AVH: Alien vs. Hunter is a 2007 science fiction horror film directed by Scott Harper and starring William Katt and Dedee Pfeiffer. It was distributed by The Asylum, and much like The Asylum's other films, AVH is a "mockbuster", or a low-budget film made to capitalize on the popularity of a more widely released film using a derivative of the plot and title of the latter; in this case, it closely resembles Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (AVPR), a crossover between the Alien and Predator film franchises. Like that film, it deals with a suburban community being threatened by a fight between two warring extraterrestrial beings. It was released straight to DVD on December 18, 2007, one week before AVPR'''s theatrical release, and was met with a large negative response from critics.

Plot
A journalist named Lee Custler (William Katt) is out jogging when a flying object passes behind him and crashes. Sheriff Joel Armstrong (Collin Brock) picks him up and they go to check it out. They find an abandoned caravan close to where the object crashed. As they discover the object and realize it is a spaceship, an Alien emerges. The Alien then chases them, after which Lee flees to the car. However Armstrong makes a stand, trips, falls and is killed by the Alien that then leaves. A terrified Tammy finds Lee and they call the local authorities but their car is destroyed by the Alien.

They run to a local café where they meet Hilary, Javier, Figgus and Marcy who do not believe them. Together they go back where they find Garrison wounded and the other passenger gone. Garrison says that everyone else died. The Alien then appears and kills Marcy, and while the others flee it fights a cyborg-like Hunter. The group decides to go to Valentines, the local hunter, through the sewers. All except Javier, who is killed by the Alien, make it to Valentine's and his daughter Freckle's house where they call for the support of a local paramilitary team. Valentine attempts to kill the Hunter, only to be nearly killed instead, but he makes it alive.

The group then splits up: Valentine and Lee go to meet the paramilitary force while Tammy, Hillary, Freckles, Garrison and Figgus try to escape through a set of tunnels. Garrison gets lost in the tunnels and killed by the Alien but the others make it to the hunter’s ship to their dismay. There they find a second Alien that's nearly dead and figure out that to get rid of the Hunter they need to kill the Alien and take a ray gun from the ship. Lee and Valentine find Two Fingers, Marty and Styles, the paramilitary force, and go to find T and Lexin who are in the woods. But they are already dead and the Hunter kills Marty, and kicks Styles away flying right near the Alien who kills both him and Valentine, who tries to save him.

The few survivors meet and while they try to think of a strategy, Figgus is impaled on a branch and dies. Two Fingers tries to kill the Hunter, who kills both him and Freckles. But just as he is going to kill Hillary, Lee uses the ray gun on the Alien, who nearly killed him a few seconds before, and makes him explode on a giant fireball, which kills him. As the three remaining survivors (Lee, Hilary, and Tammy) head back to town, the Hunter, back on his ship, takes off his mask revealing that he is a human from Earth and this is a similar planet but not the same. The film ends as he comments on the possibility of a second hunt.

Cast
 William Katt as Lee
 Dedee Pfeiffer as Hilary
 Wittly Jourdan as Tammy
 Randy Mulkey as Valentine
 Jennifer Couch as Freckles
 Jason S. Gray as Garrison
 John Murphy Jr. as Figgus
 Kevin Kazakoff as Two Fingers
 Philip Bak as Javier
 Josh Tessier as Styles
 Matthew Bolton as Marty
 Collin Brock as Sheriff Joel Armstrong
 Darbi Gwynn as Marcy
 Aaron Council as the Alien
 Rob Filson as the Hunter
 Josh Hornig as man planting flowers

Reception
Scott Foy of Dread Central rated it 0.5/5 stars and called it "neither fun nor exciting nor scary nor even so bad it’s good".  Foy said that insiders at The Asylum had written to him, blaming Harper for the film's problems.  Writing about films that feature hunting as their primary theme, author Bryan Senn called it "utterly dismal in every respect".

See also
 Alien vs. Predator Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem''

References

External links
 AvH: Alien vs. Hunter at The Asylum

2007 films
2007 horror films
2007 independent films
2000s science fiction horror films
2000s monster movies
American independent films
American monster movies
American science fiction horror films
Mockbuster films
Direct-to-video science fiction films
Direct-to-video horror films
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films about hunters
The Asylum films
2007 science fiction films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Beach Road is a coastal suburban road in Melbourne, Australia that runs along the northeastern shore of Melbourne's Port Phillip Bay, starting at the T-junction with Beacon Street in Port Melbourne to its southern end at the junction with Nepean Highway in Mordialloc.

While only the road's southern half beyond the South Road junction is actually named "Beach Road", the name covers many consecutive street sections and this is not widely known to most drivers, as the entire allocation is still best known as by the respective names of its constituent parts: Beach Street, Beaconsfield Parade, Jacka Boulevard, Marine Parade, Ormond Esplanade, St Kilda Street, Esplanade and Beach Road proper. This article will deal with the entire length of the corridor for sake of completion, as well to avoid confusion between declarations.

Beach Road is extremely popular with cyclists. While the Bayside Trail follows the road closely, cyclists with racing bicycles usually use the road itself.  According to Bicycle Victoria, over 7,000 riders were recorded using the road on one Saturday in September 2008 .  Numerous cycling clubs and less formal groups use the road for training sessions for road racing and triathlon.  Cycling advocacy groups are presently campaigning for the removal of on-street parking on weekend mornings. Beach Road has also been the subject of a local council and community campaign to limit truck traffic.

Route
Beach Road starts as Beach Street at the T-junction with Beacon Street in Port Melbourne (just northwest of Princes Pier) and heads southeast as a dual carriageway road, changing name to Beaconsfield Parade after  (at the junction with Esplanade East near the Port Melbourne Life Saving Club) and running along the foreshore of the beach along Port Phillip Bay for the next . At the intersection with Fitzroy Street at St Kilda, it changes name to Jacka Boulevard and runs past the St Kilda Sea Baths and southern edge of Luna Park, where it changes name again to Marine Parade, still following the coast. It intersects with Barkly Street and Glen Huntly Road just east of Point Ormond, changing name to Ormond Esplanade, and narrowing to a four-lane single carriageway. At the northern edge of Brighton it intersects with and changes name to St. Kilda Street, running south through the suburbs of western Brighton, rejoining the coast outside Royal Brighton Yacht Club and changing name again to the Esplanade after the junction with the minor Grosvenor Street. It continues further south along the coast until the Y-junction with South Road just outside Brighton Beach railway station, where it changes name for the final time as Beach Road, running along the beaches through Sandringham, Black Rock and Mentone before eventually terminating at Nepean Highway at Mordialloc.

History
The Country Roads Board declared Beach Road (its original allocation, from South Road in southern Brighton to Mordialloc) a Main Road in May 1935.  In the 1959/60 financial year, its northern section was declared a Main Road (as Beach Road), from Bay Street in Port Melbourne, along Beach Street, Beaconsfield Parade, Lower Esplande (later renamed to Jacka Boulevard), Marine Parade, Ormond Esplanade, St Kilda Street and Esplanade to Beach Road proper.

Beach Road (including all its constituent roads) was signed as Metropolitan Route 33 between Port Melbourne and Mordialloc in 1965. Metropolitan Route 26 previously ran concurrent along Beaconsfield Parade and Beach Street from Kerferd Road at Albert Park, past Bay Street at Port Melbourne eventually along Howe Parade to Williamstown Road; Metropolitan Route 26 was later truncated to terminate at Kerferd Road and Beaconsfield Parade in 1989.

The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared the road as Beach Road (Arterial #5840), from Bay Street to Nepean Highway, however the road is still presently known (and signposted) as its constituent parts.

See also

References

Streets in Melbourne
Port Phillip
Transport in the City of Port Phillip
Transport in the City of Bayside
Transport in the City of Kingston (Victoria)


The INTA HM.1, also known as Huarte Mendicoa HM-1, was a 1940s Spanish primary trainer designed by the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeronáutica (INTA) and built for them by Aeronáutica Industrial S.A. (AISA).

Development
The HM.1 was designed by INTA as a two-seat primary training monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear. It was followed by a number of similar aircraft with equipment and accommodation changes. The last of the family was the HM.7 built in 1947 which was an enlarged four-seat version powered by a 240 hp (179 kW) Argus As 10C engine, the HM.7 was the last powered aircraft designed by the Institute.

Variants
HM.1
Two-seat primary trainer
HM.2
enclosed-cabin version of the HM.1 with retractable landing gear.
HM.3
open-cockpit floatplane variant
HM.5
single-seat advanced trainer
HM.7
enlarged four-seat version
HM.9
two-seat glider tug

Operators

Spanish Air Force

Specification HM.1

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1940s Spanish civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943


Messac (; ; Gallo: Meczac) is a former commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Guipry-Messac.

Population
Inhabitants of Messac are called Messacois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Former communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Mernel (; ; Gallo: Merenèu) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Mernel are called Mernellois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Mellé (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. It is about 50 km northeast of Rennes.

Population
Inhabitants of Mellé are called Melléens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Yelena Korban (née Didilenko; born April 20, 1961) is a retired track and field sprinter from the Soviet Union, known for winning the bronze medal in the women's 4x400 metres relay at the 1982 European Championships. She did so alongside Irina Olkhovnikova, Olga Mineyeva and Irina Baskakova, clocking a total time of 3:22.79.

A year later Korban repeated that feat at the inaugural World Championships, this time with Marina Ivanova-Kharlamova, Irina Baskakova, and Mariya Kulchunova-Pinigina.

References

1961 births
Living people
Russian female sprinters
Soviet female sprinters
Place of birth missing (living people)
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Soviet Union
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1983 Summer Universiade


The Orto Botanico "Pietro Castelli" dell'Università di Messina (8000 m²), also known as the Orto botanico di Messina, is a botanical garden operated by the University of Messina and located at Piazza 20 Settembre, Messina, Sicily, Italy.

The university's first botanical garden was established in 1638 by Pietro Castelli, but destroyed by the Spanish along with the rest of the university in 1678. Although in 1889 the garden was reestablished on the banks of the river Portalegni, this second version was ruined by the earthquake of 1908, and most of its site then devoted to building construction.

Specimens
Today the garden's trees include:

 Calodendrum capensis
 Casuarina torulosa
 Chorisia insignis
 Dracaena draco
 Ficus macrophylla
 Ginkgo biloba
 Livistona chinensis
 Phoenix canariensis
 Pinus brutia
 Pinus longifolia
 Pterocarya caucasica
 Trachycarpus excelsius
 Washingtonia filifera

Other plants of interest include:

 Anona cherimolia
 Eugenia jambos
 Eugenia myrtifolia
 Eugenia uniflora
 Feijoa sellowiana
 Flacourtia indica
 Mangifera indica
 Nymphaea capensis
 Nymphaea alba
 Persea gratissima
 Pithecoctenium cynanchoides
 Pontederia cordata
 Psidium guajava
 Psidium cattleianum

Bibliography
Erik Neil, The Hortus Messanensis of Pietro Castelli. Science, Landscape, and Collecting in 17th Century Messina, in "Lexicon. Storie e architettura in Sicilia" n. 1, 2005

See also
 List of botanical gardens in Italy

References
 Official site (in Italian)
 Torrese description and photos (Italian)
 Messinaweb description and photos (Italian)
 Comune of Messina description (Italian)

Botanical gardens in Italy
Buildings and structures in Messina
Gardens in Sicily
1638 establishments in Italy
1678 disestablishments in Italy
1889 establishments in Italy


A rail replacement bus service uses buses to replace a passenger train service on a temporary or permanent basis. The train service that is replaced may be of any type such as light rail, tram, streetcar, commuter rail, regional rail or heavy rail, intercity passenger service. The rail service may be replaced if the line is closed because of rail maintenance, a breakdown of a train, a rail accident or a strike action or to simply provide additional capacity or if the rail service is not economically viable.

Terms for a rail replacement bus service include  bustitution (a portmanteau of the words "bus" and "substitution", or bustitute) and bus bridge. Substitution of rail services by buses can be unpopular and subject to criticism and so the term bustitution is often used pejoratively.

Examples

Australia

In Australia, a permanent or temporary rail replacement service change is often referred to as bustitution.

In November 1941, the Western Australian Government Railways introduced its first rail replacement service, which operated a service from Perth to Kojonup via Boddington. By 1949, there were 28 buses, and by 1959, there were more than 50.

The Sydney Metro Northwest line used human-driven single-deck buses late at night from Wednesdays to Sundays and operated a red Metro bus-like service with a frequency of approximately every 10 minutes until November 2019. That measure was in place since the line was deemed "ready" 10 months ahead of schedule.

On the Queensland Rail network, to relieve congestion on the single track Sunshine Coast line, the rail service is supplemented by a bus service operated by Kangaroo Bus Lines on weekdays between Caboolture and Nambour as route 649. NSW TrainLink, Transwa and V/Line all introduced extensive networks in New South Wales, Western Australia and Victoria in the 1970s and the 1980s that replaced regional trains.

Canada
Via Rail, the operator of the national passenger rail network, uses the term "bustitution" to refer to rail replacement with buses.

Czech Republic

Substitute bus transport () is governed by the Road Traffic Act (111/1994 Coll.), which allows the operator of a national, regional, tram, trolleybus or special line to operate substitute transport for up to 90 days in the case of interrupted or temporarily-restricted traffic on the line without the requirement to apply for a bus line license and have approval of the line's schedule. The law also mandates vehicles used for substitute transport to be marked as such.

In municipal public transport, substitute transport often takes on the number of the line that it replaces, prefixed by the letter X, and the original line is detoured. In cities with trolleybus systems, rail replacement buses also occasionally used for substitute transport and is then called substitute trolleybus transport ().

Ireland
As in the United Kingdom, buses have replaced rail services on closed lines. The most recent example can be found in County Wexford. where upon the suspension of rail services between Rosslare Europort and Waterford in 2010, Bus Éireann route 370 was introduced. However, the bus takes considerably longer than the train journey and fails to serve Waterford railway station.

Japan

Busses have replaced rail in Japan when rail service must be suspended because  of disaster, accident, economics, or engineering works. Notably, in some cases. those rail lines are closed permanently, and some of the former rail rights-of-way are converted into bus rights-of-way to provide grade-separated bus rapid transit service.

New Zealand
When train services operated by Transdev in Auckland train services are sometimes replaced by a bus, the resulting service is called Rail Bus. Historically, New Zealand Railways Road Services replaced many train routes with buses.

Sweden
While the reconstruction of Slussen, the western terminal of Saltsjöbanan, is in progress, trains on line 25 run only to Henriksdal, one station short of Slussen, with the segment between Slussen and Henriksdal served by a replacement bus 25B that is timed to match the train times at Henriksdal.

Sometimes, buses can be seen running on line 7, the Spårväg City tram line, even when trams are running normally.

In the night after 01:00, there is no service on the Stockholm Metro and the commuter rail, and night buses run along the line instead.

United Kingdom

During the British Railways Board's railway rationalisation in the 1960s, known as the Beeching cuts, bus substitution was an official policy for replacing train services on closed lines. The policy was largely unsuccessful, however, as the bus services were usually far slower than the train services that they replaced, and many passengers gave up on public transport altogether.  A report published in 2018 identified successful, and surviving, examples of this policy as the present X1 route operated by First Eastern Counties  between Norwich and Peterborough, and the Brighton & Hove Regency Route between Brighton and Tunbridge Wells, which partly replaces a route closed by Beeching.

Rail replacement bus services have been used to operate parliamentary train services.

 When North London Railways services between Watford Junction and Croxley Green were withdrawn in March 1996, to avoid the legal complications and costs of actual closure, train services were replaced by buses. The service was withdrawn when the branch was formally closed in September 2003.
 After the withdrawal of Central Trains services between Stafford and Stoke-on-Trent, to facilitate the West Coast Main Line upgrade at the request of the Strategic Rail Authority in May 2003, BakerBus route X1 was introduced to serve Norton Bridge, Stone, Barlaston and Wedgwood stations. When the train service was reintroduced by London Midland in December 2008, only Stone regained a rail service, and the other stations continued to be served by route X1. In October 2017, the Department for Transport (DfT) declared Norton Bridge station closed but continued the partial funding of the replacement bus service until March 2019. As of 2023, Barlaston and Wedgwood stations continue to be served by D&G Bus replacement route 100. The DfT  funds the contractual service while it seeks a solution to demands for the restoration of the train service. The bustitution existed for 19 years, as of 2023.
 After the withdrawal of services by Arriva CrossCountry between Reading and Brighton in December 2008, the only passenger services on three short sections of line between Ealing Broadway and Wandsworth Road, a replacement weekly bus service was introduced. The service ceased in June 2013, after a formal closure process had been completed.

United States

Rail-replacement bus services occurred on a large scale after the dismantling of the street railway systems of many cities in North America in the mid-20th century. Replacement of existing rail services with buses after World War II is one of the largest reasons that so few US cities have rapid transit systems.

The temporary substitution of buses for trains may be done with Amtrak's Thruway Motorcoach service.

The G Line (formerly the Orange Line) of the Los Angeles Metro runs along a paved closed course on the easement from the original Southern Pacific Railroad Burbank line, which was later used by the Pacific Electric Railway. It may eventually be converted back to light rail with Measure M funding, but that is not currently scheduled to happen until around 2050.

Singapore
An incident occurred in Singapore on 7 July 2015 after a mass shutdown on the North–South and East–West lines after a power system failure. The operator SMRT and the rival SBS Transit did not activate bus bridging but made all buses free islandwide because of the sheer scale of the disruptions. The Land Transport Authority made travel free available for any bus services passing MRT stations that were affected during the train disruptions, and during a massive disruption affecting at least two lines, bus travel islandwide was made free.

Urban transit
Rail-replacement bus services are common among urban rail transit systems, mainly because of unexpected service disruptions. For example, one of the effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York was that the New York City Subway required replacement bus service for several subway routes. As the subway runs 24/7/365, replacement bus service is also provided when subway lines were closed for regularly-scheduled maintenance and so interruptions in subway service require replacement bus service, even during off-peak hours.

Planning rail-replacement services in a high-patronage environment, such as a high-capacity rapid transit network, requires efficient use and management of time and resources to prevent major travel disruptions. Thats was exemplified by a July 2015 shutdown on the Toronto subway during rush hour from a communication system breakdown in which the Toronto Transit Commission opted not to use replacement buses, as "it wasn't possible to replace the entire subway's capacity with buses".

See also

 Beeching cuts, an example of bus service replacing rail service
 Bus rapid transit
 Effects of the car on societies
 Rail trail
 Transport economics

References

External links

Public transport
Bus terminology
Replacement bus service


Funnies are terms used during a game of golf to describe various achievements, both positive and negative. They are different from traditional expressions such a birdie, eagle, etc. in that they do not necessarily refer to strict scores, but to unusual events which may happen in the course of a game. They are constantly being developed and there is some variation in their interpretation and usage throughout the world.

The main use of funnies is to add interest to informal matchplay games as they enable players to win something regardless of the overall outcome of the match.  They are frequently associated with gambling, with money, usually small stakes, changing hands depending on which funnies occur.

Types of Funny
The most common funnies and their usual meanings are:

Oozlum: If any person on the green in regulation (usually in one on a Par 3) has only one or two putts and so matches or beats par, they win. If more than one person succeeds, the funny goes to the one who was nearest the flag. If not won by anyone, this can be rolled over (i.e. pays out double) to the next Par 3, if this is what the players have agreed, and so on. Also called Ooozler or Oozelem.
Sandy: This is if you hole out for par (or less) having been in a bunker at some point during the hole. Also seen spelled "Sandie".
Ferret: The holing of a ball from off the green for a par or better or, in some alternative versions, when the player's score is still relevant to the outcome of that hole. Holing with a putter may be excluded.
Golden Ferret: The holing of a ball directly from a bunker.

These are all positive outcomes, resulting in a gain, either financial or simply in pride, for the successful player.

A negative funny is:
Plonker: If a man's drive fails to reach the ladies' tee, which is typically only a short distance in front of the men's tee.

Less common funnies:

Positive:
Sticky: If you hit the flag from off the green but didn't go in. An optimist would consider this good, a pessimist bad.
Chippy: If you chip straight in with the flag out. A Chippy Sticky refers to chipping in with the flag still in the hole.
Bonito: When a ball lands in the water but skips out back into play. Believed to be Australian. Also called a Barnes Wallis in the United Kingdom.
Bridgee: when you ricochet a ball off a bridge ( over water ) and score one under par ( birdie).

Negative:
Reverse Oozlum: Same as an Oozlum, but if you take three or more putts instead.
Reverse Sandy: Same as a Sandy but if you miss the putt for par.

Similar events
Other occurrences that are used for gambling:

Positive:
Longest Drive: The longest drive of the group, but it must end up on the fairway.
Nearest the Pin: This is won by the player who is nearest the pin with his tee shot on a Par 3, so long as the ball finishes on the green.
Birdie: One under par (similarly, Eagle and Albatross). These can be gross or net, depending on the agreement at the start of play.
Bye: Once the game is over, a short match (often only one or two holes) can be played to give the loser a chance to regain some pride and possibly be bought a drink in the bar afterwards. Equivalent to a beer match in cricket if the main game finishes very early.
Hole in One: In view of how rarely this happens, it should pay out a very large amount; however, the normal result is that the successful player has to buy everyone in the bar a drink when they return to the clubhouse. Much glory but potentially costly.

Longest Drive and Nearest the Pin are most usually competed for by all of those taking part on Golf Society or corporate days with prizes for the winners.

Negative:
Out of Turn: If you go out of turn at the start of a hole.

"Carry the Can" Funnies:

Rather like Atlas, who incorrectly was said to have been left supporting the world on his shoulders when someone passed it to him, there is a category of Funny which passes from one player to another rather than simply being won or lost as you go along. Each time it is passed, the fund is increased by one as in a skins game and the player left holding the funny at the end of the round pays out the amount it has accumulated to each of the other players.

Most common:
The Camel: Every time any player lands in a bunker, one point is added to the camel fund and this player then "carries" the camel until another player lands in a bunker. There is sometimes a division between the Camel for a fairway bunker and The Cat (or Caterpillar) if referring to a greenside bunker, but most would consider this to be an unnecessary complication.
The Snake: Every time any player takes three putts, one point is added to the snake fund and this player then "carries" the snake until another player three putts. In strict company, a four putt can be argued to be two snakes, and so on.

Less common:
The Fish (or Frog): Equivalent to a Camel but relating to water hazards rather than bunkers.
The Squirrel (or Monkey): Hit a tree. Some arguments arise whether the tree is just branches or includes foliage and whether bushes count. If in doubt assume everything counts. If it is thought that the ball must have hit a tree but all were unsighted and no sound was heard then the benefit of the doubt rests with the player.
The Gorilla (or Bear): If you hit your ball out of bounds.

Miscellaneous
Sally Gunnell: This refers to a shot which is not classically attractive, but which still goes quite a long way because it runs very well. It affectionately refers to the successful British athlete of the early 1990s.
Sister-in-law: This refers to a shot that finishes in a far better position than it should have.  For example, a Sally Gunnell that ends up a few feet from the hole could be called a Sister-in-law. (In other words, you're up there, but you really shouldn't be.)

See also
Golf glossary
Nassau (bet): a type of bet between golfers that is essentially three separate bets. Money is wagered on the best score in the front 9, back 9, and total 18 holes.
Skins game: a type of match play in which each hole has a set value, usually in money or points, that is awarded to the winner of a hole.  If any participants tie on a hole, the prize is rolled over to the subsequent hole.

References

Golf terminology
Wagering


Mary Lincoln Beckwith (August 22, 1898 – July 10, 1975) was a prominent descendant of Abraham Lincoln. Beckwith was one of the last two confirmed descendants of Abraham Lincoln, along with her younger brother Robert.

Early life

Beckwith was born to Jessie Harlan Lincoln and Warren Wallace Beckwith on August 22, 1898, in Mount Pleasant, Iowa. She got the nickname "Peggy" from her grandfather Robert Todd Lincoln, who described her hair as "flying in the sun" when he wrote to his Aunt Emile Todd Helm. People who were close to her called her "Peggy."

Raised with her brother in Manchester, VT at the home of her grandfather, Robert Todd Lincoln, at a farm known as Hildene,  the family estate in Vermont, she later grew up in Washington, D.C., and was said to have become "a squat, fair-haired, blue-eyed, chain smoker who golfed and dabbled in oil painting and sculpture." Beckwith attended the Madeira School, then called Miss Madeira's School, a private prep school, but she did not go on to college afterwards.

Prior to World War I, she was a representative on the committee on public information in Cuba. In 1918, she returned to the family farm to fill positions left by men who had gone to war. Beckwith took an agricultural course at Cornell, and wanted to organize young women to work the farm.

Beckwith was interested in aviation. Her first time flying was to ask for a ride in a plane at the Curtiss airport in Baltimore in 1930 and afterwards "she announced without any further formalities that she would like to learn to fly by herself." She earned her private pilot's license by 1931. In the 1930s, she built a private landing strip in Manchester VT, and purchased a number of airplanes. One of them was a three-seat sports plane. She also owned a Cutliss Gypsy Moth and a Traveler. During this time she was living at Hildene with her grandmother, Mary Harlan Lincoln.

By 1938, Beckwith was operating a 412-acre dairy farm at Hildene. She had inherited this property following the death of her grandmother, Mary Harlan Lincoln in 1938.

Later life
Beckwith never married or had children, and it was rumored she was a lesbian. She ran Hildene "as a farm" and dabbled in art and sculpture. Despite her desire to eschew publicity, she was well known by the local farm community. She was known to conduct errands in the town around Hildene "dressed in blue jeans overalls, with a shirt and a man's cap."

Beckwith christened the submarine Abraham Lincoln on May 14, 1960.

She died on July 10, 1975, at around 2:15 a.m. at Rutland Hospital in Rutland, Vermont, a month before her 76th birthday. She had requested that her ashes be spread over her estate; this request was granted and there was no funeral or memorial service held. Upon her death, her brother Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith became the last living descendant of Abraham Lincoln.

See also
Lincoln family tree

References

Notes
Dallas Morning News obituary, July 12, 1975, gave her name as "Miss Mary Todd Lincoln Beckwith".

1898 births
1975 deaths
Lincoln family
People from Mount Pleasant, Iowa
American aviators
American women aviators
Aviators from Iowa
People from Henry County, Iowa
20th-century American women


Melesse (; ; Gallo: Melècz) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Melesse are called Melessiens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Skeiane Station () is a railway station in the city of Sandnes which is in the western part of Sandnes Municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  The station is located in the southern part of the city centre, a short distance south of the Sandnes Sentrum Station. The station is  south of the city of Stavanger. The station has a shelter for waiting, but no food, restroom, or ticketing services.

This station is served by the local Jæren Commuter Rail service running between Stavanger and Egersund on the Sørlandet Line.  The station was the central station for Sandnes between 1955 and 1996 (called Sandnes Station), but was then replaced by a rebuilt Sandnes Sentrum Station. This station was then renamed Sandnes holdeplass (from 1996 until 2017), serving only as a stop for local trains, but officially it remained the main station. To reduce confusion with the now much more used station with similar name, the station was renamed to "Skeiane" from 12 August 2017.

References

Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Railway stations in Sandnes
Railway stations opened in 1955
1955 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1950s


Meillac (; ; Gallo: Melhac) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Meillac are called Meillacois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Seán Kevin O'Brien (born 14 February 1987) is an Irish retired professional rugby union player. He previously represented home province Leinster for eleven seasons. At Leinster, he helped the team win four European titles, and was named ERC European Player of the Year for the 2010–11 season, he then played three season's for English Premiership Rugby side London Irish.

Internationally, he played for Ireland for ten years, and toured twice with the British & Irish Lions in 2013 and 2017. O'Brien could play across the back-row, though he primarily played as an openside flanker. He announced his retirement from rugby in 2022.

Professional career

Leinster
O’Brien made his Leinster debut against Cardiff Blues in September 2008 in the Celtic League. He made his Heineken Cup debut against Castres Olympique in December 2008. He did not feature for Leinster in the 2009 Heineken Cup Final, but evidence of O’Brien's emergence as one of the most exciting young back-row forwards in Europe came in the form of strong interest from France before Christmas of 2010. The Irish Rugby Football Union moved quickly and O’Brien agreed a new three-year deal with Leinster the following January.

O'Brien was in outstanding form for Leinster during the pool stages of the 2010–11 Heineken Cup, and was an integral part of the team that beat Northampton Saints to win the 2011 Heineken Cup Final. In 2012 O'Brien helped Leinster win the 2012 Heineken Cup Final, scoring a try as Leinster beat Ulster. In January 2014, O'Brien signed a new two-year deal with Leinster. On 21 December 2015, O'Brien signed a new three-year contract with Leinster.

London Irish
O'Brien joined English Premiership side London Irish, where former Ireland head coach Declan Kidney and assistant coach Les Kiss are director of rugby and head coach respectively, in December 2019, after the completion of the 2019 Rugby World Cup. O'Brien made his debut against Sale Sharks on 6 March 2020. He retired from rugby at the conclusion of the 2021–22 season.

Ireland and British & Irish Lions
In 2007, he was a member of the Ireland Under-20 Grand Slam winning squad. O'Brien was called up to the Ireland team for the 2009 November Tests, and he gained his first cap when he came on as a substitute against Fiji at the RDS Arena on 21 November 2009. He also came on as a replacement against South Africa in a 15–10 win on 28 November 2009. He came off the bench against Italy in the 2010 Six Nations Championship, but was dropped afterwards. He was injured during Ireland's 2010 Summer Tests, but won his first start against Samoa in the 2010 Autumn Tests, though he did not feature in any other games. O'Brien started every game for Ireland during the 2011 Six Nations, winning the Man of the Match award against Italy.
He came third in the 2011 Six Nations Player of the Championship losing out to the winner Andrea Masi. He was selected in Ireland's final 30-man squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand. O'Brien started against Australia, Russia, Italy and Wales during Ireland's World Cup campaign, scoring a try against Russia and winning the Man-of-the-Match award against Italy. O’Brien was ranked among the five best players at the 2011 World Cup, due in significant part to his standout performance against Australia where he led the team in both tackles and runs.

O’Brien did not play for Ireland during 2014 due lingering problems from a shoulder injury. In the final 2015 Rugby World Cup Pool D match, O'Brien punched Pascal Papé in the first minute of the win over France. The incident went unnoticed by the match officials, and O'Brien later was named man of the match. The win earned Ireland top pool placement, and a quarter-final against Argentina. O'Brien was later cited by World Rugby, and received a one-game ban (reduced from the recommended minimum of two for mitigating factors including an "exemplary disciplinary record"), meaning he was unable to play in the quarter-final.

O’Brien last played for Ireland in the 2019 Six Nations. He missed the 2019 Rugby World Cup due to a hip injury. After joining London Irish in 2020 O'Brien said that he would love to play for Ireland again but he is aware of the unwritten rule in Irish rugby regarding players based overseas not being selected for the national team and he doesn't see this being any different for himself.

Awards
O'Brien was named 2010–2011 ERC European Player of the Year following a season where Leinster were Heineken Cup champions.
He was one of five players shortlisted from the 24 Heineken Cup and 20 Amlin Challenge Cup teams that included Leinster teammates Jamie Heaslip and Isa Nacewa.
O’Brien was ranked by the IRB among the five best players at the 2011 Rugby World Cup.
O'Brien was awarded the 2011 Guinness/Rugby Writers of Ireland player of the year and received his award at a function in the Aviva Stadium, Dublin.

Personal life
In September 2014, he bought Bellamy's Pub in Ballsbridge with Leinster teammates Rob Kearney, Dave Kearney and Jamie Heaslip. After an extensive refurbishment, it was reopened as "The Bridge 1859". They have all since opened Blackrock Bar And plan to open a smaller lemon duke restaurant called ‘Little Duke”.

Since 2018, O'Brien had been in a relationship with Sarah Rowe. They Broke up in December 2020.

In June 2019, O'Brien was named in the national newspaper Irish Independent as having urinated on a member of the public in a bar when drinking in Dublin after a Pro 14 match with other players. O'Brien admitted his guilt in an IRFU investigation.

References

External links
IRFU Profile
Leinster Profile
Pro14 Profile

London Irish Profile

1987 births
Living people
Rugby union players from County Carlow
Irish rugby union players
Clontarf FC players
University College Dublin R.F.C. players
Leinster Rugby players
London Irish players
Ireland international rugby union players
Ireland Wolfhounds international rugby union players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Ireland
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union number eights
Irish expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in England
Irish expatriate sportspeople in England
People from Tullow
2011 Rugby World Cup players
2015 Rugby World Cup players


In mathematics, quaternions are a non-commutative number system that extends the complex numbers. Quaternions and their applications to rotations were first described in print by Olinde Rodrigues in all but name in 1840, but independently discovered by Irish mathematician Sir William Rowan Hamilton in 1843 and applied to mechanics in three-dimensional space. They find uses in both theoretical and applied mathematics, in particular for calculations involving three-dimensional rotations.

Hamilton's discovery
In 1843, Hamilton knew that the complex numbers could be viewed as points in a plane and that they could be added and multiplied together using certain geometric operations.  Hamilton sought to find a way to do the same for points in space. Points in space can be represented by their coordinates, which are triples of numbers and have an obvious addition, but Hamilton had difficulty defining the appropriate multiplication.

According to a letter Hamilton wrote later to his son Archibald:
Every morning in the early part of October 1843, on my coming down to breakfast, your brother William Edwin and yourself used to ask me: "Well, Papa, can you multiply triples?"  Whereto I was always obliged to reply, with a sad shake of the head, "No, I can only add and subtract them."

On October 16, 1843, Hamilton and his wife took a walk along the Royal Canal in Dublin. While they walked across Brougham Bridge (now Broom Bridge), a solution suddenly occurred to him. While he could not "multiply triples", he saw a way to do so for quadruples. By using three of the numbers in the quadruple as the points of a coordinate in space, Hamilton could represent points in space by his new system of numbers. He then carved the basic rules for multiplication into the bridge:

Hamilton called a quadruple with these rules of multiplication a quaternion, and he devoted the remainder of his life to studying and teaching them. From 1844 to 1850 Philosophical Magazine communicated Hamilton's exposition of quaternions. In 1853 he issued Lectures on Quaternions, a comprehensive treatise that also described biquaternions. The facility of the algebra in expressing geometric relationships led to broad acceptance of the method, several compositions by other authors, and stimulation of applied algebra generally. As mathematical terminology has grown since that time, and usage of some terms has changed, the traditional expressions are referred to classical Hamiltonian quaternions.

Precursors

Hamilton's innovation consisted of expressing quaternions as an algebra over . The formulae for the multiplication of quaternions are implicit in the four squares formula devised by Leonhard Euler in 1748; Olinde Rodrigues applied this formula to representing rotations in 1840.

Response
The special claims of quaternions as the algebra of four-dimensional space were challenged by James Cockle with his exhibits in 1848 and 1849 of tessarines and coquaternions as alternatives. Nevertheless, these new algebras from Cockle were, in fact, to be found inside Hamilton's biquaternions. From Italy, in 1858 Giusto Bellavitis responded to connect Hamilton's vector theory with his theory of equipollences of directed line segments.

Jules Hoüel led the response from France in 1874 with a textbook on the elements of quaternions. To ease the study of versors, he introduced "biradials" to designate great circle arcs on the sphere. Then the quaternion algebra provided the foundation for spherical trigonometry  introduced in chapter 9. Hoüel replaced Hamilton's basis vectors , ,  with , , and .

The variety of fonts available led Hoüel to another notational innovation:  designates a point,  and  are algebraic quantities, and in the equation for a quaternion

 is a vector and  is an angle. This style of quaternion exposition was perpetuated by Charles-Ange Laisant and Alexander Macfarlane.

William K. Clifford expanded the types of biquaternions, and explored elliptic space, a geometry in which the points can be viewed as versors. Fascination with quaternions began before the language of set theory and mathematical structures was available. In fact, there was little mathematical notation before the Formulario mathematico. The quaternions stimulated these advances: For example, the idea of a vector space borrowed Hamilton's term but changed its meaning. Under the modern understanding, any quaternion is a vector in four-dimensional space. (Hamilton's vectors lie in the subspace with scalar part zero.)

Since quaternions demand their readers to imagine four dimensions, there is a metaphysical aspect to their invocation. Quaternions are a philosophical object. Setting quaternions before freshmen students of engineering asks too much. Yet the utility of dot products and cross products in three-dimensional space, for illustration of processes, calls for the uses of these operations which are cut out of the quaternion product. Thus Willard Gibbs and Oliver Heaviside made this accommodation, for pragmatism, to avoid the distracting superstructure.

For mathematicians the quaternion structure became familiar and lost its status as something mathematically interesting. Thus in England, when Arthur Buchheim prepared a paper on biquaternions, it was published in the American Journal of Mathematics since some novelty in the subject lingered there.  Research turned to hypercomplex numbers more generally. For instance, Thomas Kirkman and Arthur Cayley considered the number of equations between basis vectors would be necessary to determine a unique system. The wide interest that quaternions aroused around the world resulted in the Quaternion Society. In contemporary mathematics, the division ring of quaternions exemplifies an algebra over a field.

Principal publications
 1853 Lectures on Quaternions
 1866 Elements of Quaternions
 1873 Elementary Treatise by Peter Guthrie Tait
 1874 Jules Hoüel: Éléments de la Théorie des Quaternions
 1878 Abbott Lawrence Lowell:  Quadrics: Harvard dissertation:
 1882 Tait and Philip Kelland: Introduction with Examples
 1885 Arthur Buchheim:  Biquaternions
 1887 Valentin Balbin: (Spanish) Elementos de Calculo de los Cuaterniones, Buenos Aires
 1899 Charles Jasper Joly: Elements vol 1, vol 2 1901
 1901 Vector Analysis by Willard Gibbs and Edwin Bidwell Wilson (quaternion ideas without quaternions)
 1904 Cargill Gilston Knott: third edition of Kelland and Tait's textbook
 1904 Bibliography prepared for the Quaternion Society by Alexander Macfarlane
 1905 C.J. Joly's Manual for Quaternions
 1940 Julian Coolidge in A History of Geometrical Methods, page 261, uses the coordinate-free methods of Hamilton's operators and cites A. L. Lawrence's work at Harvard. Coolidge uses these operators on dual quaternions to describe screw displacement in kinematics.

Octonions

Octonions were developed independently by Arthur Cayley in 1845  and  John T. Graves, a friend of Hamilton's. Graves had interested Hamilton in algebra, and responded to his discovery of quaternions with "If with your alchemy you can make three pounds of gold [the three imaginary units], why should you stop there?"

Two months after Hamilton's discovery of quaternions, Graves wrote Hamilton on December 26, 1843, presenting a kind of double quaternion that is called an octonion, and showed that they were what we now call a normed division algebra; Graves called them octaves. Hamilton needed a way to distinguish between two different types of double quaternions, the associative biquaternions and the octaves.  He spoke about them to the Royal Irish Society and credited his friend Graves for the discovery of the second type of double quaternion. observed in reply that they were not associative, which may have been the invention of the concept. He also promised to get Graves' work published, but did little about it; Cayley, working independently of Graves, but inspired by Hamilton's publication of his own work, published on octonions in March 1845 – as an appendix to a paper on a different subject. Hamilton was stung into protesting Graves' priority in discovery, if not publication; nevertheless, octonions are known by the name Cayley gave them – or as Cayley numbers.

The major deduction from the existence of octonions was the eight squares theorem, which follows directly from the product rule from octonions, had also been previously discovered as a purely algebraic identity, by Carl Ferdinand Degen in 1818. This sum-of-squares identity is characteristic of composition algebra, a feature of complex numbers, quaternions, and octonions.

Mathematical uses

Quaternions continued to be a well-studied mathematical structure in the twentieth century, as the third term in the Cayley–Dickson construction of hypercomplex number systems over the reals, followed by the octonions and the sedenions; they are also a useful tool in number theory, particularly in the study of the representation of numbers as sums of squares. The group of eight basic unit quaternions, positive and negative, the quaternion group, is also the simplest non-commutative Sylow group.

The study of integral quaternions began with Rudolf Lipschitz in 1886, whose system was  later simplified by Leonard Eugene Dickson; but the modern system was published by Adolf Hurwitz in 1919. The difference between them consists of which quaternions are accounted integral: Lipschitz included only those quaternions with integral coordinates, but Hurwitz added those quaternions all four of whose coordinates are half-integers. Both systems are closed under subtraction and multiplication, and are therefore rings, but Lipschitz's system does not permit unique factorization, while Hurwitz's does.

Quaternions as rotations

Quaternions are a concise  method of representing the automorphisms of three- and four-dimensional spaces. They have the technical advantage that unit quaternions form the simply connected cover of the space of three-dimensional rotations.

For this reason, quaternions are used in computer graphics, control theory, robotics, signal processing, attitude control, physics, bioinformatics, and orbital mechanics. For example, it is common for spacecraft attitude-control systems to be commanded in terms of quaternions. Tomb Raider (1996) is often cited as the first mass-market computer game to have used quaternions to achieve smooth 3D rotation. Quaternions have received another boost from number theory because of their relation to quadratic forms.

Memorial
Since 1989, the Department of Mathematics of the National University of Ireland, Maynooth has organized a pilgrimage, where scientists (including physicists Murray Gell-Mann in 2002, Steven Weinberg in 2005, Frank Wilczek in 2007, and mathematician Andrew Wiles in 2003) take a walk from Dunsink Observatory to the Royal Canal bridge where, unfortunately, no trace of Hamilton's carving remains.

References

 G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, Introduction to Number Theory. Many editions.
 Johannes C. Familton (2015) Quaternions: A History of Complex Non-commutative Rotation Groups in Theoretical Physics, Ph.D. thesis in Columbia University Department of Mathematics Education.

Notes

Historical treatment of quaternions


Médréac (; ; Gallo: Méderiac) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Médréac are called Médréaciens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Billy Alton is a former American football coach. He served as interim head coach at the University of Texas at El Paso following the firing of Bill Michael two games into the 1981 season. Alton compiled a 1–8 record and was replaced with Bill Yung soon after the season ended.  His team's lone win was a 35 to 29 home victory over Colorado State on October 24, 1981.

Alton attended Beth Center High School in Frederickstown, Pennsylvania, where he was involved in many sports. He then attended University of West Virginia where he played on a baseball team as a pitcher and catcher, captaining the squad his final two seasons. He attended one semester of law school before dropping out to become an athletic recruiter for his alma mater. Alton got his coaching career started at West Virginia-Wesleyan coaching both football and baseball before moving to California University of Pennsylvania for the next two seasons. He then coached at Lenoir-Rhyne, Louisville, before becoming an assistant at UTEP. After only two games as defensive coordinator, Alton was tabbed as interim head coach after the firing of Bill Michael. After the 1981 season, Alton applied for the UTEP job but it was given to Bill Yung. He was then the wide receivers coach at West Virginia.

Alton became the supervisor of football officials for the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference in 2009.

Head coaching record

Notes

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
UTEP Miners football coaches


Dan Healy is an audio engineer who often worked with the American rock band the Grateful Dead.  He succeeded Alembic and Owsley "Bear" Stanley as the group's chief sound man after the Wall Of Sound in 1974 and subsequent band hiatus through 1975.  A favorite amongst Deadheads for many years, he helped to introduce a tapers section at Grateful Dead concert to allow audience recording of live concerts. Healy would often provide direct output from the soundboard for the tapers to directly patch into their recorders.

He was a pioneer in rock sound system innovation, and helped Bear along with Ron Wickersham of Alembic design the Dead's "Wall of Sound" concert sound system. He also helped perfect the ultra-matrix soundboard setup which was used by the Dead from 1986 through 1990. Some fans and collectors of the band's live recordings deem this setup to be the band's best-sounding, and most practical.

Healy has also undertaken record production duties on occasion, such as when he produced the 1960s San Francisco psychedelic band The Charlatans' eponymous debut album. He is listed as co-producer and engineer on Mother Earth's debut album Living with the Animals (1968). Healy was also the bass player for Hoffman's Bicycle (later ) that played the Bay Area for 18 months from the Summer of 1968.

Notes and references

External links
 Dan Healy, "Speaker of the House" - Interview, October 1992. From Dozin.com.

American audio engineers
Grateful Dead
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)


Dean Smith (1931–2015) was an American college basketball coach.

Dean Smith may also refer to:

Politics
Dean Smith (Australian politician) (born 1969), Australian senator
Dean Smith (Canadian politician) (born 1928), former political figure in British Columbia, Canada

Sports
Dean Smith (sprinter) (1932–2023), American Olympic track and field athlete and stuntman
Dean Barton-Smith (born 1967), Australian former decathlete
Dean Smith (footballer, born 1971), English football player and, most recently, interim manager of Leicester City
Dean Smith (footballer, born 1958) (1958–2009), English football player for Leicester City and Brentford
Dean Smith (racing driver) (born 1988), British racing driver

Other people
Dean Smith (pilot) (1899–1987), American airmail pilot
Dean Smith (engineer), Walter Byers Award winner
Dean Smith (actor) (born 1990), starred in Waterloo Road
Dean Wesley Smith (born 1950), science fiction author
Dean Smith, title character of the Lucky Luke adventure published in French in 1976 as L'Empereur Smith, and in English in 2010 as Emperor Smith


Neil Reimer (July 3, 1921 – March 29, 2011) was an activist, trade unionist and politician in Canada.

Reimer attended the University of Saskatchewan, but left in 1942 at the age of 19 to work at the Consumers Co-operative Refinery in Regina, Saskatchewan. There he joined a Congress of Industrial Organizations union organizing drive.  In 1950, he became an organizer for the CIO's Oil Workers International Union and was sent to Alberta to organize workers in that province's booming petrochemical industry.

In 1951, Reimer became the Canadian director of the OWIU (which subsequently became the Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers Union) and served as the national director of the union and its successors until he retired in 1982. Under his stewardship, the union grew from fewer than 1,000 members to more than 20,000 by 1961. In 1981 the union gained independence from its American parent to become the Energy and Chemical Workers Union and, in 1992, merged with two other unions to become the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada.

Reimer was elected as a vice-president of the Canadian Congress of Labour in the 1950s and remained on the executive of it and its successor, the Canadian Labour Congress, until 1974.

Reimer became president of the newly founded New Democratic Party of Alberta in 1962 and was elected its first leader in 1963. The NDP's predecessor, the Alberta CCF, had lost its remaining two seats in the 1959 provincial election and received only 4% of the vote.  Under Reimer's leadership the NDP's share of the popular vote rose to 9% in the 1963 election and to nearly 16% in the 1967 election, but did not win any seats. Reimer resigned as NDP leader in 1968.

Reimer remained Canadian director of the OCAW throughout the 1960s and 1970s and became national director of the Energy and Chemical Workers Union when it was formed from the OCAW in 1981. He retired from the union's leadership in 1984.  He then served as the president and later as secretary treasurer of the Alberta Council on Aging.

His daughter, Janice Rhea Reimer, served as mayor of Edmonton from 1989 to 1995.

References

1921 births
2011 deaths
Alberta CCF/NDP leaders
Trade unionists from Alberta
Canadian Labour Congress people
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Congress of Industrial Organizations people


Maxent (; ; Gallo: Maczant) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
The inhabitants of Maxent are called maxentais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Battle of the Nudes is the second solo album by Gordon Downie, lead singer of The Tragically Hip. It was released in 2003.  Most of the tracks are recordings of songs written by Downie with heavy rock accompaniment.

Downie's backing band, credited as "The Country of Miracles", included Julie Doiron, Josh Finlayson and members of The Dinner Is Ruined (Dale Morningstar and Dave Clark).

Production and marketing

The album was recorded and mixed by Morningstar. The cover artwork was created by Montreal artist Jon Claytor.

To overcome the problem of fans creating bootleg recordings instead of buying the CD, Downie collaborated with MapleMusic Recordings to create video recordings of concerts performed in support of the album.  The videos were posted for sale a few days after the concert.

Track listing
All tracks written by Gord Downie unless otherwise noted.
 "Into The Night"
 "Figment"
 "Christmastime In Toronto"
 "Willow Logic"
 "Pascal's Submarine" (Gordon Downie on harmonica and drums) (with the brass section and trumpet solo by Chris Botti)
 "11th Fret"
 "Who By Rote" (Downie, Clark, Doiron, Finlayson, Morningstar, Press)
 "Steeplechase"
 "More Me Less You"
 "We're Hardcore" (Downie, Clark, Finlayson, Morningstar, Press)
 "Pillform No. 2"
 "Pillform No. 1"

References

2003 albums
Gordon Downie albums
Rounder Records albums


Steve Clark (full name Stevan Dion Clark) is a former National Football League (NFL) defensive end who played for the New England Patriots in the 1981 and 1982 seasons.

Early years
Steve was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on October 29, 1959. He attended high school at Miffin High School in Columbus, Ohio.

College
Steve went to Kansas State University, as a freshman and sophomore he played defensive tackle, but switched to defensive end for his junior and senior years. In 1980, as a senior, he had 68 tackles and four sacks. He earned Player-of-the-week honors vs. Iowa State on October 11, 1980 with 14 tackles, one sack, and one fumble recovery. After his senior season, he appeared in the 1980 Blue/Gray Game and the 1981 Senior Bowl.

He graduated in spring 1981 with a degree in elementary education.

Professional career
In April 1981 he was drafted in the 5th round (pick 130) of the NFL Draft by the New England Patriots. He was placed on injured reserve on September 1, 1981, but was reactivated a month later and saw special teams duty and some DE time before injuring his left knee in a late season 19–10 loss to the Buffalo Bills. He was replaced on injured reserve on December 16, 1981. Coaches and teammates said he had great speed and was an excellent pass rusher and would most likely compete for a starting job in the 1982 season. After a 2–14 rookie year and a new coaching staff in 1982, Clark was moved from defensive end to add depth to the Patriot offensive line. During the strike-shortened 1982 season, Clark saw limited regular season action. Clark returned to the Patriots in 1983 and appeared in all four pre-season games before being waived in September. He signed with the San Francisco 49ers in February 1984, but a knee injury in camp that summer ended his career.

External links
Steve Clark on Database Football
List of Famous K-State Graduates
1981 NFL Draft
Steve Clark Patriots Alumni Guide

1959 births
Living people
Players of American football from Chattanooga, Tennessee
American football defensive ends
Kansas State Wildcats football players
New England Patriots players


Maure-de-Bretagne (, literally Maure of Brittany; ; ) is a former commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Val d'Anast.

Population
Inhabitants of Maure-de-Bretagne are called Mauritaniens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Former communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


John O'Brien is a Gaelic footballer who played for the Round Towers club and at senior level for the Dublin county team. He made his debut in the 2008 O'Byrne Cup against Wicklow.

O'Brien made his NFL debut for Dublin against Westmeath in the first round. He was on Dublin's winning team for the 2008 O'Byrne Cup winning team which defeated Longford in the final.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of Garda Síochána College
Dublin inter-county Gaelic footballers
Garda Síochána officers
Round Towers Clondalkin Gaelic footballers
Police officers from County Dublin


Martigné-Ferchaud (; ; Gallo: Marteinyaé-Fèrchaud) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Etymology
The name "Martigné" is thought to date from the Gallo-Roman period, the place being named after the first Roman governor of the area, known to have been named Martinus. The place-name was recorded in 1218 as Martigneum.  The origin of the second part of the name is less clear. In French fer chaud means hot iron, and the two most likely origins are the practice of shoeing horses with hot iron and the local iron working industry.

Geography
The town lies in the middle of the commune, on the left bank of the River Semnon, which flows westwards through the commune.

History
In ancient times the town was part of the Riedones, one of the five Breton federations.  Following the Roman invasion of 56 BC, it became part of the Province of Lyonnaise, under Governor Martinus.

Situated on the Roman road from Angers to Rennes, it was a main crossing point on the Semnon.  It is believed to have had a small Roman garrison due to its strategic position as a river crossing and as a centre for arms manufacture. The Roman legions withdrew from Gaul in 410AD.

During the feudal period, justice was administered by the local lord, who was required to give service to his sovereign.  The service required of the lord of Martigné Ferchaud was two horsemen fully equipped, while that of Vitre was five men-at-arms.

The lord of Martigne had the right of High Justice, including capital crime. Martigné Ferchaud was one of the larger country towns in the region and was subject to the barony of Vitre. The title became associated by marriage with that of Chateaubriant in the 11th century.

Though predominantly an area of agriculture, metal smelting and working continued in Martigné from Roman times until the early 20th century.

Population
Inhabitants of Martigné-Ferchaud are called Martignolais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

"Le Pays de Martigne Ferchaud" Yves Breton 1985

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


A television play is a television programming genre which is a drama performance broadcast from a multi-camera television studio, usually live in the early days of television but later recorded to tape. This is in contrast to a television movie, which employs the single-camera setup of film production.

United Kingdom

From the 1950s until the early 1980s, the television play was a television programming genre in the United Kingdom. The genre was often associated with the social realist-influenced British drama style known as "kitchen sink realism", which depicted the social issues facing working-class families. Armchair Theatre (ABC, later Thames, 1956–1974), The Wednesday Play (BBC, 1964–1970) and Play for Today (BBC, 1970–1984) received praise from critics for their quality.

Armchair Theatre: 1956–1974
Armchair Theatre was a British television drama anthology series, which ran on the ITV network from 1956 until 1968 in its original form, and was intermittently resurrected in the following few years until 1973. The Canadian producer Sydney Newman, who was ABC's Head of Drama from 1958 to 1962, turned Armchair Theatre into a vehicle for the generation of 'Angry Young Men' who tackled many difficult and controversial subjects in the realistic 'kitchen sink' style.

The programme was networked nationally on ITV on Sunday evenings, and often drew large audiences. Over 450 plays were made and broadcast under the Armchair... banner from 1956 to 1980. Among the best-known plays were No Trams to Lime Street (1959) by Alun Owen, and A Night Out (1960) by Harold Pinter.

Armchair Theatre was an important influence over later similar programmes such as the BBC's The Wednesday Play (1964–1970). This latter programme was initiated by Sydney Newman as a deliberate attempt to echo the success of Armchair Theatre after he had moved to the BBC in 1963.

The Wednesday Play: 1964–1970
The Wednesday Play ran on BBC1 from 1964 to 1970 originated by Sydney Newman, by now the head of BBC Drama, with the policy of commissioned plays being "relevant to the lives of a mainstream popular audience." The goal was to find or commission work that "would be fast...telling an exciting narrative sparely" using material "that would more accurately reflect the experience of the audience." The series' producers, including James MacTaggart, hired "fresh new writers", whose new ideas led to the series gaining "the reputation for 'controversy' and 'outrage'." He also wanted to get away from the BBC's reputation of producing very 'safe' and unchallenging drama programmes, to produce something with more bite and vigour.

The series gained a reputation for presenting original contemporary social dramas, although adaptations from other sources also featured, and brought political issues to the attention of a mass audience. Director Ken Loach made two highly regarded plays for the series: an adaptation of Nell Dunn's Up the Junction (1965) and Cathy Come Home (1966), the documentary-style drama of a homeless young couple's attempt to keep their children. The Wednesday Play came to an end in 1970 when the transmission day changed, and the series morphed into Play for Today.

Play for Today: 1970–1984
Play for Today was a British television anthology drama series, produced by the BBC and transmitted on BBC1 from 1970 to 1984. Over 300 original plays, most between an hour and ninety minutes in length, were transmitted during the fourteen-year period the series aired. Play for Today featured gritty contemporary social realist dramas, historical pieces, fantasies, biopics and science-fiction. Most pieces were written directly for television, but there were also occasional adaptations of novels and stage plays.

Some well remembered plays from the series included Mike Leigh's Nuts in May (1976) and Abigail's Party (1977), which examined the dysfunctional interactions between neighbours and married couples. Some plays, such as Rumpole of the Bailey, were later made into series.

Decline of genre: mid-1980s
Television plays became less common from the 1980s, because of a trend in 1980s television drama towards the television film which might receive limited cinema screenings before being shown on Channel 4. Another factor was a greater reliance on continuing series of the police or medical genres in a growing multi-channel environment. Nonetheless, television plays were regarded as a benchmark of high-quality British television drama.

United States
In the United States, television plays were seen mainly from 1948 to 1961, the period of live TV dramas which framed the Golden Age of Television.

Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union the broadcast-only TV plays were produced since 1938 until early 1950s, later they started being recorded via kinescope.

The genre was abandoned in mid-1980s.

Russia
An attempt to revive the genre was made by the Russia-Culture TV channel in early 2000s by producing several small TV plays and one full-time play, Leonid Zorin's "Copper Grandma" ("Медная бабушка"). Similar efforts within the same time frame were made by a local state TV company of Nizhny Novgorod.<ref>Решетникова В.В. "О жанре телевизионного спектакля" In: "Научные и учебные тетради Высшей школы телевидения МГУ.им. М.В. Ломоносова М.: Алгоритм-Книга, 2010, vol. 2, p. 26</ref>

See also
Television film
Radio drama

 References

 Notes

 Further reading
 Evans, Jeff. The Penguin TV Companion (1st ed.). London: Penguin Books. 2001. .
 Vahimagi, Tise. British Television: An Illustrated Guide''. Oxford. Oxford University Press / British Film Institute. 1994. .

External links
 Mark Duguid "The Television Play", BFI screenonline article

British anthology television series
BBC television dramas
Social realism
Television genres


Marpiré (; ; Gallo: Marpirae) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany, northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Marpiré are called Marpiréens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


The Battle of the Nudes or Battle of the Naked Men, probably dating from 1465–1475, is an engraving by the Florentine goldsmith and sculptor Antonio del Pollaiuolo which is one of the most significant old master prints of the Italian Renaissance. The engraving is large at 42.4 × 60.9 cm, and depicts five men wearing headbands and five men without, fighting in pairs with weapons in front of a dense background of vegetation.

All the figures are posed in different strained and athletic positions, and the print is advanced for the period in this respect. The style is classicizing, although they grimace fiercely, and their musculature is strongly emphasized.  The two figures nearest the front of the picture space are in essentially the same pose, seen from in front and behind, and one purpose of the print may have been to give artists poses to copy. An effective and largely original return-stroke engraving technique was employed to model the bodies, with delicate and subtle effect.

The engraving is signed : OPVS ANTONII POLLAIOLI FLORENTINI ("the work of Antonio Pollaiuolo the Florentine") on a tablet at left. Signing a print so prominently was unusual at this period.

Context and reception
Vasari, who praises the engraving highly, says that Pollaiuolo made other prints, but none have survived. Given the rarity of this one, Vasari may well be right, although he was writing many decades later. Alternatively he may have been referring to a number of prints after paintings or drawings of Pollaiuolo, but now universally seen as engraved by different artists to the battle, and now mostly attributed as "School of Pollaiuolo" or similar terms.

As with Andrea Mantegna, the dominant Italian printmaker of the period, based mostly in Mantua, the suggestion has been made that Pollaiuolo may not have engraved the plate himself, but hired a specialist to work from his design. However this remains a minority view. Engraving was an essential skill of the goldsmith, and Pollaiuolo's workshop produced niello engraved plaques. Estimates of the date of the engraving have varied from about 1465 to about 1489. As with most famous prints of the period, a number of direct copies were made in engraving and woodcut, including one by "Johannes of Frankfurt" in about 1490, and it was often borrowed from and imitated, for example in a drawing probably by Raphael. It is the first print to be signed with the artist's full name (on the plaque at the left rear), as opposed to the initials or monograms used by many printmakers.

The print clearly relates to the work of Mantegna, although uncertainty about the dating of the works of both artists means that the direction of influence is unclear. Mantegna made two large engravings of the Battle of the Sea-Gods, and he or his followers produced a number of others of male nudes fighting under various classical titles. Despite the usual attempts by art historians, including in this case Erwin Panofsky, to identify a specific subject for the engraving, it is likely none was intended. The two central figures grasp the ends of a large chain, which may suggest that the figures are to be seen as gladiators.

Vasari wrote of Pollaiuolo:

On the other hand, it has been suggested that Leonardo da Vinci may have had Pollaiuolo partly in mind when he wrote that artists should not

A recent paper suggests that the image depicts a duel between two noblemen that has degenerated into a more widespread confrontation involving the lower classes. It is further posited that Pollaiuolo's contemporaries would have recognised a difference in social class among combatants based on differences in armour, weapons and actions. These and other signifiers can be traced to a literary source, Giovanni da Legnano's legal treatise  from the late fourteenth century.

Recent inquiries into the meaning of the work also suggest that this remarkable battle scene had impacted artists even after Mantegna. While the nude figures are idealized through the various poses, the figures can be seen time and time again in other works completed by other Venetian artists such as Jacopo de' Barbari in his "Battle Between Satyrs and Men", completed just before the end of the 15th century.

States

Like most 15th-century prints, the Battle is rare. The unique first-state impression in the print room of the Cleveland Museum of Art is generally accepted as much the finest, and about forty-nine impressions (single examples) survive of the second state, which is actually a high number for a 15th-century print. For the period, the print is very large, which has probably contributed to the small number of surviving impressions – it is clear from the worn state of the plate in many impressions that large numbers, probably running into the hundreds, were printed of the second state. There are no significant differences between the two states, so the plate was probably reworked just because it had worn out from the printing of now lost first-state impressions.

The existence of the first state was only realized in 1967, after Cleveland bought their print from the Liechtenstein collection. The best impression of the second state is in the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard; it appears to be the only one printed before the plate received a scratch, and from the paper and watermark would appear to have been printed close in time to the Cleveland impression. The two woodcut copies can be shown to have been copied from the first state.

Date

Although most art historians have dated the work to the period 1465–1475, in 1984 the suggestion was made that the print draws directly from a Roman sculpture known to have been excavated in Rome in 1489, Three Satyrs strangled by a Serpent (now Graz, Austria). Pollaiuolo was in Rome from 1484, and this would mean the print was executed there. This suggestion remains the subject of debate.

Surviving impressions
There are fifty impressions known to have survived to 1939; their distribution gives an interesting insight into the spread of top-class old master prints. As at the census in Langdale in 2002, there are sixteen in the United States, all apparently arrived since 1890, and mostly during the period 1930–1960. Italy has nine impressions, England five, and Paris three. There were five in Germany in 1939, of which one seems definitely to have been destroyed during World War II, one other "lost" from Bremen, and one lost sight of after the war. The other impressions outside Europe are in Melbourne and Ottawa; in Europe the Albertina in Vienna, the Netherlands (3), Strasbourg (1) and Budapest have impressions. Two of the three impressions in Switzerland are the only ones in the world still in private collections.

Notes

References

 Cleveland Museum of Art Very full Cleveland feature on the print accessed 14 June 2014.
 Langdale, Shelley, Battle of the Nudes: Pollaiuolo's Renaissance Masterpiece, The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2002.
 Levinson; Laurie Smith Fusco in Jay A. Levinson (ed.) Early Italian Engravings from the National Gallery of Art, pp. 66–80, National Gallery of Art, Washington (Catalogue), 1973,LOC 7379624
 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: "Antonio Pollaiuolo: Battle of Naked Men (17.50.99)". In Timeline of Art History. 2000–8.  (October 2006)
 Zucker, MJ, in KL Spangeberg (ed), Six Centuries of Master Prints, Cincinnati Art Museum, 1993, no 16,

External links
Khan Academy feature on the print
British Museum, with long curator's comments

Prints by Antonio del Pollaiuolo
15th-century engravings
Renaissance prints
Nude art
Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art
Collection of the Cincinnati Art Museum


Project Indy was a car racing team owned by Andreas Leberle that competed in the CART Championship Car series and the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series. Leberle was a former chief mechanic for Euromotorsport, and like Euromotorsport, Project Indy's cars were often driven by pay drivers.  The team was founded in 1994 and operated through the 1998 CART season. Their only appearance in the IRL was with Johnny Unser for two of the three races of the 1996 season and the two 1996 races of the 1996–1997 season, which were competed with CART-spec equipment. The best race finish registered by a Project Indy driver was 7th place by Christian Danner in the 1995 Marlboro Grand Prix of Miami. In 1998 the team was known as Project CART due to not being allowed to use the Indianapolis Motor Speedway's "Indy" trademark as the team by then only participated in CART.

The team attempted the Indianapolis 500 several times but only succeeded in making the field in 1996 with Unser; their car did not start due to a broken transmission.

Drivers

CART
 Christian Danner (1994–1995)
 Franck Fréon (1994–1995)
 Buddy Lazier (1995)
 Arnd Meier (1997)
 Andrea Montermini (1994)
 Roberto Moreno (1998)
 Domenico Schiattarella (1994–1995, 1998)
 Hubert Stromberger (1995)
 Dennis Vitolo (1996–1997)

IRL
 Johnny Unser (1996)

Racing results

Complete CART FedEx Championship Series results
(key)

Complete Indy Racing League results
(key)

References

1994 establishments in the United States
1998 disestablishments in the United States
Champ Car teams
IndyCar Series teams
Auto racing teams in the United States


Marcillé-Robert (; ; Gallo: Marcilhae-Robert) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Marcillé-Robert are called in French marcilléens.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


The Heralds of Harmony is a Tampa, Florida-based men's a cappella chorus that has been entertaining Florida audiences in the barbershop style continuously since 1945, and is currently ranked among the nation's best male vocal ensembles.
The Tampa Bay Heralds of Harmony is a semi-professional chorus affiliated with the Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS).  The Heralds of Harmony are multiple-time Florida state barbershop chorus champions, and consistently represent the state at the BHS international chorus contest.
The Heralds have ranked as high as 6th in the world.

It is one of the largest groups in the area and draws its members from several communities.

Several international qualifying quartets have emerged from the Heralds of Harmony, including BHS gold medal champions KEEPSAKE (1992) Keepsake (quartet) and PLATINUM (2000) Platinum (quartet).  Within the past several years, the chorus has been led by 3 different directors who are gold medal winners in chorus or quartet competition: Tony DeRosa, Randy Loos, and Roger Ross.  The Heralds have also performed with the Florida Orchestra on multiple occasions and have been directed by guest conductors Skitch Henderson and Doc Severinsen.

Throughout the year, the Heralds are featured as guest performers in various concert series and at numerous events throughout the Tampa Bay area as well as other parts of Florida. Their music has delighted a wide range of audiences in many different performance venues. In addition, the Heralds also annually produce their own shows at various times of the year, most notably their annual Christmas show.

The Heralds have regularly supported the community by providing benefit performances for the Spring of Tampa Bay (women's shelter) in Hillsborough County and The Hospice of the Florida Suncoast in Pinellas County.  The Heralds also engage in an active youth outreach program offering in-service training to many vocal music educators of Pinellas and Hillsborough Counties, providing numerous youth music scholarships, and by often participating as a clinic chorus in the Florida Music Educators Association Annual Convention.

The Arts Council of Hillsborough County announced that the Heralds of Harmony is a recipient of one of its 2011–12 Cultural Development Grants. They are listed as a valuable nonprofit arts and cultural resource to the State of Florida.

This is among the best barbershop choruses in the world, having won Florida district competitions seven times and placed as high as ninth in international competition.

International Competition
The Heralds of Harmony were ranked 6th in the world at the Barbershop Harmony Society's International Competition in July 2018, at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida.

Director
Tony DeRosa is a four-time gold medal-winning quartet champion (only the second man to achieve this feat) on the International stage. He won in 1992 with Keepsake (where De Rosa became the youngest gold medal winner at the age of 19), with Platinum in 2000, Max Q in 2007 and in 2017 with Main Street.

Tony currently sings lead with Main Street, a quartet dedicated to the traditional style of barbershop music.

Discography

This Joint is Jumpin'   (CD; 1998)
Songs of Christmas      (CD; 2016)

References

External links
Tampa Bay Heralds of Harmony

Barbershop music
American choirs
Barbershop Harmony Society choruses
Musical groups from Tampa, Florida
Musical groups established in 1945
1945 establishments in Florida
Men in Florida
Boys' and men's choirs


Irina Baskakova (born August 25, 1956) is a retired track and field sprinter from the Soviet Union, known for winning the bronze medal in the women's 4x400 metres relay at the 1982 European Championships. She did so alongside Irina Olkhovnikova, Olga Mineyeva and Yelena Didilenko, clocking a total time of 3:22.79.

A year later Baskakova repeated that feat at the inaugural World Championships, this time with Marina Ivanova-Kharlamova, Yelena Korban, and Mariya Kulchunova-Pinigina.

References

1956 births
Living people
Soviet female sprinters
Russian female sprinters
Place of birth missing (living people)
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade
Friendship Games medalists in athletics


Marcillé-Raoul (; ; Gallo: Marcilhae-Raóll) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Marcillé-Raoul are called Marcilléens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


The R8A was a class of New York City Subway revenue cars built in 1939 by the St. Louis Car Company, and used to gather and transport tokens from stations along the IND division. 66 and 67 were the only two cars built. In their final years, they were renumbered twice, first as 20176 and 20177, and again as 30176 and 30177.

Being blind motors, the cars were usually towed around by a set of out of service R1-9 cars. 66 was last operated in 1970, after which it was removed from service, and sent to Jamaica Yard Training Services, to be used as a shed. It was removed some time before 1990 and scrapped. Car 67 was used as a school car, until it was scrapped in April 1986.

References

External links
nycsubway.org - NYC Subway Cars: R8A

Train-related introductions in 1939
R008A
Independent Subway System
St. Louis multiple units
1939 in rail transport
Scrapped locomotives


Super Friends is a 1973 animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera and National Periodical Publications. It is based on the Justice League comic books, and is the first incarnation of the Super Friends series.

Main characters
Super Friends first aired on ABC on September 8, 1973, featuring DC superheroes Superman, Batman and Robin, Wonder Woman, and Aquaman. Superman, Batman and Aquaman had each previously appeared in their own animated series produced by Filmation, and voice talent from these prior programs was brought over to work on the new show. Shortly before the Super Friends series was developed, Superman and Wonder Woman also guest-starred in two episodes of The Brady Kids, while Batman and Robin appeared in two episodes of The New Scooby-Doo Movies.

In addition to the superheroes, a trio of sidekicks was introduced, each being new characters not drawn from the comic books: Wendy Harris (voiced by Sherri Alberoni), Marvin White (voiced by Frank Welker), and Wonder Dog, none of whom had any special abilities (save Wonder Dog's unexplained intelligence and ability to talk). Wendy and Marvin were depicted as detectives and/or superheroes in training.

Format and episode formula
Each episode would begin with the heroes responding to an emergency detected by the massive TroubAlert computer that was situated within the Hall of Justice which served as the headquarters of the team. Colonel Wilcox, a U.S. Army official, was a recurring character who would work as a government liaison to the Super Friends during emergencies.

As such conflicts are often ultimately resolved with the antagonists persuaded to adapt more reasonable methods to achieve their aims with the assistance of the heroes. Natural disasters triggered by human (or alien) activity were often shown, and environmental themes featured strongly in the program.

Guest stars
Some guest stars from the broader Justice League were featured during this season including the Flash, Plastic Man, and Green Arrow.

Plastic Man made his animated debut in a cameo appearance in the episode "Professor Goodfellow's G.E.E.C." voiced by Norman Alden. Superman calls him in to extract a mouse from a computer system.

Green Arrow appeared in the episode "Gulliver's Gigantic Goof" and was voiced by Norman Alden. He was referred to as a "Staunch member of the Justice League of America".

Cast
 Sherry Alberoni - Wendy Harris, Agatha Prentiss Caraway (in "Dr. Pelagian's War"), Polly Lean (in "The Fantastic Frerps"), Museum Patron (in "The Planet-Splitter")
 Norman Alden - Aquaman, Green Arrow (in "Gulliver's Gigantic Goof"), Plastic Man (in "Professor Goodfellow's G.E.E.C"), Astronaut (in "Gulliver's Gigantic Goof"), Pilot (in "Gulliver's Gigantic Goof"), J. Mortimer Hutchinson (in "Dr. Pelagian's War"), Guard (in "The Planet-Splitter"), Joe (in "The Power Pirate"), King Plasto (in "The Fantastic Frerps")
 Danny Dark - Superman, Android Superman (in "The Androids"), Train Engineer (in "The Power Pirate"), Speaker (in "The Power Pirate")
 Shannon Farnon - Wonder Woman, Amanda Hutchinson (in "Dr. Pelagian's War"), Martha Kent (in "The Planet-Splitter"), Lara (in "The Planet-Splitter"), Mrs. Caldwalader (in "The Planet-Splitter"), Woman (in "The Baffles Puzzle")
 Casey Kasem - Robin, Jor-El (in "The Planet-Splitter"), Professor Goodfellow (in "Professor Goodfellow's G.E.E.C."), Colonel (in  "Professor Goodfellow's G.E.E.C."), Professor Von Noalot (in "Too Hot to Handle"), Twisty (in "The Balloon People"), Mike Rosecope (in "The Fantastic Frerps"), Mac M (in "Menace of the White Dwarf"), Dr. Hiram Gulliver (in "Gulliver's Gigantic Goof"), Pvt. Smith (in "Gulliver's Gigantic Goof"), Wilbur (in "The Planet-Splitter"), Guard (in "The Planet-Splitter"), Young Alien, Amanda Hutchinson's fiancé (in "Dr. Pelagian's War"), (in "The Watermen"), Jack (in "The Power Pirate"), TV News Reporter (in "The Power Pirate"), Professor Baffles/ Mr. Mergen (in "The Baffles Puzzle"), Von Knowalot (in "Too Hot to Handle")
 Ted Knight - Narrator, The Flash (in "Too Hot to Handle"), Power Pirate/Anthro (in "The Power Pirate"), Captain (in "The Power Pirate"), Dr. Ansel Hillbrand/Dr. Pelagian in (in "Dr. Pelagian's War"), Kolbar (in "Too Hot to Handle"), Mr. Singh (in "Too Hot to Handle")
 Olan Soule - Batman, Luther Fenwick (in "Dr. Pelagian's War"), Jonathan Kent (in "The Planet-Splitter"), Dave (in "The Power Pirate"), First Mate (in "The Power Pirate"), Farmer (in "Too Hot to Handle"), Man (in "Too Hot to Handle")
 John Stephenson - Colonel Wilcox, Sir Cedric Cedric (in "The Power Pirate"), Alien (in "The Power Pirate"), Mr. Huggins (in "Professor Goodfellow's G.E.E.C"), Grunk (in "The Balloon People"), King Plasto (in "The Fantastic Frerps"), Security Chief (in "The Baffles Puzzle"), Lupis (in "Too Hot to Handle")
 Frank Welker - Marvin White, Wonder Dog, Mr. Darby (in "The Baffles Puzzles"), Android Wonder Dog (in "The Androids"), Mr. Huggins (in "Professor Goodfellow's G.E.E.C."), Loco (in "The Androids"), Styro (in "The Fantastic Frerps"), Creature (in "The Mysterious Moles"), Igor (in "Gulliver's Gigantic Goof"), Holo (in "The Watermen"), Bill (in "The Power Pirate")

Cancellation
This first run of Super Friends, consisting of sixteen one-hour episodes that were rerun several times, concluded on August 24, 1974. At this point, the series was cancelled and only aired in reruns on the fall lineup for 1974, and continued to air as re-runs until the fall of 1977.

Home media
Warner Home Video (via Hanna-Barbera Productions, DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment) released Super Friends! - Season One, Volume One on DVD in Region 1 on January 5, 2010. Volume One was a 2 disc set of the first eight episodes of the series at a retail price of $26.99. Season One, Volume One set of the original 1973 series of Super Friends was presented in its original, uncut hour-long version, just as they originally aired on ABC. The same year on July 20, they released Volume Two which was also a 2 disc set and contained the remaining eight episodes of the series.

Episodes

References

External links
 Super Friends at Big Cartoon DataBase

Super Friends
1973 American television series debuts
1973 American television series endings
1970s American animated television series
1970s American science fiction television series
American Broadcasting Company original programming
Animated Batman television series
Animated Justice League television series
Animated Superman television series
Wonder Woman in other media
Television series by Hanna-Barbera
Television series set in 1973
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated science fantasy television series
American children's animated superhero television series
Animated television shows based on DC Comics
English-language television shows


Izgoi is a term that is found in medieval Kievan Rus'. In primary documents, it indicated orphans who were protected by the church. In historiographic writing on the period, the term was meant as a prince in Kievan Rus' who was excluded from succession to the Kievan throne because his father had not held the throne before, as exemplified by Yaroslav the Wise's two youngest sons becoming izgoi.

In Kievan Rus', as well as Appanage and early Muscovite Russia, collateral succession, rather than linear succession, was practiced, with the throne being passed from the eldest brother to the youngest brother and then to cousins until the fourth in line of succession (not to be confused with "fourth cousins") in a generation before it was passed on to the eldest member of the senior line if his father had held the Kievan throne. The princes were placed in a hierarchy or "ladder" or "staircase" of principalities, which Sergei Soloviev called the "rota system" (rota being the Old Church Slavonic term for a ladder or staircase), with Kiev as the pinnacle. When the grand prince of Kiev died, the next prince on the ladder moved up the ladder, and the rest advanced a rung as well.

Any prince whose father had not held the throne, such as for having predeceased the grandfather, who was then grand prince, was excluded from succession and was known as izgoi.

The term is also found in the expanded version of the Russkaya Pravda, where it meant an orphan or exile; thus, an izgoi prince is in some sense seen as an "orphaned" or "exiled" prince since he was left outside of the succession to the Kievan throne. However, he was not, usually, landless, unlike what is sometimes stated, as he still held the patrimonial land granted to him in the provinces.

An example of an izgoi prince would be Vseslav of Polotsk, whose father, Briacheslav () and grandfather Iziaslav () both predeceased Vseslav's great-grandfather, Vladimir the Great (). Thus, Vseslav was izgoi since he could not legitimately claim the grand princely throne in Kiev: neither his father nor his grandfather had sat on the throne. He however, remained prince of Polotsk, in northeast Belarus. Furthermore, in spite of his excluded status, Vseslav briefly seized the throne of Kiev in 1069 but held it only six months before he was ousted. Another example (there are many others) would be Rostislav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Yaroslavich.  Since Vladimir had died in 1052, two years before his father, Yaroslav the Wise (), he had never held the Kievan throne, and Rostislav was an izgoi. His descendants, however, became princes of Galicia, in northwestern Ukraine. They were excluded from holding the grand-princely throne in Kiev but were not landless.

References

Kievan Rus' law
Majority–minority relations
Succession


Luitré (; ; Gallo: Lutraé) is a former commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Luitré-Dompierre.

Amenities: Pharmacy, Doctor, Mairie, small Post Office, carwash, Automat laundry, Technique Controle - repair garage, boulangerie, charcuterie, bar, public toilets, fishing lake

Population
Inhabitants of Luitré are called Luitréens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Former communes of Ille-et-Vilaine
Populated places disestablished in 2019