"Botany Bay" is a song that can be traced back to the musical burlesque, Little Jack Sheppard, staged at the Gaiety Theatre, London, England, in 1885 and in Melbourne, Australia, in 1886. The show was written by Henry Pottinger Stephens and William Yardley, with music composed and arranged by Wilhelm Meyer Lutz. The show's programme credits "Botany Bay" as "Old Air arr. Lutz". Sheet music from Allan & Co. in Australia credits Florian Pascal, the pseudonym of Joseph Williams Jr. (1847–1923), a music publisher and composer who published the show's music. Pascal composed other numbers in the score but received no credit for "Botany Bay" in the programme.

Earlier history
The song's earlier history is less clear. A song "Botany Bay", catalogued by the British Library as from the 1780s and described as "sung by the Anacreontic Society", has no obvious connection, being concerned with Cook's landing rather than the subsequent deportation of convicts. However, the song's verses have lines in common with Farewell to Judges and Juries which had been performed in 1820. As for the melody, The Era (London) of 25 October 1890 describes it as "written over a hundred years ago", and it appears to have been adapted from the folk song "Mush, Mush", with its refrain "Mush, mush, mush, turaliaddy! Sing, mush, mush, mush, turalia!".

Botany Bay was the designated settlement for the first fleet when it arrived in Australia in the eighteenth century. It was a settlement intended for the transport of convicts to Australia. The song describes the period in the late 18th and 19th centuries, when British convicts were deported to the various Australian penal colonies by the British government for seven-year terms as an alternative to incarceration in Britain. The second verse is about life on the convict ships, and the last verse is directed to English girls and boys as warning not to steal.

After the production of Little Jack Sheppard, the song became a popular folk song and has been sung and recorded by Burl Ives and many others. It is played as a children's song on compilations, particularly in Australia.

The song is referenced in various documentaries researching the transport of convicts to Australia, although that practice in New South Wales had ended in 1840, 45 years before the song was written.

Lyrics
There are no "official" lyrics to "Botany Bay" and slight variations can be found in different sources and by different performers.

Farewell to old England for ever,
Farewell to my rum coes as well,
Farewell to the well-known Old Bailey
Where I used for to cut such a swell.

Chorus:
Singing too-ral-li, oo-ral-li, addity,
Singing too-ral-li, oo-ral-li, ay,
Singing too-ral-li, oo-ral-li, addity,
And we're bound for Botany Bay.

There's the captain as is our commander,
There's the bo'sun and all the ship's crew,
There's the first- and the second-class passengers,
Knows what we poor convicts go through.

'Taint leaving old England we cares about,
'Taint cos we mis-spells what we knows,
But because all we light-fingered gentry
Hops around with a log on our toes.

These seven long years I've been serving now
And seven long more have to stay
All for bashing a bloke down our alley
And taking his ticker away.

Oh, had I the wings of a turtle-dove,
I'd soar on my pinions so high,
Straight back to the arms of my Polly love,
And in her sweet presence I'd die.

Now all my young Dookies and Duchesses,
Take warning from what I've to say:
Mind all is your own as you toucheses
Or you'll find us in Botany Bay.

Covers
The song "Toorali" on the 2008 album Summerland from Australian band The Herd uses an adapted excerpt from the song "Botany Bay" for its chorus and main verse.

Another song titled "Toorali" by Australian post-hardcore band Eleventh He Reaches London uses parts of the song's chorus, appearing on their 2009 album Hollow Be My Name.

A verse and chorus of the song can also be heard sung by Deborah Kerr, Robert Mitchum, Peter Ustinov, and Glynis Johns in the 1960 film The Sundowners.

Kate Rusby covered the song for her 1999 album Sleepless.

Australian singer Mirusia with Dutch violinist André Rieu performed the song on their album Waltzing Matilda in 2008.

The song can also be heard being sung by itinerant Australian shearers in the US TV miniseries The Thorn Birds (1983).

References

External links

1885 songs
Australian folk songs
Australian poems
Botany Bay
Songs about boats
Songs about Australia
Songs about crime
Songs about criminals


Eriogonum gilmanii is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Gilman's buckwheat. This plant is endemic to Inyo County, California, where it is known only from the desert mountain slopes of the Cottonwood, Last Chance, and Panamint Ranges. This is a flat mat-forming, woody perennial herb which grows in patches under 20 centimeters wide on rocky soils. Its tiny fleshy leaves, each under half a centimeter wide, are covered in a dense hairy white wool. The plant blooms in showy erect heads of small, inflated flowers, each a few millimeters wide and yellowish or orange with red stripes.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

gilmanii
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the California desert regions
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of Inyo County, California
Death Valley National Park
Panamint Range
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983), is a United States Supreme Court case. The Court ruled on the admissibility of clinical opinions given by two psychiatrists hired by the prosecution in answer to hypothetical questions regarding the defendant's future dangerousness and the likelihood that he would present a continuing threat to society in this Texas death penalty case. The American Psychiatric Association submitted an amicus curiae brief in support of the defendant's position that such testimony should be inadmissible and urging curtailment of psychiatric testimony regarding future dangerousness and a prohibition of such testimony based on hypothetical data.

In Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454 (1981), the Supreme Court previously ruled on a Texas death penalty case regarding the use of a psychiatric examination to determine the defendant's competency to stand trial to predict future dangerousness.  In that case the Court held that the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination applied to pretrial psychiatric examinations by a prosecution psychiatrist who later testified regarding the defendant's future dangerousness without warning the defendant that such evidence could be used against him. The Court reasoned that although a defendant has no generalized constitutional right to remain silent at a psychiatric examination limited to the issues of sanity or competency, full Miranda warnings must be given with respect to testimony concerning future dangerousness.

Background
Thomas Barefoot (February 23, 1945 – October 30, 1984) was convicted of the murder of a police officer. The same Texas jury determined, in the sentencing phase of the trial, whether Barefoot should receive the death penalty.

The Texas death-penalty statute required that the jury consider whether Barefoot would pose "future dangerousness".  Along with other evidence, the prosecution called two psychiatrists who, answering hypothetical questions, testified that Barefoot was likely to remain a danger to society. Neither psychiatrist had examined Barefoot nor asked to do so, but each summarized their professional experience as equipping them to answer the questions accurately. One psychiatrist called Barefoot a "criminal sociopath" and said there was no treatment for this condition and that Barefoot was likely to commit acts of violence in the future. The other psychiatrist testified that Barefoot had "a fairly classical, typical, sociopathic personality disorder." He placed Barefoot in the "most severe category" of sociopaths, and on a scale of one to ten, Barefoot was "above ten". The jury considered this as well as other evidence and imposed the death penalty.

The Court ignored amicus briefs arguing that psychiatric evidence cannot be offered on such issues with any reasonable degree of certainty.

Appeals
Barefoot appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals which rejected his argument that this use of psychiatric testimony during the sentencing phase of his trial was unconstitutional and upheld the conviction and sentence. After denials of a writ of certiorari and of habeas corpus, petitioner filed a petition for habeas corpus in Federal District Court raising the same objections to the use of psychiatric testimony. Although the District Court rejected his claims and denied the writ, it did issue a certificate of probable cause. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals denied a second writ of habeas corpus and denied a stay of execution. The Court of Appeals also denied a stay of execution.

The Supreme Court granted certiorari.

Opinion of the Court
The Supreme Court upheld the denial of a stay of execution by the Court of Appeals, saying that the Court of Appeals followed the procedural guidelines for handling such applications for stays of execution on habeas corpus appeals pursuant to a certificate of probable cause. The Court also upheld the appellate court's finding on the merits of the case, reasoning that that clinical prediction testimony  was not in every case wrong and could be refuted by opposing experts, trusting the adversarial system to determine the accuracy of such statements.

Subsequent developments
The Court's decision in this death penalty case was very important in influencing the legal opinion regarding psychiatric predictions of dangerousness, a position with which the  American Psychiatric Association and other medical ethicists disagree, leading some experts to conclude that a psychiatrist making such statements verges on the brink of being a quack. Nevertheless, courts have been willing to accept such testimony despite the lack of empirical evidence that these predictions of future dangerousness are accurate.

However, forensic experts state that psychiatric testimony on ultimate questions at law is unreliable due to the inherent limitations of current psychiatric clinical and experimental knowledge and practice. Dr. James P. Grigson, one of the psychiatrists that testified in this case, was expelled from the American Psychiatric Association and the Texas Association of Psychiatric Physicians (TAPP) for making statements in testimony on defendants he had not examined. The TAPP said his expulsion was due not only to his replies to hypothetical questions but also for predicting dangerousness with 100% certainty.

Barefoot was executed on October 30, 1984, at the age of 39.

See also
 Estelle v. Smith (1981)
 List of people executed in Texas, 1982–1989

Footnotes

External links

 Interview with Attorney Douglas Becker on his role in Barefoot v. Estelle
 Hastings -  Barefoot v. Estelle

United States Supreme Court cases
United States expert witness case law
Mental health case law in the United States
1983 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court


State Route 142 (SR 142) is a state highway in southern Washington. It is located entirely within Klickitat County and runs east–west for  from Lyle to Goldendale. The highway terminates at SR 14 in Lyle and U.S. Route 97 (US 97) in Goldendale.

The highway follows the Klickitat River and an abandoned railroad grade that was built in 1903 and converted into a recreational trail in the 1990s. The county government built a road through the Klickitat River Canyon in 1934 and transferred it to state control in the 1960s, when it was designated as Secondary State Highway 8E (SSH 8E). The highway was initially renumbered to SR 122, but instead became SR 142 in 1967.

Route description

SR 142 begins at an intersection with SR 14 in the town of Lyle, located on the north bank of the Columbia River. The highway travels along the west side of Lyle, following the Klickitat River upstream as it passes through the Mud Spring Canyon, and passes Klickitat County Park. The two-lane, high-speed road is also paralleled to the west by the Klickitat Trail, a multi-use path for bicycles and pedestrians that uses an abandoned railroad grade. SR 142 continues to traverse several canyons, making several bends to the east and north to follow the course of the Klickitat River. The highway crosses over the river near Wheeler Canyon and continues along its west bank to the town of Klickitat, where it serves as the main street.

Beyond Klickitat, the highway turns east and travels along the north bank of the Klickitat River as it enters the Klickitat State Wildlife Area. After passing the settlement of Wahkiacus, SR 142 crosses over the river to its south bank and leaves the canyon by following the Little Klickitat River. The highway makes a hairpin turn to the north along Bowman Creek before reaching the rural Klickitat Valley plateau, high above the Little Klickitat  River. SR 142 then travels north and makes a sharp turn to the east near Mountain View Ranch Road, followed by a series of stair-step turns around Blockhouse Butte before continuing east. The highway approaches Goldendale and passes the municipal airport and the county fairgrounds on the western outskirts of the city. After crossing the Little Klickitat River, SR 142 travels east through downtown Goldendale on Broadway Street. The highway turns northeast and terminates at an intersection with US 97 east of the city limits.

SR 142 is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and primarily serves as an alternative route between SR 14 and US 97, avoiding the Maryhill junction, as well as a local connector. The entire highway is also designated as a state scenic byway due to its proximity to recreational hunting, fishing, and watersports. WSDOT conducts an annual survey of average traffic volume on the state highway system that is measured in terms of average annual daily traffic. Daily traffic volumes on SR 142 range from a minimum of 360 vehicles near the Mountain View Ranch to a maximum of 4,200 vehicles in downtown Goldendale.

History

The Columbia River and Northern Railway began construction of a  railroad in 1902 with the goal of connecting Goldendale to a port on the Columbia River at Lyle. The railroad was completed in April 1903, on a route following the Klickitat River Canyon to Wahkiacus and Swale Creek before reaching the southern outskirts of Goldendale. The Lyle–Goldendale railroad was acquired by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway Company in 1908 and used as a branch of the company's mainline on the northern bank of the Columbia River. The Lyle–Goldendale railroad was abandoned in 1992 and the riverside section was converted into a rail trail, today known as the Klickitat Trail, under the direction of the state parks system.

A highway linking Lyle to Goldendale was constructed by the Klickitat county government in 1934, requiring a series of timber truss bridges to traverse the Klickitat River. The eastern section of the highway, from Wahkiacus to Goldendale, was routed along the Little Klickitat River and a series of country roads on the western outskirts of Goldendale. The timber truss bridges, located northeast of Wahkiacus, were replaced in 1955 by a pair of prestressed concrete spans that demonstrated an early use of the new technology. The new bridges were designed by engineer Harry R. Powell and were the largest prestressed concrete bridges in the state at the time of their opening. The shorter bridge on the west side was replaced after a major flood in 1975 caused significant damage, while the longer bridge on the east side was closed to vehicular traffic in June 2012. A temporary Bailey bridge was erected until the completion of a permanent replacement for the eastern bridge in November 2016.

The state legislature approved a provisional designation for the Lyle–Goldendale highway, Secondary State Highway 8E (SSH 8E), in 1961 that would be activated upon the completion of Primary State Highway 8 (PSH 8) between Goldendale and Plymouth. SSH 8E was formally added to the state highway system in 1965, during the planned transition to a new numbering system that would take full effect in 1970. Under the new system, SSH 8E became State Route 122 (SR 122), while PSH 8 became SR 12. The extension of US 12 across Washington in 1967 caused SR 12 to be renumbered to SR 14, and SR 122 became SR 142 as a result.

Major intersections

References

External links

Highways of Washington State

142
Transportation in Klickitat County, Washington


Bernie Boston (May 18, 1933 – January 22, 2008) was an American photographer most noted for his iconic Flower Power image.

Life and career
Boston was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in McLean, Virginia. During his time in high school he was a photographer for the newspaper and yearbook. He graduated from the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) in 1955. He was a member of the Gamma Phi local fraternity and RIT, and after it became a chapter of Sigma Pi fraternity he was inducted into the national organization. After his time at RIT, Boston studied at the School of Aviation Medicine in the U.S. Air Force. He served in the Army for two years while in Germany practicing radiology "in a neurosurgical unit."

In 1958, he left the Army and returned to Washington, working in custom photofinishing. He started his news photography career in Dayton, Ohio with the Dayton Daily News. He moved back to Washington to work at The Washington Star and was director of photography when the newspaper folded in 1981. He then was hired by the Los Angeles Times to establish a photo operation in the nation's capital.

Boston covered every president from Harry S. Truman to Bill Clinton. In 1967 he was commissioned to shoot a portrait of former Black Panther H. Rap Brown. Noticing the trend of a call for civil rights in the late 1960s, Boston took more images of the Civil Rights Movement, including a portrait of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. during his Poor People's Campaign, and other notable events. On October 22, 1967, he photographed his most famous picture, Flower Power, which showed a Vietnam War protester inserting flowers into National Guardsmen's rifle barrels.

He was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize for a 1987 photograph of Coretta Scott King unveiling a bust of her late husband, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., in the U.S. Capitol.

Boston taught photojournalism classes at Northern Virginia Community College and Rochester Institute of Technology.

An archive of many of Boston's negatives as well as some prints and contact sheets is held at RIT. Established as a tribute to his memory and an inspiration for young photographers, it includes most of his work including the original negative for Flower Power.

Boston attributed his success to his knowledge of his equipment. In an age of film, he knew chemistry as well as the capabilities of his lenses.  Boston also believed in dressing in a suit and tie. "I'm in the capital of the world and I don't believe you should walk into an office in jeans and a sweat-shirt. I think you should blend in."

Awards
1987: Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography, Spot News Photography.
1993: Joseph A. Sprague Memorial Award from the National Press Photographers Association, their highest honor.
Inducted into the Hall of Fame of Sigma Delta Chi, the Society of Professional Journalists.

Publications
Bernie Boston: American Photojournalist. Henrietta, New York: RIT Cary Graphic Arts, 2006. By Therese Mulligan. .

Death
Boston died at his home in Basye, Virginia, on January 22, 2008, of amyloidosis.

References

1933 births
2008 deaths
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
Photographers from Washington, D.C.
Rochester Institute of Technology alumni
Dayton Daily News
People from McLean, Virginia
Photographers from Virginia
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers
Deaths from amyloidosis
United States Army personnel


John Frazer may refer to:

John Frazer (Australian footballer) (born 1956), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne and Fitzroy
John Frazer (architect) (born 1945), English architect and CAD pioneer
John Frazer (cricketer) (1901–1927), Australian-born English cricketer
John Frazer (politician) (1827–1884), Irish-born Australian politician
John Fries Frazer (1812–1872), American geologist
John W. Frazer (1827–1906), American soldier, planter, and businessman

See also
Jack Frazer (born 1931), Canadian politician
John Fraser (disambiguation)


Clifford Patrick Keen (June 13, 1901 – November 4, 1991) was an American coach who served as the head coach of the University of Michigan collegiate wrestling team from 1925 to 1970. He led the Michigan Wolverines to 13 Big Ten Conference championships, and coached 68 All-American wrestlers. In 1976, he was inducted into the inaugural class of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame as a Distinguished Member.

Early life and college
Keen was born on a ranch at Red Moon in Roger Mills County, Oklahoma, near the town of Cheyenne.  His high school in Weatherford, Oklahoma had no wrestling team; one of his high school classmates was Arnold "Swede" Umbach. He was playing basketball one day when a wrestler asked him if he could help as a partner so he could practice his moves; after Keen was beaten by the much smaller man, he decided to go out for the wrestling team. He got his start in wrestling as a middleweight at Oklahoma A&M (now Oklahoma State University–Stillwater), where he became a three time Missouri Valley Conference Champion.

Keen was undefeated as a collegiate wrestler at 158 lbs, but was defeated by Leon Gorman of Texas at 175 lbs when Gallagher asked him to wrestle a second bout in a dual meet after winning his previous bout. At that time, there was no scoring, wrestlers won bouts on riding time or by pin; each of the three periods wrestled was 7 minutes per period, and some bouts went 30 minutes. His wrestling coach at Oklahoma A&M was Edward C. Gallagher. Keen was also a lineman for the Oklahoma A&M football team coached by Michigan All-American John Maulbetsch, and a sprinter on the track team also coached by Gallagher. He was named to the 1924 Olympic team, but did not compete because of a broken rib; Keen had wins over two wrestlers on the team, Guy Lookabaugh and Orion Stuteville.

Keen graduated from Oklahoma A&M in 1924 with a major in salesmanship; he also was business manager of "The Orange and Black, " the school newspaper where he met sports editor, Jess Hoke. His brother, Paul, was also on the football team, and was captain of the basketball team; however, he also learned wrestling from Gallagher and coached at Warner, Yale, and Geary High Schools. Gallagher initiated the Oklahoma State High School Wrestling Championships in 1922. Paul earned a master's degree at the University of Michigan in 1944, and became the intramural director at the University of Oklahoma, where he coached wrestling, 1927–1936. Paul also was twice elected Mayor of Norman. Both Cliff and Paul are the only two brothers to be named as U.S. Olympic Wrestling Coaches in 1948 and 1940. Keen met his wife, Mildred, at Oklahoma A&M; she was a High School State Champion in Tennis.

Keen started his coaching career in 1924 as a high school football coach in Frederick, Oklahoma where he earned $175 a month for teaching social studies and coaching football, basketball, baseball, and wrestling; Mildred also taught at Frederick. Keen's 1925 team outscored opponents 355 to 3. Fielding Yost hired Keen for an annual salary of $3,000 on the recommendation of his football coach, John Maulbetsch.

Coaching career at Michigan

After coaching high school in Oklahoma for two years, Keen took a job at Michigan as the wrestling coach and assistant football coach. His teams won Big Ten championships in 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930 and 1938, and five of his teams in his first 12 years went through their seasons with a single defeat. One of his first great wrestlers was Ed Don George, who later became the world's heavyweight champion. Another one of his outstanding wrestlers on his 1938 team, Harold Nichols, went on to become one of the greatest coaches in NCAA Wrestling History after coaching at Iowa State, 1954–1985. Other pupils, Frank Bissell at The Hill School, Larry Nelson at Vacaville (CA), and Mike Rodriquez at Detroit Catholic Central all went on to be recognized as some of the greatest high school coaches in the United States. Bissell sent over 20 of his finest wrestlers to Keen to wrestle for Michigan from late 1940s through 1970 including his own son.

As the wrestling coach at the University of Michigan from 1925 to 1970, Coach Keen led the teams to a record of 268 wins, 91 losses, 9 ties and 13 Big Ten Conference wrestling championships. His teams placed in the top three in the Big Ten 40 times. His wrestlers captured 19 National titles (NCAA and AAU) and 81 conference crowns. In his 45 years at Michigan, he coached 68 All-Americans as well as 81 Big Ten champions. His teams went undefeated for four years, 1962–1966, winning 34 consecutive matches and 55 of 56 matches until 1968. After coaching five decades, Keen's record was 97-11-2 in his final decade of coaching, 1960–1969, before retiring in 1970; his squads won Big Ten Championships in 1960, 1963, 1964, and 1965 and were NCAA Runner-Up in 1967. Like all the wrestling coaches in his era, he was unable to offer any of his "boys" a scholarship until the mid-1960s; he was unable to recruit, and the only financial assistance he could offer was to get them a job on campus to support their tuition and room&board. The lack of financial support prevented Keen from taking at least 75 of his wrestlers to the NCAA Championships although they qualified; he was unable to field a full squad at every weight until 1963.

His length of service as Michigan's wrestling coach was “the longest tenure of any coach in any sport in NCAA history.”

He obtained a law degree from Michigan in 1933. Keen later said he had never intended to make a career of coaching, but wanted to go into law. He said: “I never intended to continue at coaching when I got my law degree here.  But that was the depths of the depression and I needed a job.  I kept saying I'd coach one more year. . . .  I never expected it to last 45 years.” Asked at the time of his retirement from coaching in 1970 if he would finally open his law practice, Keen joked, “I'm going into the full practice of retiring, I think.” He took three years off from coaching to serve as a Naval Commander during World War II. “When I came out of the service I definitely, positively decided I had to start my law practice, but Fritz Crisler persuaded me to keep coaching.” The military leave of absence from 1942 to 1945 still counted as years of service at the University of Michigan.

Keen was a firm believer in wrestling as a means to build character. He once said: “I believe that wrestling plays a highly educational part in the development of a boy. The fundamental that every successful wrestler must acquire, and which has great carry-over value after his student days, is self-discipline. From self-discipline stems self-confidence and belief in one's self. What greater lesson can a sport or a coach impart?"

Keen and his good friend, Fendley Collins, who was also an Oklahoma A&M grad, initiated the Michigan State High School Wrestling Championships in 1939 with only 8 teams; they took turns hosting the events at their universities until the 1967 when there were so many high school programs with wrestling that Class C-D wrestling events began after Class B had adopted in 1961. It was too much for two men to manage, and Collins retired in 1962 after coaching at Michigan State since 1930. When the two men began their coaching careers at Michigan and Michigan State in 1925 and 1930, they used to referee many of each other's home matches.

Keen later recalled that one of the greatest moments of his career came in 1965, when his team threw a big surprise for him after the Big Ten meet. More than 200 of his former wrestlers attended, including the entire 1928 team that won the Big Ten championship. Keen said, “I take a lot of pride in what these fellows have done, not only in wrestling, but later.  They've been pretty successful in a number of things and the list reads like a 'Who's Who.'  Whenever I think of that I get a lot of pride and satisfaction.”

Keen also spent 33 years as an assistant football coach with the Wolverines, 1926–1958, serving under head coaches Fielding H. Yost, Tad Wieman, Harry Kipke, Fritz Crisler and Bennie Oosterbaan. He coached Michigan's 150 lbs. Lightweight Football Team to two conference championships in 1947 and 1948; his 1948 team defeated Ohio State twice in the same season, the only Wolverine football team to accomplish this. His volunteer assistant coach for his 1947 team was George Allen, and his 1948 quarterback was Jerry Burns; both would later become NFL Head Football Coaches. During Gerald Ford's football career at Michigan, from 1932 to 1934, Keen coached Ford as the center on the offensive unit. In fact, Ford considered Keen “his coach” and maintained a friendship with Keen throughout his life.

When Keen retired in 1970, the Associated Press reported: “Cliff Keen could have spent a career wrestling with law books.  But instead he decided that wrestling itself was his ambition.  That was back in 1925.  Calvin Coolidge was president.  Booze was illegal.  Alexander J. Groesbeck was the governor of Michigan.  And Cliff Keen became the University of Michigan wrestling coach.  Forty-five years?  How could anyone be a wrestling coach for 45 years.”

Olympics and wrestling innovator
Keen also served on the U.S. Olympic Committee from 1928 to 1952 and was manager of the 1948 Olympic team in London. Keen was the first University of Michigan Head Coach named officially as an Olympic Coach in 1948. He was an original member and later president of the National Wrestling Coaches Association and also presided over the national rules committee.

For many years Keen pioneered the development of safe, effective, wrestling equipment such as the Cliff Keen head guard that bears his name. He is credited with developing the wrestling headgear used to protect wrestlers from head and ear injuries. And in 1955, Keen developed a new circular wrestling ring. At the time of its introduction, the Associated Press reported: “Michigan wrestling coach Cliff Keen saw his brainchild take shape this season – a circular wrestling ring.  He has great hopes for it.” The principle behind Keen's round ring was to eliminate the corners. Keen felt it was too easy for a wrestler to reach for the edge of the ring and pull himself out. The corners also restricted movement and made it difficult to maneuver from a corner, because a shift in either direction would put one or the other out of the ring. Keen explained that the square ring was of “mechanical history.” With the ropes used in the 1930s, a square ring was needed because the ropes had to be anchored by posts. With the ropes gone from collegiate wrestling, Keen concluded it was time to free the sport of the squared ring. Keen also teamed with Michigan Track Coach, Don Canham, in 1952 to produce the first film techniques for coaches in wrestling; the films were marketed by Canham's School-Tech, Inc. in 1954. In 1958 Keen founded the company, Cliff Keen Wrestling Products now known as Cliff Keen Athletic, Inc., which is still in the business of manufacturing wrestling gear, equipment and uniforms. Keen was also one of the authors of Championship Wrestling, printed in 1943 while he was serving in the U.S. Navy, 1942–1945; it was a leading book on wrestling technique for several decades. Keen's influence and effect on the sport of amateur wrestling in the United States from the 1930s until present has been incredible and enduring.

Honors and accolades
In 1958, Keen was named to the Helms Hall of Fame. In 1976, Keen was one of five charter members of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame. In 1980, he was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor as part of the third induction class. Only three University of Michigan coaches (Fielding H. Yost, Fritz Crisler and Ray Fisher) were inducted into the Hall of Honor before Keen. In 1990, Varsity Arena, home of Michigan's wrestling, men's gymnastics, and women's volleyball teams, was renamed Cliff Keen Arena in his honor. In 2011, he was named to the Sporting Goods Industry Hall of Fame posthumously.

Death and family
Keen died at age 90 at his home in Ann Arbor. He was survived by his son, James Keen and a daughter, Joyce Novak. His wife Mildred Keen, and daughter Shirley (Keen) Leahy, preceded him in death. His brother Paul V. Keen coached the University of Oklahoma wrestling team to a national championship. Paul Keen followed his brother into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame in 1977. His older brother, Paul, was also named 1940 U.S. Olympic Wrestling Coach and served two terms as Mayor of Norman, OK. His oldest brother, Bill, was a district court judge in Oklahoma for over 30 years.

References
Legends of Michigan: Cliff Keen  by Dave Taylor (2013) https://web.archive.org/web/20141018131532/http://www.cliffkeen.com/wrestling/accessories/ckbook-legends-of-michigan-cliff-keen

External links

1901 births
1991 deaths
American male sport wrestlers
American wrestling coaches
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Michigan Wolverines wrestling coaches
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestlers
College men's track and field athletes in the United States
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
People from Roger Mills County, Oklahoma
Players of American football from Oklahoma
University of Michigan Law School alumni


Don't Stop 'Til We Major is the debut solo full-length album by American rapper and producer JT the Bigga Figga from San Francisco. It was released on September 10, 1992, through Lil Daddy Records, re-released three years later via Get Low Recordz with distribution by Priority Records, and reissued in 2000 via Get Low Records with distribution by ILG/Bayside Ent. Distribution and on July 20, 2006, via SMC Recordings with distribution by Fontana Distribution.

Track listing
"Intro"- 1:51
"The Bigga Figga"- 3:18
"Victim of the Vapes" featuring D-Moe - 4:15
"Appetizer"- 3:29
"The Hard Way"- 4:29
"Don't Stop 'til We Major"- 4:37
"The SFC" featuring RBL Posse, Gigolo G, San Quinn, Seff Tha Gaffla & D-Moe - 8:43
"9 to 5"- 4:04
"Mind Yo Own"- 4:13
"Nuthin' But a Hustla"- 5:14
"Get My Money"- 2:01
"Me and My Nigga"- 4:38
"Shouts Out"- 4:37
"Hidden Track"-0:50

References

External links

1991 debut albums
JT the Bigga Figga albums


The following article presents a summary of the 1916 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 15th season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

In 1916 there were two different editions of the Campeonato Paulista. One was organized by the Associação Paulista de Esportes Atléticos (APEA) while the other one was organized by the Liga Paulista de Foot-Ball (LPF).

APEA's Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Paulistano declared as the APEA's Campeonato Paulista champions.

LPF's Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

SC Internacional de São Paulo and Germânia matches were canceled, as both clubs abandoned the competition.

The LPF's Campeonato Paulista was not concluded as APEA's and LPF's competitions fused, and Corinthians declared as the LPF's Campeonato Paulista champions.

State championship champions

Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1916.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF
 1916 Brazil national team matches at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


José Joaquín Estudillo (May 7, 1800 – June 7, 1852) was a Californio statesman and ranchero who served as the 2nd Alcalde of San Francisco (then known as Yerba Buena). A member of the prominent Estudillo family of California, he is also considered the founder of the city of San Leandro.

Biography
He was born at the Presidio of Monterey, to José María Estudillo, a Spanish soldier; his brother José Antonio Estudillo also played an important role in the settling of California. José Joaquín joined the Spanish Army himself at the age of 15 as a soldado distinguido ("distinguished soldier") at the Monterey Presidio. It is unclear when he moved to Yerba Buena, but records indicate that he was the commissioner in charge of the secularization of Mission San Francisco de Asís at the beginning of 1835. In July that year he petitioned the alcalde, Francisco de Haro, for a land grant in that area. Haro forwarded the request to Governor José Figueroa, who denied the request on the grounds that the ayuntamiento (Town Hall) attached to the Mission did not have the authority to grant such requests. The governor reversed himself a few months later in September, however, stating that a building-lot could be granted to Estudillo, provided it was not within two hundred varas (yards) of the beach, and that other persons might obtain grants of the same kind and establish themselves there, although no records exist to show that Estudillo did receive such a grant afterwards. In November 1835, he was elected alcalde of Yerba Buena. Using the terms set by Figueroa, the first land grant issued in that area was approved by Estudillo himself, as alcalde on June 2, 1836. The recipient of that land grant was William A. Richardson, who had just become Estudillo's brother-in-law.

After his one-year term, Estudillo, his wife, and ten children moved across San Francisco Bay, settling just outside the Peraltas' Rancho San Antonio on San Leandro Creek, the first settlers in what would later be known as Eden township. He petitioned Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado to receive a land grant for the land between San Leandro Creek and San Lorenzo Creek in January 1837. Five years went by without a reply. Realizing that his original petition had been lost, he sent a second one in 1842. This time, Alvarado granted him the  Rancho San Leandro (named after Saint Leander, Estudillo's patron saint) that he requested. That same year, Ignacio Peralta would build his adobe across the creek from Estudillo.

The cession of Alta California to the United States and the California Gold Rush marked a turning point in his life. After the influx of Americans, the price of cattle increased from $2/head to $60. Estudillo sold off his entire stock, and built a grand house in 1850, lavishly furnishing it with wares from around the world. On the other hand, squatters overran his land and wreaked havoc with his horses and cattle (before they were sold), so much that their encampment became known as "Squatterville". It was only through the efforts of two of Estudillo's sons-in-law, John B. Ward and William Heath Davis, that the squatters were brought under control. Ward and Davis later laid out the town site that would become San Leandro.

Estudillo died in 1852. His descendants donated the land where his house, Casa de Estudillo, stood for construction of St. Leander's Church. That site was declared California Historical Landmark #279, and sits on the street that now bears his name, Estudillo Avenue.

References

1800 births
1852 deaths
Californios
San Leandro, California
People from Monterey, California


George Henry Noble Helmore (15 June 1862 – 28 June 1922) was a New Zealand rugby union player who played for the first New Zealand national team on their 1884 tour of New South Wales. Although he never played a test match, he played seven matches and scored 16 points. He also played first-class cricket for Canterbury.

Early life
Helmore's father, the solicitor and barrister Joseph Helmore, owned Millbrook in Christchurch, and Helmores Lane went through the middle of that property, with the name commemorating him. He received his education at Christ's College.

Rugby union career

Christ's College and Canterbury
At Christ's College, Helmore played for the school 1st XV rugby team in 1879 and 1880. In 1880 he played his first match for . Helmore played 13 times for Canterbury, and many times as captain. He led Canterbury to their two wins over the touring New South Wales side in 1886 and appeared twice in the first two of their three matches against the Great Britain side touring in 1888.

New Zealand
Helmore was a utility back and seen as one of the most versatile players ever to appear for New Zealand. He played at wing, centre, inside back, and even in the forwards at times. Helmore was part of the team touring Australia in 1884, his debut coming on 22 May when they played Wellington before the left for Australia. In his first match in Australia, Helmore was well involved, scoring three tries in the 33–0 win over Cumberland County. They then played New South Wales in Sydney where they won 11–0. He was then picked for the match against Northern Districts, scoring two drop goals in the 29–0 win. His next match was against New South Wales, at the Agricultural Society's Ground in Sydney. With a crowd of 4500 watching, New Zealand won 21–2 with Helmore scoring his fourth try of the tour.

Helmore was picked for the games against Western Districts at Bathurst, and New South Wales at Sydney but he did not score.

References

External links
CricketArchive: George Helmore

1862 births
1922 deaths
Rugby union players from Christchurch
Cricketers from Christchurch
New Zealand international rugby union players
Canterbury cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
New Zealand rugby union players
People educated at Christ's College, Christchurch
Colony of New Zealand people


The 2004 season was the Houston Texans' third in the National Football League, all of which they had spent under head coach Dom Capers. The team finished 7–9, two games better than the previous season, and came third in the AFC South, the first time they had not finished bottom. The Texans also earned their first victory over the Tennessee Titans, the franchise previously known as the Oilers, who had left Houston after the 1996 season.

Quarterback David Carr, who missed four games the previous season, started all 16 games in 2004. Carr finished 2004 as his best season with Houston, finishing 285-of-466 for 3,531 yards with 16 touchdowns and 14 interceptions. Carr's 466 attempts, 3,531 passing yards, and 16 passing touchdowns would all be career highs for him. Additionally, this was the first season Carr finished with more touchdowns than interceptions.

Offseason

NFL draft

Staff

Roster

Preseason

Regular season

Schedule

Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

Game summaries

Week 1: vs. San Diego Chargers

Week 2: at Detroit Lions

Week 3: at Kansas City Chiefs

Week 4: vs. Oakland Raiders

Week 5: vs. Minnesota Vikings

Week 6: at Tennessee Titans

With the win, the Texans improved to 3–3. This was the Texans' first win over the Tennessee Titans, who previously played in Houston as the Oilers from 1960 to 1996.

Week 8: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars

Week 9: at Denver Broncos

Week 10: at Indianapolis Colts

Week 11: vs. Green Bay Packers

Week 12: vs. Tennessee Titans

With the win, the Texans improved to 5–6, snapped their three game losing streak, and swept the Titans for the first time in franchise history.

Week 13: at New York Jets

Week 14: vs. Indianapolis Colts

Week 15: at Chicago Bears

Week 16: at Jacksonville Jaguars

Week 17: vs. Cleveland Browns

Looking to secure their first non-losing season, the 7–8 Texans hosted the 3–12 Browns in the regular season finale of the 2004 season. Despite only committing one turnover, Houston's offense struggled and only gained 238 yards of total offense compared to Cleveland's 364. The Texans scored a touchdown with 1:23 left to trail 14–22 and attempted an onside kick, but it was recovered by the Browns who would run out the clock to win the game.

Standings

Statistics

Team

Individual

Source:

References

Houston Texans seasons
Houston


State Route 155 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Washington, running from  U.S. Route 2 near Coulee City over Disautel Pass to U.S. Route 97 and State Route 20 in the city of Omak.  It is the main north–south route through the area around Grand Coulee Dam.

Route description

State Route 155 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 2 northeast of Coulee City. From there, the highway heads north, paralleling the shore of Banks Lake for much of the southern part of the route.  After passing Steamboat Rock State Park, it crosses over Osborn Bay Lake before passing through Electric City. It then intersects State Route 174 in Grand Coulee. The highway then heads northeast, crossing the Columbia River just north of the Grand Coulee Dam.

On the north side of the Columbia, State Route 155 turns west and traverses the Colville Indian Reservation, passing through the communities of Nespelem and Disautel, crossing Disautel Pass at an elevation of . As the highway descends from the pass, it approaches the town of Omak on Omak Avenue. On the east side of the town, it crosses under the two-lane carriageway of U.S. Route 97 and State Route 20. Since there is no access immediately at this underpass, State Route 155 continues three blocks west before turning south along Dayton Street to access U.S. Route 97.

At the intersection of Omak Avenue and Dayton Street, a spur route of State Route 155 begins and continues west along Omak Avenue to terminate at State Route 215 in downtown Omak. This was the original alignment of State Route 155 before U.S. Route 97 was realigned onto its current bypass.  State Route 155 Spur is  long.

History

When State Route 155 was first established in 1964, U.S. Route 97 passed through downtown Omak and Okanogan on what is now State Route 215, rather than on its easterly bypass as it does today.  Thus, State Route 155 continued west on what is now State Route 155 Spur to terminate at U.S. Route 97 in downtown Omak.  When the US 97 bypass was built a few years later, State Route 155 was rerouted onto its current alignment.

Prior to the 1964 highway renumbering, the section of State Route 155 from Coulee City to the Grand Coulee Dam was numbered Secondary State Highway 2F. From Grand Coulee to Omak, it was numbered Secondary State Highway 10A.

Spur route

A short spur route of SR 155 connects the main highway to downtown Omak, traveling for  on Omak Avenue. It continues west from the US 97/SR 20 underpass and crosses over the Okanogan River before ending at an intersection with SR 215. The spur route was designated on the former route of SR 155 prior to the construction of the US 97 expressway in eastern Omak.

WSDOT plans to rebuild the spur route's crossing of the Okanogan River in 2025 with wider lanes by replacing the sidewalks with a parallel pedestrian bridge.

Major intersections

References

External links
Highways of Washington State

155
155
Transportation in Grant County, Washington
Transportation in Okanogan County, Washington


Utricularia hispida is a medium-sized terrestrial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. Utricularia hispida, which is usually a perennial plant, is endemic to Central and South America.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

External links

Carnivorous plants of North America
Carnivorous plants of Central America
Carnivorous plants of South America
Flora of Belize
Flora of Bolivia
Flora of Brazil
Flora of Colombia
Flora of French Guiana
Flora of Guatemala
Flora of Guyana
Flora of Mexico
Flora of Nicaragua
Flora of Suriname
Flora of Trinidad and Tobago
Flora of Venezuela
hispida
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck


The 2005 Houston Texans season was the franchise's 4th season in the National Football League and the 4th and final season under head coach Dom Capers. The Texans completed the season with the worst record in franchise history (a record that would later be matched in 2013). This led to the Texans obtaining the first selection in the NFL Draft for the second time since the franchise formed in 2002. The team fired head coach Dom Capers after the season; he was replaced by Denver Broncos offensive coordinator Gary Kubiak, who would coach the team up until 2013. Their Week 3 game was postponed due to Hurricane Rita. The Texans failed to win a division game, and went 0–8 on the road for the first time in franchise history.

Offseason

NFL draft

Staff

Roster

Preseason

Regular season

Schedule

Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

Game summaries

Week 1: at Buffalo Bills

Week 2: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers

Week 4: at Cincinnati Bengals

Week 5: vs. Tennessee Titans

Week 6: at Seattle Seahawks

Week 7: vs. Indianapolis Colts

Week 8: vs. Cleveland Browns

Week 9: at Jacksonville Jaguars

Week 10: at Indianapolis Colts

Week 11: vs. Kansas City Chiefs

Week 12: St. Louis Rams

Week 13: at Baltimore Ravens

Week 14: at Tennessee Titans

Week 15: vs. Arizona Cardinals

Week 16: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars

Week 17: at San Francisco 49ers

Standings

Statistics

Team

Individual

Source:

References

Houston Texans seasons
Houston


Fritz Berolzheimer, Juris Doctor (3 January 1869 – 30 September 1920) was a German philosopher of law. He was the author of the five volume System der Rechts- und Wirtschaftsphilosophie (1904–07). In 1907 he co-founded the Archiv für Rechts- und Wirtschaftsphilosophie (ARWP).

Principal works
 Rechtsphilosophische Studien (Munich, 1903)
 Die Entgeltung im Strafrecht (Munich, 1903)
 System der Rechts- und Wirtschaftsphilosophie (Munich, 1904–07)
 Volume 1. Kritik des Erkenntnisinhaltes (Munich, 1904)
 Volume 2. Die Kulturstufen der Rechts- und Wirtschaftsphilosophie (Munich, 1905)
 Volume 3. Philosophie des Staates samt den Grundzügen der Politik (Munich, 1906)
 Volume 4. Philosophie des Vermögens einschliesslich des Handelsverkehrs (Munich, 1907)
 Volume 5. Strafrechtsphilosophie und Strafrechtsreform (Munich, 1907)
 Deutschland von Heute (Berlin, 1909)
 Die Gefahren einer Gefühlsjurisprudenz in der Gegenwart (Berlin, 1911)
 The World's Legal Philosophies (Modern Legal Philosophy Series, Vol. 2), Lawbook Exchange Ltd 2002,

Berolzheimer texts online

References

1869 births
1920 deaths
German political philosophers
German philosophers
Philosophers of law
German male writers


is a department store in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. The store is operated by SHIBUYA109 Entertainment Corporation, a subsidiary of the Tokyu Group.

History and description
The building, located just across the street from Shibuya Station, opened in April 1979. The architect was Minoru Takeyama. Tokyu, the building's operator, designed the building as a "Fashion Community" containing small retail stores targeting the early-30s female consumer. Tokyu intended the store to compete with Seibu Department Stores, which was making inroads into the Shibuya area.

The name of the building, 109, is a form of word play (goroawase, specifically numerical substitution) and is taken from the Japanese characters tō (meaning 10) and kyū (9) as in Tōkyū. The interior of the building is designed to move shoppers in a loop on each floor from the elevators past various shops. A movie theater was originally planned for the top floor, but the fire department would not grant approval due to emergency-evacuation routes not meeting appropriate standards. Although originally targeted at women in their 30s, the building later became more known as a sanctuary for young women from the gyaru subculture.

The original emoji set from SoftBank Mobile (as used by iOS prior to the Unicode emoji standardisation) included one for Shibuya 109, . As a corporate icon, it was not assigned a standard Unicode code point, but it continues to be supported by Twemoji at its location in SoftBank's Private Use Area.

Due to its prominent location in Shibuya, the building appears in various Japanese media like anime and video games; however, since 109 is a copyrighted brand, the number is always altered.

Collaboration with Ayumi Hamasaki
In April 2023, the 109 building was used for Ayumi Hamasaki's "25th Anniversary Shibuya109 Campaign", showcasing the artist both on the tower and through participating stores. Famed for being an inspiration for gyaru culture in the 2000s, Hamasaki collaborated with numerous brands for limited edition clothing, merchandise, and confectionary, along with a playlist of her music being used across the building. A ViVi representative described the event as "a perfect envisioning of Ayu's world", and "a treat for visitors, regardless of whether they're a big fan or not".

Stores
 Shibuya 109 (Shibuya, Tokyo) - April 1979

 MAGNET by Shibuya 109 (Shibuya, Tokyo) - April 2018

Opened as 109-2 in April 1979, renamed to 109Men's in March 2011 before being renamed once again to its current name.
 Kohrinbo 109 (Kanazawa, Ishikawa) - September 1985
 109 Machida (Machida, Tokyo) - July 2002 - Closed
 Shizuoka 109 (Shizuoka, Shizuoka) - October 2007
 Created in March 2006 as Shibuya 109 Dreams, later recreated into the current 109.
 Minatomirai 109 (Yokohama) - April 2010
 Shibuya 109 Abeno (Osaka) - April 2011

References

External links

 Official website
 109Men's
 Kohrinbo 109
 109 Machida

1979 establishments in Japan
Shopping malls established in 1979
Buildings and structures in Shibuya
Tokyu Group
Department stores of Japan
Articles with unsupported PUA characters


A Folk Tale () is a ballet in three acts, created in 1854 for the Royal Danish Ballet by the Danish ballet master and choreographer August Bournonville to the music of Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann and Niels W. Gade. The first performance took place on 20 March 1854. Set in the Middle Ages, the ballet tells the story of a changeling living among the trolls and elves. Bournonville declared the ballet "The most complete and best of all my choreographic works."

Background
At the beginning of the 1850s, Svend Grundtvig initiated a systematic recording of Danish folklore - the stories were told and written down in every little village in Denmark – but Bournonville did not credit Grundtvig as his source of inspiration, even though today Grundtvig is probably considered to be the person who made the most effort to preserve the wealth of Danish national folk tradition. Bournonville found his inspiration in a collection of national Danish songs (Nationalmelodier) published by the philologist R. Nyerup and the composer A.P. Berggren in J.M. Thiele's collection of Danish folk legends (Danske Folkesagn) published in four volumes between 1818 and 1823. Bournonville also found inspiration in the tales collected by the Grimm brothers in Germany.

The Romantic artists had a passion for the national and the past. The early part of the 19th century was a difficult time both politically and economically for Denmark, and this naturally generated a glorification of times past. The emergent bourgeoisie needed to consolidate its cultural status and found motifs for this in national folklore. The economic growth in a rapidly expanding Copenhagen had to some extent overshadowed spiritual development. Artists interpreted their contemporary society in a purely materialistic light. Oehlenschläger's poem about The Golden Horns (Guldhornene) is probably the most famous example of this issue but Hans Christian Andersen's fairytale The Bell (Klokken) depicted the materialistic fixation of the period with humour, irony and gravity.

In the chapter about A Folk Tale in My Theatre Life (Mit Teaterliv), Bournonville makes his attitude to the present and the past clear: he indicates that our practical and rather unpoetic times (which seem about to precipitate a period of literary and artistic crop failure on the very lands that were once the richest soil of the imagination) art has fallen by the wayside. The poetic past has been replaced by a 'hypercritical' present, as Bournonville himself writes, and it is the duty of the artist to restore the spiritual, the poetry.

The artist saw himself as endowed by God with the ability to sense the true values and perspective in life. This insight was to be communicated to the ordinary citizen through art.

The function of art as a formative model was something about which Bournonville felt very strongly. In his choreographic credo he writes: It is the mission of art in general, and the theatre in particular, to intensify thought, to elevate the mind, and to refresh the senses. Music and dance elevate the mind and refresh the senses, but it is when the story comes into play that thought is intensified.

A Folk Tale takes as its starting point the archetypal dilemma of the folk ballad, the transition from one home to another in the context of a wedding, where both men and women run the risk of getting into difficulties. The men might be lured under a spell by elves and the women might be carried off by disguised nixes and it always happens in an outdoor, natural environment, which is both compelling and mysterious. Both the elves and the nixes exert a demonic and erotic power over the victims and in most cases have a fateful impact on them - many end in the grave.

Bournonville must have had the folk songs Elveskud (The Elf-shot) and Elvehøj (The Elves' Hill) in mind when he has Junker Ove linger at the hill after lunch with Miss Birthe, his fiancée, only to dream of another - a beautiful and gentle Hilda, the counter-image of Birthe. It is always at this point - the moment of doubt before a wedding - that the elves appear. For the young man in the folksong Elveskud, the encounter proves fatal. He refuses to dance with the elf girl and her punishment is so harsh that he dies. He is laid in his grave on his wedding day, followed by his fiancée and his mother. In Elvehøj, which is of a later date than Elveskud, it is God who has human fate in his hands. He lets the cock crow at dawn and the young man, who had slept by the hill, wakes from his spell (which turns out to have been a dream) and he counts himself lucky. The manager of the Royal Theatre, J.L. Heiberg - who Bournonville fell out with on numerous occasions during this period because he thought that Heiberg was trying to drive the ballet off the stage - had experienced great success with his Elvehøj, which in Biedermeier style, lets the elves' dance dissolve into dream and delusion.

Despite this, Bournonville decided to compose his own version of the story about the young man who is danced into a spell by a group of elf maidens. In an engraving from 1856, the painter Edvard Lehmann, who was also a close friend of the Bournonville family, portrayed the spellbound Junker Ove encircled by the hovering, luminous elves. Ove is briefly imprisoned in this state, but fortunately the beautiful Hilda comes to his rescue with water from a healing spring. Even though she has grown up among trolls inside the hill, we know that she is really a changeling, swapped as a baby with the temperamental Birthe, who is the real troll child. The changeling aspect means that the story never becomes as seriously dangerous for Ove as the Sylphide's enchantment is for James in Bournonville's Taglioni-inspired ballet from 1836. But then, again, the Danish Romantics did not cultivate fragmentation in the same way as the French. The Danes sought for the harmony and the idyll.

Even though both Junker Ove and Hilda suspect that they are in the wrong place in their lives as the story begins, they are not able to act on their own initiative. The dream gives Hilda an inkling of this other life, and the dream by the hill gives Junker Ove an idea about the ideal woman, but it is the crucifix and the golden goblet, two Christian symbols, which reveal the truth of the matter. Christianity is to be thanked for the restoration of harmony. Junker Ove gets his Hilda, and the promise of gold persuades Sir Mogens to be united with Birthe who, in a modern interpretation, represents the young woman with the unruly disposition unable to conform to society's norms. She is handed over - troll for gold - to Sir Mogens in order to continue her life somewhere else completely.

Following Bournonville's death, Hans Beck took over the stewardship of the ballets. In 1894,  A Folk Tale was once again on stage, in Hans Beck's production. It has since been passed down from generation to generation, re-read and re-staged by successive Bournonville interpreters: Gustav Uhlendorff in 1922, Kaj Smith in 1931, Harald Lander and Valborg Borschsenius in 1941, Niels-Bjørn Larsen and Gerda Karstens in 1952, Hans Brenaa and Kirsten Ralov in 1969, Kirsten Ralov in 1977 and 1979. The most recent version of this lively folklorist ballet was produced in 1991, staged by Frank Andersen and Anne Marie Vessel Schlüter, with settings and costumes designed by Queen Margrethe II.

Plot summary

Act I

The wealthy but fickle Birthe enjoys a forest outing with friends. She flirts with Sir Mogens though her bethrothed, the handsome Junker Ove is present. When the party leaves for home, Ove remains behind. An elf-hill nearby opens. Hilda, an elf-girl, tries to lure Ove into the hill with a magic drink in a gold cup but he refuses it and she returns to the elf-hill. The sorceress Muri conjures up a bevy of elf-girls who dance with Ove and leave him deranged.

Act II

In the elf-hill, troll brothers Diderik and Viderik both woo Hilda. Diderik, the elder, has the right of priority. Viderik protests, but his mother scolds him. In a dream, Hilda sees trolls take a human child from a cradle and steal a gold cup. Hilda recognizes the dream cup as the one she offered Ove. She suspects she is the human child in the dream and becomes uneasy. The wedding of Hilda and Diderik is celebrated with a feast. The trolls become drunk and Hilda flees.

Act III

In scene 1, Hilda dances near a holy spring as harvesters pass by and Mogens notices her. Junker Ove walks by, completely elf-struck after his nocturnal dances with the elf-girls. Hilda leads him to the healing spring where he regains his senses. When Ove tries to defend Hilda against Mogens, he is overpowered by the harvesters. Hilda flees. In scene 2, Birthe bullies her servants. She rages and admits that Hilda is the true heir to the estate while she is an elf. In the last scene of the ballet, Mogens marries Birthe after Muri offers him gold. Hilda is united with Junker Ove. Hilda and Ove celebrate their wedding with a waltz.

Characters
Birthe, a rich, young noblewoman
Junker Ove, Birthe's bethrothed
Sir Mogens, a flirtatious nobleman
Hilda, a changeling
Muri, a sorceress
Diderik, an elf-boy
Viderik, an elf-boy
Nobles, peasants, gypsies, trolls, elves

Music
Niels W. Gade provided the music for the beech forest scenes of Acts I and III, while J.P.E. Hartmann composed the music with an Old Norse tone for the burlesque trolls in Act II.

Act I presents the principal musical characteristics: the brisk music of the hunt, the ballad-like folksong melodies, the nobles' dignified minuet, the peasants' reel and the elf maidens' dance. Gade's orchestration shows patent inspiration from Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1957) and his A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Hartmann's music for Act II is typified by a clear-cut character idiom in which rhythmic tension and dark resonance dominate. For Hilda's solo he composed an elegant bolero and a festive galop for the drunken trolls.

In Act III, the final scene features a gypsy polonaise, followed by the Bridal Waltz, a famous composition Gade considered to be a trifle, but which nowadays accompanies practically every Danish wedding.

References

External links
Bournonville: A Folk Tale

Ballets by August Bournonville
1854 ballet premieres
Ballets premiered at the Royal Danish Theatre
Compositions by Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann
Compositions by Niels Gade


The credit for introducing Jainism to the West goes to a German scholar, Hermann Jacobi, who translated some Jain literature and published it in the series 'Sacred Books of East' in 1884.
In Europe, the largest Jain populations are in Britain, with a population of about 25,000 (as of 2006).

Jains living outside India belong to various traditions: Digambara, Shvetambara, Terapanthi, Sthanakvasi, Shrimad Rajchandra are all represented. In many cases, they gather and worship together in spite of sectarian differences.

Jainism in Ireland
The Jain community in Ireland is involved across different occupations.
The Jains in Ireland are estimated to be around 1000 people. The majority live in and around Dublin but a few families are spread across other parts of Ireland, including Northern Ireland. Jains in Ireland are a well settled and respected community. Jain Samaj Ireland includes members of all different panths within Jainism.

Jain Samaj Ireland aspires to build a Jain Temple in Ireland and is actively seeking support and guidance from various other Samaj in India and across the world.

Jainism in Germany
There are no Jain temples in Germany. However, there are a few people living in Germany who practice Jainism. To support and practice Jainism, there are a few organizations or associations.

Jainism in Belgium

The Jain community in Europe, especially in Belgium, is mostly involved in the diamond business.

The Gujarati Jains in Belgium are estimated to be around 1500 people. The majority live in Antwerp, working in the wholesale diamond business. Belgian Indian Gujarati Jains control two-thirds of the rough diamonds trade and supplied India with roughly 36% of their rough diamonds. A  major temple, with a cultural centre, has been built in Antwerp (Wilrijk), the diamond capital. Their spiritual leader is a full-fledged member of the Belgian Council of Religious Leaders, which he joined on 17 December 2009.

Jainism in Poland
The Jain community in Poland is involved across different occupations and Jains in Poland to estimate below 200 people, where majority of people are scattered around Warsaw, Krakow and few other cities. As on March 25th, 2023 establishment of the statute of Shri 1008 Mahavir Swami (Digambar) was successfully completed by Jain Community of Poland in “Hindu Bhavan Temple” / "Świątynia Hindu Bhavan" in Warsaw, Poland and marked as second temple in Europe after Antwerp, Belgium where devotees can offer there prayers daily.
Jain Samaj Poland includes members of all different paths with Jainism.

Jainism in the United Kingdom

As of 2016, there are around 35,000 Jains in the United Kingdom.

One of the first Jain settlers, Champat Rai Jain, was in England during 1892–1897 to study law. He established the Rishabh Jain Lending Library in 1930. Later, he translated several Jain texts into English.

Leicester houses one of the world's few Jain temples outside of India. There is an Institute of Jainology at Greenford, London.

The last decade has seen the growth of the Jain community in Greater London. Currently the Jain Network have a derasar in Colindale and The Mahavir Foundation has a temple at Kenton Road, Kenton. It has consecrated images of Shri Mahavir Swami, Shri Parshvanath, Aadinathji, Shri Simandhar Swami and Shri Munisuvrata Swami. It also has Shri Gautam Swami and Padmavati Mata. There is a separate shrine of Manibhadra Veer, Ghantakarna Mahavir and Nakoda Bhairavji.

Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur also have UK centres in Leicester, London and Manchester.

Timeline
 1847: Vegetarian Society established in UK.
 1873: Hermann Jacobi encounters Jain texts in London. He later visited India to further study and translate some of them.
 1891-1901: M.K. Gandhi in London corresponds with Shrimad Rajchandra regarding questions raised by missionaries.
 1893 : Virchand Gandhi captivates western world with his participation in First ever World religion Parliament at Chicago. And thereafter had huge fan followings from US and Europe.
 1892: Champat Rai Jain (C.R. Jain) in England during 1892–1897, to study law. He established a Jain library. Later he translated several Jain texts into English.
 1906-1910: Jugmandar Lal Jaini (J.L. Jaini) at Oxford as a law student.
 1909: J. L. Jaini created the Jain Literature Society in London together with F. W. Thomas and H. Warren.
 Hemchandra's "Yogaśāstra" was first translated into Japanese in the 1920s!
 1930: the Rishabh Jain Lending Library was established by Champat Rai Jain.
 Tattvartha Sutra and the Dashavaikalika Sutra were translated in the 1940s.
 1949: The World Jaina Mission, founded in London, by M. McKay, W. H. Talbot, F. Mansell, and Mrs. K. P. Jain.
 Forty Japanese students were sponsored by the Government of India in the early 1950s to live and study in India – some of them studied Navinaya in Varanasi and Gujarat, which led to new interest in the study of Jainism in Japan; one of the accomplishments was the first Japanese book by Minakata Kumagusu to simplify and translate the concepts of Jainism into Japanese for use by the common people in Japan.
 1971: Idi Amin expelled Indians from Uganda. Jains from Eastern Africa started migrating to UK.
 1973: Jain Samaj Leicester was formed.
 1979: An old church building in Oxford Street, in heart of Leicester was bought and named the Jain Centre.
 1980: The Jain Samaj was expanded as a European body.
 1980: First Digamber Temple outside India established in Kenya.
 In the early 1980s, the Jain Society of Toronto was founded and the first Jain Center was established in that city
 1982: Jain Samaj opened an office in London, The All India (Overseas) Jinalaya Samiti, was created  to complete the temple according to the plans drawn by the architects from Leicester, Bombay and Ahmedabad.
 1983: On 10 November, Shilanyas ceremony the laying of the foundation stones for the first fully consecrated Jain Temple in the western world, was performed.
 1984 : On 14 December, the Anjanshalaka ceremony was carried at Pali (Rajasthan) for the images of Shree Shantinath, Shree Mahavirswami and Shree Parswanath.
 1985 : On 25 August, the above images were placed in the Jain Centre, Leicester.
 1988 : On 8 July, images were entered in Garbagriha (permanent place of adobe) and  the Pratistha Mahatosova was celebrated for 16 days starting from 8 July 1988 to 23 July 1988.
 1992 The Jain Cultural Centre of Antwerp VZW was formed with 12 committee members and 52 founder members. And land for Jain temple and meditation centre (upashray) was purchased.
 1997 Mahavir Foundation was registered as a Charity Organisation.
 2001 Construction of Antwerp Jain temple and meditation hall began.
 2007 Antwerp Jain idols Anjanshalaka took place on 31 January in India and was performed by 'Jain Saints Acharyashri Subodhsagarji, Acharyashri Manohar KiritiSagarsuriji, Acharyashri Udaykirtisagarsuriji ' and also Shri Narendra Hiralal.
 2008 On 25 August the idols were brought to Antwerp soil by air, followed by a huge procession.
 2010 On 27 August in Antwerp the idols pratistha was performed

Photo gallery

See also
 Jainism in Canada
 Jainism in Hong Kong
 Jainism in Singapore
 Jainism in the United States

References
Jainism A Way of Life by Vinod Kapashi

Religion in Europe
Jain communities


Lino Červar (born 22 September 1950) is a Croatian retired handball coach. In 2003 he guided Croatia men's national handball team to gold in the 2003 World Championship as well as to gold at the 2004 Olympics.

As a member of the largest centre-right political party in Croatia–the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ)–he was a member of the Croatian Parliament from 2003 to 2008.

Apart from Croatian, Červar also holds Macedonian citizenship.

Coaching career

Červar started his club head coaching career in 1974 with RK Triko Novigrad. He was the head coach of RK Istraturist Umag from 1980 until 1991 when he was appointed as the head coach of Austrian team Klagenfurt.

In 2000 Červar was hired by Croatian powerhouse Badel 1862 Zagreb to be their head coach. He resigned from Zagreb in 2001. Between 2002 and 2004 he coached Italian team Papilon Conversano and then returned to RK Zagreb (then named Croatia Osiguranje Zagreb).

In 2009 Červar was hired by Macedonian team RK Metalurg Skopje but he left the club in April 2017 due to return in the Croatian national team as the head coach.

In June 2018 he was named the head coach of RK Zagreb for the third time in his coaching career but in November 2018 he announced his resignation from the club due to his obligations with Croatia's team.

National team coaching career

After serving as the head coach of the Italy men's team, Červar started his tenure coaching the Croatia men's team in 2002. He led the team to victory in the 2003 World Championship, to gold in the 2004 Summer Olympics and to silver in the 2005 World Championship. Croatia also received then silver medal at the 2008 European Championship after playing the final game against Denmark as well as at the 2009 World Championship and 2010 European Championship after playing both championships' final games against France. He parted ways with the Croatian Handball Federation in 2010.

In 2016 Červar took over the Macedonia men's team as the head coach where he stayed for the 2017 World Championship but left the bench following the poor performance at the tournament which took place in January in France.

In March 2017 Červar returned to the Croatian national team as the head coach, following the departure of Željko Babić in January the same year. In his second mandate at Croatia bench he guided the team to the fifth place at the 2018 European Championship while at the 2019 World Championship Croatia managed to win the sixth place. In July 2018 Croatia celebrated winning the Mediterranean Games tournament in Tarragona. On 26 January 2020 Červar celebrated winning his third European silver medal with Croatia, this time at the Championship in Sweden, Austria & Norway following the final game defeat from Spain. In January 2021, following a surprising debacle at the World Championship in Egypt, Červar resigned as head coach and was succeeded by his assistant Hrvoje Horvat.

Personal life
Born in the village of Delići near Vrsar in Istria region of Croatia, Červar married his wife Klaudija in 1975. The couple have two daughters. He was a member of the Croatian Parliament from December 2003 to January 2008 as a member of the conservative Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) party.

Honours

Coach

Club
RK Triko Novigrad
Croatian Regional League – West: 1977–78

RK Istraturist Umag
Yugoslav Third League: 1980–81, 1983–84
Yugoslav Second League: 1989–90

RK Zagreb
Croatian First League: 2000–01, 2001–02, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09
Croatian Cup: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
EHF Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 2005

Papilon Conversano
Serie A: 2002–03, 2003–04
Italian Cup: 2003

RK Metalurg Skopje
Macedonian Super League: 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14
Macedonian Cup: 2010, 2011, 2013
SEHA League runner-up: 2011–12

International
Italy
1997 Mediterranean Games: 2nd place

Croatia
2003 World Championship: 1st place
2003 Sportske novosti awards: Team of the year
2004 Summer Olympics: 1st place
2004 Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport
2004 Sportske novosti awards: Team of the year
2005 Croatia Cup: 1st place
2005 World Championship: 2nd place
2005 Mediterranean Games: 2nd place
2006 Croatia Cup: 1st place
2006 BiH Trophy: 3rd place
2006 World Cup in Sweden & Germany: 1st place
2007 Croatia Cup: 1st place
2008 Croatia Cup: 1st place
2008 European Championship: 2nd place
2008 Interwetten Cup: 2nd place
2009 World Championship: 2nd place
2018 Mediterranean Games: 1st place
2020 European Championship: 2nd place
2009 Sportske novosti awards: Team of the Year
2010 Interwetten Cup: 1st place
2010 European Championship: 2nd place
2020 European Championship: 2nd place

Individual
Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport: 2003
Croatian Coach of the Year: 2004
Honoured for coaching career by Faculty of Kinesiology in Zagreb: 2009
Matija Ljubek lifetime achievement award by the Croatian Olympic Committee: 2010
Best handball Coach of the Year in North Macedonia: 2011
EHF Coaching Achievement Award: 2016

References

1950 births
Living people
Croatian handball coaches
Representatives in the modern Croatian Parliament
People from Vrsar
Croatian Democratic Union politicians
Croatian male handball players
RK Zagreb coaches
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in North Macedonia
Handball coaches of international teams
Macedonian people of Croatian descent


"Twilight" is the seventh story arc of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight series of comic books, based upon the television series of the same name, and is written by novelist and comic book writer Brad Meltzer. The story follows Buffy's warfare with recurring villain Twilight, and features Buffy taking on Twilight mano y mano following her development of powers similar to his. Part II, notably, reveals the identity of Twilight after months of speculation; this revelation was leaked early due to cover solicitations, leading to much early controversy and speculation, as well as damage control from showrunner Joss Whedon and Dark Horse Comics editor Scott Allie.

Plot
Buffy tests the extent of her new superpowers when she is confronted by Twilight, who reveals himself to be her ex-boyfriend Angel. Their battle continues in mid-air for some time. He explains that the Twilight identity was the only way to limit the extent of the anti-Slayer factions' damage, and that the masked identity gave Buffy somewhere to focus her energies. Overcome by a strange glow, Angel begins to explain to Buffy that they are part of a cosmic destiny. Buffy succumbs to her passion and she and Angel begin to have sex, at first mid-air and later through space, eventually arriving in a paradise-like dimension which Angel announced is "Twilight".

Giles explains to Willow, Xander, Dawn et al. a myth about the Slayer that, in short, ultimately means that Buffy and Angel are destiny's vehicles in bringing the old universe to a close and beginning a new one. Demons, afterbirth of the new dimension, begin to flood the old world. Andrew uses a combination Captain America and Iron Man armor to defend himself; he and Warren squabble, with Andrew taking a serious blow from a demon. Despite the prospect of eternal happiness with Angel in the paradise dimension, Buffy questions the new reality after observing the situation her friends are in. She decides to return to earth to assist her friends in fighting the unleashed demons, with Angel opting to assist her. Even with Buffy and Angel's superpowers, the demons are hard to overcome. At the close of the arc, a spherical yellow ship arrives, from which Spike emerges, promising a solution to the crisis.

Cultural references
Part I features many homages to comic book superheroes, notably DC Comics' Superman, as Buffy and Xander attempt to test the extent of Buffy's powers, testing them against the popular Superman phrase, "faster than a speeding bullet, more powerful than a locomotive, and able to leap tall buildings in a single bound". In Part II, Andrew attacks Twilight with a suit of armour incorporating many facets of popular DC and Marvel Comics superheroes.

Early in the series, Joss Whedon was unaware of the coincidence of naming Season Eight'''s villain Twilight, which shares its name with the series of supernatural romance novels written by Stephenie Meyer. In Part II, while fighting, Buffy comments on the choice of name, remarking she's "lived that whole thing", and that "her vampire" was much better. This is a comment on the perceived indebtedness of Meyer's Twilight, which is primarily a romance between a teenage girl and a good-natured vampire, to Whedon's Buffy.

Spoiler leak
Twilight's identity was not revealed in the comic itself, but rather via comic book cover solicitations and subsequent interviews with Comic Book Resources. Prior to the release, Season Eight artist Georges Jeanty had mocked up a spoof cover depicting the revelation that Twilight was US President Barack Obama. Due to the April solicitations releasing covers by Jo Chen and Georges Jeanty which clearly show Twilight to be Angel, and of actor David Boreanaz' likeness, Scott Allie was interviewed by Comic Book Resources. Allie stated that he had known of Twilight's true identity "from the get-go" and had struggled to keep it a secret all this time; four years ago, Whedon wrote out a "Buffy Manifesto" which included the identity of Twilight which was circulated under strictest confidence to Dark Horse editorial and the various comic and TV writers who would be contributing to the series.

Allie also spoke to Chris Ryall, editor of IDW Publishing, to assure and "make clear" to him that their parallel narratives would "jibe", so as to prevent "some big conflict with IDW continuity". Allie also stresses that for readers, the big reveal should not be who Twilight is, but rather why Angel is Twilight and how Buffy will react to this, commenting:

The reveal led to the trending of the #twilightisangel hashtag on the popular microblogging site Twitter. Subsequently, Dark Horse Comics posted on their Twitter, "Readers, we mean not to offend you. Knowing what you do will not spoil the great ending of Joss's Season 8. Trust us." IDW editor Chris Ryall posted a related teaser poster for the upcoming Spike ongoing, a spin-off from the Angel series which will focus on the heroic vampire Spike. The image, drawn by artist Franco Urru, is in the format of a comic book cover headed "Spike", and depicts Spike burning Twilight's mask with the tagline "He definitely isn't Twilight." Brian Lynch, writer of IDW Publishing's own canonical Angel: After the Fall and an upcoming Spike series came up with the idea on the night of the announcement. Franco drew it to completion the very next day, and it posted to Chris Ryall's blog shortly after.

IDW Publishing response

While Lynch, Urru and Ryall seem to support Whedon's move, Angel writer Bill Willingham took offence with Allie's comments, which he interpreted as Allie and Whedon "taking credit" for his work on the ongoing series. Willingham stated "I am not coordinating, nor have I ever coordinated stories with Scott Allie, Joss Whedon, nor anyone else at Dark Horse Comics ... as long as I am writing the Angel series for IDW, I will not be coordinating stories with any Dark Horse comic, period." Previously, Urru and Lynch's 17-issue After the Fall series for IDW had been considered canonical due to Whedon's involvement. Whedon later clarified by stating that the Dark Horse Buffy storyline took place, by internal chronology, after the resolution of the still-ongoing IDW Angel storyline.

Later, to make it up to IDW, Whedon and Allie granted permission to use Willow (IDW only has rights to Angel characters) in Lynch's ongoing series, Spike. However, Whedon requested oversight of the character's actions within the Spike series. Consequently, this leads to a bridging between the continuities of the Dark Horse Buffy series and the IDW Angel and Spike series (of ambiguous continuity) because the first arc of the Spike series acts as a prequel to the Twilight and Last Gleaming arcs of Season Eight''.

References

Adultery in comics


State Route 164 (SR 164) is a  state highway serving southern King County in the U.S. state of Washington. The highway, which connects Auburn and Enumclaw along the White River, begins at an interchange with SR 18 in Auburn and travels southeast to Enumclaw, where it intersects SR 169 and ends at SR 410. SR 164 serves as an alternate route towards Buckley and Chinook Pass, via SR 410, and also passes the Muckleshoot Indian Reservation.

SR 164 was originally part of various state wagon roads between 1913 and 1923, becoming part of State Road 5, later Primary State Highway 5 (PSH 5), and U.S. Route 410 (US 410) in 1926. US 410 was later realigned south in the 1940s and SR 167 was assigned to the former route during the 1964 highway renumbering. In 1969, SR 164 was established and the western terminus was later shortened to an interchange with SR 18 south of Auburn.

Route description

SR 164 begins as Auburn Way at a partial cloverleaf interchange with the SR 18 freeway south of the Auburn Shopping Center in Downtown Auburn. The highway travels southeast and passes Les Grove Park and White River Valley Museum before leaving Auburn, following the White River upstream into the Muckleshoot Indian Reservation, passing the Muckleshoot Casino. Auburn Way travels east and southeast within the reservation, passing Seattle Air Route Traffic Control Center, the Auburn Adventist Academy and Muckleshoot Tribal School. SR 164 leaves the reservation and enters rural King County, continuing to follow the White River as the Auburn–Enumclaw Road and passing the White River Amphitheatre, turning east as it approaches Enumclaw. The highway, now named 436th Street, passes Mahler Park and dips south onto Griffin Avenue into Downtown Enumclaw. Griffin Avenue turns southeast and intersects Porter Street, the southern terminus of SR 169, before traveling to an intersection with Roosevelt Avenue, signed as SR 410, where SR 164 ends.

Every year, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic (AADT), which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2011, WSDOT calculated that between 9,200 and 34,000 vehicles per day used the highway, mostly in the Auburn area. WSDOT has designated SR 164 as a Highway of Statewide Significance, which includes principal arterials that are needed to connect major communities in the state.

History

SR 164 was first defined under law to be built and paved by the state of Washington in 1913 as the McClellan Pass Highway, extending southeast from Tacoma along the Puyallup and White rivers to Chinook Pass and towards Naches along an existing county road from Auburn and Enumclaw built in the 1890s. The highway was renamed to the Naches Pass Highway in 1921 and became State Road 5 during a 1923 restructuring of the state highway system. After the formation of the United States Numbered Highways in 1926, US 410 was created and used the route of State Road 5 between Tacoma and Naches. State Road 5 became PSH 5, extended north to Renton and named the National Park Highway, was established during the creation of the Primary and secondary state highways in 1937. US 410 was moved south to a new Sumner–Buckley highway in the 1950s and was replaced by an extension of US 12 in 1967. During the 1964 highway renumbering, PSH 5 was split into several highways, including SR 167 between Renton and Enumclaw, ending at SR 410. In 1969, SR 167 was moved onto former SR 163 between Sumner and Auburn and SR 164 was established. SR 164 originally ended at SR 18 in Downtown Auburn, but was moved south when SR 18 was realigned onto a new freeway in 1987. No major revisions to the route of the highway have occurred since.

Major intersections

References

External links

Highways of Washington State

164
Transportation in King County, Washington


Stephen Fox (1627–1716) was a British politician

Stephen Fox may also refer to:
Stephen Fox (author) (born 1938), American writer and academic
Stephen Fox (clarinet maker), British clarinetist, saxophonist and clarinet maker
Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland (1745–1774), British politician and peer
Stephen Fox-Strangways, 1st Earl of Ilchester (1704–1776), British peer and Member of Parliament
Stephen Fox, pen name for American screenplay and newspaper writer Jules Furthman (1888–1966)

See also
Steve Fox (disambiguation)
Steven Fox, conductor
Steven Fox (golfer), golfer


Eriogonum gracilipes is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name White Mountains buckwheat.

It is found in granite and sandstone gravels on the slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada and Inyo Mountains of California and the White Mountains of California and Nevada.

Description
Eriogonum gracilipes is a small perennial herb that grows in flat mats up to 20 centimeters wide. Its leaves, each under two centimeters long, have a coat of dense white hairs and grow in packed clusters on the ground.

The plant blooms in stalks holding rounded clusters of bright raspberry red flowers, each only a few millimeters wide.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

gracilipes
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
~
~
~
Natural history of Inyo County, California
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Just the Two of Us may refer to:

Music

Albums
 Just the Two of Us (Matt Dusk and Margaret album), 2015 (or the title song)
 Just the Two of Us (Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton album), 1968
 Just the Two of Us (Secret Garden album), 2014
 Just the Two of Us, a 1982 album by John Holt
 Just the Two of Us... Me and Them, a 2004 album by Mindflow

Songs
 "Just the Two of Us" (Grover Washington, Jr. song), 1981, with vocals by Bill Withers
 "Just the Two of Us" (Will Smith song), 1998 (which heavily samples the above song)
 "Just the Two of Us", a 1997 song by Eminem later retitled "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" (1998)
 "Just the Two of Us", a 2013 single by Davichi from an album, Mystic Ballad Pt. 2
 "Just the Two of Us", a remix from Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me

Television and film
 Just the Two of Us (TV series), a British reality singing contest
 The Dark Side of Tomorrow, a 1970 American film later re-released as Just the Two of Us
 Just the Two of Us (Ty da ia da my s tobo), a 2001 film directed by Alexander Veledinsky
 Just the Two of Us (2023 film), a French film directed by Valérie Donzelli


Lee is an unincorporated community in Monon Township, White County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

History
The site of what is now Lee is first recorded as a station stop on the Indianapolis, Delphi and Chicago Railroad, a company which by late 1879 had completed its initial 40-mile stretch of railroad connecting Rensselaer and Delphi. The following year on 25 October a post office was established at the location to serve the rural districts northwest of Monon with Calvin Anderson as its first postmaster. Around 1884 the railroad became known as the Monon Route.

Lee was established in 1883 and named for John Lee, the president of the ID&C Railroad, who opened a grain market there. Lee's location in the northwestern portion of the county was "a rich district of drained lands, admirably adapted to live stock," and as well as a place for marketing and shipping grain it was also an important local shipping point for hay; a 1915 history notes that hundreds of tons were baled and shipped annually.

In August 1886 the location was platted under the name of Oakdale by Noble J. York, a local businessman and president of the Monon town board, and Benjamin A. Linville, but it was generally known as Lee. In 1949, a petition led to one of Lee's street being vacated .

Lee's post office closed on 30 June 1933. The line through Lee is now part of CSX Transportation Monon Subdivision and is used by Amtrak. While shown on Amtrak maps, service provided on the Cardinal (and previously also on the Hoosier State) does not stop at Lee.

In 2016, Helen Louise George, an 88-year resident of the area, published History and Reflections of Lee, Indiana which chronicles the history of Lee.

Geography
Lee is located at  about  northwest of Monon near the intersection of County Roads 1000 North and 500 West and on the rail line between Monon and Rensselaer. The surrounding farmland is drained by Slough Creek, a tributary of the Iroquois River that flows just south of Lee in a westward direction.

Gallery

References

External links

Abandoned church at Lee (image)

Unincorporated communities in White County, Indiana
Unincorporated communities in Indiana


Prairie City is a ghost town in southeast Douglas County, Kansas, United States, near present-day Baldwin City.

History

Prairie City was founded in 1855 by James Lane, Dr. William Graham, Louis (Lewis) F. Green and Salmon S. Prouty after a dispute between Graham and Henry Barricklow of nearby Palmyra. A post office opened in 1856 with John R. Winton serving as postmaster.  The Heber Institute was started by the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1856 but never opened.  The building became Prairie City School District No. 1.

The first printing press in Kansas was used in Prairie City by Prouty to publish The Freeman's Champion which ran for 40 weeks.  Prouty bought the press in 1857 from the Ottawa Baptist Mission in Franklin County.  Prouty would leave Prairie City in 1868 and move to Topeka where he would found the Topeka Journal which would later merge to become the Topeka Capital-Journal

Prairie City was incorporated on February 4, 1859 and at one time had three general stores and three hotels.  Prairie City was the rendezvous point for John Brown and his men the night before initiating the Battle of Black Jack.  When the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Fort Gibson laid tracks through the area, there was a depot at Baldwin and two miles southwest at Prairie City.  Thinking that was impractical, a new depot was built between the two towns and named "Media".  The Prairie City post office, opened in 1856, was moved to Media in 1878, and was finally closed in 1903. The Media library was used as a tool shed in the Prairie City Cemetery for years until being torn down in 2012.

On March 24, 1883, Douglas County commissioners had certain streets and alleys vacated.  Today, little remains to mark the city except a few houses, a cemetery and the ruins of an old Catholic church.  The Midland Railway from Baldwin passes by a sign pointing out where the depot, newspaper, post office and store used to be.

References

Further reading

Former populated places in Douglas County, Kansas
Former populated places in Kansas


Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ (; born 27 October 1983) is a Turkish actor, model, and former basketball player. He is one of the highest-paid actors in Turkey and has won several accolades, including three Golden Butterfly Awards and a Yeşilçam Cinema Award. Tatlıtuğ won the pageants of Best Model of Turkey and Best Model of the World in 2002.

Tatlıtuğ has established himself as a leading actor of Turkey with roles in several of the highly successful television series, that includes Menekşe ile Halil (2007–2008), Aşk-ı Memnu (2008–2010), Kuzey Güney (2011–2013) and Cesur ve Güzel (2016–2017), all of which garnered him critical acclaim and international recognition, portraying researcher Arman in the Netflix original series Into the Night (2021) and Yakamoz S-245 (2022).

Early life and family
Tatlıtuğ was born on 27 October 1983, in Adana, to Erdem and Nurten Tatlıtuğ. His mother is Turkish from Edirne. His paternal grandfather is Albanian from Pristina. His paternal grandmother is Bosniak from Sarajevo. He has said that he was born and raised in Adana and that his family has had a bakery business in the city for more than a hundred years. He stated that he is a Muslim by religion, and was seen praying on Eid. He studied at Yenice Çağ Private High School, where he excelled in basketball. Due to his father's illness, the family moved to Istanbul so that his father could receive proper treatment.  In Istanbul, he joined the Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe, Ülkerspor, "Fiskobirlik", "Güney Sanayi", "Çukurova Kulübü", "Devlet Su İşleri" and "Tarsus Amerikan Kulübü" clubs as a professional U18 basketball player. Due to a dislocated leg, he left basketball. He graduated from Istanbul Kultur University in 2013. He married stylist Başak Dizer on 19 February 2016 at the Turkish embassy in Paris. The couple's first child, a son named Kurt Efe, was born in April 2022. A sculpture of Tatlıtuğ has been displayed in Madame Tussauds Istanbul.

Career

Film career
He acted in the comedy film Amerikalılar Karadenizde 2, which was directed by Kartal Tibet. He provided the voice of Ken for the Turkish dubbed version of Toy Story 3. Tatlıtuğ played the poet Muzaffer Tayyip Uslu in the drama film Kelebeğin Rüyası with Farah Zeynep Abdullah. Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ won Yeşilçam Cinema Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role and other awards for his performance as Muzaffer Tayyip Uslu.

Web series
He played as Arman in the Netflix surreal series Into the Night and Yakamoz S-245.

TV-series career
Kıvanç hosted some pageants and shows. He starred in Gümüş as the character Mehmet Şadoğlu. He had guest role in fantasy series Acemi Cadı of Turkish version "Sabrina Teenage Witch" with Merve Boluğur for second time. He has also starred in other shows such as Menekşe ile Halil, where he played alongside of Sedef Avcı. In the series Aşk-ı Memnu, Kıvanç shared the leading role with Beren Saat.

A turning point in Tatlıtuğ's career was when he played as Sekiz in Ezel. Since 2011, he has portrayed Kuzey Tekinoğlu in the Kanal D drama series Kuzey Güney, which ended in June 2013.  He won two Golden Butterfly Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his performance in Aşk-ı Memnu and "Kuzey ve Güney". He later acted in the historical series Kurt Seyit ve Şura with Farah Zeynep Abdullah in 2014 and in Cesur ve Güzel with Tuba Büyüküstün in 2016–2017 as Cesur Alemdaroğlu. With Elçin Sangu, Onur Saylak, he played in crime series Çarpışma.

Filmography

Film

Streaming series

Television series

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ at the SinemaTürk

1983 births
Living people
Turkish Muslims
20th-century Muslims
21st-century Muslims
21st-century Turkish male actors
Turkish people of Albanian descent
Turkish people of Bosniak descent
Turkish male film actors
Turkish male models
Turkish male television actors
People from Adana
Golden Butterfly Award winners