Ouvrage Hobling is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Boulay, the ouvrage consists of two infantry blocks and two observation blocks, and is located between gros ouvrage Michelsberg and petit ouvrage Bousse, facing Germany. It has been stripped of metals and abandoned.

Design and construction
Hobling was approved for construction by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in 1931 and became operational by 1935, at a cost of 14 million francs. The contractor was Gianotti of Nice.

Description
Hobling is a petit ouvrage with four combat blocks. The blocks are linked by an underground gallery with barracks and a utility area (usine). The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .

 Block 1: infantry block with two automatic rifle cloches (GFM)andone twin machine gun embrasure.
 Block 2: infantry/entry block with two GFM cloches, one twin machine gun embrasure and one 47mm anti-tank gun (JM/AC47) embrasure.
 Block 3: infantry block with one GFM cloche and one retractable twin machine gun turret.
 Block 4: observation block with one observation cloche (VDP) and one automatic rifle embrasure.

A planned Block 5, equipped with an 81mm mortar turret, and an entry block at the end of a gallery of about  were not built.

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the connected combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Hobling, including
 Abri d'Ising: Surface infantry shelter (abri) with two GFM cloches.
 Abri de Férange: Sub-grade abri-caverne with two GFM cloches.

Manning
In June 1940 the garrison comprised 115 men and 4 officers of the 164th Fortress Infantry Regiment (RIF). The commanding officer was Captain Boileau. The Casernement de Férange provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Hobling and other positions in the area. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
Hobling played no significant role in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. After the Second World War it became part of the Mòle de Boulay, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack.
Hobling remained under Army control until after 1971, when it was declassified and sold.

Current condition
Sold in 1975, Hobling has been partially stripped by salvagers and is abandoned. The salvage work stopped with the removal of all metals, including cloches and turrets, from two blocks. Hobling was the last ouvrage to be stripped.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 L'ouvrage du Hobling at alsacemaginot.com
 Petit ouvrage de Hobling |at lignemaginot.com
 Hobling (petit ouvrage A23 de) at fortiff.be

HOBL
Maginot Line
Môle de Boulay


Esteban Daza (or Estevan Daça) (c. 1537 in Valladolid – between 1591 and 1596 in Valladolid) was a Spanish composer and vihuelist of the Renaissance. He was one of the last major vihuelists of the 16th century, as the instrument's popularity was eclipsed by that of the guitar.

Daza came from a middle class family, and was the eldest of fourteen children. He studied at the University of Valladolid, where he graduated probably in the early 1560s. There is no evidence that he ever practised a profession, he was able to survive on income from his family's investments. As revealed by the research of John Griffiths (musician), he lived in his parents' home until at least the time of his father's death 1569, although probably until long after the publication of his vihuela music. The last documents that mention in the early 1590s indicate that he was living outside the city wall of Valladolid in a house owned by his brother Baltasar.

El Parnaso (Parnassus) is the only known book of music published by Daza. It was printed in 1576 in Valladolid, and contains works for solo vihuela and for vihuela and voice. The full title of the work is Libro de música de cifras para vihuela, intitulado El Parnaso. It is divided into three parts and consists of fantasias and transcriptions for vihuela of polyphonic songs, motets, villancicos, villanescas and sonnets of other composers, such as Pedro Guerrero, Francisco Guerrero, Juan García de Basurto, Jean Maillard, Jean Richafort, Thomas Crecquillon, Simon Boyleau, Rodrigo de Ceballos, Juan de Navarro, Pedro Ordoñez and Clemens non Papa. Daza's fantasias have been edited in modern notation by John Griffiths.

Further reading
Esteban Daza. The Fantasias for Vihuela. in John Griffiths (ed.), Recent Researches in Music of the Renaissance, 54.  Madison: A-R Editions, 1982.
John Griffiths, Los dos renacimientos de la vihuela
John Griffiths, "Daza [Daça], Esteban", Grove Music Online.
John Griffiths, "Esteban Daza: A gentleman musician in Renaissance Spain, Early Music 22 (1995): 437-48.
Lolo, Begona, "Esteban Daza", in Ingeborg Allihn (ed.), Barokmusikführer: Instrumentalmusik 1550-1770, J. B. Metzler / Bärenreiter, Stuttgart / Kassel, 2001,

Renaissance composers
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
16th-century births
16th-century deaths
Vihuela players


Ralph Simon Sharon (September 17, 1923 – March 31, 2015) was a British-American jazz pianist and arranger.  He is best known for working with Tony Bennett as his pianist on numerous recordings and live performances.

Biography
Ralph Sharon was born in London, England, to a British mother and Latvian-born father.  He emigrated to the United States in early 1954, becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States five years later.

By 1958, Ralph Sharon was recording with Tony Bennett as accompanist. That was the start of a more than 50 year working relationship as Bennett's "man behind the music" on many Grammy Award-winning studio recordings, and touring with Bennett for many years. Sharon found the song "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" for Bennett, a year after placing the sheet music in a bureau and forgetting about it. Sharon discovered the manuscript while packing for a tour that included San Francisco. While Bennett and Sharon liked the song, they were convinced it would only be a local hit. Instead, the tune became Bennett's signature song.

On his recording of "I'll Be Home for Christmas" from the 1992 CD Snowfall: The Tony Bennett Christmas Album, Bennett is heard at the end of the song exclaiming "Take me home, Ralph!" as Sharon plays the last notes of the song.

Ralph Sharon was a jazz pianist in his own right, recording a series of his own albums. But Sharon was best known as one of the finest accompanists who backed up popular singers, including Tony Bennett, Robert Goulet, Chris Connor and many others.

Retiring to Boulder, Colorado, from on-the-road work with Bennett when he reached 80, Ralph Sharon continued to perform in the Denver metropolitan area until shortly before his death. Tony Bennett and the Ralph Sharon Trio performed at various jazz venues, including Dazzle Restaurant & Lounge in Denver. He died from natural causes on March 31, 2015.

Discography

Solo albums
1953 Autumn Leaves and Spring Fever
1954 Easy Jazz (As The Ralph Sharon All-Star Sextet)
1956 The Ralph Sharon Trio (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
1956 Mr. and Mrs. Jazz (With Sue Sharon)
1957 Around the World In Jazz (As The Ralph Sharon Sextet)
1958 2:38 A.M.1963 Modern Innovations In Country and Western Music1964 Do I Hear a Waltz? (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
1965 The Tony Bennett Songbook (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
1995 Swings the Sammy Kahn Songbook (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
1996 Portrait of Harold: The Harold Arlen Songbook (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
1997 Plays the Harry Warren Songbook (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
1999 Plays the Frank Loesser Songbook (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
2000 The Magic of Cole Porter (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
2001 The Magic of Jerome Kern (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
2001 The Magic of Irving Berlin (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
2001 The Magic of George Gershwin (As The Ralph Sharon Trio)
2001 Plays the Ralph Blane Songbook (As The Ralph Sharon Quartet)
2007 Always: The Music of Irving BerlinAs sideman
With Tony Bennett
1962 I Left My Heart in San Francisco
1963 I Wanna Be Around
1964 When Lights Are Low
1986 The Art of Excellence
1987 Bennett/Berlin
1989 Astoria: Portrait of the Artist
1992 Perfectly Frank
1992 Snowfall: The Tony Bennett Christmas Album
1993 Steppin' Out
1994 MTV Unplugged: Tony Bennett (Live)
1995 Here's To The Ladies
1997 Tony Bennett on Holiday
1998 Tony Bennett: The Playground
1999 Bennett Sings Ellington: Hot & Cool
2001 Playing with my friends: Bennett Sings The Blues
With Johnny Hartman
Songs from the Heart (1955)
All of Me: The Debonair Mr. Hartman (1956)

References

External links
 Obituary for Ralph Sharon
 Ralph Sharon interview, part 1 and part 2
 Steve Albin's Tony Bennett Discography
 Tony Bennett Grammy winning recordings
 [ Allmusic Biography]
 Dazzle Jazz Club

1923 births
2015 deaths
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American music arrangers
British emigrants to the United States
English jazz pianists
Musicians from London
20th-century English musicians
20th-century American pianists
American people of Latvian descent
English people of Latvian descent
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians


Ouvrage Bousse, also known as Ouvrage Bois de Bousse, is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line in the Fortified Sector of Boulay.  The ouvrage is located between petit ouvrage Hobling and gros ouvrage Anzeling, near Hestroff in the Bois du Bousse, facing Germany. A small position, it was manned primarily by reservists. It is noted for the events of 15 June 1940, when it received orders to prepare for an evacuation as German forces advanced along the Line in the Battle of France. As the garrison prepared to abandon the position, sabotaging equipment, they destroyed their telephone connection, leaving them unable to receive the order countermanding the evacuation. The garrison was captured three days after leaving Bousse. Bousse is now managed as a museum and is open to public visitation.

Design and construction
Bousse was approved for construction by the Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées (CORF), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in 1930 and became operational by 1935, at a cost of 23 million francs. The contractor was Gianotti of Nice. Bousse was sited to control the Thionville-Hargarten and Metz-Bouzonville railroad lines. A planned block to cover the railroad cutting just beyond Block 1 was never built.  It would have functioned much like a casemate in a counterscarp had it been built, with the cutting standing in for a traditional outer ditch.

Description
Bousse is a petit ouvrage with three combat blocks and an entry block. The blocks are linked by an underground gallery with barracks and a utility area (usine). The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .

Block 1: observation block with one observation cloche (VDP), one automatic rifle cloche (GFM).
Block 2: Infantry casemate, flanking to the south — one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47), two GFM cloches and one twin machine gun embrasure (JM).
Block 3: Infantry casemate, flanking to the south one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47), one machine gun embrasure (JM), two GFM cloches, one machine gun turret.
Entry: one JM/AC47 embrasure, one grenade launcher cloche, one GFM cloche.

A planned Block 4, equipped with an 81mm mortar turret, was not built.

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the connected combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Bousse, including
 Casemate d'Edling Nord: SIngle block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate d'Edling Sud: SIngle block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Observatoire de Hestroff: SIngle block with VP cloche and one GFM cloche, reporting to Anzeling.
 Abri de Hestroff: Surface abri with two GFM cloches.
 Abri de Rotherberg: Subgrade abri-caverne with two GFM cloches.

Manning
In June 1940 the garrison comprised 144 men and 5 officers of the 162nd Fortress Infantry Regiment (RIF). The commanding officer was  Captain Ramaud. The Casernement de Bockange provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Bousse and other positions in the area. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
In June 1940, as German units bypassed Maginot fortifications to the east, French commanders ordered garrisons in the Boulay and Falquemont sectors to prepare for withdrawal to avoid their isolation by German units operating behind the lines. As it became clear that retreat was impractical, the orders were countermanded.  A poorly understood telephone call from Ouvrage Anzeling on the 15th caused the reservists manning Bousse to evacuate the position between 1600 and 2100 hours. Before departing they sabotaged their equipment, including their telephone switchboard, preventing them from receiving the counter-order to remain in place. After three days' march, the garrison was captured at Pange near Metz on the 18th. Block 2 was damaged by covering fire from its neighbor, ouvrage Aumetz, a unique occurrence.

Bousse played no significant role in the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. After the Second World War it became part of the Mòle de Boulay, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack.
Bousse remained under Army control until after 1971, when it was declassified and sold.

Current condition
Ouvrage Bousse is under the care of a preservation society, the Association Fort aux Fresques, which organizes tours for the public.  The association is named for the well-preserved frescos or wall paintings found within the ouvrage.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Degon, André; Zylberyng, Didier, La Ligne Maginot: Guide des Forts à Visiter, Editions Ouest-France, 2014.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Association website
 "Fort aux Fresques" website
 L'ouvrage du Bois-de-Bousse at alsacemaginot.com

BOUS
Maginot Line
Môle de Boulay
World War II museums in France


The Special Panels for Serious Crimes (also called the East Timor Tribunal) was the hybrid international–East Timorese tribunal that was created in 2000 by the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) to try cases of "serious criminal offences" which took place in East Timor in 1999. The Special Panels sat from 2000 to 2006.

Mandate
The Special Courts were mandated by the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General to try the following categories of crimes:
 Genocide
 War crimes
 Crimes against humanity
 Murder
 Sexual offences
 Torture

To be eligible for investigation in front of the Special Panels the alleged crimes had to be committed in Timor-Leste or by/against a citizen of Timor Leste.

Structure
Until 2003, there was generally only one panel of the court. In 2003, a second and a third panel were organised. Each of the panels was composed of two international judges and one East Timorese judge. International judges came from Brazil, Burundi, Cape Verde, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Uganda, and the United States.

Trials
Shortly after the Special Panels was formed, the Serious Crimes Unit was also created by UNTAET to investigate and prosecute the crimes in question. The Special Panels issued indictments for almost 400 people. A major hurdle in trying some of the accused was that they were Indonesian nationals and the government of Indonesia refused to turn them over to East Timor or the United Nations forces.

Special Panels held 55 trials involving 88 accused persons. Four persons were acquitted and 84 were convicted, with 24 of the 84 pleading guilty.

When the United Nations ceased funding the Special Panels and the Serious Crimes Unit, there were 514 outstanding cases for which investigations had been conducted but no indictments issued and 50 cases for which no investigations had yet been conducted. These cases which were not tried include 828 cases of alleged murder, 60 alleged cases of rape, and over 100 cases of alleged torture or other serious violence.

Liquiçá Church Massacre

The second Special Panel heard testimony on the Liquiçá Church Massacre. The panel was made up of Judge Benfeito Mosso Ramos (Cape Verde) presiding, Judge Antero Luis (Portugal), and Judge Antonio Helder (East Timor).

Other cases

Court problems
The Special Panels were criticised for the lack of ownership by East Timor.  They suffered from a crisis in funding and a lack of support for the trials.  Indonesia did not cooperate with the court and as most of the alleged perpetrators were from Indonesia this affected the court's ability to convict offenders.  There were criticisms of the process which included suggestion the trials fell short of international standards.

References

Caitlin Reiger and Marieke Wierda (2006). The Serious Crimes Process in Timor-Leste: In Retrospect (New York: International Center for Transitional Justice)

United Nations courts and tribunals
United Nations operations in East Timor
Law of East Timor
War crimes trials


Erigeron breweri is a North American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Brewer's fleabane.

Erigeron breweri is native to the western United States in the states of California and Nevada, where it grows in many varied habitats, from mountains to grassland and desert. It is a perennial herb reaching anywhere from 10 to 70 centimeters (4-28 inches) in height with evenly spaced small leaves along its hairy stems. The flower heads are around one centimeter (0.4 inches) wide with centers of golden yellow or greenish disc florets and most heads have a fringe of purple ray florets.

Varieties
 Erigeron breweri var. bisanctus  G.Nesom - San Gabriel + San Bernardino Mountains
 Erigeron breweri var. breweri - Nevada, mountains of California (primarily Sierra Nevada) from Shasta County to San Bernardino County
 Erigeron breweri var. covillei (Greene) G.L.Nesom - southern California from Inyo County to San Diego County
 Erigeron breweri var. jacinteus (H.M.Hall) Cronquist - southern California from Kern County to Riverside County
 Erigeron breweri var. porphyreticus (M.E.Jones) Cronquist mountains of California from Alpine County to Riverside County

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos photo gallery, University of CaliforniaPhoto gallery

breweri
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Plants described in 1865
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Bancroft Tower is a  natural stone and granite tower, which looks like a miniature feudal castle. It is located in Salisbury Park, in the city of Worcester, Massachusetts.  The folly was erected in 1900, in memory of Worcester native politician, historian, and statesman George Bancroft. The tower was designed by Worcester architects Earle and Fisher.  The cost of construction was roughly $15,000. Bancroft Tower is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Description
Bancroft Tower is located northwest of downtown Worcester, in Salisbury Park, a public park located west of Park Avenue and south of Drury Lane.  It is a two-story stone structure, built out of boulders and cobbles, with a rock-faced granite exterior.  It is asymmetrical in plan, with crenellated square towers at the corners and a taller off-center circular tower in between. To the right of that tower is an arched gate.

History
This tower was erected by Stephen Salisbury III in honor of George Bancroft, a prominent historian and statesman who had been a childhood friend of Salisbury's father.  It was one of three towers built on high points of the city, and is the only one to survive.  The park and tower remained in Salisbury's ownership until his death in 1907.  The tower was bequeathed to the Worcester Art Museum, which in turn donated it to the Worcester Parks Department in 1912. The Bancroft tower was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 1980.

Plaque
A plaque set into the ground in front of it explains its purpose:

BANCROFT TOWER
THIS TOWER WAS BUILT IN 1900
TO HONOR THE MEMORY OF

GEORGE BANCROFT
1800–1891

BORN AT THE FOOT OF THIS HILL
HE ROSE TO THE POSTS OF
SECRETARY OF THE NAVY
FOUNDER OF THE U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY
ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND
U.S. MINISTER TO GREAT BRITAIN
AND GERMANY

THIS MEMORIAL WAS BUILT BY HIS
FRIEND AND ADMIRER
STEPHEN SALISBURY III

Also notable about the small park in which the tower stands are the two half-compasses set into the ground in front of and behind the tower itself. They are marked as if they pointed to the other six of the Seven Hills of Worcester (Bancroft Hill itself being one of the seven), but it doesn't appear, from the top of the hill, that they really do.

Gallery

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in northwestern Worcester, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Folly

References

Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Towers in Massachusetts
Castles in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Worcester, Massachusetts
Folly buildings on the National Register of Historic Places
Landmarks in Worcester, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester, Massachusetts


The Kars oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire between 1878 and 1917. Its capital was the city of Kars, presently in Turkey. The oblast bordered the Ottoman Empire to the west, the Batum Oblast (in 1883–1903 part of the Kutaisi Governorate) to the north, the Tiflis Governorate to the northeast, and the Erivan Governorate to the east. The Kars oblast included parts of the contemporary provinces of Kars, Ardahan, and Erzurum Province of Turkey, and the Amasia Community of the Shirak Province of Armenia.

History

The Kars oblast was a province established after the region's annexation into the Russian Empire through the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire and the dissolution of the latter's Kars, Childir and Erzurum eyalets.

With the incorporation of the region into Russian Empire, between 1879–1882 more than 110,000 people from the Kars oblast and 30,000 from the Batum oblast migrated to the new borders of the Ottoman Empire, about 80% were Muslim. In their stead, Christian settlers, mostly consisting of Armenians, Greeks and Russians, were settled throughout the province. The Armenians, who eventually came to form the largest ethnic group in the region were largely composed of immigrants from the Six Vilayets escaping persecution in the Ottoman Empire.

During the First World War, the Kars oblast became the site of intense battles between the Russian Caucasus Army supplemented by Armenian volunteer units and the Ottoman Third Army, the latter of whom was successful in briefly occupying Ardahan on 25 December 1914 before they were dislodged in early January 1915.

On 3 March 1918, in the aftermath of the October Revolution the Russian SFSR ceded the entire Kars Oblast through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Ottoman Empire, who had been unreconciled with its loss of the territory since 1878. Despite the ineffectual resistance of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic which had initially rejected the aforementioned treaty, the Ottoman Third Army was successful in occupying the Kars Oblast and expelling its more than 100,000 Armenian inhabitants.

The Ottoman Ninth Army under the command of Yakub Shevki Pasha, the occupying force of the district by the time of the Mudros Armistice, were permitted to winter in Kars until early 1919, after which on 7 January 1919 Major General G.T. Forestier-Walker ordered their complete withdrawal to the pre-1914 Ottoman-frontier. Intended to hinder the westward expansion of the fledgling Armenian and Georgian republics into the Kars Oblast, Yukub Shevki backed the emergence of the short-lived South-West Caucasus Republic with moral support, also furnishing it with weapons, ammunition and instructors.

The South-West Caucasus Republic administered the entire Kars Oblast and neighboring formerly occupied districts for three months before provoking British intervention by order of General G.F. Milne, leading to its capitulation by Armenian and British forces on 10 April 1919. Consequently, the Kars Oblast largely came under the Armenian civil governorship of Stepan Korganian who wasted no time in facilitating the repatriation of the region's exiled refugees.

Despite the apparent defeat of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish agitators were reported by Armenian intelligence to have been freely roaming the countryside of Kars encouraging sedition among the Muslim villages, culminating in a series of anti-Armenian uprisings in July 1919.

The Kars Oblast for the third time in six years saw invading Turkish troops, this time under the command of General Kâzım Karabekir in September 1920 during the Turkish-Armenian War. The disastrous war for Armenia resulted in the permanent expulsion of the region's ethnic Armenian population, many who inexorably remained befalling massacre, resulting in the region joining the Republic of Turkey through the Treaty of Alexandropol on 3 December 1920. Turkey's annexation of Kars and the adjacent Surmalu uezd was confirmed in the treaties of Kars and Moscow in 1921, by virtue of the new Soviet regime in Armenia.

After Turkey's annexation of the region, Soviet diplomat Georgy Chicherin sent a letter to the Turkish ambassador to the RSFSR, Ali Fuat Cebesoy, complaining of the violence and expulsion against Russians in Kars by Turkish authorities. For example, in the village of Novo-Mikhailovka (present-day ), the Russian population was placed into "stables and barns" and replaced by 2,000 Turkish settlers from Anatolia.

Administrative divisions
The districts (okrugs) of the Kars Oblast in 1917 were as follows:

Demographics

Population estimate

1886

1892

In 1892, the population of Kars Oblast was estimated as 200,868. The ethnic composition was reported as follows:

Russian Empire Census

According to the Russian Empire Census, the Kars Oblast had a population of 290,654 on , including 160,571 men and 130,083 women. This number may imply that the 200,868 estimate for 1892 given by Brockhaus is too low, or that a large-scale migration from other provinces of the empire took place in between:

The 30,000 excess population of male over females was mainly attributed to the European language speakers. Among the 27,856 speakers of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian, 19,910 men and 7,946 women were recorded. The Polish, and Lithuanian speakers were almost exclusively (99%) male as well; Germans and Jews, 80–90% males. This preponderance of males in the European language speakers (reported to a lesser extent in neighboring governorates as well) may indicate presence of a large numbers of soldiers or exiled persons in the region. This assumption supported by the fact that 28,875 or 9.9% of the population were military or administrative personnel.

Kavkazskiy kalendar

According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Kars Oblast had a population of 364,214 on , including 185,895 men and 178,319 women, 308,400 of whom were the permanent population, and 55,814 were temporary residents:

See also
 Batum Oblast
 Russian Armenia
 First Republic of Armenia
 Democratic Republic of Georgia
 Treaty of San Stefano
 Treaty of Berlin (1878)

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
Governorates of the Caucasus
History of Ardahan Province
History of Erzurum Province
History of Kars Province
Modern history of Armenia
States and territories established in 1878
States and territories disestablished in 1917
1878 establishments in the Russian Empire
1917 disestablishments in Russia
Soviet Union–Turkey relations


was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period through early Edo period, who served the Ukita clan (Ukita Naoie and Ukita Hideie) as a senior retainer. He was the castle lord in command of Mushiage Castle.

References

Samurai
1524 births
1605 deaths
Ukita clan


Alexey Wilhelmina Root (née Rudolph, born 1965) is a chess player, teacher, and writer, who was the 1989 U.S. Women's Chess Champion.  She holds the title of Woman International Master, and received a Ph.D. degree from UCLA.

Root is Senior Lecturer in Interdisciplinary Studies at the University of Texas at Dallas, and has written seven books on the relationship between chess and education.

Bibliography

References

Sources

External links
Monroi.com Dr. Root's blog

1965 births
Living people
American chess players
Chess Woman International Masters
American sportswomen
21st-century American women


Tobias Beer is an English screenwriter and actor.

Early life
Born in Cambridge, he studied at Oxford University and the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. While at Oxford University, he won a blue in rugby union, scoring 11 points in their 1999 16–13 victory over Cambridge University in The Varsity Match.

Acting
He has worked predominantly in the theatre, and his credits include: Great Expectations, Merry Wives of Windsor (with Judi Dench, Simon Callow and Alistair McGowan), Twelfth Night and The Comedy of Errors (all for the Royal Shakespeare Company); The Changeling for Cheek by Jowl, directed by Declan Donnellan; Cymbeline, Twelfth Night, Macbeth and A Midsummer Night's Dream for the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park In 2015 he returned to the RSC in Death of a Salesman.

Writing

In 2019 he co-created, wrote and executive produced the television drama The Deceived for Channel 5, Virgin Media Ireland and Netflix.

Personal life
He is married to the writer Lisa McGee, who is famously known for creating the sitcom Derry Girls. .

References

External links
Review in The Times
Review in The Daily Telegraph

Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English male stage actors
Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Male actors from Cambridge
Year of birth missing (living people)
Oxford University RFC players
English male screenwriters


Paramount Chief Ella Koblo Gulama OBE, GCOR (26 January 1921 – 9 September 2006) was a Sierra Leonean paramount chief and politician. In 1957, she became the first elected female Member of Parliament in Sierra Leone. She was re-elected in 1962. During the government of Milton Margai, Gulama became Sierra Leone and sub-Saharan Africa's first female Cabinet Minister.

Gulama represented Sierra Leone abroad and her travels took her all over Africa, Europe, North America and the Middle East. In 1957 as a guest of the State Department, she toured the United States for 4 months during which she met with Vice-President Richard Nixon.

Biography

Early life and education

On 21 January 1921, Gulama was born into one of Sierra Leone's most powerful families in the town of Moyamba, Moyamba District in the Southern Province of British Sierra Leone. Her mother was Lucy Gulama and her father Paramount Chief Julius Gulama were both ethnic Mendes. Like his father, Paramount Chief Momoh Gulama, Julius was Paramount Chief of Kaiyamba Chiefdom.

Ella was educated at the Harford School for Girls in Moyamba, and the Women Teacher's College, then at Fourah Bay College in Freetown.

Marriage

In 1944 Gulama married the powerful Paramount Chief Bai Koblo Pathbana II of Marampa, Masimera Chiefdom, an ethnic Temne. Their cross-tribal union was a shining example of national cohesion.

From 1944 to 1952 Gulama resided at Lunsar where she was chief Consort. The couple had seven children, including Frances, Francis Obai, Jubilee, Alex Soccoh, June, Julius Maada, and Jilo.

Koblo was multilingual and spoke fluent English, Mende, Temne, and Sherbro.

Political career

Gulama had a distinguished career in politics and was a pioneering female leader. Her life was defined by service. She was a member of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), which her father helped establish. In 1957 Gulama embarked on a political career and became a Member of the Moyamba District Council. She was the first woman to be elected to Sierra Leone's House of Representatives as Paramount Chief Member for Moyamba District. In 1962 she was re-elected and Prime Minister Milton Margai made her a Cabinet Minister. She was the first woman to hold a ministerial post in sub-Saharan Africa. From 1960 to 1967 Gulama was President of the Federation of Women's Organisations in Sierra Leone.

During her chieftaincy, she had the streets of Moyamba paved and hired a British construction company to install clean tap water.

In the 1967 general elections Gulama regained her seat and was serving in the government of Sir Albert Margai. However the opposition All People's Congress (APC) had narrowly won a parliamentary majority. A power struggle between the candidates, Margai of the SLPP and Siaka Stevens of the APC ensued, destabilising the country and resulting in a rapid succession of military coups.

When Steven's APC party eventually ascended to power and began their 30-year grip on Sierra Leone. Gulama was accused of collaborating with her brother-in-law David Lansana in his coup d'état against Stevens. She placed under arrest and held at Pademba Road prison for over a year. She was later exonerated and released. While she was in prison Stevens appointed her husband Paramount Chief Bai Koblo Pathbana II to his cabinet. Her estranged husband's acceptance of the position strengthened the innuendo that Gulama's relationship with Sir Albert Margai was mouch more than a professional one. Gulama was briefly forced into political exile after Sir Albert Margai lost power.

In the early 1970s, Gulama revamped her political career and became the leader of the APC Women's Organisation of Moyamba District. From 1985 to 1991 Gulama served as the president of the National Organization for Women (Sierra Leone). In 1992, she was unanimously re-elected Paramount Chief of Kaiyamba Chiefdom. Gulama collaborated with several NGOs to develop the infrastructural and agriculture of her Chiefdom and district.

Sierra Leone Civil War

The mercenary Revolutionary United Front (RUF) ravaged Sierra Leone and devastated Moyamba District, killing tens of thousands of people and destroying everything Gulama had spent her life building up. When the rebels began a campaign to assassinate every paramount chief in the country. Chief Bunduka of Kailahun District and Paramount Chief Bonai Fei of Bo were brutally executed by the rebels. When Gulama's chiefdom was attacked and the rebels set fire to her compound and burned it to the ground. Gulama was forced to refugee to the nation's capital Freetown.

She returned to Moyamba and began the re-construction of her Chiefdom and Moyamba District but Gulama's health began to fail her. Nevertheless, she was able to continue her service to her country with the Sierra Leone Export Development and Investment Corporation (SLEDIC) (1994–1996) as one of the directors of The Sierra Leone Commercial Bank Limited.

Feminism

One of Gulama's passions was the promotion of education for girls and the improvement of the female condition in Sierra Leone. She served at her alma mater, Harford School for Girls as a member of the Board of Governors. Gulama was also a member of the Sierra Leone government Scholarship Advisory Board and the Bursary Committee of Fourah Bay College.

United Methodist Church

Gulama was a Christian and very active at the United Methodist Church. She was vice-president of the church's Conference on Finance and Administration from 1985 to 1991.

Awards and honours

She was the recipient of several awards including the MBE in 1959, the OBE in 1965 from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth for "public services as Minister without Portfolio", and a Grand Commander of the Order of the Rokel from President Ahmed Tejan Kabbah.

Death

Gulama died on 10 September 2006. On 24 September 2006 thousands of mourners gathered to attend her memorial service in at Trinity United Methodist Church in Moyamba. At the service she was described as "a woman of substance", by President Ahmed Tejan Kabbah who added:

 Madam Ella Koblo-Gulama has lived an exemplary life, as a mother, wife and stateswoman whose fortitude has earned her high respect.

Honours

 United Kingdom: 1965 Birthday Honours - Officer of the Order of the British Empire.
  Sierra Leone: Grand Commander of the Order of the Rokel.

References

External links

Women Leaders In Africa
Kabbah pays tribute to P.C. Madam Ella Koblo Gulama

1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
21st-century Sierra Leonean women politicians
21st-century Sierra Leonean politicians
African royalty
Fourah Bay College alumni
Mende people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sierra Leonean royalty
20th-century Sierra Leonean women politicians
20th-century Sierra Leonean politicians
Sierra Leone People's Party politicians
Sierra Leonean United Methodists
People from Moyamba District
20th-century Methodists


The Minnesota Martial Arts Academy is a martial arts training center in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota. It was founded in 1992 by Greg Nelson, a former NCAA Division 1 wrestler at the University of Minnesota.

History
The Academy provides training in combative martial arts that include Muay Thai, Wrestling, Boxing, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Judo, Filipino Martial Arts, Jeet Kune Do, Modern Army Combatives, and mixed martial arts. The Academy's MMA team, Team Academy, has a winning percentage of 80%

Greg Nelson combined his background in NCAA Division 1 wrestling, from college, with the Thai-boxing training he began in 1983 to form the basis of his Mixed Martial arts system. Starting the gym in 1992 the focus was on combative martial arts & sport martial arts.  As The Academy grew it attracted future UFC champions such as Dave Menne, Brock Lesnar, Sean Sherk and Rose Namajunas.

Notable fighters
John Castañeda - UFC
Pat Barry - UFC, K-1, Glory
Mike Richman - Bellator Fighting Championships, Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship, Former Interim Light Heavyweight Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship Champion
Sean Sherk - Former UFC Lightweight World Champion
Brock Larson - UFC, WEC Title Contender
Chris Tuchscherer - UFC
Jacob Volkmann - UFC, Former VFC Welterweight Champion, FILA- Grappling World Champion 80 kg
Nick Thompson - Former BodogFIGHT Welterweight World  Champion, UFC Veteran, Strikeforce, Sengoku
Jon Madsen - UFC TUF 10 cast member
Logan Clark - UFC & WEC Veteran, Sengoku
Kaitlin Young - Invicta Fighting Championships
Brandon Girtz - Bellator Fighting Championships
Nick Kirk - Bellator Fighting Championships
Rose Namajunas - UFC Strawweight Champion, Invicta Fighting Championships, King of the cage
Troy Jones - Glory

Former fighters
Jordan Parsons - Bellator
Dave Menne - Former UFC Middleweight World Champion
Nik Lentz - UFC
Brad Kohler -Former UFC fighter
Brock Lesnar - Former UFC Heavyweight World Champion
Cole Konrad - Bellator Fighting Championships Heavyweight Tournament Champion

References

External links

Educational institutions established in 1992
Mixed martial arts training facilities
Sports in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
1992 establishments in Minnesota


Hugo von Montfort (1357 – 4 April 1423) was an Austrian minstrel of the Late Middle Ages.

Life
Hugo VII was a scion of the comital house of Montfort at Bregenz, head of an old and influential Swabian family of nobles, holding numerous high administrative posts. By his mother Countess Ursula of Ferrette (Pfirt), he was related with the Austrian House of Habsburg. About 1373 he married the Styrian countess Margaret, granddaughter of Count Ulrich V of Pfannberg and widow of Count Hans of Cilli. With his wife's estates around Pfannberg in the Mur valley, he vastly increased the area controlled by the House of Montfort. Upon Margarte's death about 1395, he secondly married Countess Clementia of Toggenburg. In 1399 he also acquired Festenburg Castle in eastern Styria. In 1402 Hugo married, for the third time, the Bohemian noble Anna of Neuhaus, widow of the Styrian governor Hans of Stadeck.

As second-born son, he had prepared for an ecclesiastical career, but spent most of his adult life as a politician in the Habsburg service: as commander in chief of the ducal Austrian troops in Italy, as Hofmeister of Duke Leopold IV, as governor of Styria (1412–1415), and as Landvogt in the Thurgau, Aargau, and Black Forest regions of Further Austria. Hugo died aged 66 at Pfannberg and was buried in the parish church of Bruck an der Mur in Upper Styria.

Works
Hugo wrote songs and Minnebrief rhymes, as well as political and didactic speeches. About 1402 he had a first manuscript of his works drawn up. Approximately 40 of his texts are preserved in an elaborate 1414 codex. Though still standing in the shadow of his famous contemporary Oswald von Wolkenstein, he is today considered one of the last important representatives of the German Minnesang.

Photo gallery

Recordings
 Die lieder des Hugo von Montfort: "Fro welt, ir sint gar húpsch und schón" Eberhard Kummer. ORF Alte Musik CD3011 [CDx2+DVD]

Further reading
Wernfried Hofmeister: Hugo von Montfort. Das poetische Werk. De Gruyter, Berlin 2005,
Anke Sophie Meyer: Hugo von Montfort. Autorenrolle und Repräsentationstätigkeit. Kümmerle, Göppingen 1995,

1357 births
1423 deaths
Minnesingers
People from Styria
Medieval Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
15th-century Austrian writers
15th-century poets


Neptune's Daughter may refer to:
 Neptune's Daughter (1914 film)
 Neptune's Daughter (1949 film)
 Neptune's Daughter (1906 play) at the New York Hippodrome


Laurel Hausler is a contemporary oil painter and sculptor. Her work has been widely critiqued and her style compared to those of Joseph Cornell, Frida Kahlo, Edward Gorey and Francis Bacon. Her paintings reflect a woman's experience in a darkly humorous and chaotic world.  Hausler worked a number of different jobs before she became a professional artist. These positions included: journalist, zookeeper and tarot card reader.

Born in Fairfax, Virginia in 1977, Hausler began to paint seriously only after living in New Orleans in the late 1990s. Her works are atmospheric, mysterious and narrative, relying heavily on imagery built upon her Catholic childhood, psychology and literature.

Influenced by the limits imposed in Catholic school and a general love of history, Hausler has developed her signature style by combining collage, found objects, drawing and painting. Though Hausler studied Literature at Gettysburg College, she declined academic artistic study and developed her own method of applying oil paint in many ghostly layers.

The artist follows a thread of expression begun by the Symbolists and continued by Expressionists such as Edvard Munch.

Hausler shows with galleries and museums across the United States, including Gallery in the Woods, located in Brattleboro, VT, and Morton Fine Art, located in the District of Columbia.

Writes curator Carol Lukitsch,
[Laurel's] unsettling...characters from history and literature/self portraits appear to be simultaneously forming and dissolving.

Collaborations
Hausler's painting, "The Prairie at Night" makes the cover of musician Sarah White's album "Sweetheart".

Hausler's brother is a director and she makes a brief appearance in his film, "Kalamity", starring Nick Stahl and Jonathan Jackson.

References

Sources

The Dcist "Dogs and Witches"
Vermont Observer: Dancing in the Dark
National Museum of Women in the Arts:Notable female artist database
laurelhausler.com
DCist: Attainable Art: December 3, 2007 By Lynne Venart
Streetlight Magazine
The Washington Post: Girls' Day Out, March 15, 2007
Gallery in the Woods
Arlington Arts Center. Exhibition, "Hope & Fear" December 2007 Curator/Writer: Carol Lukitsch

20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
1977 births
Living people
20th-century American sculptors
American women painters
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists


Flam or FLAM may refer to:

Flåm, a village in Norway
African Liberation Forces of Mauritania (FLAM), a paramilitary organization
Flam (surname), a list of people with the surname
Flam, a type of drum rudiment

See also
 Flåm Line, a railway line
 Flim-flam (disambiguation)
 Flan (disambiguation)


Al-Ḥadath al-Ḥamrā' (Arabic for "Hadath the Red") or Adata () was a town and fortress near the Taurus Mountains (modern southeastern Turkey), which played an important role in the Byzantine–Arab Wars.

Location
The town was located at ca. 1000 m altitude on the southern feet of the Taurus-Antitaurus range, near the upper course of the Aksu River in the Gölbaşı district. Its exact location has been lost, and it has been variously identified with locations north or south of Inekli lake.

History
Hadath became important in the early Middle Ages due to its strategic location: it was located in the fortified frontier zone, the Thughūr, that separated the Umayyad and Abbasid empires from the Byzantine Empire. The town lay to the southwest of the important Pass of Hadath/Adata (darb al-Ḥadath) which led over the Taurus into Byzantine Anatolia, but was also situated between the two major frontier strongholds of Marash/Germanikeia (mod. Kahramanmaraş) and Malatya/Melitene, and controlled passage from northern Mesopotamia to western Armenia. As such, it became a major base for the frequent Muslim invasions and raids into Byzantine territories, and was often targeted by the Byzantines in return.

It was conquered by the Arabs under Habib ibn Maslama during the reign of Caliph Umar (r. 634–644), and became a base for the annual invasions launched against Byzantine Anatolia under the Caliph Muawiyah (r. 661–680). The Byzantines reclaimed the city in the 750s but did not reoccupy it permanently. In 778, the Byzantine general Michael Lachanodrakon sacked the city, but it was immediately rebuilt by Caliph Al-Mahdi (r. 775–785). Mahdi renamed it al-Mahdiya or al-Muhammadiya on this occasion, but these names failed to catch on. Mahdi's successor Al-Hadi further repopulated the city with people from the surrounding region, but in the winter of 786, floods caused heavy damage to the city walls, which had been hastily rebuilt of sun-dried bricks. The Byzantine strategos of the Armeniacs, Nikephoros, learned of this and destroyed the city, burning it to the ground.

It was completely rebuilt, refortified and garrisoned by Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809), who made it one of the most important towns in the Thughūr. It is in this incarnation that the town is best known from literary sources: it was protected by the fortress of al-Uhaydab ("Little Hunchback"), built on a hill, while the town itself was reportedly as big as Marash. Hadath continued to serve the Abbasids as a base for cross-frontier raids, but the Byzantines also attacked the city several times, sacking it in 841 and 879. The region around the town and especially the pass were the scene of frequent and bloody clashes, to the extent that the Arabs reportedly renamed it darb al-salāma ("pass of peace") in an attempt, as the Encyclopedia of Islam comments, "to exorcise the evil fate which seemed to be attached to it". In 949/950, the Byzantines under Leo Phokas seized the town and razed it and its fortifications to the ground. It was rebuilt by the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla in 954, only to fall again to the Byzantines under Nikephoros Phokas in 957. The Byzantines razed and destroyed the city, but by 970 it was rebuilt and became the center of a new small theme.

The town thereafter descended into obscurity. It was captured by the Seljuks in 1150, and later by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Under the Armenians it became a base for their raids against the surrounding Muslim states until 1272, when the Mamluk Sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) sacked it, massacred its inhabitants and burned it down. The town continued to exist for a while, named Göynük ("the Burned") by the Turks and Armenians and Alhan by the local Kurds. It is last mentioned in 1436, when the Mamluk Sultan Barsbay (r. 1422–1438) used it as his base for a campaign against the Turkic beylik of Dulkadir.

Syriac Orthodox Bishops of Hadath

Hadath was a significant center for the Syriac Orthodox Church, which maintained a diocese of Hadath based in the city from the eighth through the twelfth centuries.  Fourteen Jacobite bishops of Hadath between the eighth and eleventh centuries are mentioned in the lists of Michael the Syrian.

References

Sources

 Jean-Baptiste Chabot, Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antiche (1166-1199). Éditée pour la première fois et traduite en francais I-IV (1899;1901;1905;1910; a supplement to volume I containing an introduction to Michael and his work, corrections, and an index, was published in 1924. Reprinted in four volumes 1963, 2010).

Former populated places in Turkey
Al-Awasim


The Ugly Duckling (re-titled as Ugly Duckling in reissues) is an animated film from 1939 by Walt Disney, based on the 1843 fairy tale "The Ugly Duckling" by Hans Christian Andersen. The film was directed by Jack Cutting and Clyde Geronimi, and released in theaters on April 7, 1939. Music was composed by Albert Hay Malotte, who was uncredited for the film. The animated short was first distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.

An earlier Silly Symphony animated short based on this fairy tale had been produced in black and white in 1931. The 1939 color film won the 1940 Oscar for Best Short Subject (Cartoons), and also happened to be the last entry in the Silly Symphony series, although it was branded in certain releases as a special one-shot cartoon.

In the Andersen's tale, a cygnet is harassed because of his homeliness. To his delight, he matures into a swan, the most beautiful bird of all, and his troubles are over. In this version, the baby swan's sufferings are shortened, as he is found by his family after only a few minutes of rejection and ostracism instead of a whole year. This abbreviated version is read by Lilo to Stitch in the 2002 Disney film Lilo & Stitch. The story has a deep impact on Stitch, who sets out to look for his real family.

Plot
An expectant mallard duck father is pacing by his wife's side. Suddenly, the mother duck's eggs begin to hatch, much to the father's delight, giving birth to four little ducklings. But then, a fifth egg hatches, revealing a mismatched white duckling, and the father argues with the mother over this, forcing the two to go their separate ways after she slaps him (it is implied that the father is accusing the mother of having an affair with a swan).

The ugly duckling attempts to join the duck family, but they turn their backs on him, after which he discovers how different he is from them. So the duckling attempts to join a family of birds and even attempts to befriend a duck hunting decoy, but they all turn him down. The duckling breaks down and cries until a mother swan and her cygnets approach him. He joins this family and they accept him.

The mother duck and her ducklings are surprised to realize what he is and what he has the potential to become; they invite him to come back to them, but he refuses and proudly swims off with his new family.

Comic adaptation
The Silly Symphony Sunday comic strip ran a month-long adaptation of The Ugly Duckling from March 26 to April 16, 1939.

Reception
The Film Daily wrote, "The Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale translated to cartoon language emerges a delight to the ear and the eye... Though the story concerns only the feathered folk, this Disney short is fused with real feeling and pathos."

Home media
The short was released on December 4, 2001 on Walt Disney Treasures: Silly Symphonies - The Historic Musical Animated Classics.  It was included on the DVD release in the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. It is also available on Disney+ with restored Silly Symphony title cards.

See also
 The Ugly Duckling (1931 film)
 Lambert the Sheepish Lion
 List of Disney animated shorts

References

External links

 The Ugly Duckling at The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts

1930s color films
1939 animated films
Silly Symphonies
RKO Pictures short films
1939 short films
Animated films based on The Ugly Duckling
Animated films about ducks
1930s Disney animated short films
Films directed by Clyde Geronimi
Films directed by Jack Cutting
Films produced by Walt Disney
Disney film remakes
Short film remakes
Animated films without speech
Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
RKO Pictures animated short films

fr:Le Vilain Petit Canard (1931)
es:El patito feo (La película 1939)


64 is a Russian chess magazine and draughts publication, published in Moscow. Its name referred to the number of squares on a chessboard. The magazine awarded the Chess Oscar annually.

History
When it first appeared in 1924, 64 was published as a magazine, but in 1935 it changed to a weekly newspaper. Nikolai Krylenko was the editor from 1924 until his death in 1938 in the Great Purge. The publication was interrupted in 1941 by World War II and resumed after the war. In 1968 it was revamped as a weekly magazine by Alexander Roshal and World Champion Tigran Petrosian. Vasily Smyslov was an assistant editor. Petrosian was editor until 1977 when he was fired after his loss to Viktor Korchnoi in a quarter-final Candidates match.

In 1986 64 published excerpts from Other Shores by Vladimir Nabokov, the first work by Vladimir Nabokov ever openly published in the USSR. Roshal was severely punished even though at that time Anatoly Karpov was editor-in-chief. In 1992 the magazine fell upon hard times and ceased publication but Roshal privatized it and publication was resumed. It has been published twice a month, and since 2000 monthly.

Chief Editors
Anatoly Karpov (1980-1991)
Alexander Roshal (1992-2007)
Mark Glukhovsky (2007-2014)
Maxim Notkin (2014-present)

See also
 List of chess periodicals

References

 ChessBase on Alexander Roshal

External links
 Russian website
 English website

1924 establishments in the Soviet Union
2014 disestablishments in Russia
Biweekly magazines
Chess in the Soviet Union
Chess periodicals
Defunct magazines published in Russia
Magazines established in 1924
Magazines disestablished in 2014
Magazines published in Moscow
Russian-language magazines
Sports magazines published in Russia
Weekly magazines published in Russia
Magazines published in the Soviet Union


Beija Flor was an indie rock band formed in Calgary, Alberta, in 2003. The band was made up of Stephen van Kampen (vocals, guitar), Paul van Kampen (vocals, piano), Dan Wilson (vocals, drums), Brett Gunther (vocals, guitar), Henry Hsieh (vocals), (bass), and Hoyee Wong (vocals, violin). The band was known for its self-orchestrated light shows, consisting of colored and strobe lights controlled by Stephen through a circuit of foot switches. "Beija-flor" means "hummingbird" in Portuguese.

History
Beija Flor was formed in 2003 by brothers Stephen and Paul van Kampen, Matt Bayliff, and Jon Reddit. In 2005, they released their debut album, The Quiet One and the Lonely One.

Reddit left the band and Stephen and Paul's long-time friend Brett Gunther took the vacant guitar spot. Henry Hsieh and Hoyee Wong joined the band in late 2006.

In 2007, they released their second album Beija Flor Presents The American. which was produced by The Summerlad's Arran Fisher and recorded by Fisher and Diego Medina. The single, The American reached No. 1 in the Top 30 most requested songs on Calgary's CJSW radio for the week ending January 15, 2008. Beija Flor was also featured on CBC Radio 3 across Canada on various New Music segments.

In the spring of 2009, Bayliff left the band and was replaced by Dan Wilson. The band broke up in 2010.

In 2011, Wilson and the van Kampen brothers formed the band The Magnetic North (not to be confused with the British band of the same name). Hsieh co-founded the band Friendo and Reddit became a member of War Baby.

Discography

Albums
 The Quiet One and the Lonely One (2005), Vulpine Records
 Beija Flor Presents The American (2007), Independent

Compilation inclusion
Megatunes 21st Anniversary Compilation (2009), Independent

See also

Canadian rock
List of bands from Canada
List of Canadian musicians
:Category:Canadian musical groups

References

External links
Official Website of Beija Flor

Musical groups established in 2003
Canadian indie rock groups
Musical groups from Calgary
2003 establishments in Alberta


Ouvrage Berenbach, also known as Ouvrage Behrenbach, is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Boulay, the ouvrage is located between gros ouvrage Anzeling and petit ouvrage Bovenberg, facing Germany.  The ouvrage consists of two infantry blocks and one observation block.  Uniquely, the blocks are not connected by subterranean galleries, as is the case in virtually all other Maginot fortifications.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency; Berenbach was approved for construction in August 1930. It was completed at a cost of 11 million francs by the contractor La Parisienne d'Enterprises. The petit ouvrage was planned as an annex to Anzeling.

Description
Berenbach comprises three separate infantry blocks. Blocks 1 and 2 were planned for the deep underground gallery system to come in Phase 2. Since there was no central usine, each block has its own generating plant.
Block 1: infantry block with two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), one retractable twin machine gun turret, three automatic rifle embrasures, one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47). The block has a shaft excavated to access the gallery system proposed for the second phase, but no staircase in the shaft. Power provided by two 30 hp Renault generators.
Block 2: Infantry block with one GFM cloche, two automatic rifle embrasures, one twin machine gun embrasure and one JM/AC47 embrasure. The block has a shaft excavated to access the gallery system proposed for the second phase, already equipped with a staircase. Power provided by two 8 hp  Renault generators.
Block 3: infantry/observation block with one observation cloche (VDP), one GFM cloche and two automatic rifle embrasures. Power provided by two 8 hp  Renault generators.

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Berenbach, including

 Abri de Colming: Surface abri-casemate, a unique position in the Maginot Line,  with two GFM cloches and with one JM/AC47 embrasure. The position was sited to control the defensive inundation of Gomelange that protected the low-lying area between Berenbach and Bovenberg.
 Abri de Gomelange: Surface abri with two GFM cloches.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Captain Ramaud comprised 97 men and 2 officers of the 162nd Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Bockange provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Berenbach and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
Berenbach played no significant role in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. After the Second World War it became part of the Mòle de Boulay, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack.
Berenbach remained under Army control until after 1971, when it was declassified and sold.

Current condition
The ouvrage has been stripped of much of its equipment and is in poor condition.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 L'ouvrage de Berenbach at alsacemaginot.com
 Petit ouvrage de Behrenbach at lignemaginot.com
 Behrenbach (petit ouvrage A26 de) at fortiff.be

BERE
Maginot Line
Môle de Boulay


The Ministry of Justice and Public Administration of the Republic of Croatia () is the ministry in the Government of Croatia which is in charge of prosecuting government cases and the administration of institutions falling within the scope of the judiciary system (courts, prisons, etc.), and in charge of the system and organization of state administration and local and regional governments, political and electoral system, personal status of citizens and other activities within its jurisdiction.

List of ministers

Ministers of Justice (1990–2020)

Ministers of Justice and Public Administration (2020–present)

See also

 Justice ministry
 Politics of Croatia

References

External links

Papers on corruption in Croatian Judiciary, ed. Darko Petričić MA, Zagreb, 2016., p. 60.-86

Justice
Croatia
Croatia, Justice
1990 establishments in Croatia


Eumetopina flavipes, the island sugarcane planthopper, is a species of planthopper present throughout South East Asia. E. flavipes is a vector for Ramu stunt disease, a plant disease which affects sugarcane. Ramu stunt disease is widespread throughout Papua New Guinea, but has not been detected in Australia.

Eumetopina is thought to have evolved in Papua New Guinea, where up to four undescribed species have been collected, but many more may be present. In Papua New Guinea, E. flavipes occurs on Saccharum officinarum, S. robustum, S. edule and Saccharum hybrids sugarcane. Virus-free populations of E. flavipes are present on Saccharum hybrids and S. officinarum on many islands in the Torres Strait, and a number of small populations persist on the northern Cape York Peninsula - the very tip of Queensland, mainland Australia.

References

External links
 Latest research publication

Hemiptera of Asia
Agricultural pest insects
Insect vectors of plant pathogens
Insects described in 1913
Delphacini


Martin Espino is a Mexican-American musician and composer of indigenous Yaqui and Tepehuano ancestry from Whittier, California. He is best known for performing authentic prehispanic music with his band MEXIKA. Espino spent over twenty five years researching prehispanic musical instruments and performed with many indigenous musicians from Mexico, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Espino's musical inspiration comes directly from traditional Native American/Mexican music as well as ambient improvisations.

As the composer and artistic director of a group called Nahualli Ensemble, and co-leader of QUETAL, Espino has received many awards from various groups including the ASCAP.

Espino continues to lecture and concertize throughout America. In October 2008, his instruments were used by the Bakersfield Symphony to replicate a performance of Silvestre Revueltas SENSEMAYA, and Carlos Chavez SINFONIA INDIA, compositions which were specifically written for indigenous instruments of Mexico, and are usually performed on "substitute instruments". Espino's musical partner Christopher Garcia was asked to help perform the compositions with the symphony. Both Espino and Garcia are classically trained musicians as well. Other than his solo works, Espino has also composed for theater, video and television commercials. Espino was also a contributing artist for the live-action film adaption of El Muerto: The Aztec Zombie.

References

External links
Official site
Official MySpace

Year of birth missing (living people)
American folk musicians
Hispanic and Latino American musicians
Living people
American musicians of Mexican descent


The Păltiniș (also: Păltinișul Mare) is a right tributary of the river Bâsca in Romania. It discharges into the Bâsca in the village Păltiniș. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Buzău County


was a samurai during Sengoku period in Japan. He was also known as Hattori Koheita (服部 小平太) and Hattori Unemenokami (服部 采女正).

Kazutada was born in Owari Province in central Japan. He started out as a page to Oda Nobunaga and fought as a pikeman against Imagawa Yoshimoto during the Battle of Okehazama in 1560. During the battle, Kazutada was the first of Nobunaga's men to mount a personal attack on Imagawa Yoshimoto, but received a sword cut across the legs and was about to be killed when Mōri Yoshikatsu came to his rescue and killed Yoshimoto. He was rewarded by Nobunaga for his role in the victory, but little is known about his subsequent service.

After Nobunaga's assassination, he transferred his allegiance to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and was awarded with lower 5th court rank in 1585. Following the Battle of Odawara in 1590, he was awarded with Matsuzaka Castle in Ise Province, with revenues of 35,000 koku, and was appointed to assist Hideyoshi's proclaimed successor, Toyotomi Hidetsugu. He fought in the Bunroku Campaign in Korea (1592-1593), successfully taking the Korean capital of Seoul. He was subsequently purged with other supporters of Hidetsugu in 1595, and was forced to commit seppuku.

References
Ota Gyuichi. The Chronicle of Lord Nobunaga. Brill Academic Press (2011).

Samurai
Daimyo
1595 deaths
People from Aichi Prefecture
Suicides by seppuku
Year of birth unknown


The zero-velocity surface is a concept that relates to the N-body problem of gravity. It represents a surface a body of given energy cannot cross, since it would have zero velocity on the surface. It was first introduced by George William Hill. The zero-velocity surface is particularly significant when working with weak gravitational interactions among orbiting bodies.

Three-body problem

In the circular restricted three-body problem two heavy masses orbit each other at constant radial distance and angular velocity, and a particle of negligible mass is affected by their gravity. By shifting to a rotating coordinate system where the masses are stationary a centrifugal force is introduced. Energy and momentum are not conserved separately in this coordinate system, but the Jacobi integral remains constant:

where  is the rotation rate,  the particle's location in the rotating coordinate system,  the distances to the bodies, and  their masses times the gravitational constant.

For a given value of , points on the surface

require that . That is, the particle will not be able to cross over this surface (since the squared velocity would have to become negative). This is the zero-velocity surface of the problem.

Note that this means zero velocity in the rotating frame: in a non-rotating frame the particle is seen as rotating with the other bodies. The surface also only predicts what regions cannot be entered, not the shape of the trajectory within the surface.

Generalizations
The concept can be generalized to more complex problems, for example with masses in elliptic orbits, the general planar three-body problem, the four-body problem with solar wind drag, or in rings.

Lagrange points
The zero-velocity surface is also an important parameter in finding Lagrange points. These points correspond to locations where the apparent potential in the rotating coordinate system is extremal. This corresponds to places where the zero-velocity surfaces pinch and develop holes as  is changed. Since trajectories are confined by the surfaces, a trajectory that seeks to escape (or enter) a region with minimal energy will typically pass close to the Lagrange point, which is used in low-energy transfer trajectory planning.

Galaxy clusters
Given a group of galaxies which are gravitationally interacting, the zero-velocity surface is used to determine which objects are gravitationally bound (i.e. not overcome by the Hubble expansion) and thus part of a galaxy cluster, such as the Local Group.

See also
Hill sphere
Low-energy transfer
Orbital mechanics

References

Gravity


Bernard Lavigne (born 1959) is a French judge.

In 2005, he was one of the first team leader of the  International Criminal Court and specifically tasked with the enforcement of international law in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lavigne pursued Congolese war criminals and combated the phenomenon of child soldiers. Lavigne concluded his three-year mission in June 2007 before being nominated at the Toulouse grande instance tribunal.

References

20th-century French judges
Living people
1959 births
21st-century French judges


Willowby is a lightly populated locality in the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island.  It is situated in Mid-Canterbury, south of Ashburton, the major town of the area.  Other nearby settlements include Hinds and Lynnford to the southwest, Eiffelton to the south, and Huntingdon to the east.

Demographics
Willowby is part of the Eiffelton statistical area.

Economy

The primary economic activity around Willowby is agriculture.

Education

Until 2000, primary education was provided by Willowby School.  That year, three local schools merged to form Longbeach School, which is situated at the former site of Willowby School.  It caters for students in years 1-8 and has 120 pupils and five teachers.

Environment

Willowby is located on the Canterbury Plains between the Ashburton River / Hakatere and Rangitata rivers.  The Pacific Ocean is a short distance away, with Eiffelton and Waterton between Willowby and the coastline.  At the turn of the 21st century, local efforts were improving the quality of Willowby's environment.  A barren shingle pit was converted into the Willowby Community Reserve, and other projects have been undertaken with the assistance of local government.

Religion

Willowby formerly had its own Methodist church. It was founded in 1876 and closed in 1992.  Its stained glass windows are now at the Baring Square Methodist church in Ashburton, and a tapestry created by a member of Willowby Methodist Church to celebrate its centenary in 1976 was given to Tinwald's Methodist church.

Services

Willowby has its own volunteer rural fire fighting unit.  It covers a catchment between the Ashburton and Hinds rivers and was founded to serve the local farming community, especially during dry summers.  It has 21 members, and as part of the national rural fire service, it can provide assistance and back-up to other volunteer units in the surrounding region.

Transport

Willowby is situated off major transport routes.  State Highway 1 and the Main South Line railway pass nearby, through Winslow to the northwest.

References

Ashburton District
Populated places in Canterbury, New Zealand


Nathan Michael Elasi (born 18 November 1989 in Sydney) is an Australian footballer who plays for Sutherland Sharks FC in the NSW National Premier Leagues Mens 1.

Club career
Elasi was named Golden Boot winner in the Football NSW Grade 20 league with Marconi Stallions in their 2006–2007 season.

Melbourne Victory
He was signed by Melbourne Victory in January 2008, as a recruit for Victory's 2008 AFC Champions League campaign, primarily as a back-up for first choice strikers, Archie Thompson and Danny Allsopp. Originally recommended to Ernie Merrick by fellow Young Socceroos player Sebastian Ryall, Elasi had since impressed in club training with his pace, positioning and his ability to use his body.

Bonnyrigg White Eagles
He had a trial with new club Melbourne Heart but turned down their contract offer due to them being a rival of his old club Victory. Afterwards, Elasi joined the NSW Premier League team in April 2010 setting up the final goal in Bonnyrigg's 4–0 victory over the Bankstown City Lions on debut.

APIA Leichhardt Tigers
Elasi signed for NSW NPL1 club APIA Leichhardt Tigres for their 2015 campaign.

Honours
Australia
 International Cor Groenewegen Tournament (U-20): 2009
 AFF U19 Youth Championship: 2008

Melbourne Victory FC
 A-League Championship: 2008–09
 A-League Premiership: 2008–09

References

External links
 Melbourne Victory profile
 FFA – Young Socceroos profile

1989 births
Living people
Soccer players from Sydney
Melbourne Victory FC players
A-League Men players
Sutherland Sharks FC players
National Premier Leagues players
Men's association football forwards
Bonnyrigg White Eagles FC players
Australian men's soccer players
Wollongong United FC players


Ouvrage Bovenberg is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Boulay, the ouvrage is located between petits ouvrages Berenbach and  Denting, facing Germany.  It consists of two infantry blocks and two artillery blocks.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency; Bovenberg was approved for construction in early 1931. It was completed at a cost of 26 million francs by the contractor Omnium of Paris. The petit ouvrage was planned for construction in two phases, the original second phase designed to expand the position into a gros ouvrage with artillery. A scaled-down second phase was contemplated in 1939.  No version of the second phase was ever carried out.

Description
Bovenberg comprises six infantry blocks. Block 3 is not connected to the main ouvrage. A connection was planned for Phase 2, which also envisioned an entry several hundred meters to the rear, but was not pursued in time for the war. The blocks are linked by deep underground galleries, which also provide space for barracks, utilities and ammunition storage. The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .
Block 1: infantry/entry block with two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), three automatic rifle embrasures, one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).
Block 2: Infantry block with two GFM cloches and one grenade launcher cloche (LG).
Block 3: Infantry block with two GFM cloches, one twin machine gun cloche (JM), four automatic rifle embrasures, two twin machine gun embrasures and two JM/AC47 embrasures. Built essentially as a double casemate block, it is not linked by underground galleries to the rest of the ouvrage and has its own power source, two  CLM generators.
Block 4: Infantry block with one GFM cloche and two JM cloches. Nearby are a false machine gun cloche and a mock machine gun turret.
Block 5: Infantry block with one GFM cloche and two JM cloches. Nearby are a false machine gun cloche and a mock machine gun turret.
Block 6: Infantry block with one GFM cloche and one retractablemachine gun turret.

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Bovenberg, including

 Casemate d'artillerie de Bovenberg: Artillery casemate close to the ouvrage but not connected by underground gallery, mounting two 75mm guns in casemates with a GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Langhep Nord: Single casemate with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Langhep Sud: Single casemate with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and two GFM cloches.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Lieutenant Lambret comprised 228 men and 7 officers of the 161st Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Boulay provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Berenbach and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
Bovenberg played no significant role in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. After the Second World War it became part of the Mòle de Boulay, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack.
Bovenberg remained under Army control until after 1971, when it was declassified and sold.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 L'ouvrage du Bovenberg at alsacemaginot.com
 Bovenberg (petit ouvrage A27 du) at fortiff.be
 Petit ouvrage de Bovenberg at lignemaginot.com

BOVE
Maginot Line
Môle de Boulay


The Mutton Renaissance Campaign was founded in 2004 by King Charles III (then Prince of Wales) to advocate for the consumption of mutton (and not lamb) by Britons. The King, whose favourite dish is mutton, also aimed to support British sheep farmers struggling to sell their older animals. The Renaissance Campaign sought to create a specific new definition for mutton, which is that the meat has to be traceable to an origin on a particular farm where the animal was fed on forage (rather than high-concentration grain), from an animal older than two years, and after slaughter has been aged for two weeks by hanging. The organization's website (www.muttonrenaissance.org.uk) also maintained lists of restaurants serving mutton as well as places to buy the meat in the UK.

See also
Mutton Curry

Footnotes

References

2004 establishments in the United Kingdom
Agricultural organisations based in the United Kingdom
Charles III
Food industry trade groups
Sheep farming in the United Kingdom


John Maclean Jr., D.D. (March 3, 1800 – August 10, 1886) was an American Presbyterian clergyman and educator who served as the tenth President of Princeton University, then known as the College of New Jersey. Maclean, the son of the first professor of chemistry at the College of New Jersey, grew up in Princeton, New Jersey. He attended the College and later Princeton Theological Seminary. At age 23, he became full professor of mathematics at the university. Six years later, he became university vice president. He was responsible for bringing a number of renown scholars and academics to the college. During this time, he also left mathematics and became professor of ancient languages. Maclean was one of the chief architects of the state's public education system. His plan for a state normal school, local boards of education and nonsectarian public schools was adopted by the state legislature. He became president of the College of New Jersey in 1854. He led the university through the 1855 burning of Nassau Hall and the American Civil War. After retiring from his post after 14 years in office, he wrote a two-volume history of the university. He served as the honorary president of the university's Alumni Association until his death.

Early life
Maclean Jr. was born in Princeton, New Jersey, as the son of John Maclean Sr., the first professor of chemistry at the College of New Jersey. He attended the College of New Jersey and graduated in 1816 as the youngest member of his class. He then spent the next two years earning his Doctor of Divinity degree from the Princeton Theological Seminary. Afterwards, he went back to the university and began as a tutor in Greek. He became a full professor of mathematics at age 23. In 1824, he helped to create the Chi Phi Society, a semi-religious, semi-literary organization, which ceased activity the following year when it merged with the Philadelphian Society.

As vice president
In the late 1820s, Maclean devised a plan to enlarge and improve the faculty, in hopes of reversing the declining enrollment which had beleaguered the university over the last few years, to the point that university president James Carnahan considered shutting down the institution. Maclean's plan was accepted by the university's trustees in 1829, and he was subsequently named vice president. During his 25 years at that position, Maclean brought in a number of noted scholars to the institution, such as Joseph Henry, Arnold Henry Guyot, John Torrey, Stephen Alexander and Albert B. Dod. Maclean also shifted his professorship from mathematics to ancient languages until 1854, when he succeeded James Carnahan as the tenth president of the university.

President of the university
During his 14-year tenure as president, Maclean led the university through some difficult times. In 1855, after Nassau Hall burned down, he sought the financial support of alumni and beneficiaries to contribute funds for rebuilding. He operated the college on a limited budget for five years and gave up part of his own salary to help rebuild the hall. The university lost a number of students who joined the Union and Confederate armies during the Civil War. Maclean kept the faculty together and managed a complete educational program for the students still attending the university. During the war Maclean, as voted by the board of trustees, conveyed an honorary Doctor of Laws degree to President Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln accepted, and wrote to Maclean that "[t]he assurance conveyed by this high compliment that the course of the government which I represent has received the approval of a body of gentlemen of such character and intelligence in this time of public trial is most grateful to me."

As president, Maclean witnessed the start of baseball at Princeton, heard the first rendition of the university alma mater, Old Nassau, and voted to make orange among the university's official colors.

Other work
In 1828, Maclean gave an address, advocating for a public education system in New Jersey. He drew up a plan for a state normal school, local boards of education, and nonsectarian public schools. On the subject of religion and public education, Maclean stated:

The state legislature soon afterwards adopted his public education plan. Maclean also took interest in local churches. He served as a counselor, benefactor and organizer of the Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Church and the Second Presbyterian Church, which became known as "Doctor Maclean's Church". Maclean also was involved with the state's prisons. As a member of the New Jersey Prison Association, he conducted weekly services at the state penitentiary in Trenton.

Retirement
After retiring from the university, Maclean's friends bought him a house, where he lived during the remainder of his life. In 1877, he wrote a two-volume history of the university entitled History of the College of New Jersey: From Its Origin in 1746 to the Commencement of 1854. He served as honorary president of the university's Alumni Association and attended an alumni commencement meeting in 1886, just six weeks before his death.

Maclean was honored with the naming of university's Maclean House, which has served as the office of the Alumni Council since 1968.

Notes

References

1800 births
1886 deaths
Presidents of Princeton University
Princeton University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Mathematics educators
Language teachers
People from Princeton, New Jersey
American Presbyterian ministers
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
Burials at Princeton Cemetery
19th-century American clergy


The Allegan and Lake Shore Railroad is a defunct railroad which operated in Allegan County, Michigan during the 1880s. The company incorporated on May 30, 1883, by W.G. Dewing & Sons, to construct and operate  line from Allegan westward to Lake Michigan. The primary purpose of this line was to support local timber operations. On April 15, 1885, the A&LS completed a  narrow gauge  stretch from the Kalamazoo River at Allegan to Swan Creek; the line went no further and was abandoned in 1889, timber resources in the area being exhausted.

Notes

References

1883 establishments in Michigan
1889 disestablishments in the United States
Transportation in Allegan County, Michigan
Defunct Michigan railroads
3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Narrow gauge railroads in Michigan


Pasadena is the fourth studio album by American rock band Ozma, released in 2007.

Production
The album took five months to record and was mixed by Matt Hyde.

Critical reception
PopMatters wrote that the album is "more like Weezer's green self-titled album than anything, eager to live up to an ideal and doing a good job of it." The Los Angeles Times called the band "underrated," writing that the album is "more muscular and mature than the crunchy power-pop that gained Ozma a large Southland following over its first three albums." The Northern Express praised the "well-written, catchy indie compositions."

Track listing

Personnel
Daniel Brummel - vocals, bass

References

Ozma (band) albums
2007 albums


Erigeron cervinus is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names Siskiyou fleabane and Siskiyou daisy.

Erigeron cervinus is native to the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. This uncommon wildflower is a perennial herb reaching heights of 15 to 30 centimeters (8-12 inches). Its leaves may be up to 12 centimeters (5 inches) long and are vaguely spoon-shaped. The erect stems hold inflorescences of 1 to 4 flower heads. Each head is about a centimeter (0.4 inches) wide and has a center of golden yellow disc florets surrounded by a fringe of ray florets which are usually white.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California
Photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Del North County in 1922, isotype of Erigeron delicatus

cervinus
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Plants described in 1897
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Ouvrage Denting is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Part of the Fortified Sector of Boulay, the ouvrage consists of three infantry blocks, and is located between petits ouvrages Bovenberg and Village Coume, near the village of Denting in Moselle département, facing Germany.  The position saw little action in World War II.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency; Denting was approved for construction in May 1931. It was completed at a cost of 11 million francs by the contractor Duval-Weyrich of Nancy. The petit ouvrage was planned for construction in two phases.  The second phase was to provide a separate entrance block a short distance to the rear. Heavy water infiltration required the provision of more extensive drainage work than originally planned.

Description
Denting comprises three infantry blocks. The blocks are linked by deep underground galleries, which also provide space for barracks, utilities and ammunition storage. The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .
Block 1: infantry block with one automatic rifle cloche (GFM), one twin machine gun cloche (JM), three automatic rifle embrasures, one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).
Block 2: Infantry block with one GFM cloche, one twin machine gun embrasure and one JM/AC47 embrasure.
Block 3: infantry/observation block with one GFM cloche and one twin machine gun turret.

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the combat blocks, a detached casemate is near Denting:

 Casemate d'artillerie d'Ottonville: Artillery casemate mounting two 75mm guns in casemates with a GFM cloche.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Captain Coste comprised 127 men and 2 officers of the 161st Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Boulay provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Denting and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
Denting played no significant role in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. After the Second World War it became part of the Mòle de Boulay, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack.
Denting remained under Army control until after 1971, when it was declassified and sold.

Current condition
Denting is privately owned, and is in relatively good condition.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Ouvrage A28 de denting at wikimaginot.eu.
 Petit ouvrage du BOVENBERG (A27) at la-ligne-maginot.com
 L'ouvrage de Denting at alsacemaginot.com
 Denting (petit ouvrage A28 de) at fortiff.be
 Petit ouvrage de Denting at lignemaginot.com

COUC
Maginot Line
Môle de Boulay


was a vassal under Oda Nobunaga during Japan's Sengoku period. He was also known as Mōri Shinsuke (毛利 新助 or 毛利 新介) and Mōri Shinsaemon (毛利 新左衛門).

In 1560, he participated in the Battle of Okehazama on Nobunaga's side and assisted Hattori Kazutada after he was injured. Later, he accompanied Nobunaga and his son Oda Nobutada to Kyoto and died with Nobutada during the Incident at Honnō-ji.

Samurai
Japanese warriors killed in battle
1582 deaths
Oda retainers
Year of birth unknown


Manning Julian Dauer was an American political scientist.

Early life
Dauer was born in 1909 in North Carolina. He received his bachelor's degree (1930) and master's degree (1931) from the University of Florida and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois (1933).

Career
During 50 years of teaching political science, Manning Dauer influenced more than 15,000 students, including U.S. Sen. Bob Graham. Dauer was a student at UF, earning his bachelor's degree in 1930 and his master's degree in 1931. After receiving his doctoral degree from the University of Illinois in 1933, he returned to UF in 1933 as an instructor. He remained at UF until his retirement in 1980 except for a period of service in the U.S. Army Air Force during World War II. Dauer established UF's political science department in 1950. He was named a distinguished service professor at UF in 1972 and was awarded an honorary doctor of law degree in 1983.

Dauer devoted his life to UF and to the state of Florida, and was one of the foremost scholars of Florida politics.

Dauer taught at both the University of Florida's Department of History and Political Science and then at the Department of Political Science when it became a separate department in 1950. He was the first chair of the Department of Political Science, and served in this position for 25 years. His primary research interests was in political theory and American politics, and he was the author of numerous articles, chapters, and books. He wrote The Adams Federalists, considered the definitive study of Federalist Party during the administration of John Adams.

Dauer is best known as the principal articulate of the 1967 reapportionment plan for Florida, which was mandated by a federal district court (see Swann v. Adams). He also was a key consultant to the Florida Constitutional Revision Commission and helped formulate the most recent Florida Constitution, adopted in 1968. Dauer served in leadership positions with the American Political Science Association, Southern Political Science Association, and the Florida Political Science Association.

Death and legacy
Dauer died in 1987. Dauer Hall at UF is named after him.

External links
Official biography

1909 births
1987 deaths
University of Florida alumni
University of Florida faculty
American political scientists
20th-century political scientists
University of Illinois College of Liberal Arts and Sciences alumni


This is a complete list of the Principals of Phillips Academy since its founding in 1778. From 1778 to 1928, the title was "Principal". In the year 1928, the name was changed to "Headmaster", and finally with the appointment of Barbara Landis Chase, the title was changed to "Head of School".

References

Faculty by high school in the United States
Lists of American people by school affiliation
Lists of people by educational affiliation in Massachusetts
Schoolteachers from Massachusetts