Limersheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. It is a rural tourist destination, boasting several half-timbered houses.

Geography
Limersheim is positioned on the Alsace Plain, approximately eight kilometres (five miles) west of the river Rhine and some sixteen kilometres (ten miles) to the south of Strasbourg.  Adjacent communes are Hindisheim und Nordhouse. The village is less than a kilometre away from departmental road RD1083, a four lane trunk road which until the extension of the autoroute network early in the twenty-first century was part of the main north-south highway through Alsace.

The village is located in the Alsace wine producing area and there is accordingly within it a street named "Rue du Vin". The rich alluvial soil characteristic of the land near this part of the Rhine is also used for the cultivation of other crops including cereals, tobacco and potatoes.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The 1949 Olympia earthquake occurred on April 13 at  with a moment magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of VIII (Severe). The shock was located in the area between Olympia and Tacoma, and was felt throughout the state, as well as parts of Oregon, British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana. It is the largest recorded earthquake to occur in the Puget Sound region of Washington. Eight people were killed, a minimum of 64 people were injured, and the total damage is estimated at $25 million.

Damage

Damage in Olympia from the earthquake was estimated between $500,000 and $1 million by Governor Arthur B. Langlie. Eight buildings on the State Capital campus were damaged by the earthquake, as well as the Old Capitol Building in downtown Olympia. A 23-ton cradle on the east tower of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge fell , injuring two men. The earthquake caused geysers to explode along the railroad track in the Tacoma tidal flats and in Puyallup.

In Seattle, nearly every building in the Pioneer Square neighborhood was affected in some way, with damage ranging from lost parapets to entire floors and in some cases entire buildings needing to be demolished over the following years. Most buildings still show the scars of earthquake damage and the mostly hasty repairs made to them.

Chimneys throughout western Washington collapsed. Severe damage were recorded at schools in Adna and Napavine, and structural losses to buildings in Centralia's downtown district. The earthquake caused catastrophic loss to two schools in Chehalis, a state training school for youths and West Side Elementary; neither were rebuilt.

Eight people were killed, including young crossing guard Marvin Klegman who shielded a second-grader from falling bricks. At least 64 people were injured, and the total damage is estimated at $25 million.

See also
 List of earthquakes in 1949
 List of earthquakes in the United States
 List of earthquakes in Washington (state)
 1965 Puget Sound earthquake
 2001 Nisqually earthquake

References

Further reading

External links
Earthquake hits Puget Sound area on April 13, 1949 – HistoryLink

Earthquake Hazards – USGS

Olympia
Natural disasters in Washington (state)
Olympia, 1949
Olympia earthquake
Olympia earthquake
Olympia earthquake


Littenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Plélan-le-Grand (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Plélan-le-Grand are called Plélanais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department
Jean-Marie Valentin

References

External links

Official website Plélan-le-Grand

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Lixhausen (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Lobsann is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Lochwiller () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Lorentzen (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Château de Lorentzen

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lutzelhouse (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pleine-Fougères (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Pleine-Fougères are called in French pleine-fougerais.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Mackenheim () is a French commune located in the department of Bas-Rhin and, since 1 January 2021, in the Grand Est region within the territory of the European Community of Alsace.

This commune is located in the historical and cultural region of Alsace.

Geography
Situated halfway between Strasbourg and Mulhouse, 2 km from the Rhine, this Ried village in central Alsace has a population of nearly 750. The village is part of the canton of Marckolsheim and the district of Sélestat-Erstein.

Two landscapes characterise its territory: agricultural areas dominated by maize cultivation and the Rhine forest recognised as a remarkable natural area. Several large buildings, mostly built in the 19th century (the church, the former synagogue, the town hall-school, the presbytery, the forest house, etc.) give the village a special character. Today, the preservation of the old built heritage is combined with the creation of new residential areas.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Historic Jewish communities


Mackwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Archaeology
In 1955, substantial fragments of a large Mithraeum were unearthed in Mackwiller by Jean-Jacques Hatt, archaeologist and director of the Musée archéologique de Strasbourg.  The find is still prominently displayed in that museum.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Maisonsgoutte (;  or ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Urrea may refer to

 Urrea de Gaén, a municipality in Teruel, Aragon, Spain
 Urrea de Jalón, a municipality in Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain
Urrea (surname)


Marckolsheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

On the eastern edge of the town the Casemate de Marckolsheim Sud, a Maginot Line fortification left over from the Second World War, has been converted into a small museum.   Approximately 3 kilometres to the east the Rhine has been dammed and a hydro-electric power station installed.

Gallery

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pléchâtel (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Geography
The river Semnon forms all of the commune's northern border, then flows into the Vilaine, which forms all of its western border.

Population
Inhabitants of Pléchâtel are called Pléchâtellois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


A nanowire battery uses nanowires to increase the surface area of one or both of its electrodes, which improves the capacity of the battery. Some designs (silicon, germanium and transition metal oxides), variations of the lithium-ion battery have been announced, although none are commercially available. All of the concepts replace the traditional graphite anode and could improve battery performance. Each type of nanowire battery has specific advantages and disadvantages, but a challenge common to all of them is their fragility.

Silicon

Silicon is an attractive material for applications as lithium battery anodes because of its discharge potential and high theoretical charge capacity (ten times higher than that of typical graphite anodes currently used in industry). Nanowires could improve these properties by increasing the amount of available surface area in contact with the electrolyte, increasing the anode’s power density and allowing for faster charging and discharging. However, silicon swells by up to 400% as it alloys with lithium during charging, causing it to break down. This volume expansion occurs anisotropically, caused by crack propagation immediately following a moving lithiation front. These cracks result in pulverization and substantial capacity loss noticeable within the first few cycles.

Nanowires may help mitigate the volume expansion. The small nanowire diameter allows for improved accommodation of volume changes during lithiation. Another advantage is that, because all nanowire are attached to the current collector, they can serve as direct pathways for charge transport. By contrast, in particle-based electrodes, charges are forced to move from particle to particle, a less efficient process. Silicon nanowires have a theoretical capacity of roughly 4,200 mAh g−1, larger than that of other forms of silicon and much larger than that of graphite (372 mAh g−1).

Like graphite anodes, silicon anodes form passivation layers (solid-electrolyte interphases) on their surfaces during the first charge cycle. Coating silicon nanowires with carbon can improve the stability of these layers.

Doping impurities, such as phorphorus or boron, into the nanowire anode can also improve performance by increasing the conductivity.

Germanium

An anode using germanium nanowire was claimed to have the ability to increase the energy density and cycle durability of lithium-ion batteries. Like silicon, germanium has a high theoretical capacity (1600 mAh g-1), expands during charging, and disintegrates after a small number of cycles. However, germanium is 400 times more effective at intercalating lithium than silicon, making it an attractive anode material. The anodes claimed to retain capacities of 900 mAh/g after 1100 cycles, even at discharge rates of 20–100C. This performance was attributed to a restructuring of the nanowires that occurs within the first 100 cycles to form a mechanically robust, continuously porous network. Once formed, the restructured anode loses only 0.01% of capacity per cycle thereafter. The material forms a stable structure after these initial cycles that is capable of withstanding pulverization. In 2014, researchers developed a simple way to produce nanowires of germanium from an aqueous solution.

Transition metal oxides
Transition metal oxides (TMO), such as Cr2O3, Fe2O3, MnO2, Co3O4 and PbO2, have many advantages as anode materials over conventional cell materials for lithium-ion battery (LIB) and other battery systems. Some of them possess high theoretical energy capacity, and are naturally abundant, non-toxic and also environmentally friendly. As the concept of the nanostructured battery electrode has been introduced, experimentalists start to look into the possibility of TMO-based nanowires as electrode materials. Some recent investigations into this concept are discussed in the following subsection.

Lead oxide anode
Lead-acid battery is the oldest type of rechargeable battery cell. Even though the raw material (PbO2) for the cell production is fairly accessible and cheap, lead-acid battery cells have relatively small specific energy. The paste thickening effect (volumetric expansion effect) during the operation cycle also blocks the effective flow of the electrolyte. These problems limited the potential of the cell to accomplish some energy-intensive tasks.

In 2014, experimentalist successfully obtained PbO2 nanowire through simple template electrodeposition. The performance of this nanowire as anode
for lead-acid battery has also been evaluated. Due to largely increased surface area, this cell was able to deliver an almost constant capacity of about 190 mAh g−1 even after 1,000 cycles. This result showed this nanostructured PbO2 as a fairly promising substitute for the normal lead-acid anode.

Manganese oxide
MnO2 has always been a good candidate for electrode materials due to its high energy capacity, non-toxicity and cost effectiveness. However, lithium-ion insertion into the crystal matrix during charging/discharging cycle  would cause significant volumetric expansion. To counteract this effect during operation cycle, scientists recently proposed the idea of producing a Li-enriched MnO2 nanowire with a nominal stoichiometry of Li2MnO3 as anode materials for LIB. This new proposed anode materials enable the battery cell to reach an energy capacity of 1279 mAh g−1 at current density of 500 mA even after 500 cycles. This performance is much higher than that of pure MnO2 anode or MnO2 nanowire anode cells.

Heterostructure TMOs
Heterojunction of different transition metal oxides would sometimes provide the potential of a more well-rounded performance of LIBs.

In 2013, researchers successfully synthesized a branched Co3O4/Fe2O3 nanowire heterostructure using hydrothermal method. This heterojunction can be used as an alternative anode for the LIB cell. At operation, Co3O4 promotes a more efficient ionic transport, while Fe2O3 enhances the theoretical capacity of the cell by increasing the surface area. A high reversible capacity of 980 mAh g−1 was reported.

The possibility of fabrication heterogeneous ZnCo2O4/NiO nanowire arrays anode has also been explored in some studies. However, the efficiency of this material as anode is still to be evaluated.

Gold

In 2016, researchers at the University of California, Irvine announced the invention of a nanowire material capable of over 200,000 charge cycles without any breakage of the nanowires. The technology could lead to batteries that never need to be replaced in most applications.  The  gold nanowires are strengthened by a manganese dioxide shell encased in an Plexiglas-like gel electrolyte. The combination is reliable and resistant to failure.  After cycling a test electrode about 200,000 times, no loss of capacity or power, nor fracturing of any nanowires occurred.

See also
 List of battery types
 List of emerging technologies
 Nanoball batteries

References

External links

Graphene-Silicon Anodes for Li-ion Batteries Go Commercial.
XGS presents new silicon-graphene anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

American inventions
Emerging technologies
Lithium-ion batteries
Nanoelectronics
Rechargeable batteries


Frank Seymour Wright (December 26, 1878 – February 13, 1931) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

In 1920 he won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team clay pigeons competition and the bronze medal in the individual trap event. He was born in South Wales, New York.

References

External links
Frank Wright's profile at databaseOlympics
Frank Wright at US Trapshooting Hall of Fame

1878 births
1931 deaths
American male sport shooters
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in shooting
Trap and double trap shooters
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics


Piré-sur-Seiche (; ) is a former commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Piré-Chancé.

Population
People from Piré-sur-Seiche are called Piréens in French.

Personalities
 Léon Letort, pioneer French aviator

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

Former communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Marisa Olson is an artist, writer, curator, and former punk singer. In 2004 she auditioned for popular American television show American Idol as an artistic project. Over the course of three months of daily "training exercises," it is revealed that she is critiquing gender norms entrenched by the show, while also using the popularity of her site to speak to readers about using their voice to vote in elections as well as on the show.

Her work combines performance, video, painting/drawing, and installation to address the cultural history of technology, experiences of gender, and the relationship between pop culture and politics.

Olson was a founding member of the Nasty Nets' "Internet Surfing club", a web-based net art group documenting and remixing their experiences online. Olson is a writer and lecturer in the field of media theory and politics.

She has been a visiting artist at Yale, SAIC, VCU, Oberlin, Brown, and elsewhere, and she has also worked on the faculty team at SUNY Purchase, Rhode Island School of Design and New York University. She has been a Master Artist in Residence at the Atlantic Center for the Arts, an Eyebeam Resident, and an Artist in Residence at the Corwin Physics Labs at the University of Oregon.

Career

Artist, curator, and critic
Marisa Olson currently works in New York and has had work exhibited in various galleries including the Tate, the New Museum, the Nam June Paik Art Center, and others.
She has organized exhibitions and programs at the Guggenheim, SFMOMA, the Getty, White Columns, Artists Space, and elsewhere. In the past, she has been former editor for Rhizome and Camerawork. She has written for Artforum, Wired, Afterimage, Flash Art, ArtReview, and others among various books.

Postinternet
The term Postinternet, often referred to as an era discussed by many contemporary artists examining the dawn of new technology, is attributed to be coined by Marisa Olson around 2006. This era of art or creative production was defined by Olson as the creation of art following time spent utilizing and exploring the World Wide Web. The Postinternet for Marisa Olson refers to any works created after the use of the internet, and what is made is the product of this excessive computer use or indulgence of the internet. A key separation made by Marisa Olson in her definition, practice, and expansion of post internet art is that she “delineates Internet art from Post Internet art. Internet Art is on the Internet; Post Internet art is after the internet.”

American Idol
A significant work of Marisa Olson is known for which is often associated with her practice was navigated by “her investigation into pop culture” that eventually led her to popular American television show American Idol.

The work titled “The One That Got Away,” began by Olson auditioning for American Idol in 2004. The artist then blogged about her experience online, documenting her process leading up to the audition. Post-audition, Marisa Olson created a “consciously artless” video combining footage that fictitiously acts out the audition. Marisa Olson's American Idol audition segment was never shown on national television.

Selected works

The One That Got Away, 2004
Marisa Olson trained herself for three months in preparation for an American Idol audition which would be used as an artwork. The piece is a video which includes the artist speaking about the process and preparation as well as scenes from the real audition. The work had been removed from YouTube due to copyright issues, yet is available on Vimeo.

Space Junk, 2010
From afar, Space Junk appears to be a “black, monochrome square painting like Kazimir Malevich.” When one approaches the work closer, it is revealed that it is not just black, but a “pattern of flickering stars” which has been appropriated from imagery taken from the internet in the form of a GIF file.

Golden Oldies, 2014
Recorded on video, Olson is seen with “ephemera from music’s past,” and the objects are all painted gold. In the work, Olson handles the equipment in odd manners, continually breaking items such as vinyl records and cassette tapes.

See also
Postinternet
New media art
Tactical media
Video Art
Performance Art

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Artists from New York (state)
New media artists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
New York University faculty


Ebersmunster () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

It is famous for its 1727 baroque church, a work by Vorarlberg architect Peter Thumb.

Population

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Matzenheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Meistratzheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

History
Located near a Celtic-Romanic route connecting Belfort with Brumath, the village has been occupied since the Neolithic. the village is mentioned for the first time in a parchment dating from 742 where it says that the convent of Wissembourg had possessions in Maistersheim.

Initially the village belonged to the Count of Nordgau and from 742 to 1030 to different abbeys. The fief was then acquired by the diocese of Strasbourg and later by the Landsberg family, who held it up to the French Revolution.

During the seventeenth century the village was pillaged by passing Imperial, Swedish, Lorraine and French troops. Famine came because of rigorous winters and poor harvests.

The village was also home to Eugène Grau, who founded a successful family butchers business which continued for several generations. The family also owned a large property used for Monumental masonry.

Points of interest
The catholic church, Saint André, was built from 1911 to 1919, consecrated in 1922 and is at 75 m the highest in Bas-Rhin outside of Strasbourg.

Education

The Classe de Japonais en Alsace (アルザス補習授業校 Aruzasu Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a part-time Japanese supplementary school, is held in the A.P.E.J.A. in Meistratzheim.

Photo gallery

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Veguillas can refer to:

The name of several places in Spain:

 Veguillas de la Sierra, a town in the province of Teruel, Aragon
 Las Veguillas, a town in the province of Salamanca, Castile-León
 Veguillas, minor local entity in the municipality of Cogolludo, province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha


Melsheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Memmelshoffen (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Edgar Basel (1 November 1930 in Mannheim — 7 September 1977) was a boxer from Germany, who won the silver medal in the flyweight division (– 51 kg) at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.

Amateur career
Basel had an outstanding amateur career.  He was a five time German amateur flyweight champion (1951-1952, 1954-1956), and in 1955 he won the European Championship in Berlin (West).

Olympic results

Edgar Basel (West Germany) was a boxing silver medalist in the flyweight division at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. Here are his results:

 Round of 16: Defeated Henryk Kukier (Poland) on points (3-0)
 Quarterfinal: defeated Torbjørn Clausen (Norway) by third-round knockout
 Semifinal: Defeated Anatoli Bulakov (Soviet Union) on points (2-1)
 Final: Lost to Nate Brooks (USA) on points (0-3)

Edgar Basel (West Germany) competed as a flyweight boxer at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. Here are his results:

 Round of 32: Lost to Vladimir Stolnikov (Soviet Union) on points

External links
 databaseOlympics

References

Sportspeople from Mannheim
Flyweight boxers
Boxers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Germany
Olympic boxers for the United Team of Germany
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
1930 births
1977 deaths
Olympic medalists in boxing
German male boxers
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics


Menchhoffen () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


MacSweeper is a rogue application that misleads users by exaggerating reports about spyware, adware or viruses on their computer. It is the first known "rogue" application for the Mac OS X operating system. The software was discovered by F-Secure, a Finland-based computer security software company, on January 17, 2008.

, the official website for the application, macsweeper.com, was shut down, as was the website for KiVVi Software shortly after.

Problems caused by MacSweeper
MacSweeper could be downloaded through KiVVi software's (the company that makes the "rogue") website, as a drive-by download, or silently downloaded with another application. Once automatically installed, MacSweeper scans the computer and informs the user that many applications on their computer (such as iCal or Dashboard, safe pre-installed Apple applications) are "fat binaries or trash" and must be slimmed immediately. When the unsuspecting user tries to "Remove Objects", they are told that the trial version downloaded cannot delete the supposed trash. Then the user must provide credit card details to the company for a $39.99 "lifetime subscription serial key".

Clones
MacSweeper's Graphical User Interface and behaviour is almost identical to another program that is published by KiVVi Software, Cleanator. Cleanator, however is designed for Windows operating systems. It is also very similar to the SpySheriff and SpyAxe applications, infamous for typosquatting Google. A paragraph from within the software that encourages users to purchase the full version is identical to that of SpySheriff.

Removal
Companies including McAfee, Symantec and Sunbelt Software have identified the threat and have posted removal instructions on their websites. Intego VirusBarrier and iAntivirus are capable of removing it too. SiteAdvisor, a division of McAfee has controversially given the site a green rating. However, SiteAdvisor's tests are conducted on PCs, that cannot recognise .dmg, the file format of MacSweeper.

Media attention
MacSweeper has received much media attention from websites including CNET as well as others, as it is considered to be one of the first instances of malware designed for the Mac OS X operating system.

MacSweeper's response
After F-Secure alerted Macintosh users about the rogue, MacSweeper responded on F-Secure's website, saying

References

http://blog.intego.com/index.php?s=macsweeper

See also
 Computer Security

MacOS malware
Rogue software


Mietesheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Minversheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


WNKI (106.1 FM, "Wink 106") is a radio station broadcasting a Top 40 (CHR) format. Licensed to Corning, New York, United States, the station serves the Elmira-Corning area, and is the Arbitron #1 rated station in the market. The station is currently owned by Seven Mountains Media, which closed on its $3.9 million acquisition of the station April 1, 2019, from Community Broadcasters, LLC.

History
The station went on the air as WKNP in 1947, under the ownership of the Corning Leader newspaper. Its original frequency was 95.1 FM. By 1950, it had moved to another frequency, the current 106.1 FM. A sister AM station, WCLI, signed on in 1947.

It had broadcast from a building at Erie Avenue (now Dennison Parkway) and Walnut Street in Corning. The Erie Railroad mainline passed nearby, and passing freight and passenger trains used to shake the building along with the recorded music on the turntables, according to Leader columnist Dick Peer. Disc jockey Bob Shaddock, who became one of the market's iconic radio personalities, developed a skill of picking up the needle from the 78 RPM records and making announcements while trains passed, according to Peer.

The newspaper sold the stations in 1953 to Radio Corning Inc. owned by Gordon Jenkins. WCLI duplicated much of the programming of 1450 WCLI. In May 1979, Jack King purchased Radio Corning Inc. and on October 20, 1980, the station changed its call sign to WZKZ. Known as KZ-106, the station played a live-assist automated adult contemporary format. It was the top-rated station in the Elmira-Corning market for much of the decade.

In 1993, Pro Radio Inc. bought the stations. The FM call letters were switched on Oct. 8, 1993, to the current WNKI  The change was controversial in that several popular personalities were let go as Pro Radio launched a top 40 format under the name of Wink 106 with a staff of air personalities, who were popular on other stations in the market. The change made some unwanted headlines when a presumably irate listener entered the main office (then at 99 W. First St.) after hours and doused it with fox urine. The KZ brand, WZKZ call sign and country format would move west to Alfred, New York, where it would remain from 1999 to 2021.

In 1995, Pro Radio sold to Corning Sabrecom (part of Sabre Communications) for $1.85 Million which moved the stations to Elmira Heights. In 1997, the AM and FM split, with Sabre Communications selling WCLI to Eolin Broadcasting, which also owned WCBA, WCBA-FM, and WGMM.

On May 6, 2013, it was announced that Backyard Broadcasting was selling the Elmira/Corning and Olean, NY clusters, including WNKI/WPGI/WNGZ/WRCE/WWLZ, to Community Broadcasters, LLC in Watertown, New York. The sale was consummated on August 26, 2013 at a price of $3.6 million.

According to Radio + Television Business Report at RBR.com, Seven Mountains Media acquired WNKI in January 2019 along with other stations.
CORNING-ELMIRA, N.Y.: CHR/Pop Class B WNKI-FM 106.1 “Wink 106”, Rock Class A WNGZ-FM “Wingz 104.9”, licensed to Mountour Falls, N.Y., Country Class A WPGI-FM 100.9, in Horseheads, N.Y., News/Talk Class B WWLZ-AM 820, in Horseheads, N.Y., Classic Country Class C WRCE-AM 1490 in Watkins Glen, N.Y. and FM translator W267CJ at 101.3 MHz in Horseheads, N.Y.
OLEAN, N.Y.* Country Class B WPIG-FM 95.7* and WHDL-AM 1450, which uses W296DB to broadcast as CHR/Pop “Hot 107.1,” mirrored after co-owned Wink 106

Weekdays
6am-10am - Scott and Ally in the Mornings
10am-2pm - Austyn
2pm-7pm - Matt
7pm-12am - Pop Crush Nights with Kayla Thomas

Weekends
 AT40 with Ryan Seacrest- Saturday Mornings
 Most Requested Live - Saturday Nights
 Wink 106 After Party - Sunday's After Most Requested Live
Throwback 2K With Chris Cruise - Sunday Mornings
 Weekend Throwdown With Jagger - Sunday Nights

References

External links

NKI
Radio stations established in 1980
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States


Mittelschaeffolsheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Boris O'Klein, born Arthur 'Boris' Klein, (Moscow, September 26, 1893 – 1985), a French artist and cartoonist. An anthropomorphic artist, he is known for his numerous prints and watercolors of dogs getting up to mischief. The prints are generally called "The Naughty Dogs" or "The Dirty Dogs" or "The Dirty Dogs of Paris."

Personal
O'Klein was born in Moscow, Russia. His family emigrated to the Alsace when he was a boy.

After serving on behalf of the French in World War I, he moved to Paris.

Career
O'Klein's period of greatest activity as an artist was during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s.

During his lifetime, much of his output appears to have been purchased by tourists on trips to Paris.

Jean Herblet
O'Klein also painted with similar technique and in a more classical style many serious animal subjects, often a hunting dog with a duck, under the pseudonym "Jean Herblet".

Technique
While O'Klein was a prolific artist and produced many watercolors, the greatest part of his output consists of prints, either color lithographs or engravings heightened with hand-painted touches of watercolor.

Many of these prints appear to have been produced in O'Klein's later years and after his death, and are still produced to this day.

Themes
The two main themes of O'Klein's art are (1) public urination; and (2) male-female flirtation or desire. The numerous scenes by O'Klein of dogs lined up against walls or beside trees to urinate are part of what gives the prints their incendiary appeal for some viewers. In other prints, a number of male dogs will follow a female dog with an air of evident interest.

O'Klein in popular culture

Television
In the second episode of season one of the Stephen Fry TV show Kingdom, a print by O'Klein is used as part of the set decor in the living room in the house owned by the character played by Steve Pemberton. The print by O'Klein is one of those which shows a row of anthropomorphic dogs urinating against a wall, giving a window onto the character's psychology and taste in art.

External links
Official site of les ateliers o'klein

References

1883 births
1983 deaths
Dog artists
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany


Mollkirch () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Morsbronn-les-Bains (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Battle of Wörth

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


The Luminaire was a live music venue on Kilburn High Road in north west London, UK. It opened on 1 March 2005 in what was a nightclub called Late, above McGovern's Pub and The Kilburn Bar. Its last public show was 9 March 2011. Student apartments now occupy the space.

It was co-founded by John Donnelly, a publican and property developer from Ireland, and Andy Inglis, a Scot and artist manager.

The venue name was inspired by a bar called Lit, in the Lower East Side, New York City. It was voted as Time Out Magazine's London Venue of The Year in 2006 and as Music Week's UK Venue of The Year in 2007, primarily because of its positive attitude to both artist and audience.

In a newsletter in November 2010, The Luminaire announced their closure saying that "It's been a labour of love for a while now, and at this point it makes no sense for us to continue."

References

Music venues in London
Music venues completed in 2005


The Black Company of Pioneers, also known as the Black Pioneers and Clinton's Black Pioneers, were a British Provincial military unit raised for Loyalist service during the American Revolutionary War. The Black Loyalist company was raised by General Sir Henry as a non-combatant replacement force for the disbanded Ethiopian Regiment in Philadelphia in late 1777 or early 1778. Pioneers were soldiers employed to perform engineering and construction tasks. In 1778, the Pioneers merged into the Guides and Pioneers, led by Colonel Beverley Robinson in New York. Its company commanders were Captain Allen Stewart and Captain Donald McPherson. In 1783, the company was disbanded in Port Roseway, Canada, now Shelburne, Nova Scotia.

Company formed
The Black Pioneers were an African American military unit, established, in May 1776, out of Lord Dunmore's disbanded Loyalist unit, the Ethiopian Regiment. The Pioneers retained the Ethiopian regimental motto, which was embroidered on their uniforms: "Liberty to Slaves."

Duties of service
During the American Revolution, the Black Pioneers would "Assist in Cleaning the Streets & Removing all Nuisances being thrown into the Streets." The company followed the British troops, under the command of General Clinton, as they moved from New York to Philadelphia, to Charleston, and, after the fall of Charleston, back to New York once again.

Commanders
The Black Pioneers were commanded, for a time, by Major James Moncrief of the Royal Engineers. Moncrief had great faith in the ability of African-American slaves to fight. In a letter to Clinton, at the close of the war, he offered to continue the war with a brigade of African-American troops. He also advocated for their freedom, in light of their service in the British Army. One of the most famous commanders of the Company of Black Pioneers was Colonel Stephen Blucke, who commanded them for a number of years. In 1780, Blucke would go on to command the small Loyalist military unit known as the Black Brigade, after their leader, Colonel Tye, died of lockjaw. Blucke received the honorary rank of "Colonel".

Uniforms and weapons
The Pioneers wore black, wool, tricorn hats, trimmed with white bunting, black spatterdashes, and originally blue, wool, short coats later replaced with provincial green wool that retained the former Ethiopian Regimental motto, which embroidered on their uniforms: "Liberty to Slaves". The Black Company of Pioneers may have been trained to use the standard British Army-issue Brown Bess musket.

Military recruitment, evacuation, and resettlement of escaped American Loyalist slaves
After Lord Dumore's proclamation of freedom to escaped slaves that helped the British Army, Harry Washington, a slave, ran away from  General George Washington's Mount Vernon plantation to join the Black Pioneers in 1776. After the Pioneers arrived in New York in 1783, many former slaves escaped from the harbor, in fear of being repossessed by their former masters. It is still unknown how many former slaves escaped from New York during this period.

Tens of thousands of slaves, up to one hundred thousand, escaped during the war and joined the British military; others simply moved off during the chaos. In South Carolina, nearly 25,000 slaves, being 30% of the enslaved population, fled, migrated, or died from the disruption of the war. When the British withdrew their forces from Savannah and Charleston they also evacuated 10,000 slaves belonging to Loyalists.

The British evacuated nearly 20,000 blacks at the end of the war. More than 3,000 of them were freedmen and resettled in Nova Scotia, many under the leadership of Stephen Blucke, a prominent Black leader of the battalion.

See also
 African Americans in the Revolutionary War
 Black Nova Scotians
 List of British units in the American Revolutionary War

References

External links
Index to Black Pioneers History - The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies
Black Soldiers - The American Revolution: War of 1812 - National Park Service
Uniform of Black Pioneers Regiment
Black Company of Pioneers in Military Miniatures

African Americans in the American Revolution
Black Loyalists
Loyalist military units in the American Revolution
Military units of Virginia in the American Revolution
Military units and formations established in 1776


Morschwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Etymology and names
The first written reference to Morschwiller's name was in 771 A.D., when it was called Moraswilari.  Other historical names for the village include: Moresheim (840), Morinsheim (870), Morswilre (1372), Morsweyler (1666), and Morschweiler/Morschwiller by the 18th and 19th centuries.

The willer/weiler (English: hamlet) suffix of Morschwiller comes from Middle High German wīler, from Old High German wīlāri, from Latin villa (“estate”).

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mothern () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Muhlbach-sur-Bruche () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mussig is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. Successive known names carried by the village were: Moussich, Mosich (1370) and Musich (1453) before becoming Musselburgh. The etymological origin is probably to be found in the existence of wetlands and swamps are conducive to the formation of foam. Until the 19th century was practiced widely growing flax and hemp, woven at home or delivered to the weavers in the valley of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, this is still in the early twentieth century.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Muttersholtz (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mutzenhouse () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Jennifer Day Morrison (born August 22, 1979) is an American country music singer. Signed to BNA Records in late 1999, she has released one studio album (2000's The Fun of Your Love) and has charted two singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. The album's title track was also featured in the 2000 film For Love of the Game.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Music videos

References

External links
Jennifer Morrison on Myspace

1979 births
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Living people
BNA Records artists
People from Suwannee County, Florida
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
Country musicians from Florida


Neewiller-près-Lauterbourg (, literally Neewiller near Lauterbourg; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Neubois (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Neugartheim-Ittlenheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. The commune was formed in 1973 by the merger of the former communes Ittlenheim and Neugartheim.

On the top of the Kochersberg stood a castle built in the 13th century. It was destroyed in 1592 and only traces remain.

On its place was built between 1794 and 1797 a semaphore tower, the second nearest station from Strasbourg (after Dingsheim's one) on the semaphore line to Paris. It was used until 1852.

Since the late 20th century, a memorial replaced this tower. Consisting of a motionless reproduction of the arms of such a tower, it can still be seen (within clear weather) from over ten kilometres, making the Kochersberg hill easily recognizable.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Neuve-Église (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Neuviller-la-Roche (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Neuwiller-lès-Saverne (, literally Neuwiller near Saverne; ; ) is a commune located in the historic and cultural region of Alsace and the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park in northeastern France.
Neuwiller-lès-Saverne is within the Bas-Rhin department in the Grand Est region, and since 2021, is part of the European Collectivity of Alsace territorial collective. The commune is also a member of the  commune community.

Landmarks
The Église Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul Catholic parish church of Neuwiller-lès-Saverne was formerly the church of a wealthy Benedictine abbey. It is surrounded by buildings and ruins that had once belonged to the same order. It is classified as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1840, making it a part of the very first list of such heritage buildings. Thanks to its Romanesque parts, the church is a stage on the Romanesque Road of Alsace.

The handsome 1873 synagogue survived the war.

History

Benedictine Abbey
The village of Neuwiller-lès-Saverne began while Alsace was under the Christianizing rule of the Merovingian dynasty of Franks. In the year 723, Saint , bishop of Metz, founded a Benedictine abbey dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul, including considerable land on both sides of the Vosges mountains. Monasteries formed during this time represented important bases of power and wealth for the landowning elites, and were also a source of educated clergy, crucial in the administration of a diminished post-Roman world, and valued as such by Frankish kings.

In 826, Bishop Drogo of Metz, natural son of Charlemagne, transported the remains of Saint Adelphus to be interred at the abbey's church. In the Middle Ages, these relics became so popular with pilgrims that the Benedictines built a second church nearby to serve as a shrine, so as to remain undisturbed in their own sanctuary.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Niederlauterbach () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Notable people
 Roland Ries (born 1945), politician, mayor of Strasbourg between 2008 and 2020

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Cornelia Sollfrank (born 1960) is a German digital artist, she was an early pioneer of Net Art and Cyberfeminism in the 1990s.

Life and work
Cornelia Sollfrank was born in 1960, in Feilershammer, Germany. Sollfrank studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (1987–1990) and fine art at the University of Fine Arts of Hamburg (1990–1994) and she completed a PhD in 2012 at University of Dundee.

In 1997, Sollfrank hacked the "world's first" net art competition, Extension, organized by the Hamburg Art Museum in Germany. Her work, titled Female Extension (1997) involved the creation of 289 computer-generated websites created by combing the Internet and combining fragments of HTML into exquisite corpse-like websites. Each website was submitted under the name of a different artificial female artist name and profile. No women were awarded prizes, but press releases distributed by Sollfrank received widespread attention for her intervention, overshadowing the gallery's own awards.

Cornelia Sollfrank founded the organization Old Boys Network (1997–2001). In 1997, Old Boys Network organized the Cyberfeminist International at documenta x in Kassel, Germany. Old Boys Network published First Cyberfeminist International in 1998 followed by next Cyberfeminist International in 1999. Closely associated with Cyberfeminism, Sollfrank has expressed reservations that it limits the perception of her work as "women's issues".

She has a history organizing and participating in digital protests. Solfrank has also founded the artist groups frauen-und-technik (Women and Technique) and -Innen ("Inside", but also a suffix for feminine plurals in German). Women Hackers (1999) was an essay on hackers, focusing on the lack of recognition of female hackers. Sollfrank is a member of the Chaos Computer Club, Europe's largest association of hackers.

In 2004, Cornelia Sollfrank's monograph titled net.art generator was published by Verlag für moderne Kunst Nürnberg.

Early life and education
Cornelia Sollfrank was born in 1960, in Feilershammer, Germany. From 1987 to 1990, Sollfrank studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, and then during the years 1990 to 1994, she took the program Fine Art at the University of Fine Arts in Hamburg. Besides her study in diverse academic fields of art, Sollfrank also worked as a product manager for Philips Media from 1995 to 1996 in order to gain personal experience in the field of media. Since 1998, Sollfrank has focused on writing and exploring issues regarding the relationship among media, art and gender, and has worked as an educator at a variety of universities. In 2012, along with the publication of her PhD thesis titled Performing the Paradoxes of Intellectual Property, Sollfrank completed her doctor degree's practice-led research at the University of Dundee (UK).

From the mid-1990s, as Sollfrank probed the worldwide communication networks and mass media, she then transformed her traditional artistic strategies and art forms into the digital medium, and her works began to be closely related to the concerns of cyberfeminism, the interaction of feminism and art in the age of the Internet, and relationship between gender politics and the Internet.

Career and activities
Cornelia Sollfrank (born 1960) is a German digital artist, conceptual artist, interdisciplinary researcher and university lecturer whose works mainly apply digital media and the internet as new ways of artistic practices to explore issues regarding mass media and network culture as new forms of (political) organization and communication structures, authorship, copyright and intellectual property, critical internet culture, feminism and techno-feminism.

Sollfrank is committed to activities related to cyberfeminism, she is one of the founding members of the worldwide cyberfeminist network Old Boys Network, and initiated and ran the network during the year 1997 to 2001. She also co-organized three international conferences on cyberfeminism which took place respectively in 1997, 1999, and 2001. In the year 1998 and 1999, she participated in co-editing the First Cyberfeminist International and the Next Cyberfeminist International.

As an early pioneer of Net Art and Cyberfeminism, Sollfrank also has experiences of organizing and participating in digital protests, she puts emphasis on issues of marginalization and the lack of recognition of female hackers in both mainstream and alternative cyborg communities. She is one of the members of the Chaos Computer Club, which is the largest association of hackers in Europe.

Member of Old Boys Network
Cornelia Sollfrank is one of the initial founding members of Old Boys Network (OBN), which is a league constituted by cyberfeminist artists and activists, and Sollfrank describes it as a laboratory for politics of difference.

The term “OBN” is used to describe social and business connection among wealthy white men who often attend male-only elite schools, which also refers to a network of gender ritual and economic privilege where male members support each other to maintain their mutual benefits. Cyberfeminists adopted the term “OBN,” although the OBN was still in progress at that time, it “provided platforms for people drawn to cyberfeminism to meet, explore and critique digital technologies as well as the discourses in which they have been embedded” (Paasonen 2011, 339).

In 1997, with OBN, Sollfrank contributed to the display of the First Cyberfeminist International that was held in Documenta 10. Documenta is a major international exhibition of contemporary art which holds the show for 100 days and takes place every five years in Germany. During Documenta 10, OBN demonstrated and presented the ideas related to cyberfeminism, and kept the definition and recognition of the term cyberfeminism as open as possible to welcome difference and diversity. As it is stated in the First Report from the First Cyberfeminist International (CI), “there was a strong feeling voiced that this was an historic moment, that this week is a momentous launching of a visible, global presence of cyberfeminism as a networked movement in cyberspace.” According to Faith Wilding, cyberfeminism at this time started to “draw on social and cultural strategies from past waves of feminism” (Wilding 1998, 53), and the intervention of cyberfeminism here “could create possibilities of replacing coded, stereotyped, and standardized gendered representations of women with much more fluid, multivocal, recombinant, and hybrid images” (Wilding 1998, 55).

Major works

Female Extension
In February 1997, Extension was announced by the Hamburger Kunsthalle, which was a competition for net artists and acted as a kind of virtual extension of the museum. In response to this competition, Sollfrank created the work Female Extension. Sollfrank designed a computer program that listed over two hundred female artists’ names which were actually fictional and simulated by Sollfrank herself. The computer program invented these names and made them look real through creating and assigning individual email addresses, IP addresses and phone numbers for each of them. In order to make this list seem more authentic, Sollfrank also designed another program which had the ability to script and recombine materials from other sites on the internet, and then she made up fake artworks and uploaded these works for each of the female artist on her list. While the entry of the competition closed, more than 120 megabytes of net art works had been uploaded and within these works, more than two-thirds of them came from female artists, however, the prizes were finally awarded to three artworks that were all produced by male artists.

The work acts as an institutional critique that reflects Sollfrank's feminist position, challenges the authority and fixity of conventional and organizational exhibition spaces, and turns viewers to participants to reconsider gender inequality in various art institutions. As it is mentioned by herself, Female Extension “turned the perception into a specific gendered issue by seizing on the original title and expanding it with a ‘female aspect’ — despite the fact that it plays with the technical notion of male and female plugs” (Sollfrank 2010, 5), and even though in the case of this work, “the museum itself refused to acknowledge the intervention as art, it was the critics and theoreticians specialized and knowledgable in Internet art who recognized the work so that it was subsequently included and discussed in all relevant literature” (Sollfrank 2010, 8).

Have script, Will destroy
In the year 2000, Sollfrank scheduled and did an interview with an anonymous female hacker who went by the name Clara G when they met at a hacker conference in Berlin. Sollfrank recorded their conversation and made it into a video with the title Have script, Will destroy. During this conversation, Clara G shared her experience as being a female hacker, they discussed issues related to the politics of hacking, the role gender played in the field of internet culture during the 1990s, and the way in which cyberspace was a challenging place for females to engage with and manipulate.

As Clara G stated in the interview, “my experience is that most hackers hate feminists. That would be reason enough for me to call myself a feminist. I’m not a big fan of ‘isms’ in general — like hackism J — but the fact is that we are far from having equal rights and opportunities for men and women. The big problem is that we need to be thinking about what strategies would actually work today” (Sollfrank 2000). Clara G also pointed out that feminism was essential, while it was still important and necessary for women to figure out what kind of feminist ideologies and feminist strategies they truly needed and pursued in the age of the internet.

The interview indicated that gender inequality, marginalization, underrepresentation, and lack of recognition of women in both mainstream and alternative cyber communities were still problems that women had to face in the internet culture during the 1990s. Sollfrank has also talked about issues regarding marginalized and ignored women in cyborg community in her essay “Women Hackers,” she stated that “no matter what area of application and no matter what the objective, the borderlines of gender are still maintained,” and among all the technological spheres, “hacking is a purely male domain, and in that sense a clearly gendered space” (Sollfrank 1999, 8). Moreover, she also suggested that from a cyberfeminist perspective, to deconstruct the pervasive power and trend of technology, the first has to be “combined with a gender-specific deconstruction of power, since technology is still, primarily, associated with maleness” (Sollfrank 1999, 8).

References

Paasonen, Susanna. “Revisiting cyberfeminism.” Communications 36 (2011): 335–352.
Wilding, Faith and Critical Art Ensemble. “Notes on the Political Condition of Cyberfeminism.” Art Journal 57, no. 2 (1998): 47–60.
Sollfrank, Cornelia. “Female Extension.” (September 2010): 1–9.
Sollfrank, Cornelia. “Have script, will destroy! Interview of the hacker Clara G. Sopht.” (February 2000).
Sollfrank, Cornelia. “Women Hackers.” Next Cyberfeminist International (March 1999): 1–10.

External links
 Old Boys Network
 Blog
 Cornelia Sollfrank in the Video Data Bank

1960 births
Living people
German digital artists
German feminists
Postmodern artists
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Women digital artists
University of Fine Arts of Hamburg alumni
Alumni of the University of Dundee


Niedermodern is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Niedernai () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. It is located 26km south west of Strasbourg, 23km north of Sélestat and 50km north of Colmar on the main A35 road.

Niedernai dates back to pre-Roman times. In 707, it was part of the lands of the Feldkirch monastery, founded by the Benedictine monks of Moyenmoutier. From 1284, it was the seat of the Landsberg family, who built a fortified castle. The remnants of the castle can be seen in the "Glockenturm" watchtower.

The former Sainte Barbe church dates from 1741. By the 1850s it was too small for the congregation, so plans were begun for a new church. The parish church of Saint Maximin was built between 1891 and 1893. The former Sainte Barbe church is now a school.

Niedernai is characterised by traditional wood-framed houses.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Niederrœdern () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Niederschaeffolsheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Le Petit-Fougeray (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Le Petit-Fougeray are called in French foucerays.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Niedersoultzbach ( or ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Niedersteinbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin département in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Sites and monuments
 Château du Wasigenstein - 13th-century castle

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Nordhouse (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Obenheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Club Cruise was a Netherlands-based cruise ship company, that chartered vessels to other operators, including Transocean Tours and Phoenix Reisen. The company had also operated ships under its own brands, first in 1999 on short cruises from the Netherlands and during 2008 in the United Kingdom cruise market under the banner of Van Gogh Cruises.

Club Cruise was reportedly seeking to list itself in the London Stock Exchange.

History
Club Cruise was founded in 1999 to operate short cruises out of Rotterdam with one ship, . The service was not a success, and the company ceased operations after the 1999 northern hemisphere summer season. Subsequently, the Club 1 was renamed MS Van Gogh and chartered to the France-based Nouvelles Frontieres. In 2002 the ship was chartered to the United Kingdom -based Travelscope. Two additional ships were acquired in 2006.  was purchased from a Bahamas-based company and continued under charter to her previous operator, the Germany-based Phoenix Reisen. MS Walrus was purchased from SeaContainers. She was renamed  and chartered to the Spain-based Vision Cruises. In 2008 she was renamed  and also chartered to Phoenix Reisen.

In 2007, Club Cruise acquired  from Sovcomflot. Sovcomflot had chartered her to the Germany-based Transocean Tours, and Club Cruise continued this charter. During the same year Club Cruise were reported to be planning an ambitious new building programme of six  ships. In early 2008 the company were reportedly negotiating with a South Korean shipyard about ordering three  ships. In late 2007, Club Cruise purchased the cruiseferry GTS Finnjet from SeaContainers. She was renamed  with plans to convert her to a cruise ship, but due to higher-than-anticipated costs of the conversion the plan was abandoned and the ship was sold for scrap in May 2008. Around the same time it was reported that Club Cruise were experiencing financial difficulties and as a result were looking to sell the Astoria. This was realised in June 2008, when the Astoria was sold to Saga Cruises, with delivery in April 2009, following the end of her charter to Transocean Tours.

Van Gogh Cruises

Van Gogh Cruises was established in January 2008, following the collapse of Travelscope who had previously chartered  from Club Cruise. Due to the popularity of the ship in the UK  cruise market, Club Cruise decided to establish a new subsidiary to operate her, staffed mostly by ex-Travelscope employees. Van Gogh Cruises was planned to tale over most of the existing 2008 and 2009 itineraries Travelscope had planned for the Van Gogh. Due to difficulties in acquiring membership of the Association of British Travel Agents, the company were unable to sell any cruises. Due to this the company have chartered the Van Gogh to the Russia-based Metropolis Tur for the 2008 northern hemisphere summer season. Originally Van Gogh Cruises planned to restart operations in 2009 after ABTA membership had been acquired, but the company has ceased operations.

Fleet

Ships chartered out
  – under charter to Phoenix Reisen.
  – under charter to Phoenix Reisen.
  – under charter to Transocean Tours until April 2009. Following the end of the charter she will be sold to Saga Cruises.
  – under charter to Metropolis Tur for the 2008 northern hemisphere summer season.

Former ships
  (2007–2008) – Originally the cruiseferry Finnjet. Purchased by Club Cruise to be rebuilt into a cruise ship, November 2007, but sold for scrap in May 2008.

References

Defunct cruise lines


Oberbronn () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

There is a signposted, historic, circular walk through the village. From an observation tower on the nearby Wasenkoepfel (526m) there are views of the Upper Rhine Plain.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Burial sites of the House of Leiningen


Oberdorf-Spachbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Oberhaslach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Niederhaslach, a neighbouring commune
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Oberlauterbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Oberrœdern (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Obersoultzbach (Owersulzbàch in Alsatian) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Communes of Bas-Rhin


Le Pertre (；) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Heritage

The church of Saint-Martin-de-Vertou is located in the centre of the village. The steeple of the church was originally constructed to a height of 83 metres in 1920.  However, due to repairs, especially after the fall of the steeple of 1982, the height may have changed. It is possible to access a parapet located at 37 metres from the ground. Legend has it that thirty-nine bell towers are visible in good weather from the top of the church.

Le Pertre forest has an area of 1,513 hectares.  It is an oak grove which was classified, in 1997, as a natural area of ecological interest, faunistic and floristic. It has some ornithological interest since thirty-two species of birds are listed there, five of which are uncommon in the region (Honey Buzzard, Common Hawk, Hoopoe, Redstart, and Woodpecker). In addition, this forest has two species of bats.

Population
Inhabitants of Le Pertre are called in French pertrais.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website Le Pertre

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


The Bucks County Dragoons, also known as the Bucks County Light Dragoons, were an American Loyalist (American Revolution) unit during the American Revolutionary War. They were raised in Philadelphia, Province of Pennsylvania, in February, 1778 and returned with the British Army to New York in 1778.  The Dragoons were attached to John Simcoe's Queen's Rangers for the 1779 campaign, and later attached to Banastre Tarleton's British Legion in Lord Cornwallis's 1780–1782 Carolinas Campaign. They were permanently merged into the British Legion in 1782.

See also
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Doan Outlaws

References

Loyalist military units in the American Revolution


Obersteinbach () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Odratzheim (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Oermingen (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Offendorf () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Offwiller () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ohlungen () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

History
Ohlungen was an Imperial Village (Reichsdorf) of the Holy Roman Empire. Within its jurisdiction was a former Imperial Hamlet  (Reichsweiler) called Keffendorf. Both passed to France in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. In November 1944, German occupiers expelled around 10% of the village population in anticipation of severe fighting in the area.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Ohnenheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Olwisheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Osthoffen (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Randsfjord Station () was a railway station at located on the west bank of the south of the lake of Randsfjorden in Jevnaker, Norway. Passengers could transfer to steam ship for transport on Randsfjorden.

History
The station was opened in 1868 when it became the northern terminus of Randsfjorden Line. In 1909, the Bergen Line was completed along with Roa–Hønefoss Line, that on the east side of Randselva built Jevnaker Station about one kilometer from Randsfjord Station. Since the through trains between Oslo and Bergen went through Jevnaker, and it was better located to Hadeland Glassverk and the sawmills, Jevnaker took most of the traffic.

Passenger traffic to Randsfjord station was terminated on May 26, 1968; 100 years after the opening of the line. Since January 1, 1981 there has been no traffic on the line between Bergermoen and Randsfjord, with the tracks being removed in 1984.

Railway stations in Oppland
Railway stations on the Randsfjorden Line
Railway stations opened in 1868
Railway stations closed in 1968
1868 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1860s


Osthouse (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

The sole remaining wall of the 1865 synagogue, destroyed by the Nazis, makes a dramatic standing ruin.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ottrott () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It lies southwest of Strasbourg. The vineyards in and around Ottrott produce the red Rouge d'Ottrott, a geographical denomination within the registered designation of origin Alsace AOC.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1059, in Latin in the ordnance survey of Heinrich IV. The area rose to prominence in the 13th century when a number of castles were built. Many such as Château du Birkenfels stand but are in ruins today. Château du Birkenfels was built by Burkhard Berger, a vassal of the bishop of Strasbourg. The castle's position allowed surveillance of the old Roman road running from Mont Sainte-Odile to  and the valley of the Bruche.

The castle belonged to the Berger family who ruled Ottrott until 1532, then power fell to the Mundolsheim family until the French Revolution.  The castle fell into ruins after the Thirty Years' War and was taken over by the town of Obernai, becoming part of the continuous forest between Obernai and Bernardswiller.

Demographic evolution

Geography

Neighboring communes

 Bœrsch
 Saint-Nabor
 Neuviller-la-Roche
 Barr
 Le Hohwald
 Bernardswiller
 Obernai

Landmarks

 Château du Birkenfels, (13th century)
 Château de Dreistein, (13th century)
 Château du Hagelschloss, (13th century)
 Château de Kagenfels, (13th century)
 Château de Koepfel
 Château de Lutzelbourg, (13th century)
 Château de Rathsamhausen, (13th century - (15th century)
 Château de Windeck, (13th century - (14th century)
 Chapelle Saint Nicolas (17th century)
 Église Saints Simon et Jude, Built 1771.
 Mont Sainte-Odile

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ottwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Parthenay-de-Bretagne (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Parthenay-de-Bretagne are called Parthenaisiens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Petersbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Peteresbach is within the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park (French: Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord) that lies in the northern foothills of the Vosges Mountains.

Industry/Economy
At the eastern end of the town is the headquarters and major plant for :fr:Grands Chais de France, a major French wine and spirit maker and exporter. It produces over 1m bottles of wine annually.

Culture
The local cultural ties to Germany are strong, including the use of a Rhenish Franconian dialect.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


La Petite-Pierre (; ; Rhine Franconian: Lítzelstain) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It lies in the historical and cultural region of Alsace (Elsass in German). Petit-Pierre literally means little rock.

The town lies in the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park which has its headquarter in the château (Maison du Parc).

History

Lützelstein castle was built by Count Hugo, who was the son of Hugh, Count of Blieskastel. It was claimed by the Bishop of Strasbourg in 1223, but the count successfully defended it. After Count Friedrich died without a male successor, the county was subject to a protracted inheritance dispute between his uncle, Frederick Burkhard, and his sister, who was married to John of Leiningen. Both John and the sons of Burkhard died within a short time and without heirs, so the entire county was passed to the Electoral Palatinate in 1462.

During the partition of the House of Wittelsbach territories in 1533, Lützelstein county was passed to the Palatinate-Zweibrücken. Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken gave it to Ruprecht, Count Palatine of Veldenz, his uncle.

George John I, Count Palatine of Veldenz attempted to develop his Alsatian territories as the focus of his state, which led to him building the city of Pfalzburg in 1570 and populating it with Protestant refugees from the Duchy of Lorraine. The project was so grand and unaffordable that in 1583 he was forced to sell the city and half the County of Lützelstein to Lorraine.

After the death of George John I, Anna Maria of Sweden ruled the county as regent. After the division of Palatinate-Veldenz in 1598, the County of Lützelstein was passed to John Augustus, Count Palatine of Lützelstein. John Augustus himself died without issue in 1611 and was succeeded by his younger brother Count Palatine George John II of Guttenberg, who renamed the united state Palatinate-Lützelstein-Guttenberg. As he himself left no surviving children upon his death in 1654, his territory fell back to Palatinate-Veldenz. After Leopold Louis, Count Palatine of Veldenz died without issue, the county was returned to Palatinate-Zweibrücken in 1694. However, Palatinate rule of Lützelstein after 1680 was nominal due to French occupation of it. After the signing of the Treaty of Ryswick, Lützelstein was nominally ruled by Zweibrücken as a French fief, but was de facto ruled by the Kingdom of France. Vauban, the French marshall, expanded its fortress.  The fortress was again expanded in 1815 but was partially demolished in 1872 by Germans. Finally it was formally annexed by France with the Palatinate-Zweibrücken and was part of the Bas-Rhin department in 1801. Thereafter it has shared the fate of Alsace since 1801.

Notable people
 François Antoine Louis Bourcier, a French cavalry officer and divisional general of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.
 René Char, hid in the woods between la Petit-Pierre and Petersbach, for about six months, during the phoney war.

Tourism
The upper part of the town is built as a fortified city around the Château de La Petite-Pierre (also known as Chateau de Lützelstein).
There is also a church, which was built in the fifteenth century (parts of which remain) and has some nice artwork.

The area around the town is suitable for walking or hiking. There are a number of marked trails. The town has its own division of Club Vosgien.

International relations
La Petite-Pierre is twinned with
  Veldenz, Germany

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links
 Town website

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Pfalzweyer is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Pfettisheim (Alsatian: Pfetze) is a former commune in the Bas-Rhin department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune Truchtersheim.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Former communes of Bas-Rhin
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Plaine (; German: Blen) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Five hamlets belong to the commune (Diespach, Poutay, Champenay, Le Bambois and Devant Fouday).

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Salm-Salm


Parigné (; ; Gallo: Paraenyaè, Parinyaè) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Parigné are called in French parignéens.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Preuschdorf is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Puberg is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Quatzenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

It grew up along an old Roman road leading from Strasbourg to Saverne.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Kochersberg

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Rangen is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Ranrupt (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Parcé (; ; Gallo: Parczaé) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Parcé are called Parcéens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Ratzwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Rauwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lycium andersonii is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Its common names include water-jacket, redberry desert-thorn, Anderson thornbush, Anderson's desert thorn, Anderson boxthorn, Anderson lycium, Anderson wolfberry, and squawberry.

The species is native to the Southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, where it is distributed in New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, Baja California, Sinaloa, and Sonora. It grows in many habitat types and plant communities, including pinyon-juniper woodland, creosote bush scrub, sagebrush scrub, chaparral, and coastal sage scrub.

This plant is a shrub growing up to about  in maximum height. It grows from a large fibrous root system which can extend over  from the base of the plant. The shrub is rounded in shape with many branches covered in many thin spines up to  long. The flat leaves are thick and fleshy, measuring up to  long. They are shed from the plant in dry conditions. The flowers have funnel-shaped white or purple-tinged corollas up to a centimeter long. The fruit is a red or orange berry less than a centimeter long.

This plant grows in sandy, gravelly washes and on slopes and mesas. It tolerates some soil salinity and alkaline soils such as caliche. It thrives in hot, dry climates. It is rarely dominant in the local flora. Common associates include creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), white bursage, (Ambrosia dumosa), smoke tree (Psorothamnus spinosus), Nevada ephedra (Ephedra nevadensis), hop sage (Grayia spinosa), pale wolfberry (Lycium pallidum), blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), singlewhorl burrobrush (Hymenoclea monogyra), and Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia).

It was named after Charles Lewis Anderson by Asa Gray.

References

External links
Calflora Database: Lycium andersonii (Anderson Thornbush, Anderson's desert thorn, water jacket)
Lycium andersonii — U.C. Photo gallery

andersonii
North American desert flora
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Baja California
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Flora of New Mexico
Flora of Sinaloa
Flora of Sonora
Flora of Utah
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Great Basin
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges


Admiral Ram Dass Katari (8 October 1911 – 21 January 1983) was an Indian Navy Admiral who served as the 3rd Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) from 22 April 1958 to 4 June 1962. He was the first Indian to hold the office and succeeded the last British officer to the post, Vice Admiral Sir Stephen Hope Carlill.

A member of the first batch of cadets to attend the Indian Mercantile Marine Training Ship Dufferin, he earned the Viceroy's gold medal and joined the
Hooghly River Survey of the Calcutta Port Commissioners. In 1939, he joined the Royal Indian Naval Reserve and served on board the HMIS Sandoway. He then served at the gunnery school HMIS Dalhousie, the boys' training school HMIS Bahadur and was an instructor at HMIS Machlimar. At the end of the war, he commanded .

After the Independence of India, he commanded  and the naval force during the Indian integration of Junagadh. In 1948, he served as the executive officer of the flagship . Promoted to acting Captain in December 1948, he was appointed Chief of Personnel at NHQ. In 1951, he took command of the  and the 11th Destroyer Flotilla. After attending the Imperial Defence College in 1953, he returned to India and was appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief.

In 1956, he was promoted to flag rank and appointed Flag Officer (Flotillas) Indian Fleet. After commanding the Indian fleet for two years, he was appointed Chief of the Naval Staff. He served a full term as Chief and his tenure saw the commissioning of India's first aircraft carrier  and the liberation of Goa. After his retirement, he served as the Chairman of Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC). From 1964 to 1969, he was India's ambassador to Burma.

He had many firsts to his credit: the first Indian naval officer to attend the Imperial Defence College, in 1953; the first Indian to be promoted to flag rank in the navy, in 1956; the first Indian to command the Indian fleet, in 1956; and finally, the first to Indian to command the Navy itself, in 1958.

Early life
Katari was born in Chingleput in Madras Presidency on 8 October 1911. His father was an Assistant Civil Engineer employed with the Government of Madras Presidency. He spent most of his childhood and youth in Hyderabad. He was educated at Mahbub College High School and at Nizam College in Hyderabad.

Naval career

Dufferin and the mercantile marine
After graduation, Katari was in the first batch of Indian cadet-entry officers to join the Indian Mercantile Marine Dufferin on its establishment in 1927. He topped the entrance examination. In the same batch was S. G. Karmarkar, who also joined the Indian Navy and rose to the rank of Rear Admiral. Katari finished the course earning the Viceroy's gold medal. Later, he was the first graduate of TS Dufferin to serve on its Governing Board. He was selected by the Calcutta Port Commissioners to join the Hooghly River Survey. The river survey kept track of the shifting river bed of the Hooghly river. Working on survey shipss owned by the Port Commissioners, he rose to head surveys independently.

World War II
In mid-1939, with the outbreak of the World War II, he applied for a commission in the Royal Indian Navy Reserve (RINR). On 23 September 1939, Katari received a temporary commission as a probationary Sub Lieutenant in the  RINR. He was assigned to the auxiliary patrol vessel HMIS Sandoway as its most junior officer on 11 May 1940. Promoted to temporary lieutenant on 23 September 1940, he was subsequently assigned to HMIS Dalhousie, the naval gunnery school in Bombay. On 9 April 1943, he was posted to Karachi and assigned to HMIS Bahadur, the Boys' Training Establishment for the RIN.

Katari served in surface fleets of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. He specialized in anti-submarine warfare. Later, he also served as an instructor at the Anti-Submarine Warfare School HMIS Machlimar in Mumbai. He was promoted to acting lieutenant-commander on 30 September 1944. At the end of the war, as a lieutenant-commander, he was appointed the commanding officer of  and led the mine clearance operations in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. In early 1946, the 56th Services Selection Board was set up at Lonavla to screen the RINR and Royal Indian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RINVR) officers for a permanent commission in the RIN. Katari was appointed Senior Group Staff Officer and later Deputy President of the board. Later that year, Katari was appointed commander of the 37th minesweeping flotilla, which performed minesweeping operations in the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Post-Independence
Upon the Independence of India, Katari held the rank of Commander and was the Commanding officer of . He led the defence operations off the Kathiawar coast during the integration of Junagadh. The Naval force consisted of three sloops - ,  and , two fleet minesweepers -  and , the Motor Launch ML 420 and a tank landing craft.

In 1948, the cruiser  was purchased from the United Kingdom. She was commissioned on 5 July 1948, with Captain H.N.S. Brown as the Commanding Officer and became the flagship of the Indian Navy. From July 1948 to early 1949, Katari served as the Commander (executive officer) of the cruiser, with Lt S M Nanda as his first lieutenant. On 31 December 1948, Katari was promoted to acting Captain. In February 1949, the Naval Headquarters (NHQ) was re-organised and he was appointed the Chief of Personnel, taking over the post on 9 March. On 31 December 1949, he was promoted to the substantive rank of captain.

In November 1951, Katari was appointed Captain (D) 11th Destroyer Flotilla as well as the Commanding Officer of the lead destroyer of the squadron, . Apart from the Rajput, the flotilla consisted of  and . He succeeded Captain Ajitendu Chakraverti to the post. In September 1952, Katari was selected to attend the Imperial Defence College and in early 1953, proceeded to United Kingdom. He was the first Indian Naval officer to be selected for the course. He attended the course with Air Vice Marshal (Later Air Marshal & CAS) Subroto Mukerjee, the senior-most Indian Air Force officer. After the year-long course, he returned to India in early 1954 and was appointed the Deputy Commander-in-Chief in the rank of Commodore, assuming the post and rank on 18 March 1954. During this stint, Katari officiated as the Commander-in-Chief in the acting rank of Rear Admiral and sat in on the meetings of the Chiefs of Staff Committee.

Fleet Commander

In December 1955, the Government of India announced the appointment of Katari as the Flag Officer (Flotillas) Indian Fleet. He would be the first Indian Officer to command the fleet and take over in September 1956 from Rear Admiral St John Tyrwhitt . He was promoted to the acting rank of Rear Admiral on 12 March 1956. Before taking up the appointment, Katari embarked  to the United Kingdom and Europe on a study tour. He visited Naval establishments, schools, shipyards and defence equipment production units. He visited  (later ) which was being purchased by the Indian Navy. He also visited shipyards and factories in Cologne, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Stuttgart, Munich and Lübeck.

On 2 October 1956, he was confirmed as a substantive rear admiral and became the first Indian officer to be appointed the Flag Officer (Flotillas) Indian Fleet. The transfer of command ceremony took place on board the flagship INS Delhi, berthed in the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. His flag was hoisted on the INS Delhi at 8 A.M. It was on Katari's request that the transfer of command was fixed on 2 October, to coincide with Gandhi Jayanti. In August 1957, INS Mysore was commissioned and Katari's flag was transferred from INS Delhi to INS Mysore, the new flagship of the Indian Fleet.

Chief of Naval Staff

In February 1958, Katari was appointed the first Indian Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS). On 22 April 1958, he was promoted to the rank of Vice Admiral and took command of the Indian Navy. His flag was hoisted on INS India.

As CNS, he designed the framework for India's strategy for managing maritime security issues. During his tenure, the Indian Navy underwent a consolidation of its acquisitions, and established plans for its future growth. It also instituted improvements to training and operational effectiveness programs. India's first aircraft-carrier, , was commissioned during his tenure. As CNS, he led the naval operations during the liberation of Goa from Portuguese rule in December 1961.

He retired as CNS on 4 June 1962. He relinquished the post of CNS as a Vice Admiral, then the highest rank in the Indian Navy.

Later life
Katari served as the Chairman of Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) between December 1962 and May 1964. In 1964 he was appointed India's Ambassador to Burma, where he served for over five years. He was the first setter of The Hindu Crossword and compiled the daily puzzles until his demise. He also authored a memoir of the formative years of the Indian Navy during his service, A Sailor Remembers.

In 1968, the post of CNS was upgraded to the rank of full admiral, and on 21 October 1980, Katari and Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman, his successor as CNS, were promoted to the honorary rank of full Admiral on the retired list by President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.

Personal life
Katari married Dhanam Katari (née Chalam). They had two children - a daughter Lalita, and a son, Ravi. Lalita married his flag lieutenant Laxminarayan Ramdas. Ramdas later went on to become the 13th Chief of Naval Staff.

Death and legacy
Katari died at Secunderabad on 21 January 1983, aged 71.  The Katari Memorial Hall at A/21, Sainikpuri, near Secunderabad, was dedicated to the memory of Admiral Katari on the event of his birth centenary on 8 October 2011. The Admiral R D Katari Marg in Sainikpuri, Secunderabad where the College of Defence Management is located, is named after him, as is Katari Bagh in Willingdon Island in Kochi.  The cadet's dining hall at the Indian Naval Academy is named after Katari. The Admiral RD Katari Trophy is awarded to the Sub Lieutenant placing first in overall merit during the ab-initio training. The Navy Foundation organises the ADM RD KATARI MEMORIAL LECTURE every year.

See also
 Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa
 Air Marshal Subroto Mukerjee

References

Bibliography

Chiefs of the Naval Staff (India)
Indian Navy admirals
Chiefs of Personnel (India)
Flag Officers Commanding Indian Fleet
Deputy Chiefs of Naval Staff (India)
1911 births
1983 deaths
Royal Indian Navy officers
Date of death missing
1964
Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies


Reichsfeld is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Reipertswiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

In 2019, Reipertswiller had 850 inhabitants. It is bordered on the North by Mouterhouse, on the Northeast by Baerenthal, on the Southeast by Lichtenberg, on the Southwest by Wimmenau and in the Northwest by Goetzenbruck.

The commune is part of the Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Retschwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Castle Dyke is an Iron Age hill fort situated between Chudleigh and Dawlish in Devon, England. The fort is situated on a hilltop at approximately 140 metres above sea level.

References

Hill forts in Devon


Reutenbourg () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Pancé (; ; Gallo: Panczaé) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Geography
The river Semnon forms all of the commune's southern border.

Population
Inhabitants of Pancé are called Pancéens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Rexingen () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Rhinau (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department of Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Until 1398, the village was located on the bank of the Rhine. The present village dates from the sixteenth century. At periods of low water in the Rhine, it is possible to see the old foundations of the village, as happened in 1749.

After a flood in 1541, an uninhabited 58% of its territory (10 km²) happened to end up on the right bank of the Rhine, in Germany. The German part of Rhinau is a natural reserve, the Taubergießen. A ferry crosses the river, linking the two banks in France and Germany.

Geography
The village of Rhinau is situated on the Rhine about 30 kilometers sound of Strasbourg.  It is a notable city in that it has 997 hectares of territory on the right bank of the Rhine, in Germany.  These 997 hectares are thus managed under German sovereignty, but, de facto run by the commune of Rhinau. This is due to a meander of the Rhine in 1541, and was made note of in the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 as the Thirty Years Wars was brought to a close.

Rhinau belongs to the canton of Erstein and the arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein.  The inhabitants are called the Rhinois.  Access to all territories of Rhinau are maintained by the ferry "Rhenanus", giving access to one of the more beautiful natural preserves of countryside in the Ried.

Rhinau is a stop in the Véloroute Rhin EV 15 (1,320 km) which connects the source of the Rhine in Andermatt, Switzerland and its terminus in Rotterdam.

History
Prior to 1398, the village of Rhinau was situated at the bank of Rhine.  Today's village dates from the 16th Century.  At that time, the city was being gradually submerged into the waters of the Rhin. To avoid this fate, the village was rebuilt further inland, where it sits today.  Though further from the river that gave it its name, the name continued.

In 1267 Rhinau allied with the city of Strasbourg. In 1290, the bishop of Strasbourg transferred the chapter of Honau to Rhinau, and conferred the full rights over this chapter to Rhinau, without prejudice for the rector of the local parish church.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Richtolsheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Riedseltz () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rimsdorf () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin