LGBT pride (also known as gay pride or simply pride) is the promotion of the self-affirmation, dignity, equality, and increased visibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people as a social group. Pride, as opposed to shame and social stigma, is the predominant outlook that bolsters most LGBT rights movements. Pride has lent its name to LGBT-themed organizations, institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals, a cable TV channel, and the Pride Library.

Ranging from solemn to carnivalesque, pride events are typically held during LGBT Pride Month or some other period that commemorates a turning point in a country's LGBT history, for example Moscow Pride in May for the anniversary of Russia's 1993 decriminalization of homosexuality. Some pride events include LGBT pride parades and marches, rallies, commemorations, community days, dance parties, and festivals.

Common symbols of pride include the rainbow flag and other pride flags, the lowercase Greek letter lambda (λ), the pink triangle and the black triangle, these latter two reclaimed from use as badges of shame in Nazi concentration camps.

Terminology origins

The term "Gay Pride" was claimed to be coined by either Michael McConnell and Jack Baker or Thom Higgins, a gay rights activist in Minnesota. Brenda Howard along with the bisexual activist Robert A. Martin (aka Donny the Punk) and gay activist L. Craig Schoonmaker are credited with popularizing the word "Pride" to describe these festivities.

Historical background

Pride precursors

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs was one of the first openly gay activists and is considered a predecessor of the LGBT pride movement.

Annual Reminders
The 1950s and 1960s in the United States constituted an extremely repressive legal and social period for LGBT people. In this context American homophile organizations such as the Daughters of Bilitis and the Mattachine Society coordinated some of the earliest demonstrations of the modern LGBT rights movement. These two organizations in particular carried out pickets called "Annual Reminders" to inform and remind Americans that LGBT people did not receive basic civil rights protections. Annual Reminders began in 1965 and took place each July 4 at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.

"Gay is Good"
The anti-LGBT discourse of these times equated both male and female homosexuality with mental illness.  Inspired by Stokely Carmichael's "Black is Beautiful", gay civil rights pioneer and participant in the Annual Reminders Frank Kameny originated the slogan "Gay is Good" in 1968 to counter social stigma and personal feelings of guilt and shame.

Christopher Street Liberation Day

Early on the morning of Saturday, June 28, 1969, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons rioted following a police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar at 43 Christopher Street in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City. This riot and further protests and rioting over the following nights were the watershed moment in the modern LGBT rights movement and the impetus for organizing LGBT pride marches on a much larger public scale.

On November 2, 1969, Craig Rodwell, his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, and Linda Rhodes proposed the first pride march to be held in New York City by way of a resolution at the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations (ERCHO) meeting in Philadelphia.
 That the Annual Reminder, in order to be more relevant, reach a greater number of people, and encompass the ideas and ideals of the larger struggle in which we are engaged—that of our fundamental human rights—be moved both in time and location.

We propose that a demonstration be held annually on the last Saturday in June in New York City to commemorate the 1969 spontaneous demonstrations on Christopher Street and this demonstration be called CHRISTOPHER STREET LIBERATION DAY. No dress or age regulations shall be made for this demonstration.

We also propose that we contact Homophile organizations throughout the country and suggest that they hold parallel demonstrations on that day. We propose a nationwide show of support.

All attendees to the ERCHO meeting in Philadelphia voted for the march except for Mattachine Society of New York, which abstained. Members of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) attended the meeting and were seated as guests of Rodwell's group, Homophile Youth Movement in Neighborhoods (HYMN).

Meetings to organize the march began in early January at Rodwell's apartment in 350 Bleecker Street. At first there was difficulty getting some of the major New York City organizations like Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) to send representatives. Craig Rodwell and his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, Michael Brown, Marty Nixon, and Foster Gunnison Jr. of Mattachine made up the core group of the CSLD Umbrella Committee (CSLDUC). For initial funding, Gunnison served as treasurer and sought donations from the national homophile organizations and sponsors, while Sargeant solicited donations via the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop customer mailing list and Nixon worked to gain financial support from GLF in his position as treasurer for that organization. Other mainstays of the organizing committee were Judy Miller, Jack Waluska, Steve Gerrie and Brenda Howard of GLF. Believing that more people would turn out for the march on a Sunday, and so as to mark the date of the start of the Stonewall uprising, the CSLDUC scheduled the date for the first march for Sunday, June 28, 1970. With Dick Leitsch's replacement as president of Mattachine NY by Michael Kotis in April 1970, opposition to the march by Mattachine ended.

Christopher Street Liberation Day on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with the march, which was the first Gay Pride march in New York history, and covered the 51 blocks to Central Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers. The New York Times reported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks. Reporting by The Village Voice was positive, describing "the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago". There was also an assembly on Christopher Street.

Spread

On Saturday, June 27, 1970, Chicago Gay Liberation organized a march from Washington Square Park ("Bughouse Square") to the Water Tower at the intersection of Michigan and Chicago avenues, which was the route originally planned, and then many of the participants extemporaneously marched on to the Civic Center (now Richard J. Daley) Plaza. The date was chosen because the Stonewall events began on the last Saturday of June and because organizers wanted to reach the maximum number of Michigan Avenue shoppers. Subsequent Chicago parades have been held on the last Sunday of June, coinciding with the date of many similar parades elsewhere. Subsequently, during the same weekend, gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march in Los Angeles and a march and "Gay-in" in San Francisco.

The next year, Gay Pride marches took place in Boston, Dallas, Milwaukee, London, Paris, West Berlin, and Stockholm. By 1972 the participating cities included Atlanta, Brighton, Buffalo, Detroit, Washington D.C., Miami, and Philadelphia, as well as San Francisco.

Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from themselves. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the U.S. government. Ten people marched with Kameny then, and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, "By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred."

Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as "one of the greatest mistakes of his life". The image of gays retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, "stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals". Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, "Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale."

1980s and 1990s

In the 1980s there was a major cultural shift in the Stonewall Riot commemorations. The previous more loosely organized, grassroots marches and parades were taken over by more organized and less radical elements of the gay community. The marches began dropping "Liberation" and "Freedom" from their names under pressure from more conservative members of the community, replacing them with the philosophy of "Gay Pride" (in San Francisco, the name of the gay parade and celebration was not changed from Gay Freedom Day Parade to Gay Pride Day Parade until 1994). The Greek lambda symbol and the pink triangle, which had been revolutionary symbols of the Gay Liberation Movement, were tidied up and incorporated into the Gay Pride, or Pride, movement, providing some symbolic continuity with its more radical beginnings. The pink triangle was also the inspiration for the homomonument in Amsterdam, commemorating all gay men and lesbians who have been subjected to persecution because of their homosexuality.

LGBT Pride Month

LGBT Pride Month occurs in the United States to commemorate the Stonewall riots, which occurred at the end of June 1969. As a result, many pride events are held during this month to recognize the impact LGBT people have had in the world.

Three presidents of the United States have officially declared a pride month. First, President Bill Clinton declared June "Gay & Lesbian Pride Month" in 1999 and 2000. Then from 2009 to 2016, each year he was in office, President Barack Obama declared June LGBT Pride Month. Later, President Joe Biden declared June LGBTQ+ Pride Month in 2021. Donald Trump became the first Republican president to acknowledge LGBT Pride Month in 2019, but he did so through tweeting rather than an official proclamation; the tweet was later released as an official "Statement from the President."

Beginning in 2012, Google displayed some LGBT-related search results with different rainbow-colored patterns each year during June. In 2017, Google also included rainbow-coloured streets on Google Maps to display Gay Pride marches occurring across the world.

At many colleges, which are not in session in June, LGBT pride is instead celebrated during April, which is dubbed "Gaypril".

Pride month is not recognized internationally as pride celebrations take place in many other places at different times, including in the months of February, August, and September.

For the first time in the history of an Arab monarchy, diplomatic embassies in the United Arab Emirates supported the LGBTQ community by raising the rainbow flag to celebrate Pride Month 2021. The UK embassy in the UAE posted a picture on Twitter of the Pride flag alongside the Union Jack, affirming their "pride in the UK's diversity and our values of equality, inclusion and freedom". The US embassy in the Emirates also posted a picture of the flying American and Pride flags on its Abu Dhabi residence, stating that it supported "dignity and equality of all people". While the move was remarkable, it faced backlash online and was extensively criticized by the locals over social media. Many called it "disrespectful" and "insulting".

The term Wrath Month, which started as a Twitter meme in 2018, eventually came to be used by some as a response to the perceived tameness of Pride Month.

Criticism
From both outside and inside the LGBT community, there is criticism and protest against pride events. Bob Christie's documentary Beyond Gay: The Politics of Pride evaluates gay pride events in different countries within the context of local opposition.

Initiatives and criticism by governments and political leaders

Brazil

In August 2011, São Paulo city alderman Carlos Apolinário of the right-wing Democrats Party sponsored a bill to organize and sponsor "Heterosexual Pride Day" on the third Sunday of December. Apolinário, an Evangelical Protestant, stated that the intent of the parade was a "struggle ... against excesses and privileges". Members of Grupo Gay da Bahia and the Workers' Party opposed the bill as enhancing "the possibility of discrimination and prejudice". The bill was nevertheless passed by the city council, but never received the signature of mayor Gilberto Kassab.

A Brazilian photographer was arrested after refusing to delete photos of police attacking two young people participating in a gay pride parade on October 16, 2011, in the city of Itabuna, Bahia, reported the newspaper Correio 24 horas. According to the website Notícias de Ipiau, Ederivaldo Benedito, known as Bené, said four police officers tried to convince him to delete the photos soon after they realized they were being photographed. When he refused, they ordered him to turn over the camera. When the photographer refused again, the police charged him with contempt and held him in jail for over 21 hours until he gave a statement. According to Chief Marlon Macedo, the police alleged that the photographer was interfering with their work, did not have identification, and became aggressive when he was asked to move. Bené denied the allegations, saying the police were belligerent and that the scene was witnessed by "over 300 people", reported Agência Estado.

Spain
In a 2008 interview for the biography La Reina muy cerca (The Queen Up Close), by Spanish journalist and writer Pilar Urbano, Queen Sofía of Spain sparked controversy by voicing her disapproval of LGBT pride. This was in addition to overstepping her official duties as a member of the Royal Family by censoring the Spanish Law on Marriage in how it names same-sex unions as "matrimonio" (marriage). Without using the slogan "Straight Pride", Queen Sofía was directly quoted as saying that if heterosexuals were to take the streets as the LGBT community does for Gay Pride parades, that the former collective would bring Madrid to a standstill.

Even though the Royal Household of Spain approved publication of the interview and Pilar Urbano offered to share the interview recording, both Queen Sofía and the Royal Household have refuted the comments in question.

Turkey

In 2015 police dispersed the LGBT Pride Parade using tear gas and rubber bullets.

In 2016 and 2017, the Istanbul Governor's Office did not allow the LGBT Pride Parade to take place, citing security concerns and public order.

Uganda
In 2016, Ugandan police broke up a gay pride event in the capital. Homosexual acts are illegal in Uganda.

In-group
In a special queer issue of The Stranger in 1999, openly gay author, pundit, and journalist Dan Savage questioned the relevance of pride thirty years later, writing that pride was an effective antidote to shame imposed on LGBT people, but that pride is now making LGBT people dull and slow as a group, as well as being a constant reminder of shame; however, he also states that pride in some simpler forms is still useful to individuals struggling with shame. Savage writes that gay pride can also lead to disillusionment where an LGBT individual realizes the reality that sexual orientation does not say much about a person's personality, after being led by the illusion that LGBT individuals are part of a co-supportive and inherently good group of people.

The growth and commercialization of Christopher Street Days, coupled with their de-politicization, has led to an alternative CSD in Berlin, the so-called "Kreuzberger CSD" or "Transgenialer" ("Transgenial"/Trans Ingenious") CSD. Political party members are not invited for speeches, nor can parties or companies sponsor floats. After the parade, there is a festival with a stage for political speakers and entertainers. Groups discuss lesbian/transsexual/transgender/gay or queer perspectives on issues such as poverty and unemployment benefits (Hartz IV), gentrification, or "Fortress Europe".

In June 2010, American philosopher and theorist Judith Butler refused the Civil Courage Award (Zivilcouragepreis) of the Christopher Street Day Parade in Berlin, Germany, at the award ceremony, arguing and lamenting in a speech that the parade had become too commercial, and was ignoring the problems of racism and the double discrimination facing homosexual or transsexual migrants. According to Butler, even the organizers themselves promote racism. The general manager of the CSD committee, Robert Kastl, countered Butler's allegations and pointed out that the organizers already awarded a counseling center for lesbians dealing with double discrimination in 2006. Regarding the allegations of commercialism, Kastl further explained that the CSD organizers do not require small groups to pay a participation fee (which starts at €50  and goes up to €1500 ). He also distanced himself from all forms of racism and Islamophobia.

Some social movements and associations have criticized modern iterations of pride, viewing it as a depletion of the claims of such demonstrations and the merchandization of the parade. In this respect, they defend, in countries like Spain, the United States or Canada, a Critical Pride celebration to give the events a political meaning again. Gay Shame, a radical movement within the LGBT community, opposes the assimilation of LGBT people into mainstream, heteronormative society, the commodification of non-heterosexual identity and culture, and in particular the (over) commercialization of pride events.

"Straight Pride" analogy

"Straight Pride" and "Heterosexual Pride" are analogies and slogans that contrast heterosexuality with homosexuality by copying the phrase "Gay Pride". Originating from the Culture Wars in the United States, "Straight Pride" is a form of conservative backlash as there is no straight or heterosexual civil rights movement.  While criticism from inside and outside the LGBT community abounds, the "Straight Pride" incidents have gained some media attention, especially when they involve government and public institutions.

See also

 Christopher Street Day
 Council on Religion and the Homosexual
 EuroPride
 InterPride / IALGPC
 List of LGBT events
 Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
 World's biggest LGBT events by participants

Notes

References
 Alwood, Edward (1996), Straight News: Gays, Lesbians, and the News Media, Columbia University Press, New York ().
 Carter, David (2004), Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution, St. Martin's Press ().
 Duberman, Martin (1993), Stonewall Dutton, New York ().
 Loughery, John (1998), The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, New York, Henry Holt and Company ().
 Marotta, Toby (1981), The Politics of Homosexuality, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company ().
 Teal, Donn (1971), The Gay Militants, New York, Stein and Day ().

External links

 Interpride – an international Pride organization
 Gay Pride Coast to Coast – photos by CBS News

Identity politics
LGBT pride
LGBT history in the United States


The official Chinatown of Perth, Western Australia is bounded by Roe Street and James Street in the inner city suburb of Northbridge. Located within Chinatown are 13 restaurants and businesses. Many more Asian businesses are found further north around William Street near Brisbane Street, an area known informally for this reason as the "real Chinatown", and throughout both the Perth metropolitan region and the rest of Western Australia.

The City of Vincent (whose council boundary starts from Newcastle Street) has installed Asiatic themed street lights and street furniture to reflect the proliferation of Asian businesses in this area (see corner of William Street and Forbes Road). Businesses include restaurants, hair salons, grocery stores, travel agencies, Daiguo shipping companies, and medicine shops. The Vietnamese Buddhist Association and Temple is also located just off William Street on Money Street.

While the area known informally as "real Chinatown" has always had a high proportion of non-Anglo migrants, its make-up has changed with time. During the 1970s and 1980s, during which the Vietnam War ended and the Indochina refugee crisis began, the area housed Vietnamese migrants. Prior to this it was a Jewish quarter with Jewish businesses in the area; some still remain but are primarily landowners. Well known migrant business Kakulas Brothers still operate their wholesale operations off William Street on Wellman Street. From 2010 there has been a steady increase of mainland Chinese businesses as well as Korean businesses operating in the area.

Historically many Chinese (usually of Malaysian, Singaporean or Indonesian background) settled in Northbridge alongside other immigrant groups.  However, the city's low population density and comparatively low-cost property encourages migrants to move to the expanding suburbs. Likewise, overseas students often chose to live in suburbs near the universities they attend, such as Bentley, Murdoch and Nedlands.

Transport
The closest train station to Chinatown is Perth railway station, to its south-east on Roe Street. The Perth Busport is about  south of the precinct.

References

Further reading

Perth
Asian-Australian culture in Western Australia


Ellen David is a Canadian actress. She was co-nominated for a 2007 Gemini Award for Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series in The Business episode Check Please and nominated for a 2005 Prix Gemeaux for Meilleur rôle de soutien féminin : comédie (Best supporting actress : comedy). She also won the Award of Excellence from the Montreal chapter of the ACTRA Awards in 2015 for her body of work.

Career
Her other roles include Tripping the Rift, Arthur, The Little Lulu Show, Mambo Italiano, Law & Order, Ciao Bella, Naked Josh, For Better or For Worse, Mona the Vampire, Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings, Postcards from Buster, Animal Crackers, Fred's Head, Are You Afraid of the Dark?, Pig City, Daft Planet, What's with Andy?, Splinter Cell, The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo, Sirens, Largo Winch, 2001: A Space Travesty, A Walk on the Moon, Random Encounter, Afterglow, Moose TV, Caillou, Princess Sissi, Ripley's Believe It or Not!, Lucky Luke, The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures, Spaced Out, Billy and Buddy, Marsupilami, Wunschpunsch, Edward, A Miss Mallard Mystery, Winx Club, Prudence Gumshoe, Pet Pals, Creepschool, The Kids from Room 402, Kitou, Tupu, Shaolin Kids, The Bellflower Bunnies, Fred the Caveman, Jim Button, X-DuckX, My Goldfish is Evil, Lola and Virginia, The Tofus, Potatoes and Dragons, Tommy and Oscar, Nunavut, Dragon Hunters, Mica, Wombat City, Gene Fusion, Iron Nose, Martin Morning, Kit and Kaboodle, Okura, Pinocchio 3000, Deadbolt, Barney's Version, Urban Angel, Scent of Murder, Going to Kansas City, Fatal Affair, Street Legal, Night Heat and 18 to Life.

She is a graduate of Wagar High School. Her voice can be heard on the PBS series Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat as Mama Miao.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Canadian voice actresses
Living people
Actresses from Montreal
Anglophone Quebec people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses


The Gough Map or Bodleian Map is a Late Medieval map of the island of Great Britain. Its precise dates of production and authorship are unknown. It is named after Richard Gough, who bequeathed the map to the Bodleian Library in 1809. He acquired the map from the estate of the antiquarian Thomas "Honest Tom" Martin in 1774. Numerous copies of it have been made, with an interactive online version created at Queen's University, Belfast. It measures 115 by 56 cm.

Date
There has been no authoritative date for the map's production. Thomas Martin believed it dated from the reign of Edward III, while 19th-century scholarship suggested a date of c. 1300, during the reign of Edward I. More recently, the map was believed to have been made within an eleven-year window, based on historical changes of place names and sizes. The earliest given date is deduced by the depiction of a city wall around Coventry, which was first constructed in 1355. The latter date is usually given as 1366, the year in which the town marked on the map as Sheppey was renamed Queenborough.

Most recent studies, based on handwriting and stylistic evidence, support a later period of production. One study concludes that the map must have been made in the early years of the fifteenth century, while another suggests that the map was produced in the 1370s but extensively revised, perhaps as late as 1430.

It is generally accepted that the map may have been conceived earlier, and that it could have been one of several similar copies. In particular, it has been argued that some of the information on the map reflects the interests of Edward I, dating the prototype to around 1280.

Authorship
The map's authorship is also unknown. It is thought that much of the information about the map was gained from either one or more men who travelled around Great Britain as part of Edward I's military expeditions into Wales and Scotland. The areas of the map's fringe with the most accurate detail often correspond with those areas in which Edward's troops were present. The accuracy of the map in the South Yorkshire and Lincolnshire areas suggest that the author could be from this region. However, it is also possible that the map was constructed based upon the collation of various people's local knowledge. For example, the cartographic accuracy in Oxfordshire could be explained by the fact that William Rede, Fellow of Merton College, had successfully calculated the geographic coordinates for Oxford in 1340.

Topography and accuracy

The Gough Map is important due to its break with previous theologically based mapping. Apart from the Tabula Peutingeriana, its depiction of routes and marked distances is unique in British maps before the 17th century. And compared to previously known maps, like Ptolemy's Geography, it greatly improves the detail on the coast of England and Wales, although its depiction of the then independent Kingdom of Scotland is very poor. Towns are shown in some detail, with London and York written in gold lettering and other principal settlements illustrated in detail. Despite its accuracy, the map does contain a number of other errors. Notably, islands and lakes such as Anglesey and Windermere are oversized, whilst the strategic importance of rivers is shown by their emphasis. Well known but geographically small features such as the Peninsula in Durham are also overly-prominent. The map contains numerous references to mythology as if they were geographical fact, as illustrated by comments about Brutus' mythical landings in Devon. Nevertheless, it remains the most accurate map of Britain prior to the 16th century.

The red lines
A notable feature of the Gough Map is the disjointed network, across much of England and Wales, of narrow red lines drawn between settlements. With few exceptions, each is marked with a distance (of an unknown unit) in Roman numerals. Richard Gough described these lines as 'roads', and that description held throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Indeed, the document is still often referred to as a 'road map of Britain'. In a change of emphasis, however, recent scholarship sees the lines as routes, or as graphic representations of distance rather than of physical roads.

Scholars have struggled to explain the idiosyncratic inclusions and omissions. For example, there are no routes from London towards the south or east, and large sections of Watling Street are omitted. It has been speculated that the selection of routes might reflect the movements or interests of the map's owner, or that the compiler chose to show only the routes for which he had recorded distances, from existing itineraries. In any case, as the route network neither covers the whole of the map nor shows all the principal routes, it could not have served as a wayfinding aid in the sense that the term 'road map' implies. The lines are generally considered to be a secondary feature – even an afterthought – on a map principally of settlements.

Recent research
In 2012 an interdisciplinary team convened to take a new look at the Gough map. Their task was to re-evaluate the existing, often contradictory, literatures with the aid of newly-available high resolution scans and spectral imaging techniques. The team reported its findings at a work-in-progress Symposium in 2015 at the Bodleian Library, and a summary of provisional findings was published in 2017. These qualify much that has hitherto been believed about the map. Most significantly, it is proposed that the extant cartographical image is not a single map, but an accumulation of three distinct layers: Layer One (1390-1410) showing the whole of Britain; Layer Two (first quarter 15th century) comprising England south of the Wall and Wales; Layer Three (last quarter 15th century) restricted to south-east and south-central England. The last two layers in particular are individualised by systematic re-inkings, additions of colour and other details and alterations to place-names.

A study of the pinholes was undertaken. The holes occur in groups, marking the shapes of many of the pictorial town signs across the map – though the holes are absent from Kent, East Anglia, and the southwest.  Some of the pricked outlines have no corresponding ink line, and in some places the group of holes is offset from the inked sign. This has led to the conclusion that the holes are most likely medieval in origin, and were made while copying onto the map during its first production, rather than while copying from it. Hitherto they were thought to have been part of the copying process for the creation of the facsimile for Gough's British Topography.

Traditional conclusions about other aspects of the map were revised, including many transcriptions of place-names and the identification of some places represented on the map. New discoveries have also been made about the subsequent history of the map. Grey stains over many of the place names have been found to be caused by a reagent (made from oak galls and Madeira wine) applied at Richard Gough's request, that he had hoped would make faded writing more legible. On-going research extends the number of regional case studies already carried out (Northwest England, North Norfolk coast).

The Gough Map in culture
A BBC television series In Search of Medieval Britain (2008) showed Alixe Bovey retracing a series of journeys through Britain in the Middle Ages using the Gough Map.

In May 2011, the Gough Map was inscribed in UNESCO's UK Memory of the World Register.

Online digitization
From April 2010 to July 2011 a research project funded by the UK AHRC Research Council's Beyond Text programme digitised and created a new online edition of the Gough Map. The edition was a collaboration between Keith Lilley at Queen's University Belfast, Nick Millea at the University of Oxford's Bodleian Library Map Room, and Paul Vetch at the Department of Digital Humanities at King's College London.

Notes

References
Millea, Nick. The Gough Map: The Earliest Road Map of Great Britain? Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, 2007.

External links
Linguistic Geographies: The Gough Map of Great Britain. Includes an interactive and searchable edition of the Gough Map.
Explore the Gough Map. Zoomable, searchable, high quality image of the Gough Map, suitable for all media (desktops, tablets and smart phones). A layer of all settlement names can be viewed, and other layers plot 14th century royal journeys.

Historic maps of Europe
Maps of the United Kingdom
14th-century maps
Bodleian Library collection


This is a list containing the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks number-ones of 2000.

See also
2000 in Latin music
Billboard Hot Latin Tracks

References

2000 record charts
Lists of Billboard Hot Latin Songs number-one songs
2000 in Latin music


Alexander Prent (born 25 May 1983) is a Dutch footballer who plays as a winger.

Career
He played for several minor clubs in his home town before being signed by NEC Nijmegen. Prent played for the youth-team until season 2004-05 when he moved up to the senior team. During the next season 2005–2006 he suffered a knee injury that only made him play 7 games for the club, NEC loaned him out to TOP Oss in the Eerste Divisie during season 2006–2007.

In the autumn of 2007 he spent a few days on trial with Halmstads BK and played a friendly against FC Nordsjælland, in which he scored a goal, and then, on 7 December 2007, he signed for the club and joined them in January 2008. Near the end of the 2010 season, it was reported that Prent would not get his contract renewed and he left Halmstads BK at the end of the season.

On 15 February 2011 Prent returned to the Netherlands as he signed for SC Cambuur in Eerste Divisie, he had previously been on trial with German club Dynamo Dresden failing to gain a contract.

On 10 December 2011, Prent was signed to V-League side SHB Đà Nẵng.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Dutch men's footballers
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Footballers from Utrecht (city)
Men's association football midfielders
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Derde Divisie players
Allsvenskan players
VV DOVO players
NEC Nijmegen players
Halmstads BK players
TOP Oss players
SC Cambuur players
JVC Cuijk players
VV DUNO players
SHB Da Nang FC players
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Vietnam
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Expatriate men's footballers in Vietnam


The Galuh Kingdom was an ancient Sundanese kingdom located in the eastern part of Tatar Pasundan (now West Java province and Banyumasan region of Central Java province), present-day Indonesia. It was established following the end of the Tarumanagara kingdom around the 7th century. Traditionally the kingdom was associated with Eastern Priangan cultural region, around the Citanduy and Cimanuk rivers, with territory spanned from Citarum river on the west, Pamali and Serayu river on the east. Its capital was first located in Karangkamulyan, Ciamis Regency, then Saunggalah, Kuningan, and Kawali, near today Ciamis City. The etymology of "galuh" is Old Sundanese and Kawi word for "gemstone".

History
Most of the knowledge about this kingdom was collected from local Sundanese myth and folktales, transmitted through Pantun Sunda oral tradition. The Sundanese epic folktale of Ciung Wanara took place in this kingdom. Scarce historical records include Carita Parahyangan and Wangsakerta manuscripts composed in later period. The only stone inscription was 14th century Astana Gede inscription discovered in Kawali, believed to be the former capital of Galuh. From all these sources, it was concluded that Galuh was a Hindu kingdom, the predecessor of later Sunda Pajajaran kingdom. It was about the same period as Javanese Mataram kingdom.

According to the Wangsakerta manuscript, Galuh was a vassal of Tarumanagara. After the fall of Tarumanagara, its dynastic patriarch, Wretikandayun of Galuh, separated his realm from Sunda kingdom in the west. Since the crown prince of Galuh was the son-in-law of Queen Shima of Kalingga, a Hindu kingdom in Central Java, Wretikandayun, supported by Kalingga, demanded that the remnant of what was known as Tarumanagara's territory be divided into two kingdoms. Finding himself in an unfortunate position and unwilling to risk a civil war, King Tarusbawa of Sunda granted Wretikandayun's demand. In 670, Tarumanagara was divided into two kingdoms: the Sunda Kingdom in the west, and the Galuh Kingdom in the east, separated by the Tarum (Citarum) River.

Galuh continued to exist as individual kingdom as the counterpart of Sunda until it was absorbed and incorporated within Sunda kingdom around the 10th century. Galuh and the Sunda kingdom, another Sundanese kingdom, established the United Kingdom of Sunda and Galuh.  Its centre in Kawali become the court capital until the 15th century when Sri Baduga Maharaja shifted the capital to Pakuan Pajajaran. In later period, during the expansion of Mataram Sultanate, the menak (nobles) of Eastern Priangan region (Ciamis, Tasikmalaya, Garut, Kuningan and Majalengka), claimed to hold the legacy and prestige of this ancient kingdom.

Cultural Heritage
Cangkuang temple located in Leles, Garut Regency is estimated to have been built during Galuh kingdom era. It is the only reconstructed Hindu temple in West Java.

List of monarchs

See also

 United Kingdom of Sunda and Galuh
 List of monarchs of Java

References

Precolonial states of Indonesia
669 establishments
History of West Java


Vinagre is a discontinued VNC, SSH, RDP and SPICE client for the GNOME desktop environment, it is superseded by GNOME Connections. Vinagre was included in GNOME 2.22. It has several features, like the ability to connect to multiple servers simultaneously and to switch between them using tabs, VNC servers browsing and bookmarking. In version 2.29, Vinagre added controlling frame compression, better scaling and color depth. Version 2.30 added improved SSH tunneling and better support for copy-paste features between client and server.

Vinagre version 3.0 will operate with GNOME 3.0. , features such as frame rate, file transfer and audio support have yet to become available.

GNOME has included Vinagre in its default installation as its official VNC client, and it is the default program used for the Shared Desktop option offered by the Empathy instant-messaging client. Its default server is Vino.

, Vinagre supports the ability to connect to Windows-based machines using RDP.

See also

 Remmina

References

External links

 Download website

Free network-related software
Free software programmed in C
GNOME Applications
Remote desktop software that uses GTK
Virtual Network Computing


Angelelmus (Angelelme, Angelaume) was bishop of Auxerre from 813 to 828. He was Bavarian, and became abbot of the monastery of SS Gervais and Protase, Auxerre.

He is a Catholic and Orthodox saint, with feast day on July 7.

Notes

External links
 Le Bienheureux Angelelme

828 deaths
Bishops in the Carolingian Empire
Bishops of Auxerre
German Benedictines
9th-century Christian saints
Year of birth unknown


Chopra is community development block that forms an administrative division in Islampur subdivision of Uttar Dinajpur district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

History
Historically the western frontier of ancient Pundravardhana kingdom, bordering Anga of Mahabharat fame, the Dinajpur area remained somewhat obscure in the major empires that held sway over the region and beyond till the rise of the Dinajpur Raj during the Mughal period. Some areas later forming a part of Uttar Dinajpur were parts of kingdoms in Nepal. Dinajpur district was constituted by the British in 1786, with a portion of the estate of Dinajpur Raj. Subsequent to the Permanent Settlement in 1793, the semi-independent Dinajpur Raj was further broken down and some of its tracts were transferred to the neighbouring British districts of Purnea, Malda, Rajshahi and Bogra. In 1947, the Radcliffe Line placed the Sadar and Thakurgaon subdivisions of Dinajpur district in East Pakistan. The Balurghat subdivision of Dinajpur district was reconstituted as West Dinajpur district in West Bengal.  Raiganj subdivision was formed in 1948.

In order to restore territorial links between northern and southern parts of West Bengal which had been snapped during the partition of Bengal, and on the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission a portion of the erstwhile Kishanganj subdivision comprising Goalpokhar, Islampur and Chopra thanas (police stations) and parts of Thakurganj thana, along with the adjacent parts of the erstwhile Gopalpur thana in Katihar subdivision were transferred from Purnea district in Bihar to West Bengal in 1956, and were formally incorporated into Raiganj subdivision in West Dinajpur. The township of Kishanganj and its entire municipal boundary remained within Bihar. Islampur subdivision was formed in March 1959. At the same time, the portion of Chopra PS lying to the north of the Mahananda river covering an area that now comprises Bidhannagar-1 gram panchayat, Bidhannagar-2 GP, Chathat-Bansgaon GP and the southern half of Phansidewa-Bansgaon Kismat GP in Darjeeling district, was transferred from West Dinajpur to the jurisdiction of Phansidewa PS in Darjeeling district. With the introduction of the Community Development Programme in 1960-61, community development blocks were set up in West Dinajpur district.

In 1992, West Dinajpur district was bifurcated and Uttar Dinajpur district was established.

Geography
Chopra is located at .

Chopra Block established in the year 1964.

Uttar Dinajpur district has a flat topography and slopes gently from north to south. All rivers flow in that direction. Except for the eastern fringes of Chopra CD Block, most of the district is a part of the catchment area of the Mahanada and also a part of the larger Barind Tract.  The soil is composed of different varieties of alluvium.  The main rivers are: Nagar, Mahananda, Kulik, Gamari, Chhiramati (Srimati) and Tangon. The rivers have little water in the dry season but with heavy rains, during monsoon, overflow the banks. The Mahananda flows along the north-western edge of Chopra CD Block, forming the boundary with Darjeeling district. The Kurto river flows along a part of the international border with Bangladesh.

Chopra CD Block is bounded by Phansidewa CD Block in Darjeeling district and Tetulia Upazila in Panchagarh district of Bangladesh on the north, Panchagarh Sadar and Atwari Upazilas in Panchagarh District of Bangladesh on the east, Islampur CD Block on the south, and Pothia and Thakurganj CD Blocks in Kishanganj district of Bihar on the west.

Approximately 206 km of the India-Bangladesh border is in Uttar Dinajpur district. It covers the eastern boundary of the district. On the western side Uttar Dinajpur district has 227 km boundary with Bihar.

Border Stretch  of Chopra :  Bangladesh-65 km,  Bihar-26 km, Darjeeling-14 km.

Chopra CD Block has an area of 380.82 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 8 gram panchayats, 156 gram sansads (village councils), 119 mouzas and 116 inhabited villages. Chopra police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Chopra.

Uttar Dinajpur district is one of the smaller districts in the state and stands 15th in terms of area (3,140.00 km2) in the state.

Sap nikla forest is under Chopra block.  The lake and the forest attract tourists.

Eight Gram panchayats of Chopra Block/ Chopra Panchayat samiti are: Chopra, Chutikhore, Daspara, Ghirnigaon, Haptiagachh, Lakhipur, Majhiali and Sonarpur.

Demographics

Population
As per the 2011 Census of India, Chopra CD Block had a total population of 284,403, of which 278,826 were rural and 5,777 were urban. There were 147,073 (52%) males and 137,330 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 49,741. Scheduled Castes numbered 50,818 (17.87%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 20,041 (7.05%).

As per 2001 census, Chopra block had a total population of 223,046, out of which 115,244 were males and 107,802 were females. Chopra block registered a population growth of 34.59 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 28.72 per cent.

The only census town in Chopra CD Block was (2011 population in brackets): Chopra (5,777).

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Chopra CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): Dakshin Jibhakata (8,774), Ghiringaon Khas (12,300), Lakhipur (11,383), Shitalgaon (6,126), Purbba Chutiakhor (12,220), Dakshin Kundal Pukhar (4,103), Uttar Gorasahid (5,004), Paschim Chutiakhor (10,289), Rajabhim (5,868), Bhagabati (11,233), Bhagalpur Khas (6,484), Borobila (4,185), Jiakhori (7,335) and Chitalghata (12,988).

Other villages in Chopra CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Majhiali (750), and Ghirnigaon (2,640).

Decadal Population Growth Rate (%)

Note: The CD Block data for 1971-1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for Chopra PS covering the block

The decadal growth of population in Chopra CD Block in 2001-2011 was 24.93%. The decadal growth of population in Chopra PS  in 1991-2001 was 34.58%, in 1981-91 was 28.77% and in 1971-81 was 26.71%. The decadal growth rate of population in Uttar Dinajpur district was as follows:  30.2% in 1971-81, 34.0% in 1981-91, 28.7% in 1991-2001 and 23.2% in 2001-11. The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93% in 2001-2011, 17.77% in 1991-2001. 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.

Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal population growth rate in West Bengal with a figure of 23.2% for the decade 2001-2011 and is much higher than the state average of 13.8%.

According to the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district, population growth in the area that later became Uttar Dinajpur district was low in the pre-independence era and started picking up with the waves of East Bengali refugees coming in from erstwhile East Pakistan. Despite the formation of an international border in 1947, none of the PS areas in the area which later formed Islampur SD showed much increase in settlement density between 1941–51, and accelerated settlement only came into evidence in this region after 1961, following their transfer from Bihar to West Bengal. Thus, as population growth in the Uttar Dinajpur region accelerated considerably under the impetus of partition migration after 1951, the Islampur SD areas offered additional living space, easing the overall migration pressure on the region.

The Human Development Report analyses, "A spurt in population growth rates first became evident between 1951-1961, and was further magnified between 1971-81 after the creation of Bangladesh when population growth in most districts bordering the Bangladesh-West Bengal frontier showed similar escalation. However, after 1981, when population growth in most other West Bengal districts had tapered off, growth rates in Uttar Dinajpur again showed a fresh spurt. Thus, no deceleration in population growth rates occurred in the district until after 1991… In addition to Hindu and tribal migrants from across the international border, a sizeable number of migrant Muslims have also settled in the district, mainly driven by economic reasons… migrants from other states comprised 23% of the total migrants residing in Uttar Dinajpur." The large number of migrants from other states is mainly from the neighbouring areas in Bihar.

A study by North Bengal University has observed that “Immigrants from East Pakistan/Bangladesh have arrived in Uttar Dinajpur in almost equal numbers before and after 1971.” The Human Development Report opines, “The overall post-Partition impact on the rates of demographic growth has been particularly strong in all North Bengal districts. Despite its smaller relative size, the region has received more migration in pro rata terms than the West Bengal districts lying south of the Ganga.”

Literacy
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Chopra CD Block was 140,560 (59.90% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 81,939 (67.38% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 58,621 (51.85% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 15.52%.

The literacy rate in Uttar Dinajpur district at 60.13% in 2011, up from 47.89% in 2001, was the lowest amongst all districts of West Bengal. The highest literacy rate amongst the districts of West Bengal was that of Purba Medinipur district at 87.66% in 2011.

According to the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district,  “Goalpokhar-1, Goalpokhar-2, Karandighi and Islampur blocks in that order stood at the very bottom of the literacy scale in the state. This pooling of illiteracy within Islampur SD also led to the low ranking of Uttar Dinajpur at 494th position out of 595 Indian districts in terms of literacy rates in 2001, despite which its rank had improved considerably in relative terms from the 523rd rank it had occupied in 1991.”

The five blocks transferred from the state of Bihar to form a new subdivision in West Dinajpur in 1959 had until 1956 been part of the Kishanganj region which is still characterised by a low overall literacy rate of 31 percent in 2006-07, against which the corresponding rate for Uttar Dinajpur as a whole is a literacy rate of 48 percent... “Like Kishanganj which is now a full-fledged Bihar district, Islampur SD too has a largely rural profile, a large Muslim population and deep concentration of rural poverty”... Persisting regional disparities in access to education and infrastructure, rather than the response and enthusiasm of the local people are largely responsible for making Uttar Dinajpur the least literate district in West Bengal. “Thus, a major challenge facing the district relates to the improvement of educational attainments of the weaker social sections and women, especially among the Muslim community which has a dominant presence in the Islampur SD region… A huge gulf separates the Muslim literacy rate of 36 percent in Uttar Dinajpur from the Muslim literacy rate of 58 percent achieved by West Bengal as a whole.”

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

See also - Literacy in Bihar

Language and religion
In 2001, Bengali was the mother-tongue of 66.8% of the population of Uttar Dinajpur district, followed by Surajpuri (11.7%), Urdu (9.8%), Hindi (4.0%), Santali (4.0%), Telugu (0.4%), Kurukh/Oraon (0.3%), Bhojpuri (0.3%), Sadan/ Sadri (0.1%), Nepali (0.1%) and Maithili (0.1%). Other languages spoken were: Rajbansi, Oriya, Marwari and Munda. The proportion of population having Bengali as their mother tongue increased from 72.2% in 1961 to 76.5% in 1991 and then dropped to 66.8% in 2001. The proportion of population having Surajpuri as their mother tongue increased from 3.3% in 1991 to 11.7% in 2001. The proportion of population having Urdu as their mother tongue decreased from 10.1% in 1961 to 6.0% in 1971 and then increased to 9.8% in 2001. Information about mother-tongue is available only at the district level and above. In the District Census Handbook for Uttar Dinajpur district covering 2011 census, the mother-tongue information is provided for the period 1961 to 2001.

The Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur describes the Islampur subdivision as “a region where Urdu and Hindi are widely
spoken as a first language because of the prior transfer of this territory to West Bengal from Bihar”

In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 182,050 and formed 64.01% of the population in Chopra CD Block. Hindus numbered 96,459 and formed 33.92% of the population. Christians numbered 5,235 and formed 1.83% of the population. Others numbered 659 and formed 1.83% of the population. In Chopra CD Block, as per the District Statistical Handbook for Uttar Dinajpur, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 61.10% in 1991 to 62.34% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 37.55% in 1991 to 35.61% in 2001.

In the 2011 census, Uttar Dinajpur district had 1,501,170 Muslims who formed 49.92% of the population, 1,482,943 Hindus who formed 49.31% of the population, 16,702 Christians who formed 0.56% of the population and 6,319 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.23% of the population. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 45.3% in 1991 to 49.9% in 2011, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 54.2% in 1991 to 49.2% in 2011.

Rural poverty
As per the Rural Household Survey conducted in 2002, 50.6% of the rural families in Chopra CD Block belonged to the BPL category, against 46.7% of rural families in Uttar Dinajpur district being in the BPL category.  As per the Human Development Report for Uttar Dinajpur district, Chopra CD Block, located far to the north, ranked 7th amongst the CD Blocks in Uttar Dinajpur district in the Human Poverty Index (HPI), has been able to ensure greater equity in human development and comparatively lower concentration of poverty.

Economy

Livelihood

In Chopra CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 19,733 and formed 21.82%, agricultural labourers numbered 22,955 and formed  25.38%, household industry workers numbered 1,917 and formed 2.12% and other workers numbered 45,824 and formed 50.67%. Total workers numbered 90,429 and formed 31.80% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 193,974 and formed 68.20% of the population.

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers.  It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.

Infrastructure
There are 116 inhabited villages in Chopra CD Block. All 116 villages (100%) have power supply. 114 villages (98.28%) have drinking water supply. 25 villages (21.55%) have post offices. 110 villages (94.83%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 42 villages (36.1%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 44 villages (37.93%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 4 villages (3.45%) have agricultural credit societies. 11 villages (9.48%) have banks.

Agriculture
"With its distinctive physiographic and agroclimatic features, the Dinajpur region has been a bread-basket area of Bengal for many centuries, growing multiple varieties of fine and coarse rice in vast quantities, along with major economic crops like jute. The livelihood profile of Uttar Dinajpur district has evolved in association with these old agricultural patterns, and more than two-thirds of its active workforce still draws livelihoods directly from agriculture and related occupations."

Agricultural potential has been uneven across Uttar Dinajpur based on soil conditions and irrigation potential. This has generated considerable internal migration within the district, as areas with higher agricultural potential and higher labour demand has attracted large number of people. The impact of land reforms has also varied. As the Islampur subdivision blocks evolved initially under the Bihar administration, the land estates were larger in size and the extent of land acquired under ceiling laws were higher. The cultivator population in Islampur subdivision was also thinner. Such conditions have been favourable for migrants. The movement of people from agricultural activities to non-agricultural activities has been low in Uttar Dinajpur district except for some pockets. The strong impact of the shift from cultivation to tea plantations in Chopra CD Block is seen in the dominant presence of other non-farm workers within the rural workforce.

Chopra CD Block had 4-5 tea gardens in the pre-independence era. In the post-partition period, many migrants took to pineapple growing. As bottle necks in pineapple transportation to big city markets affected pineapple cultivation, many pineapple growers switched over to small tea gardens. In 1999. Production of tea by the small growers in the region rose from 13.1 million kg in 1999 to 36.5 million kg in 2003. There were 62 bought leaf factories in the area in 2003.

Chopra CD Block had 132 fertiliser depots, 12 seed stores and 40 fair price shops in 2013-14.

In 2013-14, Chopra CD Block produced 28,870 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop from 2,254 hectares, 1,029 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 422  hectares, 7 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 4 acres, 2,119 tonnes of wheat from 953 hectares, 2,783 tonnes of maize from 1,143 hectares, 31,170 tonnes of jute from 3,638 hectares and 24,709 tonnes of potatoes from 684 hectares. It also produced maskalai and oilseeds.

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Chopra CD Block was 3,167 hectares, out of which 3,150 hectares were irrigated by canal water and 17 hectares by river lift irrigation.

Craft based activities
"More than eleven hundred rural households across the district are engaged in traditional crafts based industries, among which dhokra, mat making, terracotta, village pottery and bamboo craft in the Goalpokhar-1 and Kaliaganj regions are notable."

Banking
In 2012-13, Chopra CD Block had offices of 8 commercial banks and 1 gramin banks.

Backward Regions Grant Fund
Uttar Dinajpur district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund.  The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.

Transport
Chopra CD Block has 2 ferry services and 5 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 10 km from the CD Block headquarters.

The Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line passes through the western edge of Chopra CD Block.

National Highway 27 passes through Chopra town and Chopra CD Block.

Education
In 2012-13, Chopra CD Block had 142 primary schools with 33,310 students, 17 middle schools with 2,570 students, 6 high schools with 4,910 students and 17 higher secondary schools with 28,186 students. Chopra CD Block had 479 institutions for special and non-formal education with 38,499 students.

As per the 2011 census, in Chopra CD Block, amongst the 116 inhabited villages, 13 villages did not have a school, 84 villages had 1 or more  primary schools, 19 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 11 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.

The mid-day meal programme for rural school children was launched in 2005 in Uttar Dinajpur district. As on 30 April 2015, 602,557 children in 3,006 schools were covered under this programme.

Chopra Kamala Paul Smriti Mahavidyalaya was established in 2013-14 at Chopra.

Culture

Little magazine
'Unmukta Dwar' is the only little magazine which published from Chopra. Editor Alok Sarkar. He also published child-magazine,'Rosgolla'. In 1997 Alok and his three friends are started that publishing work. But first little-mag of Chopra is 'Ankur', that was handmade, Editor Pradip Shikdar who was headmaster also.

Healthcare
In 2013, Chopra CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 primary health centres, with total 50 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 34 family welfare subcentres. 4,129 patients were treated indoor and 353,135 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.

Dalua rural hospital at Dalua (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Chopra CD block. There are primary health centres at Sonapur (with 6 beds), Daspara (with 10 beds), Lakshmipur (with 4 beds).

External links

References

Community development blocks in Uttar Dinajpur district


The War God's Own is a fantasy novel by American writer David Weber, published in 1999. The second book in his War God  series, it follows the adventures of Bahzell Bahnakson and his friend Brandark.  The novel is set in a swords and sorcery land with dwarves, elves, humans, hradani, and halflings—the Five Races of Man. There is a pantheon of Gods, some good and some vile. It is followed by  Wind Rider's Oath, published in 2004.

Plot

Bahzell and Brandark come to Belhadan, a major port city, where they are met by Sir Vaijon, a knight-probationer of the Order of Tomanāk. Vaijon, as many members of the local chapter of Tomanāk's order, is very offended by the notion of a hradani champion, as the hradani are generally viewed as barbarians, and more likely to serve the dark gods than not. The general discomfort finally comes to a head, in a duel between Bazhell and Vaijon after Vaijon accuses Bazhell of serving the dark gods, which Bazhell handily wins. A personal appearance from Tomanāk dispels most further prejudice against him. Shortly thereafter they set off for Hurgrum, as Sharnā, one of the dark gods, has been interfering in hradani politics. Along the way they meet up again with Wencit of Rūm, the last white wizard, and another champion of Tomanāk, a human woman named Kaeritha.

On arriving in Hurgrum, Bazhell tells his father about Sharnā's meddling and his involvement with the heir of one of Bahnak's enemies. He then swears in an entire hradani chapter of the Order of Tomanāk, and they launch an attack on Sharnā's underground church. However, the time required to get to the center of the church allows Sharna's high priest to summon a demon, which Bahzell, Vaijon and Kaeritha have to fight. Vaijon stabs it, but loses his sword in the process. When they return to Hurgrum, Tomanāk returns it to him, and at the same time claims sword-oath from him as a champion.

Having rooted out Sharnā's church, one final crisis awaits. Bahzell, and the Order of Tomanāk, must repel an invasion by a force of Sothoii warriors, acting under the orders of Matthian, Warder of Glanharrow, who is acting without permission out of his deep hatred for the hradani. His superiors arrive in time, and the entire force surrenders to the Order. Bahzell leaves for the Sothoii lands with Kaeritha, leaving Vaijon to organize the hradani Order of Tomanāk.

Characters

 Bazhell Bahnakson of the Horse Stealer hradani. The son of Bahnak, the prince of Hurgrum, the first hradani champion of Tomanak in more than 1,200 years.
 Brandark Brandarkson of the Bloody Sword hradani.
 Sir Vaijon of Almerhas, a knight-probationer, and later champion, of the Order of Tomanāk.
 Kaeritha, a champion of Tomanāk who joins Bazhell in his effort to defeat Sharnā.
 Wencit of Rūm, an ancient white wild wizard.
 Tomanāk Orfro, God of War and Justice.

External links
 The complete text of The War God's Own is available for download or reading online at the Baen Free Library here. It can also be found here.

1999 American novels
Baen Books available as e-books
American fantasy novels
Novels by David Weber


A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. Usually the dilution factor at each step is constant, resulting in a geometric progression of the concentration in a logarithmic fashion. A ten-fold serial dilution could be 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M, 0.001 M ... Serial dilutions are used to accurately create highly diluted solutions as well as solutions for experiments resulting in concentration curves with a logarithmic scale. A tenfold dilution for each step is called a logarithmic dilution or log-dilution, a 3.16-fold (100.5-fold) dilution is called a half-logarithmic dilution or half-log dilution, and a 1.78-fold (100.25-fold) dilution is called a quarter-logarithmic dilution or quarter-log dilution. Serial dilutions are widely used in experimental sciences, including biochemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, and physics.

In biology and medicine

In biology and medicine, besides the more conventional uses described above, serial dilution may also be used to reduce the concentration of microscopic organisms or cells in a sample. As, for instance, the number and size of bacterial colonies that grow on an agar plate in a given time is concentration-dependent, and since many other diagnostic techniques involve physically counting the number of micro-organisms or cells on specials printed with grids (for comparing concentrations of two organisms or cell types in the sample) or wells of a given volume (for absolute concentrations), dilution can be useful for getting more manageable results. Serial dilution is also a cheaper and simpler method for preparing cultures from a single cell than optical tweezers and micromanipulators.

In homeopathy

Serial dilution is one of the core foundational practices of homeopathy, with "succussion", or shaking, occurring between each dilution. In homeopathy, serial dilutions (called potentisation) are often taken so far that by the time the last dilution is completed, no molecules of the original substance are likely to remain.

See also
 Dilution (equation)
 Hormesis

References

 Michael L. Bishop, Edward P. Fody, Larry E. Schoeff. Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Procedures, Correlations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, p. 24. .

External links
 How to Make Simple Solutions and Dilutions, Bates College

Laboratory techniques
Homeopathy


Thanneermukkom is a village in Alappuzha district of Kerala, India.

Geography
It is located at .
a beautiful place in alappuzha.

Location
Thanneermukkom is on the banks  of Lake Vembanad. There is a salt water barrier at Thanneermukkom, built across the lake, which connects it to Vechoor in Kottayam district. This barrier essentially divides the lake into two parts - one with brackish water perennially and the other half with fresh water fed by the rivers draining into the lake.

Bus services connect Thanneermukkom to Kottayam town, Alappuzha town and Cherthala. There are a few bus services to Ernakulam also.

Environmental Impact of the Bund

This barrier has helped the farmers in Kuttanad - where farming is done below sea level. It has however also created ecological problems, primarily, the rampant propagation of the Water Hyacinth in fresh water. The backwaters which were abundant with fish and part of the staple food of the people of the region require a small amount of salt water for their breeding. The salt water barrier has caused deterioration of the catch of fish in the region and the fishermen are opposed to the bund as of 2005. The salt water barrier has also disrupted the harmony of the sea with the backwaters and has caused problems not foreseen before the salt water barrier like the omnipresence of the water weeds. Earlier the salt water tends to cleanse the backwaters but this does not happen any more leading to the pollution of the backwaters and the entire land nearby.

Tourism
Thanneermukkom is an important destination in the backwater tourism map. A number of resorts dot the area.

See also
 Thanneermukkom Bund

References

External links
 The Hindu article on the Environmental Impact of the Bund

Villages in Alappuzha district


Incumbents
President of Georgia: Nino Burjanadze (acting; November 25, 2007)-January 20, 2008; Mikheil Saakashvili (January 20, 2008 – 17, November 2013)
Prime Minister: Lado Gurgenidze (since November 22, 2007)
Chairperson of the Parliament: Mikheil Machavariani (acting; since November 25, 2007); Nino Burjanadze (January 20, 2008 – June 7, 2008), David Bakradze (June 7, 2008 – present)

Events
January 5 – 2008 Georgian presidential election: Mikheil Saakashvili is re-elected as President of Georgia for his second term.
January 5 – A majority of voters favor to bring 2008 Georgian legislative election to spring 2008 in a binding referendum.
January 5 – A majority of voters express their support to Georgia's bid to join NATO in a non-binding referendum.
January 31 - The incoming Cabinet of Georgia wins a vote of confidence in the Parliament of Georgia.
April 20 – A crisis in relations with Russia deepens after a Russian fighter jet downs a Georgian unmanned unarmed aerial vehicle over Abkhazia.
May 21 – Georgia holds a parliamentary election won by Saakashvili’s United National Movement.
May 24 – Georgian singer Diana Gurtskaya finishes 11th at the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2008.

Scheduled
October 4 – Elections to the Supreme Council of Adjara.

Deaths
January 6 – Guram Lortkipanidze, film actor (born 1930).
January 9 - Mikheil Kavtaradze, formerly an anti-Soviet émigré politician and author (born 1907).
January 16 – Prince Jorge de Bagration, the Head of the Royal House of Georgia and claimant to the throne of Georgia (born 1944).
February 2 - Givi Mizandari, sculptor (born 1932).
February 13 - Badri Patarkatsishvili, tycoon and politician (born 1955)
March 2 – Sofiko Chiaureli, theatre and film actress (born 1937)
March 11 – Anna Kalandadze, poet (born 1924)
May 24 – Bukhuti Gurgenidze, Georgian chess grandmaster (born 1933)
August 7 – Vakhushti Kotetishvili, Iranist and folklorist (born 1935)

See also
List of '2008 in' articles

Years of the 21st century in Georgia (country)
Georgia
Georgia


The Fatty Container (or simply the Fatty) is a vinyl record storage box designed by the Finnish designer Harri Koskinen in 1998 for company Schmidinger as part of their Möbel Kollektion range.

Models
There are two models, with catalogue numbers 7100 and 7150 from the Möbel Kollektion. Both are nearly identical in finish. They are made of quality birch plywood finished with a light clear lacquer, with rounded corners formed by bending the plywood. This bending is enabled by the inside having a further two pieces of plywood which allow the bending of the rounded sides, as well as also the flush fitting of the flat sides and lid. Two strong metal hinges are on either side of the back end of the lid, the front end of which has a catch for keeping it closed, with a loop for using a padlock if desired by the user.

The 7100 'Hockerkiste'
('Hockerkiste' translates from the German as 'Stool Crate')
 Dimensions: (external) W400mm x D400mm x H400mm / (internal) W380mm x D380mm x H380mm.
 Capacity: 53 Litres (approx.).
 Weight: 4.7 kg (approx.).
 Features: No handles, designed for storing records in situ, and can be used as a stool (or stools, if many units placed together).

The 7150 'Kiste'
('Kiste' translates from the German as 'Crate')
 Dimensions: (external) W200mm x D400mm x H400mm / (internal) W180mm x D380mm x H380mm.
 Capacity: 25 Litres (approx.).
 Weight: 3.4 kg (approx.).
 Features: Handle on the lid, designed for carrying records.

Quality
While technically they are handmade, machinery is used in some of the construction processes for the boxes. The €198 (7100) and €172 (7150) retail price in continental Europe for each unit is extremely expensive when compared to similar, although lesser designed products using simpler materials, which offer the record collector an alternative at between 10-20% of the price. However, in its favour, the Fatty is arguably far superior ergonomically and is intended equally as a piece of furniture to sit on (in the case of the 7100). That, along with being designed by a much in demand designer, Harri Koskinen, may account for this relatively high pricing.

See also
 Block Lamp

References

External links
 Fatty as part of the Möbel Kollektion on the Schmidinger website.
 Fatty at Rakuten (Japan). (Google cached English translation).

Finnish design


The Block Lamp is a lightfitting designed by Finnish designer Harri Koskinen, and produced by Design House Stockholm. It is a seemingly simple design of a lightbulb held inside two shaped pieces of clear glass, measurements 10.2 x 15.9 x 8.9 cm (4" x 6.3" x 3.5"). After designing the lamp in 1996, Koskinen first went to Iittala, who turned him down. The Block Lamp has been part of MoMA's permanent collection since 2000, and has been showered with design awards including: Excellent Swedish Design in 1998, the Design Plus Award at the Ambiente Trade Fair in Frankfurt in 1999 as well as the Best New Product at the Accent Show in New York in 1999.

References

External links
 Block Lamp at the manufacturer Design House Stockholm’s official website.
 Block Lamp on Harri Koskinen's website.
 Block Lamp on Rakuten (Japan). (Google cached English translation).
 Block Lamp at MoMA shop online.

Finnish design