Francis Kett (c. 1547–1589)  was an Anglican clergyman burned for heresy.

Life

Kett was born in Wymondham, Norfolk, the son of Thomas and Agnes Kett, and the nephew of the rebel Robert Kett, the main instigator of Kett's Rebellion.

Although Kett's father died while he was still a boy he was able to attend university thanks to support from his mother's second husband.  After being admitted to Clare College, Cambridge in 1566, Francis graduated BA from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1570. After proceeding MA in 1573 he was elected a fellow of that college.  At some point he also entered holy orders.

In 1580 Kett resigned his fellowship and studied medicine, graduating MD in 1581, and in 1585 "Francis Kett, doctor of phisick" published 'The Glorious and Beautiful Garland of Man's Glorification, containing the godly misterie of heavenly Jerusalem', a book dedicated to Queen Elizabeth: and also in 1585

However, in 1588 Edmund Scambler, the Bishop of Norwich, brought charges of heresy against him. Kett's views, if the charges against him were accurate, seem to have approximated to Arianism: he believed Jesus was not God but a good man who had suffered "only as Jesus already, and shall suffer hereafter as Christ" (that is, that having returned to earth Jesus would "suffer againe for the sinnes of the world" and eventually become divine).  Kett also had millenarian beliefs, claiming that "Christ is now in his human nature gathering a church in Erthe in Judea"; and that "this year of our Lord 1588 divers Jews shall be sent to divers countries to publish the new covenant". Another account reports that he also believed in psychopannychism or soul sleep, that the soul lapses into a state of unawareness between death and resurrection on the Day of Judgment. The puritan minister William Burton reported with horror Kett's denial of Christ's divinity, that "Christ is not God, but a good man as others be"; but he also observed that however "monstrous" Kett's beliefs he gave every appearance of being a good man, continually praising God, praying and reading the Bible.

In late 1588 Scambler wrote to Lord Burghley urging that Kett should be executed with all speed, and he was accordingly burnt to death in the ditch of Norwich Castle on 14 January 1589. William Burton was a witness of his final suffering:

...when he went to the fire he was clothed in sackecloth, he went leaping and dauncing: being in the fire, above twenty times together clapping his hands, he cried nothing but blessed bee God … and so continued until the fire had consumed all his nether partes, and until he was stifled with the smoke.

It has been suggested that Kett's unorthodox opinions might have influenced the free-thinking views of Christopher Marlowe, who was also a student at Corpus Christi. However Kett's time as Fellow only overlapped the arrival of the young Marlowe by three or four months.

References

Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press

1547 births
1589 deaths
People from Wymondham
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
16th-century English Anglican priests
People executed for heresy
People executed under Elizabeth I
Executed British people
Executed people from Norfolk
People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
Protestant martyrs of England


Louvigné-du-Désert (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Louvigné-du-Désert are called Louvignéens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Kaarlo "Kalle" Kustaa Lappalainen (30 September 1877 – 9 May 1965) was a Finnish sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Finnish team in the team running deer, single shots event and the bronze medal in the team 300 metre military rifle, prone competition. In the 1920 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 Team free rifle - fourth place
 Team 300 metre military rifle, standing - seventh place
 Team 600 metre military rifle, prone - eighth place
 Team 300 and 600 metre military rifle, prone - tenth place
 300 metre free rifle, three positions - place unknown

References

External links
profile

1877 births
1965 deaths
People from Juankoski
People from Kuopio Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Running target shooters
Olympic shooters for Finland
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Finland
Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from North Savo


The Life Clock is a concept by Bertrand Planes that is marked in sevens up to eighty-four, with a mechanism slowed down 61,320 times.  Each number represents a year, and a full rotation is made each 84 years (12x7=84). This was the maximum average lifespan in Europe in 2006. The numbers on a Life clock are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, and 0.

Origin
The life clock was originally made by Bertrand Planes in 2004. The premise of the slowed-down mechanism was based on the average lifespan of Europeans, which is 81.5 years. The life clock was first shown at "Maison: Temoins", Paris in 2004.

References

External links
  Life Clock Page
   Life Clock on Internet

Individual clocks


Valērijs Kargins or Valery Mikhailovich Kargin (; born 27 March 1961, in Riga) is a Latvian economist and banker was the president of Parex Banka, from 1998 to 2008. In October 2000, he and Viktor Krasovitsky had accumulated over 200 million lats together. He created the first travel agency and the first currency exchange corporation in the Soviet Union.

Biography
Kargins was born in Riga on 27 March 1961. His parents were Mikhail Kargin () b. 1926 in Novosibirsk Oblast) and Dina Grozdeva () b. 15 October 1931 in Tatarsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast), who was raised by a Soviet serviceman. After his parents were married in 1951 at Novosibirsk where his father was a senior lieutenant in the Soviet Army, they moved to Riga. However, he was raised by his stepfather Georgy () whom the young Kargin considered his real father. He has two brothers: Georgy (), who is older, and Vadim ( b. 1969), who is a younger step-brother. He worked at Komutator in Riga for two months as a loader but he did not enjoy physical labor so he enrolled at university to study journalism. In 1983, he finished the faculty of journalism at the University of Latvia. Then, from 1983 to 1991, he opened one of the first travel agencies in the Soviet Union, in the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR). Then, between 1988 and 1992, he became the director of Parex corporation, which is a travel agency and currency exchange that he and his business partner  () formed. In 1991, he became the first to create a currency exchange corporation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The following year, he became the president of Parex Bank. From 1998 to 2008, he was the president and the chairman of Parex Bank.

In 2003, he was the richest man in the Baltics with a wealth of around €300 million.

In October 2008 before the demise of Parex Bank in November 2008, Kargins wealth was estimated by Baltic Screen to be €309 million (220 million lats).

Personal
Ksenia Sobchak interviewed Kargins in Riga about the time that she and   released the perfume Married to a Millionaire ().

He has two sons with Tatyana Kargins from his first marriage which ended in divorce in 2006 and, from his second marriage, a daughter with Anna Barinova.

References

External links
 Parex Group Online
 Valery Kargin on Kompromat.lv

1961 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Riga
Latvian Jews
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Latvian bankers
Latvian economists
University of Latvia alumni


Louvigné-de-Bais (, literally Louvigné of Bais; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Louvigné-de-Bais are called in French Louvignéens.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Loutehel (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Lourmais (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Lourmais are called Lourmaisiens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Eva Ann-Louise Skoglund (born 28 June 1962) is a retired track and field hurdler from Sweden. She is best known for winning the gold medal in the women's 400m hurdles at the 1982 European Championships, and she set the world best year performance in her event in 1982.

References

1962 births
Living people
Swedish female hurdlers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Sweden
Sportspeople from Karlstad
European Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for Sweden
20th-century Swedish women


Le Lou-du-Lac (; ; Gallo: Le Lóc) is a former commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune La Chapelle-du-Lou-du-Lac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Former communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Le Loroux (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Le Loroux are called Lorousiens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Longaulnay () is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Longaulnay are called in French longaulnéens.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Home House is a Georgian town house at 20 Portman Square, London.  James Wyatt was appointed to design it by Elizabeth, Countess of Home in 1776, but by 1777 he had been dismissed and replaced by Robert Adam.  Elizabeth left the completed house on her death in 1784 to her nephew William Gale, who in turn left it to one of his aunts, Mrs Walsh, in 1785.  Its later occupants included the Marquis de la Luzerne during his time as French ambassador to the Court of St. James's (1788 to 1791), the 4th Duke of Atholl (1798 to 1808), the 4th Duke of Newcastle (1820 to 1861), Sir Francis Henry Goldsmid (1862 to 1919), and Lord and Lady Islington (1919 to 1926).

In 1926, it was leased by Samuel Courtauld to house his growing art collection.  On his wife's death in 1931, he gave the house and the collection to the fledgling Courtauld Institute of Art (which he had played a major part in founding) as temporary accommodation. A permanent accommodation was not forthcoming, and the Institute remained in the building until 1989, when it moved to its present home of Somerset House.  Home House then remained vacant for seven years, until it was acquired by Berkeley Adam Ltd. The building has been a private members' club since 1998. It was extended to include No. 21, as well as the original Nos. 19 and 20, in 2010.

It was home to artwork by Zaha Hadid in the form of a Cocktail Bar prior to its refurbishment in 2020.

Home House was appointed a Grade I listed building in 1954.

Further reading

References

Bibliography

External links
Courtauld Institute site
Home House, London
Lesley Lewis,  'Elizabeth, Countess of Home, and Her House in Portman Square', in The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 109, No. 773 (Aug., 1967), pp. 443–451+453
Image of a staircase at Home House

Courtauld Institute of Art
Georgian architecture in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed houses in London
Houses completed in 1776
Houses in the City of Westminster
Buildings and structures in Marylebone
Neoclassical architecture in England
Robert Adam buildings
Portman estate
Clubs and societies in London
Private members' clubs


Lohéac (; ; Gallo: Lozeiac) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. The town is well known for cars and motorsport, hosting a rallycross track part of the FIA World Rallycross Championship, a tarmac racing circuit, a karting circuit, a quad bike circuit and the Manor of the Automobile, which hosts the Museum of the Automobile.

Gallery

Population
Inhabitants of Lohéac are called Lohéaciens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine
Ille-et-Vilaine communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Motorsport in France


The Royal Canadian Pacific is a luxury excursion passenger train operated by Mount Stephen Properties, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway and later CPKC Railway. It made its first run on June 7, 2000, after the CPR received the royal designation for the service from Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada.

The train operates seasonally from June to September, on CPR trackage through the Rocky Mountains in Alberta and British Columbia, and is available for private bookings only. All trains are based out of Calgary, Alberta, and use a facility built at the Ogden Headquarters with all the heritage equipment on display. A typical excursion is a  route from Calgary through the Columbia River Valley and Crowsnest Pass, passing through Banff, Lake Louise and Kicking Horse Pass before returning to Calgary. Such a trip takes six days and five nights with no operating at night in order to preserve the sight-seeing of mountain scenery during the daylight hours. The train consists of up to eight luxury passenger cars built between 1916 and 1931, and is powered by restored EMD FP9 first-generation diesel-electric locomotives (2 A units and 1 B unit).

See also

 Canadian Pacific Railway: Royal trains
 List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage
 List of heritage railways in Canada
 Royal and viceroyal transport in Canada

External links

 Royal Canadian Pacific

Canadian Pacific Railway passenger trains
Named passenger trains of Canada
Luxury trains
Canadian Rockies
Passenger rail transport in Alberta
Transport in Calgary
Passenger rail transport in British Columbia


James McAden Peebles (August 27, 1920 – July 19, 1997) was an American football end in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins.  He played college football at Vanderbilt University.

James McAden Peebles, Sr. was born in 1920 in Culleoka, Tennessee. He attended Columbia Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1938. Peebles earned a B.A. from Vanderbilt University in 1942. While there he served as president of Beta Theta Pi fraternity and was selected to Omicron Delta Kappa. He excelled in athletics and served as co-captain of the Vanderbilt Commodores football team.

Following the Pearl Harbor attack, he volunteered for military service in the U.S. Army. Peebles was commissioned a captain and commanded an infantry company. He was awarded the Purple Heart for injuries sustained in combat. After the war, he was a member of the Army Europe All-Star Football Team.

Upon returning stateside, he played for the Washington Redskins from 1946 to 1951, both on offense and defense. After his professional football career, he coached at CMA, among other secondary schools. Among the coaches he played for were Charlie Hughes, CMA; Ray Morrison and Paul "Bear" Bryant, Vanderbilt and Wallace Wade, Army West All-Stars.

Peebles served as an assistant coach for the University of Maryland Terrapins from 1956 to 1957 under head coach Tommy Mont.

Peebles was a member of the Presbyterian church, the Vanderbilt alumni association, Promise Keepers, Herbert Griffin American Legion Post #19, Veterans of Foreign Wars, National Football League Players Association and the Columbia Military Academy Alumni Association.

References

<http://www.cmaaa.com/hallofhonor/peebles.htm Columbia Military Academy Hall of Honor>

1920 births
1997 deaths
People from Culleoka, Tennessee
Sportspeople from the Nashville metropolitan area
American football wide receivers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Vanderbilt Commodores football players
Washington Redskins players
United States Army officers
Maryland Terrapins football coaches


Command Performances: The Essential 60s Masters II is a two-disc compilation of studio master recordings by American singer and musician Elvis Presley during the decade of the 1960s, released in 1995 on RCA Records, catalogue number 66601-2. It also includes a booklet with session details and an essay by Susan M. Doll.

Contents
The set comprises a selection of recordings made by Presley during the decade specifically at a session for the soundtrack of a feature film, of which Presley made 27 during the 1960s. Excluded are all other studio recordings from the decade, as well as those for his 1968 television special and the 1969 live recordings. These soundtrack songs, of which 211 were released in Presley's lifetime, originally appeared in a variety of formats: on 15 full-length long-playing albums, five EPs, and numerous singles. Of the 211, 23 were released on later compilations, both standard and budget, while two tracks were used to bring up the running times respectively of Something for Everybody and Pot Luck. All of Elvis' 1960s movies are represented by at least one song in this set with the exception of Tickle Me, its EP soundtrack consisting of five previously issued studio recordings, all of which were included on the box set first volume of the Essential '60s Masters.

The two discs present the studio masters in rough chronological session order. Two previously unreleased masters appear: a version of the Eddy Arnold song "You Don't Know Me" recorded during the sessions for the movie Clambake; and an alternate take of the song "Follow That Dream" as the stereo master for the original has been lost, and the compilers opted not to use the surviving mono master. The songs "Can't Help Falling in Love" and "Rock-A-Hula Baby" were released as, respectively, the A-side and b-side of a single following the release of the Blue Hawaii album, and went to #2 and #23 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. "Puppet on a String" appeared as a single seven months after the release of the Girl Happy soundtrack, backed with "Wooden Heart" from G.I. Blues, and peaked at #14 on the singles chart. "Wooden Heart" had also been released as the flipside to a reissue of "Blue Christmas" eleven months earlier.

RCA issued a box set for the complete non-gospel songs that were not recorded at soundtrack sessions during the decade, From Nashville to Memphis: The Essential 60s Masters, and released a similar two-disc set for the gospel recordings in 1994, Amazing Grace: His Greatest Sacred Performances.

Purpose
Generally, Presley's 1960s soundtrack recordings command the least regard among the singer's recorded work. The most successful commercially, such as G.I. Blues and Blue Hawaii, fell in the tradition of the film musical as it had developed through the 1950s, that of the integrated musical where the songs are integral to the story line. Hence, songs such as "Fort Lauderdale Chamber of Commerce" from Girl Happy or "There's No Room to Rhumba in A Sports Car" from Fun in Acapulco made no sense outside of their movies and hardly found a place in Presley's stage act, or could ever be considered classics along the lines of "Jailhouse Rock" or "Love Me Tender", whose films were not integrated musicals. As stated by Susan Doll in the liner notes, the songs from the soundtracks are often judged by inappropriate criteria:
...this type of (integrated) musical was standard fare in Hollywood for decades. However, those who criticize Elvis' musical vehicles generally overlook this, preferring to attack the songs as being inferior to his non-movie output...
This package, collecting 62 of the songs released on record in association with the films, selects in many cases those numbers that can stand outside of their film vehicles, concentrating on title tracks and songs that had been also released as singles immediately prior to the release of the soundtrack.

All selections recorded at Radio Recorders, Western Recorders, Paramount Recording Stage, MGM Studios, Samuel Goldwyn Studio, United Artist Recorders, Decca Universal Studio, and RCA Studios in Hollywood, RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee. Original recordings produced by Joseph Lilley, Urban Thielmann, Hans Salter, Jeff Alexander, George Stoll, Gene Nelson, Fred Karger, Felton Jarvis, Billy Strange, Hugo Montenegro, Billy Goldenberg, and Leith Stevens. Discographical information below taken from Elvis Presley A Life in Music: The Complete Recording Sessions, by Ernst Jorgensen, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1998.

Track listing
Chart positions for LPs from Billboard Top Pop Albums chart; positions for singles and EPs from Billboard Pop Singles chart. By late 1968, Billboard discontinued charting B-sides. Titles listed without corresponding LP/EP designation were initially released as singles only.

Disc one

Disc two

Personnel

 Elvis Presley – vocals, guitar
 Scotty Moore – guitar
 Tiny Timbrell – guitar
 Howard Roberts – guitar
 Hank Garland – guitar
 Barney Kessell – guitar
 Billy Strange – guitar
 Tommy Tedesco – guitar
 Chip Young – guitar
 Neal Matthews – guitar
 Harold Bradley – guitar
 Joseph Gibbons – guitar
 Neil Levang – guitar
 Charles Britz – guitar
 Alvin Casey – guitar
 Dennis Budimir – guitar
 Mike Deasy – guitar
 Jerry Kennedy – guitar
 Charlie McCoy – guitar, harmonica
 Alvino Rey – steel guitar
 Bernal Lewis – steel guitar
 Fred Tavares – ukulele
 Bernie Lewis – ukulele
 Cecil Brower – fiddle
 Gordon Terry – fiddle
 Floyd Cramer – piano
 Dudley Brooks – piano, organ
 Don Robertson – piano, organ
 Calvin Jackson – piano
 Larry Muhoberac – piano
 Don Randi – piano
 Hoyt Hawkins – tambourine
 Bob Moore – bass
 Ray Siegel – bass
 Meyer Rubin – bass
 Henry Strzelecki – bass
 Larry Knechtel – bass
 Charles Berghofer – bass
 Max Bennett – bass
 Lyle Ritz – bass
 D.J. Fontana – drums
 Buddy Harman – drums
 Frank Bode (aka Uffe Baadh) – drums
 Bernie Mattinson – drums
 Hal Blaine – drums
 Frank Carlson – drums
 Kenny Buttrey – drums
 Carl O'Brian – drums
 John Guerin – drums
 Milt Holland – percussion
 Victor Feldman – percussion
 Emil Radocchia – percussion
 Gene Nelson – congas
 Jimmie Haskell – accordion
 Boots Randolph – saxophone, clarinet
 Clifford Scott – saxophone
 William Green – saxophone
 Steve Douglas – saxophone
 Bill Justis – saxophone
 Tony Terran – trumpet
 Rudolph Loera – trumpet
 James Zito – trumpet
 Herb Taylor -trombone
 Randall Miller – trombone
 Rufus Long – flute
 Ralph Stobel – oboe
 George Fields – harmonica
 The Jordanaires – backing vocals
 The Surfers – backing vocals
 The Mello Men – backing vocals
 The Amigos – backing vocals
 The Jubilee Four – backing vocals
 The Carole Lombard Trio – backing vocals
 Millie Kirkham – backing vocals
 Dolores Edgin – backing vocals

References

Elvis Presley compilation albums
1995 compilation albums
Soundtrack compilation albums
RCA Records compilation albums
Compilation albums published posthumously


Lillemer (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France. As of 2019, the population was 367.

Population
Inhabitants of Lillemer are called in French lillemérois or lillemériens.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


The following is the final results of the 1991 World Wrestling Championships. Men's competition were held in Varna, Bulgaria and Women's competition were held in Tokyo, Japan.

Medal table

Team ranking

Medal summary

Men's freestyle

Men's Greco-Roman

Women's freestyle

Participating nations

Men
494 competitors from 49 nations participated.

 (1)
 (3)
 (11)
 (2)
 (2)
 (20)
 (12)
 (16)
 (17)
 (1)
 (10)
 (2)
 (16)
 (4)
 (10)
 (12)
 (20)
 (5)
 (19)
 (1)
 (19)
 (7)
 (16)
 (8)
 (11)
 (20)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (10)
 (2)
 (7)
 (6)
 (8)
 (8)
 (5)
 (3)
 (20)
 (6)
 (1)
 (16)
 (20)
 (20)
 (9)
 (9)
 (10)
 (20)
 (20)
 (17)

Women
64 competitors from 13 nations participated.

 (2)
 (4)
 (9)
 (5)
 (1)
 (9)
 (1)
 (4)
 (4)
 (5)
 (5)
 (7)
 (8)

References

External links
UWW Database

World Wrestling Championships
W
W
W
W
International wrestling competitions hosted by Japan


Petra Pfaff (born 16 October 1960 in Hoyerswerda) is a retired East German 400 metres hurdler.

In 1980, a special edition of the World Championships was staged in Sittard, holding events not yet on the Olympic programme. Pfaff won the bronze medal in the 400 m hurdles behind compatriots Bärbel Broschat and Ellen Neumann. Pfaff later won the silver medal in the women's 400m hurdles at the 1982 European Championships behind Sweden's Ann-Louise Skoglund.

In 1983 she finished fourth at the World Championships. Her result was 54.64 seconds, the best time she had in her career.
 Pfaff represented the sports club SC Cottbus, and became East German champion in 1980.

Pfaff is 1.72 metres tall; during her active career she weighed 58 kg.

References

1960 births
Living people
People from Hoyerswerda
East German female hurdlers
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for East Germany
Sportspeople from Saxony
People from Bezirk Dresden


Dr. Lindsay Wilson is a GP and minister of Castlederg Free Presbyterian Church in Northern Ireland. On 18 January 2008 he was elected by the Presbytery to succeed Rev. Ron Johnstone as Deputy Moderator of the denomination. He was brought up in Portadown and attended 1st Portadown Presbyterian Church (Edenderry), Bethany Free Presbyterian Church (Portadown) and Tandragee Free Presbyterian Church. He entered the Whitefield College of the Bible and, following completion of the four-year ministerial course, served as Assistant Minister to MP William McCrea in Magherafelt.

References

People from Portadown
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster ministers


Baltadvaris Castle (literally: White Manor Castle; ) was a fortified manor house, sometimes incorrectly described as a bastion castle, located about  west of Videniškiai in Molėtai District Municipality, Lithuania. Situated on the left bank of the , the castle was surrounded by the river on three sides.

The masonry castle with earth ramparts and wooden fortifications was constructed by Swedish builders in the 16th century in order to secure the old road from Vilnius to Riga against attacks from Livonia. Constructed by the princely Giedraičiai (Giedroyć) family, the castle was mortgaged to cover the family's debts in 1630. In the mid-17th century, the castle lost its strategic importance and became a residential manor. It was increasingly neglected and gradually fell into ruins. Today, walls of the main castle barn and eastern gates, together with foundations and cellars, have survived.

History
According to a story recorded by Maciej Stryjkowski, Duke Daumantas (later confused with historical Daumantas of Pskov) from the legendary Palemonid dynasty built a castle near Videniškiai. Historians attempted to identify it with the Baltadvaris Castle. However, archaeological excavations disproved the notion. Baltadvaris Castle was likely built by , Court Marshall of Lithuania, or his son , Voivode of Mstsislaw, in the mid-16th century. It was known as Mūriniai Videniškiai (Brick Videniškiai) and later as Baltadvaris. The castle was built by workers invited from Sweden as near the castle there was a settlement of Swedish builders and bricklayers in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The castle was built to secure the old road from Vilnius to Riga against attacks from Livonia.

In 1618, Marcin Giedrojć donated Videniškiai and nearby folwarks to the Augustinian monks in Vilnius. He left the Baltadvaris Castle to his son Mauricijus Kazimieras who mortgaged the property for 41,500 Polish złoty to Lew Sapieha in 1630 to cover family's debts. In August 1666, the property was acquired by Bogusław Radziwiłł for the same 41,500 złoty. However, seeing poor condition of the property, Radziwiłł sold the castle just nine months later for just 26,000 złoty to Andrzej Kossakowski, stolnik of Minsk. He owned the property for 12 years and improved it – archaeologists found fragments of glazed and unglazed tiles with the Ślepowron coat of arms used by the Kossakowski family. In the mid-17th century, the castle lost its strategic importance and became a residential manor. Its main building was plastered in white and thus the castle became known as Baltadvaris (White Manor). In 1679, the property was purchased by Anna Giedroyć-Butler (Ona Giedraitytė-Butlerienė) for the same 26,000 złoty. In 1692, the castle was purchased by a grandson of Marcin Giedrojć, but three years later he sold it to Teofil Plater (Teofilis Pliateris) who gifted the castle to the Congregation of the Mission based in Vilnius in 1695. The congregation did not turn the castle into a monastery, but used it to provide financial support to the monastery in Vilnius. In the 18th century, the economic life moved from the castle to the folwark which had an alcohol distillery and a mill. In the early 19th century, descendants of the Giedraičiai (Giedroyć) family sued the congregation for the property. Court document collected at the time provide valuable information about the castle's history.

The congregation owned the deteriorating castle until the beginning of the 19th century when it was confiscated by the Tsarist authorities pursuant to the Russification policies and given to an Eastern Orthodox monastery. In 1923, after the , the property was divided and sold to farmers. In the early 20th century, a farmhouse was built in the southwestern corner of the former castle. During the Soviet era, the former castle belonged to a kolkhoz and suffered further damage as ramparts were plowed over, particularly on the southern side. Around 1950, the second floor of the surviving eastern gate was demolished and bricks used for the construction of a dam on the Siesartis River. In 1972, the castle was added to the registry of cultural monuments of Lithuania but due to a mistake it was described as a former fortified monastery. Until the late 1990s and early 2000s, the castle attracted very little attention from archaeologists or historians. The first archaeological excavation was carried out in 1987. The archaeologists removed debris and explored several sections in the territory, but no valuable artifacts were found and the excavation report was not submitted. The same year, the ruins were covered by temporary wooden structures to protect them from further erosion. With financial assistance from Michal Giedroyc, more extensive excavations were carried out in 1999–2003 that explored an area of . In 2015, the former castle was declared a state protected monument.

Architecture

The castle ruins occupy a territory of . The territory comprises three sections: the irregular hexagonal castle yard measuring about  surrounded by the surviving ramparts from the east and north, the castle garden measuring about  surrounded by the northern rampart and the Siesatis River on three sides, and folwark east of the castle.

Remnants of the main gate which measured  are located at the eastern rampart. The gate had two floors with four gun ports for canons and a chapel on the second floor. Foundations of a wooden tower are located on the northern end of the eastern rampart. In the northwest, a second much better preserved rampart runs in the east–west direction. It measures about  in length, up to  in height, and about  in width at the base. The ramparts were likely topped with wooden defensive walls, but archaeologists did not find their remnants – possibly they were built from horizontal logs. The main castle building stood in the western corner of this rampart. It measured , had two floors, cellars under the rampart, and a gate to the castle garden. Ruins of the first-floor walls and basement have survived. The main residential building with a splendid "golden" hall and a Renaissance garden described in written sources stood in the second yard. Based on its foundations, found during archaeological excavations, the residence was built of wood in the early 17th century. There are more remnants of other buildings and ramparts in the territory. Arimeta Vojevodskaitė cataloged up to twenty different buildings mentioned in written descriptions of the castle. The castle is frequently described as a bastion castle, but there is no evidence in either archaeological findings or surviving descriptions that there were any bastions. In its heyday, the castle had mills, ponds, gardens.

In many areas, the cultural layers are disturbed. In one such disturbed layer, archaeologists found fragments of pottery that date back to the first centuries AD, well before the construction of the castle. Archaeologists found fragments of various tiles from the 16th and 17th centuries decorated with floral motifs (including cornflower), geometric figures, angels. Tiles with coats of arms were found – with the Ślepowron coat of arms used by the Kossakowski family, with an eagle holding the  the used by King Stephen Báthory, and with unidentified coats of arms. Archaeologists found about 450 fragments of various household pottery (mostly pots, but also bowls, plates, pans). Broadly, they could be classified into two categories – poor quality pottery used by the commoners and much higher quality glazed or glass pottery (including items imported from Kielce) used by the castle owners.

See also
List of castles in Lithuania

References

External links
 Photo essay (in Lithuanian)

Former castles in Lithuania
Buildings and structures in Utena County
Tourist attractions in Utena County
Molėtai District Municipality


SNCF's CC 7100 class are part of a series of electric locomotives built by Alstom. The prototype 'CC 7000' (7001 & 7002) were built in 1949 and the production series locomotives CC 7101-CC 7158 followed during 1952–1955. Two of the class are notable for setting world rail speed records: CC 7121 reaching  on 21 February 1954, and CC 7107 reaching  on 28/29 March 1955.

History

The CC 7100 class were the first SNCF high-speed locomotives in which all the axles were motorized, i.e. with powered bogies rather a rigid frame. As delivered their top speed was .

The CC 7100 were contemporaries of the 2D2 9100 for express passenger service on the PLM. From the outset it was apparent that bogie locomotives represented the future and so only a third of the anticipated 2D2s were built, in favour of the CC 7100.

Speed records
During the 1950s, SNCF's experimental investigations into high-speed rail saw some CC 7100 class locomotives specially-modified for operation at speeds far higher than their regular service speed. These experiments provided valuable test data for the SNCF to develop increasingly more rapid regular services, including the  Mistral of 1967, and ultimately the TGV.

CC 7121 broke the rail speed record when it achieved  on the PLM mainline between Dijon and Beaune on 21 February 1954.

Preparations for further high-speed tests proceeded, and in March 1955 CC 7107 and Bo-Bo locomotive BB 9004 both attained  on separate high-speed runs between Bordeaux and Dax, Landes. CC 7107 hauled a three car train with streamlining modifications to reduce aerodynamic drag.

Although the rail speed record has since 1990 been repeatedly broken by high-speed trainsets such as the French TGV and the German InterCityExperimental trains, BB 9004 and CC 7107 retained the locomotive speed record for over 50 years until it was broken on 2 September 2006 by a Siemens Taurus locomotive, ÖBB No 1216 050, which attained  hauling a single dynamometer car on the Nuremberg–Ingolstadt high-speed railway in Germany.

Later years
The locos were all given a "GRG" (major refurbishment) in the early 1980s to remove the original "skirts", and to replace the original windscreens and head/tail lamps clusters with "standard SNCF" arrangement. They replaced the 2D2 9100 in their last passenger service.

Certain class members were fitted with third rail pick up shoes to work Chambéry-Modane services. The shoes were removed in 1976.

Despite their high-speed credentials, the CC 7100 class was relegated to freight haulage duties as more modern electric locomotives, commencing with the BB 9200 class, replaced them on passenger services.

Withdrawal and preservation

By 2001, the class was reduced to just five operating examples. The introduction of the BB 27000 class dual voltage freight locomotives led to the final withdrawal of these last locomotives from regular service.

Together with fellow record holder BB 9004, CC 7107 was towed to Germany in 2006 to be present for No 1216 050's record breaking run.

Preserved locomotives
 CC 7002: Ambérieu
 CC 7102: Chambéry
 CC 7106: Ambérieu
 CC 7107: Mulhouse at the Cité du train museum
 CC 7121: Miramas
 CC 7140: Breil-sur-Roya

References

External links

 Archival footage of the 1955 speed record

1500 V DC locomotives
Alstom locomotives
Co′Co′ locomotives
Land speed record rail vehicles
Railway locomotives introduced in 1952
07100
Standard gauge electric locomotives of France
Co′Co′ electric locomotives of Europe


The Ikarus ŠM (Serbian Cyrillic: Икарус ШМ), ŠM (for Školski Mornarički, School Navy) was the first design of Eng. Josip Mikl for the Yugoslav company Ikarus, it was a side-by-side two-seat biplane flying boat powered by a 100 hp (75 kW) Mercedes engine. The aircraft used for training by the Yugoslav Royal Navy.

Development

During 1921 and 1922, the engineer Joseph Mikl and his colleagues from the Air Force arsenal made design and manufacturing drawings of the new training biplane seaplane. Mikl engineer's drawings seaplane offered the Ministry of the Army and Navy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, who bought them for his Naval Aviation.
The contract was signed in early 1924. Kingdom SHS free ceded drawings seaplane factory "Ikarus", which started working on the first batch of six aircraft.

The prototype was completed by the end of October and the first flight took place on November 10, 1924th, the winter quarters of the Danube in Novi Sad. Test pilot was Dimitrije Konjović. Test flights were carried out by 25 November. Official government commission on the basis of test flights concluded that the seaplane fully meets the requirements. The official name of the plane was "ŠM", an abbreviation of the name of "school-marine". Members of the Naval Aviation seaplane popularly called the "šimika".
In late April Kumboru 1925th made the official submission of the Naval Aviation of the first batch of six aircraft. During the 1925th The two still have delivered a series of six aircraft. They were all equipped Czechoslovak Blesk engines, a 100 hp.

During serial production aircraft Ikarus ŠM dimensions have not changed but are shipped with different engines of Czechoslovakia Blesk 100 hp, and the German Mercedes engines of 100, 120 and 160 hp. Ikarus ŠM planes with different engines had different flight characteristics.

Operational history
Produced a total of 42 aircraft Ikarus SM. Ikarus SM in the Yugoslav Royal Navy used for 18 years until April 1941. year. "Šimika" was a good plane to train because he was well manageable by rough seas, and thanks to the stepped hull, easily taking off the water.
"Šimika" is mainly used for basic training at the Naval Air Force in pilota school. In addition to training, Ikarus ŠM are often used for auxiliary tasks such as transport officers, and mail orders, as well as mapping and hydrological research, and towing targets during firing exercises. ŠM.1 variant was used for reconnaissance the coast, for keeping track of the torpedo, the detection of minefields, and for the correction of coastal artillery fire synergies and coordination of naval and ground forces.
Lieutenant Eugene Šoštarić has set a record in the first Yugoslav dostignutoj altitude, October 29, 1929th when in Divulje ŠM one standard engine with 120 HP reached a height of 6720 meters. At the beginning of the 1936th year, two "Šimika" assigned to aero-clubs in Split and Susak.
According to Italian sources, 1941. were captured four defective aircraft Ikarus ŠM, serial numbers 7, 23, 26, 57, and about their fate is not known anything assumed to have been destroyed.

Variants

Depending on built engines have changed and some features seaplane Ikarus ŠM. These changed characteristics are presented in tables.

Operators

Yugoslav Royal Navy
(RAF)

Specifications (ŠM)

See also

Notes

References
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 2195

External links

https://web.archive.org/web/20120210171745/http://www.goldenyears.ukf.net/reg_YU-.htm

SM
1920s Yugoslav military trainer aircraft
Flying boats
Biplanes
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924


The Orto Botanico di Montemarcello is a nature preserve and botanical garden located within the Parco Naturale Regionale di Montemarcello-Magra, near Ameglia, Province of La Spezia, Liguria, Italy.

The garden stands atop Mount Murlo (365 m) within the Caprione promontory, hills dividing the gulf of La Spezia from the Magra river plain. It contains plants indigenous to the region, including Arbutus unedo, Phillyrea latifolia, Pinus halepensis, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus alaternus, Quercus cerris, Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens, as well as Psoralea bituminosa, Ruta angustifolia, and Thymus vulgaris.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in Italy

References
 Orto Botanico di Montemarcello (Italian)

Botanical gardens in Italy
Province of La Spezia
Gardens in Liguria


Michael Esposito is an experimental artist and researcher in Electronic Voice Phenomena (EVP).

Biography

Michael Andrew Esposito was born in Gary, Indiana in 1964.  He is a descendant of Alfred Vail who invented the Morse Code and several early telegraph devices with his partner Samuel Morse. The invention of the telegraph sparked the spiritualist movement of the middle 1800s and the telegraph was used in spirit communication. Another ancestor, Jonathan Harned Vail was office manager and assistant to Thomas Edison. In his later years, Edison attempted to develop a device for communicating with the dead. Michael studied communication theory at Purdue University, University of Notre Dame, American University in Cairo, Egypt and Governor's State University. During the Gulf War Michael was a Psy-ops officer in Iraq.

Over the years, under the Phantom Airwaves institution, Michael has participated in hundreds of paranormal investigations all over the world. He has conducted extensive research at many active locations and has developed a great deal of unique theory and devised many unique experiments within the field of EVP. Focusing primarily on EVP research, he has collected tens of thousands EVPs and video.  He has had numerous television, radio and newspaper appearances.

Working extensively with EVP's relationship to experimental music, Michael combines EVP with field recording and related frequency tones of research sites.
Michael is currently published by Touch (UK).

Selected discography

 Unsure (2006)
 Perryville Battlefield (2007)
 The Summerhouse (CD) w/ Leif Elggren (2007)
 Fire Station 6 (CD) w/ Leif Elggren (2008)
 The Sallie House (CD) w/ F.M. Einheit (2008)
 Enemy (CD) w/ Brent Gutzeit (2009)
 The John Mouat Lumbermill Tests (2009)
 The Old Vicarage - Gamla Prästgården (CD) w/ Carl Michael von Hausswolff (2009)
 Der Geist Meiner Mutter (2010)
 Messerschmitt  (2010)
 The Ghosts of Effingham (Cylinder Phonograph Record) w/ Carl Michael von Hausswolff (2010)
 The Icy Echoer (7") w/ Kevin Drumm (2010)
 There Must Be A Way Across This River / The Abject (LP) w/ John Duncan and Z'EV (2011)
 Nothing By Mouth - Old South Pittsburg Hospital Test w/ Heidi Harman (2011)
 The Ghosts of Ogilvie Station (7" Flexi) w/ Per Svensson (2011)
 The Ghosts of Case File 142 (CD) w/ Francisco Meirino (2012)
 The Phantoms of Purgatory Souls (7" Flexi) w/ Chris Connelly (2012)
 The Maladjusted Of Manteno Asylum - Artist's Multiple version (7" One Of a Kind Vinyl + Acoustic Paper Turntable + E.Book + Phantom Monograph article + handmade signed and numbered by the author) w/ Patrick Esposito | Published by: Radical Matters - Editions / Label | 2012.
 The Maladjusted Of Manteno Asylum - Sound Object version (One Side Glue Reocord + CDR + E.Book) w/ Patrick Esposito | Published by: Radical Matters - Editions / Label | 2012.

Filmography

 Dead Whisper (2006)
 Paranormal Labs: Ghosts - Dead Whisper (2008)
 The House  (2008)
 Ghost Asylum (2009)
 The Sallie House - Gateway to the Paranormal (2009)
 Dead Whisper: In Search of Ghosts and the Supernatural (2009)

Notes

External links
 Discogs
 News Article Michael Esposito

1964 births
Living people
Paranormal investigators
People from Gary, Indiana
Purdue University alumni
University of Notre Dame alumni
The American University in Cairo alumni


Dionysis Makris (Greek: Διονύσης Μακρής) born 5 February 1982 as Dionysis Sindrivanis) is a popular Greek singer, of laiko music.

Biography
Makris was born on 5 February 1982 in Thessaloniki and appeared on the Greek talent show Dreamshow.

In 2006, he released his first album titled Apolafsi. The lead single "Apolafsi" with its line "Itan I Zoi Mou Kolasi" (Was My Life Hell) charted well and became a dance floor hit. He also performed a duet with Kelly Kelekidou titled "Glyka Mou Kai Apolafsi Mou".

In 2007, he was a candidate to receive an "Arion Music Award", losing to Tamta.

In January 2008, Makris' new CD single "Mou Eipes Psemata was released and in the upcoming months, he will star in a new Greek television series.

Discography

Studio albums

All the albums listed below were released in Greece.

CD singles

References

1982 births
Living people
Greek laïko singers
21st-century Greek male singers
Musicians from Thessaloniki
Sony Music Greece artists


Lieuron (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Lieuron are called Lieuronnais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Lécousse (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in north-western France.

Population
Inhabitants of Lécousse are called in French lecoussais.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


The Hodoș is a left tributary of the river Târnava Mare in Romania. It discharges into the Târnava Mare in Oțeni. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Harghita County


Hatnub was the location of Egyptian alabaster quarries and an associated seasonally occupied workers' settlement in the Eastern Desert, about  from el-Minya, southeast of el-Amarna. The pottery, hieroglyph inscriptions and hieratic graffiti at the site show that it was in use intermittently from at least as early as the reign of Khufu until the Roman period (c. 2589 BC–AD 300).  The Hatnub quarry settlement, associated with three principal quarries, like those associated with gold mines in the Wadi Hammamat and elsewhere, are characterized by drystone windbreaks, roads, causeways, cairns and stone alignments.

Hatnub was first described in modern times by Percy Newberry and Howard Carter in 1891. There are many inscriptions on the rocks, and these were first described by George Willoughby Fraser and Marcus Worsley Blackden, members of this same expedition. For nearly hundred years, archaeologists concentrated on finding and translating these inscriptions which illuminated much ordinary life in ancient Egypt. Only when Ian Shaw and his team began studying the material remains were the two integrated to give a fuller picture.

For example, no New Kingdom inscriptions were found, and it was thought that the quarries were not used during that period. Shaw and his team found New Kingdom pottery fragments showing that workers from this period must have used the quarries.

Ramp
In 2018, researchers from the University of Liverpool's Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology (ACE) and the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale (IFAO) announced the discovery of an ancient ramp at the site. The well-preserved ramp, which dates to the reign of Khufu, may shed light on how his Great Pyramid was constructed.

Project co-director Yannis Gourdon from the IFAO says that "the system is composed of a central ramp flanked by two staircases with numerous post holes. Using a sled which carried a stone block and was attached with ropes to these wooden posts, ancient Egyptians were able to pull up the alabaster blocks out of the quarry on very steep slopes of 20 percent or more."

Bibliography
R. Anthes, (1928) Die Felseninschriften von Hatnub", (UGAA 9) (Leipzig).
G.W. Fraser, (1894),  'Hat-Nub', PSBA16: 73-82.
T.G.H. James, (1991), 'The discovery and identification of the Alabaster Quarries of Hatnub' in Melanges Jacques Jean Clere CRIPEL 13.
I. Shaw, (1986), 'A survey at Hatnub', Amarna reports III, ed. B.J. Kemp (London), 189-212.
I. Shaw, (2010), Hatnub: Quarrying Travertine in Ancient Egypt, EES Excavation Memoir 88, (London)The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt,'' pg. 119-20

References

Geography of ancient Egypt
Quarries
Alabaster


St Augustine of Canterbury RC High Specialist Humanities School was a Roman Catholic high school  for 11- to 16-year-olds, located in Werneth within the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester, England under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford. The school was a specialist school in the Humanities, and comprised 650 students.

The school was previously known as St. Anselm's before it merged with another Oldham school (St Albans) in the late 1980s.

The school, was closed as the result of amalgamation on Aug. 31, 2011. It merged with Our Lady's RC High School to form Blessed John Henry Newman RC College. The new school is on a site in Chadderton and St. Augustine's vacated buildings were demolished in 2013. The last headteacher of St. Augustine's, Mr Michael McGhee, became the first headteacher of the new school.

The final OFSTED report (2009) indicated that the school was 'satisfactory' and had a 'good capacity for sustained improvement.'

Notable former pupils
Gerard Kearns – actor
Mark Owen – singer-songwriter, member of Take That
Lee Rourke – novelist

References

Defunct Catholic schools in the Diocese of Salford
Defunct schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Educational institutions disestablished in 2011
2011 disestablishments in England
Schools in Oldham


After Stonewall is a 1999 documentary film about the 30 years of gay rights activism since the 1969 Stonewall riots directed by John Scagliotti. It is the sequel to the Scagliotti-produced 1984 film Before Stonewall and is narrated by musician Melissa Etheridge. Participants include Dorothy Allison, Jewelle Gomez, Rita Mae Brown, Craig Lucas, Arnie Kantrowitz, Barbara Gittings, Barbara Smith, Larry Kramer and Barney Frank.

Participants

Awards
In 1999, After Stonewall won the Audience Award for Outstanding Documentary Feature at L.A. Outfest. The following year it was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award.

References

External links

1999 documentary films
1999 films
Documentary films about United States history
1990s English-language films
Historiography of LGBT in the United States
American sequel films
First Run Features films
1999 LGBT-related films
1990s American films
American LGBT-related documentary films


Robert Lee Dobbs (October 13, 1922 – April 2, 1986) was an American gridiron football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Tulsa from 1955 to 1960 and the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) from 1965 to 1972. Dobbs was also the head coach for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL) rom 1961 to 1965.

Early years
After graduating from high school in Frederick, Oklahoma in 1941, Bobby entered University of Tulsa to play football for coach Henry Frnka. His brother Glenn, was also a star at University of Tulsa. A fullback, Dobbs played in Tulsa's first ever bowl game; the 1942 Sun Bowl. With the United States involved in World War II, Bobby's patriotism, along with his desire to become a pilot and play football, led him to West Point. In early 1943, he joined the United States Army Air Corps. His athletic ability resulted in letters in football and basketball. Bobby was the starting fullback on the 1944 Army team. The 1944 Army team had a 9–0 record, two future Heisman Trophy winners (Doc Blanchard & Glenn Davis), and defeated their opponents by a combined score of 504–35 en route to winning the Associated Press National Championship.

Following graduation, Dobbs took transition training at Enid Air Force Base and was then assigned to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. In 1949 Dobbs moved to Carswell Air Force Base, where he coached the Carswell football team to the Armed Forces Championship. In 1952, Earl Blaik brought Dobbs back to West Point to serve as an assistant football coach. Future Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi was also on the same Army coaching staff.

Coaching career
In 1955, Tulsa offered Dobbs the head football coaching job. Bobby accepted and left the Air Force. At Tulsa, he took over a team that had gone 0–11 the previous season. In 1956, Tulsa posted a 7–2–1 record, and in 1958, the team 7–3. These successes prompted Army to consider Bobby as a replacement for Red Blaik, but Dale Hall was given the job instead. Dobbs most significant wins at Tulsa were a 24–16 victory over the undefeated Oklahoma State Cowboys in 1958 and a 17–6 victory over tenth ranked North Texas State in 1959. Dobbs compiled a 30–28–2 overall record at Tulsa.

In 1961, Dobbs left Tulsa to become head coach of the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League. He was replaced at Tulsa by his brother, Glenn. After four highly successful years in Canada, Bobby resigned at the end of the 1964 CFL season. He felt that he had been slighted by Calgary's decision to elevate his former assistant, Rogers Lehew to general manager. With the Stampeders, Dobbs had a 38–23–1 record and made the playoffs every year.

He served as head coach at University of Texas at El Paso (known as Texas Western until 1967) from 1965 to 1972. In his first season as the Miners head coach, Dobbs turned a 0–8–2 team into an 8–3 that defeated powerhouse North Texas State 61-15 and beat Texas Christian University 13–12 in the Sun Bowl. He compiled a 41–35–2 overall, including two Sun Bowl wins. His 1967 UTEP team led the nation in passing and scoring that season, losing its two games by a total of three points. He resigned as UTEP Miners coach midway through the 1972 season, following a 56–7 loss to New Mexico on October 21, 1972. In April 1966, Dobbs turned down an offer to succeed Paul Dietzel as Army Black Knights coach due to his wife, Joanne's illness that required her to stay in the warm climate in El Paso. While at Texas Western, he sent many players into the pro ranks, with quite a few going, including Fred Carr, Billy Stevens, Ron Jones, and Leon Harden to Green Bay to play for Vince Lombardi. At one point Bobby ranked second among college coaches in number of players going in the National Football League. In 1972, Bobby said that if his 1–5 team didn't beat the University of New Mexico, he would resign. The team lost and Bobby resigned. He went into the construction business in El Paso until his health started to fail in 1978. Bobby's failing health turned out to be Alzheimer's disease, and he died on April 2, 1986, in a nursing home in Altus, Oklahoma.

Head coaching record

College

*Hudspeth coached the remainder of the season

References

External links

1922 births
1986 deaths
American football fullbacks
Army Black Knights football players
Army Black Knights football coaches
Calgary Stampeders coaches
Tulsa Golden Hurricane football players
UTEP Miners football coaches
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Air Force officers
People from Frederick, Oklahoma
People from Munday, Texas
Coaches of American football from Oklahoma
Players of American football from Oklahoma
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Oklahoma
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Military personnel from Texas


Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories, Limited (, Love) is an Israeli cosmetics company with headquarters in Lod that manufactures skin care products made of mud and mineral-based compounds from the Dead Sea.  The company has flagship stores in Israel, Germany, Hungary, South Korea, the Philippines and Singapore. , Ahava income was more than US$150 million a year. In 2015, the Chinese conglomerate Fosun International agreed to purchase a controlling share of the company, which has been valuated to ca. NIS 300 million ($77 million USD).

Ahava products have been the target of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement because it operates in an Israeli settlement in the West Bank.

The company's administrative headquarters are currently located in Holon, while the main manufacturing plant and showroom are in Mitzpe Shalem, an Israeli settlement and kibbutz located on the Dead Sea in the West Bank.

History
Ziva Gilad, a spa technician, came up with the idea of marketing Dead Sea mud after watching women tourists scooping up the mud to take home. Ahava was founded in 1988 as a single stand selling bottles of body scrub to tourists, generating $1 million that year.

As of 2010, Ahava is the only cosmetics company licensed by the Israeli government that is legally permitted to mine raw materials at the Dead Sea. On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, there are approximately fifty small companies producing cosmetics, but only 15 have a global presence. Israel has imported raw materials for its Dead Sea mud cosmetics from Jordan since 1994.

In 2009, Ahava took on new shareholder Shamrock Holdings, the investment company owned by Disney Family, which purchased 20% of Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories from its existing shareholders. The company has 200 employees, 180 of them in Israel.

In 2009, the company reported sales of nearly $150 million a year. In the United States, the largest overseas market for Ahava products, the company signed distribution deals with Lord & Taylor, Nordstrom and the beauty-supply chain Ulta.

In 2011, Elana Drell Szyfer, former Senior Vice President of Global Marketing for Estee Lauder, was appointed general manager of Ahava North America. In 2013, Szyfer left to work for Kenneth Cole Productions.

As of 2011, Ahava's shareholders included Hamashbir Holdings, Gaon Holdings, Kibbutz Ein Gedi, Kibbutz Mitzpe Shalem and Kibbutz Kalya. Of these kibbutzim,
Mitzpe Shalem and Kalya are located north of the Green Line, in the West Bank. As of 2015, Ahava is controlled by Gaon Holdings, the Livnat family and Shamrock Holdings who together own 53% of the company; Kibbutz Mitzpeh Shalem holds 35%, Kibbutz Kalia 5.8%, and a group of local kibbutzim another 6.7%.

In 2015, the Chinese conglomerate Fosun International agreed to purchase a controlling share of the company, which as a whole has been valuated to ca. NIS 300 million (USD 77 million).

In March 2016, under its new ownership, it was reported that Ahava is moving its factory at Kibbutz Mitzpe Shalem to the Tamar Regional Council in order to avoid the EU directives against trade with companies operating in illegal settlements and pressure from the international BDS movement. However, the statement released by Ahava mentions only the opening of an additional facility at Ein Gedi, not to the closure of the existing plan at Ein Gedi.

Products
Ahava product lines include a basic product for all skin types; other products for dry, sensitive skin and for men’s skin; and anti-aging products for face and body. Product lines include hand cream, foot cream, facial cleanser, body milk, facial nourishing cream, facial moisturizer, moisturizing shower cream and body cream. Some products claim to use citrus and citrus products as a source of vitamins and minerals.

Dead Sea mud, alone or in combination with other ingredients, is believed to have benefits for deep cleansing and stimulation of the skin. Minerals extracted from Dead Sea water such as calcium, magnesium and potassium, are said to improve the metabolism, stimulate circulation and aid in the natural repair of cells.  In 2009, Ahava Dermud range of skincare products has been shown to have protective, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can antagonize biological effects of UVB radiation on skin, reducing skin photodamage and photoaging, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in skin pathologies.

Therapy with mud packs for conditions such as osteoarthritis is relatively expensive and requires the assistance of a therapist and a treatment room. In the wake of these limitations, Ahava developed mud compresses used in the home which are heated in a microwave
oven or a pot of hot water and placed over painful joints. A clinical research by the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, supported in part by a grant from "Ahava", has concluded that the group treated with natural mud compresses had a reduction of 20% or more in Knee Osteoarthritis pain scores at treatment completion, at one month, and at three months, compared to the control group.

Embracing the trend toward more natural ingredients in cosmetics, Ahava purifies its own water and, according to the company, employs minimally invasive techniques to harvest mud and minerals. Ingredients are not tested on animals and Ahava products are packaged in recyclable containers.

Scientific research
Ahava is one of several Israeli cosmetics companies researching nanotechnology applications. The company has established an R&D program to research nanoemulsion and nanosuspension with mud nanoparticles.

Ahava operates its own laboratory for cell and organ culture. It is the coordinator of SkinTreat (FP-7) and a partner in nanoReTox (FP-7) founded by Cellage, a European research consortium the specializes in skin cellular Ageing (FP-5). Ahava developed a laboratory model for in-vitro NP screening that is employed for studying inflammatory processes using UV- irradiated human skin organ cultures.

Controversy

West Bank location and mud extract
There is a controversy about whether Ahava is in breach of international law, due to the location of the factory on the West Bank section of the Dead Sea shore. According to a 2012 report by Who Profits, Ahava extracts mud from the occupied portion of the Dead Sea shore. Ahava is the only company that has an Israeli permit to extract mud for commercial purposes.

Ahava's factory itself is located in the occupied West Bank, triggering global protests. Ahava is licensed to extract mud from the West Bank section of the Dead Sea coast. According to human rights organization B'Tselem, several Israeli commercial ventures in the West Bank, including Ahava, breach the Hague Convention on the Law and Customs of War on Land, which prohibits exploitation of resources in occupied territory.

Ahava's position

Ahava's position is that the facility in Mitzpe Shalem is legal and that there is no recognized right of any people's other than Israel to the West Bank and that the mud is excavated from the Israeli part of the Dead Sea. Ahava's CEO has threatened legal action against boycotters.

Boycott campaigns

Boycott campaigns have been organized by organizations such as Code Pink, which says that Ahava's products come from "stolen Palestinian natural resources in the occupied territory of the Palestinian West Bank", and are produced in Mitzpe Shalem.

European Union
In 2012, the British Natural History Museum was denounced in a letter signed by a group of 21 prominent academics and cultural figures for participating in a joint European Union-funded research programme with Ahava. The signatories said that "[Ahava-DSL] extracts, processes and exports Palestinian resources to generate profits that fund an illegal settlement. Israel's settlement project has been held... to break international law. Organisations which aid and abet this process may well themselves be found to be in violation." The museum said Ahava-DSL was chosen from a list approved by the European Commission and they "would not participate in any academic or educational boycotts that could restrict academic freedom".

As part of the economic agreement between Israel and the European Union, Israel cannot label products made in the West Bank as "made in Israel"; products made in the West Bank are subject to higher tariffs compared to products made in Israel. In November 2009, Dutch MP Van Bommel (Socialist Party) asked Dutch FM Verhagen (CDA) whether or not Ahava products that were marketed at the time in the Netherlands originated from the Palestinian Territories. If so, Ahava would not be entitled to a tax-exemption at Dutch customs. Verhagen promised to launch an investigation through the Dutch customs authority. In February 2010, the state-secretary of Economic Affairs Heemskerk responded to Van Bommel through a letter to the Dutch Parliament, saying records for the years 2007–2009 indicated that Dutch customs had not given tax-exemption to Ahava products.

United Kingdom
Ahava's store in a fashionable street of London's West End closed in September 2011 after constant protests by anti-Israeli activists. Owners of the surrounding stores complained to the landlord Shaftesbury plc that the repeated protests were affecting their business. A pro-Israeli group also held fortnightly counter-demonstrations, which attracted renewed controversy when members of the far-right English Defence League turned up, unasked, and joined in the demonstrations in support of Ahava.

In January 2011, Managing Director for the retail chain John Lewis, Andy Street, stated that it had stopped stocking Ahava products:

South Africa
In September, 2011, South African Industry Minister Rob Davies agreed in principle that goods manufactured in the occupied territories should not be labelled as a product of Israel since that is misleading. Davies said: "We're persuaded it's in the interest of South African consumers to know whether their products are coming from Israel or from the occupied territories." The new South African rules will ensure that such products, such as Ahava, are labeled "product of illegal settlement in the Occupied Palestinian Territories" before they can be sold in South Africa.

Prior to this, South African activists had submitted an affidavit to the South African Police Service accusing retailer, Wellness Warehouse, and local Ahava importer, SDV Pharmaceuticals, of violating South African trade law by selling Ahava products carrying false labels of origin.

In May 2012, South Africa’s Minister of Trade and Industry announced new labelling rules for Israeli settlement goods; Ahava was mentioned by name as a company whose goods were fraudulently labeled as “Product of Israel” when their place of origin is the occupied Palestinian Territories.

See also
 Dead Sea salt
 Dead Sea Works
 Premier Dead Sea, Israeli skincare company of Dead Sea-based products

Notes

References

Books

Cosmetics companies of Israel
Dead Sea
Israeli brands
Skin care


Nunu Dzhansuhivna Abashydze Mislayeva (, born 27 March 1955 in Novovolynsk) is a retired track and field shot putter from Ukraine, best known for winning the bronze medal for the Soviet Union in the women's shot put event at the 1982 European Championships. She set her personal best (21.53 m) on 20 June 1984 at a meet in Kiev. She is currently a Canadian citizen.

Achievements

References

1955 births
Living people
People from Novovolynsk
Ukrainian female shot putters
Soviet female shot putters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
European Athletics Championships medalists
Doping cases in athletics
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Soviet Union
Soviet sportspeople in doping cases
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
Friendship Games medalists in athletics
Sportspeople from Volyn Oblast


Guaranty Trust Holding Company PLC also known as GTCO PLC is a multinational financial services group, that offers retail and investment banking, pension management, asset management and payments services, headquartered in Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. GTCO Plc was created in July 2021 following the corporate reorganization of Guaranty Trust Bank PLC (or GTBank) into a Holding Company.

GTCO Plc's reorganisation means it will now offer more services beyond banking; with a payments business being top of mind for the group. Under its old structure, it could not have run non-lending businesses because a 2010 regulation by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) mandated banks to stop operating their non-banking subsidiaries. They either had to divest from non-core lending service or restructure as a holdings company.

Its new businesses include payments, pension management, asset management, and its existing banking business. GTCO's banking subsidiary in Nigeria, Guaranty Trust Bank Limited is Nigeria’s most valuable bank by market value with its most recent market valuation  at N840.26 billion.

Guaranty Trust Holding Plc original started as Guaranty Trust Banks, and it was founded in 1988 by over 35 young Nigerians in their thirties, spearheaded mostly by Tayo Aderinokun and Fola Adeola, but also included Femi Pedro, Gbolade Osibodu, Femi Akingbe, Akin Opeodu and others.

History
Guaranty Trust Bank Plc was established in 1990 as a limited liability company (LLC) regulated by the Central Bank of Nigeria to provide commercial and other banking services to Nigerians. The bank began operations as a commercial bank in 1991. The Bank inaugurated its first Head Office on February 11, 1991, at The Plaza, Adeyemo Alakija, Victoria Island, Lagos. In 1992, the Bank opened two branches in Lagos (Ikeja and Broad Street), as well as its first upcountry branch in Kano, and a Port-Harcourt branch in 1993.

In September 1996, Guaranty Trust Bank plc became a publicly traded corporation and received the President's Merit Award from the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The Bank received a universal banking license in February 2002 and was later designated as a settlement bank by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2003. In the same year, it incorporated subsidiaries in the Gambia and Sierra Leone.

Guaranty Trust Bank undertook its second share offering in 2004 and raised over ₦11 billion from Nigerian Investors to expand its operations.

On 26 July 2007, GTBank became the very first Subsaharan bank and first Nigerian joint stock company to be listed on London Stock Exchange and Deutsche Börse. The IPO raised US$750,000,000. In the same year, they successfully placed Nigeria's first private Eurobond issue on the international capital markets.

The GTBank US$500,000,000 Eurobond was the first-ever Benchmark Eurobond issue by a Nigerian corporate and the second Eurobond programme by GTBank in the last 5 years.

The long-term debts of Guaranty Trust Bank plc are rated BB- by Standard & Poor's and AA- by Fitch Ratings, which are the highest ratings for a Nigerian bank.

They introduced online banking and SMS banking in Nigeria and a naira denominated MasterCard as well as the Platinum and World Signia cards and with GTB-on-wheels, mobile branches.

On 12 March 2008, GTBank was given a banking licence for the United Kingdom by the Financial Services Authority.

Guaranty Trust Bank Limited is a partner of Eko Atlantic City, a newly made island (820 ha.) in the Atlantic ocean, adjacent to Victoria Island, Lagos. It will be the home of the new Financial District. The building of Eko Atlantic City started in 2009 and is expected to be finished in 2016.

To commemorate the bank's 20th anniversary, the Nigerian Postal Service issued a set of GTBank Anniversary postage stamps. This was the first time in Nigeria that a corporate organization was honored in such a way.

In 2011, the bank became the biggest bank in Nigeria by market capitalisation.

In 2013, the bank acquired a 70 percent shareholding in the Fina Bank Group for a cash payment of US$100 million. Fina Bank branches and subsidiaries were rebranded GT Bank soon afterwards.

In 2013, the Bank issued a US$400,000,000 Euro bond at a coupon rate of 6%; the least obtained by a Nigerian company in the international capital market. The Eurobond was issued under the US$2,000,000 Global Medium Term Note Programme, which is registered under both Regulation in the United States of America and Rule 144A in the United Kingdom and sold to investors across Africa, America, Asia and Europe.

The Bank has over 10,000 employees.

In May 2021, GT Bank announced a change in its corporate structure, moving to a holding company and spinning off its banking and other businesses into subsidiaries. The proposed change was ratified by its shareholders on December 4, 2020 after a court mandated shareholders meeting.

Controversy

Innoson and GTB have been embroiled in court battles for a long time over a financial contract. On 29 March 2019, the Supreme Court ordered GT Bank to pay Innoson motors the sum of ₦8.8 billion as a result of an accrued interest.

In an exclusive report, Peoples Gazette, through bank records, disclosed how GTCO, through its subsidiary Investment One, donated the sum of ₦200 million to the campaign account of Vice President Yemi Osinbajo, in violation of the federal campaign finance law. The payment was made in three tranches of ₦100 million, ₦50 million, and ₦50 million. The electoral act permits a maximum donation of ₦1 million per candidate in a presidential race.

Leadership
Ibrahim Hassan is chairman; Segun Agbaje is Group Chief Executive Officer. The other board of directors include; Catherine Echeozo, Suleiman Barau, Helen Lee Bouygues, and Adebanji Adeniyi. In 2021, Miriam Olusanya was appointed the first female Managing Director of GTBank Nigeria, the flagship company of GTCO Plc.

Subsidiaries

Guaranty Trust Holding Company Plc has 11 banking subsidiaries with payments, asset management, and pension management subsidiaries.

GTCO PLC has subsidiaries in the following countries:
 GTBank Nigeria - Lagos, Nigeria
 HabariPay - Lagos, Nigeria
 GT Pensions - Lagos, Nigeria
 GT Fund Managers - Lagos, Nigeria
 GTBank Kenya - Nairobi, Kenya
 GTBank Rwanda - Kigali, Rwanda
 GTBank Uganda - Kampala, Uganda
 GTBank Côte d'Ivoire - Abidjan, Ivory Coast
 GTBank Gambia - Banjul, Gambia
 GTBank Ghana - Accra, Ghana
 GTBank Liberia - Monrovia, Liberia
 GTBank Sierra Leone - Freetown, Sierra Leone
 GTBank UK - London, England, United Kingdom
 GTBank Tanzania - Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Corporate social responsibility

Guaranty Trust Bank has a long history of corporate social responsibility projects, often gaining recognition  for its CSR efforts.

Its Annual Autism Conference, which it has held for eleven years, works to reduce the stigma associated with autism. The event also provides free speech and behavioral consultations with medical experts for people living with autism.

In education and sports, Guaranty Trust Bank also hosts the Master's Cup, one of the most popular grassroots football tournaments in the country. In 2021, the Bank celebrated Children's day with a meeting between young children and Mabel Segun, the iconic Nigerian poet and playwright.

The bank has other CSR efforts in improving access to healthcare, and it hosts the GTBank Food and Drink Festival and the GTBank Fashion Week, two of the most popular pop culture events in Nigeria.

Awards and recognition
In July 2019, GTBank was recognized as the best bank in Africa at the annual Euromoney Awards for Excellence held in London. In the same year, it was adjudged the best bank in Nigeria for the ninth time.

In 2020, Guaranty Trust Bank was awarded the Euromoney Excellence in Leadership Africa Award and was also named the Best Bank in Nigeria by Euromoney  in 2020 and Africa's best Bank by the same publication in 2021.

Guaranty Trust Bank was also named the Best Digital Bank in Nigeria by the research and credit rating agency, Agusto & Co. The bank was also the most admired finance brand in Nigeria and Africa in 2020.

In 2021, Guaranty Trust Bank was named the Best Banking Group, the Best Retail Bank in Nigeria and the Most Innovative Bank in Nigeria by the World Finance Banking Awards. The World Business Outlook awarded Guaranty Trust Bank the Best Digital Bank as well as an award for the Best Mobile Banking app. In 2022, GTBank also won the most admired brand in Africa Award.

References

External links

 BSL-Finance Guaranty Trust Bank Profile
 BSL-Finance Guaranty Trust Bank Summary

Companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Multinational companies based in Lagos
Banks of Nigeria
Banks established in 1990
Victoria Island, Lagos
Holding companies of Nigeria


Kiss Me Goodnight, Sergeant Major  is a World War II soldier's song. Roud 16962.  The final line is "Sgt. Major, be a mother to me". The song is normally credited to Art Noel and Don Pelosi in 1939. There was a follow-up: "Good Morning Sergeant Major" (circa 1940).

External links
Drinking songs

See also 1939 in music

British songs
1939 songs
Songs of World War II
Max Bygraves songs


Vilhelm "Vilho" Vauhkonen (6 February 1877 – 1 February 1957) was a Finnish sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics and in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Pieksämäki and died in Helsinki.

In 1912 he finished fifth with the Finnish team in the team free rifle event and 41st in the 300 metre free rifle, three positions competition. Eight years later he won two bronze medals as member of the Finnish team in the team running deer, double shots event and in the team 300 metre military rifle, prone competition. In the 1920 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 300 metre military rifle, prone - fourth place
 Team free rifle - fourth place
 Team 300 metre military rifle, standing - seventh place
 Team 600 metre military rifle, prone - eighth place
 Team 300 and 600 metre military rifle, prone - tenth place
 300 metre free rifle, three positions - place unknown

References

External links
Vilho Vaukhonen at databaseOlympics.com

1877 births
1957 deaths
People from Pieksämäki
People from Mikkeli Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Running target shooters
Olympic shooters for Finland
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from South Savo


Elizabeth Home, Countess of Home (née Gibbons; 1703/04 – 15 January 1784) was a Jamaican-born heiress, noblewoman and absentee plantation owner. Already rich from her merchant father, she married James Lawes, the eligible son of Jamaica's governor, in 1720. They moved to London, and his death in 1734 left her a wealthy widow. Home married the spendthrift William Home, 8th Earl of Home in late 1742. He abandoned her soon after, and she spent her next years living an extravagant lifestyle. She owned plantations in the parishes of St Andrew and Vere in Jamaica, owning over 423 slaves on her plantations.

Home earned the nickname "Queen of Hell" for her "irascible behaviour and lavish parties". During the 1770s, Lady Home commissioned James Wyatt (and later the brothers Robert and James Adam) to design Home House, a lavish town house in Portman Square, London. It was then considered to have one of the finest interiors in London and still remains today. She died in 1784 and is buried in Westminster Abbey. Neither of her marriages produced any children.

Family and early life
Born Elizabeth Gibbons was born in Jamaica in 1703 or 1704. She belonged to the island's Creole class, a caste of people born in the West Indies but descended from white settlers. She was the only child and heir of William Gibbons, a West Indies merchant and one of the island's original English planters. Little otherwise is known of him. Her mother Deborah Favell was the daughter of John Favell, a member of Jamaica's Council and Assembly.

Marriage to James Lawes
In 1720, Home, then approximately sixteen years old, was married to the twenty-three-year-old James Lawes, son of Nicholas Lawes, the island's governor. Nicholas Lawes was also a wealthy planter who had introduced the island's first printing press as well as the planting of coffee. James Lawes was consequently the most eligible bachelor in Jamaica. He was often in dispute with the island's governor Henry Bentinck, 1st Duke of Portland (his father's successor to the post) and would not allow his wife to pay her respects. The couple eventually moved to London, where he received the post of lieutenant governor for the island. However, Lawes died in 1734, several months before he could officially begin the position. They had no children.

Home inherited a great fortune upon James' death, possessing a jointure of £7,000 and 5,287 acres. She also owned many prosperous Jamaican estates from her father. She commissioned English sculptor John Cheere to construct a bust in her husband's honour. The resulting monument, the largest yet to be shipped to the West Indies, was placed in Lawes' home parish of Saint Andrew.

Marriage to William Home, 8th Earl of Home

Little is known of Home's nine years of widowhood until her second marriage. William Home, 8th Earl of Home, a known spendthrift, married Home for her fortune on 25 December 1742. The couple would have no children, and the Earl deserted her in February 1743 for unknown reasons. A lifelong army officer, he later was appointed Governor of Gibraltar in 1757 but died on 28 April 1761. His younger brother Alexander succeeded him as Earl. Despite the separation, Home retained her title and remained independently wealthy due to her father and first husband.

After Home's desertion, Home opted to remain in England with members of Lawes' family, which included his sister, Judith Maria, and brother-in-law, Simon Luttrell (later 1st Earl of Carhampton). The Luttrells were disreputable, and Simon was termed the "King of Hell". Lady Home was one of the few colonial elite who was able to integrate reasonably well into English upper society, though, like many others in this group, she possessed a tendency to overcompensate and engage in hedonistic pursuits, flagrantly displaying her wealth. Home became popularly known as the "Queen of Hell" for her "irascible behaviour and lavish parties". William Beckford, her neighbour who also had ties to colonial wealth, described Home as
"the Countess of Home, known among all Irish chairmen and riff-raff of the metropolis by the name, style and title of Queen of Hell..."

Wealthy and childless, the Dowager Countess moved to Portman Square in 1771, renting a house in the area's south side. Several of her new neighbours at this time were constructing residences in the square's newly developed north side, and Home followed suit. In June 1772, she bought a ninety-year lease on a parcel of land. She commissioned the young architect James Wyatt, who had just completed the Pantheon in London, to construct a lavish town house at the site. Wyatt worked on the project until 1775, when a disagreement led to his replacement with the brothers Robert and James Adam. This new estate, Home House, was built in part to entertain and house two large portraits by Thomas Gainsborough of her friends the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland and Strathearn; the Duke was a royal prince shunned from court for his unequal marriage, and his wife was a daughter of the Luttrells. The project produced one of the city's finest interiors; architectural historian Eileen Harris writes that the inside of Home House is "rightly regarded as among Robert Adam's masterpieces." Historians have remained uncertain as to why Lady Home decided to build the house, considering that she was childless and in her dotage. Home died on 15 January 1784 in London and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

References

Works cited

Scottish countesses
18th-century British landowners
Jamaican people of English descent
People from Clarendon Parish, Jamaica
1784 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
British slave owners
18th-century Jamaican people
Women slave owners
Elizabeth
Jamaican planters
Jamaican slave owners
18th-century British farmers
18th-century women landowners