of SmackDown, SmackDown! General Manager Vickie Guerrero booked Kane to defend the ECW Championship against Chavo at Backlash. The feud intensified on the April 8 episode of ECW, where during a contract signing for Backlash, Guerrero, with assistance from Bam Neely, Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder, delivered a Frog splash on Kane through a table. Two weeks later on April 22, 2008, the feud again intensified during an episode of the Cutting Edge, in which Edge, Hawkins, Ryder, and Neely ganged up against Kane. The gang-up allowed Guerrero to attack Kane with a steel chair.

Another feud leading up to Backlash was between Shawn Michaels and Batista. Upset over the retirement of Ric Flair at the hands of Michaels at WrestleMania XXIV, Batista interrupted Michaels' address on the April 4 episode of SmackDown and called him a "selfish" person for what he did at WrestleMania. Batista blamed Michaels for not lying down for Flair and thus protecting his career instead of retiring him. Michaels defended his actions by saying Flair had called upon him to bring his best to WrestleMania, which he did. The conflict continued on an episode of Chris Jericho's "Highlight Reel" interview segment that featured both men on the April 7 episode of Raw. Following another tense verbal standoff, Batista left the ring saying he had something in store for Michaels. Moments later, Raw General Manager William Regal said he had confirmed a match with SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero between Michaels and Batista at Backlash. In addition, the following week Jericho had a confrontation with Shawn Michaels who ended up kicking Jericho in the face. Frustrated, Jericho went to Regal in an effort to possibly add himself to the match. Regal did indeed add Jericho to the match, but not as a competitor. Instead he announced Jericho as a special guest referee for the match.

Event

Before the event began and aired live on pay-per-view, a dark match was featured in which WWE Tag Team Champions John Morrison and The Miz defeated Jimmy Wang Yang and Shannon Moore.

Preliminary matches
The actual pay-per-view began with Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) defending the United States Championship against Matt Hardy. Throughout the match, both Hardy and MVP performed a number of offensive maneuvers on each other, but Hardy eventually gained the advantage when MVP charged Hardy and Hardy dodged him, followed by Hardy performing a Twist of Fate, on MVP. He followed this with a cover for a successful pinfall, giving Hardy the victory and the championship.

The second bout was a standard match for the ECW Championship, in which the champion, Kane, defended his title against Chavo Guerrero, who was accompanied by Bam Neely. Guerrero spent much of the match attacking Kane's leg, and toward the end of the match he performed a frog splash, on Kane. Before he could cover Kane for a pinfall, however, Kane chokeslamed him. Kane then covered Guerrero for a pinfall, thus retaining his championship.

The following contest featured The Big Show against The Great Khali in a standard match. Both men wrestled inconclusively until The Big Show performed a body slam onto Khali, after which Khali attempted to perform a two handed chokeslam on The Big Show. The Big Show countered, however, and delivered a chokeslam to Khali. He then covered him for a successful pinfall, winning the match.

The fourth match was a standard match between Batista and Shawn Michaels, with Chris Jericho as a special guest referee. The men performed a number of offensive moves on one another throughout the match, including Shawn Michaels performing a crossface on Batista. The match also briefly went to the ringside area, where the ringpost was used as a weapon by Michaels. The end of the match came when Batista lifted Michaels for a powerbomb, the Batista Bomb. Michaels, however, escaped from the hold in the air, and when he fell, suffered a storyline knee injury, which caused Jericho to check on Michaels and stop Batista from acting. Michaels eventually got to his feet, and used Sweet Chin Music on Batista. Michaels then covered Batista for a successful pinfall, winning the match. Afterward, Michaels returned to the backstage area while limping heavily.

The next contest was a twelve-Diva tag team match featuring the team of Beth Phoenix, Melina, Natayla, Victoria, Layla, and Jillian Hall against the team of Mickie James, Ashley, Maria, Michelle McCool, Kelly Kelly, and Cherry. The match began with Michelle McCool against Beth Phoenix, and over the course of the match, all of the women participated in the contest. The end of the match came when Beth Phoenix performed a fisherman suplex on Ashley, and then covered her for a successful pin, giving her team the victory.

Main event matches

The sixth match of the event was a standard match for the World Heavyweight Championship, in which the champion, The Undertaker, defended his title against Edge. The match was contested back and forth between the two men, with the early portions of the match featuring The Undertaker controlling much of the action. Edge eventually took an advantage when he exposed the turnbuckle in the corner, and The Undertaker ran head first into it. Curt Hawkins then struck The Undertaker with the World Heavyweight Championship belt, which was followed by an unsuccessful cover by Edge.  Edge then attempted to hit Undertaker with a spear, but The Undertaker countered the maneuver hitting Edge with a  DDT. Zack Ryder then attempted to interfere on behalf of Edge, but The Undertaker threw Edge into Ryder and then caught Edge in an attempted Tombstone Piledriver, in which The Undertaker would have held Edge upside down and knelt, driving Edge's head into the mat. Edge countered the move, however, into a sunset flip. While Edge was pinning The Undertaker, however, The Undertaker performed a gogoplata submission hold, which caused Edge to submit, giving The Undertaker the victory. The Undertaker continued to apply the hold after the match ended, injuring (in storyline) Edge. Edge was removed from the ring on a stretcher by medics, making his injury appear realistic.

In the main event, Randy Orton defended the WWE Championship against John Cena, John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL), and Triple H. The match began with Orton attempting to attack JBL, but JBL countered and threw Orton out of the ring.  JBL then attacked Cena, before being attacked by Triple H.  Cena then attempted to swing Triple H by the arm into the corner, but Triple H reversed the move and sent Cena outside of the ring. Triple H and JBL then fought in the ring, while Cena and Orton fought outside. Cena was later sent off the ring apron into the Raw announcer's table, and Orton and JBL teamed up to attack Triple H in the ring. Triple H eventually hit both of them with a clothesline, and JBL went to the outside of the ring while Triple H and Orton fought inside. Triple H later went outside of the ring and fought with JBL, while Cena returned to the ring and fought with Orton. After the men fought each other for several minutes, Cena put JBL in the STFU. This caused JBL to submit, eliminating him from the match. Immediately following JBL's submission, Orton kicked Cena in the head, which he followed with a cover for a pinfall, eliminating Cena from the match. Triple H and Orton then began to fight on the outside of the ring, with Orton taking control and sending Triple H back into the ring, where he dominated Triple H with a series of maneuvers for several minutes before Triple H struck Orton with his knee. The men fought outside the ring again, and when they returned, they fought for several more minutes until Orton performed a jumping cutter, or RKO, on Triple H. Orton would then try to pin Triple H, only to get a two count. Orton then attempted to kick Triple H in the head, but Triple H dodged the maneuver and both men would counter their finishers until Triple H performed a Pedigree on Orton followed by a successful pin-fall, thus earning him his twelfth world championship.

Reception
The event had a final attendance of 11,277. Canadian Online Explorer's professional wrestling section rated the entire event a 6 out of 10 stars. The Fatal Four-Way main event match from the Raw brand was rated a 6 out of 10 stars, while the SmackDown brand's main event, a standard match for the World Heavyweight Championship, was rated an 8 out of 10 stars, and The Shawn Michaels/Batista match was rated the highest with having an 8.5 out of 10. The event was released on DVD on May 27, 2008 by Sony Music Entertainment. The DVD reached second on Billboard's DVD Sales Chart for recreational sports during the week of June 21, 2008, and remained on the chart until the week of July 26, 2008, when it ranked 13.

Aftermath
The feud between Triple H and Randy Orton continued. On the April 28 episode of Raw, Orton challenged Triple H for the WWE Championship later on in the night. William Regal stopped the match midway through, however, and later booked the two in a Steel Cage match for the title at Judgment Day.

On the May 2 episode of SmackDown, Vickie Guerrero cancelled a scheduled World Title match between Undertaker and The Great Khali and stripped The Undertaker of the World Heavyweight Championship, and Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder stole the physical belt and handed it to Guerrero. The next week on SmackDown, Guerrero booked a "Championship Chase" where the winner would face the Undertaker for the vacant World Championship at Judgment Day. Batista originally won, but his victory was cut short after Guerrero came out and announced that Edge had been medically cleared and would be able to compete. Thus, the match continued, and Edge defeated Batista, gaining the championship match at Judgment Day.

The following night on Raw'', Mickie James' team defeated Beth Phoenix's team in a 12-Diva rematch from Backlash. The following week, James retained the Women's Championship against Phoenix in a lumberjill match, with the win coming after the evil Melina attempted to strike James with her boot, but accidentally struck Phoenix. The alliance between Phoenix and Melina ended a week later, and the two Divas would face James at Judgment Day for the title.

Results

References

External links
 Official Backlash website

2008 in Maryland
Events in Baltimore
2008
Professional wrestling in Baltimore
2008 WWE pay-per-view events
April 2008 events in the United States


Mammalian Species is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Mammalogists. The journal publishes accounts of 12–35 mammal species yearly. The articles summarize the current literature about each mammal and its systematics, genetics, fossil history, distribution, anatomy, physiology, behavior, ecology, and conservation is described. The journal was established in 1969. The current editor-in-chief is Meredith J. Hamilton (Oklahoma State University–Stillwater).

See also
 Journal of Mammalogy

External links
 Official website at Oxford University Press

Mammalogy journals
Academic journals established in 1969
English-language journals


The UK Borders Act 2007 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom about immigration and asylum. Amongst other things, it introduced compulsory biometric residence permits for non-EU immigrants and introduced greater powers for immigration control. It received Royal Assent on 30 October 2007 with sections 17 and 59 to 61 coming into force on that day.

The first commencement order made under section 59 of the Act brought sections 1-4, 5-8, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 23, 29-31 and 40-43 fully into force on 31 January 2008. The same commencement order brought sections 10, 11, 13, 16 and 26 either partially into force, or into force subject to transitional provisions, on the same day. Repeals relating to the Immigration Act 1971, Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, Commissioners for Revenue and Customs Act 2005, Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 and section 130 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 were also commenced on 31 January.

Among other provisions, the Act provides immigration officers with several police-like powers, such as detention, entry, search and seizure. It also created The Independent Chief Inspector of the UK Border Agency.

References

External links

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2007
Immigration law in the United Kingdom
Borders of the United Kingdom
Right of asylum legislation in the United Kingdom


Our Rice House () is a modern Singaporean Chinese 8 episode family drama which is telecast on Singapore's free-to-air channel, MediaCorp TV Channel 8. It made its debut on 4 February 2008.

Cast

Main cast
 Thomas Ong as Da Fan
 Cavin Soh as Xiao Fan
 Aileen Tan as Li Ying
 Michelle Chong as Ting Ting

Supporting cast
Chen Guohua as An Ge
Michelle Tay as Sally
Pan Hongjin as Ma La Ji

Viewership ratings

Singapore Chinese dramas
2008 Singaporean television series debuts
Channel 8 (Singapore) original programming


Marah Roesli (; full name: Marah Rusli bin Abu Bakar) was an Indonesian writer.

Biography
Marah Roesli was born in Padang, West Sumatra on 7 August 1889, and died in Bandung, West Java on 17 January 1968. He was one of the most well-known Indonesian authors from the Balai Pustaka period. He is famous for his novel Sitti Nurbaya, which tells the story of a teenage girl who was forced to marry a man much older than herself to recompense his father's debt. Like other Minangkabau authors, such as Hamka, Ali Akbar Navis, and Abdul Muis, his novels centre on the theme of the increasingly bankrupt Minangkabau culture.

Marah Roesli's father, Sultan Abu Bakar, was a nobleman with the rank Sultan Pangeran. Against his family's wishes, Marah Roesli married a Sundanese woman born in Bogor in 1911, and they had three children, two boys and one girl. Although this marriage was strongly abhorred by his parents, he did not give it up.

Although he is known as a famous novelist, he was a veterinarian by profession. Unlike Taufik Ismail and Asrul Sani, who both completely left their practices as veterinarians to become authors, Marah Roesli kept working in that profession until he retired in 1952 with the title of Head Veterinary. He loved literature from a young age, and always loved listening to stories from the itinerant story tellers in Western Sumatra, and reading literature.

Recognition
In the history of Indonesian literature, Marah Roesli is noted as the first author of a novel, and was designated by Jassin as the "Father of the Modern Indonesian Novel". Before the first novels were written in Indonesia, the prose literature was more similar to folk stories.

Marah Roesli had higher education, and was able to access many books from the Western tradition, especially the Modernism literature prevalent at the time. His works convey the need to move away from the strong traditional values, especially of the Minangkabau people's and embrace the development of the period, and. In light of this, his best known novel Sitti Nurbaya  can be read as an attempt to free the people from the traditions that held them back and stopped young people from following their dreams. The story creates a strong impression on the reader, which is true to this day. After more than 80 years, this book is still being constantly discussed and read.

In addition to Sitti Nurbaya, Marah Roesli also wrote several other novels. However, Sitti Nurbaya is the best known one. The novel received the annual price in literature from the Government of Indonesia in 1969, and has been translated to Russian.

Bibliography

 Memang Jodoh (autobiographical)
 Tesna Zahera (play)

References

External links
"Pusat Bahasa"
"Profile of Angry Rush"

1889 births
Indonesian writers
Minangkabau people
1968 deaths


The Digital Switchover (Disclosure of Information) Act 2007 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that allows social security information to be passed to the BBC and related parties to help with the digital television switchover in the United Kingdom.

Background
The Digital Switchover Help Scheme was established and funded by the BBC to provide free advice to:
All households with one person aged 75 or over;
All households with one person with a severe disability, being in receipt of Disability Living Allowance, Attendance Allowance or other equivalents under the Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit scheme and pre-2005 war pension schemes; and
All households where at least one person is registered blind or partially sighted.

The intention of the Act was to help people receive assistance from the Scheme without having to go through a claims process. The UK switchover started in October 2007 in the town of Whitehaven and the Act came too late to adequately prepare the town. The BBC, through their consultants Capita, had to resort to writing to all the town's residents to invite them to apply under the Scheme. The Act was supported by Help the Aged, Age Concern, the National Consumer Council, Royal National Institute for the Blind, Royal National Institute for the Deaf and the National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux.

Disclosure
Information on disability and age can only be disclosed for:
Identification of persons who may be eligible for help under the Scheme;
Making contact with such persons with a view to the provision of such help; and
Establishment of any person’s entitlement to such help.

Further specification of the information that can be disclosed is given by Statutory Instrument.

It is a crime to disclose information received under the Act, other than in summary form. An offender can be sentenced on summary conviction to up to six months' imprisonment and a fine of up to £5,000. If convicted on indictment in the Crown Court and offender can be sentenced to up to two years' imprisonment and an unlimited fine.

If the offence is committed by a body corporate and with the consent or connivance of an officer, director or manager, that person is also guilty of an offence.

Territorial extent
The Act is extended by an Order in Council to the Isle of Man.

References

External links
The Digital Switchover (Disclosure of Information) Act 2007, as amended from the National Archives.
The Digital Switchover (Disclosure of Information) Act 2007, as originally enacted from the National Archives.
Explanatory notes to the Digital Switchover (Disclosure of Information) Act 2007.

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2007
Broadcast law
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning the Isle of Man
Digital television in the United Kingdom


Majhila is a small village between the towns of Koraon and Kohnar in Meja Tehsil, Prayagraj district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It has a population of approximately 300 people.

Villages in Prayagraj district


WVXR (102.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve Randolph, Vermont. The station is owned by Vermont Public (VPR). It is currently a classical music station, serving as the central Vermont outlet for VPR Classical.

History
The station signed on October 25, 1982 as WCVR-FM. Originally owned by Stokes Communications and broadcasting at 102.3, the station carried a country music format, at times simulcast on sister AM station WCVR/WWWT. It moved to 102.1 in the early 1990s.

Stokes sold WCVR-FM and WWWT to Excalibur Media in 1999; Excalibur, in turn, was sold to Clear Channel Communications the following year. Clear Channel dropped the country format on January 23, 2003, replacing it with a simulcast of Champlain Valley classic rock station WCPV.

In January 2008, Clear Channel agreed to sell its Vermont stations to Vox Communications as part of Clear Channel's plan to divest itself of most of its smaller market radio stations. The sale was completed on July 25, 2008. Vox soon concluded that it had no interest in retaining WCVR-FM and what had become WTSJ, and reached a deal to sell the stations to Great Eastern Radio in September 2008. Great Eastern replaced the WCPV simulcast with a separate classic rock format. However, it never closed on the deal, and a year later Vox retook the station.

In March 2010, another deal to sell WCVR-FM, this time to Vermont Public Radio, was reached; Vox then shut the station down on April 1 for financial reasons. VPR returned the station to the air July 30 as WVXR with the current format.

References

External links

VXR
Radio stations established in 1982
Classical music radio stations in the United States
NPR member stations
1982 establishments in Vermont


Papi Gudia () is a 1996 Indian Hindi-language horror film directed by Lawrence D'Souza, starring Karisma Kapoor, Avinash Wadhavan, Tinnu Anand and Shakti Kapoor. The film is heavily inspired by the American film series Child's Play and is an unofficial remake of the first Child's Play film (1988). The film flopped heavily at the box office.

Cast
 Karisma Kapoor as Karishma
 Master Amar Bhardwaj as Raju
 Avinash Wadhavan as Inspector Vijay Saxena
 Shakti Kapoor as Charan Raj (Channi)
 Razzak Khan as Jaggu, Channi's henchman
 Mohan Joshi as Raghavan
 Subbiraj as Police Commissioner
 Tinnu Anand as Inspector Alluwalia's look-alike / A. Yadav died

Plot
A child murderer and black magic practitioner transfers his soul to a doll before death and wreaks havoc in the lives of the doll's new owners: a boy and his elder sister.

Soundtrack

References

External links

1996 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Indian horror films
Films about witchcraft
Films about children
Indian horror film remakes
Indian mystery films
Hindi remakes of English films
Indian remakes of American films
Films directed by Lawrence D'Souza
1990s mystery films
Hindi-language horror films
1996 horror films


David Nelson Farr (born 1955) is an American business executive. He was the chairman and CEO of Emerson Electric Company, a Fortune 500 company.  Farr has worked at the company since 1981 and retired as CEO on Feb 5, 2021. He is married to Lelia Far, with whom he has two children, and is a resident of Ladue, Missouri.

On October 25, 2011, IBM announced Farr was elected to its board of directors, and he joined the board on January 1, 2012.

Early life and education
Farr was born in the United States in 1955. He grew up in Corning, New York, where his father was a math teacher before becoming a plant manager at glassmaker Corning Inc. The job moved the family to England, where his mother died from a cerebral hemorrhage when Farr was 18. He went to Wake Forest University and graduated with a degree in chemistry in 1977.  He went on to earn an MBA from the Owen Graduate School of Management at Vanderbilt University in 1981.

Career
Farr began his career at Emerson in 1981. He held various positions upon his initial employment including manager of investor relations, vice president of corporate planning and development, president of the Ridge Tool division and group vice president for the industrial components and equipment business. He ascended the corporate ladder serving as president of Emerson Electric Asia-Pacific and then chief executive officer of Emerson's Astec joint venture Astec (BSR) PLC. He eventually became a senior executive vice president and chief operating officer in 1999. He was eventually named CEO in October 2000, succeeding Charles F. Knight who had held the position for the previous 27 years.  Farr was only the third CEO in the company's history. Upon his retirement, he was succeeded by Surendralal "Lal" Karsanbhai, who was executive president of Emerson's largest business segment, Automation Solutions, from 2018 until being named CEO.

Additionally, Farr was elected chairman of the board of Emerson in 2004 and relinquished that position May 4, 2021. Farr currently serves on the board of directors for IBM, the Delphi Corporation, the United Way of Greater St. Louis and is a member of The Business Council.

During Farr's tenure, Emerson maintained its six-decade record of annual dividend increases, despite trade wars and a worldwide pandemic. Under Farr's leadership, the company became a $16.8 billion global corporation with some 200 factories and 85,000 employees, including about 1,400 at its headquarters in Ferguson, Missouri (a suburb of St. Louis). Farr aggressively moved Emerson production and design operations to low-cost, low-regulation environments outside the United States, particularly the People's Republic of China. Under Farr's leadership, Emerson laid off 14% of its U.S. workforce in 2009, eliminating nearly 20,000 jobs. While speaking at the Baird Industrial Outlook Conference in Chicago, in November 2009, Farr attacked the Obama administration for its attention to "labor rules" and "health reform", and stated: "What do you think I'm going to do? I'm not going to hire anyone in the United States. I'm moving." As a devotee of the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team, Farr was noted for swinging one five baseball bats he kept in his office to help him concentrate. He also used them to prod Emerson executives to speak during earnings calls.

Compensation
While CEO of Emerson Electric in 2009, David N. Farr earned a total compensation of $6,899,987, which included a base salary of $1,168,750, a cash bonus of $1,500,000, stock grants of $3,735,000, and other compensation totaling $496,237.

Awards and recognition
Farr was the 2007 campaign chair for the United Way of Greater St. Louis, leading the community to raise a record-breaking $68.8 million to help people in the 16-county region of metro St. Louis.  He was also named one of the Top 25 Managers in 2000.  Emerson has been awarded as well under Farr's management having been named one of the 100 Best Corporate Citizens  in 2004.  Institutional Investor magazine named David Farr, CEO of Emerson EMR, one of The Best CEOs in America in the electrical equipment and multi-industry in 2008.

Personal life
Farr is married with two children and is a resident of Ladue, Missouri.

References

Living people
1955 births
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
Emerson Electric people
Wake Forest University alumni
Businesspeople from St. Louis


Dhaya Haroon is a football midfielder playing at Al-Nassr Club in Saudi Arabia.

He started playing for the first team in 2005-2006 season after joining from Al-Ansar.

External links
Profile at goalzz.com

Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Al-Ansar FC (Medina) players
Al Nassr FC players
Al Raed FC players
Abha Club players
Al-Jabalain FC players
Sdoos Club players
1980 births
Living people
Saudi First Division League players
Saudi Pro League players
Saudi Second Division players
Men's association football midfielders


Symphorien Champier (1471–1539) was a Lyonnese doctor and writer. Born in Saint-Symphorien, France, Champier was a relation of the Chevalier de Bayard through his wife, Marguerite Terrail.

Life
A doctor of medicine at Montpellier, Champier was the personal physician of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, whom he followed to Italy with Louis XII, attending to several battles, and finally settling in Lyon. He worked in Lyon alongside François Rabelais (who wrote satirically of him in Gargantua and Pantagruel), where he established the College of the Doctors of Lyon. There he fulfilled the duties of an alderman and contributed to numerous local foundations, in particular L'Ecole des médecins de Lyon ("The School of the Doctors of Lyon").

His fame was considerable in Lyon, which in the 16th century was the greatest manufacturer of medical books in France, with editors such as Sébastien Gryphe. In addition to medicinal science, Champier studied Greek scholars and Arab medicine and composed a great number of historical works, including Chroniques de Savoie in 1516 and Vie de Bayard in 1525. During his last years in Lyon, he printed several medicine books against Arab medicine, a falsification of Greek science according to his judgment.

He is most famous today for his pro-woman tract La nef des dames vertueuses [The Ship of Virtuous Ladies], one of the first 'feminist' tracts written in French. This book, first published in 1503, is composed of four books. Book 4 essentially imports neoplatonism [from Marsilio Ficino] to France for pro-woman ends.

He was an extreme opponent to Renaissance occultism, and wrote in 1532 a 'Epistola campegiana de tranmutatione metallorum contra alchimistas'.

Champier added a codicil to his last wills in May 1539, and he is not noticed in any document after this date, so historians believe that he died in the second part of 1539.

See also

 Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard
 François Rabelais

References
 Champier, Symphorien. Dictionnaire Bouillet.
 Copenhaver, Brian. Symphorien Champier and the Reception of the Occultist Tradition in Renaissance France. The Hague: Mouton, 1979.
 Reeser, Todd, The Ship of Virtuous Ladies (Toronto, 2018). Translation of three books of the text.

External links

16th-century French physicians
16th-century French historians
1471 births
1539 deaths


Champier () is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Isère department

References

Communes of Isère
Isère communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Diocese of Ascoli Piceno () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in the Marche. It has existed since the fourth century. Historically immediately dependent on the Holy See, it is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Fermo.  There is, in 2015, one priest for every 1,074 Catholics.

History

The traces of this bishopric appear in the fourth century with St. Emidius, martyred under Diocletian, c. 303; and Claudius, who was allegedly present at the Synod of Rimini in 359, when the Arian heresy was rejected. In the fifth century, Lucentius, who is said to have been present at the Synod of Milan, which sent its synodal letter to Pope Leo I (440-461), was bishop of Ascoli. One of its bishops, Giulio de' Medici, afterwards became Pope Clement VII (1523–1534).

On 11 March 2000, Pope John Paul II raised the bishopric of Pesaro to the rank of metropolitan archbishopric, and created the new ecclesiastical province of Picenum. Ascoli, which had always been directly subject to the Holy See, was assigned to the province of Picenum and placed under the supervision of the archbishop of Pesaro.

Cathedral and Chapter
The beginnings of the cathedral are attributed archaeologically to the 5th or 6th century.

The cathedral was administered by a corporate body called the Chapter. At Ascoli, the chapter originally consisted of twelve Canons, presided over by the Archdeacon. By 1179, there was also the Archpriest. Subsequently there were three additional dignities (dignitates): the Provost, the Primicerius, and the Mansionarius. After the Council of Trent there was also a Penitentiarius and a Theologus. There were also six (later nine) mansionarii, who saw to the daily operations of the cathedral church, though they were not voting members of the Chapter. In 1737, there were six dignities and fourteen Canons. The Chapter had the right to elect the bishop, and, when a vacancy occurred in the Chapter, the right to elect a successor.

The election of 1284–1285
Bishop Raynaldus died in September 1284. A meeting was summoned for all persons concerned. The Archdeacon and Chapter decided to proceed to an election by scrutiny. Three scrutators were chosen, to collect, read, and make public the votes of the Canons. When the votes were announced, six of the twelve Canons had voted for Bonusjoannes, one (Bonusjoannes himself) had voted for Canon Azo, and four Canons had refused to cast a vote for anyone. One of the scrutators, in his own name and in the name of those who had voted for Bonusjoannes, proclaimed him Bishop of Ascoli, and Bonusjoannes accepted his election.

Bonusjoannes then proceeded to Rome to obtain papal approval for his election from Pope Martin IV. There one of the four Canons who had not voted, Abamons by name, contested the election. The Pope therefore handed the case over to Cardinal Giordano Orsini for examination. Orsini cited the persons concerned to appear in open court, and the issue was joined between Bonusjoannes and Abamons. In the event, nothing was produced by Abamons against Bonusjoannes personally or against the electoral proceedings, and therefore Cardinal Orsini, having followed all of the requirements of the law, found in favor of Bonusjoannes. Procurators of Abamons, specially appointed for the purpose, then withdrew his objections to the election. Bonusjoannes was then examined as to his character and qualifications by a committee of cardinals, Latino Malabranca Orsini (Bishop of Ostia), Comes Giusianus (Cardinal Priest of SS. Marcellinus and Petrus), and Cardinal Giordano Orsini (Cardinal Deacon  of S. Eustachio), who found electionem ipsam ... de persona ydonea canonice celebratum. Pope Martin then, with the consent of the College of Cardinals, named Bonusjoannes Bishop of Ascoli, and instructed Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini to consecrate him a bishop.

Unfortunately, before the bulls of approval and consecration could be issued, Pope Martin died, on 28 March 1285. Pope Honorius IV (Giacomo Savelli) was elected on 2 April 1285. Finally, on 13 December 1285, new bulls were issued for the Bishop-elect, and Pope Honorius granted him the administration of his Church.

Diocesan synods
A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

Bishop Pietro Camaiani (1566–1579) presided over a diocesan synod in Ascoli on 22 April 1568.

A diocesan synod was held by Bishop Sigismondo Donati (1605–1641) on 19—21 November 1626.<ref>Synodus asculana 1626 (Roma: Facciotti 1626).</ref> Cardinal Giulio Gabrielli (1642–1668) held a diocesan synod in 1649. Bishop Philippo Monti held a diocesan synod on 7—9 November 1677, and published its constitutions, as well as those of his predecessors Girolamo Berneri, Giulio Gabrielli, and Sigismondo Donati. A diocesan synod was held on 12—14 September 1688 by Bishop Giuseppe Sallustio Fadulfi (1685–1699).

Bishop Giovanni Gambi (1710–1726) held a diocesan synod in the cathedral on 15—17 May 1718. A diocesan synod was held in 1765 by Bishop Pietro Paolo Leonardi (1755–1792)

Bishop Bartolomeo Ortolani (1877–1910) presided over a diocesan synod held in the cathedral on 28—30 October 1903.

Bishops of Ascoli Piceno
to 1200

...
Emidius
...
[Claudius (359)]
...
Lucentius (attested 451-452 ?)
...
[Quintianus]
...
[Epiphanius]
...
Justolfus (attested 781, 798/799)
...
Picco (Ricco) (9th century)
...
Teuderandus (attested 853)
...
Arpaldus (attested 879)
...
Alperinus (attested 968)
...
Adam (attested 996)
...
Hugo ? (attested 998)
Emmo (Emino, Emmone) (attested 1003, 1010, 1015, 1019)
...
Bernardus (attested 1033–1034)
Bernardus secundus (attested 1045–1069)
Stephanus (attested 1069)
[Joannes]
Albericus (attested 1098–1125)
Presbyter (attested 1131–1165)
Trasmundus (attested 1177–1179)
Giso (1179–1183)
Raynaldus (attested 1185–1198)Sede vacante (attested 1203)

1200 to 1500

Rainaldus (attested 1208)
Petrus (1209–1222)
Altegrunus (attested 1222)
Nicolaus (attested 1224–1226)
Petrus (attested 1228)
Marcellinus (1230–1236)
Matthaeus (attested 1238)
Theodinus (attested 1240–1259)
Rainaldus, O.Min. (1259–1284)
Bonusjohannes (1285-1312)
Bonasengia (1312–1317)
Rainaldus (1317-1343)
Isaac Bindi (1344–1353)
Paulus de Bazzano (1353–1356)
Isaac Bindi (1356–1358)
Henricus de Sessa (1358–1362)
Vitalis, O.S.M. (1362–1363)
Agapitus Colonna (1363–1369)
Joannes Aquaviva (1369–1374)
Petrus Torricelli (1374– )
Antonius Archeonti (1387–1390)
Thomas Pierleoni (1390–1391) Bishop-elect
Petrus (attested 1391–1397)
Benedictus, O.E.S.A. (1398–1399)
Antonius Archeonti (1399–1405)
Leonardus Physici (1405–1406)
Joannes Firmani (1406–1412)
Nardinus Vanni (1412–1419)
Petrus Liberotti (1419–1422)
Paolo Alberti, O.F.M. (1422–1438)
Pietro Sforza di Cotignola (1438–1442)
Valentino (1442–1447)
Angelo Capranica (1447–1450)
Francesco Monaldeschi (1450–1461)
Pietro della Valle (1461–1463)
Prospero Caffarelli (1463–1500)

1500 to 1800
Giuliano Cesarini, iuniore (14 Feb 1500 – 1 May 1510 Died) (Administrator)
Lorenzo Fieschi (24 May 1510 –1512)David M. Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy.org, "Bishop Lorenzo Fieschi". Retrieved March 21, 2016.
Girolamo Ghinucci (Ginucci) (16 Oct 1512 – 30 Jul 1518 Resigned)
Giulio de' Medici (30 Jul 1518 – 3 Sep 1518 Resigned)
Filos Roverella (3 Sep 1518 – 1552 Died)
Lattanzio Roverella (26 Sep 1552 – 1566 Died)
Pietro Camaiani (7 Oct 1566 – 27 Jul 1579 Died)
Niccolò Aragonio (Aragona) (3 Aug 1579 – Jul 1586 Died)
Girolamo Bernerio, O.P. (22 Aug 1586 – 1605 Resigned)
Sigismondo Donati (7 Jan 1605 – 19 Nov 1641 Died)
Giulio Gabrielli (10 Feb 1642 – 12 Mar 1668 Appointed Administrator of Rieti)
Filippo de Monti (2 Jun 1670 – 24 Dec 1680 Died)
Giuseppe Sallustio Fadulfi (15 Jan 1685 – 6 Jan 1699 Died)
Giovanni Giuseppe Bonaventura (5 Oct 1699 – Dec 1709 Died)
Giovanni Gambi (10 Mar 1710 – May 1726 Died)
Gregorio Lauri (31 Jul 1726 – 3 Mar 1728 Resigned)
Paolo Tommaso Marana, O.S.B. (8 Mar 1728 – 7 Feb 1755 Died)
Pietro Paolo Leonardi (1755–1792)Sede vacante (1792-1795)
Cardinal Giovanni Andrea Archetti (1795–1805)

since 1800
Giovanni Francesco Cappelletti (1806–1831)
Gregorio Zelli, O.S.B. (2 July 1832 – 28 February 1855 Died)
Carlo Belgrado (28 September 1855 – 25 January 1860 Resigned)
Elia Antonio Alberini (Alberani), O.C.D. (23 March 1860 – 8 May 1876 Died)
Amilcare Malagola (26 June 1876 – 1877)
Bartolomeo Ortolani (21 September 1877 – 6 May 1910 Died)
Apollonio Maggio (13 May 1910 – 22 October 1927 Died)
Ludovico Cattaneo, O.Ss.C.A. (6 July 1928 – 10 July 1936 Died)
Ambrogio Squintani (21 September 1936 – 17 December 1956 Resigned)
Marcello Morgante (16 February 1957 – 13 April 1991 Retired)
Pier Luigi Mazzoni (13 April 1991 – 12 February 1997)
Silvano Montevecchi (30 August 1997 – 27 September 2013 Died)
Giovanni D'Ercole, F.D.P. (12 April 2014 – 29 October 2020)

Notes and references

Bibliography
Reference works
 pp. 667–668. (Use with caution; obsolete)
  p. . (in Latin)
 p. 152.
 pp. .
 p.  .
 p.  .
 p. .

Studies

Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1909). Italia pontificia Vol. IV (Berlin: Weidmann 1909), pp. 148–157.
Lanzoni, Francesco (1927). Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604)''. Faenza: F. Lega, pp. 397–399.

Schwartz, Gerhard (1907). Die Besetzung der Bistümer Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern: mit den Listen der Bischöfe, 951-1122. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 225–227. (in German)

Acknowledgment

Ascoli Piceno
Ascoli Piceno
Dioceses established in the 4th century


WRFK (107.1 MHz, "Frank FM") is an FM radio station licensed to Barre and serving central Vermont.  Established in 1974, the station is owned by Jeffrey Shapiro's Great Eastern Radio.  WRFK airs a classic rock format, and is simulcast in the Champlain Valley on WWFK (also on 107.1 FM) in Plattsburgh West, New York.  The transmitter is located off Websterville Road and the studios and offices are on Jacques Street.

History
The station signed on August 5, 1974 as WORK. It was originally owned by Robert Kimel, who also owned WSNO in Barre and WWSR AM-FM in St. Albans, and programmed an automated Top 40/Hot AC format known as "Hit Parade." Kimel sold WORK and WSNO to Bull Moose Broadcasting in 1997; two years later, the stations were purchased by Vox Radio Group. Nassau Broadcasting Partners acquired most of Vox's northern New England radio stations in 2004, and changed WORK's format to classic hits on September 15, 2006.

WORK, along with 29 other Nassau stations in northern New England, was purchased at bankruptcy auction by Carlisle Capital Corporation, a company controlled by Bill Binnie (owner of WBIN-TV in Derry, New Hampshire), on May 22, 2012. The station, and 12 of the other stations, were then acquired by Vertical Capital Partners, controlled by Jeff Shapiro. On November 14, 2012, the call letters changed to WRFK. The deal was completed on November 30, 2012. The Vertical Capital Partners stations were transferred to Shapiro's existing Great Eastern Radio group on January 1, 2013.

On June 26, 2020, WRFK began simulcasting on WPLA (renamed WWFK) in Dannemora, New York, which also operates on 107.1 FM; this brought the "Frank FM" programming into the Champlain Valley area.

References

External links

RFK
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1974
1974 establishments in Vermont


The Ipswich Market Act 2004 (c.iii) is a local Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom allowing a market in Ipswich to take place on Butter Market, Cornhill, King Street, Lion Street, Lloyds Avenue, Princes Street, Queen Street, Thoroughfare and Westgate Street.

External links

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2004
History of Ipswich
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England
2004 in England
2000s in Suffolk


Khaled Al-Shamrani (; born December 4, 1995) is a Saudi professional footballer who plays for Al-Safa as a right back.

On 26 June 2023, Al-Shamrani joined Al-Safa.

References

1996 births
Living people
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Ras Tanura SC players
Hajer FC players
Al-Nojoom FC players
Najran SC players
Al-Qaisumah FC players
Al Safa FC players
Saudi Second Division players
Saudi Fourth Division players
Saudi First Division League players
Men's association football fullbacks


The Television Licences (Disclosure of Information) Act 2000 (c.15) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It allows social security information to be provided by the government in order to facilitate no fee or fee-reduced TV licences.

References

External links
 Explanatory notes to the Television Licences (Disclosure of Information) Act 2000 from the Office of Public Sector Information.

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2000


The Islamic Unification Movement – IUM ( | Harakat al-Tawhid al-Islami), also named Islamic Unity Movement or Mouvement d'unification islamique (MUI) in French, but best known as Al-Tawhid, At-Tawhid, or Tawheed, is a Lebanese Sunni Muslim political party.  It plays an active role in Lebanese internal politics since the Lebanese Civil War in the 1980s.

Origins
The IUM was founded in Tripoli in 1982 from a splinter faction of the Lebanese Islamic Group led by Sheikh Said Shaaban, one of Lebanon’s Islamist movements’ few charismatic Sunni religious leaders.  A hardliner who believed that force was a good solution in politics, the radical Shaaban broke away from the Islamic Group soon after the June 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, in protest for that Party’s leadership decision of adopting a non-violent, moderate political line in the early 1980s.  Nevertheless, the two organizations have always maintained a good relationship, especially with Sheikh Fathi Yakan, founder and Secretary-general of the Islamic Group.

At the height of its power in 1985, the IUM splintered, when dissident leaders Khalil Akkawi and Kanaan Naji left the Movement to set up their own groups, the Mosques' Committee (Arabic: لجنة المساجد | Al-Lajnat al-Masajid) and the Islamic Committee (Arabic: اللجنة الاسلامية | Al-Lajnat al-Islamia), respectively. Involved in imposing an Islamic administration on Tripoli during the 1980s, these latter two groups formed together with the IUM an umbrella organization, the Islamic Gathering (Arabic: اللقاء الإسلامي | Al-Liqa' al-Islami).

Political beliefs
Known to be anti-Syrian in policy and Sunni Muslim in composition, the IUM's ideological anti-western and anti-Communist views stemmed from the radical Sunni wing of the Muslim Brotherhood. Consistent with these principles, Shaaban and its Movement ostensibly rejected Nationalism, sectarianism and democratic pluralism in favor of an Islamic rule that "absorbs and dissolves all social differences and unites them in one crucible". Shaaban sought ways to unite Sunnis and Shi'ites, for example by suggesting that the holy Qur'an and the Prophet's biography provide foundations on which all Muslim groups and sects can unite.  Instead of arguing about sectarian representation in the parliament, he suggests that Muslims call for Islamic rule based on the Sharia, without which no government can be legitimate. As such, the IUM strongly opposed the Christian-dominated political order in Lebanon and deeply resented the Syrian military intervention of June 1976 in support of the Maronites who, Shaaban himself asserted, would have otherwise fled to Cyprus or Latin America.

The Movement allegedly enjoyed since the mid-1980s close political ties with Iran and Hizbollah, forged by Sheikh Shaaban frequent visits to Tehran and contacts with that Party’s leaders in Lebanon, which considers the IUM leader doctrinally a follower of Ayatollah Khomeini. Some sources even claim that Shaaban was born and raised in a Shi'ite family of Batroun in Northern Lebanon and only later became a Sunni. While accepting the validity of the Iranian Revolution and emphasizing that the path started by Khomeini should be followed by all Muslims, the IUM leadership does not call for the establishment of an Iranian-style order in Lebanon, knowing that this would alienate their own Sunni followers. Indeed, Sheikh Shaaban's speech delivered during the 3rd anniversary of Khomeini's death failed to mention his own relation to the latter and its theories. Following the 2020 killing of Qassem Soleimani, Sheikh Shaaban condemned the killing and issued a statement calling for revenge against the perpetrators.

Military structure and organization
Controlled by the IUM's Military Command Council (Arabic: Majliss al-Kiyadi al-Harb) headed by Sheikh Hashem Minqara, their 1,000-men strong militia, also designated 'Tawheed', was created in 1982 and trained by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), being initially provided with light weapons drawn from Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and Internal Security Forces (ISF) stocks or purchased on the black market. Upon the withdrawal of the Palestinian factions loyal to Yasser Arafat from Tripoli in December 1983, the Tawheed seized the opportunity to replenish themselves with vehicles, additional weapons and ammunition from PLO arms caches left behind. This enabled the IUM militia to raise a mechanized force made of ex-PLO Gun trucks and technicals equipped with heavy machine guns, recoilless rifles and anti-aircraft autocannons, plus mortars and a few truck-mounted MBRLs for its artillery branch.

Its fighters consolidated their control over Tripoli in 1983–1984 by temporarily defeating a number of their secular left-wing and Pan-Arab rivals, in particular the predominantly Alawite Arab Democratic Party (ADP) and the multi-confessional Lebanese Communist Party (LCP). They also clashed with the pro-Syrian Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) and Ba'ath Party factions, and with the Syrian Army units stationed in Lebanon.

The IUM/Tawheed operated mainly on northern Lebanon, at Tripoli and its environs, though its militants were also active at the Sunni quarters of West Beirut and Sidon, and at the Jabal Amel region of southern Lebanon.

Weapons and equipment
Besides Palestinian backing, the IUM militia also seized some weapons and vehicles from the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) barracks and Internal Security Forces (ISF) police stations in Tripoli. Additional weaponry, vehicles and other, non-lethal military equipments were procured in the international black market.

Small-arms
IUM fighters were provided with a variety of small arms, comprising Sa 25/26, Škorpion vz. 61, Carl Gustaf m/45 and MAT-49 submachine guns, M1 Garand (or its Italian-produced copy, the Beretta Model 1952) and SKS semi-automatic rifles, AMD-65 assault carbines, FN FAL, M16A1, AK-47 and AKM assault rifles (other variants included the Zastava M70, Chinese Type 56, Romanian Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965, Bulgarian AKK/AKKS and former East German MPi-KMS-72 assault rifles). Several models of handguns were used, such as Tokarev TT-33, CZ 75, FN P35 and MAB PA-15 pistols.

Squad weapons consisted of RPK, RPD, PK/PKM, FN MAG and M60 light machine guns, with heavier Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal, Browning M2HB .50 Cal, SG-43/SGM Goryunov,  DShKM and KPV 14.5mm Heavy machine guns being mounted on Technicals.

Grenade launchers and portable anti-tank weapons included M72 LAW and RPG-7 rocket launchers, whilst crew-served and indirect fire weapons comprised M2 60mm mortars, 82-PM-41 82mm mortars and 120-PM-38 (M-1938) 120mm heavy mortars, SPG-9 73mm, B-10 82mm and B-11 107mm recoilless rifles (often mounted on technicals).

Vehicles
The IUM militia was also able to raise a mechanized force made of ex-PLO Gun trucks and technicals, comprising Spanish Santana 88 Ligero Militar jeeps, Land-Rover series II-III, Chevrolet C-10/C-15 Cheyenne, Toyota Land Cruiser (J40/J42), Toyota Land Cruiser (J75) and Datsun 620 light pickups, and Mercedes-Benz Unimog 404 and 416 light trucks armed with heavy machine guns, recoilless rifles and anti-aircraft autocannons.

Artillery
Its artillery branch fielded ZPU (ZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4) 14.5mm autocannons and M1939 (61-K) 37mm anti-aircraft guns (mounted on technicals and Gun trucks), plus Palestinian-manufactured improvised short-range rockets fired from adapted ZPU-4 AA gun mounts installed on Unimog light trucks, and RL-21 (Sakr-36) 122mm (Egyptian 30-tube version of the BM-11) multiple rocket launchers (MBRL) mounted on Soviet-manufactured ZIL-157 general-purpose trucks.

Illegal activities and controversy
The IUM has its main strongholds at the predominantly Sunni district of Bab al-Tabbaneh in the western part of Tripoli, where the group's headquarters is located, and the Dinniyeh sub-urban area east of the city.  They also controlled the nearby clandestine port of al-Mahdi, set up at Tripoli's western outskirts at El Mina and run by the Sunni businessmen Tariq Fakhr al-Din, which was employed mainly for arms-smuggling operations and to levy illegal taxes on the transit trade of agricultural products and other goods.

Fanatical and ruthless fighters, Tawheed militiamen were responsible for several acts of violence in Tripoli against the local cells of the Alawite ADP and LCP.  In October 1983, the IUM/Tawheed executed a series of terrorist attacks against the Tripoli offices of the Communist Party, targeting Party cadres and their families. In one occasion, Tawheed fighters rounded up some 52 top Communist members, forced them to renounce their atheism and then summarily shot them, dumping the victims' bodies into the Mediterranean. Other actions held later that year targeted Syrian Army units stationed in Lebanon – on 19 December, the Tawheed was involved in the massacre of 15 Syrian soldiers at a checkpoint in Tripoli, carried out in retaliation for the seizure by the Syrians of one of their commanders the previous day.

The IUM also run its own radio and television stations – the "Voice of Right" (Arabic: Sawt al-Haq) and the "Crescent" (Arabic: al-Hilal), respectively – which continued to operate in the post-war period, until being forcibly closed down on 21 September 1997 by the Lebanese Internal Security Forces (ISF) during a nationwide crack-down on Sunni religious extremists. One member of IUM was killed and several wounded during the operation.

A former member, Khalid El-Masri, was illegally kidnapped by the CIA. German reports assert that El-Masri himself reported his being a member of "El-Tawhid" or "Al-Tawhid" when he applied to Germany for refugee status, in 1985. The reference to "El-Tawhid" may have been confused with the group Abu Mussab al-Zarqawi lead, Al Qaeda in Iraq, used to be called "Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad". "Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad", the former name for Zarqawi's group, translates as the "movement for monotheism and struggle".

The Tawheed in the Lebanese Civil War

Tripoli 1982–86

On August 1984, violent clashes erupted between the IUM/Tawheed and the Shia Alawite Arab Democratic Party or ADP, with the former been supported by the Mosques Committee and the Islamic Committee. The Tawheed's position was strengthened when they gained control of the port area on 22 August, after a fierce battle on the streets of Tripoli that left more than 400 dead. Street fighting dragged for some days until 18 September, when it was brought to an end by a Syrian-mediated peace agreement between the IUM and the ADP.

In the fall of 1985 the Syrian Army entered the city and crushed the Tawheed militia, though it permitted Sha'ban to maintain leadership of his now unarmed movement. However, intermittent clashes occurred again in the Tripoli area during the Spring and Summer of 1986, this time between the IUM/Tawheed and the pro-Syrian faction of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), until Syrian troops finally moved in to enforce a truce at the request of local community leaders.

Violence flared up again on December 18, 1986 when the Tawheed commander Samir al-Hassan was arrested by the Syrians and his men responded by killing 15 Syrian soldiers at a checkpoint, which brought the wrath of the Syrians on the Tawheed. Aided by a coalition of ADP, SSNP, Lebanese Communist Party/Popular Guard, and Baath Party militias, the Syrians managed to defeat decisively the Tawheed in another round of brutal fighting on the streets of Tripoli, killing many of its fighters, arresting others and scattered the remainder.

South Lebanon 1988–2000
The defeat at the battle of Tripoli in December 1986 did not meant the end of IUM/Tawheed military activities at Beirut, Sidon, and southern Lebanon. Underground guerrilla cells continued to operate in these areas until the end of the civil war, and afterwards. From 1988 to 2000, the Movement's guerrillas at the Jabal Amel fought alongside the Shia Hezbollah against the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and their South Lebanese Army (SLA) proxies in the Israeli-controlled "Security Belt".

The post-war years
Upon the end of the war in October 1990, IUM militia forces operating in the Tripoli area, West Beirut and Sidon, were ordered by the Lebanese Government on 28 March 1991 to disband and surrender their heavy weaponry by 30 April as stipulated by the Taif Agreement to the Syrian Army and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF).

Aside from rare instances of mild criticism, Sheikh Shaaban and the IUM were careful not to antagonize the Syrian authorities, particularly after Syria defeated their militia in late 1986. He spoke favorably of the Syrian military presence in Lebanon as a framework for unified, armed action against Israel, a policy which was continued by its successors in the 1990s.

The Movement remains politically active, led by the Secretary-General Sheikh Minqara, a member of the pro-Syrian March 8 alliance. In 2005, the IUM joined the Islamic Labor Front, an alliance of several Islamic parties and figures in Lebanon. The movement's militia re-emerged, this time in support of the Syrian Government in Tripoli. However, after a couple of years, the Lebanese Army and the Internal Security Forces virtually crushed the militia in a major security crackdown in 2014.

See also
 Hezbollah
 Lebanese Civil War
 List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
 Lebanese Islamic Group
 Islamic Labor Front
 Internal Security Forces
 Popular Guard
 2nd Infantry Brigade (Lebanon)

Footnotes

References

 A. Nizar Hamzeh, Islamism in Lebanon: A Guide to the Groups, Middle East Quarterly, September 1997.
 Al-Harakat al-Islamiya fi Lubnan, Beirut: Ash-Shira, no date. (in Arabic)
 Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
 Fawwaz Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (in French) –
 Marius Deeb, Militant Islamic Movements in Lebanon: Origins, Social Basis and Ideologies, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Washington, D.C. 1986.
 Moustafa El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008.
 Oren Barak, The Lebanese Army: A National Institution in a Divided Society, State University of New York Press, Albany 2009.  –
 Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990.  –
 Samer Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003.
Zachary Sex & Bassel Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond, Modern Conflicts Profile Guide Volume II, AK Interactive, 2021.

Further reading

 Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2005.  (in French) –
 Fawwaz Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition, Pluto Press, London 2012.
 Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press (3rd ed. 2001).
 William W. Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 1997. , 1-55876-115-2

External links
 Islamic Unification Movement official site
 Islamic Labor Front official site (in Arabic)

Arab militant groups
Islamic political parties in Lebanon
Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
Israeli–Lebanese conflict
Paramilitary organisations based in Lebanon


Ryan Belal (; born 4 October 1988) is a football player, who plays as a striker .

He joined Al-Nasr in the summer of 2007, having left the Ohod club of Medina. He is nicknamed the "Maradona of the Desert", because he scored By hand in the Saudi League 2011/2012 season.

References

kooora.com - Arabic
Maradona of Riyadh, Ryan Bilal Scored By Hand

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Medina
Men's association football forwards
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Saudi Arabia men's youth international footballers
Saudi Arabia men's international footballers
Ohod Club players
Al Nassr FC players
Al Qadsiah FC players
Al Raed FC players
Al Faisaly FC players
Al Taawoun FC players
Al-Ettifaq FC players
Al-Ansar FC (Medina) players
Wej SC players
Al-Najma SC (Saudi Arabia) players
Al-Anwar Club players
Saudi First Division League players
Saudi Pro League players
Saudi Second Division players
Saudi Fourth Division players
Saudi Third Division players


Warren Austin Sprout (February 3, 1874 – August 23, 1945) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

In 1912, he won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team military rifle competition as well as two bronze medals in the team 25 metre small-bore rifle event and in the team 50 metre small-bore rifle competition. In the 1912 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 50 metre rifle, prone - twelfth place
 600 metre free rifle - 14th place
 25 metre small-bore rifle - 17th place
 300 metre free rifle, three positions - 32nd place
 300 metre military rifle, three positions - 37th place

He was born in Picture Rocks, Pennsylvania and died in Westfield, New Jersey.

References

External links
Warren Sprout at databaseOlympics.com

1874 births
1945 deaths
American male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics


Campbell Macquarie  was a ship that Joseph Underwood, a Sydney merchant, purchased at Calcutta in 1810. She
appears, with Richard Siddins, master, in a list of vessels registered at Calcutta in 1811. She was wrecked near Macquarie Island in 1812.

She brought general merchandise and transported a number of convicts from Calcutta, arriving in Sydney on 17 January 1812.

On 22 March 1812 Campbell Macquarie, Captain Richard Siddins (or Siddons), left Sydney and arrived at Kangaroo Island, South Australia on 29 April 1812. There it took on board 1,650 seal skins and 33 tons of salt. On 21 May it left Kangaroo Island for Macquarie Island.  At midnight on 10 June rocks were spotted. Tacking was not possible and so an anchor was dropped. Campbell Macquarie struck the rocks at 1.30am and by 2am her stern post broke and water poured in. The pumps were unable to cope with the inflow and at daylight the crew began unloading the cargo, sails, and rigging. Much of it was saved, only to be destroyed weeks later in a storm. On 28 June the crew burnt the ship to salvage its ironwork.

The crew consisted of 12 Europeans and 30 Lascars, of whom four died whilst waiting for rescue.

On 20 October 1812, Perseverance rescued 12 of the crew when she called at the island to take on board another sealing party. The remainder were rescued some months later.

Citations

References

External links

British ships built in India
Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Shipwrecks of Tasmania
Convict ships to New South Wales
Sailing ships
Individual sailing vessels
Maritime incidents in 1812
1810s ships


Moordwijven (Dutch slang for a "fantastic woman", more literally Murderbitches) is a 2007 Dutch black comedy about millionaire wives who get revenge on their cheating husbands by having them killed. The film is directed by Dick Maas. This film marks the first film in six years he has directed, and the first Dutch language film in twelve years, the previous being Flodder 3. It was first to be called 'De Botox Methode' (The Botox Method), but this title was dropped because Botox is a brand name.

Plot summary
Three millionaire best friends, Kitty, Estelle and Nicolette, spend their days having botox injections, liposuction and other plastic surgery – all to keep up their looks for their husbands. After witnessing the murder of their favorite plastic surgeon by his wife, the three ponder the idea of similarly killing their husbands should they sleep with someone else. Of the three, Kitty is virtually certain that her husband is cheating on her, having seen him call 'Pamela' from his cell phone. To 'prove' her suspicions, her friend Estelle hands her a booklet, a "Top 50" checklist of strange behavior to see if he's indeed cheating on her.

After filling up nearly the whole list with suspicious behavior, the three drive to Amsterdam's Red Light District to find a serial killer to do the job. After a misunderstanding with a different man, Kitty comes into contact with a deformed man who isn't afraid to use a gun. Kitty asks that the murderer makes sure her husband's death looks like an accident. The man demands not only €10,000, but also a first edition press of the Cliff Richard song Summer Holiday – something Kitty's husband has in his possession. When Kitty goes to find the record, though, she finds out it's been given as a gift to a friend who is blind and in a wheelchair. Kitty sneaks in after a party thrown for guests and manages to get the record – though not before the blind man attempts to stab the 'intruder' with a sword, and accidentally electrocute himself on his jukebox.

With the record now given to the killer, Kitty goes back to have her eyelids done and advises her friends to have alibis in case of police questioning. Kitty, needing someone to pick her up, calls Nicolette's husband. However, he picks her up in Kitty's husband's Maybach – exactly the car the killer was going to run off the road to make an 'accident'. During a chase through the woods, Nicolette's husband admits to having an affair. The car is run off the road, and while Kitty survives, Nicolette's husband is critically injured. After a visit to the hospital, the affair is proven when the mistress shows up at his bedside. Nicolette and the mistress fight, which indirectly causes Nicolette's husband to die from his injuries.

After the funeral, Kitty's husband decides to use a plane to sprinkle the dead man's ashes over the 18th hole of their golf course. The killer, posing as a mechanic, rigs the plane to leak hydraulic oil during the flight. Estelle's husband, having met the mistress at the bedside of Nicolette's husband, is seen in his office with the mistress. The two, completely naked, wave at Kitty's husband as he flies by – but the plane actually slams into the building, killing them. Kitty's husband, meanwhile, managed to jump out of the plane at the last second, sustaining only a broken arm. Now depressed at not having been able to perform a 'simple' killing, the killer is ready to quit, but Kitty meets him and encourages him to continue.

A few days later, Kitty's husband is set to present an award at a Dutch Music awards show. Before the awards show, Kitty is introduced to 'Pamela' – the woman she suspected was sleeping with her husband, but who is actually a Belgian businesswoman he was doing business with. Kitty frantically tries to call off the planned killing – which will happen with a bomb planted in the appropriate awards envelope – not knowing that there actually IS a Pamela her husband has been sleeping with. The murderer, chased by security guards around the parking lot, steals a truck and tries to make his escape. Kitty runs on stage and throws the bomb away just in time. However, the killer winds up driving the truck through a back wall, running over not only Kitty's husband, but Pamela as well, who had run up to him just before. Now happy that her husband was killed for an actual adultery, she kisses the killer. A few seconds later, he vanishes before the police can apprehend him. One year later, the three widows are seen enjoying life on the boat of their late husbands – along with the killer, who has had plastic surgery done to make him look more handsome.

Cast
 Bracha van Doesburgh – Kitty
 Hadewych Minis – Estelle
 Sanne Wallis de Vries – Nicolette
 Kees Boot – Hired Killer
 Hans Kesting – Evert-Jan Kroonenberg
 Bart Klever – Ivo
 Bart Oomen – Meindert

External links
  Moordwijven (official website)

2007 films
2007 black comedy films
2000s Dutch-language films
Films directed by Dick Maas
Films set in the Netherlands
2007 comedy films
Dutch black comedy films


The Big Six cricket dispute of 1912 was a confrontation between the administrators and players of the sport of cricket in Australia. Six of Australia's leading cricketers refused an invitation to tour England for the 1912 Triangular Tournament. The six players were Warwick Armstrong, Vernon Ransford, Victor Trumper, Tibby Cotter, Hanson Carter, and Clem Hill. The dispute was the culmination of a series of arguments that followed the establishment of the Australian Board of Control for International Cricket in 1905. The ramifications of the dispute were far-reaching and affected the destiny of Australian cricket over the ensuing decades.

Causes
The immediate cause of the dispute was the insistence by the players that they had a right to select the managers of Australian cricket teams touring overseas. However the dispute was a wider one; a power struggle over who would have access to the revenue these tours raised.  The players had the support of the South Australian Cricket Association and several unhappy members of Melbourne Cricket Club. The Board was dubbed tyrannical at rowdy public meetings, pamphleteers abounded, and funds were raised to send an independent team, inclusive of the Big Six, to England.

The boycott was initially successful in securing the support of public opinion and the performance and antics of the replacement team caused some embarrassment for the Board. Despite this, in the end the Board, supported by Queensland, was able to gain complete control of revenues and appointments for future tours, and the 1912 team went to England without the dissenters. The players were relegated to a subservient role that would not change until the next player rebellion in the 1970s that saw the establishment of World Series Cricket.

The 1911–12 Ashes tour against England took place in an environment of hostility between the players and the new Board. Contrary to previous arrangements when the Board was established in 1905, the Board of Control made plans to usurp the commonly accepted rights of the players to appoint the team manager when touring England. In response, the group of senior players, "the Big Six" threatened to withdraw from the next tour, to take place in 1912, unless their choice, Frank Laver was appointed.

Effects
Matters came to a head when Clem Hill, the Australian captain and member of the Big Six sent a telegram to fellow selector, Peter McAlister, urging the inclusion of the New South Wales all-rounder Charlie Macartney in the team for the Fourth Test in Melbourne. The reply from McAlister – a member of the Board of Control to Hill's request was "...Still opposed to Macartney's inclusion. If Iredale (another selector) agrees with you as to Macartney's inclusion, I favour yourself standing down not Minnett." At a meeting held after the Test, the Board of Control rejected the players' petition and declared that the manager would be appointed by the Board alone. At a "special meeting" two weeks later, the Board appointed George Crouch from Queensland to the position.

The following day, 3 February 1912, the selection committee met in Sydney to decide the team for the Fourth Test. It was the first time Hill and McAlister had met since the exchange of telegrams. The pair exchanged insults with McAlister sharply criticising Hill's captaincy. Hill retorted, "In England, Armstrong wouldn't play under you. Did you ever win any except second rate games?"

McAlister replied, "I am a better captain than Trumper, Armstrong and yourself put together. You are the worst captain I have ever seen," Hill then warned McAlister to stop insulting him, McAlister repeated the remark. Losing control, Hill struck McAlister a blow across the face. The two then grappled for around ten minutes. Blood was drawn, staining their clothes and splashing on the other men present, Iredale and secretary Sydney Smith. At one stage, fearing that one or both combatants would fall through the window and onto the street, Smith grabbed hold of Hill's coat-tails. The fight ended with a bloody McAlister lying on the floor and Hill, unmarked standing over him. Hill told Smith he could no longer work with McAlister and was asked to put his resignation in writing; the Board accepted it that evening.

When the Board announced that George Crouch would be manager of the Australian team for 1912 Triangular Tournament in England, rather than Frank Laver, outright rebellion ensued. Armstrong, Hill, Trumper, Carter, Cotter and Ransford announced that they would be unavailable to join the touring party. The team, under the captaincy of Syd Gregory, left without these players. The tour was not a success on any front: the Australians winning only eight games and losing nine in a wet season and Crouch on return to Australia reported to the Board that "some of the players had conducted themselves so badly in England as to lead to the team being socially ostracised." Nevertheless, as Gideon Haigh has written, "the deed was done: a national governing body and a species of democracy had been imposed on Australian cricket, although at the cost of reducing its players to serfdom."

References

Bibliography

—. "The board takes control, 1906." The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 February 2004.

External links

1912 in Australian cricket
Cricket administration in Australia
Cricket controversies
Labour disputes in Australia
Sports labor disputes
Sports scandals in Australia


Genocide and Mass Murder is the debut album by Japanese metal band Deathgaze. It was their final release featuring vocalist Sou. He left shortly after the release of the album. Only two-thousand copies of this album were pressed.

Track listing
 "Venom" – 1:48
 "Genocide and Mass Murder" – 4:29
 "Yami ni Ame Fukaishita Sekai." (闇に雨 腐敗した世界。) – 4:37
 "Grave" – 4:56
 "Proof" – 5:32
 "Dies Irae" (ディエスイレ) – 4:47
 "SxSxDxD" – 4:22
 "The Fist." – 3:03
 "Gethsemane" – 5:12
 "Miscarriage" – 4:57
 "Disease" – 4:45
 "Killing Floor" – 4:04
 "2940362204052" - 1:45
 "Mr. Freaks" - 4:58

A rerecording of "Venom" is featured on the "Dearest" single, while a rerecording of "Disease" appears on the "Insult Kiss Me" single.

Rerecordings of the songs "Yami ni Ame Fukaishita Sekai.", "Genocide and Mass Murder", "Dies Irae" and "2940362204052" appear on the bands rerecording album THE CONTINUATION.

Further rerecordings of "Miscarriage", "Killing Floor", "Proof", "Gethsemane", "Mr. Freaks" and "The Fist." appear on the limited edition-only bonus disc of the band's BLISS OUT album.

The songs "Yami ni Ame Fukaishita Sekai.", "Dies Irae", "The Fist." and "2940362204052" are re-recordings from the "2940362204052" single.

Deathgaze albums
2006 albums


William Neil McDonnell (July 15, 1876 – May 11, 1941) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

In 1912 he won the silver medal as member of the American team in the team running deer, single shots event and the bronze medal in the team 25 metre small-bore rifle competition. In the 1912 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 25 metre small-bore rifle - 14th place
 50 metre rifle, prone - 18th place
 300 metre military rifle, three positions - 31st place
 600 metre free rifle - 32nd place

References

External links
William McDonnell at databaseOlympics.com (name misspelt)

1876 births
1941 deaths
American male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Running target shooters
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in shooting
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics


The Diocese of Cerignola-Ascoli Satriano () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Apulia. It has existed under this name since 1986. Its bishop has been a suffragan of the Archbishop of Foggia-Bovino since 1979.

Historically the Diocese of Ascoli Satriano was a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Benevento. In 1819, the diocese of Cerignola was established, and one and the same bishop held both dioceses, with the name Diocese of Ascoli Satriano e Cerignola.

History

Ascoli
The town of Ascoli was captured by Norman adventurers in March 1041. At the council of Melfi in 1043, William d'Hauteville, called William Iron Arm, became the lord of Ascoli.

In 969, Ausculum Appulum (now Ascoli Satriano) appears as a city amongst the suffragan sees of Beneventum. A bishop of Ascoli, deposed in 1068 by Pope Alexander II, is sometimes adduced, but he was a bishop of Ascoli Piceno, not Ascoli Satriano. The first known bishop of Ascoli, however, is Risando, who consented to a donation to the monastery of Cava in 1107.

Ascoli: Chapter and cathedral
The medieval cathedral of Ascoli, which had been (re)built by King Roger of Sicily in 1111, was destroyed by the great earthquake of 1456, which also destroyed the citadel.

The successor cathedral building was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and to S. Leo of Ordona. Giacomo Leoncavallo dates this Leo to 105, making him the successor of the Greek Photinus, who had been sent by the Apostle Peter to evangelize Ordona, the diocese from which Ascoli allegedly descended after the town of Ordona was completely destroyed. The cathedral was administered by a corporation called the Chapter, composed of six dignities (the Archdeacon, the Archpriest, the Cantor, two Primicerii, and the Treasurer) and seven canons (later fourteen). In 1680, the city of Ascoli had a population of about 2,000 persons. In 1737, the population was 3,000. The Chapter consisted of six dignities and fourteen canons.

Cerignola
The fief of Cerignola fell to the royal treasury under Charles I of Sicily, in 1273, on the death of Simon the chancellor. In 1283, Bertrando Artus sold it to Ugone de Vicini, who in his turn sold it to Giovanni Pipino of Barletta, whose family still possessed the fief in 1320. In 1348, the Lord of Cerignano was Giacomo Arucci, whom Queen Joanna I of Naples appointed grand chamberlain. In 1398, Benedetto Azzaroli, a native of Cerignola and the Vicegerens in Apulia, purchased the castle of Cerignoli, and the king assigned him the territory as well. In 1417, the fief returned to the treasury, and Queen Joanna II of Naples sold it to Giovanni Caracciolo. In 1583, his descendant Caterina Caracciolo brought it as a dowry to Ettore Pignatelli. One or another branch of the Pignatelli family held the property until the mid-19th century, when feudalism was abolished.

It has been suggested that Cerignola, on account of its relative importance, may have been formerly a diocese, but there is no evidence on the point. Since at least the 15th century, Cerignola has been outside the diocesan system (nullius diocesis), governed ecclesiastically by the archpriest of the collegiate church of S. Pietro in Carignola. The archpriest was a prelate, but not a bishop, and did not have the right to ordain or consecrate. From 1255, the archpriest and his five canons swore an oath to the archbishop of Bari and Canosa. The capitular church of Cerinola was subject to the jurisdiction of the Provost of Canosa. In a document of 30 April 1455, Pope Calixtus III uses the expression “Cidonola nullius dioc.” with reference to Cerignola.

Cerignola (Dioecesis Ceriniolensis-Asculana Apuliae) was established as a diocese on 18 June 1819, by Pope Pius VII, in the bull "Quamquam Per Nuperrimam". The pope was frank in his motives: increasing difficulties in financing the diocese of Ascoli, and the greater population and wealth of Cerignola. Cerignola was to have one and only one bishop, who was to have all the rights of a bishop, including the power to summon a synod and require the attendance of all abbots and inferior prelates in his jurisdiction. His diocese was to be a suffragan of the archdiocese of Benevento. The dioceses of Cerignola and Ascoli were to be united under one bishop, aeque personaliter, so that neither diocese was to be subject to the other. The bishop who was appointed to both Cerignano and to Ascoli was authorized to appoint a separate Vicar General in each of his dioceses, and, when the bishopric became vacant, each cathedral Chapter was authorized to elect its own Vicar Capitular during the vacancy.

The name Carinola (Carinolensis seu Calinensis) was established in 1968 as a titular see. Cerignola in Apulia has no connection with Carinola, a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the region of Campania in Italy.

Diocesan synods

A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

Bishop Francesco Antonio Punzi (1685–1728) held a diocesan synod in Ascoli on 26–28 October 1692. Bishop Antonio Maria Nappi (1818–1830) presided over a diocesan synod held in Ascoli on 21–23 June 1824. Bishop Nappi then held a diocesan synod for the diocese of Cerinola in the cathedral of Cerinola from 30 June to 2 July 1824. Bishop Leonardo Todisco Grande (1849–1872) presided over a diocesan synod on 10–12 April 1853. Bishop Antonio Sena presided over a diocesan synod in the cathedral at Ascoli on 25–27 June 1878.

Change of metropolitan

On 30 April 1979, the diocese of Foggia was promoted, to become the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Foggia (Latin Name: Fodiana-Bovinensis). It was assigned as suffragan dioceses: Siponto, Troia, Asculum et Cerinola, Bovino, Lucera, and S. Severo. Asculum e Cerinola had up to that point been suffragans of the archdiocese of Benevento.

Consolidation of 1986

The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), in order to ensure that all Catholics received proper spiritual attention, decreed the reorganization of the diocesan structure of Italy and the consolidation of small and struggling dioceses.

On 18 February 1984, the Vatican and the Italian State signed a new and revised concordat. Based on the revisions, a set of Normae was issued on 15 November 1984, which was accompanied in the next year, on 3 June 1985, by enabling legislation. According to the agreement, the practice of having one bishop govern two separate dioceses at the same time, aeque personaliter, was abolished. Instead, the Vatican continued consultations which had begun under Pope John XXIII for the merging of small dioceses, especially those with personnel and financial problems, into one combined diocese.

On 30 September 1986, Pope John Paul II ordered that the dioceses of Ascolana Apuliae e Cerignola be merged into one diocese with one bishop, with the Latin title Dioecesis Ceriniolensis-Asculana Apuliae. The seat of the diocese was to be in Cerignola, and the cathedral of Cerignola was to serve as the cathedral of the merged dioceses. The cathedral in Ascolana was to become a co-cathedral, and the cathedral Chapter was to be a Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be only one diocesan Tribunal, in Cerignola, and likewise one seminary, one College of Consultors, and one Priests' Council. The territory of the new diocese was to include the territory of the former diocese of Ascolana.

Bishops

Diocese of Ascoli Satriano
Erected: 11th century

...
[Maurus (1059)]
...
[Joannes (1092)]
...
Risando (attested 1107)
...
Sikenolfus (attested 1123)
...
Joannes (attested 1179)
...
Goffridus (attested 1189 – 1200)
...
Petrus (attested 1205 – 1224)
...
Angelo (1308-1311)
Franciscus (1311)
Franciscus (1311 – ? )
Petrus ( ? – 1353)
Petrus Pironti (1354 – ? )
Petrus ( ? - 1396)
Pascharellus, O.E.S.A. (attested 1397 – 1418) Roman Obedience
Giacomo (1419 – 1458)
 Giovanni Antonio Buccarelli (1458 – 1469)
Pietro Luca, O.P. (1469 – 1477)
Fazio Gallerani (1477 – 1479)
Giosuè de Gaeta (1480 – 1509 Resigned)
Agapito de Gaeta (23 May 1509 – 1512 Died)
Giosuè de Gaeta (18 May 1513 – 1517 Resigned)
Giovanni Francisco de Gaeta (1 Apr 1517 – 10 Nov 1566 Died)
Marco Landi (22 Aug 1567 – 1593 Died)
Francesco Bonfiglio, O.F.M. Conv. (31 May 1593 – 1603 Died)
Ferdinando D'Avila, O.F.M. (9 Mar 1594 – 1620 Died)
Francesco Maria della Marra  (29 Apr 1620 – 1625 Died)
Francesco Andrea Gelsomini, O.E.S.A. (9 Jun 1625 – 8 Dec 1629 Died)
Giorgio Bolognetti (23 Sep 1630 – 28 Feb 1639 Appointed, Bishop of Rieti)
Michael Rezzi (Resti)  (8 Aug 1639 – Mar 1648 Died)
Pirro Luigi Castellomata (23 Nov 1648 – Oct 1656 Died)
Giacomo Filippo Bescapè (28 May 1657 – 13 Aug 1672 Died)
Felice Via (1672 – 1679)
Filippo Lenti (1680 – 1684)
Francesco Antonio Punzi (1685 – 1728)
Francesco Antonio de Martini (1728 – 1737)
Giuseppe Campanile  (1737 – 1771)
Emanuele di Tommaso  (1771 – 1807)

Sede vacante (1807 – 1818)

Diocese of Ascoli Satriano e Cerignola
Name Changed: 14 June 1819
Antonio Maria Nappi  (25 May 1818 Confirmed – 2 May 1830 Died)
Francesco Iavarone  (2 Jul 1832 Confirmed – 20 Apr 1849 Confirmed, Bishop of Sant’Agata de’ Goti)
Leonardo Todisco Grande  (1849 – 1872)
Antonio Sena  (23 Dec 1872 – 20 Mar 1887 Died)
Domenico Cocchia, O.F.M. Cap.  (23 May 1887 – 18 Nov 1900 Died)
Angelo Struffolini, D.C.  (15 Apr 1901 – 1 Jul 1914 Resigned)
Giovanni Sodo  (2 Jun 1915 – 24 Jul 1930 Died)
Vittorio Consigliere, O.F.M. Cap.  (1 Sep 1931 – 15 Mar 1946 Died)
Donato Pafundi  (22 Jun 1946 – 18 Jul 1957 Died)
Mario Di Lieto  (21 Nov 1957 – 16 Apr 1987 Retired)

Diocese of Cerignola-Ascoli Satriano
Giovanni Battista Pichierri (21 December 1990 – 13 November 1999 Appointed, Archbishop of Trani-Barletta-Bisceglie)
Felice di Molfetta (29 April 2000 – 1 October 2015 Retired)
Luigi Renna (1 October 2015 – 8 January 2022)
Fabio Ciollaro (2 Apr 2022 Appointed - )

References

Bibliography

Reference works

 pp. 853.

Studies

Conte, Luigi (1857). Memorie filologiche sull'antichità della chiesa di Cerignola. . Napoli: G. Cardamone 1857.
Disanto,Angelo; Pergola, Nicola (2012). Arcipreti nullius e vescovi cerignolani.  Cerignola: Centro ricerche di storia ed arte “Nicola Zingarelli" 2012.
 [by Canon Giacomo Leocavallo]
Kehr, Paulus Fridolin (1962). Italia pontificia. Regesta pontificum Romanorum. Vol. IX: Samnia – Apulia – Lucania.  Berlin: Weidmann. . pp. 145-147.
Klewitz, Hans-Walter (1933). "Zur geschichte der Bistumsorganisation Campaniens und Apuliens im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert", , in: Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen archiven und bibliotheken, XXIV (1932-33), pp. 58–59.
Mattei-Cerasoli, Leone (1918), "Di alcuni vescovi poco noti," , in: Archivio storico per le provincie Napolitane XLIII (n.s. IV 1918), pp. 363-382, at p. 366.

Cerignola
Cerignola
Diocese